title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: This move prevents White from establishing a full pawn centre with 2.e4. The opening usually leads to a form of Indian Defence, but can also lead to versions of the Queen's Gambit if Black plays ...d5 at some point. Since 1...Nf6 is a move that is likely to be made anyway, the move is a flexible response to White's first move. White usually plays 2.c4. Then Black usually plays 2...e6 (typically leading to the Nimzo-Indian, Queen's Indian, or Queen's Gambit Declined), 2...g6 (leading to the King's Indian or Grünfeld Defence), or 2...c5 (leading to the Benoni Defence or Benko Gambit). Rarer tries include 2...e5 (Budapest Gambit) and 2...d6 (Old Indian Defence). Also White can play 2.Nf3 which like Black's move is not specific as to opening. A third alternative is the Trompowsky Attack with 2.Bg5.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: 1...d5 (Closed Game) also prevents White from playing 2.e4 unless White wants to venture the dubious Blackmar–Diemer Gambit. 1...d5 is not any worse than 1...Nf6, but committing the pawn to d5 at once makes it somewhat less flexible since Black can no longer play the Indian Defences, although if Black is aiming for Queen's Gambit positions this may be of minor importance. Also, a move like 2.Bg5 (Hodgson Attack) is considered relatively harmless compared to 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 since there is no knight on f6 for the bishop to harass. White's more common move is 2.c4 leading to the Queen's Gambit when Black usually chooses between 2...e6 (Queen's Gambit Declined), 2...c6 (Slav Defence) or 2...dxc4 (Queen's Gambit Accepted). Also White can play 2.Nf3 which again is not specific as to opening. Then Black may play ...Nf6 (same as above) or ...e6. A Queen's Gambit may arise anyway if White plays c4 soon afterward, but lines like the Colle System and Stonewall Attack are also possible.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: The Horwitz Defense is a chess opening characterized by the moves: 1.d4 e6. This play allows White to play 2.e4, entering the French Defence. If White wants to continue with a Queen's Pawn Game however, 2.c4 and 2.Nf3 usually transpose to a familiar opening such as the Queen's Gambit Declined, Nimzo-Indian or Queen's Indian. A line that is unique to the 1...e6 move order is the Keres Defence, 1.d4 e6 2.c4 Bb4+.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: This move also allows 2.e4 entering the Pirc Defence. If White avoids this, 2.Nf3 or 2.c4 may lead to a King's Indian or Old Indian Defence, or Black may play 2...Bg4, sometimes called the Wade Defence (A41, see ). 2.c4 e5 is the Rat Defense, English Rat.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: More commonly, White plays 2.c4. Black may play 2...Nf6 for the King's Indian Defence (same as 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6). More commonly, Black plays 2...Bg7. Then White's moves include 3.Nc3, 3.e4, and 3.Nf3. 3.Nc3 often leads to the Modern Defence, Averbakh System, and 3.e4 usually leads to the Modern Defence, Averbakh System. 2...d6 often leads to the Modern Defence, Averbakh System.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: Also, White can play 2.Nf3. Black may play 2...Nf6 for the King's Indian. More commonly, Black plays 2...Bg7. Common White moves are 3.e4, 3.c4, and 3.g3.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: 1...c5 is the Old Benoni Defence: this is a form of the Benoni Defence seldom used; however, it is not a bad move. If White captures 2.dxc5, then Black plays 2...e6 and has a good game.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: 1...Nc6 is the Queen's Knight Defense (or Mikenas Defense): this can usually transpose to the Chigorin Defense or the Nimzowitsch Defense.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: This move allows White to play 2.e4, entering the Caro–Kann Defence. If, however, White wants to continue with a Queen's Pawn Game, 2.c4 and 2.Nf3 usually transpose to a familiar opening such as the Slav Defence, London System, or Dutch Defence.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: 1...b6 is the English Defence. Common White moves are 2.e4 (which transposes to the Owen Defense), 2.Nf3, and 2.c4.


title: Queen's Pawn Game

text: 1...b5 is the Polish Defence: this is risky and should be played with care. It is better to delay ...b5 until the 2nd move.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin is an antibiotic medication used for a number of bacterial infections. This includes joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. It is also used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used by injection into a vein using an IV or into a muscle.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, can cause hearing loss, balance problems, and kidney problems. Other side effects include paralysis, resulting in the inability to breathe. If used during pregnancy it may cause permanent deafness in the baby. Amikacin works by blocking the function of the bacteria's 30S ribosomal subunit, making it unable to produce proteins.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin was patented in 1971, and came into commercial use in 1976. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is derived from kanamycin.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin is most often used for treating severe infections with multidrug-resistant, aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, especially "Pseudomonas", "Acinetobacter", "Enterobacter", "E. coli", "Proteus", "Klebsiella", and "Serratia". The only Gram-positive bacteria that amikacin strongly affects are "Staphylococcus" and "Nocardia". Amikacin can also be used to treat non-tubercular mycobacterial infections and tuberculosis (if caused by sensitive strains) when first-line drugs fail to control the infection. It is rarely used alone.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin may be combined with a beta-lactam antibiotic for empiric therapy for people with neutropenia and fever.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin may be administered once or twice a day and is usually given by the intravenous or intramuscular route, though it can be given via nebulization. There is no oral form available, as amikacin is not absorbed orally. In people with kidney failure, dosage must be adjusted according to the creatinine clearance, usually by reducing the dosing frequency. In people with a CNS infection such as meningitis, amikacin can be given intrathecally (by direct injection into the spine) or intraventricularly (by injection into the ventricles of brain).


title: Amikacin

text: An liposome inhalation suspension is also available and approved to treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the United States. The application for Arikayce was withdrawn in the European Union because the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) was of the opinion that the benefits of Arikayce did not outweigh its risks.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin should be used in smaller doses in the elderly, who often have age-related decreases in kidney function, and children, whose kidneys are not fully developed yet. It is considered pregnancy category D in both the United States and Australia, meaning they have a probability of harming the fetus. Around 16% of amikacin crosses the placenta; while the half-life of amikacin in the mother is 2 hours, it is 3.7 hours in the fetus. A pregnant woman taking amikacin with another aminoglycoside has a possibility of causing congenital deafness in her child. While it is known to cross the placenta, amikacin is only partially secreted in breast milk.


title: Amikacin

text: In general, amikacin should be avoided in infants. Infants also tend to have a larger volume of distribution due to their higher concentration of extracellular fluid, where aminoglycosides reside.


title: Amikacin

text: The elderly tend to have amikacin stay longer in their system; while the average clearance of amikacin in a 20-year-old is 6 L/hr, it is 3 L/hr in an 80-year-old.


title: Amikacin

text: In people with muscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis or Parkinson's disease, amikacin's paralytic effect on neuromuscular junctions can worsen muscle weakness.


title: Amikacin

text: Side-effects of amikacin are similar to those of other aminoglycosides. Kidney damage and ototoxicity (which can lead to hearing loss) are the most important effects, occurring in 1–10% of users. The nephro- and ototoxicity are thought to be due to aminoglycosides' tendency to accumulate in the kidneys and inner ear.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin can cause neurotoxicity if used at a higher dose or for longer than recommended. The resulting effects of neurotoxicity include vertigo, numbness, tingling of the skin (paresthesia), muscle twitching, and seizures. Its toxic effect on the 8th cranial nerve causes ototoxicity, resulting in loss of balance and, more commonly, hearing loss. Damage to the cochlea, caused by the forced apoptosis of the hair cells, leads to the loss of high-frequency hearing and happens before any clinical hearing loss can be detected. Damage to the ear vestibules, most likely by creating excessive oxidative free radicals. It does so in a time-dependent rather than dose-dependent manner, meaning that risk can be minimized by reducing the duration of use.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin causes nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys), by acting on the proximal renal tubules. It easily ionizes to a cation and binds to the anionic sites of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule as part of receptor-mediated pinocytosis. The concentration of amikacin in the renal cortex becomes ten times that of amikacin in the plasma; it then most likely interferes with the metabolism of phospholipids in the lysosomes, which causes lytic enzymes to leak into the cytoplasm. Nephrotoxicity results in increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, red blood cells, and white blood cells, as well as albuminuria (increased output of albumin in the urine), glycosuria (excretion of glucose into the urine), decreased urine specific gravity, and oliguria (decrease in overall urine output). It can also cause urinary casts to appear. The changes in renal tubular function also change the electrolyte levels and acid-base balance in the body, which can lead to hypokalemia and acidosis or alkalosis. Nephrotoxicity is more common in those with pre-existing hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, acidosis, low glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus, dehydration, fever, and sepsis, as well as those taking antiprostaglandins. The toxicity usually reverts once the antibiotic course has been completed, and can be avoided altogether by less frequent dosing (such as once every 24 hours rather than once every 8 hours).


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin can cause neuromuscular blockade (including acute muscular paralysis) and respiratory paralysis (including apnea).


title: Amikacin

text: Rare side effects (occurring in fewer than 1% of users) include allergic reactions, skin rash, fever, headaches, tremor, nausea and vomiting, eosinophilia, arthralgia, anemia, hypotension, and hypomagnesemia. In intravitreous injections (where amikacin is injected into the eye), macular infarction can cause permanent vision loss.


title: Amikacin

text: The amikacin liposome inhalation suspension prescribing information includes a boxed warning regarding the increased risk of respiratory conditions including hypersensitivity pneumonitis (inflamed lungs), bronchospasm (tightening of the airway), exacerbation of underlying lung disease and hemoptysis (spitting up blood) that have led to hospitalizations in some cases. Other common side effects in patients taking amikacin liposome inhalation suspension are dysphonia (difficulty speaking), cough, ototoxicity (damaged hearing), upper airway irritation, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, diarrhea and nausea.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin should be avoided in those who are sensitive to "any" aminoglycoside, as they are cross-allergenic (that is, an allergy to one aminoglycoside also confers hypersensitivity to other aminoglycosides). It should also be avoided in those sensitive to sulfite (seen more among people with asthma), since most amikacin usually comes with sodium metabisulfite, which can cause an allergic reaction.


title: Amikacin

text: In general, amikacin should not be used with or just before/after another drug that can cause neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, or nephrotoxicity. Such drugs include other aminoglycosides; the antiviral acyclovir; the antifungal amphotericin B; the antibiotics bacitracin, capreomycin, colistin, polymyxin B, and vancomycin; and cisplatin, which is used in chemotherapy.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin should not be used with neuromuscular blocking agents, as they can increase muscle weakness and paralysis.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin can be inactivated by other beta-lactams, though not to the extent as other aminoglycosides, and is still often used with penicillins (a type of beta-lactam) to create an additive effect against certain bacteria, and carbapenems, which can have a synergistic against some Gram-positive bacteria. Another group of beta-lactams, the cephalosporins, can increase the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside as well as randomly elevating creatinine levels. The antibiotics chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tetracycline have been known to inactivate aminoglycosides in general by pharmacological antagonism.


title: Amikacin

text: The effect of amikacin is increased when used with drugs derived from the botulinum toxin, anesthetics, neuromuscular blocking agents, or large doses of blood that contains citrate as an anticoagulant.


title: Amikacin

text: Potent diuretics not only cause ototoxicity themselves, but they can also increase the concentration of amikacin in the serum and tissue, making the ototoxicity even more likely. Quinidine also increases levels of amikacin in the body. The NSAID indomethacin can increase serum aminoglycoside levels in premature infants. Contrast mediums such as ioversol increases the nephrotoxicity and otoxicity caused by amikacin.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin can decrease the effect certain vaccines, such as the live BCG vaccine (used for tuberculosis), the cholera vaccine, and the live typhoid vaccine by acting as a pharmacological antagonist.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin irreversibly binds to 16S rRNA and the RNA-binding S12 protein of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis by changing the ribosome's shape so that it cannot read the mRNA codons correctly. It also interferes with the region that interacts with the wobble base of the tRNA anticodon. It works in a concentration-dependent manner, and has better action in an alkaline environment.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin evades attacks by all antibiotic-inactivating enzymes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria, except for aminoacetyltransferase and nucleotidyltransferase. This is accomplished by the -hydroxyaminobuteroyl amide (L-HABA) moiety attached to N-1 (compare to kanamycin, which simply has a hydrogen), which blocks the access and decreases the affinity of aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes. Amikacin ends up with only one site where these enzymes can attack, while gentamicin and tobramycin have six.


title: Amikacin

text: Bacteria that are resistant to streptomycin and capreomycin are still susceptible to amikacin; bacteria that are resistant to kanamycin have varying susceptibility to amikacin. Resistance to amikacin also confers resistance to kanamycin and capreomycin.


title: Amikacin

text: Resistance to amikacin and kanamycin in "Mycobacterium", the causative agent of tuberculosis, is due to a mutation in the "rrs" gene, which codes for the 16S rRNA. Mutations such as these reduce the binding affinity of amikacin to the bacteria's ribosome. Variations of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) and aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (AAD) also confer resistance: resistance in "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is caused by AAC(6')-IV, which also confers resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin, and resistance in "Staphylococcus aureus" and "S. epidermidis" is caused by AAD(4',4"), "which also confers resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, and apramycin. Some strains of "S. aureus" can also inactivate amikacin by phosphorylating it.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin is not absorbed orally and thus must be administered parenterally. It reaches peak serum concentrations in 0.5–2 hours when administered intramuscularly. Less than 11% of the amikacin actually binds to plasma proteins. It is distributed into the heart, gallbladder, lungs, and bones, as well as in bile, sputum, interstitial fluid, pleural fluid, and synovial fluids. It is usually found at low concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, except when administered intraventricularly. In infants, amikacin is normally found at 10–20% of plasma levels in the spinal fluid, but the amount reaches 50% in cases of meningitis. It does not easily cross the blood–brain barrier or enter ocular tissue.


title: Amikacin

text: While the half-life of amikacin is normally two hours, it is 50 hours in those with end-stage renal disease.


title: Amikacin

text: The vast majority (95%) of amikacin from an IM or IV dose is secreted unchanged via glomerular filtration and into the urine within 24 hours. Factors that cause amikacin to be excreted via urine include its relatively low molecular weight, high water solubility, and unmetabolized state.


title: Amikacin

text: While amikacin is only FDA-approved for use in dogs and for intrauterine infection in horses, it is one of the most common aminoglycosides used in veterinary medicine, and has been used in dogs, cats, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hamsters, rats, mice, prairie dogs, cattle, birds, snakes, turtles and tortoises, crocodilians, bullfrogs, and fish. It is often used for respiratory infections in snakes, bacterial shell disease in turtles, and sinusitis in macaws. It is generally contraindicated in rabbits and hares (though it has still been used) because it harms the balance of intestinal microflora.


title: Amikacin

text: In dogs and cats, amikacin is commonly used as a topical antibiotic for ear infections and for corneal ulcers, especially those that are caused by "Pseudomonas aeruginosa". The ears are often cleaned before administering the medication, since pus and cellular debris lessen the activity of amikacin. Amikacin is administered to the eye when prepared as an ophthalmic ointment or solution, or when injected subconjunctivally. Amikacin in the eye can be accompanied by cephazolin. Despite its use there amikacin (and all aminoglycosides) are toxic to intraocular structures.


title: Amikacin

text: In horses, amikacin is FDA-approved for uterine infections (such as endometriosis and pyometra) when caused by susceptible bacteria. It is also used in topical medication for the eyes and arthroscopic lavage; when combined with a cephalosporin, is used to treat subcutaneous infections that are caused by "Staphylococcus". For infections in the limbs or joints, it is often administered with a cephalosporin via limb perfusion directly into the limb or injected into the joint. Amikacin is also injected into the joints with the anti-arthritic medication Adequan in order to prevent infection.


title: Amikacin

text: Side effects in animals include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and allergic reactions at IM injection sites. Cats tend to be more sensitive to the vestibular damage caused by ototoxicity. Less frequent side effects include neuromuscular blockade, facial edema, and peripheral neuropathy.


title: Amikacin

text: Treating overdoses of amikacin requires kidney dialysis or peritoneal dialysis, which reduce serum concentrations of amikacin, and/or penicillins, some of which can form complexes with amikacin that deactivate it.


title: Amikacin

text: Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension was the first drug approved under the US limited population pathway for antibacterial and antifungal drugs (LPAD pathway). It also was approved under the accelerated approval pathway. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for amikacin liposome inhalation suspension fast track, breakthrough therapy, priority review, and qualified infectious disease product (QIDP) designations. The FDA granted approval of Arikayce to Insmed, Inc.


title: Amikacin

text: The safety and efficacy of amikacin liposome inhalation suspension, an inhaled treatment taken through a nebulizer, was demonstrated in a randomized, controlled clinical trial where patients were assigned to one of two treatment groups. One group of patients received amikacin liposome inhalation suspension plus a background multi-drug antibacterial regimen, while the other treatment group received a background multi-drug antibacterial regimen alone. By the sixth month of treatment, 29 percent of patients treated with amikacin liposome inhalation suspension had no growth of mycobacteria in their sputum cultures for three consecutive months compared to 9 percent of patients who were not treated with amikacin liposome inhalation suspension.


title: North Korean standard language

text: North Korean standard language or () is the North Korean standard version of the Korean language. Munhwaŏ was adopted as the standard in 1966. The adopting proclamation stated that the Pyongan dialect spoken in the North Korean capital Pyongyang and its surroundings should be the basis for Munhwaŏ; however, in practice, Iksop Lee and S. Robert Ramsey report that Munhwaŏ remains "firmly rooted" in the Seoul dialect, which had been the national standard for centuries. Most differences between the North and South Korean standards are thus attributable to replacement of Sino-Korean vocabulary and other loanwords with pure Korean words, or the Northern ideological preference for "the speech of the working class" which includes some words considered non-standard in the South.


title: North Korean standard language

text: Following the liberation of Korea in 1945, The Democratic People's Republic of Korea continued to follow the Korean language guidelines as defined by the Korean Language Society in 1933 with the "Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography" () and in 1936 with the "Collection of Assessed Standard Korean Words" (). In 1954, the 1933 proposal was replaced by a new system () by the North Korean government in which thirteen words were slightly modified. Although the reformation created little difference, from this point the languages spoken by people on both sides on the Korean peninsula only grew in difference.


title: North Korean standard language

text: During the emergence of the "Juche" idea in the 1960s, Kim Il-sung coordinated an effort to purify the Korean language from English, Japanese, and Russian loanwords as well as words with less common Hancha characters, replacing them with new words derived from native Korean words. In a lecture by Kim Il-sung on 3 January 1964, titled "Some problems to develop the Korean language" (), he emphasized the significance of the usage of language as a weapon in the socialist construction of all areas of development, and tried to align with the global trend of change as well as preserving ethnic uniqueness.


title: North Korean standard language

text: Thus, North Korea began to refer to its own dialect as "cultural language" () as a reference to its return to words of Korean cultural origin, in juxtaposition to South Korea's reference to its own dialect as "standard language" ().


title: Whoopie pie

text: The whoopie pie, alternatively called a black moon, gob (term indigenous to the Pittsburgh region), black-and-white, bob, or "BFO" for Big Fat Oreo (also recorded as "Devil Dogs" and "Twins" in 1835), is an American baked product that may be considered either a cookie, pie, sandwich, or cake. It is made of two round mound-shaped pieces of usually chocolate cake, or sometimes pumpkin, gingerbread or other flavored cakes, with a sweet, creamy filling or frosting sandwiched between them.


title: Whoopie pie

text: While considered a New England classic and a Pennsylvania Amish tradition, they are increasingly sold throughout the United States.


title: Whoopie pie

text: The whoopie pie is the official state treat of Maine (not to be confused with the official state dessert, which is blueberry pie).


title: Whoopie pie

text: Gob [the term indigenous to the Pittsburgh region] has been trademarked by the Dutch Maid Bakery in Johnstown. The owner, Tim Yost, bought the rights to the name and the process in 1980.


title: Whoopie pie

text: The world's largest whoopie pie was created in South Portland, Maine, on March 26, 2011, weighing in at . Pieces of the giant whoopie pie were sold and the money was used to send Maine-made whoopie pies to soldiers serving overseas. The previous record holder, from Pennsylvania, weighed .


title: Whoopie pie

text: The town of Dover-Foxcroft, in Piscataquis County, Maine, has hosted the Maine Whoopie Pie Festival since 2009. In 2014, more than 7,500 people attended the festival. The 2013 festival had eight different whoopie pie vendors in attendance. Bakers from across Maine compete for top whoopie pie in a number of categories.


title: Whoopie pie

text: Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachusetts, Virginia and New Hampshire all claim to be the birthplace of the whoopie pie. The Pennsylvania Dutch Convention & Visitors Bureau notes that the whoopie pie recipe comes from the area's Amish and Pennsylvania German culture—origins that are unlikely to leave an official paper trail—and has been handed down through generations. Labadie's Bakery in Lewiston, Maine has been making the confection since 1925. The now-defunct Berwick Cake Company of Roxbury, Massachusetts was selling "Whoopee Pies" as early as the 1920s, but officially branded the Whoopee Pie in 1928 to great success. Various claims suggest that the whoopie pie originated in Massachusetts and spread both north and south, or that German immigrants in Pennsylvania brought the predecessor of the whoopie pie to communities throughout the northeast. A clue into how the possibly Amish dessert got to be so popular in New England can be found in a 1930s cookbook called "Yummy Book" by the Durkee Mower Company, the manufacturer of Marshmallow Fluff. In this New England cookbook, a recipe for "Amish Whoopie Pie" was featured using Marshmallow Fluff in the filling.


title: Whoopie pie

text: In 2011, the Maine State Legislature considered naming the whoopie pie the official state pie. The proposal received bipartisan support. L.D. 71, officially known as "An Act to Designate the Whoopie Pie as the State Dessert", read "The whoopie pie, a baked good made of two chocolate cakes with a creamy frosting between them, is the official state dessert". The Maine Legislature eventually decided to declare the whoopie pie the official state treat, and chose blueberry pie (made with wild Maine blueberries) as the official state dessert.


title: Miss

text: Miss (pronounced ) is an English language honorific typically used for a girl, for an unmarried woman (when not using another title such as "Doctor" or "Dame"), or for a married woman retaining her maiden name. Originating in the 17th century, it is a contraction of "mistress". Its counterparts are Mrs., used for a married women who has taken her husband's name, and Ms., which can be used for married or unmarried women.


title: Miss

text: The plural Misses may be used, such as in "The Misses Doe". The traditional French "Mademoiselle" (abbreviation "Mlle") may also be used as the plural in English language conversation or correspondence. In Australian, British, and Irish schools the term 'miss' is often used by pupils in addressing any female teacher.


title: Miss

text: "Miss" is an honorific for addressing a woman who is not married, and is known by her maiden name. It is a shortened form of "mistress", and departed from "misses/missus" which became used to signify marital attachment in the 18th and 19th centuries. It does not imply age, though youth corresponds (as marriage implies adulthood).


title: Miss

text: Being addressed with "Miss" or "Mrs." was frequently denied to black women in the Southern United States in the past. Mary Hamilton, a civil rights protester arrested in 1963 in Gadsden, Alabama, refused to answer the prosecutor in a subsequent hearing unless he stopped addressing her as "Mary", demanding that instead she be called "Miss Hamilton". She was subsequently jailed for contempt of court after refusing to pay a fine. This led to "Hamilton v. Alabama", 376 U.S. 650 (1964), a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Mary Hamilton was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely for whites in the Southern United States and that calling a black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination".


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: The company was established in 1946 as the Kasuga Radio Co. Ltd. in Komagane City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. In 1960, the company was renamed Trio Corporation. In 1963, the first overseas office was founded in Los Angeles County, California, USA.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: In the early 1960s, Trio's products were rebranded by the Lafayette Radio Company, with a focus on citizens' band radio.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: A&A Trading Co. was an importer of Japanese-made electronics for RadioShack, and a bilingual Japanese-speaking manager from A&A, William "Bill" Kasuga, partnered with George Aratani and Yoichi Nakase to establish a company that would be the exclusive importer of Trio products.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: The name Kenwood was invented by Kasuga as being the combination of "Ken", a name common to Japan and North America that had been tested and proven acceptable to American consumers in the name of Kenmore appliances, and "Wood", referring to the durable substance as well as suggesting a relation to Hollywood, California. The brand recognition of Kenwood eventually surpassed that of Trio, and in 1986 Trio bought Kenwood and renamed itself Kenwood. George Aratani was the first chairman of Kenwood USA Corporation and was succeeded by Kasuga. In October 2008, Kenwood merged with JVC to form new a holding company, named as JVCKenwood.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: Kenwood introduced its Sovereign line of components in 2001. In 2007, Kenwood discontinued its line of consumer audio receivers, home theater systems and other home electronics.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: Today, products marketed by the company to consumer and commercial audiences fall within the home audio, car audio aftermarket and OEM, in car entertainment, amateur radio, professional two-way radio and DECT wireless intercom sectors.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: Kenwood has offered lines of HF, VHF/UHF, and portable amateur radio models, including some with built-in digital data modes (Automatic Packet Reporting System, built on AX.25 packet radio) and modems needed to send and receive these protocols.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: Kenwood's series of "Integrated Amplifier" stereo power amplifiers, launched in 1977 and produced through the mid-1980s. The design for most of these items features a true dual-mono path for stereo output (in other words, no electrical components are shared between left- and right-channel amplification). Front plates were typically made in brushed aluminum with aluminum knobs and switches, glass covers, and in some cases analog VU meters.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: The NV-301 and NV-701 both shared a three-layered half-mirrored design with the main difference lying in the specification of the two systems. The NV-301 was the basic model with two speakers and with a line input (marked for MiniDisc and DVD players) while the NV-701 was a 5.1 Dolby surround sound model with A/V inputs. Both featured a three-disc carousel, a cassette player with Dolby B noise reduction, a natural display, intelligent features and the ability to save up to 40 radio stations, utilising microcomputers to reduce the size of the unit.


title: Kenwood Corporation

text: Kenwood is a brand of JVCKENWOOD Corporation making two-way radios including wireless DECT intercom systems, PMR446, dPMR446, dPMR, P25, DMR and NXDN. The Kenwood communications product range includes hand-portable and mobile terminals (including Intrinsically Safe and ATEX / IECEx hand-portables), repeaters, infrastructure and application solutions.


title: International human rights law

text: International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law are primarily made up of treaties, agreements between sovereign states intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and customary international law. Other international human rights instruments, while not legally binding, contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of "political" obligation.


title: International human rights law

text: International human rights law, which governs the conduct of a state towards its people in peacetime is traditionally seen as distinct from international humanitarian law which governs the conduct of a state during armed conflict, although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.


title: International human rights law

text: A more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict between both state and military occupation (i.e. IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e.g. the 1951 Refugee Convention), children (the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the 1949 Third Geneva Convention).


title: International human rights law

text: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993, in terms of which the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was established.


title: International human rights law

text: In 2006, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the United Nations Human Rights Council for the enforcement of international human rights law. The changes prophesied a more structured organization along with a requirement to review human rights cases every four years. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 also targets the promotion of legislation and policies towards reducing inequality.


title: International human rights law

text: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a UN General Assembly declaration that does not in form create binding international human rights law. Many legal scholars cite the UDHR as evidence of customary international law.


title: International human rights law

text: More broadly, the UDHR has become an authoritative human rights reference. It has provided the basis for subsequent international human rights instruments that form non-binding, but ultimately authoritative international human rights law.


title: International human rights law

text: Besides the adoption in 1966 of the two wide-ranging Covenants that form part of the International Bill of Human Rights (namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), other treaties have been adopted at the international level. These are generally known as "human rights instruments". Some of the most significant include the following:


title: International human rights law

text: Regional systems of international human rights law supplement and complement national and international human rights law by protecting and promoting human rights in specific areas of the world. There are three key regional human rights instruments which have established human rights law on a regional basis:


title: International human rights law

text: The Organisation of American States and the Council of Europe, like the UN, have adopted treaties (albeit with weaker implementation mechanisms) containing catalogues of economic, social and cultural rights, in addition to the aforementioned conventions dealing mostly with civil and political rights:


title: International human rights law

text: The African Union (AU) is a supranational union consisting of 55 African countries. Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, in particular by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective and productive common market.


title: International human rights law

text: The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights is the region's principal human rights instrument, which emerged under the aegis of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (since replaced by the African Union). The intention to draw up the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was announced in 1979. The Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly.


title: International human rights law

text: Pursuant to Article 63 (whereby it was to "come into force three months after the reception by the Secretary General of the instruments of ratification or adherence of a simple majority" of the OAU's member states), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on 21 October 1986, in honour of which 21 October was declared African Human Rights Day.


title: International human rights law

text: The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the African Union, tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent, as well as with interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The commission has three broad areas of responsibility:


title: International human rights law

text: In pursuit of these goals, the commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organise seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments."


title: International human rights law

text: With the creation of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction. In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice.


title: International human rights law

text: The Court of Justice of the African Union is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union". Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as to act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004, but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by fifteen countries.


title: International human rights law

text: There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.


title: International human rights law

text: The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, DC. Its members are the thirty-five independent nation-states of the Americas.


title: International human rights law

text: Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward globalisation, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:


title: International human rights law

text: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based in San José, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:


title: International human rights law

text: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory:


title: International human rights law

text: Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, have been accused of human rights violations.


title: International human rights law

text: The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the council is in Strasbourg in France.


title: International human rights law

text: The Council of Europe is responsible for both the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. These institutions bind the council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.


title: International human rights law

text: The council also promotes the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the European Social Charter. Membership is open to all European states which seek European integration, accept the principle of the rule of law, and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms.


title: International human rights law

text: The Council of Europe is separate from the European Union, but the latter is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.


title: International human rights law

text: The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, the Committee for the Prevention of Torture was established.


title: International human rights law

text: The Council of Europe also adopted the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in May 2005, for protection against human trafficking and sexual exploitation, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse in October 2007, and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence in May 2011.


title: International human rights law

text: The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states. In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list. About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is considered admissible. In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.


title: International human rights law

text: There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law, but quasi-judicial bodies exist under some UN treaties (like the Human Rights Committee under the ICCPR). The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights enforce regional human rights law.


title: International human rights law

text: Although these same international bodies also hold jurisdiction over cases regarding international humanitarian law, it is crucial to recognise, as discussed above, that the two frameworks constitute different legal regimes.


title: International human rights law

text: The United Nations human rights bodies do have some quasi-legal enforcement mechanisms. These include the treaty bodies attached to the seven currently active treaties, and the United Nations Human Rights Council complaints procedures, with Universal Periodic Review and United Nations Special Rapporteur (known as the 1235 and 1503 mechanisms respectively).


title: International human rights law

text: The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the nation state; it is the primary responsibility of the State to make the human rights of its citizens a reality.


title: International human rights law

text: In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.


title: International human rights law

text: In over 110 countries, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country. Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles, the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.


title: International human rights law

text: The Paris Principles were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from 7 to 9 October 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for NHRIs.


title: International human rights law

text: Universal jurisdiction is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorized to punish. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are "erga omnes", or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of "jus cogens".


title: International human rights law

text: In 1993, Belgium passed a "law of universal jurisdiction" to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries. In 1998, Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón under the universal-jurisdiction principle. Adolf Eichmann who was the former Nazi SS lieutenant colonel accused of overseeing the transfer of Jews to Holocaust death camps also persecuted in Israel in 1961. Adolf was living in Argentina after the war.


title: International human rights law

text: The principle is supported by Amnesty International and other human rights organisations, which believe that certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole, and that the community has a moral duty to act.


title: International human rights law

text: Others, like Henry Kissinger, argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny—that of judges".


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: Capcom Arcade Stadium is an arcade video game compilation by Capcom. It includes 32 arcade games originally published by Capcom between 1984 and 2001. The compilation was initially released on Nintendo Switch in February 2021, then on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One later in May 2021, and Amazon Luna in May 2022.


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: "Capcom Arcade Stadium" features "" as a free inclusion, with the remaining games purchasable as downloadable content (DLC). "Ghosts 'n Goblins" was made individually purchasable, while the rest were initially grouped into three packs of ten games, with each pack spanning a particular time period: "Dawn of the Arcade" (1984–1988), "Arcade Revolution" (1989–1992), and "Arcade Evolution" (1992–2001). In October 2021 it was announced that the games would also be made available as individual purchases in addition to the packs. In June 2022, "Street Fighter II " was made free to download until July 2022 to celebrate the upcoming release of "Capcom Arcade 2nd Stadium", as well as the game's 1st anniversary and Capcom's 39th anniversary.


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: The games run in an emulator which adds the ability to rewind gameplay, select difficulty, adjust game speed, and use nostalgic visual filters to simulate vintage arcade CRT screens. Minor graphical alterations to the "Street Fighter II" games include the removal of the Rising Sun in E. Honda's stage, and the replacement of the Flag of Hong Kong SAR with the flag of the People's Republic of China for Fei Long in the character selection screen. In May 2021 Capcom released paid DLC enabling an invincibility cheat for each game.


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: In May 2021, Capcom announced its intention for the collection to be expanded, and invited fans to suggest ideas through Twitter. On April 11, 2022, Capcom announced a sequel called "Capcom Arcade 2nd Stadium", which was released on July 22, 2022, for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The collection features 32 new games, including "SonSon" as a free inclusion, and "Three Wonders" as a launch bonus for pre-orders of "Capcom Fighting Collection".


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: Upon "Capcom Arcade Stadium"s initial December 2020 announcement, "Comic Book Resources" found it to be an improvement over the 2013 predecessor "Capcom Arcade Cabinet" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, by almost doubling the library. However it lamented the trend of emulation "retreads" from Nintendo and Capcom: "The downside is that these companies have normalized the practice of re-selling consumers classic games every console generation, and that's a price gamers shouldn't have to pay."


title: Capcom Arcade Stadium

text: Although noting that several of the games have been available in previous compilations such as "Capcom Beat 'Em Up Bundle", "Nintendo Life" praised the selection of shoot 'em ups in "Capcom Arcade Stadium", which includes the console debuts of games such as "Progear" and "1944: The Loop Master".


title: City-building game

text: A city-building game, or town-building game, is a genre of simulation video game where players act as the overall planner and leader of a city or town, looking down on it from above, and being responsible for its growth and management strategy. Players choose building placement and city management features such as salaries and work priorities, and the city develops accordingly.


title: City-building game

text: City-building games such as "SimCity", "Cities XXL" or "" are considered a type of construction and management simulation.


title: City-building game

text: The earliest city-building game was "The Sumerian Game" (1964), a text-based mainframe game written by Mabel Addis, based on the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash. It was subsequently adapted into "The Sumer Game" (1968), later known as "Hamurabi".


title: City-building game

text: The city-building game genre was established in 1989 with "SimCity", which emphasized continuous building rather than a set victory condition. Players followed personal preferences in design and growth. Indicators of success were maintaining positive budget balance and citizen satisfaction. Subsequent "SimCity" titles such as "SimCity 4" soon followed when high sales of the game demonstrated its popularity.


title: City-building game

text: The first sim game, "Utopia" (1982) developed for the Mattel Intellivision console system, covered many of these same elements, but was limited by the primitive screen resolutions of its era. Unlike the thousands of individual spaces possible a few years later in "SimCity", each island in "Utopia" held only 29 "buildable" spaces for schools, factories and other constructions. The player's score was based on the well-being of his people.


title: City-building game

text: A second boost in the popularity of the genre came in 1993 with the release of various games. Including "The Settlers", which is set in medieval times and simulates a complex settlement and economic system, which was revolutionary at the time. It started a series that has continued ever since.


title: City-building game

text: In the same year, a blockbuster game which modeled cities in ancient Rome was published: "Caesar". Subsequent titles in the "City Building Series" followed, all simulating cities in past civilizations.


title: City-building game

text: The PC game "Stronghold" also appeared in 1993, and was advertised as ""SimCity" meets "Dungeons & Dragons" in 3D". Elves, humans and dwarves each built neighborhoods with unique architecture within the player's town. The title also had elements of real-time strategy games when enemies attacked the city, and the line between city-building and RTS games has often been blurred with this kind of hybrid title. True 3D graphics were not yet possible at that time, so the advertised 3D was actually a clever use of 2D graphics (an isometric projection) with mathematically generated terrain and overlaid bitmaps and sprites.


title: City-building game

text: The "Anno" series started in 1998 and established a high level of detail in graphics as well as an intense economy simulation and a distinct gameplay.


title: City-building game

text: "SimCity 4", released in 2003, was praised as a standard-setter among city-builders and is still widely regarded as one of the best games in the genre, despite its complexity and steep learning curve. Subsequent games in the series attempted to remedy this, such as "SimCity Societies" (2007), which did not further deepen the gameplay along the line of city simulation but incorporates different gameplay elements such as social management. The changes to the formula polarized critics and its fan base alike. The reboot, "SimCity", attempted to bring the franchise back to its roots but was panned by critics and traditional fans for its forced online requirements, bugs in simulation, missing promised features and restrictions on city size. The waning dominance of the "SimCity" franchise in the genre has caused several other companies to release similarly themed games, like "Cities XL" (2009). The game "" published in 2015 is widely regarded the best city-building sim to date and was very successful with the audience of the genre.


title: City-building game

text: Starting with "Anno 2070" in 2011, continued by "Anno 2205" in 2015, and emphasized by "Surviving Mars" and "Frostpunk" in 2018, futurist settings became again widely popular with the audience of the genre.


title: City-building game

text: With the rise of social gaming, mobile gaming, freemium and micropayment model in the 2010s, there has been a surge of casual city-building games with different mechanisms like time-based "produce and upgrade" feature, including "CityVille", "SimCity Buildit", and "City Island". Despite the fact that most traditional followers of the genre dislike these games due to factors like simple, dumbed-down mechanics and microtransactions, they have gained greater commercial success around the world than most prior city building games.


title: City-building game

text: Another development trend is the increased popularity for city building games by independent developers, like the 2019 "Islanders" or the 2020 release "Townscaper" with their simple, intuition-based gameplay. Also sandbox games like the ever-popular "Minecraft" (published in 2011) offer features that are alike to various city-builders.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Arnhem Land is a historical region of the Northern Territory of Australia, with the term still in use. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around from the territory capital, Darwin. In 1623, Dutch East India Company captain Willem Joosten van Colster (or Coolsteerdt) sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria and Cape Arnhem is named after his ship, the "Arnhem", which itself was named after the city of Arnhem in the Netherlands.


title: Arnhem Land

text: The area covers about and has an estimated population of 16,000, of whom 12,000 are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Two regions are often distinguished as East Arnhem (Land) and West Arnhem (Land), and North-east Arnhem Land is known to the local Yolŋu people as Miwatj. The region's service hub is Nhulunbuy, east of Darwin, set up in the early 1970s as a mining town


title: Arnhem Land

text: for bauxite. Other major population centres are Yirrkala (just outside Nhulunbuy), Gunbalanya (formerly Oenpelli), Ramingining, and Maningrida.


title: Arnhem Land

text: A substantial proportion of the population, which is mostly Aboriginal, lives on small outstations or homelands. This outstation movement started in the early 1980s. Many Aboriginal groups moved to usually very small settlements on their traditional lands, often to escape the problems of the larger towns. These population groups have very little Western cultural influence, and Arnhem Land is arguably one of the last areas in Australia that could be seen as a completely separate country. Many of the region's leaders have called and continue to call for a treaty that would allow the Yolŋu to operate under their own traditional laws.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 2013–14, the entire region contributed around or 7 percent to the Northern Territory's gross state product, mainly through bauxite mining.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 2019, it was announced that NASA had chosen Arnhem Land as the location for a space launch facility, the Arnhem Space Centre. On 27 June 2022, NASA launched the first rocket there, the first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US, and two further launches followed within weeks.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Arnhem Land has been occupied by Aboriginal peoples for tens of thousands of years and is the location of the oldest-known stone axe, which scholars believe to be 35,500 years old.


title: Arnhem Land

text: At least since the 18th century (and probably earlier) Muslim traders from Makassar of Sulawesi visited Arnhem Land each year to trade, harvest, and process sea cucumbers or "trepang". This marine animal is highly prized in Chinese cuisine, for folk medicine, and as an aphrodisiac.


title: Arnhem Land

text: This Macassan contact with Australia is the first recorded example of interaction between the inhabitants of the Australian continent and their Asian neighbours.


title: Arnhem Land

text: This contact had a major effect on local Aboriginal Australians. The Makassans exchanged goods such as cloth, tobacco, knives, rice, and alcohol for the right to "trepang" coastal waters and employ local labour. Makassar pidgin became a "lingua franca" along the north coast among several indigenous Australian groups who were brought into greater contact with each other by the seafaring Makassan culture.


title: Arnhem Land

text: These traders from the southwest corner of Sulawesi also introduced the word "balanda" for white people, long before western explorers set foot on the coasts of northern Australia. In Arnhem Land, the word is still widely used today to refer to white Australians. The Dutch started settling in Sulawesi Island in the early 17th century.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Archaeological remains of Makassar contact, including trepang processing plants (drying, smoking) from the 18th and 19th centuries, are still found at Australian locations such as Port Essington and Groote Eylandt. The Makassans also planted tamarind trees (native to Madagascar and East Africa). After processing, the sea cucumbers were traded by the Makassans to Southern China.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 2014, an 18th-century Chinese coin was found in the remote area of Wessel Islands off the coast on a beach on Elcho Island during a historical expedition. The coin was found near previously known Macassan trepanger fishing sites where several other Dutch coins have been discovered nearby, but never a Chinese coin. The coin was probably made in Beijing around 1735.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 1884, 10,000 square miles of Arnhem Land was sold by the colonial British government to cattle grazier, John Arthur Macartney. The property was called Florida Station and Macartney stocked it with cattle overlanded from Queensland. Monsoonal flooding, disease and strong resistance from the local Aboriginal population resulted in Florida Station being abandoned by Macartney in 1893. The first manager of the property, Jim Randell, bolted a swivel cannon to the verandah of the homestead to keep the Indigenous people away, while Jack Watson, the last manager of the property, reportedly "wiped out a lot" of "the blacks" living on the coast at Blue Mud Bay.


title: Arnhem Land

text: During the period of Watson's management, another large massacre is recorded to have happened at Mirki on the north coast of Florida Station. The Yolngu people today remember this massacre where many people including children were shot dead.


title: Arnhem Land

text: From 1903 to 1908, the property rights of much of Arnhem Land were held by the Eastern and African Cold Storage Supply Company. This Anglo-Australian consortium leased the region under the name of Arafura cattle station and attempted to construct a massive cattle raising and meat production industry. The company employed roving gangs of armed men to shoot the resident Aboriginal population.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 1971, the Gove land rights case ("Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd") was the first litigation on native title in Australia, and the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia.


title: Arnhem Land

text: The area is from Port Roper on the Gulf of Carpentaria around the coast to the East Alligator River, where it adjoins Kakadu National Park. The major centres are Jabiru on the Kakadu National Park border, Maningrida at the Liverpool River mouth, and Nhulunbuy (also known as Gove) in the far north-east, on the Gove Peninsula. Gove is the site of large-scale bauxite mining with an associated alumina refinery. Its administrative centre is the town of Nhulunbuy, the fourth-largest population centre in the Northern Territory.


title: Arnhem Land

text: The climate of Arnhem Land is tropical monsoon with a wet and dry season. The temperature has little seasonal variation; however, it can range from overnight lows of in the dry season (April to September) to daily highs of in the wet season (October to March).


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 1931, an area of was proclaimed as an Aboriginal reserve, named Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve. the Land Trust held about as Aboriginal freehold land (with the exception of mining leases); it remains one of the largest parcels of Aboriginal-owned land in Australia and is perhaps best known for its isolation, the art of its people, and the strong continuing traditions of its Aboriginal inhabitants.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Arnhem Land is composed of many different Aboriginal countries and language groups. North-east Arnhem Land is home to the Yolngu people, one of the largest Indigenous groups in Australia, who have succeeded in maintaining a vigorous traditional culture, and whose name for this area is Miwatj. In West Arnhem Land, large groups include the Bininj people and the Maung people of the Goulburn Islands.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 2013–14, the entire region contributed around or 7% to the Northern Territory's gross state product, mainly through bauxite mining.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In 2019, it was announced that NASA had chosen Arnhem Land as the location for a space launch facility. The Arnhem Space Centre was built near Nhulunbuy, employing mostly local labour, and on 27 June 2022, NASA launched the first rocket there, which was the first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US. Two further launches followed, the third on July 11. Other space companies are interested in using the rocket launch pad, and NASA confirmed that it will use the facility again in the future.


title: Arnhem Land

text: The 2006 film "Ten Canoes" captures life in Arnhem Land through a story tapping into the Aboriginal mythic past; it was co-directed by one of the indigenous cast members. The film and the documentary about the making of the film, "The Balanda and the Bark Canoes", give a remarkable testimony to the indigenous struggle to keep their culture alive – or rather revive it in the wake of considerable relative modernisation and influence of white ("balanda") cultural imposition.


title: Arnhem Land

text: "High Ground (2020 film)", a 2020 feature film directed by Stephen Maxwell Johnson, based on historical fact and reflecting the history and culture of Yolngu people, was filmed in Arnhem land.


title: Arnhem Land

text: The Aboriginal community of Yirrkala, just outside Nhulunbuy, is internationally known for bark paintings, promoting the rights of Indigenous Australians, and as the origin of the "yidaki", or didgeridoo. The community of Gunbalanya (previously known as Oenpelli) in Western Arnhem Land is also notable for bark painting. The indigenous inhabitants also create temporary sand sculptures as part of their sacred rituals.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Arnhem Land is also notable for Aboriginal rock art, some examples of which can be found at Ubirr Rock, Injalak Hill, and in the Canon Hill area. Some of these record the early years of European explorers and settlers, sometimes in such detail that Martini–Henry rifles can be identified. They also depict axes, and detailed paintings of aircraft and ships. One remote shelter, several hundred kilometres from Darwin, has a painting of the wharf at Darwin, including building and boats, and Europeans with hats and pipes, some apparently without hands (which they have in their trouser pockets). Near the East Alligator River crossing, a figure was painted of a man carrying a gun and wearing his hair in long pigtails down his back, characteristic of the Chinese labourers brought to Darwin in the late 19th century.


title: Arnhem Land

text: One Yolngu prehistoric stone arrangement at Maccasans Beach near Yirrkala shows the layout of the Macassan "praus" used for "trepang" (sea cucumber) fishing in the area. This was a legacy of Yolngu trade links with the people on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The trading relationship antedated European settlement by some 200 years.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Aboriginal artists in Arnhem Land are primarily represented by Aboriginal Art Centres, nonprofit, community-owned organisations. In East Arnhem Land, primarily Yolngu Matha-speaking artists are promoted by Buku-Larrnggay Mulka in Yirrkala, Bula'bula Arts in Ramingining, Elcho Island Arts and Crafts on Elcho Island, Gapuwiyak Culture and Arts in Gapuwiyak and Milingimbi Art and Culture on Milingimbi Island. In Central Arnhem Land, Maningrida Arts & Culture in Maningrida promotes the work of a diverse range of Kuninjku, Burarra, and Gurrgoni artists, amongst others. In West Arnhem Land, Injalak Arts in Gunbalanya represents mainly Kunwinjku artists. Ngukurr Arts is located on the Roper River in Southern Arnhem Land. Art is also produced on the many islands of Arnhem Land, and there are art centres on the Anindilyakwa speaking Groote Eylandt (Anindilyakwa Art) and the Maung speaking Goulburn Islands (Mardbalk Arts & Crafts).


title: Arnhem Land

text: Arnhem Land is also known for embracing the homeland movement, sometimes referred to as the outstation movement. For many decades prior to 1970, the East Arnhem Land Yolngu people lived on mission stations, such as Yirrkala. From April 1972, Yolngu families began moving away, back to their traditional clan lands. This was instigated by Yolngu people, before there was government support for the outstation movement. The people cleared land for airstrips and built their own houses from local timber, with the help of non-Indigenous people from the mission. The elders of the clans aimed to determine their own futures, basing their societies on Yolngu law, while living and raising their children on their lands in a sustainable and self-sufficient way. In 1985, Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation (LHAC), an Aboriginal corporation, was established to assist the homelands.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Homelands are tiny communities where members of related clan groups live on their traditional land, living according to Yolngu rom (law). There are benefits to the people to be living in these homelands, including:


title: Arnhem Land

text: Homelands also reduce pressure on other Indigenous communities, which are already suffering from problems in the housing, health and education services areas.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In the early 21st century, a focus governments about the "viability" of the homelands has caused tensions and uncertainty within the Arnhem Land community.


title: Arnhem Land

text: In September 2008, then Darwin correspondent for "The Age", Lindsay Murdoch, wrote: "Elders tell of their fears that Yolngu culture and society will not survive if clans cannot continue to live on and access their land through homelands. They warn that if services are cut, many of the 800 people in the Laynhapuy homelands will be forced to move to towns such as Yirrkala on the Gove Peninsula, creating new law and order problems, while those who stay will be severely disadvantaged."


title: Arnhem Land

text: In response to changes made by the Northern Territory government surrounding reduced support for the homelands in 2009, the Indigenous leader Patrick Dodson criticised the Northern Territory Government's controversial new policy on remote Aboriginal communities, describing it as a "die on the vine" plan that will "slowly but surely" kill indigenous culture.


title: Arnhem Land

text: Born in the 1930s, Dr Gawirrin Gumana AO is a leader of the Dhalwangu clan, renowned for his artwork and knowledge of traditional culture and law. In May 2009, he had the following to say about the significance of the homelands to his people:


title: Arnhem Land

text: Despite facing government concerns and policy confusion, a number of people have developed commercial enterprises that have centred on using the best elements of their homelands. Indigenous tourism ventures incorporating the controlled use of homelands are now showing signs of success for a select number of Yolngu.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Neutral Moresnet (, , , ) was a small Belgian–Prussian condominium in western Europe that existed from 1816 to 1920 and was administered jointly by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Belgium after its independence in 1830) and the Kingdom of Prussia. It was wide and long, with an area of . After 1830, the territory's northernmost border point at Vaalserberg connected it to a quadripoint shared additionally with the Dutch Province of Limburg, the Prussian Rhine Province, and the Belgian Liège Province. Its former location is represented presently by the Three-Country Point, the meeting place of the borders of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: During the First World War, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by Germany, although the allies did not recognise the annexation. The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet. A year later, the Treaty of Versailles awarded Neutral Moresnet to Belgium, effective 10 January 1920, when the territory was annexed by Belgium to become the municipality of Kelmis.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: During World War II, Kelmis and the area surrounding was again annexed by Germany and had its name reverted to Moresnet, but the territory was returned to Belgium during 1944.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: After the demise of Napoleon's Empire, the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15 redrew the European map, intending to create a balance of power in Europe. One of the borders to be delineated was the one between the newly created United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Prussia. Both parties could agree on the larger part of the territory, as borders mostly followed older lines, but the district of Moresnet proved problematic, mainly because of a valuable zinc spar mine named Altenberg (German) or Vieille Montagne (French) located there. The governments of both the Netherlands and Prussia desired to appropriate this resource, which was needed for the production of zinc and brass – at that time, Bristol in the United Kingdom was the only other place where zinc ore was processed.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: In December 1815, Dutch and Prussian representatives convened in nearby Aachen, and on 26 June 1816 a compromise was obtained, dividing the district of Moresnet into three parts. The Dutch absorbed the village of Moresnet itself into Liège Province, while the Prussian village Moresnet (renamed Neu-Moresnet after ) became part of the Prussian Rhine Province and the mine and village adjacent became a neutral territory pending a future agreement. The two powers, whose armies were prohibited from occupying the area, established a joint administration.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: When Belgium gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1830, the Belgians assumed control of the Dutch role in Neutral Moresnet (though the Dutch never formally ceded their claim).


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Formal installation of border demarcation markers for the territory occurred on 23 September 1818. The territory of Neutral Moresnet had a somewhat triangular shape with the base being the main road from Aachen to Liège. The village and mine lay just to the north of this road. To east and west, two straight lines converged on the Vaalserberg.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: The roads from Germany and Belgium to the Three‑Country Point are named () and (‘Three Border Stones Road’) respectively; the road from the Netherlands is called (‘Four Borders Way’).


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: From 1883, Neutral Moresnet used a tricolour with horizontal bars in black, white and blue as its territorial flag. The origin is unknown and has been explained in two different ways:


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: The territory was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Eventually, these commissioners were commonly civil servants from the Belgian Verviers and the Prussian Eupen. The municipal administration was directed by a mayor appointed by the commissioners.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: The Napoleonic civil and penal codes, introduced during French rule, remained in force throughout the existence of Neutral Moresnet. However, since no law court existed in the neutral territory, Belgian and Prussian judges had to come in and decide cases based on the Napoleonic laws. Since there was no administrative court either, the mayor's decision could not be appealed.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: In 1859, Neutral Moresnet was granted a greater measure of self-administration by the installation of a municipal council of ten members. The council, as well as a welfare committee and a school committee, were appointed by the mayor and served an advisory function only. The people had no voting rights.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Life in Neutral Moresnet was dominated by the Vieille Montagne mining company, which not only was the major employer but also operated residences, shops, a hospital and a bank. The mine attracted many workers from the neighboring countries, increasing the population from 256 in 1815 to 2,275 in 1858 and 4,668 in 1914. Most services, such as the mail, were shared between Belgium and Prussia (in a fashion similar to Andorra). There were five schools in the territory, and Prussian subjects could attend the schools in Prussian Moresnet.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Living in the territory had several benefits. Among these were the low taxes (the national budget being fixed at 2,735 Belgian francs throughout most of its history), the absence of import tariffs from both neighbouring countries, and low prices compared to just across the border. A downside to their special status was the fact that people from Neutral Moresnet were considered to be stateless and were not allowed a military of their own.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Many immigrants settled in Moresnet so they would be exempt from military service, but in 1854 Belgium began to conscript its citizens who had relocated to Moresnet, and Prussia did likewise in 1874. From then on, the exemption applied only to descendants of the original inhabitants.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Neutral Moresnet did not have its own currency. The French franc was legal tender. The currencies of Prussia (and then Germany, after 1871), Belgium and the Netherlands were also in circulation. In 1848 local currency began circulating, though these coins were not considered the official medium.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: When the mine was exhausted in 1885, the continued survival of Neutral Moresnet was in doubt. Perhaps in response, the next year Dr. Wilhelm Molly (1838–1919), the mine's chief medical doctor and an avid philatelist, tried to organise a local postal service with its own stamps. This enterprise was quickly thwarted by Belgian intervention.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: About 1900, Germany began a more aggressive policy concerning the territory and was accused of sabotage and obstructing the administrative process in order to force the issue.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: A casino was established in August 1903 after the Belgians closed all such resorts in Belgium. The Moresnet casino operated with strict limitations, permitting no local resident to gamble, and no more than 20 persons to gather at a time. The venture was abandoned, however, when Kaiser Wilhelm II threatened to partition the territory or cede it to Belgium in order to end the gambling. Around this same time, Moresnet boasted three distilleries for the manufacture of gin.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: During 1908, Dr. Molly proposed making Neutral Moresnet the world's first Esperanto‑speaking state, named ("friendship-place"). The proposed national anthem was an Esperanto march of the same name, set to the tune of "O Tannenbaum". A number of residents learned Esperanto and a rally was held in Kelmis to endorse the idea of on 13 August 1908, and a coat of arms was publicized. The World Congress of Esperanto, meeting in Dresden, even declared Neutral Moresnet the world capital of the Esperanto community.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: The First World War resulted in the end of neutrality. On 4 August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, initially leaving Neutral Moresnet as "an oasis in a desert of destruction". A total of 147 Neutral Moresnet citizens were killed, though it is unclear whether they were killed inside the territory or in fighting outside its borders. On 27 June 1915, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, although the annexation never received international recognition.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: In 1918, the armistice between France and Germany, signed on 11 November at Compiègne, forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and also from Moresnet. It also resulted in the ousting of Mayor Wilhelm Kyll, a German national who had been appointed after the German invasion.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: On 28 June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles settled the dispute that had created the neutral territory a century earlier by awarding Neutral Moresnet, along with Prussian Moresnet and the German cantons of Eupen and Malmedy, to Belgium. The treaty became effective 10 January 1920, ending the territory's existence and converting it into a municipality in Belgium.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: To distinguish it from the already existing town of Moresnet (in the neighboring municipality of Plombières), Neutral Moresnet was renamed Kelmis (in French: )after "kelme", the local dialect word for zinc spar.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: Despite the annexation, Neutral Moresnet Mayor Pierre Grignard effectively stayed in office and became the first mayor of Kelmis. The ten members of Neutral Moresnet's council were confirmed for the Kelmis municipal council after its Prussian members renounced their nationality. They remained in office until the election of a new municipal council on 7 February 1923.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: After 1920, Moresnet shared the history of Eupen-Malmedy. Germany briefly re‑annexed the area during , but it returned to Belgium in 1944. Since 1973, Kelmis has formed a part of the German‑speaking community of Belgium. During 1977, Kelmis absorbed the neighbouring communes of Neu‑Moresnet and Hergenrath.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: A small museum in Kelmis, the "Museum Vieille Montagne", includes exhibits on Neutral Moresnet. Of the 60 border markers for the territory, more than 50 are still standing.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: As a company, Vieille Montagne survived Neutral Moresnet. It continues to exist as VMZINC, a part of Union Minière, the latter renamed in 2001 as Umicore, a global materials company.


title: Neutral Moresnet

text: On 26 October 2016, Catharina Meessen became the last surviving citizen of the former territory after the death of Alwine Hackens-Paffen. In early 2020, Meessen died at the age of 105.


title: David Hungate

text: William David Hungate (born August 5, 1948) is an American bass guitarist noted as a member of the Los Angeles pop-rock band Toto from 1976 to 1982 and again from 2014 to 2015, and the son of judge William L. Hungate. Along with most of his Toto bandmates, Hungate did sessions on a number of hit albums of the 1970s, including Boz Scaggs's "Silk Degrees" and Alice Cooper's "From the Inside".


title: David Hungate

text: Hungate played on Toto's first four records, including the Grammy award-winning album "Toto IV". He left the band shortly after its release for a career as a session musician in Nashville. Hungate, who plays many instruments including guitar, trombone, trumpet, drums, and piano, has arranged, produced and recorded with several country artists such as Chet Atkins. He was also a primary member of AOR supergroup Mecca fronted by Joe Vana and Fergie Frederiksen, the latter also of Toto fame. In 1990 he released a solo album entitled "Souvenir". Jeff Porcaro played drums on some of the tracks on the album. In 1995, Hungate also played bass on all the songs on Shania Twain's second album "The Woman in Me".


title: David Hungate

text: , he rejoined Toto in a touring capacity due to the departure of the touring bass player, Nathan East (who was, like Leland Sklar during the band's previous tour in 2006/2007, filling in for regular bassist Mike Porcaro who was forced to retire due to illness). At first, it was announced that he would retire after the 2014 tour, but he kept touring with Toto until 2015, when it was announced that he would finally retire from extensive tours. He also played four tracks in the band's album "Toto XIV".


title: David Hungate

text: Hungate attended went to Troy Buchanan High School in Troy, Missouri. Because he attended there, the band "Toto" gave the high school a signed record and now during parades the band plays the song "Hold the Line".


title: David Hungate

text: He attended the College of Music at North Texas State University. He played bass in their jazz ensemble, the One O'Clock Lab Band, including a performance at the 1970 Montreux Jazz Festival.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" is a song by English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa from her second studio album, "Future Nostalgia" (2020). The song was written by Lipa, Ali Tamposi, Stefan Johnson, Jordan K. Johnson, and Andrew Watt, while the production was handled by Watt alongside the Monsters & Strangerz. Due to a similarity to the guitar riff in INXS's 1987 song "Need You Tonight", band members Andrew Farriss and Michael Hutchence are also credited as writers, and the similarity is credited as an interpolation. The song was released for digital download and streaming through Warner Records as the third single from "Future Nostalgia" on 25 March 2020. It is a retro-futuristic dance-pop and disco-funk song with elements of house and 1980s music that is set to a Europop beat. A vulnerable song, it sees Lipa questioning whether a new love will leave her broken-hearted.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Several music critics commended the production elements of "Break My Heart" as well as its "Need You Tonight" interpolation; some thought it sounded too similar to its influences. The song placed on numerous best of 2020 year-end lists, including ones published by "Billboard", "The New York Times" and NPR, while also receiving numerous awards as well as nominations including Song of the Summer at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards and Song of the Year at the 46th People's Choice Awards. Commercially, the song reached the top ten of charts in twenty-one countries, including a number one peak in Israel. This also included the UK Singles Chart, where the song peaked at number six. The song is certified platinum or higher in ten countries, including a double diamond certification in Brazil, a double platinum certification in Australia and a platinum certification in the UK.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: The music video for "Break My Heart" premiered on 26 March 2020. It was directed by Henry Scholfield and filmed in Bulgaria. The video features 1990s-influenced slide clips that see Lipa in numerous situations going from vulnerable to empowered after she falls for someone who's pulling away from her. Some of these situations include running through a traffic-jammed block, dancing in a club and dancing on the end of a broken plane. Several critics praised the high quality of the video and its use of colour. It won Best Pop Video at the 2020 UK Music Video Awards. Lipa performed the song on numerous occasions, including on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", "Big Brother Brasil 20" and "". Several remixes including ones by Jax Jones, Joris Voorn and Moon Boots were also released.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" was written by Dua Lipa, Ali Tamposi, Andrew Watt, Stefan Johnson and Jordan K. Johnson and was produced by the Monsters & Strangerz alongside Watt. The Monsters & Strangerz had wanted to work with Lipa for a while and had their management contact Lipa's A&R, Joe Kentish, and manager Ben Mawson. Their management knew the latter from a previous Ellie Goulding collaboration. A studio session was arranged between The Monsters & Strangerz, Tamposi, and Lipa, which was successful, however, the Monsters & Strangerz thought that they would have a better session with Watt. A session was arranged with him at his studio. Lipa was nervous going into the session due to the fact that she had not worked with Watt. Lipa found it hard to be open and vulnerable with people she does not know. However, Lipa later realised it is easy to do so. She additionally found it helpful that the co-writers knew her boyfriend, which allowed Lipa to be more open. Lipa intended to create a song that was cohesive and had a theme running through it.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: The session started with all the writers staring at a "disco" sign in Watt's studio. Whenever he worked with a new artist, Watt always recorded a simple guitar riff on his phone as place to start with them. He broke the ice with Lipa by playing her the sample. She expressed her admiration for it, but thought it was not for her. To give him an idea of her musical style, Lipa played Watt about half of her "Future Nostalgia" album which he described as "perfect". The collaborators were unsure where to begin with the song, ultimately deciding to start with the melody. They started with the guitar before Lipa began putting her thoughts into song form. Watt played a bass lick, inspired by what he equated to be "funky music". Lipa loved the sound and told him to record it; they later decided to synchronize the hook with the bass line. All writers had many ideas for the melody and helped write it. Lipa recalled needing the melody to make sense of writing the lyrics. She was inspired by the initial stages of falling in love but thinking in the back of one's mind, "this is too good to be true". Lipa recalled being out of her comfort zone while writing the song, but learning a lesson to write in that state as she writes the best songs then.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" was written, tracked and produced in one night. Watt recalled that the collaborators were "on fire" and "nailed it" while also mentioning that Lipa "such a confident place" and she "brought it on another level". While listening back to the song, Lipa and her collaborators noticed a similarity between the song and "Need You Tonight" (1987) by Australian rock band INXS. The collaborators did not want to get sued, so band members Andrew Farriss and Michael Hutchence were credited as writers and INXS were given a publishing credit. Lipa admired this situation as it "brought nostalgia even more to the forefront" of the album. Farriss later expressed his appreciation for Lipa for asking for permission to use the interpolation while saying it is "kind of bizarre" to hear Lipa interpret it in that way. "Break My Heart" was recorded and tracked at Gold Tooth Music in Beverly Hills, California and Oddities Studio in London; the vocals were also recorded at the latter location. Mark "Spike" Stent mixed the song at the Mixsuite in Los Angeles with Dave Kutch mastering it at the Mastering Palace in New York.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Musically, "Break My Heart" is a dance-pop and disco-funk song with house and 1980s elements. It has a length of 3:41 and is constructed in verse–chorus form. The song is composed in time and the key of E minor, with a tempo of 113 beats per minute. The verses and choruses have a chord progression of Em–G–Fdim–Em–C–Bm–D, while the bridges follow a Cmaj7–D6–Bm7–Em7–D6 sequence and the middle eight follows a C–D–G/B–Bm–Em–Bm/D–C–D–Em7–B7–B chord progression. The song interpolates the rhythm guitar melody from "Need You Tonight" by INXS. "Break My Heart" has a retro-futuristic sound, with the production consisting of a bouncing-ball bass, handclaps, a funk guitar line, disco violins, and a Europop beat.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" opens with a bassline and synths, both of which were categorized as bouncy, and a hi-hat drum. In the pre-chorus, the song features a funky bassline and sweeping strings, while the music drops out in the middle and abruptly crashes back shortly after for the chorus. As the song eases into its chorus, the instruments are stripped back with a swaggering guitar riff underscoring each lyric, while a techno-adjacent bassline is also included, alongside a staccato bass rhythm. The second verse includes a drum kit and the second pre-chorus is driven by a string section. Lipa's vocals span a range of E to B, and she makes use of spoken word deliveries. Described by Lipa as a "celebration of vulnerability", "Break My Heart" sees her question whether a new love will leave her broken hearted. She tells a cautionary love tale and mentions the "shoulda, woulda, coulda's" of relationship choices. The lyrics of the chorus were compared to the COVID-19 pandemic's social distancing measures.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: It was first revealed that "Break My Heart" had been recorded for "Future Nostalgia" in January 2020, after the song leaked along with fellow album track "Physical". Later that month, the song was confirmed to be on the album's tracklist in the ninth position. Lipa confirmed that the song would serve as the third single from the album in March 2020, during an interview with Australian TV show "Sunrise". She began teasing the release shortly thereafter. On 20 March 2020, Lipa announced that the song would be released a week later; however, "Future Nostalgia" leaked shortly thereafter, leading to the release of "Break My Heart" being pushed up. The song was released through Warner Records on 25 March 2020 for digital download and streaming, with it appearing on the album which was released two days later. "Break My Heart" was accompanied by a lyric video and Spotify vertical video, released on 9 and 25 April 2020, respectively. The song impacted contemporary hit radio formats in the United States on 31 March as well as adult contemporary radio on 27 April, serving as the album's second single in the US. It was released for radio airplay in Italy on 15 May 2020. In 2021, a sound pack for "Break My Heart" was included in GarageBand where users could create remixes for the song.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" was accompanied by an animated video, which is a fullscreen version of the vertical video. It was directed by Marco Pavone and premiered via YouTube on 8 May 2020. The video is set as taking place in the Andromeda Galaxy on the fictional planet of BMH1. The visual opens with an animated Lipa flying into BMH1, a colourless and desolate planet. She wears a pink space suit, reminiscent of animated TV series "Totally Spies!". Lipa is in search of a jeweled heart, which she finds in a cave. However, when she begins to leave, a giant robot appears and begins to attack her. Lipa eventually fights off the robot and flies away. Throughout the animated video, clips of Lipa falling from the sky into a city, wearing a pink outfit, are also shown.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Lipa has promoted "Break My Heart" with multiple live performances. She first performed the song with a virtual performance for Amazon Music UK on 30 March 2020. Lipa also gave a virtual performance of the song for "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on 8 April of that year. The performance featured Lipa sitting in front of a blank wall before the background started changing to city time-lapses and eventually to the "Tonight Show" set. On 22 April 2020, she virtually performed the song on "Big Brother Brasil 20". Lipa performed the song for "" on 16 May. Lipa performed an acoustic version of the song for the "FIFA 21" world premiere on 1 October 2020. It was included on the setlist of Lipa's 2022 Future Nostalgia Tour.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Several remixes of the song have also been released. The first remix was by Jax Jones, known as the Midnight Snack Remix, and released on 22 May 2020. It reimagines the track as a euphoric house song with funk-driven melodies and stomping basslines. On 29 May 2020, a remix of "Break My Heart" by Joris Voorn was released. It was accompanied by a music video, which was uploaded to Voorn's YouTube channel the same day. The video sees Voorn performing the remix on a rooftop. Remixes by Solardo and Moon Boots had respective releases on 12 June 2020. The "shimmery" and "funky" Moon Boots remix adds percussion, piano stabs and party sounds to the song, giving it "bounce". Lipa was scheduled to release a remix of the song featuring fans playing the instruments, however it went unreleased.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: A remix by Moodymann and a mashup with the Dimitri from Paris dubwize remix of Jamiroquai's "Cosmic Girl", titled "Break My Heart / Cosmic Girl" (Dimitri from Paris Edit) appear on Lipa and the Blessed Madonna's DJ Mix-crafted remix album "Club Future Nostalgia", released 28 August 2020, while the original Moodymann remix was released on 11 September 2020. The funkier mashup was created by the Blessed Madonna after Lipa mentioned that Jamiroquai was one of her reference points. Moodymann adjusts his sound to fit Lipa's on his remix, a modern dance and Detroit house track. The track makes us of a bass lick, cowbells, weird ambiance as well as clinking bottles and menacing laugh sound effects and looped vocals. The remix was placed as the tenth best dance song of 2020 by "Billboard".


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic praised the song's mix of inspirations, and Brittany Spanos from "Rolling Stone" labelled the INXS influence "bewitching". In a separate "Rolling Stone" review, Althea Legaspi called "Break My Heart" a "dance-driven song" who's "sentiment is soothed by a beat that aims for the dance floor". "Idolator"s Mike Nied wrote that the song adds "depth" to Lipa's discography, while calling it a "stone-cold bop". He continued, describing its beats as "deceptively bright", while viewing the song as "retro-inspired". Courteney Larocca and Callie Ahlgrim, writing for "Business Insider Australia", praised the song's "polished" and "minimalistic" production. "God Is in the TV"s Jonathan Wright praised the song's bassline, calling it "spectacular", while Thomas Stichbury of "Attitude" stated that the bassline is "broody". "Crack Magazine"s Michael Cragg categorised Lipa's vocals on the song as "swollen".