title: Matt Bevin

text: In January 2016, Bevin's administration sent a cease and desist letter to Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky ordering it to stop performing abortions at its clinic in Louisville because it did not have the required license. The clinic claimed it had been given permission to perform the procedures by Beshear's inspector general just prior to Bevin taking office, but nonetheless halted the procedures on January 28. Bevin filed suit against Planned Parenthood in February, claiming it had illegally performed 23 abortions without a license; the suit said Planned Parenthood's licensure application was deficient because it did not include agreements with a hospital and ambulance service to transport and care for patients in case of complications, as required by state law, and that Beshear's inspector general was wrong in instructing the organization to begin performing abortions before the license was approved. Planned Parenthood countered that, before the license could be finalized, the abortion facility would have to be subjected to an unannounced inspection, requiring that abortions were already being performed there. In March, the University of Louisville Hospital announced that it had backed out of a transfer agreement with Planned Parenthood, saying it had been pressured to do so and felt that its state funding was in jeopardy by continuing in the agreement. A spokesman for Bevin denied that the pressure had come from anyone in the administration.


title: Matt Bevin

text: Two weeks after filing suit against Planned Parenthood, Bevin sued EMW Women's Clinic in Lexington, claiming that it was an unlicensed abortion facility. The clinic had been operating without a license under an exemption granted to private physicians' offices, but an inspection of the clinic – the first conducted since 2006 – revealed that the facility performed abortions exclusively. Inspectors also reported "several unsafe and unsanitary conditions" including the presence of expired medications. EMW ceased performing abortions March 9, pending the outcome of the lawsuit. On March 18, Fayette County Circuit Judge Ernesto Scorsone declined to issue a cease and desist order to EMW, finding that the first trimester abortions performed there "do not require sedation or the services of an anesthesiologist", suggesting that the clinic was a physician's office. Scorsone also said the clinic served the public interest by providing abortion services for the eastern half of the state. The administration appealed Scorsone's decision, and on June 15, a three-judge panel from the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled Scorsone's decision in error and issued a temporary injunction against EMW, prohibiting them from performing abortions until and unless the case was eventually resolved in its favor. The Kentucky Supreme Court sustained the injunction in August.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On January 26, 2016, Bevin delivered a budget address to the General Assembly detailing his two-year budget proposal. The proposal cut the allocation for most state agencies by 9 percent over the upcoming biennium, with most of the savings being redirected into the state pension system, which was among the worst funded in the nation. Public elementary and secondary education were spared from the cuts, as were social workers, public defenders, corrections officers, and Kentucky State Police employees, all of whom received raises under Bevin's proposal. Public colleges and universities were not exempt from the cuts, and Bevin called for a gradual move to performance-based funding for higher education, with all higher education funding tied to performance by 2020.


title: Matt Bevin

text: By executive order, Bevin required all state agencies to reduce spending in their current budgets by 4.5 percent. House Speaker Greg Stumbo argued that Bevin did not have the authority to order such reductions without legislative approval, but Senate President Robert Stivers defended Bevin's action, saying it amounted to simply not spending money that was previously allocated. Bevin later compromised with the state's public college and university presidents to reduce the cuts to 2 percent, but Attorney General Andy Beshear sued to stop the cuts entirely. In May 2016, a Franklin Circuit Court judge ruled Bevin did have the authority to make the cuts. In September 2016, the Kentucky Supreme Court issued a 5–2 decision reversing the Franklin Circuit Court's ruling and agreeing with Beshear that Bevin lacked the authority to make mid-year budget cuts without the approval of the General Assembly.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On March 7, 2016, Bevin released a video on social media claiming that House Democrats were not following through on their obligations to help craft the state budget. Legislators responded with a photo and statements that while Bevin was producing his film designed to chastise them, House leaders were in fact in committee meetings working out details of a budget proposal while Speaker Stumbo suggested the Governor was either unfamiliar with the legislative process, or intended to deceive people. On March 12, House Democrats released their own budget, which sustained most of the cuts to executive agencies in Bevin's budget, but exempted public universities from any cuts. The Republican-controlled Senate countered with a proposal that hewed closely to Bevin's original budget.


title: Matt Bevin

text: The two chambers announced that their negotiations had reached an impasse just days before the constitutionally mandated end of the session on April 15, but Bevin insisted he would not call a special legislative session for them to continue negotiations. Just before 3:00 a.m. on April 14, negotiators announced they had reached a compromise that would cut public universities' budgets by 4.5 percent over the biennium instead of the 9 percent requested by Bevin and implement a performance-based funding model in 2017. The money would be reallocated to contribute over $1 billion toward the state pension system's liabilities, which exceeded $30 billion. Republicans agreed to fund a Democratic proposal for a scholarship program providing free community college tuition for qualified students, relented on their demands to stop state funding for Planned Parenthood, and spared the state's prevailing wage guidelines. Bevin signed the budget, but used his line-item veto to strip funding for the scholarship program in the first year of the biennium, saying the guidelines were poorly written and should be revised before implementing the program in 2017. Because of the constitutional prohibition against the legislative session extending past April 15, the General Assembly was unable to override the veto.


title: Matt Bevin

text: At the September 2016 Family Research Council Action Values Voter Summit (VVS) in Washington, DC, where Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates Donald Trump and Mike Pence also spoke, Bevin "both lamented and called for revolution and bloodshed to 'redeem' what [would] be lost" if Hillary Clinton were to be victorious in the 2016 presidential election, according to one source. He used and echoed language about "the tree of liberty" being refreshed by the blood of patriots and addressed his own family in the same regard – "I have nine children ... it might be their blood [that] is needed." Bevin urged the audience to emulate Winston Churchill rather than Neville Chamberlain, saying, "It's a slippery slope... First, we're killing [unborn] children [with abortions], then it's 'Don't ask, don't tell,' now it's this gender-bending kind of 'don't be a bigot,' 'don't be unreasonable,' 'don't be unenlightened...'" Another account reported that he "referenced the rise of the Nazis preceding the Holocaust twice, invoking German pastor Martin Niemöller's oft-cited quote that ends, 'then they came for me – and there was no one left to speak for me.'" Still another account of the VVS appearance said he had spoken without notes or teleprompter. Later, Bevin asserted that his violent metaphors referred to military sacrifice.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In the 2016 election, the Republican Party took a supermajority in the Kentucky House of Representatives; the party had not controlled the chamber since 1921. State House Speaker Greg Stumbo, viewed as one of Bevin's main political antagonists, was one of several House Democrats defeated in the election; Bevin remarked, "'good riddance'...he will not be missed one bit. Kentucky will be better for his absence." The 2016 election victories allowed Bevin to pursue his conservative agenda in the ensuing session, as the House Democrats had blocked conservative legislation prior to this.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In an unusual Saturday session in January 2017, the Kentucky General Assembly passed seven fast-tracked bills on key Republican legislative priorities. These bills included two that restricted abortion (one of which was a 20-week abortion ban), and three that reduced the power of labor unions, including a bill making Kentucky the 27th right-to-work state. Bevin signed all seven bills into law on January 9. On January 9, 2017, Bevin signed the two abortion bills.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On March 16, 2017, Bevin signed SB 17 into law, intended to "protect religious expression in public schools" by barring school districts from regulating student organizations in ways such as requiring them to accept LGBT people as members. Other bills Bevin signed into law included a "Blue Lives Matter" bill making it a hate crime to attack a police officer, placing Planned Parenthood at the least priority for funding, and removing restrictions on local governments authorizing charter schools. On March 27, 2017, Bevin vetoed a bill that would have allowed a judge to order mentally disabled people to undergo outpatient treatment if they could not recognize their condition and if they had a history of hospitalization, due to his concerns over its effects of individual liberty. The Kentucky legislature overrode his veto on the bill and three others.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In April 2017, Bevin signed HB 128 into law, which ordered the Kentucky Board of Education to develop rules for Bible literacy classes. Bevin signed another bill authorizing Bible classes in June 2017.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In July 2017, Bevin had the Kentucky Capitol building cleaned, choosing to use private funds as payment. During his 2018 Kentucky State of the Commonwealth Address, Bevin said it was the first time the building had been cleaned, echoing a belief expressed in July by an administration cabinet spokesperson.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In February 2018, following the Parkland school shooting and the Marshall County High School shooting in Kentucky, Bevin declared that it was time to discuss what "should not be allowed in the United States as it relates to the things being put in the hands of our young people". "These are quote-unquote video games ... It's the same as pornography. They have desensitized people to the value of human life, to the dignity of women, to the dignity of human decency." On November 13, 2018, Bevin said that a cultural popularity of death, as evidenced by zombie television shows, is to blame for mass shootings, and that gun regulation is not the solution.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In March 2018, Bevin sparked some controversy among local teachers' associations when he criticized their protesting of a pension reform bill as "selfish and shortsighted". In April 2018, he "guaranteed" that the teachers' labor stoppage had resulted in unsupervised children being sexually assaulted, physically harmed, or exposed to poison and drugs. The president of the Jefferson County Teachers Association responded that by Bevin's logic, schools should never have any breaks or vacations. The Republican-controlled Kentucky House condemned Bevin's comments and overrode his veto of a law that increased classroom spending. Days after his controversial comments in April, Bevin said he did not intend to hurt people and apologized for those who have been hurt by the things that were said.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On January 29, 2019, Bevin stated that school closings for January 30 were a "sign America was soft". He received criticism, including from NBC weather forecaster Al Roker, who referred to Bevin as a "nitwit governor" the next day. Bevin defended his comments and attacked the "Lexington Herald-Leader" and "Courier Journal", and WKYT as "clowns", referring to a comment by Barack Obama in 2009 about Washington D.C. coming to a halt after a dusting of snow when Chicago would not have canceled school.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On March 11, 2019, Bevin signed a bill into law removing the permit requirement to carry a concealed firearm in the state, becoming the 16th state to enact such legislation after South Dakota and Oklahoma had done it earlier in the year. On March 16, 2019, Bevin signed into law a bill banning abortions after the heartbeat is detected, though a federal judge blocked the bill a few hours later. On March 26, 2019, Bevin signed a bill that required public universities to protect free speech rights by banning them from disinviting speakers. On April 25, 2019, Bevin blamed teacher strikes for the death of a seven-year old. During the 2019 Kentucky Derby, Bevin was booed while making a speech during the trophy presentation, following the disqualification of the original race winner, Maximum Security.


title: Matt Bevin

text: On July 12, 2019, Bevin announced his support for a proposed bill to ban sanctuary cities in Kentucky.


title: Matt Bevin

text: While stationed at Fort Polk, Bevin went on a blind date with his future wife, Glenna. At the time, Glenna was a divorced single mother of a 5-year-old daughter who was born during her first marriage to an abusive husband. The two married in 1996 and had five additional children. After Glenna's remarriage, her daughter, Brittiney, took her adoptive father's last name. In 2003, 17-year-old Brittiney was killed in a car accident near the family's home. In memory of their daughter, the Bevins created Brittiney's Wish, a non-profit organization that funds domestic and international mission trips for high school students, and started an endowment that allowed Louisville's Southern Baptist Theological Seminary to open its Bevin Center for Missions Mobilization in 2012.


title: Matt Bevin

text: In 2011, Bevin took all of his children out of school for a year for a tour of the United States, visiting sites of educational or historical interest, including the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated and the Topeka, Kansas, schoolhouse at the center of the landmark "Brown v. Board of Education" Supreme Court decision. After their application to adopt a daughter from Kentucky's foster care system was denied because they already had five children, the Bevins adopted four children – between the ages of 2 and 10 – from Ethiopia in June 2012. By 2015, Bevin said all of his children were homeschooled. To avoid disruptions in the children's schooling, the Bevins opted not to move into the Kentucky Governor's Mansion immediately after Bevin's election as governor in November 2015, instead waiting until after the school year ended in August 2016. The eleven-member Bevin family is the largest to inhabit the mansion since it was constructed in 1914. The family also retains their pre-election home in Louisville.


title: Matt Bevin

text: The Bevins attend Southeast Christian Church in Louisville. After his election as governor, he announced he would hold an invitation-only inaugural worship service at Frankfort's Buck Run Baptist Church, but the service was moved to the Frankfort Convention Center and the invitation requirement was dropped following an "overwhelming response from the public".


title: Matt Bevin

text: In March 2019, Bevin said in an interview that he deliberately exposed all nine of his children to chickenpox so they would "catch the disease and become immune."


title: Rajendran

text: A. Rajendran,(born 1 June 1957) credited as Motta Rajendran or "Naan Kadavul" Rajendran, is an Indian stunt double and actor working mainly in Tamil cinema. He debuted in 2003 with the Tamil film "Pithamagan" and has worked as a stunt double for over 500 South Indian films since then. He played the role of a villain in "Naan Kadavul" (2009) and has continued to play villainous and later humorous supporting characters in a number of Tamil films. He is noted for his rough voice and alopecia universalis, which he claims was the result of coming into contact with industrial waste during a stunt sequence.


title: Rajendran

text: Rajendran began his film career working as a stunt double in over hundreds of south Indian films mostly in Tamil films.


title: Rajendran

text: He played a small but significant role in "Pithamagan" (2003) and made his full-fledged acting debut as a Villain in "Naan Kadavul" (2009). His performance as a cruel leader who tortures beggars earned critical acclaim with a critic noting that he is "menacing and loathsome". Following his villainous comedy role in "Boss Engira Bhaskaran" (2010), he says he was typecast in similar roles. His appearance as a killer who dons the garb of women in "Thirudan Police" (2014) was appreciated by critics as "the ultimate showstealer and his already popular lady makeover clinches it big time". His first release in 2015 was "Darling", where he appeared as the ghostbuster Ghost Gopal Varma. "The Times of India" wrote, "His bald head, thin figure and sandpapery voice make him effective for both villainous and comical roles but from the screams and whistles that his character gets, it is clear that he has made much more impact as a comedian". His second release of the year was "Ivanuku Thannila Gandam" (2015), where he appeared as a murderer. Before its release, Rajendran's presence in the film's promotional videos received a positive response. The film was released to negative reviews, though Rajendran's performance was appreciated by critics, one of whom noted that "the film belongs to Rajendran as he comes out with his trademark dialogue delivery [...] and carries the entire film".


title: Lævateinn

text: In Norse mythology, Lævateinn is a weapon crafted by Loki mentioned in the "Poetic Edda" poem "Fjölsvinnsmál". The name "Lævateinn" does not appear in the original manuscript reading, but is an emendation from Hævateinn made by Sophus Bugge and others.


title: Lævateinn

text: The weapon is needed to slay the rooster Viðofnir atop the Mímameiðr tree in order for the seeker to achieve his quest, or so replies the wise porter Fjölsviðr, the title character of the poem.


title: Lævateinn

text: Lævateinn has variously been asserted to be a dart (or some projectile weapon), or a sword, or a wand, by different commentators and translators. It is glossed as literally meaning a "wand" causing damage by several sources, yet some of these same sources claim simultaneously that the name is a kenning for sword. Others prefer to regard it as a magic wand (seiðr staff).


title: Lævateinn

text: Lævateinn is the only weapon capable of defeating the cockerel Viðofnir, as explained by Fiölsvith "the very wise" porter in the poem "Fjölsvinnsmál". Lopt, the sword's maker, refers to Loki.


title: Lævateinn

text: Hævateinn, the untampered form of the weapon's name as occurs in manuscript, has been glossed as "sure-striking dart/arrow" by Árni Magnússon in 1787, and rendered "an arrow's name /That never disappoints the aim" by A. S. Cottle in 1797.


title: Lævateinn

text: Lævateinn, the emendation made by changing the first letter from H to L, was proposed by Sophus Bugge in 1860/1861, later printed in Bugge's edition of the Poetic Edda (1867 ), and construed to mean 'Wounding Wand', or 'damage twig', or "Wand-of-Destruction".


title: Lævateinn

text: To be fair, Lævateinn or "læ"-wand can have three possible senses of meaning, and the latter three English glosses exploit only one of them. The three meanings of "læ" (the nominative case of "læva") are: "cunning", "deception", and "injury". The weapon's name is glossed as "wand of non deceit" in passing without further explanation by Einar Ólafur Sveinsson.


title: Lævateinn

text: Bugge proposed that this poem "Fjölsvinnsmál" should be treated as Part II of "Svipdagsmál" (sequel to Part I "Grógaldr"), and the sword's name was emended to Lævateinn by him.


title: Lævateinn

text: The poem underwent further modifications. The phrase "" ('placed in an iron vase') was modified by Hjalmar Falk to "", where Lægjarn denoted 'Lover of Ill', a nickname of Loki.


title: Lævateinn

text: The "Laeva-" stem of the weapon's name is considered the genitive form of "Lae-", as occurs in Loki's nickname Lægjarn, where "lae" means 'deceit, fraud; bane', and so forth.


title: Lævateinn

text: The Hævateinn was interpreted to be a dart/arrow () by Árni Magnússon and A. S. Cottle in the 18th century as already noted.


title: Lævateinn

text: Whereas Finnur Jónsson glossed it as a sword, along with other editors at the beginning of early 20th century, and it was specifically claimed to be the same as the flaming sword of the giant Surtr by Henrik Schück.


title: Lævateinn

text: Or, the Hævateinn or Lævateinn was probably a magic wand crafted by Loki according to others, e.g., Albert Morey Sturtevant, and a paper on "seiðr" magic staffs citing Rudolf Simek.


title: Lævateinn

text: Henry Adams Bellows glossed "Lævateinn" as meaning 'wounding wand', but rejected identification with the "" or "mistletoe with which Baldr was killed". To complicate matters, the argument is also made by e.g. Lee M. Hollander that although Lævateinn is literally renderable as a "Wand-of-Destruction", it is etymologically considered to be a kenning for a sword.


title: Lævateinn

text: In Adolfo Zavaroni and Reggio Emilia's conception of the poem, Lævateinn is a cudgel ("Evilcudgel"), while it is Viðofnir who owns a collection of rods (divining rods) whereamong he maintains his sickle. In fact, the word "völr" in the text literally means "rounded rods", although translators have figuratively interpreted the word to be the rooster's plumage.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level, also called the O-level or O level, was a subject-based academic qualification. Introduced in 1951 as a replacement for the 16+ School Certificate (SC), the O-level would act as a pathway to the new, more in-depth and academically rigorous A-level (Advanced Level), in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Later the complementary and more vocational Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) was added to broaden the subjects available and offer qualifications in non-academic subjects.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The O-Level and CSE were replaced in the United Kingdom in 1988 by the GCSE and later complementary IGCSE exams. The Scottish equivalent was the O-grade (replaced, following a separate process, by the Standard Grade). An O-level branded qualification is still awarded by Cambridge International Examinations in select locations.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: O-levels were predominantly exam-based; this had advantages for students in part-time or evening education. Some commentators criticised this mainly exam-based approach as offering only partial proof of the student's overall ability in comparison with other methods (e.g., coursework-based assessment). There was no summative 'school certificate': each subject was a separate O-level in its own right.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: Madsen Pirie argued that the O-level was unfairly biased to boys because of the emphasis on exam-based learning, and therefore girls were placed at a disadvantage. Pirie also observes that the GCSE focus on coursework has now disadvantaged boys, and has reversed the gender gap in attainment to the level where, in all subjects, girls outperform boys.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: Until 1975, candidates were awarded only a "pass" or "fail" classification. Although candidates received an approximate indication of the marks awarded, O-Level Certificates simply listed those subjects in which a pass had been awarded; subjects in which a candidate had failed were not mentioned. The independent exam boards soon offered competing numeric and alphabetic classifications, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 would be a pass, while grades 7, 8 and 9 were fails from the JMB. From 1975 standardized alphabetic grades where introduced with grades A, B, C, D, and E were passes, and F and U (Unclassified) were fails. Between 1975 and 1985 grades were allocated primarily on a norm-referenced basis, assigning a fixed proportion of each cohort to each grade (A 10%, B 15%, C 25–30%, D 5–10%, E 5–10%, U 15–20%). Though some exceptions existed, both at the subject and Exam Board level, with Latin and Greek pass rates being consistently higher than other subjects, with 75.4% passing in 1976, in contrast to an average 59% pass rate across all subjects e.g. Biology 56.4%, History 57%. The pass rate and top awards by the Oxford & Cambridge board were also consistently higher than the other boards e.g. In 1976, 27% of Latin entrants gained an A, and ~17% of French, German and Music candidates, this was attributed to the O&C board being primarily used by the Independent schools. The proportion obtaining a pass, A-D, or equivalent was initially fixed at 57% – 58%, and remained under 60% through the 1970s, though there was regional variation with Northern Ireland awarding consistently more pass grades than Wales e.g. In 1982, the pass rates were: Northern Ireland 62%, England 58% Wales 53%. In 1984 a decision was taken, by the Secondary Examinations Council, to replace the norm referencing with criteria referencing, where 16+ and 18+ grades would in future be awarded on Examiner Judgement, this change was implemented, at O-Level, in June 1986. In the final year DES statistics were available 6.8% achieved an A, and 39.8% an A-C grade.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: O-levels incorporate an element of negative marking, with marks deducted for incorrect answers, poor spelling, grammar or handwriting.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The table below gives rough equivalences between O-Level, CSE, and GCSE grades, including later changes to GCSE grades in 1994 and the 2010s:


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: For GCSE Mathematics from 1988 there was an extension paper allowing candidates to achieve 3 grades higher than an A (pass, merit, and distinction). This was stopped.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The 1978 Waddell Report, when comparing O-Level and CSE entrants stated: ""the O Level examination tending to be aimed at the upper 20 per cent of the full ability range and CSE catering for the next 40 per cent"." This conclusion is partially supported by the statistics. After 1976, for subjects where an equivalent O-level paper existed, approximately 36% of the pupils entered for either exam sat the O-Level; the remainder (64%) sat the CSE paper. The proportion taking CSE exams increased following the raising of the minimum school-leaving age to 16, in 1973, and the subsequent fall in the proportion sitting neither exam e.g.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The O-Level syllabi, examinations and awards were made by 9 independent boards: Associated Examining Board, Durham University Examinations Board (dissolved 1964), Joint Matriculation Board, Oxford and Cambridge, Oxford, Southern, Cambridge, London, and Welsh Joint Education Committee.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: Unlike CSE examinations the participating schools had a choice of syllabi and awarding body, and were not required to use a designated local board.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: The O-level qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland were replaced by the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), phased in by 1986 with a couple of subjects, and completed for all subjects the following year. However, the O-level brand is still used in many Commonwealth countries, such as Bangladesh, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Singapore, instead of or alongside the IGCSE qualifications. The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination was also benchmarked against the O-levels for comparable subjects. But it has switched to benchmark against the IGCSE. The School Certificate of Mauritius continues to use the O-level exams.


title: GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)

text: O-levels continue to thrive as well respected international qualifications for students in other countries, who use them for preparation for advanced study in their own country and/or access higher education overseas. Approximately 12 million candidates from more than 200 countries register annually for O-level examinations across the world. Institutions that offer O-levels include Cambridge International Examinations (CIE).


title: Aline (film)

text: Aline is a 2021 musical comedy-drama film co-written, directed by and starring Valérie Lemercier. A fictionalized portrayal of the life of Céline Dion, Lemercier plays "Aline Dieu", a Canadian singer who rises to international superstardom.


title: Aline (film)

text: Lemercier plays Aline at every stage of her life from childhood through to middle age, with her body and face digitally adjusted for age-appropriateness in post-production. However, her singing is performed by French singer Victoria Sio.


title: Aline (film)

text: "Aline" had its world premiere on 13 July 2021 at the Cannes Film Festival, and was released in France on 10 November 2021 by Gaumont, and in Canada on 26 November 2021 by Maison 4:3. It received mixed reviews from the critics and earned four nominations at the 47th Annual César Awards, including Best Film, and with Lemercier winning for Best Actress.


title: Aline (film)

text: Anglomard and Silvette Dieu are working class parents raising 13 children in their household in Quebec, Canada. Aline Dieu, named after a song from Christophe, becomes the 14th and youngest child to be born.


title: Aline (film)

text: The Dieu family share the same love for music which is passed on to a young, but timid Aline growing up. Realizing that she wants to become a professional singer, Silvette decides to make Aline’s dream come true by composing her first song with the help of her eldest son. The demo was then sent to Guy-Klaude Kamar, a record manager who managed one of the family’s favorite singers, and were asked to see him in his office. Guy-Klaude is amazed by Aline’s singing voice and is determined to make her one of the biggest artist in the world.


title: Aline (film)

text: Aline earns immediate success as a young artist in her home province and gains attention in France. As Aline becomes a young adult, she is forced to take a long break by her manager in order for her image and music to mature. Aline begins to grow romantic feelings for Guy-Klaude as she resumes touring, causing Silvette to have suspicions. After winning a European song contest in Dublin, Aline expresses her feelings to Guy-Klaude and the two pursue a private romantic relationship. Their relationship is met with anger by Silvette due the their age gap and Guy-Klaude’s previous relationship status, but comes to terms with it despite that she had threatened to fire him if he pursues.


title: Aline (film)

text: Aline performs ‘Pour que tu m'aimes encore’ at a talk show and was asked by the host about who the song was about, but decided not to say anything. Guy-Klaude proposes to Aline while on tour and they later marry. While the newlyweds try for a baby through IVF, Aline injures her voice while performing ‘All by Myself’ and is forced to not sing or speak for about three months. Aline receives a demo of ‘My Heart Will Go On’ and, although not originally amused, decides to record the song after being convinced by her husband. She then meets Fred, a French makeup artist and designer, and chooses to work with him after a successful performance at a movie awards show. After a series of failed IVF treatments, Aline gives birth to her first son, Junior, and then twin boys years later. Aline deals with the ups and downs of international superstardom and the tabloids while being a wife and a mother of three boys.


title: Aline (film)

text: Guy-Klaude becomes ill with a terminal illness and dies. Aline decides to take a walk through Las Vegas while unrecognized in order to cope with her grief. Fred and others begin to worry about her whereabouts as she is due to perform at a Las Vegas hotel that same night. Aline makes it and performs ‘Ordinaire’.


title: Aline (film)

text: In advance of its Canadian release, the Dion family spoke out against the film, criticizing it for factual inaccuracies and for portraying their family as "a gang of Bougons". The film was approved by Dion's manager; Dion herself has not spoken about it publicly to date, although Lemercier has claimed that Dion's son René-Charles reached out to her to request a private viewing.


title: Aline (film)

text: "Aline" grossed $667,308 in the United States and Canada and $10.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $11.2 million, against a production budget of about $25.3 million.


title: Aline (film)

text: On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." On AlloCiné, the film holds an average rating of 4.1/5 based on 35 press reviews.


title: Aline (film)

text: Kyle Buchanan of "The New York Times" opined that Lemercier's decision to play the character throughout her life was the strangest aspect of the film:


title: Aline (film)

text: For "Variety", Peter Debruge wrote that "Lemercier wouldn’t dare offend Dion, nor would she dream of giving fans the slightest reason to question their devotion, and so 'Aline' comes off feeling like a faith-based movie, where Dieu (French for 'God') gets the reverential 'lives of the saints' treatment. For those who adjust their expectations accordingly, it’s still an extremely satisfying watch — just one in which the only conflicts are convincing Aline’s parents to accept her love for manager Guy-Claude (Sylvain Marcel), the couple attempting to get pregnant and a tricky period when Aline’s vocal cords nearly give out. Suffice to say, most of the film’s tears are those of joy."


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The "Mayaguez" incident took place between Kampuchea (now Cambodia) and the United States from 12 to 15 May 1975, less than a month after the Khmer Rouge took control of the capital Phnom Penh ousting the U.S.-backed Khmer Republic. After the Khmer Rouge seized the U.S. merchant vessel in a disputed maritime area, the U.S. mounted a hastily-prepared rescue operation. U.S. Marines recaptured the ship and attacked the island of Koh Tang where it was believed that the crew were being held as hostages.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Encountering stronger than expected defences on Koh Tang, three United States Air Force helicopters were destroyed during the initial assault and the Marines fought a desperate day-long battle with the Khmer Rouge before being evacuated. The "Mayaguez"s crew were released unharmed by the Khmer Rouge shortly after the attack on Koh Tang began. The names of the Americans killed, including three Marines left behind on Koh Tang after the battle and subsequently executed by the Khmer Rouge, are the last names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In 1939 during the French colonial period an administrative line was drawn between Cambodia and French Cochinchina known as the Brevie Line, named after Jules Brévié then governor-general of French Indochina. While not intended to determine sovereignty, the Brevie Line became the de facto maritime border between Cambodia and Vietnam. In 1967 Prince Norodom Sihanouk then Prime Minister of Cambodia agreed with North Vietnam that the borders of Cambodia and Vietnam were those drawn by the French in order to prevent any further Vietnamese claims on Cambodian territory.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Following the Fall of Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975 the Khmer Rouge moved to take control of all of Cambodia from the residual Khmer Republic forces. With the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 the Khmer Rouge demanded that all People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong forces leave their base areas in Cambodia, but the PAVN refused to leave certain areas which they claimed were Vietnamese territory. The PAVN also moved to take control of a number of islands formerly controlled by the now defunct South Vietnam and other territories and islands contested between Vietnam and Cambodia.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On 1 May 1975 Khmer Rouge forces landed on Phú Quốc which was claimed by Cambodia but controlled by South Vietnam. On 10 May the Khmer Rouge captured the Thổ Chu Islands, where they evacuated and later executed 500 Vietnamese civilians. The PAVN launched a counterattack evicting the Khmer Rouge from Phú Quốc and Thổ Chu and attacked Cambodia's Poulo Wai island.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: As part of these island battles, the Khmer Navy actively patrolled Cambodian coastal waters both to stop Vietnamese incursions and also for fear that merchant ships could be used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to supply opponents of the new Khmer Rouge regime. On 2 May the Khmer Navy captured seven Thai fishing boats. On 4 May the Cambodians pursued a South Korean freighter after which the South Korean Transportation Ministry put out a warning to shipping in the area. On 7 May they held a Panamanian vessel near Poulo Wai and questioned its crew before releasing them and their ship after 36 hours. They fired on a Swedish vessel in the same area. On 12 May the Khmer Rouge sent a force to occupy Poulo Wai. Despite these actions no general warning was issued to U.S. merchant shipping.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Cambodia had claimed of territorial waters since 1969 and had boarded ships on this basis. The U.S. did not recognize 12 nautical mile territorial waters claims in 1975, recognizing only , and categorized the waters near Poulo Wai as international sea lanes on the high seas.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The crisis began on the afternoon of 12 May 1975, as the U.S. container ship , owned by Sea-Land Service Inc., passed nearby Poulo Wai en route from Hong Kong to Sattahip, Thailand. U.S. military reports state that the seizure took place off the island, but crew members brought evidence in a later legal action that "Mayaguez" had sailed about off Poulo Wai and was not flying a flag.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 14:18, a Khmer Navy Swift Boat was sighted approaching the "Mayaguez". The Khmer Rouge fired across the bow of "Mayaguez" and when Captain Charles T. Miller ordered the engine room to slow down to manoeuvring speed to avoid the machine-gun fire, the Khmer Rouge then fired a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) across the bow of the ship. Miller ordered the transmission of an SOS and then stopped the ship. Seven Khmer Rouge soldiers boarded "Mayaguez" and their leader, Battalion Commander Sa Mean, pointed at a map indicating that the ship should proceed to the east of Poulo Wai.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: One of the crew members broadcast a Mayday which was picked up by an Australian vessel. "Mayaguez" arrived off Poulo Wai at approximately 16:00 and a further 20 Khmer Rouge boarded the vessel. Sa Mean indicated that "Mayaguez" should proceed to Ream on the Cambodian mainland, but Captain Miller showed that the ship's radar was not working and mimed the ship hitting rocks and sinking. Sa Mean radioed his superiors and was apparently instructed to stay at Poulo Wai, dropping anchor at 16:55.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: "Mayaguez" was carrying 107 containers of routine cargo, 77 containers of government and military cargo, and 90 empty containers, all insured for $5 million (equivalent to $ million in ). The Khmer Rouge never inspected the containers, and exact contents have not been disclosed, but "Mayaguez" had loaded containers from the U.S. Embassy in Saigon nine days before the fall of Saigon. The captain had a U.S. government letter only to be opened in certain emergency circumstances, which he destroyed.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: "Mayaguez"s SOS and Mayday signals were picked up by a number of listeners including an employee of Delta Exploration Company in Jakarta, Indonesia, who notified the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta. By 05:12 Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) the first news of the incident reached the National Military Command Center (NMCC) in Washington, D.C.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: President Gerald Ford was informed of the seizure of "Mayaguez" at his morning briefing with his deputy assistant for national security affairs, Brent Scowcroft. At 12:05 EDT (21:05 Cambodia), a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC) was convened to discuss the situation. Meanwhile, the NMCC ordered Admiral Noel Gayler, Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Command (CINCPAC), to launch reconnaissance aircraft to locate "Mayaguez". The members of the NSC were determined to end the crisis decisively, believing that the fall of South Vietnam less than two weeks before, and the forced withdrawal of the United States from Cambodia (Operation Eagle Pull) and South Vietnam (Operation Frequent Wind) had severely damaged the U.S.'s reputation.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: They also wished to avoid comparisons to the "Pueblo" incident of 1968, where the failure to promptly use military force to halt the capture of a U.S. intelligence ship by North Korea led to an eleven-month hostage situation. It was determined that keeping "Mayaguez" and her crew away from the Cambodian mainland was essential. As the United States had no diplomatic contact with the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, President Ford instructed Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to urge the People's Republic of China to persuade the Khmer Rouge to release "Mayaguez" and her crew.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Following the NSC meeting, the White House issued a press release stating that President Ford considered the seizure an act of piracy, though this claim did not have a foundation in maritime law. Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger ordered the military to locate "Mayaguez" and prevent her movement to the Cambodian mainland, employing munitions (including tear gas and sea mines) if necessary.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Secretary of State Kissinger sent a message to the Chinese Liaison Office in Washington demanding the immediate release of "Mayaguez" and her crew, but the chief of the Liaison Office refused to accept the note. Kissinger then instructed George H. W. Bush, the head of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, to deliver the note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry and to pass on an oral message that "The Government of the United States demands the immediate release of the vessel and of the full crew. If that release does not immediately take place, the authorities in Phnom Penh will be responsible for the consequences."


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Following Schlesinger's instructions, P-3 Orion aircraft stationed at Naval Air Station (NAS) Cubi Point in the Philippines and at U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield in Thailand took off to locate "Mayaguez". The aircraft carrier , then en route to Australia, was ordered into the area. The destroyer escort and the guided missile destroyer were both ordered to proceed at high speed from the Philippine Sea towards "Mayaguez"s last known location.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: An alert order was sent to 1st Battalion 4th Marines (1/4 Marines) at Subic Bay and to the 9th Marine Regiment on Okinawa. A reinforced company from 1/4 Marines was ordered to assemble at NAS Cubi Point for airlift to Thailand, while a 1,100-man Battalion Landing Team (BLT) assembled in Okinawa.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On the early morning of 13 May, the P-3 Orions identified large radar returns near Poulo Wai and dropped flares on the suspected location of "Mayaguez" provoking Khmer Rouge gunfire. Low on fuel, the two Orions returned to base and were replaced with another Orion from Patrol Squadron 17. At 08:16 local time the Orion made a low pass over Poulo Wai positively identifying "Mayaguez" and again drawing Khmer Rouge gunfire.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Shortly afterwards the Khmer Rouge leader, Sa Mean, ordered Captain Miller to get "Mayaguez" underway. At 08:45 "Mayaguez" set off towards the northeast following one of the Swift Boats. The Orion continued to track "Mayaguez" as it left Poulo Wai. Once the location of "Mayaguez" was identified, Admiral Gayler ordered the commander of the Seventh Air Force, Lieutenant General John J. Burns, at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, to move combat aircraft to the area.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 13:00 two unarmed United States Air Force (USAF) F-111 fighter-bombers diverted from a training mission began making low-level high-speed passes by "Mayaguez". Once the F-111s had left, Sa Mean ordered Captain Miller to follow the Swift Boats around Koh Tang and drop anchor approximately 1.5 km north of the island. Two F-4 Phantoms soon arrived over "Mayaguez" and began firing their 20 mm cannon into the water in front of the ship. The F-4s were followed by A-7D Corsairs and more F-111s which continued to fire into the sea in front of and behind the ship indicating that no further movement should be attempted.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 16:15, the Khmer Rouge ordered "Mayaguez"s crew onto two fishing boats which then took them closer to the shore of Koh Tang.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: U.S. Navy warships "Coral Sea", "Harold E. Holt" and "Henry B. Wilson" were all scheduled to arrive on station by 15 May, but none of these ships carried any troops. carried a Marine contingent but could not arrive on station until 16 May, while also carried Marines but could not arrive until 18 May.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) assigned Task Force 79.9 with recovering "Mayaguez" and designated D Company 1/4 Marines in the Philippines as the unit that would actually retake "Mayaguez", but General Burns wanted additional force and orders were sent to the 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa. 1st Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 1/9) was then on alert as the primary "air contingency" reaction force, but most of BLT 1/9 were ending their tours of duty and were not subject to further extension of their tours except in the case of emergency. III MAF requested the extension of BLT 1/9's tour but this was refused.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 2/9) (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Randall W. Austin) was then on a training exercise on Okinawa and it received orders on the night of 13 May to return to camp and prepare for departure by air at dawn on 14 May. On the morning of 14 May BLT 2/9 boarded USAF C-141s at Kadena Air Base to fly to Thailand. The 9th Marine Regiment had been the first U.S. ground combat force committed to the Vietnam War in 1965, but in May 1975 only a few of the officers and non-commissioned officers from BLT 2/9 had seen combat in Vietnam.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Nine USAF HH-53C "Jolly Green" helicopters of the 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron and 10 CH-53 "Knives" of the 21st Special Operations Squadron stationed at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base were available for the rescue operation. There were differences between the two types which would become relevant during the battle: the HH-53 was air-refuellable, had 450 US gallon (1,700 l; 370 imp gal) self-sealing fuel tip tanks, a tail minigun with armor plating, and two waist miniguns. The CH-53 was not air-refuellable, had 650 US gallon (2,500 l; 540 imp gal) non-self-sealing tip tanks and two waist miniguns. Thus, the HH-53's fuel tanks were less vulnerable to ground fire and, with their refueling capability, could remain in the area of operations indefinitely, so long as it had access to an aerial tanker.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On 13 May Burns and his Seventh Air Force staff developed a contingency plan to retake "Mayaguez" using an assault force composed of men of the USAF 56th Security Police Squadron. 75 volunteers from the 56th would be dropped onto the containers on the decks of "Mayaguez" on the morning of 14 May. In preparation for this assault five HH-53s and seven CH-53s were ordered to proceed to U-Tapao for staging. At approximately 21:15, one of the 21st SOS CH-53s (68-10933, call sign "Knife 13") crashed en route to U Tapao, killing 18 security police and its five-man crew.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: President Ford chaired an NSC meeting at 10:22 EDT (21:22 Cambodia), where the Air Force rescue plan was cancelled due to the loss of "Knife 13" and the fact that the containers on "Mayaguez" could not bear the weight of the helicopters while rappelling men down would expose them to gunfire. It was decided that it was necessary to wait for the Navy ships to arrive off Koh Tang and for the Marines to assemble in Thailand before a rescue attempt would be mounted. President Ford ordered the Air Force to stop any Cambodian boats moving between Koh Tang and the mainland.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Early on the morning of 14 May, the Khmer Rouge loaded "Mayaguez"s crew onto one of the fishing boats and they left Koh Tang following two of the Swift Boats on a heading for Kampong Som. Two F-111s swept past the fishing boat, followed by a pair of F-4s and a pair of A-7s, which began firing in front of the Swift Boats and then directly at the Swift Boats, causing one of them to turn back to Koh Tang. The jets were then joined by an AC-130H Spectre gunship from the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing which proceeded to engage the second Swift Boat with its cannons.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: An A-7D then sprayed the Swift Boat with its 20 mm cannon, sinking it. The fighters then came at the fishing boat dropping bombs and firing their cannon into the water in front of it, spraying the boat with shrapnel. The fighter crews reported back that 30 to 40 Caucasians had been seen on board the fishing boat.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In Washington, President Ford convened another NSC meeting at 22:30 EDT (09:30 14 May Cambodia). A communication link had been established between the White House, Seventh Air Force at Nakhon Phanom, CINCPAC in Hawaii and the aircraft circling above Koh Tang allowing for near real-time communications. The circling fighters reported that they could try to shoot the rudder off the fishing boat to stop its progress to Kampong Som, but the NSC decided that the risk of killing "Mayaguez" crew was too great. At 23:00 EDT (10:00 Cambodia) President Ford ordered that only tear gas should be dropped on or near the fishing boat, while all patrol boats should be sunk.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The NSC meeting continued to consider the appropriate course to resolve the crisis. It was informed that the Chinese Foreign Ministry in Beijing had refused to pass on the American note intended for the Khmer Rouge, but George Bush reported that they had read the note and that it might have been relayed to the Khmer Rouge. With a diplomatic solution appearing unlikely, General David Jones, acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, presented the NSC with a range of military options. Rescue planning was complicated by the uncertainty surrounding the location of "Mayaguez"s crew. It was believed that some were still on the ship, some on Koh Tang and others were on the fishing boat bound for Kampong Som. The NSC decided to proceed with a simultaneous attack by Marines to retake "Mayaguez" and attack Koh Tang, together with attacking Cambodian shipping and bombing mainland targets.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 10:10, despite having been hit by tear gas, the fishing boat arrived at Kampong Som. The Khmer Rouge commander at Kampong Som, apparently fearing attack by the Americans, refused to accept responsibility for "Mayaguez"s crew and so the fishing boat moved further down the coast, dropping anchor off the island of Koh Rong Sanloem. The circling fighters lost track of the fishing boat once it entered the port at Kampong Som, and so this was the location transmitted up the chain of command. At 11:29, U.S. aircraft sank another patrol boat and damaged another four.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: 1/4 Marines had arrived at U-Tapao from the Philippines at 05:45 on 14 May and had been waiting on standby for a helicopter assault on "Mayaguez", but as the news of the arrival of the fishing boat at Kampong Som came in the helicopter assault was cancelled. At 14:00, BLT 2/9 began arriving at U-Tapao.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On the afternoon of 14 May, General Burns received the order to proceed with a simultaneous assault on Koh Tang and "Mayaguez" timed to begin just before sunrise (05:42) on 15 May. D Company, 1/4 Marines would retake "Mayaguez" while BLT 2/9 Marines would rescue the crew on Koh Tang. With minimal intelligence available regarding the geography of Koh Tang, the commander of BLT 2/9 and his staff took off in a U-21 to make an aerial reconnaissance of the island.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Arriving over Koh Tang at 16:00, they were prevented from closely approaching the island in order not to compromise the secrecy of the mission or draw ground fire, but they determined that the island was so covered in jungle that the only two viable landing zones available were beaches on the west and east shores of the northern portion of Koh Tang. The Defense Intelligence Agency had made an assessment, in part from RF-4C and U-2 reconnaissance flights, that between 150 and 200 Khmer Rouge backed by heavy weapons occupied Koh Tang. This report was conveyed to U-Tapao but was never briefed to the planners, probably due to security classification issues, who believed that only about 20 Cambodian irregulars armed with small arms were on the island.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 21:00, the rescue plan was finalized. Six hundred Marines from BLT 2/9 — composed of E and G Companies — were assigned to conduct a combat assault in five CH-53 "Knives" and three HH-53 "Jolly Greens" to seize and hold Koh Tang. Two helicopters would make a diversionary assault on the West Beach (), while six helicopters would make the main assault on the wider East Beach (). The East Beach force would move to the nearby compound where "Mayaguez"s crew was believed to be held and then move across and link up with the West Beach force.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Two more waves of helicopters would be required to deploy all of BLT 2/9 to Koh Tang. The flight from U-Tapao to Koh Tang was a four-hour round trip. It was estimated that only 20–30 Khmer Rouge were on Koh Tang; the information regarding the heavy anti-aircraft fire coming from Koh Tang and the number of gunboats present was not passed on to the Marines. Preparatory airstrikes of the landing zones were ruled out for fear of hitting crew members who might be held nearby.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: A unit of 57 Marines from D Company, 1/4 Marines together with volunteers from Military Sealift Command to get "Mayaguez" underway, an explosive ordnance disposal team and a Cambodian linguist would be transferred by three HH-53 "Jolly Greens" to the "Holt" which was scheduled to arrive on station at dawn for a ship-to-ship boarding of "Mayaguez" one hour after the assault on Koh Tang began. Two additional CH-53s (because of their superior firepower, all the HH-53s were used for troop lift) were tasked as Combat Search and Rescue helicopters, supported by an EC-130 "King" airborne, command, control and communications (ABCCC) aircraft of the 56th Rescue Squadron.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: USS "Wilson" was assigned to support the Koh Tang operation, and, after retaking "Mayaguez", USS "Holt" would be deployed in a blocking position between Koh Tang and the Cambodian mainland with the mission of intercepting and engaging any Khmer reaction forces. U.S. Navy aircraft from "Coral Sea" were given the mission of striking targets on the Cambodian mainland to prevent interference with the rescue.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 15:52 EDT (02:52 15 May Cambodia), President Ford convened the fourth and final NSC meeting regarding "Mayaguez". General Jones briefed the NSC on the assault plan and plans for strikes by Guam-based B-52s on the port facilities at Kampong Som and the Ream Naval Base. Concerned that the use of B-52s might be excessive, President Ford limited the bombing to attacks by carrier-based aircraft commencing at 07:45 (Cambodia) and gave the go-ahead to the rescue plan.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Unknown to the Americans then converging on Koh Tang, none of "Mayaguez"s crew were on the island, which was defended by over 100 Khmer Rouge. These defences were intended to counter the Vietnamese, not the Americans. The Khmer Rouge commander of Kampong Som District, Em Son, was also given responsibility for securing Koh Tang and on 1 May he took a force of 100 men to Koh Tang to defend the island against possible Vietnamese attack. Sa Mean was given responsibility for the defense of Poulo Wai.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On the East Beach, two heavy machine guns had been dug in at each end of the beach and fortified firing positions had been built every 20 metres behind a sand berm connected by a shallow zig-zag trench. Two M60 machine guns, B-40 RPGs and two DK-82 recoilless rifles were in the firing positions. On the West Beach, a heavy machine gun, an M60, B-40 RPGs and a 75 mm recoilless rifle were dug into connected firing positions. North of each beach was a 60 mm mortar and south of the beaches was an 81 mm mortar that could fire on either beach. Ammunition was stored in dug-in bunkers, one behind each beach, with a third ammunition dump located near Em Son's command post in the jungle south of the beaches.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On their arrival at Rong Sanloem Captain Miller was taken to the senior Khmer Rouge commander where he was subject to a cursory interrogation before being asked if he could talk to the American planes from "Mayaguez". The Khmer Rouge explained that they had already lost three boats and numerous men and were anxious to call off the American bombers. Captain Miller explained that if they returned to the ship and restarted her engines they could then generate electricity to call their office in Bangkok which could then contact the U.S. military. The Khmer Rouge radioed instructions to their higher command and then gave approval for Captain Miller and nine men to return to "Mayaguez". As darkness was falling it was decided that they would return to "Mayaguez" the following morning, 15 May.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 06:13 on 15 May, the first phase of the operation began with the transfer by three HH-53s of D/1/4 Marines to the "Holt". As the "Holt" slowly came alongside, USAF A-7D aircraft saturated "Mayaguez" with tear gas munitions. Equipped with gas masks, the Marines at 07:25 hours then conducted one of the few hostile ship-to-ship boardings by the U.S. Navy since the American Civil War, securing the vessel after an hour-long search, finding her empty.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 06:12, the eight helicopters (five CH-53 "Knives" and three HH-53 "Jolly Greens") of the Koh Tang assault force approached the two Landing zones (LZs) on Koh Tang. At the West Beach, the first section of two CH-53 helicopters came in at 06:20. The first helicopter; "Knife 21", landed safely, but while offloading its Marines came under heavy automatic weapons fire, destroying an engine. It managed to take off, protected by suppressive fire from the second CH-53, "Knife 22", and ditched 1.6 km offshore. "Knife 22" was damaged so severely that it turned back with its Marines (including the G Company commander) still aboard escorted by "Jolly Green 11" and "Jolly Green 12", and crash-landed in Trat Province on the Thai coast, where its passengers were picked up by "Jolly Green 12" and returned to U-Tapao.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 06:30, the CH-53s approaching the East Beach encountered intense automatic weapons and RPG fire from the entrenched Khmer Rouge. "Knife 31" was hit by two RPGs, which ignited its left fuel tank and ripped away the nose of the helicopter. It crashed in a fireball fifty meters offshore. The copilot, five Marines, and two Navy corpsmen were killed in the crash, another Marine drowned swimming from the wreck and three Marines were killed by gunfire trying to reach the beach. A tenth Marine died of his wounds while clinging to the burning wreckage. The surviving ten Marines and three Air Force crewmen were forced to swim for two hours before being picked up by the gig of the arriving "Henry B. Wilson".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Among the Marine survivors was the battalion's Forward Air Controller, who used an Air Force survival radio while swimming to direct A-7 air strikes against the island until the battery failed. The second CH-53, "Knife 23", was hit by an RPG which blew off the tail section and crash-landed on the East Beach but it offloaded its 20 Marines and crew of five. They set up a defensive perimeter and the "Knife 23" co-pilot used his survival radio to call in airstrikes but they were cut off from reinforcements and rescue for twelve hours.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: "Knife 32" was inbound to the East Beach when it was hit by an RPG and aborted its landing, instead heading out over the West Beach to the "Knife 21" crash site where it dumped fuel and proceeded to rescue the three "Knife 21" crewmen. Two other sections of the first wave, consisting of the remaining four helicopters, were diverted from the East Beach to the West Beach and eventually landed all of their Marines between 06:30 and 07:00, although the final insertion by "Jolly Green 41" required support from an AC-130 gunship to penetrate the Khmer Rouge fire on its fifth attempt. "Knife 32", "Jolly Green 41" and "Jolly Green 42" eventually landed 81 Marines on the West Beach under the command of the company Executive Officer, and "Jolly Green 43" landed 29 Marines of the battalion command post and mortar platoon a kilometre to the southwest.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: By 07:00 109 Marines and five Air Force crewmen were on Koh Tang but in three isolated beach areas and in close contact with Khmer Rouge troops. The Marines at the northern end of West Beach attempted to move down the beach to link up with Austin's command element to the south, but were beaten back by heavy Khmer Rouge fire which killed Lance corporal Ashton Loney.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: While isolated, the Marines were able to use their 81 mm mortars for fire support and devised a makeshift communications network for controlling supporting air strikes by USAF A-7 and F-4 aircraft. It was decided that the platoon isolated on the East Beach should be extracted; following suppressive fire from an AC-130, "Jolly Green 13" landed there at 08:15 amid a hail of machine-gun fire. It had landed some 100 m away from the Marines who were reluctant to risk running to the helicopter, the helicopter took off again with its fuel lines ruptured and made an emergency landing in Rayong, Thailand.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Of the eight helicopters assaulting Koh Tang, three had been destroyed ("Knife 21", "Knife 23" and "Knife 31") and four others were damaged too severely to continue operations ("Knife 22", "Knife 32", "Jolly Green 41" and "Jolly Green 42"). Of the helicopters used in the recapture of "Mayaguez", "Jolly Green 13" had been severely damaged in the East Beach rescue attempt. This left only three helicopters (all HH-53s – "Jolly Greens 11, 12 and 43") of the original eleven available to bring in the follow-up forces of BLT 2/9, so the 2 CH-53s ("Knife 51 and 52") whose mission had been search and rescue – the last available helicopters – were reassigned to carry troops.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The five helicopters picked up 127 Marines of the second wave at U-Tapao between 09:00 and 10:00. At 11:50 "Knife 52", "Knife 51" and "Jolly Green 43" arrived over Koh Tang and prepared to land on the East Beach, as "Knife 52" approached fire punctured its fuel tanks and the pilot aborted the landing and headed back to U-Tapao leaking fuel. "Knife 51" and "Jolly Green 43" also abandoned their landings and assumed a holding pattern.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 06:07 the Khmer Rouge information and propaganda minister, Hu Nim, made a radio broadcast announcing that "Mayaguez" and her crew would be released. The section of his communique on the release was:


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The transmission was intercepted by the CIA station in Bangkok, translated and delivered to the White House by 07:15 (20:15 EDT). The White House was skeptical of the Khmer Rouge message and released a press statement at 08:15 (21:15 EDT) saying that U.S. military operations would continue until the crew of "Mayaguez" was released. Secretary Kissinger had ordered a delay to an airstrike by planes from "Coral Sea" on the Kompong Som oil storage complex and Ream airfield.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 06:30 on Koh Rong Sanloem, the crew of "Mayaguez" were informed that they would be allowed to return to their ship, after having first agreed to a statement that they had not been mistreated. At 07:15 "Mayaguez"s crew was loaded aboard the Thai fishing boat, "Sinvari" (which had been captured by the Khmer Rouge five months earlier) escorted by a second boat with Sa Mean and other Khmer Rouge. Once away from Koh Rong Sanloem the second boat picked up the Khmer Rouge guards from "Sinvari" and instructed the crew to return to "Mayaguez" and call off the American planes.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 09:35 a circling P-3 Orion spotted "Sinvari" and "Wilson" was ordered to intercept it, originally thinking it was a Khmer Rouge gunboat. The P-3 then identified that Caucasians were aboard and at 09:49 "Mayaguez"s crew was brought aboard "Wilson". Confirmation of the release of the crew was sent to the White House and at 11:27 (00:27 EDT) President Ford went on U.S. national television announcing the recovery of "Mayaguez" and the rescue of its crew, but obscuring the fact that the crew had in fact been released by the Khmer Rouge.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: President Ford, at Secretary Kissinger's urging, declined to cancel the scheduled airstrikes on the Cambodian mainland until the Marines on Koh Tang had been withdrawn. At 09:05 A-6A Intruder and A-7E aircraft from VA-22, VA-94 and VA-95 escorted by F-4N fighters of VF-51 and VF-111 aboard "Coral Sea" began the airstrikes, bombing landing barges and oil storage facilities at Kompong Som and cargo planes and T-28 Trojan aircraft at Ream airfield and boats at Ream naval base.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff decided that, with the ship recaptured and the crew released, further reinforcement of Koh Tang was unnecessary and at 11:55 they ordered the U.S. forces to "immediately cease all offensive operations against the Khmer Republic [and to] disengage and withdraw all forces from operating areas as soon as possible". Hearing this order, the circling EC-130 ABCCC recalled the second assault wave. The helicopters with the second wave reversed course until Austin, on the ground on Koh Tang, convinced Burns that the reinforcements were necessary to prevent his units from being overrun; the order was rescinded at 12:10.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The second wave carrying the Marines from "Knife 22" and a platoon from Company E had originally taken off at staggered times between 09:00 and 10:00, but with the reversal of course its arrival on Koh Tang was seriously delayed. At 12:10 "Knife 51", followed by "Jolly Greens 43, 11 and 12" landed 100 additional Marines and evacuated nine wounded on the West Beach, making a total of 225 Marines – 205 on the West Beach and 20 Marines and five airmen on the East Beach. Around the same time Austin's isolated command unit planned a linkup of its small contingent with the bulk of Golf Company at the northern end of the West Beach. Using mortar fire and A-7 airstrikes to clear Khmer Rouge in the jungle between the two forces, it reached the G Company perimeter at 12:45.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: By 14:00 firing on the West Beach had reduced substantially as Em Son had moved most of his men back from the beaches with only three-man patrols maintaining pressure on the two Marine enclaves. Austin asked the ABCCC if he should attempt to push across the island (a distance of approximately ) to link up with the isolated unit on the East Beach, but was advised that another helicopter pickup would be attempted first. At 14:15 "Jolly Greens 11" and "43" approached East Beach, but were repulsed by heavy fire. "Jolly Green 43" had a fuel line damaged, but made an emergency landing aboard "Coral Sea" at 14:36, where it was repaired and returned to service by 17:00.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: During the attempted landing by "Jolly Green 43", fire was seen coming from a semi-submerged Swift Boat that had been shot up by an AC-130 the previous day, A-7 aircraft were called in to destroy the boat with their 20 mm cannon. At 16:20 hours, "Nail 68", an Air Force OV-10 forward air control (FAC) aircraft, arrived and took over the direction of air support. At 16:23 "Nail 68" called on "Wilson" to use its 5-inch gun to destroy the semi-submerged Swift Boat.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: This change in controllers marked a turning point in the quality of airborne firepower available to the Marines because for the first time that day they had an airborne observer exclusively dedicated to providing accurate and timely close air support. At 17:00 Em Son gathered his forces and moved back up the island to secure an ammunition dump that lay between the West and East Beaches. He was surprised to find the dump intact and no Marines lying in ambush. Now supplied, his men would be able to increase the pressure on the Marines again.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 18:00 as the sun began to set a third attempt to rescue the East Beach force was attempted, using "Jolly Green 11" as the rescue ship and with gunfire support from "Jolly Green 12", "Knife 51" and the gig from "Wilson" mounting four M60s. "Nail 68" first ordered gun runs by an AC-130 followed by F-4s and A-7s along the edge of the East Beach, as this was going on five C-130s arrived over Koh Tang carrying BLU-82 "daisy cutter" bombs — a device and the largest conventional explosive weapon in the U.S. arsenal at the time. Not seeing any practical use for the BLU-82s, "Nail 68" ordered them dropped well south of the Marines' positions.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 18:15 "Jolly Green 11" approached the East Beach, but did not actually set down because the hulk of "Knife 23" was sitting on the beach. Instead, the pilot (First Lieutenant Donald Backlund) skilfully hovered the helicopter several feet off the ground just north of the original beach LZ. The extraction was difficult because the helicopter would see-saw up and down. Only a few Marines at a time could board the helicopter's rear ramp in this fashion by timing their jumps to coincide with the downward motion of the aircraft. "Jolly Green 11" was hit numerous times, but managed to transport its cargo of 20 Marines and five Airmen to the "Coral Sea".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Shortly after "Jolly Green 11" evacuated the East Beach, the first BLU-82 was dropped causing a huge explosion and sending a shock wave across the West Beach. Austin quickly called the ABCCC with the instruction that no more of the bombs should be dropped. A report from "Jolly Green 11" indicated that a Marine might be in the wreckage of "Knife 31" and "Jolly Green 12" went in to search for any survivors. "Jolly Green 12" hovered above the wreck, while a crewman was lowered on a rescue hoist to survey the wreckage. No Marine was recovered and "Jolly Green 12" suffered extensive damage in the rescue attempt and flew to "Coral Sea".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: As a moonless night fell over Koh Tang, the remaining two helicopters, "Knife 51" and the hastily repaired "Jolly Green 43", were joined by "Jolly Green 44" which had been out of service at its Nakhon Phanom base but had been repaired and flown to the area. At 18:40 this force began to withdraw the remaining 205 Marines from the West Beach, protected by AC-130 fire and naval gunfire support from "Henry B. Wilson" and its gig. The first load of 41 Marines was lifted out at 18:40 by "Knife 51" and flown to the "Coral Sea", followed by 54 taken aboard "Jolly Green 43".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: As "Jolly Green 44" picked up a load of 44 Marines, the remaining Marines in the shrinking West Beach perimeter came under intense attack and were in danger of being overrun. The round trip to "Coral Sea" took thirty minutes, so the pilot, First Lieutenant Bob Blough, decided to deliver his Marines to "Harold E. Holt", the nearest ship to Koh Tang, in complete darkness while hovering the helicopter over the ship with only its front wheels touching down. Within five minutes "Jolly Green 44" returned and picked up 34 more Marines, leaving 32 still on the island. "Jolly Green 44" was suffering engine trouble and this time headed for "Coral Sea".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: At 20:00 "Knife 51" landed and began loading Marines in the dark, and under fire. Captain Davis and Gunnery Sergeant McNemar were joined by "Knife 51s" Pararescueman Technical Sergeant Wayne Fisk outside of "Knife 51". With the Marines aboard, Fisk followed Davis and McNemar in boarding "Knife 51". Here, Fisk requests permission to deplane, and as he moved to do so, two marines stumbled aboard, out of the darkness. Fisk locates Davis and asked whether all his men were aboard, confirming they were. Fisk, for a final time requests, and receives permission to deplane "Knife 51", with McNemar waiting by "Knife 51" as Fisk hastily searched the beach. With illumination rounds from Cambodian mortars, Fisk returns to "Knife 51" where McNemar jumps aboard, and "Knife 51", some 10 minutes after landing, departs Koh Tang, for the "Coral Sea"


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Due to the intense direct and indirect fire during the operation, the bodies of Marines and airmen who were killed in action were left where they fell including Lcpl Ashton Loney, whose body was left behind in the darkness during the evacuation of the West Beach.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: With each withdrawal, the Marines contracted their perimeter on the West Beach. Lance Corporal John S. Standfast, squad leader, 3rd Squad, 3rd Platoon, Company E and his squad covered Company G's withdrawal during the reduction of the perimeter, and he then singlehandedly directed the pullback of his own squad. Before withdrawing to the safety of the new perimeter, Standfast and his platoon guide Sergeant Andersen moved forward to the old perimeter to ensure that no member of the company inadvertently had been left behind, each time checking every foxhole. As the Company E commander Captain Mykle E. Stahl prepared to board "Jolly Green 44" he informed Captain Davis that all of his men were inside the perimeter, not realising that three Marines of an M60 machine gun team had set up a firing position behind a rocky outcrop beyond the right flank of the perimeter.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Even as "Knife 51" left the West Beach, there was confusion as to whether any Marines remained on Koh Tang. The pilot, First Lieutenant Brims, radioed the FAC that some Marines aboard claimed there were still fellow Marines on the ground, but this was soon contradicted by Davis who said that all Marines were off Koh Tang. Two hours after the evacuation was completed, with the Koh Tang Marines dispersed among three Navy ships, Company E commander Captain Stahl discovered that three of his Marines were missing.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The Marines checked all of the Navy ships but could not locate Lance Corporal Joseph N. Hargrove, Private First Class Gary L. Hall, and Private Danny G. Marshall, members of a three-man machine gun team which had been assigned to protect the right flank of the constantly shrinking perimeter during the final evacuation. Sergeant Andersen was the last member of the Marine force to see Hall, Hargrove and Marshall alive at about 20:00 when he ordered them to move back to a new position which was located to the left of the position occupied by Captain Davis.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Just after 20:20 USAF Staff Sergeant Robert Velie on the ABCCC aircraft received a radio transmission from an American asking when the next helicopter was coming to extract them. After Velie received the authentication code from the caller to confirm this was not a Khmer Rouge ploy, Velie's commander radioed the "Holt" to advise that Marines were still on the island. "Holt" radioed back that the Marines should swim out to sea for rescue, but when Velie passed this message back to the caller he was told this wasn't possible because only one of the three could swim. Velie advised the caller to take cover as air strikes were about to hit the area. The caller confirmed this and no further radio contact was received.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: A rescue operation was proposed using Marine volunteers aboard the only three serviceable helicopters. On "Coral Sea" the Commander of Task Force 73, Rear Admiral Robert P. Coogan met with Austin. Davis, McNemar and Coulter, who had just arrived from Subic Bay with a 14-man U.S. Navy SEAL team to consider possible options. Coogan asked Coulter to take "Wilson"s gig ashore in daylight unarmed under a white flag with leaflets dropped and "Wilson" broadcasting the crew's intentions to recover the American bodies and determine the status of the missing men if possible, but Coulter was sceptical and instead proposed taking his team ashore for a night reconnaissance, but this was refused by Coogan.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Coogan had to weigh up the order from Seventh Fleet to cease hostile actions against the Khmer Rouge against the lack of evidence that any of the men were still alive, he decided that there would be no rescue mission unless there was some confirmation that the three Marines were still alive. The following morning "Wilson" cruised back and forth between the West and East Beaches for three hours broadcasting messages in English, French and Khmer saying that they had no hostile intent, but simply wished to retrieve any U.S. personnel dead or alive on the Koh Tang and would send an unarmed boat ashore if the Khmer Rouge signalled them.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Half of "Wilson"s crew was on deck scanning the beaches and jungle for any sign of the missing Marines, but no signal was received from the Khmer Rouge or the missing Marines. With no indication that the three Marines were still alive and the certainty that more lives would be lost in any forced rescue attempt, a return to Koh Tang was ruled out and "Wilson" departed the area. Hargrove, Hall and Marshall were declared Missing in Action and then on 21 July 1976 their status was changed to Killed in Action (Body Not Recovered).


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In 1985, an eyewitness report indicated that a wounded American had been captured on Koh Tang after the assault and was subsequently executed. The NSA intercepted Cambodian messages which referred to 'the American that was captured' with orders not to talk about this. In 1999 Em Son approached the Joint Task Force-Full Accounting (JTF-FA) on learning that they were looking for further information regarding the events on Koh Tang. Em Son advised that on the morning on 16 May he ordered his men to search the West Beach for any remaining Americans.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: About 100 m from the beach one of the Khmer Rouge was hit by M16 fire. The Khmer Rouge then fired mortars and encircled the firing position, capturing one American with a leg wound. Em Son's description of the American matched that of Joseph Hargrove. The Khmer Rouge continued their search and located an abandoned M60 machine gun, various equipment and the covered body of a black American soldier. Em Son ordered the dead American (presumably Ashton Loney) buried and the prisoner taken to his headquarters. When Em Son was advised that the Khmer Rouge hit by M16 fire had died, he ordered the American to be shot.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Approximately one week after the assault, Em Son's men noticed that their leftover food was being disturbed and on searching they found bootprints in the mud. They set up a night ambush and on the third night they captured two Americans matching the descriptions of Gary Hall and Danny Marshall. Em Son radioed Kampong Som and was ordered to deliver the Americans to the mainland. The following morning the two Americans were taken by boat to the mainland and then driven to the Ti Nean Pagoda above Sihanoukville where they were stripped to their underwear and shackled. After one week, on orders from Phnom Penh, each American was beaten to death with a B-40 rocket launcher. Hall's body was buried in a shallow grave near the beach. Marshall's was dumped on the beach cove.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Recovery efforts in 1999 by the JTF-FA later found bone fragments that might have belonged to Hall and Marshall, but DNA tests proved inconclusive due to the small size of the fragments. Hargrove, Hall and Marshall all received Purple Hearts from the U.S. Marine Corps. Hargrove's family did not receive the award until 1999, after investigative journalist and author Ralph Wetterhahn published several articles in popular magazines about his findings.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In 2007, Hargrove's cousin, Cary Turner, began a campaign to have Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC), the successor agency to JTF-FA, return to Koh Tang to search for Hargrove's remains. In October 2008 JPAC was reported to have found four sets of remains in an area indicated by Em Son as being where the American suspected to be Hargrove was buried. One of the sets of remains was said to be Caucasian in nature, but DNA analysis was needed before the identity could be confirmed.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In 2016 the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), the successor to JPAC, announced that it had recovered Hall's ID card and other items from an empty grave on the island and later acknowledged having recovered a US radio and flak jacket from near where "Knife 51" had taken off.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: U.S. estimates of Khmer Rouge casualties were 13–25 killed on Koh Tang with an unknown number killed on Swift Boats and on the Cambodian mainland.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: U.S. casualties were 10 Marines, two Navy corpsmen, and an Air Force crewman killed in the crash of "Knife 31"; an Air Force crewman killed in the crash of "Knife 21"; one Marine killed in action on the West Beach; and three Marines missing in action and presumed dead. Fifty were wounded including thirty-five Marines and six airmen.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In addition, eighteen USAF Security Police and five flight crew were killed in the CH-53 crash on the way to U-Tapao.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Between 1991 and 1999, U.S. and Cambodian investigators conducted seven joint investigations, led by the JTF-FA. On three occasions Cambodian authorities unilaterally turned over remains believed to be those of American servicemen. In October and November 1995, U.S. and Cambodian specialists conducted an underwater recovery of the "Knife 31" crash site where they located numerous remains, personal effects and aircraft debris associated with the loss. , a U.S. Navy salvage vessel, enabled the specialists to conduct their excavation offshore. In addition to the support provided by the Cambodian government, the Government of Vietnam also interviewed two Vietnamese informants in Ho Chi Minh City who turned over remains that were later positively identified. As a result of these investigations the remains of Second Lieutenant Richard Vandegeer, Lance Corporals Gregory S Copenhaver and Andres Garcia and Privates First Class Lynn Blessing, Walter Boyd, Antonio R Sandoval and Kelton R. Turner were identified. In 2012 the remains of PFC James Jacques, PFC Richard W Rivenburgh and PFC James Maxwell were identified. An US Department of Defense Factsheet of US MIAs in Cambodia dated April 27, 2021 reports: “Witnesses have assisted in identifying recovery sites on Koh Tang, the island associated with the Mayaguez incident. Thirteen of the 18 Americans missing from that incident have been recovered and identified".


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Second Lieutenant James V. McDaniel, platoon commander of Company G, 2/9 Marines was awarded the Navy Cross.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Although the "Mayaguez" incident did not occur in Vietnam, it is commonly referred to as the last battle of the Vietnam War. However, U.S. military personnel who participated in it are not eligible for the Vietnam Service Medal by virtue of participating in that battle alone. The Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal is authorized instead for military members who participated in the battle. A congressional bill was introduced in 2016 to award veterans of the "Mayaguez" battle the medal, but the bill was referred to committee, effectively ending it.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The U.S. air attacks destroyed a large part of the Khmer Navy and Air Force weakening them for the war with Vietnam over the disputed islands. In mid-June Vietnam attacked Poulo Wai and fought the Khmer Rouge before withdrawing in August and recognising it as Kampuchean territory. Relations between the two countries improved thereafter until early 1977 when the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army began attacking Vietnamese border provinces, killing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians which eventually resulted in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War starting in December 1978.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: For the Khmer Rouge leadership the fact that the U.S. attacked them even after they had announced the release of the "Mayaguez" and its crew, combined with memories of Operation Freedom Deal (U.S. bombing of Cambodia) prior to August 1973 reinforced their beliefs that the U.S. "imperialists" were determined to undermine their revolution. The increasingly paranoid Khmer Rouge presumed that any foreigners captured in the country and purged Khmer Rouge (including Hu Nim), were CIA spies and would torture them at Tuol Sleng until they obtained confessions confirming their beliefs after which they would be executed.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: As news of the operation reached Bangkok protests began outside the U.S. Embassy. U-Tapao air base had been used by U.S. rescue forces despite an explicit refusal of permission by the relatively new civilian Thai government of Kukrit Pramoj. After being refused by the Thai government, the US sought and obtained permission from the Thai military to proceed, resulting in considerable anger towards the United States. The Thai government called the act a violation of Thailand's sovereignty and called for the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. forces from U-Tapao. As a result, the USAF implemented Palace Lightning and all USAF bases were closed and the last USAF personnel left Thailand in June 1976.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The reaction of the U.S. public was favorable with President Ford's overall approval rating rising 11 percentage points.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Some congressmen were dissatisfied with the level of consultation they received under the War Powers Resolution. Senator Mike Mansfield was the most critical, saying "we were informed, not consulted". In 1977 Senator Thomas Eagleton introduced an amendment to the War Powers Resolution that added the rescue of nationals to the list of situations not requiring prior approval by Congress, but also stipulating that only minimum force would be used in rescue. Eagleton's proposed amendment did not pass and similar amendments have been proposed since but also not progressed.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: On 23 June 1975, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Political and Military Affairs asked the General Accounting Office to review all aspects of the incident. On the War Powers Resolution, the General Accounting Office report's assessment was "The available evidence suggests less than full compliance with Section 3 [of the War Powers Resolution]."


title: Mayaguez incident

text: The U.S. military received much criticism for its handling of the incident. In addition to the failure of intelligence to determine the whereabouts of the crew of "Mayaguez" and the presence of a sizable hostile force on Koh Tang, the timing of the operation was questioned until it became clear that combat had been underway four hours before the crew was released. Within the services, the Marines in particular were critical of the "ad hoc" nature of the joint operation and the perceived pressure from the Administration for hasty action, although the success of Operation Frequent Wind had been the basis for many decisions made during the crisis.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: Vice Admiral George P. Steele, the Seventh Fleet commander, later stated that: "The sad part of the "Mayaguez" is that we had sufficient force coming up with the Seventh Fleet, after it had been turned around from the evacuation of Vietnam stand down, to seize Southern Cambodia. I begged for another day or two, rather than commit forces piecemeal as we did ... The idea that we could use U.S. Air Force air police and Air Force helicopters as an assault force appears to me as ridiculous today as it did then."


title: Mayaguez incident

text: When many of the coordination and communications problems arose again during Operation Eagle Claw, the hostage rescue mission in Iran in 1980, significant changes in joint and special operations were brought about.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In April 1977 some "Mayaguez" crew members brought lawsuits in admiralty law at the San Francisco Superior Court against Sea-Land Service Inc relating to the incident. The crew members claimed that Captain Miller was derelict in his duty by "recklessly venturing into known dangerous and hostile waters of foreign sovereignty (Cambodia)" inviting the capture. Evidence was provided that "Mayaguez" was not flying a flag, and had sailed about two nautical miles off Poulo Wai. In June 1977, a settlement was reached. In February 1979 another settlement was reached by other crew members, making a total settlement of $388,000 to the crew members taking legal action.


title: Mayaguez incident

text: In 1996 the "Mayaguez"-Marine Corps Memorial was dedicated in the grounds of the U.S. embassy in Phnom Penh by then Ambassador Kenneth M. Quinn and Senator John McCain. The memorial lists the names of the 18 U.S. servicemembers killed and missing at Koh Tang, along with Marine Security Guard Sergeant Charles "Wayne" Turberville, who was killed in a Khmer Rouge grenade attack on 26 September 1971. The former "Knife 22", number 68-10928, upgraded to MH-53M Pave Low is on display at Memorial Air Park, Hurlburt Field, Florida.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: "Push It" is a song by American hip hop group Salt-N-Pepa. It was released as the B-side of the "Tramp" single in 1987. It peaked at number 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1988 and, after initially peaking at number 41 in the UK, it re-entered the charts after the group performed the track at Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday concert, eventually peaking at number two in the UK in July 1988. The song has also been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song is ranked number 446 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and was ranked number nine on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: The original version of "Push It" was first released as the B-side to the 12" single "Tramp" in 1987. The corresponding 7" single contained a "Mixx-It" remix by San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul; this was the radio version that gave the group its first mainstream hit. It advanced into the US "Billboard" Top 40 the week of December 26, 1987, eventually reaching its peak of number 19 the week of February 20, 1988. "Push It" and "Let's Talk About Sex" tie as the group's highest-charting UK hit, both peaking at number two in that country.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: The original 1986 editions of the album "Hot, Cool & Vicious" did not contain "Push It". When the Cameron Paul remix of "Push It" became a radio hit, the album was reissued with the "Push It" remix added, along with the original versions of "Tramp" and "Chick on the Side" replaced by remixes.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: At a 1986 concert, police thought Salt-N-Pepa were singing "pussy real good" instead of "push it real good" and waited for them after the show to arrest them. They showed the police the written lyrics to prove them wrong.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: The song quotes a line from "You Really Got Me" by The Kinks, with the word "girl" replaced with "boy": "Boy, you really got me goin'/You got me so I don't know what I'm doin'." (For this, Ray Davies received a songwriting credit for "Push It.") It also quotes "Pick up on this" from "I'm a Greedy Man" and "There it is" from "There It Is", both by James Brown. The whispered "Push it" is sampled from a 1977 recording called "Keep on Pushin'" by the band Coal Kitchen. This song is written in the key of A minor.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: "Push It" was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the strength of that single catapulted the reissued "Hot, Cool and Vicious" album to platinum sales in the US with one million sold, making Salt-N-Pepa the first female rap act (group or solo) to go gold or platinum. The album ultimately sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: In 2006, the song is sung by actress Linda Cardellini in an infamous karaoke scene from the movie "Grandma's Boy".


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: In 2009, the song was covered on the musical television show "Glee"'s first season episode "Showmance" sung by Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) and other glee club members.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: In 2011, the song was featured in a season 4 episode of "Chuck" called Chuck Versus the Push Mix in a scene where the characters Lester Patel and Jeffrey Barnes portrayed by Vik Sahay and Scott Krinsky play the song while Ellie Bartowski portrayed by Sarah Lancaster, the sister of the title character is seen giving birth to her first child named Clara Woodcomb. Additionally, both of the characters wear the jackets of Salt-N-Pepa while singing.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: In 2014, the song was featured in a commercial for the "GEICO" auto insurance company with a featured cameo appearance by Salt-N-Pepa themselves as part of the "It's What You Do" campaign.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: "The Big Bang Theory" used the song twice. In 2016, the song was featured in a season 9 episode called "The Positive Negative Reaction" in a scene where the characters Leonard Hofstadter and Raj Koothrappali portrayed by Johnny Galecki and Kunal Nayyar cover the song in a karaoke party. In 2018, the song was used in episode 4 of the series, "Deutschland 86" where a cook is listening to it on a Walkman while he grills food.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: In 2020, the song was featured as the theme song of the ABC U.S. revival of TV game show "Supermarket Sweep" hosted by actress and comedian Leslie Jones.


title: Push It (Salt-n-Pepa song)

text: The music video for "Push It" features a concert performance of the song, along with DJ Spinderella and Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor on keyboards and backing vocals. The group wears eight-ball jackets during the video.


title: Nehru jacket

text: The Nehru jacket is a hip-length tailored coat for men or women, with a mandarin collar, and with its front modelled on the Indian achkan or sherwani, a garment worn by Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India from 1947 to 1964.


title: Nehru jacket

text: The Nehru jacket is a variation of the Jodhpuri where the material is often khadi (hand-woven cloth). The Jodhpuri itself is an evolution from the Angarkha. Popularized during the terms of Jawaharlal Nehru, these distinct Bandhgalas made from khadi remain popular to this day.


title: Nehru jacket

text: Unlike the achkan, which falls somewhere below the knees of the wearer, the Nehru jacket is shorter. Jawaharlal Nehru, notably, never wore this type of Nehru jacket.


title: Nehru jacket

text: The jacket began to be marketed as the "Nehru jacket" in Europe and America in the mid 1960s. It was briefly popular there in the late 1960s and early 1970s, its popularity spurred by the aspirational class' growing awareness of foreign cultures, by the minimalism of the Mod lifestyle and, in particular, by Sammy Davis Jr., the Beatles. Some were also worn by Roger Delgado's version of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master on the science fiction "Doctor Who".


title: Nehru jacket

text: In 2012, Nehru jacket was listed among the "Top 10 Political Fashion Statements" by Jared T. Miller in the "Time magazine".


title: I Am the Night (album)

text: I Am the Night is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Pantera, released in 1985 through Metal Magic Records. It was made available only on vinyl and cassette, with any subsequent CD releases being bootlegs transferred from the vinyl or tape originals. It was the last Pantera album to feature lead singer Terry Glaze, as well as their last to feature a glam metal sound. The band made their second music video for the track "Hot and Heavy".


title: Streetlife Serenade

text: Streetlife Serenade is the third studio album by American recording artist Billy Joel, released on October 11, 1974 by Columbia Records.