title: Point spread function

text: The degree of spreading (blurring) in the image of a point object for an imaging system is a measure of the quality of the imaging system. In non-coherent imaging systems, such as fluorescent microscopes, telescopes or optical microscopes, the image formation process is linear in the image intensity and described by a linear system theory. This means that when two objects A and B are imaged simultaneously by a non-coherent imaging system, the resulting image is equal to the sum of the independently imaged objects. In other words: the imaging of A is unaffected by the imaging of B and "vice versa", owing to the non-interacting property of photons. In space-invariant systems, i.e. those in which the PSF is the same everywhere in the imaging space, the image of a complex object is then the convolution of the that object and the PSF. The PSF can be derived from diffraction integrals.


title: Point spread function

text: the image of an object in a microscope or telescope as a non-coherent imaging system can be computed by expressing the object-plane field as a weighted sum of 2D impulse functions, and then expressing the image plane field as a weighted sum of the "images" of these impulse functions. This is known as the "superposition principle", valid for linear systems. The images of the individual object-plane impulse functions are called point spread functions (PSF), reflecting the fact that a mathematical "point" of light in the object plane is "spread" out to form a finite area in the image plane. (In some branches of mathematics and physics, these might be referred to as Green's functions or impulse response functions. PSFs are considered impulse response functions for imaging systems. )


title: Point spread function

text: When the object is divided into discrete point objects of varying intensity, the image is computed as a sum of the PSF of each point. As the PSF is typically determined entirely by the imaging system (that is, microscope or telescope), the entire image can be described by knowing the optical properties of the system. This imaging process is usually formulated by a convolution equation. In microscope image processing and astronomy, knowing the PSF of the measuring device is very important for restoring the (original) object with deconvolution. For the case of laser beams, the PSF can be mathematically modeled using the concepts of Gaussian beams. For instance, deconvolution of the mathematically modeled PSF and the image, improves visibility of features and removes imaging noise.


title: Point spread function

text: The point spread function may be independent of position in the object plane, in which case it is called "shift invariant". In addition, if there is no distortion in the system, the image plane coordinates are linearly related to the object plane coordinates via the magnification "M" as:


title: Point spread function

text: If the imaging system produces an inverted image, we may simply regard the image plane coordinate axes as being reversed from the object plane axes. With these two assumptions, i.e., that the PSF is shift-invariant "and" that there is no distortion, calculating the image plane convolution integral is a straightforward process.


title: Point spread function

text: i.e., as a sum over weighted impulse functions, although this is also really just stating the sifting property of 2D delta functions (discussed further below). Rewriting the object transmittance function in the form above allows us to calculate the image plane field as the superposition of the images of each of the individual impulse functions, i.e., as a superposition over weighted point spread functions in the image plane using the "same" weighting function as in the object plane, i.e., formula_3. Mathematically, the image is expressed as:


title: Point spread function

text: The 2D impulse function may be regarded as the limit (as side dimension "w" tends to zero) of the "square post" function, shown in the figure below.


title: Point spread function

text: We imagine the object plane as being decomposed into square areas such as this, with each having its own associated square post function. If the height, "h", of the post is maintained at 1/w, then as the side dimension "w" tends to zero, the height, "h", tends to infinity in such a way that the volume (integral) remains constant at 1. This gives the 2D impulse the sifting property (which is implied in the equation above), which says that when the 2D impulse function, δ("x" − "u","y" − "v"), is integrated against any other continuous function, , it "sifts out" the value of "f" at the location of the impulse, i.e., at the point .


title: Point spread function

text: The concept of a perfect point source object is central to the idea of PSF. However, there is no such thing in nature as a perfect mathematical point source radiator; the concept is completely non-physical and is rather a mathematical construct used to model and understand optical imaging systems. The utility of the point source concept comes from the fact that a point source in the 2D object plane can only radiate a perfect uniform-amplitude, spherical wave — a wave having perfectly spherical, outward travelling phase fronts with uniform intensity everywhere on the spheres (see Huygens–Fresnel principle). Such a source of uniform spherical waves is shown in the figure below. We also note that a perfect point source radiator will not only radiate a uniform spectrum of propagating plane waves, but a uniform spectrum of exponentially decaying (evanescent) waves as well, and it is these which are responsible for resolution finer than one wavelength (see Fourier optics). This follows from the following Fourier transform expression for a 2D impulse function,


title: Point spread function

text: The quadratic lens intercepts a "portion" of this spherical wave, and refocuses it onto a blurred point in the image plane. For a single lens, an on-axis point source in the object plane produces an Airy disc PSF in the image plane. It can be shown (see Fourier optics, Huygens–Fresnel principle, Fraunhofer diffraction) that the field radiated by a planar object (or, by reciprocity, the field converging onto a planar image) is related to its corresponding source (or image) plane distribution via a Fourier transform (FT) relation. In addition, a uniform function over a circular area (in one FT domain) corresponds to in the other FT domain, where is the first-order Bessel function of the first kind. That is, a uniformly-illuminated circular aperture that passes a converging uniform spherical wave yields an Airy disk image at the focal plane. A graph of a sample Airy disk is shown in the adjoining figure.


title: Point spread function

text: Therefore, the converging ("partial") spherical wave shown in the figure above produces an Airy disc in the image plane. The argument of the function is important, because this determines the "scaling" of the Airy disc (in other words, how big the disc is in the image plane). If Θ is the maximum angle that the converging waves make with the lens axis, "r" is radial distance in the image plane, and wavenumber "k" = 2π/λ where λ = wavelength, then the argument of the function is: . If Θ is small (only a small portion of the converging spherical wave is available to form the image), then radial distance, r, has to be very large before the total argument of the function moves away from the central spot. In other words, if Θ is small, the Airy disc is large (which is just another statement of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle for Fourier Transform pairs, namely that small extent in one domain corresponds to wide extent in the other domain, and the two are related via the "space-bandwidth product"). By virtue of this, high magnification systems, which typically have small values of Θ (by the Abbe sine condition), can have more blur in the image, owing to the broader PSF. The size of the PSF is proportional to the magnification, so that the blur is no worse in a relative sense, but it is definitely worse in an absolute sense.


title: Point spread function

text: The figure above illustrates the truncation of the incident spherical wave by the lens. In order to measure the point spread function — or impulse response function — of the lens, a perfect point source that radiates a perfect spherical wave in all directions of space is not needed. This is because the lens has only a finite (angular) bandwidth, or finite intercept angle. Therefore, any angular bandwidth contained in the source, which extends past the edge angle of the lens (i.e., lies outside the bandwidth of the system), is essentially wasted source bandwidth because the lens can't intercept it in order to process it. As a result, a perfect point source is not required in order to measure a perfect point spread function. All we need is a light source which has at least as much angular bandwidth as the lens being tested (and of course, is uniform over that angular sector). In other words, we only require a point source which is produced by a convergent (uniform) spherical wave whose half angle is greater than the edge angle of the lens.


title: Point spread function

text: Due to intrinsic limited resolution of the imaging systems, measured PSFs are not free of uncertainty. In imaging, it is desired to suppress the side-lobes of the imaging beam by apodization techniques. In the case of transmission imaging systems with Gaussian beam distribution, the PSF is modeled by the following equation:


title: Point spread function

text: where "k-factor" depends on the truncation ratio and level of the irradiance, "NA" is numerical aperture, "c" is the speed of light, "f" is the photon frequency of the imaging beam, "I" is the intensity of reference beam, "a" is an adjustment factor and formula_9 is the radial position from the center of the beam on the corresponding "z-plane".


title: Point spread function

text: The diffraction theory of point spread functions was first studied by Airy in the nineteenth century. He developed an expression for the point spread function amplitude and intensity of a perfect instrument, free of aberrations (the so-called Airy disc). The theory of aberrated point spread functions close to the optimum focal plane was studied by Zernike and Nijboer in the 1930–40s. A central role in their analysis is played by Zernike's circle polynomials that allow an efficient representation of the aberrations of any optical system with rotational symmetry. Recent analytic results have made it possible to extend Nijboer and Zernike's approach for point spread function evaluation to a large volume around the optimum focal point. This extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) theory allows studying the imperfect imaging of three-dimensional objects in confocal microscopy or astronomy under non-ideal imaging conditions. The ENZ-theory has also been applied to the characterization of optical instruments with respect to their aberration by measuring the through-focus intensity distribution and solving an appropriate inverse problem.


title: Point spread function

text: In microscopy, experimental determination of PSF requires sub-resolution (point-like) radiating sources. Quantum dots and fluorescent beads are usually considered for this purpose.


title: Point spread function

text: Theoretical models as described above, on the other hand, allow the detailed calculation of the PSF for various imaging conditions. The most compact diffraction limited shape of the PSF is usually preferred. However, by using appropriate optical elements (e.g., a spatial light modulator) the shape of the PSF can be engineered towards different applications.


title: Point spread function

text: In observational astronomy, the experimental determination of a PSF is often very straightforward due to the ample supply of point sources (stars or quasars). The form and source of the PSF may vary widely depending on the instrument and the context in which it is used.


title: Point spread function

text: For radio telescopes and diffraction-limited space telescopes, the dominant terms in the PSF may be inferred from the configuration of the aperture in the Fourier domain. In practice, there may be multiple terms contributed by the various components in a complex optical system. A complete description of the PSF will also include diffusion of light (or photo-electrons) in the detector, as well as tracking errors in the spacecraft or telescope.


title: Point spread function

text: For ground-based optical telescopes, atmospheric turbulence (known as astronomical seeing) dominates the contribution to the PSF. In high-resolution ground-based imaging, the PSF is often found to vary with position in the image (an effect called anisoplanatism). In ground-based adaptive optics systems, the PSF is a combination of the aperture of the system with residual uncorrected atmospheric terms.


title: Point spread function

text: The PSF is also a fundamental limit to the conventional focused imaging of a hole, with the minimum printed size being in the range of 0.6-0.7 wavelength/NA, with NA being the numerical aperture of the imaging system. For example, in the case of an EUV system with wavelength of 13.5 nm and NA=0.33, the minimum individual hole size that can be imaged is in the range of 25-29 nm. A phase-shift mask has 180-degree phase edges which allow finer resolution.


title: Point spread function

text: Point spread functions have recently become a useful diagnostic tool in clinical ophthalmology. Patients are measured with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, and special software calculates the PSF for that patient's eye. This method allows a physician to simulate potential treatments on a patient, and estimate how those treatments would alter the patient's PSF. Additionally, once measured the PSF can be minimized using an adaptive optics system. This, in conjunction with a CCD camera and an adaptive optics system, can be used to visualize anatomical structures not otherwise visible "in vivo", such as cone photoreceptors.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The Knights of Pythias is a fraternal organization and secret society founded in Washington, D.C., on . The Knights of Pythias is the first fraternal organization to receive a charter under an act of the United States Congress. It was founded by Justus H. Rathbone, who had been inspired by a play by the Irish poet John Banim about the legend of Damon and Pythias. This legend illustrates the ideals of loyalty, honor, and friendship that are the center of the order.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The order had over 2,000 lodges in the United States and around the world, with a total membership of over 50,000 in 2003. Some lodges meet in structures referred to as Pythian Castles.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The structure of the Knights of Pythias is three-tiered. The local units are called "Subordinate Lodges." State and provincial organizations are called "Grand Lodges" and the national structure is called the "Supreme Lodge" and meets in convention biennially. The officers of the Supreme Lodge include the sitting Past Supreme Chancellor, Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Prelate, Secretary, Treasurer, Master at Arms, Inner Guard and Outer Guard.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The order's auxiliaries are the Pythian Sisters, the Dramatic Order of the Knights of Khorassan, and the Nomads of Avrudaka.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: Membership has historically been open to males in good health who believe in a Supreme Being. Maimed individuals were not admitted until 1875. Members are accepted by blackball ballot.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: By the end of the so-called "Golden Age of Fraternalism" in the early 1920s, the order had nearly a million members. By 1979, however, this number had declined to fewer than 200,000.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: In 1877, the order adopted an optional rank, called the Endowment Rank, which provided fraternal insurance benefits. In 1930, this department split from the Knights of Pythias and became a mutual life insurance company, later known as the "American United Insurance Company".


title: Knights of Pythias

text: Finally, members who obtained the rank of Knight were eligible to join the now-defunct Uniform Rank, which participated in parades and other processions.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: Early in the group's history, when a man was inducted into the Knights of Pythias, he received a ceremonial sword. Such a sword might be given to a Pythian by family members, business associates, or others as a token of esteem.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: Markings on swords varied widely. Most swords were inscribed with the initials "FCB", which stand for the Pythian motto ("Friendship, Charity, Benevolence"). Images on swords were also somewhat common, and included: A man, woman, and child (symbolic of Damon saying good-bye to his family); a man looking out of a building, with a group of people below (symbolic of Pythias' pending execution); a man (Samson) between some pillars, pulling them down, or various types of weapons (swords, axes, hammers, etc.). A full Knight of the Pythian order often inscribed his sword with the image of a knight's helmet with a lion on the crest. Many also carried the image of a sprig of myrtle (the Pythian symbol of love) or a falcon (the Pythian symbol of vigilance).


title: Knights of Pythias

text: Swords owned by a member of the Uniformed Rank might be inscribed with the initials "UR," a dove, or a lily.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The order provides for "worthy Pythians in distress" and has given aid to victims of national or sectional disasters. It runs camps for underprivileged youth and homes for aged members. It has sponsored scholarship funds, blood drives, highway safety programs, and the Cystic Fibrosis Research Foundation.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: After a black lodge was denied a charter by the Knights of Pythias' Supreme Lodge meeting in Richmond, Virginia on , a number of black Americans who had been initiated into the order formed their own Pythian group, the Knights of Pythias of North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. By 1897, the KPNSAEAA had 40,000 members, with Grand Lodges in 20 states and other lodges in the West Indies and Central America. It distributed worth of benefits annually and had a woman's auxiliary and uniformed rank.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The Grand Lodge of Ontario was instituted on . Rowena L. Rooks composed "K of P grand march [for piano]," which was dedicated to Collin H. Rose, Grand Chancellor, and the officers and representatives of the Grand Lodge K of P of Ontario, Canada. The march sheet music, which was published in London, Ontario, by C. F. Colwell, 1876, was illustrated with the Knights of Pythias emblem and Latin motto or, in English, "True friends are a refuge".


title: Knights of Pythias

text: In 1892, the Supreme Lodge ruled that the work of the order would only be conducted in English. This upset some members who were accustomed to using German. After this ruling was reiterated at the Supreme Lodges of 1894 and 1895, a number of German-speaking Pythians split off and formed the Improved Order, Knights of Pythias at a convention in Indianapolis in June 1895. The new order was reportedly not very popular, and a movement toward reconciliation occurred a few years later.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: The Knights are mentioned in "Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town" by Stephen Leacock; an ill-fated marine excursion organised by the Knights is the subject of Chapter 3, entitled "The Marine Excursion of the Knights of Pythias". Several characters in the book are said to be members of the Knights.


title: Knights of Pythias

text: In the Marx Brothers movie "Animal Crackers", Groucho, as the character Captain Spaulding, reports on his recent big game hunting trip to Africa. He says, "The principal animals in Africa are moose, elks, and Knights of Pythias."


title: Katti Batti

text: Katti Batti () is an Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by Nikkhil Advani and produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur under the banner of UTV Motion Pictures. The film stars Imran Khan and Kangana Ranaut in the lead roles. This marked the final film appearance of Imran Khan. The first look of the movie was revealed on 12 June 2015, and the trailer of the movie was released on 14 June 2015. The film was released on 18 September 2015.


title: Katti Batti

text: Madhav "Maddy" Kabra (Imran Khan) is an architect who falls in love with Payal (Kangana Ranaut) during college. After college they begin a live-in relationship for 5 years until suddenly Payal leaves Maddy. While all his friends tell him to forget about Payal, Maddy crazily tries to find Payal and win her back, during which the story flashes back to what happened during their 5-year relationship.


title: Katti Batti

text: Finally Maddy finds out that Payal is dying of cancer. Maddy and Payal patch up and live happily for 4 months until Payal dies in Maddy's arms, making him promise that he'll always keep this love alive in his heart and love again.


title: Katti Batti

text: The soundtrack of "Katti Batti" was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and the lyrics were written by Kumaar. The first song titled "Sarfira" was released on 12 August 2015. The music rights for the film were acquired by "Zee Music Company". The full audio album was released on 27 August 2015.


title: Katti Batti

text: "Katti Batti" grossed approximately on opening day. Its two days total stand at as it collected same collection on its second day as it collected on its first day. The film grossed around in its first weekend. On its fourth day the film collected net. The film collected net on its fifth day. The film collected net in its first week worldwide.


title: Katti Batti

text: The film grossed an estimated internationally within its first four days. By the end of its first week, the film had grossed approximately internationally.


title: Quesabirria

text: Quesabirria (also called quesotacos or red tacos) (""cheese birria"") is a Mexican dish comprising birria-style cooked beef folded into a tortilla with melted cheese and served with a side of broth () for dipping. "Eater" has described quesabirria as "a cross between a taco and a quesadilla." The dish, which has origins in Tijuana, Mexico, gained popularity in the United States through Instagram.


title: Quesabirria

text: Quesabirria was created in Tijuana, Mexico. The dish is inspired by the traditional birria stew of Jalisco. California-based food writer Bill Esparza saw birria being served on tacos at a taco truck called Tacos Aaron in Tijuana around 2009. Other tacos trucks also served it with cheese inside the taco.


title: Quesabirria

text: Tijuana taqueros brought quesabirria to Los Angeles around 2016. Taqueros and diners began posting about quesabirria on Instagram. "Eater" credits Instagram with helping quesabirria go "from a handful of vendors serving a regional specialty to a full-fledged phenomenon." Teddy's Red Tacos was one of the most notable food purveyors to promote quesabirria on Instagram, growing their presence to over 100,000 followers based on the trend. Instagram helped make quesabirria, which is not commonly found at taquerias or Mexican restaurants, a cult food.


title: Quesabirria

text: In 2019, taqueros in the San Francisco Bay Area took note of the popularity of the dish on social media and began serving it. The first restaurant credited with serving quesabirria in the Bay Area was the food stand Los Originales Tacos de Birria in Antioch, whose owner, Uzziel Rojas, used to eat birria tacos for breakfast as a teenager growing up in Tijuana. Quesabirria purveyors also host pop-ups at bars and breweries. Quesabirria seekers are known for driving long distances and waiting in long lines to acquire the dish.


title: Quesabirria

text: Quesabirria is "a cross between a taco and a quesadilla." It comprises a corn tortilla with either mozzarella or Chihuahua cheese melted with stewed meat. The meat is often beef – commonly brisket – in contrast to birria, which is traditionally made with goat. The meat is stewed for up to 10 hours with chilies and spices. The tortilla is folded over on a grill, melting the cheese, meat and tortilla together. Some taqueros serve quesabirria with chopped white onion and cilantro inside the tacos or as a topping. Some taqueros use two tortillas on the grill to prepare their quesabirria, while others, including Los Originales Tacos de Birria, use two tortillas which they fry prior to adding the cheese and meat.


title: Quesabirria

text: The dish is served hot with a side of broth for the diner to dip the taco. The is the result of hours of stewing the meat used in the tacos. Some diners may sip the instead of dipping. Quesabirria may also be served with optional salsas and garnishes like pickled habaneros, lime or radish.


title: Quesabirria

text: Variations on quesabirria include "vampiritos", a version that uses crispy cheese instead of tortillas and "birraquiles", tortilla chips topped with birria, cheese and . Roster & the Till, in Tampa, Florida, uses lamb neck that is folded into a lamb fat flour tortilla with cheese which is then fried. Charro Vida in Tucson, Arizona offered a jackfruit quesabirria. Some restaurants offer tortas and tostadas made in the style of quesabirria.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: James Anthony Bailey (July 4, 1847 – April 11, 1906), born James Anthony McGinnis, was an American owner and manager of several 19th-century circuses, including The Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show on Earth.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: James Anthony McGinnis was born July 4, 1847 to Edward and Hannora McGinnis in Detroit, Michigan. Edward McGinnis died in October, 1849 of cholera and in 1855, James was orphaned when his mother died. James then went to live with his older sister, Catherine Gordon.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Life with Catherine was difficult as she tended to be overbearing and harsh. Sometime between 1859 and 1860, James ran away from Catherine's home and found a job and a place to stay on a farm about 10 miles outside the city of Pontiac, Michigan. Finding life on the farm unrewarding, 13-year old James wandered into Pontiac where he found work at the Hodges House Hotel.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: After working at the hotel for a time, he was discovered by Colonel Frederic Harrison Bailey, a nephew of circus pioneer Hachaliah Bailey, and an advance man for John Robinson and Bill Lake's traveling circus. F.H. Bailey gave McGinnis a job as his assistant, and the two traveled together for many years. McGinnis eventually adopted F.H. Bailey's surname to become James A. Bailey.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: In his diary, James' brother-in-law Joe McCaddon writes that Bailey recounted stories of how he left the circus world at age 16 and went to work as clerk to a sutler during the Civil War.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: In 1866, with the war over, he went back to work for Bill Lake, who now owned his own circus with his wife Agnes Thatcher Lake. During this time, James met Ruth Louisa McCaddon of Zanesville, Ohio. James and Ruth became friends, fell in love, and were married in December 1868. The very next year in Granby, Missouri, Bill Lake was shot and killed. With her husband dead, Agnes Lake became the first woman in the United States to own a circus (Agnes Lake would later marry famous gunfighter Wild Bill Hickok, who worked for a short time with Buffalo Bill Cody, whose Wild West Show James A. Bailey would one day manage).


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Bailey later associated with James E. Cooper, and by the time he was 22, he was manager of the Cooper and Bailey circus. He then met with P.T. Barnum, and together they established Barnum and Bailey's Circus (for which Bailey was instrumental in obtaining Jumbo the Elephant) in 1880, with their combined show opening the following spring in Madison Square Garden.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Barnum was the face of the circus, but James Bailey was the hard worker who insisted on staying behind the scenes. Barnum once wrote to him that James managed the show “ten times better than I could.”


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Equestrienne Josie Demott Robinson wrote in her autobiography that, “Mr. Barnum was the advertiser, who loved the limelight, who rode around in the ring, and announced who he was. But Mr. Bailey was the businessman, content to be invisible...and interested only in the success of the show.”


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Bailey was considered by many to be a genius at logistics. His organizational skills for transporting people, animals, and equipment was copied by the military of more than one country.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: He hired Pinkerton Detectives to travel with the show and protect circusgoers from grifters and thieves.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: He established “Orphan Day”, one day a year when orphans could attend the circus for free. He was often known to carry children who couldn't walk into the circus tent and find them a seat away from the crush of the crowd.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Following Barnum's death in 1891, Bailey managed not only The Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, but in 1894, took on the management of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, in The Bronx, New York City. His widow subsequently sold the circus to the Ringling brothers in 1907, who eventually merged the rival operations in 1919.


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: In his book about the circus, Earl Chapin May wrote, “Probably...no circus owner and manager left more sincere mourners than the thin little magnate known to millions as James A. Bailey.”


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: Taped beneath a photo of James Bailey in the scrapbook of employee Harrison Gunning is a small scrap of paper that reads, “P.T. Barnum was the great showman, but Mr. Bailey was the supreme of all circus managers, past and present.”


title: James Anthony Bailey

text: James A. Bailey was inducted into the International Circus Hall of Fame in 1960 and into the Circus Ring of Fame in Sarasota, Florida in 1990.


title: Suzuki M engine

text: The Suzuki M engine family is a line of automobile engines from Suzuki. Ranging in displacement from 1.3 L to 1.8 L, it is a modern engine line with dual overhead cams, 16 valves, and multi-point fuel injection (MPFI).


title: Suzuki M engine

text: The M13AA is an automotive engine manufactured by Suzuki Motor Corporation. The M13AA is a inline-4 cylinder 16 valve VVT engine used in the Suzuki Jimny from 2005 - cars manufactured in Spain, but 2001 for Japanese manufactured cars.


title: Suzuki M engine

text: The M15A displaces ; bore is and stroke . This engine has a variable valve timing valvetrain. With a 9.5:1 compression ratio, it produces at 5,900 rpm and at 4,100 rpm (U.K. specification). The M15A used in the Suzuki Ignis (HT81S) has a higher compression ratio of 11.0:1, and produces at 6400 rpm and at 4100 rpm.


title: Suzuki M engine

text: The M16A displaces . Bore is and stroke . This engine has a DOHC variable valve timing valve train and a multipoint injection system. The engine had many iterations, depending on the car in which it was installed and the intended use of the car. The M16A engine uses a chain cam instead of a cam belt.


title: Suzuki M engine

text: The M18A is based on the previous M16a, with a larger bore. It displaces ; bore and stroke is . This engine has a variable valve timing valvetrain. With a 9.6:1 compression ratio, it produces at 5,500 rpm and at 4,200 rpm.


title: Suzuki M engine

text: Due to the engine block being based on the same casting, a M16a cylinder head can be bolted onto a M18a shortblock with minor modifications. This has been done by tuners, by installing a M18a block with the stock internals (crank, pistons and rods) in a Suzuki Swift Sport, in order to have more torque on the whole rev band.


title: Panay

text: Panay is the sixth-largest and fourth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of and has a total population of 4,542,926 as of 2020 census. Panay comprises 4.4 percent of the entire population of the country. The City of Iloilo is its largest settlement with a total population of 457,626 inhabitants as of 2020 census.


title: Panay

text: Panay is a triangular island, located in the western part of the Visayas. It is about across. It is divided into four provinces: Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo, all in the Western Visayas Region. Just closely off the mid-southeastern coast lies the island-province of Guimaras. It is located southeast of the island of Mindoro and northwest of Negros across the Guimaras Strait. To the north and northeast is the Sibuyan Sea, Jintotolo Channel and the island-provinces of Romblon and Masbate; to the west and southwest is the Sulu Sea and the Palawan archipelago and to the south is Panay Gulf. Panay is the only main island in the Visayas whose provinces don't bear the name of their island.


title: Panay

text: Panay is bisected by the Central Panay Mountain Range, its longest mountain chain. The island has many rivers, the longest being the Panay River at a length of , followed by the Jalaur, Aklan, Sibalom, Iloilo and Bugang rivers. Standing at about , the dormant Mount Madja-as (situated in Culasi, Antique) is the highest point of the island, with Mount Nangtud (located between Barbaza, Antique and Jamindan, Capiz) following next at .


title: Panay

text: Historically, the terms "Bisaya" or Visayan were first used to refer only to the people of this island, the Panayan or Hiligaynon people, and to their other settlements on the nearby islands, in the western portion of Negros Island and the smaller islands of Romblon and Guimaras. Panay also originally representing the entire Visayas region on the Philippine flag as one of the three stars, as it served as the center or mainland of the Visayas during the Philippine Revolution.


title: Panay

text: The island lent its name to several United States Navy vessels including , sunk in 1937 by the Japanese in the USS "Panay" incident.


title: Panay

text: Before 1212, Panay was called "Simsiman". The community is located at the shores of the Ulian River and was linked by a creek. The creek provided salt to the Ati people as well as animals which lick the salt out of the salty water. Coming from the root word ""simsim"", ""simsimin"" means ""to lick something to eat or to drink"", thus the place was called "Simsiman".


title: Panay

text: The native Ati called the island "Aninipay" from words ""ani"" to harvest and ""nipay"", a hairy grass abundant in the whole Panay.


title: Panay

text: No pre-Hispanic written accounts of Iloilo and Panay island exist today. Oral traditions, in the form of recited epics like the Hinilawod, have survived to a small degree. A few recordings of these epic poems exist. The most notable are the works of noted Filipino anthropologist Felipe Jocano.


title: Panay

text: While no current archaeological evidence exists describing pre-Hispanic Panay, an original work by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro published in 1907 called Maragtas details the alleged accounts of the founding of the various pre-Hispanic polities on Panay Island. The book is based on oral and written accounts available to the author at the time. The author made no claim for the historical accuracy of the accounts. Noted anthropologist and historian William Henry Scott initially concluded in his dissertation that it was a myth, but in a revised version admitted its credibility is debatable and concluded it was most likely based on real folk legends.


title: Panay

text: According to Maragtas, the Kedatuan of Madja-as was founded after ten datus fled Borneo and landed on Panay Island. The book then goes on to detail their subsequent purchase of the coastal lands in which they settled from the native Ati people.


title: Panay

text: An old manuscript "Margitas" of uncertain date (discovered by the anthropologist H. Otley Beyer) gives interesting details about the laws, government, social customs, and religious beliefs of the early Visayans, who settled Panay within the first half of the thirteenth century. The term "Visayan" was first applied only to them and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. In fact, even at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term "Visayan" only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados. The name "Visayan" was later extended to them because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.


title: Panay

text: Grabiel Ribera, captain of the Spanish royal infantry in the Philippine Islands, also distinguished Panay from the rest of the Pintados Islands. In his report (dated 20 March 1579) regarding a campaign to pacify the natives living along the rivers of Mindanao (a mission he received from Dr. Francisco de Sande, Governor and Captain-General of the Archipelago), Ribera mentioned that his aim was to make the inhabitants of that island ""vassals of King Don Felipe… as are all the natives of the island of Panay, the Pintados Islands, and those of the island of Luzon…""


title: Panay

text: During the early part of the colonial period in the Archipelago, the Spaniards led by Miguel López de Legazpi transferred their camp from Cebu to Panay in 1569. On 5 June 1569, Guido de Lavezaris, the royal treasurer in the Archipelago, wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack to Cebu in the preceding autumn. A letter from another official, Andres de Mirandaola (dated three days later, 8 June), also described briefly this encounter with the Portuguese. The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay, which they considered a safer place. Legazpi himself, in his report to the Viceroy in New Spain (dated 1 July 1569), mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay. It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned, and later launched on 8 May 1570.


title: Panay

text: During the early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the Spanish Augustinian Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A. described Panay as: ""…very similar to that of Sicily in its triangular form, as well as in it fertility and abundance of provision. It is the most populated island after Manila and Mindanao, and one of the largest (with over a hundred leagues of coastline). In terms of fertility and abundance, it is the first." […] "It is very beautiful, very pleasant, and full of coconut palms… Near the river Alaguer" ("Halaur"), "which empties into the sea two leagues from the town of Dumangas…, in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island."" Padre Francisco Colin (1592–1660), an early Jesuit missionary and Provincial of his Order in the Philippines also records in the chronicles of the Society of Jesus (published later in 1663 as "Labor euangelica") that Panay is the island which is most abundant and fertile.


title: Panay

text: The first Spanish settlement in Panay island and the second oldest Spanish settlement in the Philippines was established by the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi expedition in Panay, Capiz at the banks of the Panay River in northern Panay, the name of which was extended to the whole Panay island. Legazpi transferred the capital there from Cebu since it had abundant provisions and was better protected from Portuguese attacks before the capital was once again transferred to Manila.


title: Panay

text: Miguel de Luarca, who was among the first Spanish settlers in the Island, made one of the earliest account about Panay and its people according to a Westerner's point of view. In June 1582, while he was in Arevalo (Iloilo), he wrote in his "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas" the following observations:


title: Panay

text: The island is the most fertile and well-provisioned of all the islands discovered, except the island of Luzon: for it is exceedingly fertile, and abounds in rice, swine, fowls, wax, and honey; it produces also a great quantity of cotton and abacá fiber.


title: Panay

text: ""The villages are very close together, and the people are peaceful and open to conversion. The land is healthful and well-provisioned, so that the Spaniards who are stricken in other islands go thither to recover their health.""


title: Panay

text: ""The natives are healthy and clean, and although the island of Cebu is also healthful and had a good climate, most of its inhabitants are always afflicted with the itch and buboes. In the island of Panay, the natives declare that no one of them had ever been afflicted with buboes until the people from Bohol – who, as we said above, abandoned Bohol on account of the people of Maluco – came to settle in Panay, and gave the disease to some of the natives. For these reasons the governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, founded the town of Arevalo, on the south side of this island; for the island runs north and south, and on that side live the majority of the people, and the villages are near this town, and the land here is more fertile."" This probably explains why there are reference of presence of Pintados in the Island.


title: Panay

text: ""The island of Panay provides the city of Manila and other places with a large quantity of rice and meat…""... ""As the island contains great abundance of timber and provisions, it has almost continuously had a shipyard on it, as is the case of the town of Arevalo, for galleys and fragatas. Here the ship 'Visaya' was launched.""


title: Panay

text: Another Spanish chronicler in the early Spanish period, Dr. Antonio de Morga (Year 1609) is also responsible for recording other Visayan customs. Customs such as Visayans' affinity for singing among their warrior-castes as well as the playing of gongs and bells in naval battles.


title: Panay

text: "Their customary method of trading was by bartering one thing for another, such as food, cloth, cattle, fowls, lands, houses, fields, slaves, fishing-grounds, and palm-trees (both nipa and wild). Sometimes a price intervened, which was paid in gold, as agreed upon, or in metal bells brought from China. These bells they regard as precious jewels; they resemble large pans and are very sonorous. They play upon these at their feasts, and carry them to the war in their boats instead of drums and other instruments."


title: Panay

text: "The early Dutch fleet commander Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge called at Panay in 1607. He mentions a town named "Oton" on the island where there were "18 Spanish soldiers with a number of other Spanish inhabitants so that there may be 40 whites in all". He explained that "a lot of rice and meat is produced there, with which they [i.e. the Spanish] supply Manila.""


title: Panay

text: According to Stephanie J. Mawson, using recruitment records found in Mexico, in addition to the 40 Caucasian Spaniards who then lived in Oton, there were an additional set of 66 Mexican soldiers of Mulatto, Mestizo or Native American descent sentried there during the year 1603. However, the Dutch visitor, Cornelis Matelieff de Jongedid, did not count them in since they were not pure whites like him.


title: Panay

text: Iloilo City in Panay was awarded by the Queen of Spain the title: ""La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad de Iloilo"" (The Most Loyal and Noble City) for being the most loyal and noble city in the Spanish Empire since it clung on to Spain amidst the Philippine revolution the last nation to revolt against Spain in the Spanish Empire.


title: Panay

text: In 1572, the island was organized into two provinces: jurisdictions of Panay (Capiz and Aklan) and Oton (Iloilo and Antique).


title: Panay

text: In 1716, Capiz was organized into a separate politico-military province with the transfer of the capital from the town of Panay, Under its jurisdiction were the neighboring islands of Campo, Romblon, Tablas, and Sibuyan.


title: Panay

text: In 1796, Panay island was divided into three provinces: Iloilo, Antique, and Capiz (which included Aklan and Romblon).


title: Panay

text: In 1853, The island now comprising Romblon province and Maestre de Campo was organized into separate politico-military “comandancia” administered from Capiz.


title: Panay

text: In 1898, The Spanish educated Panay Island and were replaced by the revolutionary forces, who were in turn overthrown by the American the following year.


title: Panay

text: Aklan (Akean) became an independent province through "Republic Act No. 1414" signed by Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay on April 25, 1956, separating Aklan from Capiz. The original towns were Altavas, Balete, Batan, Banga, Buruanga, Ibajay, Kalibo, Lezo, Libacao, Madalag, Malay, Makato, Malinao, Nabas, New Washington, Numancia, and Tangalan, then all part of the province of Capiz. The province was inaugurated on November 8, 1956. Jose Raz Menez was appointed the first governor of Aklan by President Magsaysay and he served until December 30, 1959. In 1960, Godofredo P. Ramos became the first elected governor but upon resigning to run for Congress he was succeeded by the vice governor, Virgilio S. Patricio. In 1964, José B. Legaspi succeeded Patricio and he held office for two consecutive terms from 1964 to 1971.


title: Panay

text: Panay was a target by the Japanese in order to secure the rest of Visayas and so on April 16, 1942, Imperial Japanese Army forces landed on San Jose de Buenavista, Capiz City (now the city of Roxas) and Iloilo City.


title: Panay

text: However, guerrilla forces under Col. Macario Peralta Jr. would later on liberate most of the island and eventually capturing the city of Capiz on December 20, 1944 and therefore the liberation of the entire Capiz Province before the Allied forces land on Iloilo City on March 18, 1945 where they mopped up the remaining Japanese forces in the island.


title: Panay

text: Panay island is the sixth largest island in the Philippines by area, with a total land area of . Mount Madja-as is the highest point in Panay with an elevation of above sea level, located in town of Culasi in the northern province of Antique. Central Panay Mountain Range is the longest and largest mountain range in the island with a total length of north-south. Panay River is the longest river in the island with a total length of located in the province of Capiz.Boracay Island, a popular tourist destination known for its long white sand shore, is located off the coast of the northwest tip of Panay Island. It is part of Aklan province under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Malay.


title: Panay

text: The island is covered by 4 provinces, 1 highly urbanized city, 2 component cities, 92 municipalities (93 municipalities if the associated islands of Caluya are included), and 3,291 barangays, all under the jurisdiction of the Western Visayas region.


title: Panay

text: All the provinces in Panay are interconnected by major inter-provincial roads. Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white metered taxis and tricycles within the city limits. The primary transportation vehicle used within Roxas City, Kalibo, San Jose de Buenavista and other cities and municipalities in Panay is the tricycle. Travel between cities and municipalities is typically by jeepney, vans and Ceres operated buses. In March 2019, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board announced the opening of a new Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service in Iloilo City with express bus services to the airports in Cabatuan, Kalibo and Boracay (Caticlan).


title: Panay

text: Iloilo is one of the few cities in the Philippines that recently initiated to adopt the mini-bus-like type modern PUJ or modern Jeepneys in contrast to the President Rodrigo Duterte's administration to phase out the old dilapidated jeepneys as the mode of mass public transportation in the Philippines.


title: Panay

text: The Iloilo-Capiz-Aklan Expressway is also being proposed, which might reduce travel time between provinces in Panay. It will connect Iloilo City and Malay, Aklan through Passi City, Roxas City and Kalibo, Aklan.


title: Panay

text: Panay Island is now served by seven airports (five on the mainland). The Iloilo International Airport, located in Cabatuan, Iloilo, serves the general area of Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan as well the whole province of Iloilo, and is also considered to be the primary gateway into the region. The Kalibo International Airport is one of the two airports serving Boracay, the other being Godofredo P. Ramos Airport (also known as Caticlan Airport) in the municipality of Malay. The Roxas Airport is a domestic airport serving the general area of Roxas City and the province of Capiz. The Evelio Javier Airport (Antique Airport) is the only airport serving the province of Antique located in San Jose. The other, Semirara Airport in Caluya is a municipal airport.


title: Panay

text: Proposals to re-connect again Iloilo-Roxas, Iloilo-Kalibo, Iloilo-Malay (Aklan) and Iloilo-San Jose (Antique) from the Iloilo City via rail was included in the revival of the currently defunct Panay Railways network which has a station in Santa Barbara town proper.


title: Panay

text: Panay is the most ethnically and linguistically diverse major island in the Visayas, being native to four non-indigenous ethnolinguistic groups (Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Karay-a, Capiznon, Aklanon), and two indigenous groups (Suludnon, Ati) or minorities. However, the ethnic and linguistic boundaries within the island do not correspond to its administrative divisions. Only the province of Antique is monolingual, which only speaks Kinaray-a as its primary language. The "lingua franca" of the island is Hiligaynon, native to Iloilo City and the northeastern coastal strip lining the province of Iloilo. For local administrative, educational, and commercial purposes, English and Tagalog are also widely used.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Kenny vs. Spenny is a Canadian reality comedy television series starring Kenny Hotz and Spencer Rice, where they face against each other in competitions. The loser of each episode performs an act of humiliation, usually selected by the winner. Hotz and Rice created the series in addition to serving as executive producers, and it was typically shot in their hometown of Toronto (the pilot was filmed in Los Angeles), based mostly out of the house they shared. As of November 2008, the show airs on CBC, Global and Showcase in Canada, Comedy Central in Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands, The Comedy Channel in Australia, Animax and later, Sony MAX, in South Africa, Italia 2 in Italy, FX in Portugal, on Jim in Finland. The series concluded with an hour-long Christmas special that aired on December 23, 2010, at 9 pm ET/PT on Showcase. It aired in Latin America on Sony Spin for a short time.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: The series was nominated for the Canadian Comedy Awards in 2010 and 2011 and for Gemini Awards in 2005, 2006, and 2008 as the best Canadian comedy series, and received a Rose d'Or nomination in Switzerland for "best international comedy series". The show has spawned several replicas of its format, including a family-friendly French Canadian version called "Frank vs Girard" that airs on VRAK.TV. Also following the format are "Ed vs. Spencer" in the United Kingdom, "Juan vs. Roman" in Colombia, "Elton vs. Simon" in Germany, "Katja vs. Bridget", "Dennis vs. Valerio" in the Netherlands, and "Sid vs. Varun" in India. In 2009 the show was named #8 among the top 10 Canadian television shows of the decade.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Kenneth "Kenny" Joel Hotz and Spencer "Spenny" Nolan Rice are lifelong friends who compete against each other in a series of competitions. The loser of each competition must suffer a humiliation chosen by the winner.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: The show's comedy depended on the polarizing personalities of Hotz and Rice, who are respectively extroverted and neurotic. Hotz embraced devious tactics during the show and often cheated, found loopholes in the rules for a competition, and intimidated Rice with insults, elaborate schemes and manipulation.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: In contrast, Rice rarely cheated and tried to compete honestly. He felt he could retain some dignity if he promoted awareness of social or political causes, such as promoting awareness of climate change during "Who Can 69 The Longest?" or Irritable bowel syndrome during "Who Can Keep a Dump in their Pants the Longest?"


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: However, Hotz's strategies and jokes made Rice increasingly paranoid and short-tempered towards Hotz and the production crew as the show progressed.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz cheated during 27 out of 56 of his victories, while Rice cheated during five of his 27 victories. In some cases, both Rice and Hotz were helped by their production crew, families and friends in their attempts to cheat. While Rice would cheat out of desperation, Hotz justified his cheating by arguing the loser is ultimately whoever does a humiliation.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz regularly tried to make Rice annoyed during competitions so he would lose focus. Hotz regularly joked that Rice was a violent and emotionally disturbed man with a micropenis; that he engaged in rape, pedophilia, necrophilia, zoophilia, and incest; and that he was racist, an anti-Semite and related to Adolf Hitler.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Rice's family were also often the victims of Hotz's insults and jokes. Hotz regularly joked about having sex with Rice's mother and accused her of being sexually promiscuous and morbidly obese. In "Who Can Imitate the Other Guy Better?" Hotz—while pretending to be Rice—performed a song about being sexually abused as a child by Rice's grandfather.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz's main tactic was to deceive Rice and make him become angry or upset. In "Who Is Funnier?" Hotz drafted a letter from Ontario's health ministry that Rice had recently had sexual intercourse with someone who had tested positive for HIV/AIDS. Rice was too upset to complete his stand-up comedy routine at a Toronto Yuk Yuk's. Hotz used the prank as his entry. Rice was poisoned with Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) during “Who Can Wear A Dead Octopus On Their Head The Longest?”


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz sometimes invented comedic characters and dressed in costumes to entertain the viewers and crew while antagonizing Rice. As an example, Hotz harassed Rice as "Silencio," and wore a white jumpsuit and Lucha libre-style mask in "Who Can Stay Blindfolded The Longest?"


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Rice often lost competitions because his paranoia made him sabotage his own efforts. In "Who Can Kiss More Women?" Rice believed Hotz was spying on him after a woman who recognized Rice from the show started helping him. Hotz said he did not know who the woman was. During "Who Can Blow the Biggest Fart?" Hotz made a chili filled with an antiflatulent. Hotz filled his anus with air using a bicycle tire pump and made it appear like he had bigger farts. Rice ate some of the chilli and was unable to fart for the rest of the competition.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz often recruited his family to help with his campaigns against Rice. His mother, Tzafi, was in 18 episodes and frequently helped her son. In "Who Can Win a Ten Mile Race?" Tzafi agreed to pretend to have died during filming of the episode after pretending to be sick. Hotz gave Rice a fake funeral time in the hopes Rice would not have enough time to win.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: In "Who Can Dance the Longest?" Tzafi let Hotz hide in her home as Rice searched the house for him. In the same episode, his sister demanded payment from Rice in exchange for any information on Hotz's whereabouts and Hotz's brother refused to help.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Rice's family also appeared in the show. In "First One to Talk Loses," Hotz invited Rice's cousin to the house where they filmed for a date. Hotz hoped Rice would speak out in anger, but instead heard Hotz asking her "please?" when he tried kissing her. She returned to help Rice in "First Guy to Get a Boner Loses" and performed a striptease for Hotz. This failed because Hotz had asked his brother—who is a physician in Toronto—for a nerve block to temporarily stop erections.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: In "Who Can Get Further With The Other Guy's Mom?" Rice took his robe off in front of Tzafi after he attempted to kiss her. Hotz got Rice's mother drunk and said he "could not legally say what happened," but smelled his finger and made a disgusted face to suggest he touched her genitals.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Friends and mutual friends were often used by both Rice and Hotz to help with plans or unnerve their opponent. Hotz regularly met with Hwang Goldfield, a practitioner of alternative medicine in Toronto’s Koreatown neighbourhood, for supplements and advice. The two had a falling out after Hotz tampered with products in the store and joked that Goldfield planned the September 11 attacks.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Both Hotz and Rice had their production crews get props and equipment, and get involved with strategies. Rice has admitted in interviews following the show’s end he agreed to let Hotz and the crew conspire against him in exchange for deciding each competitions rules.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Soundman Brendan Michie and unit co-ordinator Jamie Tiernay were frequent production crew members who helped Hotz. Michie used his skills as a pianist, guitarist and saxophone player to compose songs for Hotz. Tiernay was often an active participant in Hotz’s plans. In "Who Can Wear a Gorilla Suit the Longest?" Tiernay and Tzafi wore gorilla costumes to confuse Rice.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Rice regularly relied on his unit co-ordinator, Donny Rose, to help brainstorm strategies, stop Hotz from cheating, or foil Hotz's attempts to make Rice lose. Hotz fired Rose after two seasons because he felt he was giving too much help to Rice. During "First One to Talk Loses," Hotz reprimanded Rose for helping Rice become unglued from a dresser.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Rice also had production assistant Brian Peco and unit co-ordinator Kevin Morgan help with his plans and offer feedback. In "Who Can Make the Best Viral Video?" Rice's crew encouraged him to drink his own urine and post it online.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: The crew were often used to disrupt competitions, act as judges and settle disputes over rules. During "Who Can 69 The Longest?" the crew got bored because Hotz and Rice had spent much of the start of the competition on a couch. The production crew and other people physically abused Hotz and Rice. The abuse ended when Rice quit after the two were sprayed with a fire hose from the Niagara Falls fire department.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: In cases where both Rice and Hotz failed to win a competition, the crew chose a double humiliation for them. Both Hotz and Rice had to take a nude bath together following "Who Can Smoke More Weed?" and make out with each other after "Who Can Survive in the Woods the Longest?" They also joined humiliations. After "Who Can Win a Cockfight?" Hotz made Rice smoke a joint made from the crew's body hair. The crew vomited on Rice after "Who's the Best Soldier?"


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Starting with the fourth season, Kenny and Spenny were both executive producers and received credit separate from five other executive producers. Matt Stone and Trey Parker, creators of the TV show "South Park", joined the show for the fourth season and were given their own separate credit as executive producers for the ten episodes in which they were involved. Instrumental and electronic music is frequently used throughout episodes scored by Composer Richard Pell. "Ride of the Valkyries", Ravel's "Boléro", Sergei Prokofiev's "Montagues and Capulets" and "Peter and the Wolf", Gioachino Rossini's "La gazza ladra", Mozart's "Symphony No. 40 in G minor – 4th Movement", and music by Toronto electronica band Holy Fuck are very frequently used.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Kenny and Spenny each have their own production assistant, camera operator, and sound engineer, who film their independent exploits for each episode. In the earlier seasons, the crew was shared between Kenny and Spenny. Crew members eventually split up into two teams, some joining Kenny's "side", and others joining Spenny's.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: During the Industry Standard podcast, Kenny stated the series had a budget of 100,000 CAD per episode for the first season and 350,000 CAD per episode thereafter.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: During an interview with Strombo, Kenny states that "Kenny vs. Spenny" was originally made for MTV, where the duo was given $8,000 to develop a 3 minute pilot. However, MTV ultimately passed on the show for unknown reasons. He then states USA Network gave them $40,000 to shoot a full 22 minute pilot, but pulled the plug while the pilot was still in production. Kenny and Spenny both decided to finish the pilot anyway and eventually brought it to CBC Television where the show would first air. Despite the claims made by Kenny, the DVD release of "Pitch" states that the pilot for "Kenny vs. Spenny" was actually picked up by Canada's Life Network where the show was to go into production in 2001. This ultimately never happened. CBC cancelled the show after the first season, and Showcase Television picked up the series in late 2005. The show has switched broadcasters and been cancelled many times, including by Showcase, and again by CBC, when one of its commercials aired by accident during the network's "toddler block". Spenny has stated in multiple interviews that the main reason for CBC's cancelling of the show was because it aired right before CBC News, and news viewers tuning in early were offended by the show's humiliation segment.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: It was produced by Breakthrough Films and Television since its inception. Re-runs of the first two seasons air on CBC late at night, and on CBC's Bold station weekday afternoons. Re-runs also aired on Showcase, and episodes of the show have aired on Shaw Media's Action. The show has aired on GSN in the United States. It is shown internationally on TV 2 Zulu in Denmark, Jim in Finland, the now defunct ZTV Norway, Comedy Central in Sweden, FX (repeats on Challenge) in the United Kingdom (no longer airing), The Comedy Channel in Australia, FX in Portugal, Comedy Central in Germany, Italia 2 in Italy, Comedy Central in the Netherlands and The XtraHOT channel in Israel. Fox Entertainment Group in Latin America has distributed the episodes, which can be seen on the Latin American versions of FOX channel and FX.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: The series finale "Kenny vs. Spenny" Christmas Special aired December 23, 2010, at 9 pm eastern time on Showcase.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Video Service Corp has released all six seasons of "Kenny vs. Spenny" on DVD in Region 1 (Canada only). Beyond Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons on DVD in Region 4.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Between November 7, 2012 and December 22, 2012, Hotz uploaded the series to his personal YouTube account. On January 22, 2016, Hotz took down the YouTube series (by setting the clips to private), as Rice objected to the episodes being available for free. Hotz stated in a tweet a few days later he was not happy with the removal.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: In March 2018, all the videos were made available again on his channel. Following the 2020 protests over the murder of George Floyd, the two-part episode "Who Do Black Guys Like Better?" was privatized briefly by Hotz.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz began re-uploading the series upscaled to 4K resolution in January 2022. These episodes were removed from the channel towards late March 2022, but re-uploaded later that summer. The episodes are also available on Breakthrough Entertainment's YouTube account.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: The records and winning percentages vary depending on the definition of a win used by each competitor. The interpretation of what constitutes cheating also varies depending on the competition and may lead to some discrepancies in the statistics.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: If the competition ends in a draw, there is either no humiliation, or a double humiliation. Although there have been exceptions to this rule.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: A flash game was released in early 2004 called "Kenny vs Spenny: Quest for the Family Jewels" on GSN's website.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: After the show first aired on CBC, a game was released based on the first season called "". "Versusville" is a first-person shooter with 3D environments and 4 main game modes. It was released sometime between June and July 2004 on Windows and had online leaderboards and online multiplayer functionality.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Another flash game was released in 2008 called "Kenny vs Spenny: Best Friends/Worst Enemies". However, this game was only a demo for a larger mobile game of the same name. The full game is currently considered lost media.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Kenny Hotz appears as a non-playable character in the 2014 video game Goat Simulator for Windows PC and the protagonist of the game is a playable goat named Pilgor who is modeled after Kenny's goat from the season 4 episode "Who Can Be Tied to a Goat the Longest?" Kenny also makes an appearance in Journey to the Savage Planet through in-game commercials.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Both Hotz and Rice have expressed interest in a film adaptation of "Kenny vs. Spenny". In a 2013 interview, Rice elaborated, "if it happens I don't think I will live through it but it will be good entertainment." Later on March 7, 2014, Hotz began the Facebook and Twitter campaign #BringBackKvS in an effort to encourage Netflix to commission a seventh season of the show. Netflix had recently resurrected the "Trailer Park Boys" series from its 2008 finale, and it was Hotz's intention to replicate this success. Between March and May 2014, Hotz and Rice embarked on a 13-city Kenny vs. Spenny vs. Canada comedy tour, showing and discussing rare and unseen "Kenny vs. Spenny" footage that had been rejected by broadcasters. The tour was filmed for a Kickstarter-funded film titled "Kenny vs Spenny: On The Road", however the campaign failed to meet its goal and the film was not released.


title: Kenny vs. Spenny

text: Hotz and Rice revisited their onscreen antics in the 2020 CBC Gem special "Paldemic", which directly referenced "Kenny vs. Spenny" and its effect on their friendship and careers in the years since. They jointly received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Host in a Web Program or Series at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Karma (Sanskrit, also "karman", Pāli: "kamma") is a Sanskrit term that literally means "action" or "doing". In the Buddhist tradition, "karma" refers to action driven by intention ("cetanā") which leads to future consequences. Those intentions are considered to be the determining factor in the kind of rebirth in "samsara", the cycle of rebirth.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: "Karma" (Sanskrit, also "karman", Pāli: "kamma", Tib. "las") is a Sanskrit term that literally means "action" or "doing". The word "karma" derives from the verbal root "kṛ", which means "do, make, perform, accomplish."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: "Karmaphala" (Tib. "rgyu 'bras") is the "fruit", "effect" or "result" of "karma". A similar term is "karmavipaka", the "maturation" or "cooking" of "karma":


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: "Karma" and "karmaphala" are fundamental concepts in Buddhism. The concepts of "karma" and "karmaphala" explain how intentional actions keep one tied to rebirth in "samsara", whereas the Buddhist path, as exemplified in the Noble Eightfold Path, shows us the way out of "samsara".


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Rebirth, is a common belief in all Buddhist traditions. It says that birth and death in the six realms occur in successive cycles driven by ignorance ("avidyā"), desire ("trsnā"), and hatred ("dvesa"). The cycle of rebirth is called "samsāra". It is a beginningless and ever-ongoing process. Liberation from "samsāra" can be attained by following the Buddhist Path. This path leads to "vidyā", and the stilling of "trsnā" and "dvesa". Hereby the ongoing process of rebirth is stopped.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The cycle of rebirth is determined by "karma", literally "action". In the Buddhist tradition, "karma" refers to actions driven by "intention" ("cetanā"), a deed done deliberately through body, speech or mind, which leads to future consequences. The "Nibbedhika Sutta", Anguttara Nikaya 6.63:


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: According to Gombrich, this was a great innovation, which overturns brahmanical, caste-bound ethics. It is a rejection of caste-bound differences, giving the same possibility to reach liberation to all people, not just Brahmanins:


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: How this emphasis on intention was to be interpreted became a matter of debate in and between the various Buddhist schools.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Karma leads to future consequences, "karma-phala", "fruit of action". Any given action may cause all sorts of results, but the "karmic results" are only those results which are a consequence of both the moral quality of the action, and of the intention behind the action. According to Reichenbach,


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Good moral actions lead to wholesome rebirths, and bad moral actions lead to unwholesome rebirths. The main factor is how they contribute to the well-being of others in a positive or negative sense. Especially "dāna", giving to the Buddhist order, became an increasingly important source of positive "karma".


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: How these intentional actions lead to rebirth, and how the idea of rebirth is to be reconciled with the doctrines of impermanence and no-self, is a matter of philosophical inquiry in the Buddhist traditions, for which several solutions have been proposed. In early Buddhism no explicit theory of rebirth and karma is worked out, and "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology." In early Buddhism, rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In later Buddhism, the basic idea is that "intentional" actions, driven by "kleshas" ("disturbing emotions"), "cetanā" ("volition"), or "taṇhā" ("thirst", "craving") create impressions, tendencies or "seeds" in the mind. These impressions, or "seeds", will ripen into a future result or fruition. If we can overcome our "kleshas", then we break the chain of causal effects that leads to rebirth in the six realms. The "twelve links of dependent origination" provides a theoretical framework, explaining how the disturbing emotions lead to rebirth in "samsara".


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Buddha's teaching of karma is not strictly deterministic, but incorporated circumstantial factors, unlike that of the Jains. It is not a rigid and mechanical process, but a flexible, fluid and dynamic process, and not all present conditions can be ascribed to karma. There is no set linear relationship between a particular action and its results. The karmic effect of a deed is not determined solely by the deed itself, but also by the nature of the person who commits the deed, and by the circumstances in which it is committed.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Karmic results are not a "judgement" imposed by a God or other all-powerful being, but rather the results of a natural process. Certain experiences in life are the results of previous actions, but our responses to those experiences are not predetermined, although they bear their own fruit in the future. Unjust behaviour may lead to unfavorable circumstances which make it easier to commit more unjust behavior, but nevertheless the freedom not to commit unjust behavior remains.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The real importance of the doctrine of karma and its fruits lies in the recognition of the urgency to put a stop to the whole process. The "Acintita Sutta" warns that "the results of kamma" is one of the four incomprehensible subjects, subjects that are beyond all conceptualization and cannot be understood with logical thought or reason.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: According to Gombrich, this sutra may have been a warning against the tendency, "probably from the Buddha's day until now", to understand the doctrine of "karma" "backwards", to explain unfavorable conditions in this life when no other explanations are available. Gaining a better rebirth may have been, and still is, the central goal for many people. The adoption, by laity, of Buddhist beliefs and practices is seen as a good thing, which brings merit and good rebirth, but does not result in Nirvana, and liberation from "samsāra", the ultimate goal of the Buddha.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: According to the Buddhist tradition, the lord Buddha gained full and complete insight into the workings of karma at the time of his enlightenment. According to Bronkhorst, these knowledges are later additions to the story, just like the notion of "liberating insight" itself.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In AN 5.292, the lord Buddha asserted that it is not possible to avoid experiencing the result of a karmic deed once it has been committed.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In the Anguttara Nikaya, it is stated that karmic results are experienced either in this life (P. "diṭṭadhammika") or in future lives (P. "samparāyika"). The former may involve a readily observable connection between action and karmic consequence, such as when a thief is captured and tortured by the authorities, but the connection need not necessarily be that obvious and in fact usually is not observable.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Sammyutta Nikaya makes a basic distinction between past karma (P. "purānakamma") which has already been incurred, and karma being created in the present (P. "navakamma"). Therefore, in the present one both creates new karma (P. "navakamma") and encounters the result of past karma (P. "kammavipāka"). Karma in the early canon is also threefold: Mental action (S. "manaḥkarman"), bodily action (S. "kāyakarman") and vocal action (S. "vākkarman").


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Various Buddhist philosophical schools developed within Buddhism, giving various interpretations regarding more refined points of karma. A major problem is the relation between the doctrine of no-self, and the "storage" of the traces of one's deeds, for which various solutions have been offered.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The concept of "karma" originated in the Vedic religion, where it was related to the performance of rituals or the investment in good deeds to ensure the entrance to heaven after death, while other persons go to the underworld.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The concept of karma may have been of minor importance in early Buddhism. Schmithausen has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism, noting that "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology." Langer notes that originally karma may have been only one of several concepts connected with rebirth. Tillman Vetter notes that in early Buddhism rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance. Buswell too notes that "Early Buddhism does not identify bodily and mental motion, but desire (or thirst, "trsna"), as the cause of karmic consequences." Matthews notes that "there is no single major systematic exposition" on the subject of karma and "an account has to be put together from the dozens of places where karma is mentioned in the texts," which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought, and realized, "the deathless" ("amata/amrta"), which is concerned with the here and now. Only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The doctrine of karma may have been especially important for common people, for whom it was more important to cope with life's immediate demands, such as the problems of pain, injustice, and death. The doctrine of karma met these exigencies, and in time it became an important soteriological aim in its own right.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda was widely influential in India and beyond. Their understanding of karma in the Sarvāstivāda became normative for Buddhism in India and other countries. According to Dennis Hirota,


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "Abhidharmahṛdaya" by Dharmaśrī was the first systematic exposition of Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda doctrine, and the third chapter, the "Karma-varga", deals with the concept of karma systematically.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The 4th century philosopher Vasubandhu compiled the "Abhidharma-kośa", an extensive compendium which elaborated the positions of the Vaibhāṣika-Sarvāstivādin school on a wide range of issues raised by the early sutras. Chapter four of the Kośa is devoted to a study of karma, and chapters two and five contain formulations as to the mechanism of fruition and retribution. This became the main source of understanding of the perspective of early Buddhism for later Mahāyāna philosophers.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika school pioneered the idea of karmic seeds (S. "Bīja") and "the special modification of the psycho-physical series" (S. "saṃtatipaṇāmaviśeṣa") to explain the workings of karma. According to Dennis Hirota,


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In the Theravāda Abhidhamma and commentarial traditions, karma is taken up at length. The "Abhidhamma Sangaha" of Anuruddhācariya offers a treatment of the topic, with an exhaustive treatment in book five (5.3.7).


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "Kathāvatthu", which discusses a number of controverted points related either directly or indirectly to the notion of kamma." This involved debate with the Pudgalavādin school, which postulated the provisional existence of the person (S. "pudgala", P. "puggala") to account for the ripening of karmic effects over time. The Kathāvatthu also records debate by the Theravādins with the Andhakas (who may have been Mahāsāṃghikas) regarding whether or not old age and death are the result ("vipāka") of karma. The Theravāda maintained that they are not—not, apparently because there is no causal relation between the two, but because they wished to reserve the term "vipāka" strictly for mental results--"subjective phenomena arising through the effects of kamma."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In the canonical Theravāda view of kamma, "the belief that deeds done or ideas seized at the moment of death are particularly significant."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "Milindapañha", a paracanonical Theravāda text, offers some interpretations of karma theory at variance with the orthodox position. In particular, Nāgasena allows for the possibility of the transfer of merit to humans and one of the four classes of petas, perhaps in deference to folk belief. Nāgasena makes it clear that demerit cannot be transferred. One scholar asserts that the sharing of merit "can be linked to the Vedic "śrāddha", for it was Buddhist practice not to upset existing traditions when well-established custom was not antithetic to Buddhist teaching."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Petavatthu, which is fully canonical, endorses the transfer of merit even more widely, including the possibility of sharing merit with all petas.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In the Yogācāra philosophical tradition, one of the two principal Mahāyāna schools, the principle of karma was extended considerably. In the Yogācāra formulation, all experience without exception is said to result from the ripening of karma. Karmic seeds (S. "bija") are said to be stored in the "storehouse consciousness" (S. "ālayavijñāna") until such time as they ripen into experience. The term "vāsāna" ("perfuming") is also used, and Yogācārins debated whether vāsāna and bija were essentially the same, the seeds were the effect of the perfuming, or whether the perfuming simply affected the seeds. The seemingly external world is merely a "by-product" ("adhipati-phala") of karma. The conditioning of the mind resulting from karma is called "saṃskāra".


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "Treatise on Action" ("Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa"), also by Vasubandhu, treats the subject of karma in detail from the Yogācāra perspective. According to scholar Dan Lusthaus,


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: According to Bronkhorst, whereas in earlier systems it "was not clear how a series of completely mental events (the deed and its traces) could give rise to non-mental, material effects," with the (purported) idealism of the Yogācāra system this is not an issue.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In Mahāyāna traditions, karma is not the sole basis of rebirth. The rebirths of bodhisattvas after the seventh stage (S. "bhūmi") are said to be consciously directed for the benefit of others still trapped in . Thus, theirs are not uncontrolled rebirths.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Nāgārjuna articulated the difficulty in forming a karma theory in his most prominent work, the "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā" (Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way):


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "Mūlamadhyamakavṛtty-Akutobhayā", also generally attributed to Nāgārjuna, concludes that it is impossible both for the act to persist somehow and also for it to perish immediately and still have efficacy at a later time.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In Tibetan Buddhism, the teachings on karma belong to the preliminary teachings, that turn the mind towards the Buddhist dharma.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: In the Vajrayana tradition, negative past karma may be "purified" through such practices as meditation on Vajrasattva because they both are the mind's psychological phenomenon. The performer of the action, after having purified the karma, does not experience the negative results he or she otherwise would have. Engaging in the ten negative actions out of selfishness and delusions hurts all involved. Otherwise, loving others, receives love; whereas; people with closed hearts may be prevented from happiness. One good thing about karma is that it can be purified through confession, if the thoughts become positive. Within Guru Yoga seven branch offerings practice, confession is the antidote to aversion.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Dōgen Kigen argued in his "Shobogenzo" that karmic latencies are emphatically not empty, going so far as to claim that belief in the emptiness of karma should be characterized as "non-Buddhist," although he also states that the "law of karman has no concrete existence."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Zen's most famous koan about karma is called "Baizhang's Wild Fox" (百丈野狐). The story of the koan is about an ancient Zen teacher whose answer to a question presents a wrong view about karma by saying that the person who has a foundation in cultivating the great practice "does not fall into cause and effect." Because of his unskillful answer the teacher reaps the result of living 500 lives as a wild fox. He is then able to appear as a human and ask the same question to Zen teacher Baizhang, who answers, "He is not in the dark about cause and effect." Hearing this answer the old teacher is freed from the life of a wild fox. The Zen perspective avoids the duality of asserting that an enlightened person is either subject to or free from the law of karma and that the key is not being ignorant about karma.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The Japanese Tendai/Pure Land teacher Genshin taught a series of ten reflections for a dying person that emphasized reflecting on the Amida Buddha as a means to purify vast amounts of karma.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Nichiren Buddhism teaches that transformation and change through faith and practice changes adverse karma—negative causes made in the past that result in negative results in the present and future—to positive causes for benefits in the future.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Buddhist modernists often prefer to equate karma with social conditioning, in contradistinction with, as one scholar puts it, "early texts <nowiki>[which]</nowiki> give us little reason to interpret 'conditioning' as the infusion into the psyche of external social norms, or of awakening as simply transcending all psychological conditioning and social roles. Karmic conditioning drifts semantically toward 'cultural conditioning' under the influence of western discourses that elevate the individual over the social, cultural, and institutional. The traditional import of the karmic conditioning process, however, is primarily ethical and soteriological—actions condition circumstances in this and future lives."


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Essentially, this understanding limits the scope of the traditional understanding of karmic effects so that it encompasses only "saṃskāra"s—habits, dispositions and tendencies—and not external effects, while at the same time expanding the scope to include social conditioning that does not particularly involve volitional action.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Some western commentators and Buddhists have taken exception to aspects of karma theory, and have proposed revisions of various kinds. These proposals fall under the rubric of Buddhist modernism.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: The "primary critique" of the Buddhist doctrine of karma is that some feel "karma may be socially and politically disempowering in its cultural effect, that without intending to do this, karma may in fact support social passivity or acquiescence in the face of oppression of various kinds." Dale S. Wright, a scholar specializing in Zen Buddhism, has proposed that the doctrine be reformulated for modern people, "separated from elements of supernatural thinking," so that karma is asserted to condition only personal qualities and dispositions rather than rebirth and external occurrences.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Loy argues that the idea of accumulating merit too easily becomes "spiritual materialism," a view echoed by other Buddhist modernists, and further that karma has been used to rationalize racism, caste, economic oppression, birth handicaps and everything else.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Loy goes on to argue that the view that suffering such as that undergone by Holocaust victims could be attributed in part to the karmic ripenings of those victims is "fundamentalism, which blames the victims and rationalizes their horrific fate," and that this is "something no longer to be tolerated quietly. It is time for modern Buddhists and modern Buddhism to outgrow it" by revising or discarding the teachings on karma.


title: Karma in Buddhism

text: Other scholars have argued, however, that the teachings on karma do not encourage judgment and blame, given that the victims were not the same people who committed the acts, but rather were just part of the same mindstream-continuum with the past actors, and that the teachings on karma instead provide "a thoroughly satisfying explanation for suffering and loss" in which believers take comfort.


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa is a sports news technology and sports betting brand with operations in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Italy, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the UK, where it operates in conjunction with TGP Europe.


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa in Kenya is owned and operated by "Milestone Games", a Kenyan-owned company. it is jointly owned with the betting/gaming arm of RCS Media, a giant media company in Europe.


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa heavily invested in the development of the local sports leagues and tournaments in Kenya and Tanzania.


title: SportPesa

text: The company had signed agreements to build local and international partnerships in football, rugby, boxing, motorsport, athletics, golf and kabaddi.


title: SportPesa

text: It sponsored various tournaments, among them the 2014 Wambia Memorial Football Tournament in Kakamega, The Francis W. Maingi memorial football tournament in Kitui, the Obulala Football Tournament, Koth Biro Football Tournament and the SportPesa Super 8 Premier League.


title: SportPesa

text: With over 100 grassroots teams from Nairobi estates registered to participate, the Super 8 tournament, which was run by Extreme Sports Limited, grew into a full-fledged league in 2016 after financial support from SportPesa. The Super 8 League aimed to improve grass-root football, with a number of players later joining top-flight Kenyan teams.


title: SportPesa

text: In 2021, SportPesa took up the Wazee Pamoja League, as they are known today, which comprises 11 teams whose players are over 33 years old and play throughout the year in a competitive league.


title: SportPesa

text: In football, the brand previously supported the Kenyan Premier League, Kenya’s domestic top tier club competition, as well as a key sponsor of the Harambee Stars and Harambee Starlets, Kenya's national men's and women's football teams respectively. This partnership has saw the introduction of linkages with English clubs Everton FC, Arsenal, Southampton and Hull City, where the clubs' management, coaches and players took part in various training programmes and engagements.


title: SportPesa

text: The key focus of the contract with the Football Kenya Federation was to ensure that the country develops as a footballing nation, with the stated mission of qualifying for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: SportPesa

text: In February 2017 a team dubbed the "SportPesa All-Stars", selected from the 18 Kenyan Premier League clubs, became the first-ever team from the country to play in England, where they lost 2–1 to a Hull City Select side at the KCOM Stadium. This partnership was geared towards exposing Kenyan players to the international stage.


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa also entered into a deal with the Under-20 sides from the Kenyan Premier League to facilitate a tournament that was held during school terms breaks in April, August and December.


title: SportPesa

text: At the height of its support to the Kenyan Premier League, the brand invested in a reward and honour programme working closely with a joint panel of SJAK and KPL coaches who selected the best players, coaches and team managers. The highlight of this annual programme culminated in the gathering of the football community for the prestigious Footballer of the Year (FOYA) Awards where winners selected are celebrated, with the Player of the Year winning KSh1,000,000 (approx. USD10,000).


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa was also the shirt sponsor of signed Kenya Sevens Rugby team, Gor Mahia and AFC Leopards, two of Kenya's most decorated clubs, as well as Nakuru All Stars, a second division team.


title: SportPesa

text: The company's sponsorship status of teams in Kenya was suspended following the withdrawal of its operating license in July 2019 – the license was reinstated in October 2020 after the brand signed a five-year deal with Milestone Games Ltd which then took over the rights to operate under the name SportPesa.


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa currently has sponsorship deals with Simba SC and Young Africans SC, two leading clubs in the Tanzania Premier League. The two teams have signed five-year sponsorship deals. Additionally, SportPesa sponsored Singida United FC for a year following their promotion to the Tanzania Premier League.


title: SportPesa

text: In August 2017, SportPesa announced that it has signed a sponsorship deals with Cape Town City F.C. that plays in South Africa's Premier Soccer League (PSL).


title: SportPesa

text: On 13 February 2019 it was announced that SportPesa became the new title sponsor for the Racing Point F1 Team for the 2019 season. The team was officially entered as "SportPesa Racing Point F1 Team". On February 17, 2020, Racing Point CEO Otmar Szafnauer announced that SportPesa was no longer the team’s title sponsor due to the company having “had some difficulties in their home market.”


title: SportPesa

text: SportPesa brand was previously in partnerships with five English football clubs – Everton, Arsenal, Southampton, Hull City.


title: SportPesa

text: Everton announced that the partnership with SportPesa would end after the 2019-20 season, after two years of a fruitful partnership that saw the Everton first team make their maiden trip to East Africa when they played a pre-season match in Tanzania and toured Kenya for the first time for another pre season friendly in 2019 - both sold-out matches making history for the two East African nations.


title: SportPesa

text: In June 2016 SportPesa announced the first SportPesa Super Cup, an eight-team football knockout tournament that featured four teams each from Kenya and Tanzania. The first edition was held in Tanzania where Kenya's Gor Mahia FC emerged the tournament winner. The Winner of the SportPesa Super Cup played Everton FC on 13 July 2017 in the most successful football event in East Africa ever.


title: SportPesa

text: In 2016, SportPesa won the Best African Sponsorship Award at the Discovery Sports Industry Awards (DSIA). In 2017, was recognized as a Superbrand, placed 13th in the ranking of the best companies in Kenya. It has also been previously recognised for being among top tax payers in Kenya.


title: German Autumn

text: The German Autumn () was a series of events in Germany in 1977, mostly late in the year, associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist, businessman, and former SS member Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA), and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF), a far-left militant organisation, and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 (known in Germany by the aircraft's name "Landshut") by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination on 7 April 1977 of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker Jürgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the "Landshut", the deaths of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer.


title: German Autumn

text: The phrase "German Autumn" is derived from the 1978 film "" ("Germany in Autumn"), a German omnibus film whose segments covered the social atmosphere during late 1977, while offering different critical perspectives and arguments pertaining to the situation. The directors involved were Heinrich Böll, Hans Peter Cloos, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Alexander Kluge, Maxmiliane Mainka, Edgar Reitz, Katja Rupé, Volker Schlöndorff, Peter Schubert and Bernhard Sinkel. Kluge and Beate Mainka-Jellinghaus edited the film.


title: German Autumn

text: On 7 April 1977, Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany, was shot and killed alongside his driver Wolfgang Göbel and a passenger, judicial officer Georg Wurster, in an ambush whilst travelling from his home in Neureut to the Bundesgerichtshof in Karlsruhe.


title: German Autumn

text: Four RAF members, Christian Klar, Knut Folkerts, Günter Sonnenberg and Brigitte Mohnhaupt were formally charged and prosecuted in connection with the Buback murder. In 2007, former RAF members Peter-Jürgen Boock and Verena Becker claimed that another former RAF member, Stefan Wisniewski, had fired the gun that killed Buback.


title: German Autumn

text: On 30 July 1977, Jürgen Ponto, the head of Dresdner Bank, was shot and killed in his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong. Those involved were Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar and Susanne Albrecht, the last being the sister of Ponto's goddaughter.


title: German Autumn

text: On 5 September 1977, an RAF 'commando unit' attacked the chauffeured car carrying Hanns Martin Schleyer, then-president of the German employers' association, in Cologne. His driver, Heinz Marcisz, 41, was forced to brake when a baby carriage suddenly appeared in the street in front of them. The police escort vehicle behind them was unable to stop in time, and crashed into Schleyer's car. Four (or possibly five) masked RAF members sprayed machine gun and machine pistol bullets into the two vehicles, killing Marcisz and a police officer, Roland Pieler, 20, who was seated in the backseat of Marcisz's car. The driver of the police escort vehicle, Reinhold Brändle, 41, and a third police officer, Helmut Ulmer, 24, who was in the second vehicle, were also killed. The hail of bullets riddled over twenty bullet wounds into the bodies of Brändle and Pieler. Schleyer was abducted and held prisoner in a rented apartment in an anonymous residential neighborhood near Cologne. He was forced to appeal to the center-left West German government under Helmut Schmidt for the 'first generation' of RAF members (then imprisoned) to be exchanged for him. Police attempts to locate Schleyer proved unsuccessful. On 18 October 1977, three of the imprisoned RAF members were found dead in their cells. In response, Schleyer was taken from Brussels and shot dead en route to Mulhouse, France, where his body was left in the trunk of a green Audi 100 on the rue Charles Péguy. After the kidnappers phoned the location of the Audi to the Deutsche Presse-Agentur office in Stuttgart, Schleyer's body was recovered on 19 October.