title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: where formula_2 is the window function, commonly a Hann window or Gaussian window centered around zero, and formula_3 is the signal to be transformed (note the difference between the window function formula_4 and the frequency formula_5). formula_6 is essentially the Fourier transform of formula_7, a complex function representing the phase and magnitude of the signal over time and frequency. Often phase unwrapping is employed along either or both the time axis, formula_8, and frequency axis, formula_5, to suppress any jump discontinuity of the phase result of the STFT. The time index formula_8 is normally considered to be ""slow"" time and usually not expressed in as high resolution as time formula_11. Given that the STFT is essentially a Fourier transform times a window function, the STFT is also called windowed Fourier transform or time-dependent Fourier transform.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: In the discrete time case, the data to be transformed could be broken up into chunks or frames (which usually overlap each other, to reduce artifacts at the boundary). Each chunk is Fourier transformed, and the complex result is added to a matrix, which records magnitude and phase for each point in time and frequency. This can be expressed as:


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: likewise, with signal "x"["n"] and window "w"["n"]. In this case, "m" is discrete and ω is continuous, but in most typical applications the STFT is performed on a computer using the fast Fourier transform, so both variables are discrete and quantized.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: The magnitude squared of the STFT yields the spectrogram representation of the power spectral density of the function:


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: See also the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), which is also a Fourier-related transform that uses overlapping windows.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: If only a small number of ω are desired, or if the STFT is desired to be evaluated for every shift "m" of the window, then the STFT may be more efficiently evaluated using a sliding DFT algorithm.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: The STFT is invertible, that is, the original signal can be recovered from the transform by the inverse STFT. The most widely accepted way of inverting the STFT is by using the overlap-add (OLA) method, which also allows for modifications to the STFT complex spectrum. This makes for a versatile signal processing method, referred to as the "overlap and add with modifications" method.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: Given the width and definition of the window function "w"("t"), we initially require the area of the window function to be scaled so that


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: So the Fourier transform can be seen as a sort of phase coherent sum of all of the STFTs of "x"("t"). Since the inverse Fourier transform is


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: One of the pitfalls of the STFT is that it has a fixed resolution. The width of the windowing function relates to how the signal is represented—it determines whether there is good frequency resolution (frequency components close together can be separated) or good time resolution (the time at which frequencies change). A wide window gives better frequency resolution but poor time resolution. A narrower window gives good time resolution but poor frequency resolution. These are called narrowband and wideband transforms, respectively.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: This is one of the reasons for the creation of the wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis, which can give good time resolution for high-frequency events and good frequency resolution for low-frequency events, the combination best suited for many real signals.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: This property is related to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, but not directly – see Gabor limit for discussion. The product of the standard deviation in time and frequency is limited. The boundary of the uncertainty principle (best simultaneous resolution of both) is reached with a Gaussian window function (or mask function), as the Gaussian minimizes the Fourier uncertainty principle. This is called the Gabor transform (and with modifications for multiresolution becomes the Morlet wavelet transform).


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: One can consider the STFT for varying window size as a two-dimensional domain (time and frequency), as illustrated in the example below, which can be calculated by varying the window size. However, this is no longer a strictly time-frequency representation – the kernel is not constant over the entire signal.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: Using the following sample signal formula_3 that is composed of a set of four sinusoidal waveforms joined together in sequence. Each waveform is only composed of one of four frequencies (10, 25, 50, 100 Hz). The definition of formula_3 is:


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: The 25 ms window allows us to identify a precise time at which the signals change but the precise frequencies are difficult to identify. At the other end of the scale, the 1000 ms window allows the frequencies to be precisely seen but the time between frequency changes is blurred.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: Normally we call formula_39 a Gaussian function or Gabor function. When we use it, the short-time Fourier transform is called the "Gabor transform".


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: Take a window of "N" samples from an arbitrary real-valued signal at sampling rate "f" . Taking the Fourier transform produces "N" complex coefficients. Of these coefficients only half are useful (the last "N/2" being the complex conjugate of the first "N/2" in reverse order, as this is a real valued signal).


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: These "N/2" coefficients represent the frequencies 0 to "f"/2 (Nyquist) and two consecutive coefficients are spaced apart by


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: To increase the frequency resolution of the window the frequency spacing of the coefficients needs to be reduced. There are only two variables, but decreasing "f" (and keeping "N" constant) will cause the window size to increase — since there are now fewer samples per unit time. The other alternative is to increase "N", but this again causes the window size to increase. So any attempt to increase the frequency resolution causes a larger window size and therefore a reduction in time resolution—and vice versa.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: As the Nyquist frequency is a limitation in the maximum frequency that can be meaningfully analysed, so is the Rayleigh frequency a limitation on the minimum frequency.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: The Rayleigh frequency is the minimum frequency that can be resolved by a finite duration time window.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: The Rayleigh frequency is an important consideration in applications of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), as well as any other method of harmonic analysis on a signal of finite record-length.


title: Short-time Fourier transform

text: STFTs as well as standard Fourier transforms and other tools are frequently used to analyze music. The spectrogram can, for example, show frequency on the horizontal axis, with the lowest frequencies at left, and the highest at the right. The height of each bar (augmented by color) represents the amplitude of the frequencies within that band. The depth dimension represents time, where each new bar was a separate distinct transform. Audio engineers use this kind of visual to gain information about an audio sample, for example, to locate the frequencies of specific noises (especially when used with greater frequency resolution) or to find frequencies which may be more or less resonant in the space where the signal was recorded. This information can be used for equalization or tuning other audio effects.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: A Few Good Men is a play by Aaron Sorkin, first produced on Broadway by David Brown in 1989. It tells the story of military lawyers at a court-martial who uncover a high-level conspiracy in the course of defending their clients, two United States Marines accused of murder.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: It opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre in New York on November 15, 1989, in a production directed by Don Scardino, with Tom Hulce as Lieutenant Junior Grade Daniel Kaffee, Megan Gallagher as Lieutenant commander Joanne Galloway, and Stephen Lang as Colonel Jessep. Michael O'Hare replaced Lang as Jessep later in the run.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Private William Santiago, a United States Marine at the Cuban naval base of Guantanamo Bay, is a weak Marine who gets along poorly with his fellow Marines and has gone outside the chain of command to request a transfer. Although Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Markinson requests that Santiago be transferred, Base Commander Colonel Nathan Jessup instructs Lieutenant Jonathan James Kendrick, Santiago's platoon commander, to "train" Santiago. Soon afterward, Santiago dies. He was murdered, and Marines Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and Private First Class Louden Downey will stand trial.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: United States Navy JAG Corps investigator and lawyer Lieutenant Commander Joanne Galloway believes Dawson and Downey may have carried out a "code red" order: a brutal extrajudicial punishment. Santiago was ostensibly killed in retaliation for naming Dawson in a fenceline shooting into Cuba, but Galloway believes Santiago was killed as part of a premeditated plan. Galloway wants to represent them, but the case is assigned to fellow Navy officer and lawyer Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, a bumbling attorney who enjoys accepting plea deals. Kaffee's casual attitude bothers Galloway, while Galloway annoys Kaffee with her meddling.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: At Guantanamo Bay, Kaffee and Galloway interrogate Colonel Jessup and others. Jessup asserts that Santiago was supposed to be transferred the following day. Dawson and Downey reject Kaffee's offer to enter into a plea agreement with US Marine Captain Jack Ross, the prosecutor, claiming that Kendrick gave them the "code red" order and that they never intended for Santiago to die. Dawson thinks it is dishonorable for Kaffee to opt for a plea agreement rather than stand their ground in court. Kaffee wants to be terminated from his position as counsel because he believes the case is worthless. Kaffee suddenly submits a not guilty plea on behalf of the accused at the arraignment. He explains to Galloway that the reason he was selected to handle the case was because it was anticipated that he would take a plea deal and the case would then be closed.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Markinson tells Kaffee during their covert meeting that Jessup never requested Santiago be transferred. According to the defense, Dawson was passed up for promotion because he had given food to a Marine who had been ordered to go without meals. The defense presents a favorable picture of Dawson and shows that "code reds" had previously been authorized through Downey. On the other hand, Downey claims under cross-examination that he was not present when Dawson allegedly received the "code red" instruction. Markinson kills himself before he can testify because he feels guilty about not protecting a Marine under his charge.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Kaffee thinks the case has been lost without Markinson's testimony. He complains that he fought the case rather than accepting a settlement as he returns home drunk. Galloway urges Kaffee to ask Jessup to testify despite the possibility of facing court-martial for defying a superior officer.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: When Kaffee brings up a discrepancy in Jessup's testimony in court at the Washington Navy Yard—that his Marines never disobey orders and that Santiago was to be relocated for his own safety—he is disturbed. Jessup spars under Kaffee's interrogation. Considering that Jessup had told his men to leave Santiago alone, Kaffee wonders why he was still in danger. Jessup, disgusted by Kaffee's behavior, praises the military's contribution to national security as well as his own. Finally, Jessup admits with disdain that he gave the "code red" command. While attempting to leave the courthouse, Jessup is arrested.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: The murder and conspiracy charges against Dawson and Downey are dropped, but they are found guilty of "conduct unbecoming" and will be dishonorably discharged. Dawson explains that they failed to stand up for people who were too helpless to defend themselves, like Santiago, while Downey is unsure what they did wrong. Kaffee tells Dawson that having honor does not require wearing a patch on one's arm. Dawson salutes Kaffee and recognizes him as an officer. Before Ross leaves to arrest Kendrick, Kaffee and Ross give each other compliments.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Sorkin got the idea for the play from a phone conversation with his sister Deborah, who had graduated from Boston University Law School and was serving a three-year stint with the Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps. She was going to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to defend a group of Marines who had come close to killing a fellow Marine in a hazing ordered by a superior officer. Sorkin took that information and wrote much of his story on cocktail napkins during the first act of the musical "La Cage aux Folles" while bartending at the Palace Theatre on Broadway.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Several former Navy JAG lawyers have been proposed as the model for the character of Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, USN, JAG Corps. These include Donald Marcari, David Iglesias, and Walter Bansley III. The court martial was Macari's first big court case. However, in a statement released by his spokeswoman, Sorkin said, "The character of Dan Kaffee in "A Few Good Men" is entirely fictional and was not inspired by any particular individual."


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Once Sorkin completed a draft, his theatrical agent sent it to producer David Brown, who wanted the film rights. Sorkin sold Brown the rights, getting Brown to agree to also produce "A Few Good Men" as a play.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: "A Few Good Men" had its world premiere at the Heritage Repertory Theatre at the University of Virginia's Department of Drama on September 19, 1989. It then transferred to the Kennedy Center.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: The original Broadway stage production opened at the Music Box Theatre in New York on November 15, 1989, in a production directed by Don Scardino, designed by Ben Edwards, and with music by John Gromada. It starred Tom Hulce as LTJG Kaffee; Megan Gallagher as LCDR JoAnne Galloway; Clark Gregg as Lt. Jack Ross; Stephen Lang as Col. Jessep, and Robert Hogan as Capt. Matthew A. Markinson. Replacement actors included Timothy Busfield and Bradley Whitford as Lt. Jack Ross (understudy for Kaffee), Perry King, Michael O'Hare, and Ron Perlman as Jessep, and Pamela Blair as Galloway. Joshua Malina also appeared. Malina went on to reprise his role in the movie adaption.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: A Spanish-language production titled "Hombres de Honor" opened on January 10, 1991, at the Ferré Performing Arts Center in Puerto Rico, starring Cordelia González and Rafo Muñiz, directed by Pablo Cabrera.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: A national touring company performed through 1992 with Michael O'Keefe as LTJG Kaffee, Alyson Reed as LCDR Galloway, and Paul Winfield as the judge.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: In January 1993 "A Few Good Men" had its premiere in German language at the Volkstheater, Vienna, Austria (translation: Gunther Baumann, director: Erhard Pauer, Daniel Kaffee: Alfons Haider). In the following years this production went on tour and was shown all over Germany, Switzerland and Austria (German title: Eine Frage der Ehre/A Question of Honor).


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: A revival of the play starring Rob Lowe in the role of LTJG Kaffee, Suranne Jones as LCDR Galloway, and John Barrowman as Capt. Ross opened at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, in late August 2005 for preview showings followed by a three-month run in early September 2005. The stage show was directed by David Esbjornson.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: In 2006, the Hudson Shakespeare Company of New Jersey staged a production as part of their second stage for modern shows. The tour was presented in city courtrooms, directed by Jon Ciccarelli and featured notable New York City actors such as Jon Crefeld as LTJG Kaffee and Charles J. Roby as Col. Jessup.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Jensen Ackles appeared as LTJG Kaffee alongside Lou Diamond Phillips as Col. Jessep in a production of the play at the Casa Mañana Theatre, in Fort Worth, Texas, June 5–10, 2007.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: A Hungarian production of the play was performed at Madách Szinház, Budapest. It was directed by Imre Kerényi, starring Sándor Czvetkó, Éva Kerekes, and Gábor Koncz.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: By the Book Theatre produced the play November 25, 2014, to December 6, 2014 at the McManus Studio Theatre, London, Ontario. The production won 4 Brickenden Awards including Outstanding Drama.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: June 30, 2016, marked the opening of the Warehouse Studio Theatre production at The Noho Arts Center under the direction of Tony Pauletto and starring K. C. Clyde as Kaffee alongside Dennis LaValle as Jessup and Sarah Klein as Galloway.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: In March 2016, NBC announced its intent to broadcast a live television production of "A Few Good Men", starring Alec Baldwin as Col. Jessup, in the second quarter of 2018, with a teleplay adapted by Sorkin from his original script. The broadcast would be executive produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, and patterned upon NBC's ongoing series of live Broadway musicals. However, NBC has yet to announce an airdate. "Variety" reported that the availability of Sorkin, Zadan, and Meron may have had an impact, noting that Sorkin had to represent his 2017 film "Molly's Game" during awards season, while Zadan and Meron (who have produced all of NBC's live musicals) were committed to other projects (such as "Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert" in 2018, and a later canceled production of "Hair" in 2019) being produced by NBC in lieu of "Bye Bye Birdie", which had been delayed multiple times in order to accommodate Jennifer Lopez's other projects. Zadan died on August 20, 2018, at the age of 69.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: The Broadway production earned Megan Gallagher a 1990 Theatre World Award and a Best Actor nomination for Tom Hulce at the 44th Tony Awards.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: The play is based on events that took place at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in July 1986, though various details were changed for dramatic purposes. Members of Rifle Security Company, Windward Side, 2nd Platoon believed that one of their number, Pfc. William Alvarado, was a malingerer and had informed about a Marine firing across the border into Cuba. In a retaliatory hazing (called a "Code Red"), ten Marines seized Alvarado, blindfolded him, stuffed a rag in his mouth, beat him, and shaved his head. Alvarado was seriously injured, but did not die. Of the ten Marines, seven accepted other than honorable discharges as part of a plea bargain, but three, including David Cox, refused to accept the plea bargain and went to court. Cox was defended by Don Marcari. Cox was found not guilty of aggravated battery but guilty of the misdemeanor charge of simple assault. He was sentenced to time already served in the brig and returned to active duty.


title: A Few Good Men (play)

text: Cox was honorably discharged from the Marines in 1989. When he saw the film version of "A Few Good Men", he was upset at the liberties taken with the event, most notably that the Marines in the case were dishonorably discharged, and considered suing the filmmakers. Cox disappeared in 1994. He was found murdered, along a riverbank near Medfield, Massachusetts.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: The (local nickname "TDR") is a theme park and vacation resort located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, just east of Tokyo. The resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company under a licence from The Walt Disney Company, who constructed and designed the resort and its various attractions.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: The resort opened on April 15, 1983, as a single theme park (Tokyo Disneyland), later developing into a resort with a second theme park (Tokyo DisneySea), five Disney hotels, six non-Disney hotels and a shopping complex (Ikspiari). Tokyo Disneyland was the first Disney theme park to open outside the United States and the resort is the only Disney Parks resort in the world not owned or operated by The Walt Disney Company in any capacity.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: Tokyo Disney Resort consists of Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo DisneySea, and Ikspiari, which is a variation of the Downtown Disney and Disney Springs shopping, dining, and entertainment areas found at the Disney resorts in Anaheim and Lake Buena Vista respectively. It also contains Bon Voyage!, a large Disney goods specialty shop.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: Like other Disney resorts, the Tokyo Disney Resort includes several Disney-branded hotels; the resort's three "Deluxe" Hotels are the Disney Ambassador Hotel, the Tokyo DisneySea Hotel MiraCosta and the Tokyo Disneyland Hotel. The Resort also includes the "Moderate" type Tokyo Disney Resort Toy Story Hotel and the "Value" type Tokyo Disney Resort Celebration Hotel. There are six other hotels located on the Tokyo Disney Resort property. These, however, are not Disney-branded hotels and are owned by other companies, similar to the Hotel Plaza Boulevard hotels at Walt Disney World.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: All facilities are linked by the Disney Resort Line monorail, with the exception of the Celebration Hotel which is connected to the resort area via a free 15-minute shuttle. The Tokyo Disney Resort is headed by Toshio Kagami, who is the secretary general (CEO) of the Oriental Land Company.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: is a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan. The complex is operated by IKSPIARI Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the owner, The Oriental Land Company, it is the Japanese equivalent of the Downtown Disney complex at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, Disney Springs at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, and Disney Village at Disneyland Paris, France. Ikspiari is close to Maihama Station on the Keiyō Line from Tokyo, and is also served by Resort Gateway Station on the Disney Resort Line.


title: Tokyo Disney Resort

text: Ikspiari opened on . At the complex, the 12th non-US Rainforest Cafe opened in . On , Create Restaurants Holdings Inc. fully acquired RC Japan Co., Ltd., the Rainforest Cafe franchisee, at the complex.


title: The Office (1995 TV series)

text: The Office is an American sitcom television series starring Valerie Harper that aired for five episodes on CBS from March 11 to April 15, 1995, as a mid-season replacement during the 1994–95 television season. The series, billed as an office comedy version of the British series "Upstairs, Downstairs", centered on the camaraderie of executives and their secretaries of a busy corporate office at a design-packaging company.


title: The Office (1995 TV series)

text: Rita Stone (Valerie Harper) is a divorcée and 19-year veteran of a secretarial pool at the executive office of a package design company in Chicago called Package Inc. She is outspoken and mainly the adhesive that holds things together at the company, seeing that everything gets done on time, mediating disputes and trying to be a good listener to both job-related and personal problems.


title: The Office (1995 TV series)

text: While Rita is responsible for the company's inept CEO, Frank (Dakin Matthews), she also manages three other secretaries: Beth (Debra Jo Rupp), a flustered mother of four who works for the company's only female executive, Natalie (Lisa Darr); Mae (Andrea Abbate), a free-spirited, thrice-divorced former temp who works for the firm's temperamental artist (Gary Dourdan); and Deborah (Kristin Dattilo-Hayward), a naive MBA student who works for a sleazy salesman (Kevin Conroy).


title: The Office (1995 TV series)

text: "The Office" was the fourth starring vehicle for Harper, following her previous television ventures in the sitcoms "Rhoda" (1974–78), "Valerie" (1986–87) and "City" (1990). However, the series did not catch on with the public and was cancelled after five episodes, with one episode remaining unaired. It was broadcast Saturday nights on CBS at 9:00 p.m. throughout its brief run.


title: The Chieftains

text: The Chieftains are a traditional Irish folk band formed in Dublin in 1962, by Paddy Moloney, Seán Potts and Michael Tubridy. Their sound, which is almost entirely instrumental and largely built around uilleann pipes, has become synonymous with traditional Irish music. They are regarded as having helped popularise Irish music around the world. They have won six Grammy Awards during their career and they were given a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2002 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. Some music experts have credited The Chieftains with bringing traditional Irish music to a worldwide audience, so much so that the Irish government awarded them the honorary title of 'Ireland's Musical Ambassadors' in 1989.


title: The Chieftains

text: The band's name came from the book "Death of a Chieftain" by Irish author John Montague. Assisted early on by Garech Browne, they signed with his company Claddagh Records. They needed financial success abroad, and succeeded in this.


title: The Chieftains

text: Paddy Moloney was a member of Ceoltóirí Chualann, a group of musicians who specialised in instrumentals, and sought to form a new band. Their first rehearsals were held at Moloney's house, with David Fallon and Martin Fay joining the original three. The group remained only semi-professional until the 1970s. By then, they had achieved great success in Ireland and the United Kingdom.


title: The Chieftains

text: In 1973, their popularity began to spread to the United States when their previous albums were released there by Island Records. They received further acclaim when they worked on the Academy Award–winning soundtrack to Stanley Kubrick's 1975 film "Barry Lyndon", which triggered their transition to the mainstream in the US.


title: The Chieftains

text: The group continued to release successful records throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and their work with Van Morrison in 1988 resulted in the critically acclaimed album "Irish Heartbeat". They went on to collaborate with many other well-known musicians and singers; among them Luciano Pavarotti, the Rolling Stones, Madonna, Sinéad O'Connor, Roger Daltrey and Van Morrison.


title: The Chieftains

text: In 2012, they celebrated their 50th anniversary with an ambitious album and tour. The album, "Voice of Ages", was produced by T-Bone Burnett and featured the Chieftains collaborating with many musicians including Bon Iver, Paolo Nutini and The Decemberists. It also included a collaboration with NASA astronaut Catherine Coleman playing the flute aboard the International Space Station as it orbited the earth. The Chieftains performed at Carnegie Hall on March 17, 2012.


title: The Chieftains

text: In February 2019, The Chieftains embarked on an extensive farewell tour entitled the "Irish Goodbye Tour", including a 2019 European leg, a 2020 Canadian leg and two 2019 and 2020 US legs.


title: The Chieftains

text: On 13 March 2020, the band announced that a few tour dates of their "Irish Goodbye Tour" had been postponed (until further notice) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Chieftains

text: The Chieftains' co-founder and leader Paddy Moloney suddenly died on 12 October 2021, leaving uncertain the band's future.


title: The Chieftains

text: On 23 July 2022, in celebration of the band's 60 years, it was announced the forthcoming release on 2 September 2022 on vinyl, CD, and digital downloads of "Bear's Sonic Journals: The Foxhunt, The Chieftains Live in San Francisco 1973 & 1976" featuring the Chieftains performing live in San Francisco in 1973 and 1976. The 2CD & Digital editions of the album feature the recordings of two entire shows in San Francisco: on October 1, 1973 at The Boarding House during their first tour in the U.S. (an unscheduled gig which occurred at Jerry Garcia's invitation to open for his bluegrass band, Old & In the Way) and on May 5, 1976 at The Great American Music Hall, while the vinyl release features 2 sides containing (only) the performance from October 1, 1973.


title: The Chieftains

text: The band has become known for their vast work of collaborations with popular musicians of many genres, including country music, Galician traditional music, Newfoundland music, and rock and roll. Their widespread work as collaborators resulted in the Irish Government awarding the group the honorary title of Ireland's Musical Ambassadors in 1989.


title: The Chieftains

text: In May 1986, they performed at Self Aid, a benefit concert held in Dublin that focused on the problem of chronic unemployment which was widespread in Ireland at that time. In 1994, they appeared in Roger Daltrey's production, album and video of "". They performed with Canadian astronaut Cmdr. Chris Hadfield in Houston, Texas, on 15 February 2013. Hadfield sang and played guitar on "Moondance" from aboard the International Space Station.


title: The Chieftains

text: The band has won six Grammy Awards and been nominated eighteen times. They have won an Emmy and a Genie and contributed tracks, including their highly praised version of the song "Women of Ireland", to Leonard Rosenman's Oscar-winning score for Stanley Kubrick's 1975 film "Barry Lyndon". In 2002 they were given a "Lifetime Achievement Award" by the UK's BBC Radio 2. Two of their singles have been minor hits in the UK Singles Chart. "Have I Told You Lately" (credited to The Chieftains with Van Morrison) reached No. 71 in 1995. "I Know My Love" (credited to The Chieftains featuring The Corrs) reached No. 37 in 1999.


title: The Chieftains

text: Dr. Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin said the success of The Chieftains helped place Irish traditional music on a par with other musical genres in the world of popular entertainment. By collaborating with pop and rock musicians, they have taken Irish music to a much wider audience. They have become, in effect, musical ambassadors for Ireland. This de facto role was officially recognised by the Irish government in 1989 when it awarded the group the honorary title of Ireland's Musical Ambassadors.


title: The Chieftains

text: They played in a concert for Pope John Paul II, before an audience of more than one million people in 1979 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, to mark the Papal visit to Ireland.


title: The Chieftains

text: In 1983, they were invited by the Chinese Government to perform with the Chinese Broadcasting Art Group in a concert on the Great Wall of China, becoming the first western musical group to do so. They were the first group to perform in the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., invited by Senator Edward Kennedy and the former Speaker of the House, Tip O'Neill.


title: The Chieftains

text: In 2011, they performed at a concert in Dublin attended by President Mary McAleese and Queen Elizabeth II of Britain during her first ever official trip to the Republic of Ireland.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: "I Ain't Worried" is a song by American pop rock band OneRepublic, released on May 13, 2022, through Mosley Music Group and Interscope Records. It is the second and final single to the for the film "" (2022). The song was written and produced by Ryan Tedder, Brent Kutzle, and Tyler Spry, with production from Simon Oscroft and John Nathaniel. The song also contains elements of Peter Bjorn and John's 2006 hit single "Young Folks" and features backing vocals from Tedder's son, Copeland. OneRepublic was the only band to present an original song for the film. Musically, "I Ain't Worried" is a pop rock and sunshine pop song.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: The track debuted on the UK Singles Chart on June 3 and on the Irish Singles Chart on June 10, climbing positions until it peaked in the UK top three and the Ireland top five. It became the band's biggest hit in the UK since "Love Runs Out" (2014). "I Ain't Worried" debuted at number 76 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number 6, becoming their fourth top ten hit there. While on the Canadian Hot 100 the song debuted at number 41 and peaked at number 3. "I Ain't Worried" also peaked at number 1 in Belgium, Iceland and New Zealand, and reached the top ten in other countries, including Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland and Taiwan.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: Upon release, "I Ain't Worried" received highly positive reviews from music critics, being praised for its sunny production and upbeat melody.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: In an interview with Ryan Seacrest on "On Air with Ryan Seacrest", Tedder revealed that the idea for the song started during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, after one of his friends at Paramount Pictures invited him to participate in the soundtrack of the new "Top Gun". At that time, Tom Cruise had turned down about thirty songs for the soundtrack, and was looking for a band to create an original song for the new film, specifically for the beach scene. Tedder said that "I Ain't Worried" was "written with the characters in mind relaxing and having fun in the scene for the first time in those two hours of film", making the song manage to make the scene memorable in its own way and at the same time fit in with the action and emotion scenes throughout the film. The band recorded the song during the 2021 MTV Europe Music Awards in November at the Kempinski Hotel Corvinus in Budapest, where they stayed during the song's release on May 13. The song also featured the band's frontman Ryan Tedder's son Copeland, who was credited as one of the backing vocals. Following the release of the lead single from the "" on May 3, "I Ain't Worried" was officially released as the second single on May 13 by Interscope Records and Mosley Music Group, the label on which the band is part. The song, along with its music video directed by Isaac Rentz, made its global debut on MTV Live and MTVU, as well as on the billboards of the Paramount Theater Manhattan on Times Square.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: "I Ain't Worried" attracted widespread praise by music critics. Greta Brereton of "NME" praised Tedder's vocals on the song, also highlighting the song's fast-paced melody and upbeat pop production, in contrast to Lady Gaga's song for the soundtrack, "Hold My Hand". In a "Billboard" article, Hannah Dailey praised the song's lyrical content and laid-back style, citing that they "uniquely connect with the atmosphere of the movie scene in which the song makes its presence". Writing for "The Charlotte Observer", Théoden James said the beat and vocals of song is a "super-infectious bubblegum" and a "pop perfection in general".


title: I Ain't Worried

text: Tyler Golsen from "Far Out Magazine" wrote that I Ain’t Worried' doesn’t have enough length or substance to be considered annoying. It’s just a brief slice of pop music nothingness: sunny, breezy, light, and utterly forgettable", but praised the song's melody, saying "Granted, something scratches at the back of your ears when you put the song. Chalk that up to super technician Ryan Tedder, who can make a memorable melody out of just about anything".


title: I Ain't Worried

text: The accompanying music video was directed by Isaac Rentz, best known for directing the music videos of "She's Kinda Hot" by 5 Seconds of Summer and "Hey Hey Hey" by Katy Perry. The music video was released on May 13, 2022 alongside the song, and was shown in major theaters across the United States. The band performs on the palm tree-covered outdoor stage under the sunset, with the images interspersed with a few clips from the film every now and then. "Worry-Free" was used in the film as the soundtrack to the students' beach football.


title: I Ain't Worried

text: To promote the film and song with the release of its soundtrack, OneRepublic performed "I Ain't Worried" for the first time on May 28, 2022, on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". The band performed the song for the second time on "Good Morning America" ("GMA") held on July 15, 2022 at Times Square Studios in Manhattan. The song was also a regular part of band setlist for the Never Ending Summer Tour. After the tour, on October 5, 2022, the band performed the song once again during "The Late Late Show with James Corden". On November 13, 2022, the band performed "I Ain't Worried" at the 2022 MTV Europe Music Awards.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Shannon Arrum Williams (born 26 May 1998), known professionally as Shannon, is a British-South Korean singer and voice actress currently based in England. She is known for being a contestant of "". Prior to debut, Shannon has released two single: "Day and Night" with T-ara's Areum and Gavy NJ's Gun-ji in September 2012 and then "Remember You" featuring SPEED's Jungkook in January 2014 before made her official debuted in December 2014 with digital single "Daybreak Rain".Since her debut, she has released two extended plays, six singles and three soundtrack appearances. In 2016, Shannon also made her debut as an actress with cast in drama "".


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Shannon Arrum Williams was born on 26 May 1998 in England to a Welsh father, Williams Lees, and to a Korean mother, Kim Jung-mi. Shannon (Korean name: Kim Arrum, ) is the youngest child in her family. She has two older twin half-brothers, Christian and Jonah Lees, who are from her father's previous relationship. She attended Sylvia Young Theatre School in London and—at the age of 7—she was given the role of Cosette in the musical "Les Misérables". Shannon studied at Dwight School Seoul but dropped out before completion.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Early in her career, Shannon's original training was focused on performing as the main vocalist for an all-girl band. Later, her agency announced that, at her own request, she would be trained as a solo artist instead. She revealed this personally in a magazine interview stating, "I was preparing for a debut as the main vocalist of a girl group, but I had a lot of greed towards singing. I asked my agency to let me debut as a solo artist. I'm grateful that they decided to listen to me and I was able to go solo."


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Shannon first appeared in South Korean media on SBS's "Star King" in 2010 and gained attention after she displayed her singing in 2011. Core Contents Media recruited Shannon after seeing it that year.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: In 2012, Shannon released a collaboration single, "Day and Night" with Areum (former member of T-ara) and Gun-ji (Gavy NJ) and was also featured in singer Yangpa's song "Together." On 23 November, Shannon appeared an episode of JTBC's "Hidden Singer 2" as one of the impersonators of singer IU.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: On 8 January 2014, Shannon appeared on JTBC's "Hidden Singer 2" for the King of Kings finale round and performed IU's "Good Day" and Beyoncé's "Listen", but was eliminated before the final round. On 29 January, her pre-debut single "Remember You" featuring Speed's Jongkook was released to commemorate the end of her three-year training for her debut. On 12 February, Shannon made an appearance on her labelmate showcase, "Speed Day", which aired on SBS MTV. She performed "Let It Go", a song from the film "Frozen", and Rihanna's "Diamonds" with Dani. On 1 December, Shannon made her official debut with released digital single titled "Daybreak Rain". The single charted at number 32 on the Gaon digital chart. On 26 December, she, Vasco, and Giriboy released a collaboration single titled "Breath".


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: On 6 March 2015, Shannon released her EP "Eighteen", which consists of seven tracks with the lead single "Why Why". On 10 July 2015, Shannon collaborated with rapper Yuk Ji-dam and released the digital single "Love X Get Off". In September 2015, Shannon was confirmed to star in the KBS drama "Moorim School".


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: On 3 March 2016, Shannon released a single called "Lachrymal Gland", featuring Soheechan as part of the 2gether project.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: From 20 November 2016 to 9 April 2017, she took part in the TV reality show "". The prize was a contract that would grant the winner promotions from YG, JYP and Antenna Music. Shannon received high praise for her technical singing ability but was critiqued for her lack of emotion. She was selected into YG's group and sang songs such as "Man in the Mirror", "Who's Your Mama", "Happy", and "Ain't No Other Man". She advanced to the top 4 (semi-finals) before she was eliminated.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Shannon released her digital single "Love Don't Hurt" on 26 June 2017. The single contains two versions: a Korean version (featuring Lil' Boi) and an English version featuring f(x)'s Amber.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: Her second EP, "Hello", released on 28 July with five tracks, including the accompanying title track of the same name and the previously released single "Love Don't Hurt". Shannon held her comeback showcase at the Yes24 Muv Hall on 27 July, one day before the album's release;


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: In the first half of 2019, Shannon announced she would leave MBK following the expiration of her contract in the same year.


title: Shannon (South Korean singer)

text: In October 2019, Shannon was confirmed to cast in the musical "We Will Rock You", as Scaramouche, which will be held in December 2019.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The .44 Auto Mag pistol (AMP) is a large caliber semi-automatic pistol. It was designed between 1966 and 1971 by the Auto Mag Corporation to make a semi-automatic pistol chambered in .44 AMP.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The pistol's reputation and looks have made it popular in cinema and novels and several versions are listed as "Curios and Relics" by the ATF.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The short-recoil operated Auto Mag pistol featured a rotary bolt with six locking lugs located at the front similar to the M16/AR-15 rifle. The Auto Mag is a modest weight pistol designed to give handgun owners .44 Magnum power in a semi-automatic pistol. The .44 Auto Mag was designed to shoot .429-inch, 240-grain bullets at about the same velocity as the .44 Magnum revolver.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: In 1970, Auto Mag Corporation president Harry Sanford opened a factory in Pasadena, California. The first pistol was shipped on August 8, 1971, and the factory declared bankruptcy on May 3, 1972, after making fewer than 3,000 pistols. The company opened and closed several times from 1973 through 1982 under several different names: TDE (Trade Deed Estates), OMC, Thomas Oil Company, High Standard, and AMT (Arcadia Machine & Tool).


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: An additional 6,000 pistols were produced and sold during this period for a total of about 9,000. Sanford continued to sell spare parts until his death in 1996. His son Walter continued to sell the remaining parts online through automagparts.com. Production guns were made in .44 AMP. Experimental pistols were made in .45 ACP, .30 AMP, .357 AMP and .41 JMP. Changing calibers usually required only exchanging the barrel – the frame, magazine and bolt could be used with all calibers except .45 ACP.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: Auto Mag Corporation was short-lived for several reasons. The design team, headed by Mark Lovendale, took the AutoMag pistol from a unreliable experimental machined chrome-moly steel prototype designed by Harry Sanford and Max Gera and created a more production oriented and marginally reliable stainless steel version. The Lovendale design team was convinced the Auto Mag pistol was not ready for production and needed more changes to improve reliability and could not be produced at a profit. The design team believed that even with a correct finished design, the wholesale price of the pistol had to be greatly increased or the company would go bankrupt. The design team was unable to convince Sanford, and they all resigned. The pistol was then produced by the remaining staff, and put into production. Unfortunately the expensive manufacturing processes and materials, function unreliability and need for many parts to be produced by sub-contractors made the gun unprofitable resulting in bankruptcy of the original company.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: Under-pricing of the Auto Mag pistol made ultimate success impossible. One analysis claimed that the Auto Mag Corporation lost more than $1,000 on each pistol; each pistol sold wholesale for around $170. The pistols originally retailed for $217.50 in the 1970s. Used Auto Mag pistols now sell for much more.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: In August 2015 Walter Sanford sold all the assets of the company including the name, trademark, and all rights to AutoMag Ltd. Corp., a South Carolina-based corporation. Auto Mag is currently producing the first 77 Founders' Edition pistols with an 8.5" barrel, selling for $3,995 each. Classic Edition pistols with a 6.5" barrel are planned to sell for $3,495 each.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: Lee Jurras of Super Vel Ammunition commissioned a limited run of Auto Mags to be given the "LEJ" prefix on their serial numbers. They were to be custom-made to his specifications and were chambered in .44AMP, .357AMP and in Jurras' wildcat .41 JMP. Some of Jurras's custom Auto Mags had custom leather holsters and magazine pouches, shoulder stocks, high polish finish, engraving, and other features.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The .44 Auto Mag Pistol cartridge was introduced in 1971. Its rimless, straight wall case was originally formed by trimming the .308 Winchester or .30-06 case to 1.30 inches (33 mm). Loaded ammunition was once available from the Mexican firm of Cartuchos Deportivos Mexico and from Norma (a Swedish firm), which produced empty cases.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The .357 AMP round went into production in 1972 with the North Hollywood guns. It is similar to the .44 AMP, but is necked down to accept the smaller diameter bullet. The same is true for the .41JMP, .30, .25 and .22LMP.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: Presently, loaded ammunition is available from Cor-Bon as well as SBR Ammunition, and new .44 AMP brass is available from Starline Brass. The dedicated handloader can form AMP cases from .30-06 or .308 Winchester brass, using a series of forming dies and an inside neck reamer.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: The Auto Mag design gave birth to three new cartridges: the .44 AutoMag (.44 AMP), .357 AutoMag (.357 AMP) and the lesser-known .41 JMP. There were barrels made to shoot other cartridges:


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: Kincel was an editor for "Gun World" magazine and Maynard was a technician who worked at AMT's service department.


title: Auto Mag Pistol

text: AMT (Arcadia Machine and Tool) manufactured several firearms under the AutoMag name, including the AMT AutoMag II in .22 WMR, AMT AutoMag III in .30 Carbine, AMT AutoMag IV in .45 Winchester Magnum and AMT AutoMag V in .50 Action Express.


title: Wookiee

text: Wookiees () are fictional humanoid aliens in the "Star Wars" universe, native to the forest planet Kashyyyk. They are distinguished from humans by their gigantism, hirsutism, and physical strength. The most prominent Wookiee is Chewbacca, co-pilot of the "Millennium Falcon" alongside his best friend Han Solo.


title: Wookiee

text: According to an interview with creator George Lucas, the inspiration for the Wookiee was Lucas's dog, Indiana (whose name is used in Lucas's Indiana Jones movies): "He was the prototype for the Wookiee. He always sat beside me in the car. He was big, a big bear of a dog." During the climactic chase scene in "THX 1138", one of the robotic cops, voiced by actor Terry McGovern, improvises: "I think I ran over a Wookiee back there", and thus the word was born. "Wookey" was the surname of a friend of Terry's, Ralph Wookey, and Terry thought it would be a funny in-joke to include his friend's name in the soundtrack for "THX-1138".


title: Wookiee

text: In one episode of Animal Planet's series "Animal Icons", focusing on the creation of "Star Wars" figures, it was revealed that the Wookiees were also based on orangutans and lemurs, which are long-haired creatures that live in a hot forest climate. The net effect in terms of the Wookiees' appearance is a marked resemblance to descriptions of the legendary Sasquatch of the Pacific Northwest.


title: Wookiee

text: Adult Wookiees are typically taller than most humans, averaging . They possess enormous strength; Solo states that a Wookiee can pull a man's arms out of his sockets if angered or slighted, and in books and comics no humanoid species is shown to equal a Wookiee in pure strength. Wookiees have a keen sense of smell, are fully covered with a thick coat of hair (though some can be susceptible to balding), have good hand–eye coordination, and are shown to be excellent marksmen. Wookiees have been shown in many diverse environments, such as those of Hoth, Tatooine, and Endor, never wearing any protective clothing or showing any signs of discomfort. Wookiees have a lifespan of several hundred years: Chewbacca is 200 years old during the original trilogy, and is still in his prime. Chewie also appeared twenty years before at the end of the prequel trilogy, and thirty years later in the sequel trilogy, yet his appearance does not significantly change across this fifty years time span.


title: Wookiee

text: Wookiees are devoted, loyal friends and are very distrustful of strangers. Life debt is sacred to them.


title: Wookiee

text: Despite a fearsome appearance and temperamental disposition, Wookiees are very intelligent and are very adept at handling advanced technology. Chewbacca is co-pilot of and performs maintenance on the "Millennium Falcon", and also possesses a working knowledge of robotics, managing to haphazardly reassemble C-3PO after he was destroyed by Imperial stormtroopers in "The Empire Strikes Back". Wookiees are fast learners; Chewbacca commandeers an Imperial AT-ST during the Battle of Endor and is shown effectively maneuvering the vehicle and operating its weapons systems. He also fought during the Clone Wars alongside Jedi Grand Master Yoda. Chewbacca is also shown to be an adept strategist at holo-chess (leading to his surprise when RD-D2 outmaneuvered him in a game).


title: Wookiee

text: Wookiee cities on their home planet Kashyyyk, as seen in "Revenge of the Sith", are built atop giant forest trees. Their society contains a mixture of traditional, almost primitive-appearing woodwork and decorations intermixed with starships and energy generators.


title: Wookiee

text: Due to their heavy coats of long fur, Wookiees do not generally wear clothes - though for practical purposes they will wear toolbelts, etc. Matching the anachronistic appearance of their cities, a Wookiee such as Chewbacca resembles a primitive humanoid bear wearing only a bandolier, containing high-tech energy cartridges for his blaster.


title: Wookiee

text: Wookiees greatly value morality, courage, compassion, and loyalty. A sacred and ancient Wookiee tradition is that of the honor family. An honor family is composed of a Wookiee's closest friends and companions. These family members pledge a commitment to lay down their lives for one another, as well as members of any honor families these individuals may have. Like the similarly sacred Wookiee life debt, Wookiees are willing to extend this tradition to members outside their species. Chewbacca considered Han Solo, Leia Organa Solo, their children, and Luke Skywalker part of his honor family. In the "Solo" film, Han says that the Wookiee words for "tribe/friends" and "family" are so similar he has trouble distinguishing them, apparently, Wookiees themselves don't recognize a significant difference between the two.


title: Wookiee

text: Life Day was a Wookiee time-honored holiday that celebrated family, joy, and harmony - values and tenets of Wookiee culture. Life Day celebrations involved a wearing red robes and journeying to the Tree of Life, which represented the first seed and spark of life on the Wookiee homeworld of Kashyyyk, the tree was decorated with Life Day Orbs and rituals and song were conducted around it. At the end of the celebrations the Wookiees would have a feast with food foraged from the forests of Kashyyyk, in the days before the celebrations. After the oppressive days of the Galactic Empire, Life Day became an annual holiday held after Autumn celebrated throughout the galaxy .


title: Wookiee

text: Wookiees have an understanding of "Star Wars"-universe warfare and fought alongside Republic forces during the Clone Wars. Wookiees were betrayed and enslaved shortly after that conflict, as well as on certain occasions during the war by the Separatist Alliance.


title: Wookiee

text: Some Wookiees are sensitive to the Force. One such Wookiee is Lowbacca, Chewbacca's nephew, from the book series "Young Jedi Knights", although that story is no longer considered canon. However, a young Wookiee named Gungi, who appeared in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, was a Jedi youngling.


title: Wookiee

text: Some Wookiees are also prominent and successful bounty hunters, due to their strength and ferocity. One example of such is Black Krrsantan, a former gladiator and now assassin for hire, though he is considered a dishonorable outcast from Wookiee society.


title: Wookiee

text: The most common Wookiee language is Shyriiwook. However, other dialects used by Wookiees from Kashyyyk are Thykarann and Xaczik. Wookiees are capable of understanding , but generally none are able to speak it because of the structure of Wookiee vocal cords. In the original "Star Wars" trilogy, it seems that Chewbacca can understand humans. His human partner, Han Solo, also shows knowledge of Shyriiwook, or can at least understand Chewbacca; in it is shown that Han does indeed have the ability to speak Shyriiwook at a rudimentary level. In the "Star Wars" expanded universe novels, Chewbacca builds a miniature translator droid ("Em Teedee") for his nephew Lowbacca when he later begins training as a Jedi, to facilitate communications with his fellow students.


title: Wookiee

text: In the "Star Wars" films, Chewbacca carries a "bowcaster", the traditional weapon developed and used by Wookiees. Bowcasters launch quarrels, which are crossbow bolts that through magnetic propulsion appear as elongated blaster bolts due to their velocity. The propulsion technique gives the quarrels extremely high stopping power. Chewbacca in particular is shown to be an excellent shot, killing a Stormtrooper who was attempting to escape on a speeder bike in "Return of the Jedi". The spring that powers the bowcaster is extremely hard to pull back; humans are generally incapable of cocking a bowcaster, although Han Solo was seen to do so.


title: Wookiee

text: Kashyyyk (), also known as Wookiee Planet C, is a fictional planet in the "Star Wars" universe. It is the tropical, forested home world of the Wookiees.


title: Wookiee

text: In the original scripts for "Return of the Jedi", the Second Death Star was to be built in orbit around Kashyyyk by Wookiee slave labor, with the primitive Wookiees ultimately helping the rebels to fight off the Imperial garrison. However, Lucas decided that since the Wookiee Chewbacca, being co-pilot and mechanic on the "Millennium Falcon", was clearly proficient with advanced technology, it would be confusing to show the Wookiees with a primitive, "Stone Age" culture. Endor and the Ewoks were created instead to serve this purpose.


title: Wookiee

text: Lucas has also said that he originally planned Yavin IV, the location of the rebel base in "", to be the Wookiee home planet, but subsequent rewrites changed this to Kashyyyk.


title: Wookiee

text: Kashyyyk was first seen in the "Star Wars Holiday Special" (1978), as the program's frame story takes place there, with the backdrop of the planet being taken directly from concept art by Ralph Mcquarrie. In the "Holiday Special", the first mention of the planet carries the pronunciation "ka-ZOOK".


title: Wookiee

text: The planet's unique biosphere was first detailed in "The Wookiee Storybook". The planet was revealed to be a densely forested planet, on which one can encounter vast plains and island areas suitable for large, sweeping battles. It was in this book that the family of Chewbacca once again appears in a situation similar to that of the Holiday Special. The planet appears in several other books, as well. Among them are:


title: Wookiee

text: Kashyyyk also features in issue #91 of the Marvel Comics "Star Wars" and in the newspaper comic strip "The Kashyyyk Depths", by artist Russ Manning. In the "Chewbacca" comic series, set during the New Jedi Order era, many scenes are set on Kashyyyk as well. It is written as 'Kazhyyk' in "Way of the Wookiee!" in the Marvel Illustrated Books. November 1981.


title: Wookiee

text: Kashyyyk also appears in the video games "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Star Wars Battlefront II", and "". The latter takes place 4000 years before the Galactic Empire, with the Wookiees being oppressed by the slavers of Czerka Corporation. In addition, Kashyyyk appears in the 2019 video game "".


title: Wookiee

text: Kashyyyk also appears in the various Disney theme parks attraction Star Tours – The Adventures Continue.


title: Wookiee

text: In the millennia before the rise of the Galactic Republic, Kashyyyk was a member world of the Infinite Empire. Its surface was terraformed by the Rakata, resulting in the abnormally large foliage which still covers the planet's surface in modern times. Its ecology can be politely described as a "layered deathtrap", the planet's surface being encompassed in shadow by wroshyr trees that are many miles high. The dangerous and hostile animals increase closer to the forest floor. Hidden on the planet's surface is a Star Map, another piece in the puzzle of the location of the .


title: Wookiee

text: When Kashyyyk was discovered by the Czerka Corporation's explorers, around 4,000 BBY (Before the Battle of Yavin), it was given the catalogue name G5-623, sometimes known as Edean. Czerka conducted extensive Wookiee-slaving operations on "Edean", as well as hunting several of its species almost to extinction.


title: Wookiee

text: During the epic Clone Wars of 22 to 19 years BBY, Kashyyyk fought on the side of the Galactic Republic. During one such battle, Yoda of the Jedi Council flew to Kashyyyk to assist in the fighting. This particular battle, known as the Battle of Kashyyyk, would be one of the last few battles fought in the Clone Wars before the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire. During this battle, Order 66 was initiated and Commander Gree, along with an unidentified Clone Scout Trooper, attempted to kill Yoda. The clone duo failed to kill the Jedi master and they were both decapitated. Yoda later escaped with the help from his friends and prominent Wookiees, Chewbacca and Tarfful. After this, the clones successfully defended the planet from Separatist advances. Quinlan Vos (who survived, but was wounded) was on Kashyyyk during Order 66, as was Luminara Unduli (who was killed by Commander Faie). Also, unknown to some, just before Order 66 was given, an elite squad of clones known as had arrived, delaying the Separatist forces advance on Kashyyyk, before the arrival of Republic reinforcements.


title: Wookiee

text: During the period of the Galactic Empire's reign, Kashyyyk, like all other planets in the galaxy, was forced into obeying the policies of the Empire. On one such occasion, following the destruction of the first Death Star, the Empire, under the direction of Darth Vader, went on a search for the rebels responsible. Kashyyyk was put under a blockade, along with Tatooine, in an attempt to locate Han Solo and Chewbacca. It was on a day when Chewbacca was returning home to his family to celebrate the sacred Wookiee holiday of Life Day that the Empire raided Chewie's home. They did not find him.


title: Wookiee

text: Following the defeat of the Empire, Kashyyyk joined the New Republic and its successor state the Galactic Alliance, formed by the leaders of the Rebel Alliance. In the novel "Inferno", large portions of Kashyyyk are destroyed in retaliation for their acceptance of several Jedi who opposed Darth Caedus's regime.


title: Wookiee

text: Chewbacca is the loyal friend of Han Solo, and serves as first mate and co-pilot on Solo's spaceship, the "Millennium Falcon". As such, he appears in seven of the main "Star Wars" films, episodes III through IX, as well as in "". He swore a life-debt to Han Solo and accompanied him on his smuggling career only visiting his family once a year for "Life Day" celebrations.


title: Wookiee

text: Itchy, Chewbacca's father, is a wookiee chieftain aged 350–375 years old who lived during the last centuries of the Galactic Empire. He lived in a treehouse with his daughter-in-law and grandson. He liked to carve wooden toys for his grandson Lumpy. He also liked to use a "mind evaporator" for entertainment. In his later years, he served in the Battle of Kashyyyk during the clone wars.


title: Wookiee

text: Lumpy is the son of Chewbacca and his wife Malla. As a child, Lumpy was raised by his mother and grandfather, Itchy, while Chewbacca served his life debt to Han Solo. In 1 ABY, Lumpy was at home with his family on Life Day as they prepared to receive Chewbacca and Han Solo for a celebration donning red robes under the Tree of Life. Afterwards, Lumpy and his family returned to their treehouse for a Life Day feast.


title: Wookiee

text: Malla is the wife of Chewbacca and mother to their son Lumpy. However she did not see much of her husband, due to the life debt he had to Han Solo. Despite this, Chewbacca returned once per year (with Han's blessing) to celebrate Life Day with the family. Malla enjoyed cooking and was known for her meal of "bantha surprise", and her famous "Wookiee-ookies".


title: Wookiee

text: Lowbacca is a Jedi knight and the nephew of Chewbacca. He studied at Luke Skywalker's Jedi Praxeum and was a companion of Jaina Solo. He wielded a bronze-bladed lightsaber.


title: Wookiee

text: Gungi is a male Wookiee who is training to be a Jedi. Gungi appears in . Gungi was trained by Ahsoka Tano and was in the top of his class. He is set to appear in season 2 of "".


title: Wookiee

text: Black Krrsantan first appeared in the "Darth Vader" comic series as an antagonist, and later appeared in "The Book of Boba Fett", where he is an assassin for the Hutt Twins. He attacked Boba Fett while he slept in his bacta tank.


title: Wookiee

text: In "A New Hope", when Chewbacca is upset after losing a game of dejarik (a game similar to chess) against R2-D2, Han Solo says "It's not wise to upset a Wookiee...droids don't pull people's arms out of their sockets when they lose. Wookiees are known to do that". In response C-3PO says "I suggest a new strategy, R2: let the Wookiee win". This phrase (sometimes referred to by its initialism LTWW) has gained the proverbial meaning of "In trivial disputes, let the person who cares more have their way." It can also be interpreted as advice to avoid arguments, especially those with shallow motivation such as to appear more intelligent than one's opponent. The phrase and the attitude it expresses have been criticized as potentially justifying the enabling of an abuser.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Circle of Friends is a 1995 film directed by Irish filmmaker Pat O'Connor, and based on the 1990 novel of the same name written by Maeve Binchy.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Set in 1950s Ireland, the film relates the experiences of Bernadette "Benny" Hogan and her friends: Eve Malone and Nan Mahon. They are characterised during their First Communion: Benny is the beloved and well-fed only child of a tailor with a shop, Eve is the orphan reared by nuns and Nan is destined to be defined by her beauty. They grow up in the small town of Knockglen. Eight years later, Nan has moved to Dublin, and Benny and Eve have graduated from convent school and are heading to Dublin and university.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Eve's education is financed by the local landowning Westward Protestant family, who employed her father before his death. She has also been granted one of their estate cottages. She boards at a Dublin convent, while Benny commutes between home and Dublin, her parents being loath to lose her. They wish her to marry the creepy Sean Walsh, her father's employee, to secure the business's future.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: In Dublin, the two girls reconnect with a mature, sophisticated Nan who is aware of her beauty. Benny falls for Jack Foley, a handsome rugby player and doctor's son studying medicine, though he is not convinced of this career. After the College Ball, they begin a relationship, Eve dates Aidan, a friend of Jack's, and Nan becomes involved with the older Simon Westward, heir to the estate. While Benny resists sex with Jack, Nan does not with Simon, believing he truly loves her.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: When Benny's father dies, she suspends studies to care for her devastated mother and run the family shop. Sean attempts to woo her. Benny notices funds are missing and suspects Sean is involved but lacks proof.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Eve's cottage serves as a party location for the women. Nan and Simon visit it secretly. Nan becomes pregnant and tells Simon, sure he will marry her but Simon says he must marry for money to maintain the family estate. He offers her money for an abortion in England. A desperate Nan seeks Aidan, but runs into Jack, who has not seen Benny since her father's funeral. She convinces him to take her to a party and lures him into sex, later pretending that he got her pregnant. Jack is honourable and offers marriage. He tells Benny and she is devastated. Eve suspects someone is using the cottage after finding a half-burned newspaper. The convent nuns have told her they have seen lights and chimney smoke. Nan have suggested the cottage was haunted to conceal her secret meetings.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Eve throws another party, which a still devastated Benny attends. Nan, oblivious to the pain she has caused, convinces Jack they should attend, though he feels uneasy about it. Nan seeks out Eve, bringing her presents. An enraged Eve, having guessed Simon fathered Nan's baby, threatens to tell Jack the truth and comes towards Nan waving a bread knife. Nan falls into a glass door, severing an artery and so bleeding profusely. Jack comes to her aid. Benny, seeing them attending to Nan, leaves.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Jack tries to contact Benny but she refuses to answer. Though learning of Nan's deception, he escorts her to the harbour despite her protests that he has no responsibility. She asks for forgiveness and heads to England for her delivery (or an illegal abortion).


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: Curiosity over the fraud leads Benny to search Sean's living area. She finds pornographic pictures of fat women. Sean finds her there and attempts to sexually assault her. She fights him off, then finds the money he has embezzled. She demands he leave or she will call the Guards.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: After Jack sees Nan off, he tries to win Benny back. He explains that aiding Nan made his hesitations over medicine disappear and that he loves her and never loved Nan. Benny tells him his actions have changed her and their relationship and they must take their time.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: In a voiceover, Benny says Jack addressed his studies and pursued her, while she moved to Dublin to share a flat with Eve. A paper Benny writes causes a stir and points towards her career as a writer. In time, she falls in love with Jack again. The final scene shows her taking Jack to Eve's cottage. As he follows her inside, Benny says "Bless me father, for I have sinned," implying they have finally consummated their courtship.


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: There are several differences between the film script and the novel it is based on, the most notable being that Benny and Jack do not reunite at the end of the book. Other key differences include:


title: Circle of Friends (1995 film)

text: "Circle of Friends" was positively received by critics, as the film holds a 78% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 36 reviews.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: A meerschaum pipe is a smoking pipe made from the mineral sepiolite, also known as meerschaum. Meerschaum (, German for "sea foam") is sometimes found floating on the Black Sea and is rather suggestive of sea foam (hence the German origin of the name, as well as the French name for the same substance, ).


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: The first recorded use of meerschaum for making pipes was around 1723. It quickly became prized as the perfect material for providing a cool, dry, flavorful smoke. Because of the porous nature of meerschaum moisture and tobacco tar are drawn deep into the stone. Meerschaum became a premium substitute for the clay pipes of the day and remains prized to this day, although since the mid-1800s briar pipes have become the most common pipes for smoking.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: The use of briar wood, beginning in the early 1820s, greatly reduced demand for clay pipes and, to a lesser degree, meerschaum pipes. The qualities of meerschaum were combined with those of briar pipes by lining briar pipes with meerschaum bowls. Some smokers believe that meerschaum-lined briar pipes give the porosity and sweet-smoking qualities of meerschaum along with the heat-absorbing qualities and durability of briar. However, meerschaum must be cool before a pipe can be cleaned, and briar must be rested after a few days of smoking, so the combination comes with some of the drawbacks of both materials. The thinness of the lining can affect how long a pipe lasts and some smokers do not clean out their pipes, causing the meerschaum to crack.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: When smoked, meerschaum pipes gradually change color, and old meerschaum pipes will turn incremental shades of yellow, orange, red, and amber from the base on up. When prepared for use as a pipe, the natural nodules are first scraped to remove the red earthy matrix, then dried, again scraped and polished with wax. The crudely shaped masses thus prepared are turned and carved, smoothed with glass-paper, heated in wax or stearine, and finally polished with bone-ash.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: Carved Turkish meerschaum products were traditionally made in manufacturing centers such as Vienna. Since the 1970s, though, Turkey has banned the exportation of meerschaum nodules, trying to set up a local meerschaum industry. The once famous manufacturers have therefore disappeared and European pipe producers turned to others sources for their pipes.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: Another variation of meerschaum pipe is the calabash pipe made iconic by William Gillette's stage portrayal of Sherlock Holmes. The calabash is a gourd similar to a squash, grown specifically for use in pipes. The shape is determined as the gourd grows by placing small blocks under the stem, forcing it into a gentle curve. The mature gourd is cut and dried, then fitted with a cork gasket to receive a meerschaum bowl. The finished pipe offers one of the coolest, driest smokes available.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: In Somalia and Djibouti, meerschaum is used to make the dabqaad, a traditional incense burner. The mineral is mined in the district of El Buur, the latter of which serves as a center for quarrying. El Buur is also the place of origin of the local pipe-making industry.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: The soft, white, earthy mineral from Långbanshyttan, in Värmland, Sweden, known as aphrodite (), is closely related to meerschaum. It is a synonym for the smectite clay: stevensite.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: In the 2004 film "National Treasure", the second clue to the treasure is found hidden inside a Meerschaum pipe. Later on in the film, the tobacco holder of said pipe acts as a key to opening the treasure vault.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: In the season 1 episode 10 of the television show "The Dick Van Dyke Show" "The Meershatz Pipe", the pipe is referenced and seen throughout the episode.


title: Meerschaum pipe

text: In Season 2 Episode 9 of "Leave it to Beaver" "The Pipe", Beaver is convinced to try smoking a Meerschaum pipe that Fred Rutherford had sent to his father by his best friend Larry.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Born in Cleveland, Ohio and raised in Miami, Florida, Arsham was 12 when Hurricane Andrew destroyed his childhood home. This traumatic event has been a continuous theme through his work. Arsham attended the Design and Architecture High School and was awarded a full scholarship to The Cooper Union in New York City.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: After graduating from school, Arsham moved back to Miami and started an exhibition space called "The House" with several artist friends. It was through The House that Daniel met Emmanuel Perrotin in 2004. By 2005, Gallerie Perrotin (Paris) represented Daniel Arsham.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Soon thereafter Arsham was invited to create stage design and tour with choreographer Merce Cunningham's Dance Company leading to ongoing stage design practice and a sustained collaboration with choreographer and former Cunningham dancer, Jonah Bokaer.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Arsham founded Snarkitecture with Alex Mustonen in 2007. The architecture collaboration has included work with fashion brands, interior and architectural design, and a complete line of functional design objects.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2014 Arsham established a film company called Films of the Future. This production company synthesizes all of Arsham's creative output over the previous decade, creating a visual setting in which his otherworldly and futuristic artwork might exist. His debut series, "Future Relic", consists of nine short films which depict a future civilization before and after Earth undergoes major ecological changes. The series also includes sculptures of petrified twentieth-century media artifacts constructed to look like artifacts decaying from obsolescence.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Arsham's most recent film series entitled Hourglass is a trio of films created in collaboration with Adidas. The trilogy follows an autobiographical story of Daniel in the past, present, and future as he travels through time wearing Adidas Originals X Daniel Arsham collaborative sneakers.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2014, Arsham was named as one of Hypebeast's HB100 list, and has continued to remain on the Top 100 list to date.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Some of Arsham's more recent collaborative endeavors exist in the fashion world. These include projects with brands such as Tiffany, Adidas, Dior, Toraichi, Byredo, Rimowa, and Porsche. The collaboration between Daniel Arsham X Dior SS20 includes apparel, jewelry, accessories, and shoes inspired by Arsham's sculptures and artwork.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Arsham's work has been shown at PS1 in New York, The Museum of Contemporary Art in Miami, The Athens Bienniale in Athens, Greece, The New Museum in New York, Mills College Art Museum in Oakland, Cincinnati CAC, SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah GA, California and Carré d'Art de Nîmes, France, among others.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2006, modern dance choreographer Merce Cunningham asked Arsham to design the set, lighting and costumes for his piece, "eyeSpace." The performance premiered in 2007 at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in downtown Miami. Arsham, the youngest artist invited to work with the company, was also the last artist to collaborate with Cunningham before the choreographer's death in 2009. The two worked on a series of performances as part of the Festival National de Danse de Val-de-Marne. For these performances, Cunningham asked Arsham to recreate the style of set design originally explored by Merce and Robert Rauschenberg.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2005, Arsham was commissioned by fashion designer Hedi Slimane to design the fitting rooms for Dior Homme's Los Angeles shop. Slimane's only limitations were that the rooms have "a hook, a seat and a mirror." Arsham's design incorporates his signature plaster erosions: the white fitting room walls seem to melt onto the bench, the mirror appears to have been excavated from the wall.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2007, Jonah Bokaer performed choreography inspired by Arsham's work at Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin in Paris. Bokaer, previously a dancer for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, is a media-artist and choreographer. Bokaer and Arsham collaborated on "REPLICA," a piece that incorporates built space, objects, and lighting in an exploration of memory loss, pattern recognition, and perceptual faculties. The performance had its world premier at IVAM in Valencia, Spain as part of Robert Wilson (director) exhibition "Frontiers." "REPLICA" toured and performed at The New Museum in New York City and Harman Center for the Arts in Washington, DC.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Their new collaboration "Why Patterns" combines Arsham's architectural practice Snarkitecture with his performance work with Bokaer. "Why Patterns" had its world premier at Rotterdamse Schouwburg in Rotterdam, Netherlands in February 2010. The dance's U.S. premiere took place at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival in Massachusetts in August 2011.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Kim Jones, artistic director of Dior Men, enlisted Arsham's help in the Spring/Summer 2020 season. Arsham did the runway set design for the show, created ad campaigns, and released a 'Future Relics' capsule of iconic Dior collectibles. The collection includes wardrobe staples, jewelry, sneakers, and hats inspired by Arsham's artwork.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Japanese illustrator Hajime Sorayama approached Arsham in 2017 with an idea for a collaborative work. Two years later this idea came to fruition when the Japanese art dealer Nanzuka's "2G" studio displayed Arsham & Sorayama's work. One of the more popular pieces is a female robot arm made by Sorayama holding hands with Arsham's eroded crystal arm.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Longtime friends Ronnie Fieg and Daniel Arsham have collaborated on numerous projects. Snarkitecture has designed six KITH stores, located in New York, Miami, and Los Angeles among others. In June 2017, Daniel Arsham and adidas' New Installation opened at KITH New York. The store was transformed into an "audio, visual and tactile experience" with a functioning New York payphone as the centerpiece, painted in adidas' signature blue. October 2017 marked the opening of the Arsham Fieg gallery located inside KITH New York. The gallery has had exhibitions from FriendsWithYou, Evren Erol, Youn Lee, Mike Lee and Sam Friedman.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Snarkitecture is a collaborative practice established by Arsham and architect Alex Mustonen in 2008. Rather than make architecture, the interest of Snarkitecture lies in the exploration of existing materials within a space and how they might be manipulated to serve a new and imaginative purpose. The firm makes architecture do things it is not intended to do. In collaboration with Arsham, the practice has been commissioned for two public art projects at the new Marlins Park.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Daniel Arsham/Snarkitecture were selected as one of three artists to contribute artwork to the new baseball stadium located on the site of the Orange Bowl near downtown Miami, scheduled to open in 2012. Their project for the illumination of the four super columns supporting the retractable roof gives the illusion of the columns being concealed and revealed through as light fades up and down the columns. A second project for a marker to commemorate the site of the former Orange Bowl reimagines the letters from the former Orange Bowl sign as 10 foot concrete letters dispersed in various positions through the east plaza of the new ballpark. The letters are arranged so that they appear to spell different words as visitors move through the plaza.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In 2018 the pair created "Dig," an architectural intervention at Storefront for Art and Architecture in New York City. As an investigation of the "architecture of excavation," Storefront's gallery space was infilled with a solid volume of EPS architectural foam that was then excavated by hand using hand tools to create "a cavernous space for work and play." Snarkitecture also designed the A+ Award for the online publication Architizer.


title: Daniel Arsham

text: Recently, Daniel Arsham and Alex Mustonen started a scholarship at Cooper Union called the Snarkitecture Commencement prize. This prize is awarded to a graduating student who "demonstrates a committed interest in exploring the peripheries of their discipline in pursuit of the unexpected."


title: Daniel Arsham

text: In January 2022, Daniel Arsham released an animated Pokémon short titled ""A Ripple in Time" by Pokémon × Daniel Arsham", via the official Japanese Pokémon YouTube channel, with English subtitles offered. The short was screened at Nanzuka Underground in Tokyo, Japan from February 12 to March 27, 2022. Daniel Arsham himself was the primary inspiration behind a trainer who battled Ash Ketchum in the opening scenes.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Rick Famuyiwa (born June 18, 1973) is an American director, producer and screenwriter of productions including "The Wood" (1999), "Brown Sugar" (2002), "Talk to Me" (2007), "Dope" (2015), and "Confirmation" (2016). His films have been nominated for or won multiple awards, including in 2008, when he received an award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture for the film "Talk To Me" (2008).


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Famuyiwa grew up near Los Angeles, California in Inglewood. The son of Nigerian immigrants, Famuyiwa is a second-generation American. Reflecting on his time in Inglewood, Famuyiwa recounts, "People come to L.A. and they expect to see a ghetto like the projects, but that's not the way it's set up. Inglewood, in particular, is the furthest thing from a ghetto. It's a middle-class community, but it's gotten a bad rap over the years...because of "Grand Canyon" and "Pulp Fiction" and other films."


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: After high school, Famuyiwa attended the University of Southern California (USC) and double-majored in cinematic arts film & television production and cinematic arts critical studies. During his time at the university, Famuyiwa worked intimately with film professor Todd Boyd, who would later help write and produce his first feature film. In 1996, prior to graduation, Famuyiwa created a 12-minute short film entitled "Blacktop Lingo" that garnered critical positive feedback and led to his invitation to the Sundance Filmmaker's Institute. In 1997, during his time at the Sundance Director's Lab, Famuyiwa put the finishing touches on "The Wood", his first feature film.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Famuyiwa's first feature film, "The Wood" is a semi-autobiographical account of his upbringing in Inglewood. Working at


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: the Beverly Hills Niketown while formulating the script, Famuyiwa wanted his first film to be reminiscent of his family and his friends. Famuyiwa and his family had moved to Inglewood while he was in junior high and "The Wood", which Famuyiwa wrote and directed, reflects select experiences he had with his close friends and family.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: During his time at the Sundance Director's Lab, Famuyiwa perfected the film's script and identified close to half of the cast, Omar Epps and Taye Diggs included. In the film, the characters played by Epps and Richard T. Jones struggle to bring Diggs' character back to consciousness after he unexpectedly becomes intoxicated a couple hours before his own wedding. While attempting to sober him up and bring him back to reality, the three friends from junior high reminisce on their times as adolescents in "the Wood," an affectionate abbreviation for their hometown of Inglewood.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: The film was produced by MTV Films and was released on July 16, 1999. Speaking of his partnership with MTV for "The Wood", Famuyiwa states, "[MTV Films] had the best concept and could deal with it better because it was young, [it had] the music and they wanted to make a film with predominantly African-American characters." "The Wood" was produced for an estimated cost of $6 million and went on to gross over $25 million at the box office in the United States alone.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Famuyiwa once again employed a predominantly African American cast (some of the actors also played roles in "The Wood") in "Brown Sugar", lifelong friends Dre, played by Taye Diggs, and Sidney, played by Sanaa Lathan, cross paths and although each has their respective responsibilities and obligations to their significant others, they ultimately find that their affections for one another extend beyond platonic friendship. Hip-hop music plays an intricate part in the film as both Dre and Sidney are connected through their passion for the music genre and culture that emanates from it.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "Brown Sugar" was released on October 11, 2002. The film was marketed extensively by distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures and made $10 million in its opening weekend, ultimately grossing close to $28 million nationwide.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "Talk to Me" was co-written by Famuyiwa with the film's inspiration's son, Michael Genet, and close friend Kasi Lemmons ultimately directed the film.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In the film, influential 1960s African American radio personality Ralph "Petey" Greene and his contributions to American popular culture and the Civil Rights Movement are chronicled. The film explores the construction of race and race relations during this volatile period of American history.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "Talk to Me" was released on August 3, 2007. The independent film grossed $400,000 in its opening weekend and nationwide, the film made close to $5 million.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "Our Family Wedding" starring Forest Whitaker, America Ferrera, Carlos Mencia, and Lance Gross. Famuyiwa first became attached to the project two years prior, in 2008, when the presidential campaign was in full swing. With Barack Obama possibly becoming the first African American president, Famuyiwa was interested in making a film that would be reflective of the exciting, changing times. Recounting on the film, Famuyiwa expresses, "At the time the entire debate seemed to be around Hispanics voting for an African-American president. We've all seen these projections of how society is going to look in 50 years. We're all going to have to deal with each other culturally. It felt like a great opportunity to tell that story without being preachy."


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "The New York Times" critiqued the film saying, "Like weddings, wedding movies have their traditions: the dress is white and, usually, so are the characters. Fox Searchlight's "Our Family Wedding", which opens this Friday, subverts that custom…"


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In "Our Family Wedding", two college students, portrayed by Ferrera and Gross, decide to get married and must break the news to their family and loved ones. Commenting on his film, Famuyiwa states, "Wedding films are always about the differences between people but they haven't quite dealt with African Americans and Latinos."


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: "Dope" (2015), both written and directed by Famuyiwa, is a coming-of-age film that premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, winning the Best Editing award for the work of editor Lee Haugen. It stars Shameik Moore, Tony Revolori, Kiersey Clemons, Blake Anderson, Zoë Kravitz, and A$AP Rocky.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Famuyiwa directed "Confirmation" (2016), an HBO original movie. The film starred Kerry Washington as Anita Hill, and depicted the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination, as Hill testified that Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In June 2016, Famuyiwa was announced as the director for "The Flash" after Seth Grahame-Smith dropped from the project.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In October 2016, Famuyiwa left the project. He had been on board since June developing the project, even overseeing the castings of Kiersey Clemons and Billy Crudup in key roles. Famuyiwa gave a statement to "The Hollywood Reporter" on the matter:


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: When I was approached by Warner Bros and DC about the possibility of directing "The Flas"h, I was excited about the opportunity to enter this amazing world of characters that I loved growing up, and still do to this day. I was also excited to work with Ezra Miller, who is a phenomenal young actor. I pitched a version of the film in line with my voice, humor, and heart. While it's disappointing that we couldn't come together creatively on the project, I remain grateful for the opportunity. I will continue to look for opportunities to tell stories that speak to a fresh generational, topical, and multicultural point of view. I wish Warner Brothers, DC, Jon Berg, Geoff Johns, and Ezra Miller all the best as they continue their journey into the speed force.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In 2003, Famuyiwa served on a panel of directors for a discussion conducted by the Directors Guild of America African American Steering Committee. In the panel, other African American directors Kasi Lemmons and Gary Hardwick joined Famuyiwa as they discussed the challenges and opportunities faced by African American directors in the cinema industry. Reflecting on his own experiences of securing funding and support for his films, Famuyiwa believes that there are still many stereotypes and barriers to break down in the industry in order for African Americans to be accredited the respect they deserve.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: A common belief and reality for African American filmmakers like Famuyiwa is that films with a majority black cast and direction often face obstacles in securing funding and support for such projects. Famuyiwa explains that there is a formula to be followed in order for anything to happen for a black director saying, "Make it under $10 million, put this much into marketing, make 25 to 35 million dollars and we'll walk away with a profitable film. And as long as you can deliver scripts that are under $10 million with no effects, that you can shoot in 30 days and get back 'X' amount, I think you can always have a steady stream of a certain kind of film."


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: While working on "The Wood", Famuyiwa experienced difficulties in generating the kind of support he would need to make the film a box office hit. In sum, it was hard for Famuyiwa to have others take him seriously at times. Although the film did recuperate its costs, it did not reap the kinds of financial success that major Hollywood directors often experience, some say because of the African American cast or that it was directed and written by an African American.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: Famuyiwa's films mainly explore themes of racial diversity and acceptance of oneself and others, especially within communities of color. In the majority of Famuyiwa's films, friendship plays a central role to the characters' development and progression throughout the film.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In 2000, The Black Reel Awards nominated Famuyiwa for Best Director (Theatrical) for his work on "The Wood". Later on that year, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Image Awards nominated The Wood for Outstanding Motion Picture.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In 2003, after completing work on "Brown Sugar" Famuyiwa was once again nominated by the NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Motion Picture.


title: Rick Famuyiwa

text: In 2008, while working on "Our Family Wedding", Famuyiwa was recognized for his work on Kasi Lemmons' "Talk To Me" by the NAACP Image Awards. The Association nominated "Talk To Me" for Outstanding Motion Picture and Famuyiwa won for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture (Theatrical or Television).


title: Timeline of Japanese history

text: This is a timeline of Japanese history, comprising important legal, territorial and cultural changes and political events in Japan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Japan.


title: Timeline of Japanese history

text: Very little is known about the 5th century in Japan. The period was definitely marked by volatile inter-state warfare, complex alliances, submissions and betrayals. Some of the more constant Yamato polity partners were Baekje and Gaya confederacy, while enemies included Goguryeo, Silla and various Chinese groups. All of the records of the era either did not survive or are contentious.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang Jingchu (, born 2 February 1980) is a Chinese film actress. Zhang is best known for winning the China Film Media Award Best Actress award for the 2005 film "Peacock", which was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang was born on 2 February 1980 in Fujian Province, China. Zhang was brought up in a middle-class family in the countryside.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang studied English in Beijing New Oriental Institute, a private language educational school in Beijing, China. Zhang graduated in Directing from Central Academy of Drama in Beijing, China.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang's acting career began in both film and television in 2000. In 2005, she transitioned into an international films. Zhang came into international prominence through director Gu Changwei's debut film "Peacock", which won the Silver Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. She was picked from 1,000 applicants for her role as a petulant, conniving homebound daughter who tries to chart her own course in life. Following which, she got a role in Tsui Hark's martial arts film "Seven Swords", which opened the Venice Film Festival in August 2005.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: "Huayao Bride in Shangri-la" (2005), and won the Beijing College Student Film Festival for Best Actress. She was named one of "Asia's Heroes" by "Time magazine".


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: In 2006, Zhang was cast as the tough-talking heroine in the Finnish-Chinese kungfu movie "Jade Warrior", directed by A. J. Annila. The same year, she starred in romantic drama "The Road" directed by Lu Chuan. Zhang won over the audience with the maturity she shows in her acting, and her extraordinary ability to touch hearts by interpreting the different stages of a Chinese woman's life. She won the Best Actress award at the 30th Cairo International Film Festival.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang then starred in Derek Yee's drug smuggling film "Protégé" (2007). Her portrayal of a woman who is forced to struggle between drug addiction and herself won praises from both the audience and critics. The same year, she made her Hollywood film debut in "Rush Hour 3" alongside Jackie Chan.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang worked with German director Florian Gallenberger in the film "John Rabe" (2008), where she plays a college student whose family suffers in the Japanese invasion of Nanjing.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: She then starred in Ann Hui's film "Night and Fog", a social commentary film which sheds light on Hong Kong immigrants from China. Her portrayal of the protagonist Ling, a woman who struggles with an abusive husband won rave reviews from critics and was described as a "turning point" in her career. The same year, she starred in "Red River" where she played a mentally-challenged Vietnamese girl.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang next starred in Feng Xiaogang's disaster film "Aftershock" (2010), playing a girl who separates from her mother after the Tangshan earthquake and becomes a rescue worker. Zhang also takes part in earthquake relief efforts in real life. She is the ambassador of the charity SiyuanAOC Rainbow Plan, founded by China Siyuan Foundation for Poverty Alleviation and AOC Monitor.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang then took a six-month break from the entertainment industry, stating that she was disappointed by the commercial nature of her recent roles. During this time, she served as a jury member at the Shanghai International Film Festival. She returned to the screen in the romantic comedy "Laucana" (2012) co-starring Shawn Yue.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: In 2013, she starred in the action thriller "Switch" alongside Andy Lau. She also starred in the Italian film "The Mercury Factor" alongside Luca Barbareschi. In April 2013, Zhang was on location in Jerusalem, where she starred in "The Old Cinderella". Since China and Israel established diplomatic relations, this was the first joint film project.


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: Zhang next featured in "" (2015). The same year, she was cast in the film adaptation of the best-selling novel, "The Three-Body Problem".


title: Zhang Jingchu

text: In 2017, Zhang was cast in the thriller film "Once Upon a Time in Northeast China"; as well as crime action film "Wings Over Everest".


title: Scrub typhus

text: Scrub typhus or bush typhus is a form of typhus caused by the intracellular parasite "Orientia tsutsugamushi", a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium of family Rickettsiaceae first isolated and identified in 1930 in Japan.