title: Warren Christopher

text: In Dayton, Ohio, Secretary Christopher—working with Assistant Secretary Richard Holbrooke—negotiated peace talks between President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević, President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman, and President of Bosnia Alija Izetbegović. The result was the November 1995 Dayton Agreement, which put an end to the Bosnian War.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In the wake of the Khobar Towers bombing, Secretary Christopher traveled to Saudi Arabia to witness the site of the attack. In Dhahran (the home of the Khobar Towers), Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal allegedly promised Christopher that the FBI would have the full cooperation of the Saudi government. Eventually, however, the Saudi government and the FBI repeatedly conflicted during the course of the investigation resulting in many arguments and fights, especially over the role of female FBI agents.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In addition to several honorary degrees, Christopher received the following awards: the Jefferson Award from the American Institute for Public Service for the Greatest Public Service Performed by an Elected or Appointed Official; the UCLA Medal; the Harold Weill Medal from New York University; the James A. Garfield Baller Award; the Thomas Jefferson Award in Law from the University of Virginia Law School; and the Louis Stein Award from Fordham Law School.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher's picture hangs in the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, near pictures of John Kerry, Robert McNamara, Elmo Zumwalt, and other American dignitaries, in commemoration of his visit to Vietnam, after normalization of relations between the two countries.


title: Warren Christopher

text: At the 1999 unveiling of his portrait at the Department of State, attended by President Clinton, Christopher remarked: "To anyone who has served in Washington, there is something oddly familiar about [having your portrait painted]. First, you're painted into a corner, then you're hung out to dry and, finally, you're framed."


title: Warren Christopher

text: He was sent to supervise the contested Florida recount for Al Gore's campaign in the 2000 United States presidential election. In the 2008 film "Recount", which covers the days following the controversial election, Christopher was portrayed by British actor John Hurt. He was a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors.


title: Warren Christopher

text: He was an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Former Secretaries of State James Baker and Christopher served as Co-Chairs of the Miller Center's National War Powers Commission. Baker and Christopher testified on March 5 before the House Foreign Affairs Committee about the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 – the statute that the Commission unanimously recommended in its July 2008 report. The statute is designed to replace the War Powers Resolution of 1973 and provide for more meaningful consultation between the President and Congress on matters of war.


title: Warren Christopher

text: From 2003 until his death, Christopher taught a small seminar course on international affairs as part of the Honors Program at UCLA.


title: Warren Christopher

text: on June 14, 1949, in San Diego, California; the couple had a daughter, Lynn (born May 30, 1952). They divorced in 1955.


title: Warren Christopher

text: He was married to Marie Wyllis from 1956 until his death; the couple had two sons: Scott (born December 27, 1957) and Thomas (born July 24, 1959), and a daughter, Kristen (born March 26, 1963).


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher had five grandchildren: Andrew, Lauren, Warren, and Chloe Christopher, and Christopher Henderson.


title: Warren Christopher

text: He wrote "In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era" (1998) and "Chances of a Lifetime" (2001).


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles on March 18, 2011, from kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old. He was survived by his wife and four children from two marriages. He is interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills.


title: Warren Christopher

text: President Obama described Christopher as a "resolute pursuer of peace" for his work in the Middle East and the Balkans. Hillary Clinton described Christopher as a "diplomat's diplomat – talented, dedicated and exceptionally wise". He was described as "the best public servant I ever knew" by President Jimmy Carter in his memoirs. On March 19, 2011, Carter stated that "[America] has lost a great and revered leader".


title: Sarus crane

text: The sarus crane (Antigone antigone) is a large nonmigratory crane found in parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to , they are a conspicuous species of open wetlands in South Asia, seasonally flooded "Dipterocarpus" forests in Southeast Asia, and "Eucalyptus"-dominated woodlands and grasslands in Australia.


title: Sarus crane

text: The sarus crane is easily distinguished from other cranes in the region by its overall grey colour and the contrasting red head and upper neck. They forage on marshes and shallow wetlands for roots, tubers, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrate prey. Like other cranes, they form long-lasting pair bonds and maintain territories within which they perform territorial and courtship displays that include loud trumpeting, leaps, and dance-like movements. In India, they are considered symbols of marital fidelity, believed to mate for life and pine the loss of their mates, even to the point of starving to death.


title: Sarus crane

text: The main breeding season is during the rainy season, when the pair builds an enormous nest "island,” a circular platform of reeds and grasses nearly two meters in diameter and high enough to stay above the shallow water surrounding it. Increased agricultural intensity is often thought to have led to declines in sarus crane numbers, but they also benefit from wetland crops and the construction of canals and reservoirs. The stronghold of the species is in India, where it is traditionally revered and lives in agricultural lands in close proximity to humans. Elsewhere, the species has been extirpated in many parts of its former range.


title: Sarus crane

text: In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the sarus crane in the first volume of his "A Natural History of Uncommon Birds". He used the English name "The Greater Indian Crane". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a live specimen that he had drawn at the London home of the Admiral Charles Wager. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the tenth edition, he placed the sarus crane with the herons and cranes in the genus "Ardea". Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Ardea antigone" and cited Edwards' work. The specific epithet is based on the Greek mythology. Antigone was the daughter of the Trojan king Laomedon. She was turned into a stork for comparing her own beauty with the goddess Hera. Linnaeus appears to have confused this myth with that of Gerana, queen of the pigmies, who considered herself more beautiful that Hera and was turned into a crane. The sarus crane was formerly placed in the genus "Grus", but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, four species, including the sarus crane, were placed in the resurrected genus "Antigone" that had originally been erected by German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853.


title: Sarus crane

text: Edward Blyth published a monograph on the cranes in 1881, in which he considered the "sarus crane" of India to be made up of two species, "Grus collaris" and "Grus antigone". Most modern authors recognize one species with three disjunct populations that are sometimes treated as subspecies, although the status of one extinct population from the Philippines is uncertain. The sarus cranes in India (referred to as "A. a. antigone") are the largest, and in Myanmar to the east are replaced by a population that extends into Southeast Asia (referred to as "A. a. sharpii"). Sarus cranes from the Indian subcontinent are differentiated from the south-eastern population by the white collar below their bare head and upper neck, and their white tertiary remiges. The population in Australia (initially placed in "A. a. sharpii" (sometimes spelt "sharpei" but amended to conform to the rules of Latin grammar) was separated and named "A. a. gilliae," sometimes spelt "gillae" or "gillii"), prior to a genetic analysis. A 2005 genetic analysis suggests that these three populations are representatives of a formerly continuous population that varied clinally. The Australian subspecies was designated only in 1988, with the species itself first noticed in Australia in 1966 and regarded as a recent immigrant. Native Australians, however, differentiated between the sarus and the brolga, calling the sarus "the crane that dips its head in blood.” Sarus cranes of the Australian population are similar to those in Southeast Asia in having no white on the neck and tertiary remiges, but are distinguished by a larger grey patch of ear coverts. The Australian population shows the most recent divergence from the ancestral form with an estimated 3000 generations of breeding within Australia. An additional subspecies, "A. a. luzonica," was suggested for the population — now extinct — in the Philippines. No distinctive characteristic is known of this disappeared population.


title: Sarus crane

text: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA from a limited number of specimens suggests that gene flow occurred within the continental Asian populations until the 20th-century reductions in range, and that Australia was colonized only in the Late Pleistocene, some 35,000 years ago. This has been corroborated by nDNA microsatellite analyses on a large and widely distributed set of individuals in the sample. This study suggests further that the Australian population shows low genetic variability. As there exists the possibility of (limited) hybridization with the genetically distinct brolga, the Australian sarus crane can be expected to be an incipient species.


title: Sarus crane

text: The common name sarus is from the Hindi name ("sāras") for the species. The Hindi word is derived from the Sanskrit word "sarasa" for the "lake bird", (sometimes corrupted to "sārhans"). British soldiers in colonial India who hunted the birds corrupted the name to "serious" or even "cyrus".


title: Sarus crane

text: The adult sarus crane is very large, with grey wings and body, a bare red head and part of the upper neck, a greyish crown, and a long, greenish-grey, pointed bill. In flight, the long neck is held straight, unlike that of a heron, which folds it back, and the black wing tips can be seen; the crane's long, pink legs trail behind them. This bird has a grey ear covert patch, orange-red irises, and a greenish-grey bill. Juveniles have a yellowish base to the bill and the brown-grey head is fully feathered.


title: Sarus crane

text: The bare red skin of the adult's head and neck is brighter during the breeding season. This skin is rough and covered by papillae, and a narrow area around and behind the head is covered by black, bristly feathers. The sexes do not differ in plumage, although males are on average larger than females; males of the Indian population can attain a maximum height around , making them the world's tallest extant flying bird. The weight of nominate race individuals is , while five adults of "A. a. sharpii" averaged . Across the distribution range, their weight can vary from , height typically from , and wingspan from .


title: Sarus crane

text: While individuals from northern populations are among the heaviest cranes, alongside the red-crowned and wattled cranes, and the largest in their range, birds from Australia tend to be smaller. In Australia, the sarus can easily be mistaken for the more widespread brolga. The brolga has the red colouring confined to the head and not extending onto the neck. Body mass in Australian sarus cranes was found to average in males and in females, with a range for both sexes of . Thus, Australian sarus cranes average about 25% lighter than the northern counterparts and are marginally lighter on average than brolgas.


title: Sarus crane

text: The species has historically been widely distributed on the lowlands of India along the Gangetic plains, extending south to the Godavari River, west to coastal Gujarat, the Tharparkar District of Pakistan, and east to West Bengal and Assam. The species no longer breeds in Punjab, though it winters regularly in the state. Sarus cranes are rare in West Bengal and Assam, and are no longer found in the state of Bihar. In Nepal, its distribution is restricted to the western and central lowland plains, with most of the population occurring in Rupandehi, Kapilvastu, and Nawalparasi districts.


title: Sarus crane

text: Two distinct populations of sarus cranes occur in Southeast Asia: the northern population in China and Myanmar, and the southern population in Cambodia and Vietnam. The sarus used to extend to Thailand and further east into the Philippines, but may now be extinct in both these countries. In 2011, 24 captive-bred cranes raised from five founders were reintroduced into Thailand. A reasonably sized population of over 150 cranes has recently been discovered breeding in rice fields in the Ayeyarwadi delta, Myanmar, with additional cranes confirmed in the states of Kachin, Shan, and Rakhine. In Australia they are found only in the north-east, and are partly migratory in some areas. The global range has shrunk and the largest occupied area, and the largest known population, is in India. Increasing paddy fields accompanied by an increase in the network of irrigation canals during and prior to the Green Revolution may have facilitated increases in the distribution and numbers of sarus cranes due to an increase in reliable moisture levels in various locations in India. Although now found mainly at low elevations on the plains, some historical records exist from highland marshes further north in Harkit Sar and Kahag in Kashmir. The sarus crane breeds in some high elevation regions such as near the Pong Dam in Himachal Pradesh, where populations may be growing in response to increasing rice cultivation along the reservoir. In rice-dominated districts of Uttar Pradesh, sarus crane abundance (estimated as occupancy) was highest in the western districts, intermediate in the central districts, and minimal in the eastern districts. Sarus crane abundance was positively associated with percentage of wetlands on the landscape, and negatively with the percentage of area under rice cultivation.


title: Sarus crane

text: Until recently, little was known of sarus crane ecology from Australia. Breeding records (confirmed sightings of nests with eggs, or of adult birds with flightless young) were known from only three locations, all in the Gulf Plains in Queensland. Two records are from near Normanton town; one of adults with flightless chicks seen about 30 km west of the town and another of adults incubating eggs seen 7-km south of the town. The third record is a one-month study that provides details of 32 nests located within 10-km around Morr Morr cattle station in the Gilbert River floodplains. A 3,000-km survey along the Gulf of Carpentaria located 141 territorial, breeding pairs spread out across the floodplains of the Mitchell, Gilbert, and Flinders Rivers. Carefully mapping of breeding areas of sarus cranes in Australia is needed to understand their distribution range. They are uncommon in Kakadu National Park, where the species is often hard to find among the more numerous brolgas. Flocks in the non-breeding season are commonly seen in the Atherton Tablelands in eastern Queensland.


title: Sarus crane

text: In India, sarus cranes preferentially use wetlands for nesting, but also nest in uncultivated patches amid flooded rice paddies (called "khet-taavadi" in Gujarat), and in the rice paddies especially when wetlands are not available to breeding pairs. Breeding pairs are territorial and prefer to forage in natural wetlands, though wetland crops such as rice and wheat are also frequented. In south-western Uttar Pradesh, sarus cranes were found in wetlands of all sizes with larger numbers in larger wetlands. In Australia, wintering, nonbreeding sarus cranes forage in areas with intensive agriculture (primarily maize, sugarcane, groundnuts) and smaller patches of cattle-grazing areas in the Atherton Tablelands in eastern Queensland. They were observed to feed on grain, nuts, and insects from a range of crop fields, including stubble of maize and peanut crops, hay crops, fields with potato, legumes, and seed crops, and after harvest in fields of sugarcane, grass, and fodder crops. Territorial, breeding sarus crane pairs in northern Queensland along the Gulf of Carpentaria use a range of habitats, but preferentially use low, open woodland on quaternary alluvial plains in outer river deltas and levees with a vegetation of "Lysiphyllum cunninghamii", "Eucalyptus microtheca", "Corymbia confertiflora", "Melaleuca" spp., "Excoecaria parvifolia", "Atalaya hemiglauca", "Grevillea striata", "Eucalyptus leptophleba", "C. polycarpa", "C. confertiflora", and "C. bella".


title: Sarus crane

text: While many other cranes make long migrations, sarus cranes are largely nonmigratory, although some populations do migrate short distances. In South Asia, four distinct population-level behaviours have been noted: The first is the "wintering population" of a small number of sarus cranes that use wetlands in the state of Punjab during winters. The source of this population is unclear, but is very likely to be from the growing population in Himachal Pradesh. The second is the "expanding population" consisting of cranes appearing in new areas following new irrigation structures in semiarid and arid areas primarily in Gujarat and Rajasthan. The third is the "seasonally migratory" population, also primarily in the arid zone of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Cranes from this population aggregate in remaining wetlands and reservoirs during the dry summer, and breeding pairs set up territories during the rainy season (July – October) remaining on territories throughout the winter (November – March). The fourth population is "perennially resident" and found in areas such as southwestern Uttar Pradesh, where artificial and natural water sources enable cranes to stay in the same location throughout the year. Migratory populations are also known from Southeast Asia and Australia.


title: Sarus crane

text: Breeding pairs maintain territories that are defended from other cranes using a large repertoire of calls and displays. In Uttar Pradesh, less than a tenth of the breeding pairs maintain territories at wetlands; the rest of the pairs are scattered in smaller wetlands and agricultural fields. Non-breeding birds form flocks that vary from 1–430 birds. In semi-arid areas, breeding pairs and successfully fledged juveniles depart from territories in the dry season and join non-breeding flocks. In areas with perennial water supply, as in the western plains of Uttar Pradesh, breeding pairs maintain perennial territories. The largest known flocks are from the 29-km Keoladeo National Park – with as many as 430 birds, and from unprotected, community-owned wetlands in Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah and Kasganj districts in Uttar Pradesh, ranging from 245 to 412 birds. Flocks of over 100 birds are also reported from Gujarat in India and Australia. Sarus crane populations in Keoladeo National Park have been noted to drop from over 400 birds in summer to just 20 birds during the monsoon. In areas with perennial wetlands on the landscape, such as in western Uttar Pradesh, numbers of nonbreeding sarus cranes in flocks can be relatively stable throughout the year. In Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah, and Kasganj districts, nonbreeding sarus cranes form up to 65% of the regional population. Breeding pairs in Australia similarly defend territories from neighbouring crane pairs, and nonbreeding birds are found in flocks frequently mixed with brolgas.


title: Sarus crane

text: The most common social units for Sarus cranes are breeding pairs that defend territories within which they raise young, and non-breeding cranes that live in flocks. Paired birds can be recognized by their behaviour of rendering unison calls, or duets, that they use either at the border of their territories towards neighbouring crane pairs, or on the nest when adults change incubation duties, or in response to intrusions of other Sarus cranes into or over their territories. Rarely, Sarus crane pairs allow a third crane into their territories forming trios that render synchronized unison calls termed as "triets". Sarus crane trios are rare (1.6% of 11,591 observed groups) but ubiquitous, are both polyandrous and polygynous, improve breeding success, are seen more in areas that have more non-breeding flocks, and are largely formed in areas with poor quality habitat and territories. Triets are structurally distinct from duets having much lower frequencies and being longer, but it is not known if there is a functional significance for this difference. A single polyandrous trio observed had a young male as the third bird (recognized by coloration of the primaries) which suggests that breeding pairs may allow younger birds into their territories to help raise chicks as trios. The advantage of being in a trio for breeding pairs is clearly improved breeding success and perhaps also additional assistance to defend territories. However, the advantage to third birds is not yet known and is suspected to provide younger cranes with practice in raising chicks and defending territories. Social units of cranes are very poorly studied and it is thought unlikely that trios are only found in Sarus cranes.


title: Sarus crane

text: They roost in shallow water, where they may be safe from some ground predators. Adult birds do not moult their feathers annually, but feathers are replaced about once every two to three years.


title: Sarus crane

text: Sarus cranes forage in shallow water (usually with less than depth of water) or in fields, frequently probing in mud with their long bills. In the dry season (after breeding), sarus cranes in Anlung Pring Sarus Crane Conservation Area, Cambodia, used wetlands with 8–10 cm of water. They are omnivorous, eating insects (especially grasshoppers), aquatic plants, fish (perhaps only in captivity), frogs, crustaceans, and seeds. Occasionally tackling larger vertebrate prey such as water snakes ("Fowlea piscator"), sarus cranes may in rare cases feed on the eggs of birds and turtles. Very few instances of sarus crane adults hunting and feeding chicks of other waterbirds are known, with two published observations of adult birds hunting chicks of the Grey-headed Swamphen "Porphyrio poliocephalus". In north India, this behaviour appears restricted to around Delhi, and may be a novel habit of one pair that is learnt by chicks who have dispersed to nearby wetlands. Plant matter eaten includes tubers, corms of aquatic plants, grass shoots as well as seeds and grains from cultivated crops such as groundnuts and cereal crops such as rice. In the dry season, cranes flocking in Southeast Asian wetlands are in areas with an abundance of "Eleocharis dulcis" and "E. spiralis", both of which produce tubers on which the cranes are known to feed. In their breeding grounds in north-eastern Australia, isotopic analyses on molted feathers revealed sarus crane diets to comprise a great diversity of vegetation, and restricted to a narrow range of trophic levels.


title: Sarus crane

text: Sarus cranes have loud, trumpeting calls, which as in other cranes, are produced by the elongated trachea that forms coils within the sternal region. Pairs may indulge in spectacular displays of calling in unison and posturing. These include "dancing" movements that are performed both during and outside the breeding season and involve a short series of jumping and bowing movements made as one of the pair circles around the other. Dancing may also be a displacement activity, when the nest or young is threatened. The cranes breed mainly during the monsoons in India (from July to October, although a second brood may occur), and breeding has been recorded in all the months. They build large nests, platforms made of reeds and vegetation in wet marshes or paddy fields. The nest is constructed within shallow water by piling up rushes, straw, grasses with their roots, and mud so that the platform rises above the level of the water to form a little island. The nest is unconcealed and conspicuous, being visible from afar, and defended fiercely by the pair.


title: Sarus crane

text: Data collated over a century from South Asia show sarus cranes nesting throughout the year. More focused observations, however, show nesting patterns to be closely tied to rainfall patterns. An exception to this rule was the unseasonal nesting observed in the artificially flooded Keoladeo-Ghana National Park, and in marshes created by irrigation canals in Kota district of Rajasthan, India. Based on these observations, unseasonal nesting (or nesting outside of the monsoon) of sarus cranes was thought to be due to either the presence of two populations, some pairs raising a second brood, and unsuccessful breeding by some pairs in the normal monsoon season, prompting them to nest again when conditions such as flooded marshes remain. A comprehensive assessment of unseasonal nesting based on collation of over 5,000 breeding records, however, showed that unseasonal nesting by sarus cranes in South Asia was very rare and was only carried out by pairs that did not succeed in raising chicks in the normal nesting season. Unseasonal nests were initiated in years when rainfall extended beyond the normal June–October period, and when rainfall volume was higher than normal; or when artificial wet habitats were created by man-made structures such as reservoirs and irrigation canals to enhance crop production. Nest initiation in northern Queensland is also closely tied to rainfall patterns, with most nests being initiated immediately after the first major rains.


title: Sarus crane

text: The nests can be more than 2 m (6 ft) in diameter and nearly 1 m (3 ft) high. Pairs show high fidelity to the nest site, often refurbishing and reusing a nest for as many as five breeding seasons. The clutch is one or two eggs (rarely three or four) which are incubated by both sexes for about 31 days (range 26–35 days). Eggs are chalky white and weigh about 240 grams. When disturbed from the nest, parents may sometimes attempt to conceal the eggs by attempting to cover them with material from the edge of the nest. The eggshells are removed by the parents after the chicks hatch either by carrying away the fragments or by swallowing them. About 30% of all breeding pairs succeed in raising chicks in any year, and most of the successful pairs raise one or two chicks each, with brood sizes of three being rare. One survey in Australia found 60% of breeding pairs to have successfully fledged chicks. This high success rate is attributed to above-normal rainfall that year. The chicks are fed by the parents for the first few days, but are able to feed independently after that, and follow their parents for food. When alarmed, the parent cranes use a low "korr-rr" call that signals chicks to freeze and lie still. Young birds stay with their parents until the subsequent breeding season. In captivity, birds breed only after their fifth year. The sarus crane is widely believed to pair for life, but cases of "divorce" and mate replacement have been recorded.


title: Sarus crane

text: Healthy adult sarus cranes have no predators. However, eggs are often destroyed at the nest by jungle crows ("Corvus macrorhynchos") and house crows ("C. splendens") in India. In Australia, suspected predators of young birds include the dingo ("Canis dingo") and fox ("Vulpes vulpes"), while brahminy kites ("Haliastur indus") have been known to take eggs. Removal of eggs by farmers (to reduce crop damage) or children (in play), or by migrant labourers for food or opportunistic egg collection during trips to collect forest resources are prominent causes of egg mortality. Between 31 and 100% of nests with eggs can fail to hatch eggs for these reasons. Chicks are also prone to predation (estimated at about 8%) and collection at the nest, but more than 30% die of unknown reasons.


title: Sarus crane

text: Breeding success (percentage of eggs hatching and surviving to fledging stage) has been estimated to be about 20% in Gujarat and 51–58% in south-western Uttar Pradesh. In areas where farmers are tolerant, nests in flooded rice fields and those in wetlands have similar rates of survival. Pairs that nest later in the season have a lower chance of raising chicks successfully, but this improves when territories have more wetlands. Nest success (percentage of nests in which at least one egg hatched) for 96 sarus nests that were protected by locals during 2009–2011 via a payment-for-conservation program was 87%. More pairs are able to raise chicks in years with higher total rainfall, and when territory quality was undisturbed due to increased farming or development. Permanent removal of pairs from the population due to developmental activities caused reduced population viability, and was a far more important factor impacting breeding success relative to total annual rainfall.


title: Sarus crane

text: Breeding success in Australia has been estimated by counting the proportion of young-of-the-year in wintering flocks in the crop fields of Atherton Tablelands in north-eastern Queensland. Young birds constituted 5.32% to 7.36% of the wintering population between 1997 and 2002. It is not known if this variation represents annual differences in conditions in the breeding areas or if it included biases such as different proportions of breeding pairs traveling to Atherton to over-winter. It is also not known how these proportions equate to more standard metrics of breeding success such as proportions of breeding pairs succeeding in raising young birds. One multi-floodplain survey in Australia found 60% of all breeding pairs to have raised at least one chick, with 34% of successful pairs fledging two chicks each. Little is known about the diseases and parasites of the sarus crane, and their effects on wild bird populations. A study conducted at the Rome zoo noted that these birds were resistant to anthrax. Endoparasites that have been described include a trematode, "Opisthorhis dendriticus" from the liver of a captive crane at the London zoo and a Cyclocoelid ("Allopyge antigones") from an Australian bird. Like most birds, they have bird lice and the species recorded include "Heleonomus laveryi" and "Esthiopterum indicum".


title: Sarus crane

text: In captivity, sarus cranes have been known to live for as long as 42 years. Premature adult mortality is often the result of human actions. Accidental poisoning by monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos and dieldrin-treated seeds used in agricultural areas has been noted. Adults have been known to fly into power lines and die of electrocution, this is responsible for killing about 1% of the local population each year.


title: Sarus crane

text: An estimated 15,000–20,000 mature sarus cranes were left in the wild in 2009. The most robust of the three subspecies, the Indian population numbers fewer than 10,000.


title: Sarus crane

text: Sarus cranes are considered sacred, and the birds are traditionally unharmed. In many areas, they are unafraid of humans. They used to be found on occasion in Pakistan, but have not been seen there since the late 1980s. Estimates of the global population have assumed that, due to expansion of agriculture, the population in 2000 was at best about 10% and at the worst just 2.5% of the numbers that existed in 1850. This assumption has been challenged and evidence shows that the population of Sarus cranes increased greatly during and after the Green Revolution in India when a large number of irrigation canals were constructed, which in turn supports both increased breeding and spreading of Sarus cranes. Additionally, emerging evidence from both Nepal and India show agriculture to be conducive for Sarus crane breeding contrary to the unsubstantiated assumptions made while suggesting population declines. Many farmers in India believe that these cranes damage standing crops, particularly rice, although studies show that direct feeding on rice grains resulted in losses amounting to less than 1% and trampling could account for grain loss around . The attitude of farmers tends to be positive in spite of these damages, and this has helped in conserving the species within agricultural areas. The role of rice paddies and associated irrigation structures may be particularly important for the birds' conservation, considering that natural wetlands are increasingly threatened by human activity. The conversion of wetlands to farmland, and farmland to more urban uses are major causes for habitat loss and long-term population decline. Compensating farmers for crop losses has been suggested as a helpful measure, but needs to be implemented judiciously so as not to corrupt and remove existing local traditions of tolerance. Farmers in Sarus crane wintering areas in Australia are beginning to use efficient methods to harvest crops, which may lead to lowered food availability. Farmers are also transitioning from field crops to perennial and tree crops that have higher returns. This may reduce available foraging habitat for cranes, and may increase conflict with farmers in the remaining crop fields.


title: Sarus crane

text: Literature pertaining to the abundance of Sarus cranes in Nepal suggests that past field methods were either inadequate or incomplete, and could not yield proper abundance estimates, and that the population of cranes in Nepal might be on the increase. The Australian population is greater than 5,000 birds with record breeding success estimates that suggest that their population might be increasing. The Southeast Asian population, however, has been decimated by war and habitat change (such as intensive agriculture, deforestation, and draining of wetlands), and by the mid-20th century, had disappeared from large parts of its range, which once stretched north to southern China. Some 1,500–2,000 birds are thought to be left in several fragmented subpopulations, though recent surveys in Myanmar have discovered previously unknown breeding populations in several locations suggesting that existing population estimates are underestimates. The International Crane Foundation funds the Myanmar Crane team project to map, conserve and protect the isolated population of Sarus cranes in the Irrawaddy river delta of Myanmar, working closely with the local community to help protect the birds.


title: Sarus crane

text: Payment to locals to guard nests and help increase breeding success has been attempted in northern Cambodia. Nest success of protected nests was significantly higher than that of unprotected nests, and positive population-level impacts were apparent. However, the program also caused local jealousies leading to deliberate disturbance of nests, and did nothing to alleviate larger-scale and more permanent threats due to habitat losses leading to the conclusion that such payment-for-conservation programs are at best a short-term complement, and not a substitute, to more permanent interventions that include habitat preservation. The little-known Philippine population became extinct in the late-1960s.


title: Sarus crane

text: The sarus crane is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Threats include habitat destruction and/or degradation, hunting and collecting, and environmental pollution, and possibly diseases or competing species. The effects of inbreeding in the Australian population, once thought to be a significant threat due to hybridization with brolgas producing hybrid birds called "sarolgas,” is now confirmed to be minimal, suggesting that it is not a major threat. New plans for developing the floodplain areas of northern Queensland may have detrimental impacts on breeding sarus crane population, and require consideration of the needs of cranes, such conservation of a diversity of habitats that are currently found in the region.


title: Sarus crane

text: The species has been extirpated in Malaysia and the Philippines. Reintroduction programs in Thailand have made use of birds from Cambodia. , attempts to reintroduce the birds to eastern Thailand have shown some promise.


title: Sarus crane

text: The species is venerated in India, and legend has it that the poet Valmiki cursed a hunter for killing a sarus crane and was then inspired to write the epic Ramayana. The species was a close contender to the Indian peafowl as the national bird of India. Among the Gondi people, the tribes classified as "five-god worshippers" consider the sarus crane as sacred. The meat of the sarus was considered taboo in ancient Hindu scriptures. The sarus crane is widely thought to pair for life, and death of one partner is thought to lead to the other pining to death. They are a symbol of marital virtue and in parts of Gujarat, taking a newlywed couple to see a pair of sarus cranes is customary.


title: Sarus crane

text: Although venerated and protected by Indians, these birds were hunted during the colonial period. Killing a bird would lead to its surviving partner trumpeting for many days, and the other was traditionally believed to starve to death. Even sport-hunting guides discouraged shooting these birds. According to 19th-century British zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon, young birds were good to eat, while older ones were "worthless for the table.” Eggs of the sarus crane are, however, used in folk remedies in some parts of India.


title: Sarus crane

text: Young birds were often captured and kept in menageries, both in India and in Europe in former times. They were also successfully bred in captivity early in the 17th century by Emperor Jehangir, who noted that the eggs were laid with an interval of two days, and the incubation period lasted 34 days. They were also bred in zoos in Europe and the United States in the early 1930s.


title: Sarus crane

text: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has declared the sarus crane as its official state bird. An Indian 14-seater propeller aircraft, the Saras, is named after this crane.


title: Voicenotes

text: Voicenotes is the second studio album by American singer Charlie Puth. Almost entirely produced by Puth himself, the album was released by Artist Partner Group and Atlantic Records on May 11, 2018. Five singles have been released from the album, including "Attention" and "How Long". "Attention" peaked at number 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "How Long" peaked at number 21.


title: Voicenotes

text: Puth delayed the album from an early 2018 release date to "perfect" it, including reshooting the album cover. He announced on social media that he would release the album cover and the song "The Way I Am" on May 3. Puth embarked on the Voicenotes Tour in support of the album in North America throughout July and August 2018.


title: Voicenotes

text: Upon release, the album was commercially successful, peaking at number four on the "Billboard" 200, and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the mature songwriting and Puth's performance; many felt it was an improvement upon Puth's debut album "Nine Track Mind". The album received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Voicenotes

text: Puth described the sound of the album as "like walking down a dirt road and listening to New Edition in 1989 – and being heartbroken, of course." He also remarked that he wanted a sound akin to the late 1980s "dark R&B" of Babyface, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis and Teddy Riley. Puth also stated the album will have no love ballads, explaining he wished to distance himself from the sound of his first album, which was "people nudging [me] in a direction that I didn't want to go in."


title: Voicenotes

text: "Attention", released as the first single from the album on April 21, 2017, was met with commercial success, peaking at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "How Long", released as the album's second single on October 5, 2017, peaked at number 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached the top 20 in several markets. "Done for Me", the third single, was released on March 15, 2018, and features Kehlani. "Change" featuring James Taylor was released as the fourth single on March 26, 2018. "The Way I Am" was released as the album's fifth single on July 24, 2018.


title: Voicenotes

text: "If You Leave Me Now", featuring Boyz II Men, was released as the album's first promotional single on January 5, 2018, after Puth delayed the album. "The Way I Am" was released as the second promotional single on May 3, 2018, along with the new album cover.


title: Voicenotes

text: "Voicenotes" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 67 based on five reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In a positive review of the album, Spencer Kornhaber of "The Atlantic" called "Voicenotes" a "guilty pleasure" and noted that Puth is not aiming for Ed Sheeran "everyguy relatability". Taylor Weatherby of "Billboard" named "Voicenotes" the album of the week, praising Puth's rawness, and the collaborations included on the album. Mark Kennedy of "The Washington Post" praised the album, calling it "perfect pop", and stating that Puth has a fantastic career in front of him. In another positive review of the album, Nicholas Hautman of "Us Weekly" called the album "perfect for the summer", and called it "perfectly crafted".


title: Voicenotes

text: In a mixed review of the album, Brittany Spanos of the "Rolling Stone" gave the album three out of five stars, saying "Puth's efforts to transition from a more mature R&B valiant, but he needed a little more work to be compared to the likes of Justin Timberlake and Nick Jonas."


title: Voicenotes

text: "Voicenotes" debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 with 58,000 album-equivalent units of which 39,000 were pure album sales. On May 14, 2018, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Tickle Me Elmo is a children's plush toy from Tyco Preschool, a division of Tyco Toys, of the Muppet character Elmo from the children's television show "Sesame Street". When squeezed, Elmo shakes, vibrates, and recites his trademark giggle.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: The toy was first produced in the United States in 1996 and slowly became a fad, reaching its apex during the 1996 Christmas shopping season, with some instances of violence reported over the limited available supply. "People" reported that the toy, which retailed for $28.99 according to its MSRP, was being re-sold by scalpers in newspapers and on the Internet for up to $1,500 by the end of 1996.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: "Tickles The Chimp", the precursor to Tickle Me Elmo, was invented by Greg Hyman and Ron Dubren, who were known in the toy industry for having invented Alphie the Robot (a children's learning computer) several years prior. In 1995 it was presented to Tyco Preschool as "Tickles The Chimp," which was a toy monkey with a computer chip which laughed when tickled. At the time Tyco didn't have rights to make the "Sesame Street" plush, but did have the "Looney Tunes" plush rights so it was worked on for several months as Tickle Me Tasmanian Devil, they also made Tickle Me versions of baby Bugs Bunny and Tweety, they successfully sold it at WB Studio Store in California. A short time later, Tyco lost rights to do "Looney Tunes" but gained the rights to "Sesame Street," thus starting Tickle Me Elmo. The invention was originally introduced under Cabbage Patch at Hasbro Industries.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Neil Friedman, who was then president of Tyco Preschool, recalled years later that, "When you played with Tickle Me Elmo for the first time, it brought a smile to everyone's face. It was a magical surprise."


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Tickle Me Elmo was released in July 1996, with a supply of 400,000 units. The dolls sold well and remained widely available in stores until the day after Thanksgiving, when they suddenly sold out. With the Christmas shopping season approaching, Tyco Preschool ordered 600,000 more dolls from their suppliers. Promotion was helped by Rosie O'Donnell, who had shown the toy on her popular TV show in early October. O'Donnell's "surprise plug" was probably too early to create unexpected demand for Elmo, as the resulting shortages in the stores that sold it happened nearly two months later.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: The scarcity of the new toy provoked a "shopping frenzy". Two women were arrested in Chicago for fighting over the doll, while in New York City some people ran after delivery trucks hoping to get their hands on Elmo before it reached stores. Someone allegedly purchased a Tickle Me Elmo for $7,100 in Denver. KBIG in Los Angeles had a radio auction for charity December 20, 1996; Bob's Pharmacy won and purchased a Tickle-Me-Elmo For $18,500. A clerk working at a Wal-Mart store in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada was among those injured by "Elmo-mania". During a Midnight Madness sale on December 14, a crowd of 300 stampeded down the aisle after spotting him being handed a box of the toys by another employee. Trampled, he suffered "a pulled hamstring, injuries to his back, jaw and knee, a broken rib and a concussion".


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: In early 1997, Tyco released new "Tickle Me" toys based on other characters from "Sesame Street" – first "Tickle Me Ernie" and "Tickle Me Big Bird", then "Tickle Me Cookie Monster" – but despite good sales, none of these toys achieved as much fame as Tickle Me Elmo. With the re-release of Tickle Me Elmo, "Mini Tickle Me Cookie Monster" and "Mini Tickle Me Ernie" were also put on the market.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: The "Surprise Edition" of Tickle Me Elmo, issued fall 2001, was an elaborate contest. Five of the "Surprise Edition" Elmos stopped laughing on January 9, 2002, and instead announced to the people squeezing them that they had won a prize. The grand prize was US$200,000.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: For the tenth anniversary of Tickle Me Elmo, Fisher-Price released a new Elmo doll in 2006 called "TMX", meaning "Tickle Me (Elmo) Ten". The toy, which was designed by Bruce Lund of Lund and Co. Invention (River Forest, Illinois), was first announced at the American International Toy Fair. Rather than simply vibrating like the original, the TMX rolls around on the floor, laughing and smashing his fist on the ground, begging for the tickler to stop.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: The full look of the doll was not revealed until it debuted live on ABC's "Good Morning America" and arrived on store shelves on September 19, 2006. Toy experts said that the delay was unprecedented, with only a few people in the media allowed to preview the product, and only after signing confidentiality agreements. The packaging was designed so that the doll could not be seen without purchasing it. The box includes a preview flap, but upon opening, only the doll's eyes are visible. It requires six AA batteries and costs approximately $40. In a promotional clip, Jim Silver, co-publisher of "Toy Wishes" magazine said, "The first reaction I had was, 'Where are the wires?' Because I didn't think anything like that could move on its own.".


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Toy analyst Chris Byrne told "USA Today", "This is a quantum leap forward, another breakthrough in the preschool plush category." Byrne believed sales would be high, but the reaction would not be as unprecedented. "The culture has moved beyond that, the whole hot-toy phenomenon." He cited the fact there has not been such a craze since Furby in 1998. However, some members of the media expected a large response. Toys "R" Us stores and Amazon had a pre-sale program for the doll, the first included elaborate in-store displays with a digital countdown to the doll's launch. Amazon took more presale orders than it could fulfill. As with the original Tickle Me Elmo doll, demand for the new toy gave rise to some extreme acts. One person in Tampa, Florida was allegedly threatened with a gun to hand over a TMX toy. This was parodied on "Saturday Night Live", which said the man "was subdued by the new 'Gimmie a Reason Bert'".


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: TMX and other toys helped Mattel's earnings for the third quarter of the 2006 financial year to grow by six percent and beat the expectations of financial analysts. TMX also helped increase sales of other Elmo toys.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: In January 2007, Mattel announced it would release "TMX Friends", featuring Elmo, Ernie and Cookie Monster.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Playskool released the toy again as "LOL Elmo". Not a single image of the toy was revealed until the American International Toy Fair 2012; in the Hasbro showroom's Sesame Street section, there is a sign printed "Laughter Unleashed! Fall 2012". Above it was a video of kids giggling. The toy was released in September. It is also known as Tickle Time Elmo.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Playskool made a new version of this toy once again but they made it part of their Playskool Friends lineup. Its behavior is like the 1996 version but has more phrases like "Elmo is one ticklish monster". This toy released in August 2017. It could be found at Walmart, Books A Million, Best Buy, Target, and Toys R Us, among others.


title: Tickle Me Elmo

text: Tickle Me Elmo helped Children's Television Workshop recover from its financial problems that it had been dealing with since the 1980s, and also helped in boosting the popularity of "Sesame Street", which had been facing stiff competition from other children's shows throughout the 1990s. Likely as a response to this craze, the show began pushing Elmo to a starring role more heavily, a practice that is still done on the show today. This most noticeably resulted in the show dedicating the last few minutes of every episode to the character, beginning in 1998 with "Elmo's World", with three other Elmo-centric segments debuting on the show since then.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge is information that has been accumulated over time through various mediums, sources. It excludes specialized learning that can only be obtained with extensive training and information confined to a single medium. General knowledge is an essential component of crystallized intelligence. It is strongly associated with general intelligence and with openness to experience.


title: General knowledge

text: Studies have found that people who are highly knowledgeable in a particular domain tend to be knowledgeable in many. General knowledge is thought to be supported by long-term semantic memory ability. General knowledge also supports schemata for textual understanding.


title: General knowledge

text: High scorers on tests of general knowledge tend to also score highly on intelligence tests. IQ has been found to robustly predict general knowledge scores even after accounting for differences in age, and five-factor model personality traits. However, many general knowledge tests are designed to create a normal distribution of answers, creating a bell-shaped curve.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge is also moderately associated with verbal ability, though only weakly or not at all with numerical and spatial ability. As with crystallized intelligence, general knowledge has been found to increase with age.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge is stored as semantic memory. Most semantic memory is preserved through old age, though there are deficits in retrieval of certain specific words correlated with aging. In addition, stress or various emotional levels can negatively affect semantic memory retrieval.


title: General knowledge

text: People high in general knowledge tend to be highly open to new experiences and in typical intellectual engagement. The relationship between openness to experience and general knowledge remains robust even when IQ is taken into account. People high in openness may be more motivated to engage in intellectual pursuits that increase their knowledge. Relationships between general knowledge and other five factor model traits tend to be weak and inconsistent. Though one study found that extraversion and neuroticism were negatively correlated with general knowledge, others found that they were unrelated. Inconsistent results have also been found for conscientiousness.


title: General knowledge

text: A number of studies have assessed whether performance on a general knowledge test can predict achievement in particular areas, namely in academics, proofreading, and creativity.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge has been found to predict exam results in a study of British schoolchildren. The study examined cognitive ability and personality predictors of exam performance and found that general knowledge was positively correlated with GCSE English, mathematics, and overall exam results. General knowledge test scores predicted exam results, even after controlling for IQ, five-factor model personality traits, and learning styles.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge has been found to robustly predict proofreading skills in university students. A study found that proofreading had a larger correlation with general knowledge than with general intelligence, verbal reasoning, or openness to experience. In a multiple regression analysis using general knowledge, general intelligence, verbal reasoning, five factor personality traits, and learning styles as predictors, only general knowledge was a significant predictor.


title: General knowledge

text: General knowledge has been found to have weak associations with measures of creativity. In a study examining contributions of personality and intelligence to creativity, general knowledge was positively correlated with divergent thinking tests, but was unrelated to a biographical measure of creative achievement, self-rated creativity, or a composite measure of creativity. The relationship between general knowledge and divergent thinking became non-significant when controlling for fluid intelligence.


title: General knowledge

text: Many game shows use general knowledge questions for entertainment purpose. Game shows such as "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" and "Fifteen to One" centre their questions on general knowledge, while other shows focus questions more on specific subjects. Some shows ask questions both on specific subjects and on general knowledge, including "Eggheads" and ""Mastermind"". In "Mastermind", contestants choose their own "specialist subject" before answering general knowledge questions, whereas in "Eggheads" the subjects are chosen at random. The game show "Jeopardy!" tests contestants' knowledge.


title: Kang Ye-won

text: Kang Ye-won (born Kim Ji-eun; March 15, 1979) is a South Korean actress best known for her roles in "Tidal Wave", "Harmony" and "Quick".


title: Kang Ye-won

text: She was a classically trained opera singer, and graduated from Hanyang University with Bachelor of Music with vocal major. However, she lost confidence to sing after suffering from vocal nodules.


title: Kang Ye-won

text: She is a devout Christian and it was also revealed on Unnie's Slam Dunk that she is also a painter. She had hosted exhibitions since 2015.


title: Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (film)

text: An introvert boy, Haruki Shiga ("Takumi Kitamura") comes across a book in a hospital waiting room. Looking through the book, he discovers that it is a diary kept by his very popular classmate, a girl ("Minami Hamabe"). The girl, Yamauchi Sakura who happens to see him holding on to her diary then reveals to him that she is secretly suffering from a fatal pancreatic illness.


title: Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (film)

text: Sakura then playfully forces Haruki to attend to all her whims and fancies. Initially, Haruki begrudgingly accedes to her requests, citing the excuse that he is merely putting up with a sick classmate. However, as time passes, he finds himself being drawn to her and he begins to enjoy the time he spent with her.


title: Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (film)

text: In Japan, the film grossed ($ million), becoming the fifth highest-grossing domestic film of 2017. Overseas, the film grossed in China, $3,457,444 in South Korea, $277,019 in the United States and Canada, and $115,494 in Spain, Thailand and Australia. This brings the film's total worldwide gross to .


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines is a 2009 action-adventure video game developed by Griptonite Games and published by Ubisoft. It is the second spin-off installment in the "Assassin's Creed" franchise, and acts as a direct sequel to "Assassin's Creed" (2007). Beginning shortly after that game's events, "Bloodlines" follows Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad as he travels to Cyprus to eliminate the last remnants of the Templar Order and learn more about their plans. The game also explores Altaïr's relationship with Maria Thorpe, a Templar agent whose life he spared in the first game and who would eventually become his wife.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: The game was announced by Sony at the E3 Conference in June 2009 as a new title for their PlayStation Portable console. "Bloodlines" was released in November 2009, concurrently with "Assassin's Creed II" and "", and received mixed reviews from critics. The next spin-off in the series, "", was released in October 2012.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: "Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines" is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment. The gameplay is nearly identical to that of "Assassin's Creed" in terms of control style, although there were minor modifications to the control scheme, due to the lack of specific keys and buttons on the PlayStation Portable. Some features from the previous game, such as Eagle Vision, were removed.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: One difference between the two games is the number of civilians present on the street. While the first game was filled with random civilians, "Bloodlines" has little to no civilians, explained in-game that the people were in a constant state of insecurity due to the new system of governance. Still, civilians will react to Altaïr's improper behavior, such as scaling buildings, and running around the streets.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Stealth in "Bloodlines" was downgraded due to the control scheme. Blending was also downgraded, due to the system platform. Although scholars are still present in-game, Altaïr can no longer use them as a way to hide. Although Altaïr can still blend, it only acts as a way to safely bypass guards without raising suspicion. Scaling the side of buildings was made easier and faster, resulting in simpler animations, again, due to the system's inferiority. High and Low profile movements are still present in-game, though they have been downgraded as well.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Taking the place of flags, a new collectible featured in the game are Templar Coins that can be used to upgrade the player's health bar, and the amount of damage a weapon can inflict. Three types of coins are present in game: Bronze, Silver and Gold, with Gold holding the highest value. Similar to the previous game, side-missions are available to players, such as saving civilians from Templar soldiers and performing specific tasks for allies of the resistance. The variety of tasks has been expanded, such as delivering letters, and intercepting couriers. In return, Altaïr will receive coins as a reward, instead of assistance from previous groups, such as scholars and vigilantes.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: The game is primarily set on the island of Cyprus, where players can freely explore the cities of Limassol and Kyrenia. Due to the smaller size of the map, horseback riding was removed in "Bloodlines". Like in the previous game, Altaïr can synchronize from high vantage points around the city in order to map out the city. Although the map itself is already drawn out, synchronizing will provide the locations of various side-missions.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: "Bloodlines" features a few new assassination techniques and weapons. Weapons from the previous game are also present, such as Altaïr's sword, his hidden blade, throwing knives, and his fists. Assassinations are also similar to the first game, although the animation has been toned down to better fit the system. A new, yet very minor assassination technique has been added to the game, allowing Altaïr to pull opponents off of ledges, similar to "Assassin's Creed II".


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: In "Bloodlines", cut-scenes are played through preset dialogue, with the character models acting in preset motions and gestures. Unique gestures were only present in confrontations between boss characters, such as Moloch and the Dark Oracle. Subtitles were also added to the game. This enabled easier understanding of the game plot


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Story missions and assassinations were simplified and straightforward. As a replacement for eaves-dropping and pick-pocketing, missions are structured similarly to "Assassin's Creed II", with Altaïr handling one task after another and slowly gathering vital information from both his allies and enemies as each mission is completed.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: "Bloodlines" features in-game achievements, which reward players with Templar coins. Achievements can be earned after performing specific tasks, such as killing a set number of soldiers in a specified order, and also collecting all of the Templar coins located throughout the game world.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Despite all the downgrades, the game has a unique new feature, not present in any other "Assassin's Creed" title. Altaïr can now regain throwing knives by walking over his used ones. Since pick-pocketing was removed and was the only way to regain throwing knives in the first game, Altaïr can now re-use his throwing knives provided that: the knife he threw landed on the ground or an enemy; if the knife lands on water, Altaïr cannot retrieve them. Throwing knives may also be regained by interacting with the newly added knife box in the safehouses.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: A few months after the events of "Assassin's Creed", Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, now the Mentor of the Assassin Brotherhood, learns of a plan of the remaining Templars to escape to Cyprus, and so infiltrates one of their strongholds in Acre to stop them. Although he fails to prevent the Templars' escape, he does defeat and capture Maria Thorpe, who attempted to avenge her former master, Robert de Sablé, who died at Altaïr's hands. Managing to charter a ship, Altaïr also heads to Cyprus in pursuit of the Templars, with Maria in tow.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: Once there, he learns of the presence of Armand Bouchart, who has succeeded Robert de Sablé as Grand Master of the Templar Order. Altaïr gains the assistance of a resistance movement on Cyprus opposed to the presence of the Templars, who, after purchasing the island from King Richard, have formed a repressive government to control the land and its people. He also learns of a Templar "archive", a trove of Templar knowledge and artifacts, hidden somewhere on the island. True to the way of the Assassins, Altaïr manages to both locate the archive and free Cyprus from Bouchart's grip, after assassinating all of his underlings: Frederick "the Red"; Moloch "the Bull"; Shalim and Shahar "the Twins", and the Dark Oracle "the Witch". Eventually, Altaïr confronts Bouchart himself inside the archive, whose contents have been evacuated and relocated by the Templars, and kills him as the archive begins to collapse, although Altaïr manages to escape.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: The game also details the relationship between Altaïr and Maria. At first, Maria is hostile and sarcastic towards Altaïr (in her own words, "the man who spared my neck but ruined my life"), but as the story develops, she gradually warms to the Assassin who, despite her repeated escape attempts, repeatedly rescues her from harm and does not punish her. Eventually, she decides to assist Altaïr by killing a Templar mole in the Cyproit resistance when he attempts to kill Altaïr, and helping him defeat Bouchart in the final battle, at this point having fallen in love with the Assassin. After escaping from the Templar archive, Maria tells Altaïr of her intentions to abandon the Templars and travel the world, with Altaïr agreeing to accompany her on her journey.


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: "Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines" features exclusive connectivity with the PlayStation 3's version of "Assassin's Creed II". It was revealed at the E3 2009 that by connecting a PlayStation Portable to the PlayStation 3, six unique weapons can be unlocked in both games. A new weapon is unlocked for use in "Assassin's Creed II" each time a boss in "Bloodlines" is defeated. Furthermore, coins acquired in "Bloodlines" can be transferred over as Florins to "Assassin's Creed II". Vice versa, in "Bloodlines", extra health, the ability to block with the hidden blade, and the ability to shoot daggers can be unlocked from acquiring codex pages in "Assassin's Creed II".


title: Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines

text: "Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines" has received mixed reviews from critics. It received a 5.5 from "GameSpot" which praised its sound-effects but heavily criticized the platforming, small areas and over-emphasis on combat neglecting other areas. However "IGN" gave it a 6.9 criticizing its repetitive sound effects as well as one dimensional combat but praising the game's visuals. "GameSpy" gave the game a 2.5 out of 5 praising its faithfulness to the series and its gameplay though heavily criticizing its environments, repetitive gameplay as well as poor script and voice-acting. "GameZone" Louis Bedigian gave the game a 5.3/10, saying the game is "Generic at best, Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines is a great example of what can be done on the PSP visually, but should in no way be considered an example of great gameplay."


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In 1987–1994, there were no subtypes and thus it was not distinguished from hyperactive ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R).


title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive

text: The 'predominantly inattentive subtype' is similar to the other presentations of ADHD except that it is characterized primarily by problems with inattention or a deficit of sustained attention, such as procrastination, hesitation, and forgetfulness. It differs in having fewer or no typical symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsiveness. Lethargy and fatigue are sometimes reported, but ADHD-PI is a separate condition from the proposed cluster of symptoms known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT).


text: ADHD-PI is an attention-concentration deficit that has everything in common with other forms of ADHD except that it has fewer hyperactivity or impulsivity symptoms and has more directed attention fatigue symptoms.


text: The DSM-5 allows for diagnosis of the "predominantly inattentive" presentations of ADHD (ICD-10 code F90.0) if the individual presents six or more (five for adults) of the following symptoms of inattention for at least six months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:


text: An ADHD diagnosis is contingent upon the symptoms of impairment presenting themselves in two or more settings (e.g., at school or work and at home). There must also be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Lastly, the symptoms must not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder).


text: Although ADHD has most often been treated with medication, medications do not cure ADHD. They are used solely to treat the symptoms associated with this disorder and the symptoms will come back once the medication stops.


text: Stimulants are typically formulated in fast and slow-acting as well as short and long-acting formulations. The fast-acting amphetamine mixed salts (Adderall) and its derivatives, with short and long-acting formulations bind to the trace amine associated receptor and triggers the release of dopamine into the synaptic cleft. They may have a better cardiovascular disease profile than methylphenidate and potentially better tolerated.


text: The fast-acting methylphenidate (well known under the trade name Ritalin) is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In the short term, methylphenidate is well tolerated. However, long-term studies have not been conducted in adults, and concerns about long-term effects like increases in blood pressure have not been established.


text: The slow and long-acting nonstimulant atomoxetine (Strattera), is primarily a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It may be more effective for those with predominantly inattentive concentration. It is sometimes prescribed in adults who do not get enough vigilant concentration response from mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) or get too many side effects. It is also approved for ADHD by the US Food and Drug Administration.


text: The use of cholinergic adjunctive medications is uncommon and their clinical effects are poorly researched; consequently, cholinergics such as galantamine or varenicline would be off label use for ADHD. New nicotinic cholinergic medications in development for ADHD are pozanicline, ABT-418, and .


text: In some cases, children who enjoy learning may develop a sense of fear when faced with structured or planned work, especially long or group-based assignments that require extended focus, even if they thoroughly understand the topic. Children with ADHD-PI may be at greater risk of academic failures and early withdrawal from school. Teachers and parents may make incorrect assumptions about the behaviors and attitudes of a child with ADHD-PI, and may provide them with frequent and erroneous negative feedback (e.g. "careless", "you're irresponsible", "you're immature", "you're lazy", "you don't care/show any effort", "you just aren't trying", etc.).


text: The inattentive children may realize on some level that they are somehow different internally from their peers. However, they are also likely to accept and internalize the continuous negative feedback, creating a negative self-image that becomes self-reinforcing. If these children progress into adulthood undiagnosed or untreated, their inattentiveness, ongoing frustrations, and poor self-image frequently create numerous and severe problems maintaining healthy relationships, succeeding in postsecondary schooling, or succeeding in the workplace. These problems can compound frustrations and low self-esteem, and will often lead to the development of secondary pathologies including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse.


text: It has been suggested that some of the symptoms of ADHD present in childhood appear to be less overt in adulthood. This is likely due to an adult's ability to make cognitive adjustments and develop compensating or coping skills to minimize the impact of inattentive or hyperactive symptoms. However, the core problems of ADHD do not disappear with age. Some researchers have suggested that individuals with reduced or less overt hyperactivity symptoms should receive the ADHD-combined diagnosis. Hallowell and Ratey (2005) suggest that the manifestation of hyperactivity simply changes with adolescence and adulthood, becoming a more generalized restlessness or tendency to fidget.


text: A meta-analysis of 37 studies on cognitive differences between those presenting ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive presentations and ADHD-Combined type found that "the ADHD-C presenting performed better than the ADHD-PI presenting in the areas of processing speed, attention, performance IQ, memory, and fluency. The ADHD-PI presenting performed better than the ADHD-C group on measures of flexibility, working memory, visual/spatial ability, non-verbal IQ, motor ability, and language. Both the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI groups were found to perform more poorly than the control group on measures of inhibition, however, there was no difference found between the two groups. Furthermore, the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI presenting did not differ on measures of sustained attention."


text: It is difficult to say exactly how many children or adults worldwide have ADHD because different countries have used different ways of diagnosing it, while some do not diagnose it at all. In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems. In comparison, professionals in the U.S. used a much broader definition of the term ADHD until recently. This meant up to 10% of children in the U.S. were described as having ADHD. Current estimates suggest that ADHD is present internationally in about 7.2% of children. About five times more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are seen as the prototypical ADHD child, therefore they are more often diagnosed with ADHD than girls. This may be partly because of the particular ways they express their difficulties. Boys and girls both have attention problems, but due to differences in gender and symptoms, boys may come off as more active in their symptoms and therefore may seem harder to manage. Children from all cultures and social groups are diagnosed with ADHD. However, children from certain backgrounds may be particularly likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, because of different expectations about how they should behave. It is, therefore, important to ensure that a child's cultural background is understood and taken into account as part of the assessment.


text: In 1980, the DSM-III changed the name of the condition from "hyperkinetic reaction of childhood" to "attention deficit disorder" (ADD). That happened because research by Virginia Douglas had suggested that the attention deficits were more important than the hyperactive behavior for understanding the disorder. The new label also reflected the observation of clinicians that attention deficits could also exist without hyperactivity.


text: For the first time, two subtypes were introduced: ADD with hyperactivity (ADD+H) and ADD without hyperactivity (ADD-H). While the ADD+H category was fairly consistent with previous definitions, the latter subtype represented essentially a new category. Thus, almost everything that is known about the predominantly inattentive subtype is based on research conducted since 1980.


title: Phytic acid

text: Phytic acid is a six-fold dihydrogenphosphate ester of inositol (specifically, of the "myo" isomer), also called inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) or inositol polyphosphate. At physiological pH, the phosphates are partially ionized, resulting in the phytate anion.


title: Phytic acid

text: The ("myo") phytate anion is a colorless species that has significant nutritional role as the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. It is also present in many legumes, cereals, and grains. Phytic acid and phytate have a strong binding affinity to the dietary minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption in the small intestine.


title: Phytic acid

text: The lower inositol polyphosphates are inositol esters with less than six phosphates, such as inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3). These occur in nature as catabolites of phytic acid.


title: Phytic acid

text: Generally, phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the enzyme phytase required to hydrolyze the inositol-phosphate linkages. Ruminants are able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms.


title: Phytic acid

text: In most commercial agriculture, non-ruminant livestock, such as swine, fowl, and fish, are fed mainly grains, such as maize, legumes, and soybeans. Because phytate from these grains and beans is unavailable for absorption, the unabsorbed phytate passes through the gastrointestinal tract, elevating the amount of phosphorus in the manure. Excess phosphorus excretion can lead to environmental problems, such as eutrophication. The use of sprouted grains may reduce the quantity of phytic acids in feed, with no significant reduction of nutritional value.


title: Phytic acid

text: Also, viable low-phytic acid mutant lines have been developed in several crop species in which the seeds have drastically reduced levels of phytic acid and concomitant increases in inorganic phosphorus. However, germination problems have reportedly hindered the use of these cultivars thus far. This may be due to phytic acid's critical role in both phosphorus and metal ion storage. Phytate variants also have the potential to be used in soil remediation, to immobilize uranium, nickel, and other inorganic contaminants.


title: Phytic acid

text: Although indigestible for many animals as they occur in seeds and grains, phytic acid and its metabolites have several important roles for the seedling plant.


title: Phytic acid

text: Most notably, phytic acid functions as a phosphorus store, as an energy store, as a source of cations and as a source of myo-inositol (a cell wall precursor). Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in plant seeds.


title: Phytic acid

text: In animal cells, myo-inositol polyphosphates are ubiquitous, and phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the most abundant, with its concentration ranging from 10 to 100 μM in mammalian cells, depending on cell type and developmental stage.


title: Phytic acid

text: This compound is not obtained from the animal diet, but must be synthesized inside the cell from phosphate and inositol (which in turn is produced from glucose, usually in the kidneys). The interaction of intracellular phytic acid with specific intracellular proteins has been investigated "in vitro", and these interactions have been found to result in the inhibition or potentiation of the physiological activities of those proteins. The best evidence from these studies suggests an intracellular role for phytic acid as a cofactor in DNA repair by nonhomologous end-joining. Other studies using yeast mutants have also suggested intracellular phytic acid may be involved in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytosol.


title: Phytic acid

text: Inositol hexaphosphate facilitates the formation of the six-helix bundle and assembly of the immature HIV-1 Gag lattice. IP6 makes ionic contacts with two rings of lysine residues at the centre of the Gag hexamer. Proteolytic cleavage then unmasks an alternative binding site, where IP6 interaction promotes the assembly of the mature capsid lattice. These studies identify IP6 as a naturally occurring small molecule that promotes both assembly and maturation of HIV-1.


title: Phytic acid

text: IP6 has potential use in endodontics, adhesive, preventive, and regenerative dentistry, and in improving the characteristics and performance of dental materials.


title: Phytic acid

text: Phytic acid, mostly as phytate in the form of phytin, is found within the hulls and kernels of seeds, including nuts, grains, and pulses.


title: Phytic acid

text: In-home food preparation techniques may break down the phytic acid in all of these foods. Simply cooking the food will reduce the phytic acid to some degree. More effective methods are soaking in an acid medium, sprouting, and lactic acid fermentation such as in sourdough and pickling.


title: Phytic acid

text: No detectable phytate (less than 0.02% of wet weight) was observed in vegetables such as scallion and cabbage leaves or in fruits such as apples, oranges, bananas, or pears.


title: Phytic acid

text: Phytic acid has a strong affinity to the dietary minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption from the small intestine. Phytochemicals such as polyphenols and tannins also influence the binding. When iron and zinc bind to phytic acid, they form insoluble precipitates and are far less absorbable in the intestines.


title: Phytic acid

text: Because phytic acid also can affect the absorption of iron, "dephytinization should be considered as a major strategy to improve iron nutrition during the weaning period". Dephytinization by exogenous phytase to phytate-containing food is an approach being investigated to improve nutritional health in populations that are vulnerable to mineral deficiency due to their reliance on phytate-laden food staples. Crop breeding to increase mineral density (biofortification) or reducing phytate content are under preliminary research.


title: Vencer el pasado

text: Vencer el pasado (stylized Vencer el p@sado; English: Overcoming the Past) is a Mexican telenovela that aired on Las Estrellas from 12 July 2021 to 5 November 2021. The series is produced by Rosy Ocampo. The series is the third production of the "Vencer" franchise. The series deals with many issues such as digital bullying, abuse of social media, and abortion. It stars an ensemble cast lead by Angelique Boyer, Sebastián Rulli, Erika Buenfil, Africa Zavala, Manuel "Flaco" Ibáñez, Leticia Perdigón, Ferdinando Valencia, and Horacio Pancheri.


title: Vencer el pasado

text: The series follows four women who try to overcome misfortunes. Realizing that what is posted on social media is never erased, they must find a solution to live in the present and focus on a positive future if they want to overcome past obstacles.


title: Vencer el pasado

text: The telenovela was announced on 12 January 2021. Production began on 8 April 2021, and ended on 28 August 2021.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The XP210 series Toyota Yaris is the fourth generation of the Yaris, a subcompact car/supermini (B-segment) manufactured by Toyota for the Japanese, European and Australasian markets. The model was released in October 2019 to replace the XP130 series Yaris/Vitz, and built on the GA-B platform. Unlike the preceding Vitz-based Yaris models, the standard XP210 series Yaris variants are only available in 5-door hatchback bodywork; the bespoke 3-door model is reserved for the performance-oriented variant called GR Yaris.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: Built on the GA-B platform, its development was led by chief engineer Yasunori Suezawa and chief hybrid engineer Takashi Uehara under the internal "Toyota Compact Car Company". During its development, Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda in 2015 decided to delay the planned launch of the vehicle by one year due to the GA-B platform being larger, heavier, and more expensive than targeted, since it shared parts with other larger TNGA platforms. The vehicle had been seen testing in July 2019 at the Nürburgring circuit in Germany.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The XP210 series Yaris was then unveiled simultaneously on 16 October 2019 in Japan and Amsterdam, Netherlands. It went on sale in Japan on 10 February 2020, while the petrol 4WD variant went on sale in April 2020.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The Japanese market Yaris was launched in 10 February 2020. It marked the debut of the Yaris nameplate in the market, as its predecessors were badged as Vitz. The rebrand was attributed to a sharp drop in sales, and as an effort to expand its middle-aged customer base. The other reasons of the name change is its WRC popularity and the unification of Toyota sales network in Japan. Prior to this generation, the Vitz was an exclusive model of the "Netz Store" dealerships, while the newer Yaris is positioned as a widely available compact car since the unification of Japanese dealership line-up in May 2020.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The Japanese-built XP210 series Yaris retained the width of the previous generation Vitz in order to stay in the "compact car" classification of Japanese government dimension regulations. Three powertrain options are offered, ranging from the base 1.0-litre petrol, 1.5-litre petrol and 1.5-litre petrol hybrid engines. Four-wheel drive is available as an option for 1.5-litre models, with the hybrid version received an "E-Four" electric four-wheel drive system. 6-speed manual transmission is only available for the 1.5-litre conventional petrol engine. Trim levels offered are X "B package", X, G, and Z.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The XP210 series Yaris was revealed for Australia and New Zealand in June 2020, with sales starting from August 2020. Sourced from Japan, the Yaris for these markets received the 1.5-litre petrol engine both in conventional and hybrid configuration, with the latter being positioned as the replacement to the Prius c. The Australian line-up consists of three trim levels, which are Ascent Sport, SX and ZR.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: For the European market, specifications were detailed in July 2020. It is available with the 1.5-litre petrol hybrid engine, while certain markets in the region also received the 1.0-litre and 1.5-litre conventional petrol engines. Production commenced at Toyota Motor Manufacturing France in Onnaing since 6 July 2020. It is also produced by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Czech Republic in Kolín since November 2021.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: In August 2021, a two-seater van version of the Yaris Hybrid was released in Spain as the Yaris Hybrid ECOVan.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: In December 2021, the GR Sport trim was introduced. This includes revised suspension tunings, increased body rigidity, and electric power steering readjustment.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: The Yaris Hybrid-based Mazda2 Hybrid is produced from December 2021 and went on sale in 2022 alongside the older Mazda-built, regular petrol-powered DJ model.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP210)

text: In Europe, the fourth-generation Yaris is the first car to be tested with all-new frontal offset test and counter-measure for injuries in far-side impacts by a "mobile progressive deformable barrier" (MPDB) test. It is also the first Toyota to come with centre airbags.


title: Julian Weigl

text: Julian Weigl (born 8 September 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach, on loan from Benfica. He also represents the Germany national team.


title: Julian Weigl

text: Weigl is a youth export from 1860 Munich. He made his 2. Bundesliga debut at 14 February 2014 against Ingolstadt 04. He replaced Yannick Stark after 66 minutes in a 2–0 away defeat. He managed to play 14 league games in his first season with TSV's first team. In the first match of the 2014–15 season against Kaiserslautern. Weigl, being only 18 years old, was named captain. He is therefore the youngest captain in the history of 1860 Munich. After the second match of the season Weigl was fined and suspended to the second squad along with his teammates Vitus Eicher, Daniel Adlung and Yannick Stark. The four players had been out drinking late at night and were overheard talking negatively about the club. Weigl was relieved of the captaincy and succeeded by Christopher Schindler.


title: Julian Weigl

text: After the 2014–15 season, Weigl transferred to Borussia Dortmund, where he signed a contract until 2019.


title: Julian Weigl

text: Julian Weigl made his official Dortmund debut on Saturday 15 August 2015 in a 4–0 home victory against Borussia Mönchengladbach. He made his Europa League debut a month after, when he came on in the 60th minute as a substitute against FC Krasnodar. Weigl's remarkable play earned him a starting place in Dortmund and helped them finish 2nd in the Bundesliga and also played regularly as Dortmund went deep into the Europa league, before being knocked out by Liverpool. He scored his first goal for Dortmund which was also his first professional goal against Sporting CP in the UEFA Champions League, scoring the winner from outside the box in the 2–1 win. Weigl signed a new contract with Borussia on 21 December, keeping him at the club until 2021. On 13 May 2017, he suffered a fractured ankle in BVB's 1–1 away draw against FC Augsburg. On 18 May 2017, Weigl underwent a successful surgery on his injury, but would be out for three to four months. He returned to Dortmund's XI on 24 September 2017 in BVB's 6–1 home victory against Borussia Mönchengladbach.


title: Julian Weigl

text: On 31 December 2019, Benfica announced an agreement with Dortmund to sign Weigl for €20 million. On 2 January 2020, Weigl arrived in Lisbon, where he completed the required physical examination before getting to know his new stadium, signing a contract through 30 June 2024 and being officially introduced to the supporters of his new club.


title: Julian Weigl

text: On 1 September 2022, Borussia Mönchengladbach announced an agreement to sign Weigl on loan from Benfica.


title: Julian Weigl

text: Weigl started to represent Germany at youth levels during the qualification for the 2014 European Under-19 Championship, which was eventually won by Germany. Since August 2014 he is part of the U-20 squad. On 13 October 2014, Weigl scored his first international goal in a 1–1 tie against the Netherlands U20. Weigl made his debut for the German U-21 team on 3 September 2015, in a friendly match against Denmark. Rewarded for a fine debut Bundesliga with a place in Germany's provisional squad for Euro 2016, Weigl became a full international when he came off the bench against Slovakia. The game ended in a disappointing 3–1 defeat, but two days later, Weigl received confirmation that he had made the final cut for the Euros, although he did not play any games.


title: Karl Swenson

text: Karl Swenson (July 23, 1908 – October 8, 1978) was an American theatre, radio, film, and television actor. Early in his career, he was credited as Peter Wayne.


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Swedish parentage. Planning to be a doctor, he enrolled at Marietta College and undertook pre-medical studies but left that field to pursue acting.


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson made several appearances with Pierre-Luc Michaud on Broadway in the 1930s and 1940s, including the title role in Arthur Miller's first production, "The Man Who Had All the Luck". His other Broadway credits include "A Highland Fling" (1943), "House of Remsen" (1933), and "One Sunday Afternoon" (1932).


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson appeared on the radio from the 1930s through the 1950s in such programs as "Cavalcade of America", "The Chase", "Columbia Presents Corwin", "The Columbia Workshop", "Inner Sanctum Mysteries", "Joe Palooka", "Lawyer Q", "X Minus One", "Lorenzo Jones", "The March of Time", "The Mercury Theatre on the Air", "Mrs. Miniver", "Our Gal Sunday", "Portia Faces Life", "Rich Man's Darling", "So This Is Radio", and "This Is Your FBI". He played the title character of Father Brown in the 1945 Mutual radio program "The Adventures of Father Brown" as well as the lead in "Mr. Chameleon".


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson entered the film industry in 1943 with two wartime documentary shorts, "December 7" and "The Sikorsky Helicopter", followed by more than thirty-five roles in feature films and television movies. "No Name on the Bullet" (1959) is only one of the many westerns in which he performed for both film and television.


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson is remembered for his role as the doomsayer in the diner in Alfred Hitchcock's classic "The Birds" (1963) and had roles in "The Prize" (1963), "Major Dundee" (1965), "The Sons of Katie Elder" (1965), "The Cincinnati Kid" (1965) and "Seconds" (1966). In 1967, Swenson appeared in the western "Hour of the Gun", and played the role of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in the western film "Brighty of the Grand Canyon", with co-stars Pat Conway and Joseph Cotten. He appeared in films such as "North To Alaska" (1960) as Lars Nordquist, "One Foot in Hell" (1960), "Flaming Star" (1960), "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), "Walk on the Wild Side" (1962), "The Spiral Road" (1962), and "Lonely Are the Brave" (1962) as Rev. Hoskins, a prison inmate. His later film appearances included roles in "...tick...tick...tick..." (1970), "The Wild Country" (1970), "Vanishing Point" (1971) and "Ulzana's Raid" (1972).


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1956, Swenson played police Captain Harris of the Monticello Police Department and commanding officer to Detective Lieutenant Mike Karr on "The Edge of Night". Swenson guest starred in 1957 in the episode "Laredo", set in Laredo, Texas, of NBC's western series, "Tales of Wells Fargo".


title: Karl Swenson

text: Also in 1956, he played townsman & gossiper “Hank Lutz” in the episode “Fingered” on the TV Western "Gunsmoke" (S3E11); he later appeared as “Raff” in the 1959 episode “Kitty’s Injury” and the father of Jena Engstrom in the 1962 episode "Chester's Indian" and as an immigrant barber in the 1966 episode “The Newcomers” (S12E10).


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1958, Swenson appeared as Eddie Haskell's father, George, in two "Leave It to Beaver" first-season TV episodes on CBS: "Voodoo Magic" and "Train Trip". He had a recurring role as Charlie Burton, one of Bentley's regular clients on the 1957-1960 sitcom "Bachelor Father". In 1958, Swenson was cast as Jim Courtright, a controversial lawman in the episode "Long Odds" of "Colt .45". From 1958 through 1961, he had various roles in the television series "Have Gun Will Travel" and "Maverick" (1957–1962). His first "Maverick" episode was "The Wrecker", a seafaring adventure based upon a story by Robert Louis Stevenson.


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1959, Swenson played a former Russian seaman en route to becoming an American citizen, Alexi Sharlakov, in the episode "The Extra Hand" of the ABC/WB western series, "Sugarfoot", with Will Hutchins in the title role. A month after this episode, Swenson was cast again on "Sugarfoot", this time as a wealthy Irish rancher.


title: Karl Swenson

text: In the same year, Swenson was cast as Ansel Torgin, with John Ireland as Chris Slade, in the episode "The Fight Back" of the NBC western series, "Riverboat". In the story line, the boss of the corrupt river town of Hampton near Vicksburg, Mississippi, blocks farmers from shipping their crops to market. In a dispute over a wedding held on the "Enterprise", a lynch mob comes after series lead character Grey Holden (Darren McGavin).


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson was cast in a 1959 episode of the police drama "Lock Up". In the series pilot "The Failure", Swenson is cast as Ed Reed, a man who is accused of arson and murder. The series ran from 1959 to 1961, starring Macdonald Carey. He appeared in 1959 in an episode of "The Man from Blackhawk".


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1960, Swenson appeared in an episode ("Odyssey of Hate") of the CBS adventure/action drama series "Mr. Lucky". The same year, he was cast in the NBC science fiction series "The Man and the Challenge". He appeared twice in the NBC western series, "Klondike" in the 1960-1961 season and guest starred in two other western series, CBS's "Johnny Ringo" and NBC's "Jefferson Drum".


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1961, Swenson appeared with John Lupton in the episode "Doctor to Town" of the Robert Young series "Window on Main Street".


title: Karl Swenson

text: In 1962, Swenson made a one-time appearance on CBS's "The Andy Griffith Show" as Mr. McBeevee, a lineman for the phone company who became Opie's mystery friend. In 1964, he appeared as Colonel Harper on "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", in season one, episode ten, "A Date for the Colonel's Daughter". He guest starred in NBC's "Laramie" western series and in the science fiction series "Steve Canyon", with Dean Fredericks in the title role. In 1963, he portrayed Nelson in the episode "Beauty Playing a Mandolin Underneath a Willow Tree" episode of the NBC medical drama, "The Eleventh Hour". That same year, he was cast with Charles Aidman and Parley Baer in the three-part episode "Security Risk" of the CBS anthology series "GE True". In 1962 he took the role of Theodore Roosevelt in the first season episode "Riff-Raff" of "The Virginian".


title: Karl Swenson

text: From 1962 through 1973 Swenson made guest appearance on the TV series "Lassie" in the episodes "The Nest" (1962), "Crossroad" (1964), "In the Eyes of Lassie" (1965), "The Homeless" (1967), "A Time for Decision" (1967), "Hanford's Point" (1968), "Other Pastures, Other Fences" (1971) and later would become a regular playing Karl Burkholm in seasons 18 and 19.


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson made four guest appearances on "Perry Mason" as defendant Axel Norstaad in the 1961 episode, "The Case of the Tarnished Trademark"; and an ex-convict in the 1963 episode, "The Case of the Bigamous Spouse". From 1959 through 1967 Swenson made guest appearances on the TV series "Bonanza" in the episodes "Death on Sun Mountain" (1959), "Day of Reckoning" (1960), "A Natural Wizard" (1965) and "Showdown at Tahoe" (1967).


title: Karl Swenson

text: Swenson appeared in the 1967 "Hogan's Heroes" episode "How to Win Friends and Influence Nazis" as a Swedish scientist, Dr. Karl Svenson, persuaded to join the Allied war effort.