title: Australia 108

text: The site was purchased by architecture firm Fender Katsalidis Architects in April 2008, for 14.2 million, after the original tenancies ran an expression of interest campaign.


title: Australia 108

text: In 2009, plans were submitted by Fender Katsalidis Architects to the City of Melbourne for an 400 million residential building to be built on the 70 Southbank Boulevard site. In its original proposal, the building, 70 Southbank Boulevard, was planned to be in height and consist of 532 residential apartments, six levels of office space, a fresh food market and other retail amenities, spanning 72 floors. The building was designed to replicate the nearby Eureka Tower, also a Fender Katsalidis development. Nonda Katsalidis noted that his firm "wanted to re-create elements of what we had achieved at Eureka and apply it to 70 Southbank Boulevard" with the Eureka Tower.


title: Australia 108

text: The building development was approved by then–Victorian Planning Minister Justin Madden on 21 April 2010, a decision which received backlash from the City of Melbourne council, dubbing the development as "excessively high" and "at odds with the City of Melbourne's height guidelines for the area". In May 2010, the council lodged an appeal to the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) to have the building permit overturned, asserting that the building surpassed the height limit in the area's planning scheme. VCAT rejected the appeal and noted that the planning scheme did not specify a maximum height.


title: Australia 108

text: Nonetheless, in July 2012, the site was put up for sale through an international public expression of interest campaign and was listed at A$25 million. This was to allow the Fender Katsalidis partners time to "go in different directions".


title: Australia 108

text: In November 2012, Katsalidis revealed revised plans for the building which would have seen it "super-sized" to in height, with 108 floors. The new proposal integrated the previous plans, but went on to include more residential apartments, a six-star hotel, and a two-storey star-shaped sky lobby with restaurants and bars.


title: Australia 108

text: The residential section of the skyscraper would have comprised 646 apartments, throughout levels 13 to 81. This included a penthouse apartment on levels 80 and 81. Meanwhile, the hotel aspect of the skyscraper would have occupied levels 83 to 102 and feature 288 rooms. A prominent component of this proposal was its star-shaped sky lobby on the 83rd and 84th floors, which would have protruded outside of the building, in similar vein to the Eureka Tower's "Edge" experience, only larger. The Commonwealth Star on the Flag of Australia was used as inspiration for the "starburst". Another design feature was the use of two metal-cladded beacon towers atop the skyscraper's roof. Whilst Australia 108's main roof would have terminated at level 104, the two beacons of varying heights –the taller rising to above ground– would have comprised levels 105 to 108. A cantilevered 'skybar' forming level 108, was to be hoisted between the beacons at approximately above ground.


title: Australia 108

text: Fender Katsalidis Architects incorporated the Chinese system of geomancy, known as Feng shui, when developing the new proposal. The building's name, height and top floor all contain the number 8, which "relates to prosperity, abundance and security".


title: Australia 108

text: The new proposal was subjected to a second planning application process for approval. On 5 March 2013, the City of Melbourne council voted to oppose the development, citing it as an "over-development of the site". The Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Robert Doyle, a Shrine of Remembrance trustee, argued that the building would exceed the council's planning scheme in the area by almost and it could potentially create a shadow over the Shrine of Remembrance. However, the Shrine's CEO, Denis Baguley, believed otherwise, stating, "I don't believe there are issues of overshadowing that will concern us." VCAT had already approved the project, but the final decision was up to Victorian Planning Minister Matthew Guy.


title: Australia 108

text: Despite concerns, the project received its final approval on 18 March 2013 by Guy, who went on to describe the development as "a magnificent addition to Melbourne's skyline. Australia 108 will be a signature development that will define Melbourne for decades to come."


title: Australia 108

text: Construction on the 1 billion dollar development was to have commenced in 2014, and would have taken three to four years to build, with completion around 2018. The construction was expected to have created 300 jobs in construction and hospitality industries. Upon completion, Australia 108 would have become the tallest building in Australia – surpassing The Gold Coast's Q1 at and Melbourne's Eureka Tower at – and would have therefore been the tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere, and the only such building to have over 100 floors.


title: Australia 108

text: In April 2013, it was reported that Australia 108 would have infringed on federal regulations protecting aircraft safety, known as PANS-OPS, particularly in regard to aircraft departing and arriving at Essendon Airport, located some to the north of the project site. At the time, it was claimed that the tower would have extended into Essendon Airport's flight path "envelope," whose southerly approach requires a height limit to any potential obstruction within of the airfield. When asked about this situation, architect Nonda Katsilidis claimed that the flight paths would not be a problem, and that a technical solution could be drawn up if required. He also stressed that any design changes would be "minimal".


title: Australia 108

text: Despite this, the project (in its original form) was officially shelved in July 2013, following its inability to meet a "hybrid of requirements" from authorities such as VicRoads and CASA - the latter of which stated that there was "no flexibility" to approve a building that breached height restrictions. Consequently, Planning Minister Guy held talks with Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss, regarding the height restrictions on inner city buildings.


title: Australia 108

text: The project was bought for approximately $30 million by Singapore developer Aspial Corporation, during late 2013. Plans were later resubmitted to the Department of Planning in 2014, for a new proposal; a 100-storey, -tall apartment tower, to comprise 1,105 apartments (a gain of 500 from the previous proposal). The hotel from the superseded design was removed from the plans, making the project solely residential. The star-shaped sky lobby feature from the previous proposal was incorporated in the design of the building, albeit with various purposes (as opposed to a public observation), and would be located on levels 69 through to 71.


title: Australia 108

text: Australia 108 was launched to the public on 14 February 2015, having already secured up to 300 buyers during a soft pre-launch period. Less than a month following its launch, 1,000 of the 1,105 apartments had been sold. This includes the sale of the of penthouse spread across the 100th floor — the "tallest" home in the southern hemisphere. It was sold for A$25 million, an Australian record at the time, to a businessman based in China. By July 2015, almost all of the apartments were sold and in October 2015 only 33 apartments remained on the market. The cheaper apartments on the lower storeys sold for $450,000.


title: Australia 108

text: The initial aspect of the construction phase, demolition and site preparation, was completed in early 2015. Construction on the $900 million residential skyscraper itself, commenced in October 2015, with work on the skyscraper's foundation having concluded in July 2016. In September 2015, Aspial Corporation announced their formal appointment of Brookfield Multiplex as the main contractor of Australia 108. Kone, an international engineering and service company, secured an order to supply 13 elevators to Australia 108 in March 2016. By April 2018, the building's core reached its 50th level – marking the halfway point of the skyscraper.


title: Australia 108

text: In June 2020, the skyscraper had topped-out at level 100, and by late 2020 construction concluded. Upon completion, Australia 108 claimed the following height distinctions from Eureka Tower: the tallest building in Melbourne and the tallest building in Australia to roof. Additionally, it became the second–tallest building in Australia overall, surpassed by Q1 Tower on the Gold Coast. The latter skyscraper reaches in height via its spire, which is included in the first method (height to architectural top) and third method (height to tip) of ranking the heights of tall buildings according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). Nonetheless, Australia 108 is ranked the tallest building in Australia based on the second CTBUH method (highest occupied floor), with its highest occupied floor at — compared to the second tallest, Eureka Tower at , and Q1 Tower at . Furthermore, Australia 108 is the Southern Hemisphere's only building with at least 100 floors, and only the second residential skyscraper in the world to comprise at least 100 floors, after the Princess Tower in Dubai.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Jonny William Flynn (born February 6, 1989) is an American former professional basketball player. A three-year National Basketball Association (NBA) veteran, he last played for the Orlandina Basket of the Lega Basket Serie A and played collegiate basketball for the Syracuse Orange.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn and Niagara Falls High School won the 2005 New York state public high school and federation championships. He was also named New York State Mr. Basketball following his senior year. When he graduated with the class of 2007, he was ranked the No. 22 overall recruit and No. 4 point guard by Rivals.com as well as the No. 23 overall and the No. 4 point guard by Scout.com. Flynn was a 2007 McDonald's All-American and he was named to the 2007 USA Basketball Junior National Select Team that competed against the World Select Team in the 10th annual Nike Hoop Summit in Memphis, Tennessee. Flynn was a former high school and college teammate of guard/forward Paul Harris, whom he played alongside as members of the Minnesota Timberwolves' summer league team. In his senior year, Flynn averaged 26.7 points, 6.0 assists, 3.5 steals and 3.3 rebounds.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: In his first game ever, on November 12, 2007, Flynn scored 28 points, which eclipsed former Orange standout Carmelo Anthony's record for most points in a freshman's debut. Later in the season, he matched his debut performance with another 28-point effort in an 82–77 loss to Pittsburgh on March 21, 2008. Flynn would go on to have a prolific freshman year, collecting co-Big East Rookie of the Year honors, with averages of 15.7 points and 5.3 assists per game. Flynn and fellow freshman Donté Greene were the second-highest scoring freshman duo in the country, combining to average 33.4 points per outing.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn was named to the preseason All Big East team and started the season with a 27-point effort against Richmond on November 18, 2008. Seven days later, Flynn scored 25 points and hit a 3-pointer with 6.4 seconds left in regulation as Syracuse defeated then-No. 23 ESPN/USA Today, No. 22 AP Kansas 89–81 in overtime in the championship game of the CBE Classic. Flynn was named MVP of the Tournament.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn's leaping ability was on display in a January 11, 2009, game against Rutgers. With Syracuse clinging to a 52–48 lead, Flynn drove to the hoop and threw down a monstrous dunk over Rutgers guard Michael Rosario as he attempted to draw a charge.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: In the quarterfinals of the 2009 Big East tournament on March 12 and 13, Flynn led the Orange to a 127–117 win in six overtimes over the favored University of Connecticut Huskies. Flynn played 67 out of a possible 70 minutes on the floor that evening, leading the Orange by scoring 34 points, adding 11 assists and making all 16 of his free throw attempts. The next day, Flynn then played all 45 minutes of Syracuse's 74–69 overtime victory over the West Virginia Mountaineers in the Big East semifinals. He scored 15 points and had 9 assists. Syracuse, however, would eventually fall to Louisville in the Big East championship game, 76–66. For his efforts, Flynn was named the 2009 Big East tournament's MVP, the fourth player from the losing team to win the award in the tournament's history.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: In his first career NCAA tournament game in 2009, Flynn led all scorers in their first round matchup against Stephen F. Austin, tallying 16 points and 7 assists. Syracuse went on to win the game 59–44. On March 22, 2009 Flynn would score 11 points and add 7 assists as Syracuse defeated Arizona State 78–67 advancing Syracuse to its first Sweet Sixteen since 2004.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On April 9, it was announced by Syracuse University that Flynn would declare himself eligible for the upcoming 2009 NBA draft. However, Flynn would retain his NCAA eligibility by not immediately hiring an agent. Flynn officially decided to forgo his final two years at Syracuse and signed with Creative Artists Agency Sports, run by agent Leon Rose, on April 15. He was ultimately drafted sixth overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 2009 NBA draft.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn was drafted sixth overall in the 2009 NBA draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves, ahead of future two-time MVP Stephen Curry at the point guard position. Expectations were very high for Flynn as he was seen as the future cornerstone point guard for the Timberwolves by GM David Kahn. Flynn's stats were solid for his rookie season: he averaged 13.5 points per game and 4.4 assists per game.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On October 28, 2009, Flynn made his professional debut and sparked a rally for the Timberwolves, coming back from 19 points down. Flynn scored 13 points in the 4th quarter to lead the Timberwolves to a victory over the New Jersey Nets. On December 14, 2009, he made the driving game-winning layup to beat the Utah Jazz 110–108, scoring 28 points.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On January 18, 2010, he set a new career-high with 29 points against the Philadelphia 76ers in a 108–103 overtime victory. At the end of the season, Flynn was selected to the All-Rookie second team. On January 31, 2010 Flynn had a career high 8 rebounds in a 112–91 win over the New York Knicks.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn underwent hip surgery during the summer of 2010. This surgery caused Flynn's decline in production and play. His 2010–11 campaign was widely considered to be a disappointment, as his numbers dipped to 5.3 points per game and only 3.4 assists per game. This led to much speculation of his departure following the season.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: During the 2011 NBA draft, Flynn was traded to the Houston Rockets along with Donatas Motiejūnas in exchange for Brad Miller, the number 23 and 38 picks in the draft, and a future first-round draft pick. The number 23 pick became Nikola Mirotić and the number 38 pick became Chandler Parsons.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On March 15, 2012, Flynn was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers, along with Hasheem Thabeet and a future second-round pick (Will Barton was later selected), for Marcus Camby.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On October 1, 2012, Flynn signed with the Detroit Pistons. On October 22, 2012, Flynn was waived by the Pistons.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On November 5, 2012, Flynn signed with the Melbourne Tigers of the Australian National Basketball League. In his first game in the NBL, and after only a few days of preparation, Flynn was impressive with 12 points, eight rebounds, seven assists, and one block and lifted the struggling Tigers to a dominant 96–66 win over the Adelaide 36ers.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn continued to have an impact on the NBL and, following an injury to Kevin Lisch, was selected as the substitute starting point guard for the South All-Stars in their 134–114 win over the North All-Stars in the 2012 NBL All-Star Game held at the Adelaide Arena on December 22, 2012. In 19:56 of game time, Flynn recorded seven points, five rebounds and ten assists.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn joined the Indiana Pacers for the 2013 Orlando Summer League. He then joined the Los Angeles Clippers for the Las Vegas Summer League.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: In September 2013, Flynn joined the Sichuan Blue Whales of the Chinese Basketball Association. However, he left a month later due to injury.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: On August 30, 2014, Flynn signed with Orlandina Basket of Italy for the 2014–15 season. On November 24, 2014, he parted ways with Orlandina, after playing only two games in Serie A before getting injured.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn was named as a 2006 USA Men's U18 National Team member on June 26, 2006 at the 2006 FIBA Americas U18 Championship for Men in San Antonio, Texas. During the tournament, he averaged 8.5 points, 3.8 rebounds, a team-high 5.3 assists, and 1.8 steals per game.


title: Jonny Flynn

text: Flynn would once again play on Team USA in the 2007 USA Basketball U19 World Championships. The team took home the silver medal, as Flynn averaged 9.6 points per game in the USA's nine games.


title: Third Stage

text: Third Stage is the third studio album by the American rock band Boston, released on September 26, 1986, on MCA Records. It was recorded at Boston co-founder Tom Scholz's Hideaway Studio over a long, strained, six-year period "between floods and power failures". Scholz and vocalist Brad Delp were the only original members. The lyrics invoke themes of aging and working through stages in life. The first track and lead single, "Amanda", became a number one hit and one of the group's best known songs. The album itself was eventually certified 4× platinum by the RIAA.


title: Third Stage

text: After winning a legal battle with Epic Records, Scholz switched Boston to the MCA record label. The album's first track, "Amanda", had been written in 1980 (when Boston began work on the album) and became the band's only #1 single. It reached #1 for two weeks in November 1986. The second Top 10 single, "We're Ready", reached #9. The singles "Cool the Engines" and "Can'tcha Say (You Believe in Me)/Still in Love" also got substantial airplay, with the former reaching #4 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart, and the latter peaking at #20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1987. "Can'tcha Say" remains Boston's last Top 40 hit to date.


title: Third Stage

text: After only three weeks on the chart, "Third Stage" reached #1 on the "Billboard" 200 for four weeks. It is the first CD-formatted album to have been certified gold (500,000 copies) by the RIAA. It was also certified gold in the LP format, believed to be the first album certified in both of these formats. In all, the album was certified 4× platinum.


title: Third Stage

text: It is the first Boston LP with electronic drum samples, the first to include songs not written by either Scholz or Brad Delp, the first Boston LP without original members Barry Goudreau, Sib Hashian and Fran Sheehan (though Hashian played drums on four tracks and Sheehan was included in the early recording session and received a writing credit). Jim Masdea plays drums on most of the album. It is the first Boston recording to use the Rockman guitar processor, invented by Scholz. No orchestral sounds or synthesizers are on the album. Critics have noted that the album has a much darker, more somber tone than Boston's previous work.


title: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

text: The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation founded in 1969 has 57 members, 56 of which are also member states of the United Nations with 49 countries being Muslim majority countries. Some, especially in West Africa, are – though with large Muslim populations – not necessarily Muslim majority countries. A few countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Russia and Thailand, sit as Observer States.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The Heavy Tank T29 was an American heavy tank project started in March 1944 to counter the appearance of the German Tiger II heavy tank. The T29 was not ready in time for the war in Europe, but it did provide post-war engineers with opportunities for applying engineering concepts to artillery and automotive components.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The T29 was based upon a lengthened version of the T26E3 chassis and featured heavier armor, an upgraded Ford GAC engine producing 750 hp at 2,800rpm, which gave it a power to weight ratio of 11.68 hp/t, more comfortable controls for the driver, and a massive new turret incorporating the high-velocity 105 mm gun T5, which was later replaced by a more powerful 105 mm T5E1.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The tank weighed approximately unloaded and combat loaded. Its maximum armor thickness was on the turret (not including the mantlet, which was thick), compared to on the German Tiger II's turret. The turret had a turret rotation of 18 degrees per second, taking 20 seconds for a whole 360 degree traverse, and the gun had gun angles of 20°+/-10°. The hull armor consisted of a thick plate, which was sloped at 54 degrees.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: Its 105 mm gun was long (66 calibres, 105 L67) compared to the of the Tiger II's 88 mm (71 calibers long, 88/L71), and had a muzzle velocity of . The tank would have carried a total of 63 rounds, with 46 in ammo racks, the ammo weighing 2.2 tons total. Its T30E1 HE shell could pierce of concrete at , while its T29E3 High-velocity Armor Piercing could penetrate at , and at . Two coaxial 12.7mm machine guns were also mounted in the mantlet. A ball mounted 7.62mm machine gun was carried in the right side of the hull, and a AA 12.7mm machine gun was planned to be mounted on a pintle stem atop the roof. Other trial models had Allison V1710 V12 engines.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The tank had a modest cruising range of . It could cross a cross a trench wide, wade in water deep, climb a step, and could handle a 30 degree slope. The tank was also capable of pivoting on the spot. Suspension consisted of 8 double road wheels with rubber tires, 7 return roller on each side, and had the drive sprockets in the rear. Interestingly, the tank had a crew of six, two acting as a loader for the gun. The T29 featured a coincidence rangefinder projecting from both sides of the turret, distinctively resembling "ears".


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The procurement of 1,200 T29s was proposed on 1 March 1945, and revised to 1,152 on 12 April 1945, but by shortly after the end of World War II, only one T29 had been produced, with a second partially completed. In August 1945, the order was cancelled entirely, and it was intended to procure ten T29s for postwar testing. This number was later reduced to eight in July 1947.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: Developed at the same time and closely related to the T29, the T30 Heavy Tank was virtually identical, but was mounted with the 155 mm gun T7, featured a more powerful engine, and had an additional crew member to help load the heavy ammunition for the gun. Two vehicles were produced.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: The final variation of the T29 concept, the T34 Heavy Tank, mounted a 120 mm gun based upon the contemporary 120mm M1 anti-aircraft gun to further increase the armor penetration capability of the T29.


title: T29 Heavy Tank

text: There are several surviving T29s at Fort Benning, Georgia. They are being stored in preparation for an Armor exhibit. One has the distinctive rangefinder, while the other does not. Both can be seen as well as many other vehicles in a fenced enclosure on 25 Infantry Regiment Road. One is located in front of the National Armor and Cavalry Museum.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj Kabi is an Indian film and theatre actor, theatre director, and acting coach known for his works in International films and Hindi cinema, theatre, and television.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj Kabi was born on 12 March 1968 in Jamshedpur, Bihar then (nowadays) in Jharkhand. He did his schooling from Loyola School, Jamshedpur. Later, he did a diploma in computer science from Symbiosis College, Pune.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: His father's name is Tushar Kabi, and his mother's name is Zarin Kabi. He has one brother, Partha Kabi and sister Radhika Virdi. He is married to the fashion designer, Deepali Kosta, and the couple is blessed with a daughter, Shatakshi Kabi.He is odia from his father’s side.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj Kabi is a self-taught actor, director, trainer who is working towards building a Theatre and Film Residency involved in performance, directing, training and research. The techniques he uses are his own discoveries and experiments that he has been working on for many years to evolve his skill of acting in films and theatre.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Since the last two decades, he has been working as a professional actor with renowned national and international theatre and film directors. As a theatre director, he's been exploring the concept of collaborating Indian traditional artistes with urban actors to interpret Indian and Global theatre texts. Neeraj has travelled across the country since 1996 to conduct theatre and acting workshops for actors, children and other industries. As theatre and films deal with advanced levels of behavioural sciences which can be life changing, these workshops are based on the foundations of deep explorations of theatre philosophies, theatre sciences and theatre arts.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj began work as a professional theatre actor in 1998 in Mumbai. He has performed in major or lead roles in plays by Shakespeare (as Banquo), Tom Stoppard (as Hamlet), Molière (as Sganarelle), Marivaux (as Harlequin), Chekov (as Gurov & Chekov), Oscar Wilde (as King Herod), Ibsen (as Tesman), Margurite Duras (as Peter Morgan), Florian Zeller [ Pierre] amongst others and has worked with International and Indian directors such as Jean Jacques Bellot and Eric Vigner from France, Gil Alon from Israel, Rene Migliaccio from USA and with Atul Kumar, Rehaan Engineer and Naseeruddin Shah from India.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: His theatre production of Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' which he directed and produced in 2006 with support from the British Council Division of Mumbai, was performed at The Nehru National Theatre Festival in Mumbai, the National School of Drama's Bharat Rang Mahotsav and opened at the Kala Ghoda Festival in Mumbai, the same year. The production involved actors from Mumbai and original artistes from Indian traditions of Dhrupad singing and Yakshagana dance-drama.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj's work in cinema began in 1997 with the film "The Last Vision", a feature film directed by Mr. A.K. Bir and produced by the NFDC which won a national award in 1998 and made it to the competition section of Cairo and Singapore International Film Festivals. Thereafter, he performed in the lead role as an Indian monk in Anand Gandhi's hugely acclaimed international award-winning feature film, "Ship of Theseus". (BEST ACTOR - Jury Special Mention at the 4th Jagran Film Festival, 2013) (BEST ACTOR at the 4th Sakhalin International Film Festival, Russia).


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: He played various distinctive roles, from performing as Mahatma Gandhi in Shyam Benegal's television series, 'Samvidhaan', to a Villain in Dibakar Banerjee's "Detective Byomkesh Bakshy" (Yash Raj Films) and the role of a convicted father in "Talvar", based on a true life story directed by Meghna Gulzar and produced by Vishal Bharadwaj. (Nominations for ACTING at Sony Guild Awards, Zee Cine Awards, Stardust Awards in 2016) (Newsmakers Achievers' Award for BEST ACTOR).


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: He's also been a part of multiple web-series projects for Netflix, Amazon and others. He performed as DCP Parulkar in a Netflix Original, 'Sacred Games'. (BEST ACTOR in a Supporting Role at the Indian Television Academy Awards in 2019) (Nomination at the Asian Academy Creative Awards in Singapore). He also won BEST ACTOR in a Supporting Role at the Indywood Academy Awards in Hyderabad for his performance in the feature film, 'Hichki' (Yash Raj Film Productions).


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: His latest Lead Role performance as a Romantic Actor in an Indo-German Feature film called "Once Again" was honoured by the Times Now 2019 edition of Power Brands: Bollywood Film Journalist's Award with the title of "Editor's Choice BEST ACTOR".


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: Neeraj's latest feature film "Raahgir" directed by the legendary Goutam Ghosh premiered at the Busan International Film festival in October 2019.


title: Neeraj Kabi

text: In an interview, he shared the story of his struggling days in the film industry, he said, “Just nothing worked. Nobody called me. It went on and on, endlessly, relentlessly... I’ve [taken up jobs such as] production work, AD, spot boy, all kinds of things. I was the junior copywriter in certain ad agencies. I used to sell books from door to door for many, many years. I gave tuitions, home to home, all over the city. All kinds of tuitions: elocution, speech, mathematics, English. And that's where I learned a very important thing in my life: humility. My ego got crushed because I was pulped to the ground by everything that was happening to me. You never [imagine] that doors would be slammed on your face, you will be abused, you will be pushed, you will be kicked, so many things will happen to you. And, not for one year, two years, but for ten, 15, 18 long years. That's where the survival issue came in, and I started to teach [acting]. Because when you get so abused all the time, you lose faith in yourself. And, you think, ‘If you don't get out now, you'll fall sick.’ Because you can't take it every single day of your life.”


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a computer networking communications protocol in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite. Originally intended for Signaling System 7 (SS7) message transport in telecommunication, the protocol provides the message-oriented feature of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), while ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control like the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Unlike UDP and TCP, the protocol supports multihoming and redundant paths to increase resilience and reliability.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: SCTP is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in . The SCTP reference implementation was released as part of FreeBSD version 7, and has since been widely ported to other platforms.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: The IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group defined the protocol (number 132) in October 2000, and the IETF Transport Area (TSVWG) working group maintains it. defines the protocol. provides an introduction.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: SCTP applications submit data for transmission in messages (groups of bytes) to the SCTP transport layer. SCTP places messages and control information into separate "chunks" (data chunks and control chunks), each identified by a "chunk header". The protocol can fragment a message into multiple data chunks, but each data chunk contains data from only one user message. SCTP bundles the chunks into SCTP packets. The SCTP packet, which is submitted to the Internet Protocol, consists of a packet header, SCTP control chunks (when necessary), followed by SCTP data chunks (when available).


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: SCTP may be characterized as message-oriented, meaning it transports a sequence of messages (each being a group of bytes), rather than transporting an unbroken stream of bytes as in TCP. As in UDP, in SCTP a sender sends a message in one operation, and that exact message is passed to the receiving application process in one operation. In contrast, TCP is a stream-oriented protocol, transporting streams of bytes reliably and in order. However TCP does not allow the receiver to know how many times the sender application called on the TCP transport passing it groups of bytes to be sent out. At the sender, TCP simply appends more bytes to a queue of bytes waiting to go out over the network, rather than having to keep a queue of individual separate outbound messages which must be preserved as such.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: The term "multi-streaming" refers to the capability of SCTP to transmit several independent streams of chunks in parallel, for example transmitting web page images simultaneously with the web page text. In essence, it involves bundling several connections into a single SCTP association, operating on messages (or chunks) rather than bytes.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: TCP preserves byte order in the stream by including a byte sequence number with each segment. SCTP, on the other hand, assigns a sequence number or a message-id to each "message" sent in a stream. This allows independent ordering of messages in different streams. However, message ordering is optional in SCTP; a receiving application may choose to process messages in the order of receipt instead of in the order of sending.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: The designers of SCTP originally intended it for the transport of telephony (i.e. Signaling System 7) over Internet Protocol, with the goal of duplicating some of the reliability attributes of the SS7 signaling network in IP. This IETF effort is known as SIGTRAN. In the meantime, other uses have been proposed, for example, the Diameter protocol and Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool).


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: TCP has provided the primary means to transfer data reliably across the Internet. However, TCP has imposed limitations on several applications. From :


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: Adoption has been slowed by lack of awareness, lack of implementations (particularly in Microsoft Windows), lack of application support and lack of network support.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: Each SCTP end point needs to check reachability of the primary and redundant addresses of the remote end point using a heartbeat. Each SCTP end point needs to acknowledge the heartbeats it receives from the remote end point.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: When SCTP sends a message to a remote address, the source interface will only be decided by the routing table of the host (and not by SCTP).


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: In local multihoming and remote single homing, if the remote primary address is not reachable, the SCTP association fails even if an alternate path is possible.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: Each chunk starts with a one-byte type identifier, with 15 chunk types defined by , and at least 5 more defined by additional RFCs. Eight flag bits, a two-byte length field, and the data compose the remainder of the chunk. If the chunk does not form a multiple of 4 bytes (i.e., the length is not a multiple of 4), then it is padded with zeros, which are not included in the chunk length. The two-byte length field limits each chunk to a 65,535-byte length (including the type, flags and length fields).


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: Although encryption was not part of the original SCTP design, SCTP was designed with features for improved security, such as 4-way handshake (compared to TCP 3-way handshake) to protect against SYN flooding attacks, and large "cookies" for association verification and authenticity.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: Reliability was also a key part of the security design of SCTP. Multihoming enables an association to stay open even when some routes and interfaces are down. This is of particular importance for SIGTRAN as it carries SS7 over an IP network using SCTP, and requires strong resilience during link outages to maintain telecommunication service even when enduring network anomalies.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: SCTP is sometimes a good fingerprinting candidate. Some operating systems ship with SCTP support enabled, and, as it is not as well known as TCP or UDP, it is sometimes overlooked in firewall and intrusion detection configurations, thus often permitting probing traffic.


title: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

text: In the absence of native SCTP support in operating systems, it is possible to tunnel SCTP over UDP, as well as to map TCP API calls to SCTP calls so existing applications can use SCTP without modification.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: In mathematics, the Abel–Ruffini theorem (also known as Abel's impossibility theorem) states that there is no solution in radicals to general polynomial equations of degree five or higher with arbitrary coefficients. Here, "general" means that the coefficients of the equation are viewed and manipulated as indeterminates.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The theorem is named after Paolo Ruffini, who made an incomplete proof in 1799, (which was refined and completed in 1813 and accepted by Cauchy) and Niels Henrik Abel, who provided a proof in 1824.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: "Abel–Ruffini theorem" refers also to the slightly stronger result that there are equations of degree five and higher that cannot be solved by radicals. This does not follow from Abel's statement of the theorem, but is a corollary of his proof, as his proof is based on the fact that some polynomials in the coefficients of the equation are not the zero polynomial. This improved statement follows directly from . Galois theory implies also that


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: is the simplest equation that cannot be solved in radicals, and that "almost all" polynomials of degree five or higher cannot be solved in radicals.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The impossibility of solving in degree five or higher contrasts with the case of lower degree: one has the quadratic formula, the cubic formula, and the quartic formula for degrees two, three, and four, respectively.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Polynomial equations of degree two can be solved with the quadratic formula, which has been known since antiquity. Similarly the cubic formula for degree three, and the quartic formula for degree four, were found during the 16th century. At that time a fundamental problem was whether equations of higher degree could be solved in a similar way.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The fact that every polynomial equation of positive degree has solutions, possibly non-real, was asserted during the 17th century, but completely proved only at the beginning of the 19th century. This is the fundamental theorem of algebra, which does not provide any tool for computing exactly the solutions, although Newton's method allows approximating the solutions to any desired accuracy.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: From the 16th century to beginning of the 19th century, the main problem of algebra was to search for a formula for the solutions of polynomial equations of degree five and higher, hence the name the "fundamental theorem of algebra". This meant a solution in radicals, that is, an expression involving only the coefficients of the equation, and the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and th root extraction.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The Abel–Ruffini theorem proves that this is impossible. However, this impossibility does not imply that a specific equation of any degree cannot be solved in radicals. On the contrary, there are equations of any degree that can be solved in radicals. This is the case of the equation formula_2 for any , and the equations defined by cyclotomic polynomials, all of whose solutions can be expressed in radicals.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Abel's proof of the theorem does not explicitly contain the assertion that there are specific equations that cannot be solved by radicals. Such an assertion is not a consequence of Abel's statement of the theorem, as the statement does not exclude the possibility that "every particular quintic equation might be soluble, with a special formula for each equation." However, the existence of specific equations that cannot be solved in radicals seems to be a consequence of Abel's proof, as the proof uses the fact that some polynomials in the coefficients are not the zero polynomial, and, given a finite number of polynomials, there are values of the variables at which none of the polynomials takes the value zero.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Soon after Abel's publication of its proof, Évariste Galois introduced a theory, now called Galois theory that allows deciding, for any given equation, whether it is solvable in radicals (this is theoretical, as, in practice, this decision may need huge computation which can be difficult, even with powerful computers). This decision is done by introducing auxiliary polynomials, called resolvents, whose coefficients depend polynomially upon those of the original polynomial. The polynomial is solvable in radicals if and only if some resolvent has a rational root.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The proof of the Abel–Ruffini theorem predates Galois theory. However, Galois theory allows a better understanding of the subject, and modern proofs are generally based on it, while the original proofs of the Abel–Ruffini theorem are still presented for historical purposes.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The proofs based on Galois theory comprise four main steps: the characterization of solvable equations in terms of field theory; the use of the Galois correspondence between subfields of a given field and the subgroups of its Galois group for expressing this characterization in terms of solvable groups; the proof that the symmetric group is not solvable if its degree is five or higher; and the existence of polynomials with a symmetric Galois group.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: An algebraic solution of a polynomial equation is an expression involving the four basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), and root extractions. Such an expression may be viewed as the description of a computation that starts from the coefficients of the equation to be solved and proceeds by computing some numbers, one after the other.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: At each step of the computation, one may consider the smallest field that contains all numbers that have been computed so far. This field is changed only for the steps involving the computation of an th root.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: formula_5 for formula_6 with formula_7 for some integer formula_8 An algebraic solution of the initial polynomial equation exists if and only if there exists such a sequence of fields such that formula_9 contains a solution.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: For having normal extensions, which are fundamental for the theory, one must refine the sequence of fields as follows. If formula_10 does not contain all formula_11-th roots of unity, one introduces the field formula_12 that extends formula_10 by a primitive root of unity, and one redefines formula_14 as formula_15


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: So, if one starts from a solution in terms of radicals, one gets an increasing sequence of fields such that the last one contains the solution, and each is a normal extension of the preceding one with a Galois group that is cyclic.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Conversely, if one has such a sequence of fields, the equation is solvable in terms of radicals. For proving this, it suffices to prove that a normal extension with a cyclic Galois group can be built from a succession of radical extensions.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The Galois correspondence establishes a one to one correspondence between the subextensions of a normal field extension formula_16 and the subgroups of the Galois group of the extension. This correspondence maps a field such formula_17 to the Galois group formula_18 of the automorphisms of that leave fixed, and, conversely, maps a subgroup of formula_19 to the field of the elements of that are fixed by .


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The preceding section shows that an equation is solvable in terms of radicals if and only if the Galois group of its splitting field (the smallest field that contains all the roots) is solvable, that is, it contains a sequence of subgroups such that each is normal in the preceding one, with a quotient group that is cyclic. (Solvable groups are commonly defined with abelian instead of cyclic quotient groups, but the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups shows that the two definitions are equivalent).


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: So, for proving Abel–Ruffini theorem, it remains to prove that the symmetric group formula_20 is not solvable, and that there are polynomials with symmetric Galois group.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: For , the symmetric group formula_21 of degree has only the alternating group formula_22 as a nontrivial normal subgroup (see ). For , the alternating group formula_22 is not abelian and simple (that is, it does not have any nontrivial normal subgroup). This implies that both formula_22 and formula_21 are not solvable for . Thus, the Abel–Ruffini theorem results from the existence of polynomials with a symmetric Galois group; this will be shown in the next section.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: On the other hand, for , the symmetric group and all its subgroups are solvable. Somehow, this explains the existence of the quadratic, cubic, and quartic formulas, since a major result of Galois theory is that a polynomial equation has a solution in radicals if and only if its Galois group is solvable (the term "solvable group" takes its origin from this theorem).


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: where formula_27 are distinct indeterminates. This is an equation defined over the field formula_28 of the rational fractions in formula_27 with rational number coefficients. The original Abel–Ruffini theorem asserts that, for , this equation is not solvable in radicals. In view of the preceding sections, this results from the fact that the Galois group over of the equation is the symmetric group formula_21 (this Galois group is the group of the field automorphisms of the splitting field of the equation that fix the elements of , where the splitting field is the smallest field containing all the roots of the equation).


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: For proving that the Galois group is formula_31 it is simpler to start from the roots. Let formula_32 be new indeterminates, aimed to be the roots, and consider the polynomial


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Let formula_34 be the field of the rational fractions in formula_35 and formula_36 be its subfield generated by the coefficients of formula_37 The permutations of the formula_38 induce automorphisms of . Vieta's formulas imply that every element of is a symmetric function of the formula_39 and is thus fixed by all these automorphisms. It follows that the Galois group formula_40 is the symmetric group formula_41


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials implies that the formula_42 are algebraic independent, and thus that the map that sends each formula_43 to the corresponding formula_42 is a field isomorphism from to . This means that one may consider formula_45 as a generic equation. This finishes the proof that the Galois group of a general equation is the symmetric group, and thus proves the original Abel–Ruffini theorem, which asserts that the general polynomial equation of degree cannot be solved in radicals for .


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Since formula_49 factors as formula_50 in formula_51, the group contains a permutation that is a product of disjoint cycles of lengths 2 and 3 (in general, when a monic integer polynomial reduces modulo a prime to a product of distinct monic irreducible polynomials, the degrees of the factors give the lengths of the disjoint cycles in some permutation belonging to the Galois group); then also contains formula_52, which is a transposition.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Because 5 is prime, any transposition and 5-cycle in formula_48 generate the whole group; see . Thus formula_56. Since the group formula_48 is not solvable, the equation formula_1 is not solvable in radicals.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Testing whether a specific quintic is solvable in radicals can be done by using Cayley's resolvent. This is a univariate polynomial of degree six whose coefficients are polynomials in the coefficients of a generic quintic. A specific irreducible quintic is solvable in radicals if and only, when its coefficients are substituted in Cayley's resolvent, the resulting sextic polynomial has a rational root.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Around 1770, Joseph Louis Lagrange began the groundwork that unified the many different tricks that had been used up to that point to solve equations, relating them to the theory of groups of permutations, in the form of Lagrange resolvents. This innovative work by Lagrange was a precursor to Galois theory, and its failure to develop solutions for equations of fifth and higher degrees hinted that such solutions might be impossible, but it did not provide conclusive proof. The first person who conjectured that the problem of solving quintics by radicals might be impossible to solve was Carl Friedrich Gauss, who wrote in 1798 in section 359 of his book "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" (which would be published only in 1801) that "there is little doubt that this problem does not so much defy modern methods of analysis as that it proposes the impossible". The next year, in his thesis, he wrote "After the labors of many geometers left little hope of ever arriving at the resolution of the general equation algebraically, it appears more and more likely that this resolution is impossible and contradictory." And he added "Perhaps it will not be so difficult to prove, with all rigor, the impossibility for the fifth degree. I shall set forth my investigations of this at greater length in another place." Actually, Gauss published nothing else on this subject.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The theorem was first nearly proved by Paolo Ruffini in 1799. He sent his proof to several mathematicians to get it acknowledged, amongst them Lagrange (who did not reply) and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who sent him a letter saying: "Your memoir on the general solution of equations is a work which I have always believed should be kept in mind by mathematicians and which, in my opinion, proves conclusively the algebraic unsolvability of general equations of higher than fourth degree." However, in general, Ruffini's proof was not considered convincing. Abel wrote: "The first and, if I am not mistaken, the only one who, before me, has sought to prove the impossibility of the algebraic solution of general equations is the mathematician Ruffini. But his memoir is so complicated that it is very difficult to determine the validity of his argument. It seems to me that his argument is not completely satisfying."


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: The proof also, as it was discovered later, was incomplete. Ruffini assumed that all radicals that he was dealing with could be expressed from the roots of the polynomial using field operations alone; in modern terms, he assumed that the radicals belonged to the splitting field of the polynomial. To see why this is really an extra assumption, consider, for instance, the polynomial formula_59. According to Cardano's formula, one of its roots (all of them, actually) can be expressed as the sum of a cube root of formula_60 with a cube root of formula_61. On the other hand, since formula_62, formula_63, formula_64, and formula_65, the roots formula_66, formula_67, and formula_68 of formula_69 are all real and therefore the field formula_70 is a subfield of formula_71. But then the numbers formula_72 cannot belong to formula_70. While Cauchy either did not notice Ruffini's assumption or felt that it was a minor one, most historians believe that the proof was not complete until Abel proved the theorem on natural irrationalities, which asserts that the assumption holds in the case of general polynomials.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: > The Abel–Ruffini theorem is thus generally credited to Abel, who published a proof compressed into just six pages in 1824. (Abel adopted a very terse style to save paper and money: the proof was printed at his own expense.) A more elaborated version of the proof would be published in 1826.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: Proving that the general quintic (and higher) equations were unsolvable by radicals did not completely settle the matter, because the Abel–Ruffini theorem does not provide necessary and sufficient conditions for saying precisely which quintic (and higher) equations are unsolvable by radicals. Abel was working on a complete characterization when he died in 1829.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: According to Nathan Jacobson, "The proofs of Ruffini and of Abel [...] were soon superseded by the crowning achievement of this line of research: Galois' discoveries in the theory of equations." In 1830, Galois (at the age of 18) submitted to the Paris Academy of Sciences a memoir on his theory of solvability by radicals, which was ultimately rejected in 1831 as being too sketchy and for giving a condition in terms of the roots of the equation instead of its coefficients. Galois was aware of the contributions of Ruffini and Abel, since he wrote "It is a common truth, today, that the general equation of degree greater than cannot be solved by radicals... this truth has become common (by hearsay) despite the fact that geometers have ignored the proofs of Abel and Ruffini..." Galois then died in 1832 and his paper "Mémoire sur les conditions de resolubilité des équations par radicaux" remained unpublished until 1846, when it was published by Joseph Liouville accompanied by some of his own explanations. Prior to this publication, Liouville announced Galois' result to the academy in a speech he gave on 4 July 1843. A simplification of Abel's proof was published by Pierre Wantzel in 1845. When Wantzel published it, he was already aware of the contributions by Galois and he mentions that, whereas Abel's proof is valid only for general polynomials, Galois' approach can be used to provide a concrete polynomial of degree 5 whose roots cannot be expressed in radicals from its coefficients.


title: Abel–Ruffini theorem

text: In 1963, Vladimir Arnold discovered a topological proof of the Abel–Ruffini theorem, which served as a starting point for topological Galois theory.


title: Quantile function

text: In probability and statistics, the quantile function, associated with a probability distribution of a random variable, specifies the value of the random variable such that the probability of the variable being less than or equal to that value equals the given probability. Intuitively, the quantile function associates with a range at and below a probability input the likelihood that a random variable is realized in that range for some probability distribution. It is also called the percentile function, percent-point function or inverse cumulative distribution function.


title: Quantile function

text: With reference to a continuous and strictly monotonic cumulative distribution function formula_1 of a random variable "X", the quantile function formula_2 returns a threshold value "x" below which random draws from the given c.d.f. would fall "100*p" percent of the time. In terms of the distribution function "F", the quantile function "Q" returns the value "x" such that


title: Quantile function

text: In the general case of distribution functions that are not strictly monotonic and therefore do not permit an inverse c.d.f., the quantile is a (potentially) set valued functional of a distribution function "F", given by the interval


title: Quantile function

text: It is often standard to choose the lowest value, which can equivalently be written as (using right-continuity of "F")


title: Quantile function

text: Here we capture the fact that the quantile function returns the minimum value of "x" from amongst all those values whose c.d.f value exceeds "p", which is equivalent to the previous probability statement in the special case that the distribution is continuous. Note that the infimum function can be replaced by the minimum function, since the distribution function is right-continuous and weakly monotonically increasing.


title: Quantile function

text: If the function "F" is continuous and strictly monotonically increasing, then the inequalities can be replaced by equalities, and we have:


title: Quantile function

text: In general, even though the distribution function "F" may fail to possess a left or right inverse, the quantile function "Q" behaves as an "almost sure left inverse" for the distribution function, in the sense that


title: Quantile function

text: For example, the cumulative distribution function of Exponential("λ") (i.e. intensity "λ" and expected value (mean) 1/"λ") is


title: Quantile function

text: The quantile function for Exponential("λ") is derived by finding the value of Q for which formula_12:


title: Quantile function

text: The quantile function is one way of prescribing a probability distribution, and it is an alternative to the probability density function (pdf) or probability mass function, the cumulative distribution function (cdf) and the characteristic function. The quantile function, "Q", of a probability distribution is the inverse of its cumulative distribution function "F". The derivative of the quantile function, namely the quantile density function, is yet another way of prescribing a probability distribution. It is the reciprocal of the pdf composed with the quantile function.


title: Quantile function

text: For statistical applications, users need to know key percentage points of a given distribution. For example, they require the median and 25% and 75% quartiles as in the example above or 5%, 95%, 2.5%, 97.5% levels for other applications such as assessing the statistical significance of an observation whose distribution is known; see the quantile entry. Before the popularization of computers, it was not uncommon for books to have appendices with statistical tables sampling the quantile function. Statistical applications of quantile functions are discussed extensively by Gilchrist.


title: Quantile function

text: Monte-Carlo simulations employ quantile functions to produce non-uniform random or pseudorandom numbers for use in diverse types of simulation calculations. A sample from a given distribution may be obtained in principle by applying its quantile function to a sample from a uniform distribution. The demands of simulation methods, for example in modern computational finance, are focusing increasing attention on methods based on quantile functions, as they work well with multivariate techniques based on either copula or quasi-Monte-Carlo methods and Monte Carlo methods in finance.


title: Quantile function

text: The evaluation of quantile functions often involves numerical methods, such as the exponential distribution above, which is one of the few distributions where a closed-form expression can be found (others include the uniform, the Weibull, the Tukey lambda (which includes the logistic) and the log-logistic). When the cdf itself has a closed-form expression, one can always use a numerical root-finding algorithm such as the bisection method to invert the cdf. Other algorithms to evaluate quantile functions are given in the Numerical Recipes series of books. Algorithms for common distributions are built into many statistical software packages.


title: Quantile function

text: Quantile functions may also be characterized as solutions of non-linear ordinary and partial differential equations. The ordinary differential equations for the cases of the normal, Student, beta and gamma distributions have been given and solved.


title: Quantile function

text: The normal distribution is perhaps the most important case. Because the normal distribution is a location-scale family, its quantile function for arbitrary parameters can be derived from a simple transformation of the quantile function of the standard normal distribution, known as the probit function. Unfortunately, this function has no closed-form representation using basic algebraic functions; as a result, approximate representations are usually used. Thorough composite rational and polynomial approximations have been given by Wichura and Acklam. Non-composite rational approximations have been developed by Shaw.


title: Quantile function

text: This equation may be solved by several methods, including the classical power series approach. From this solutions of arbitrarily high accuracy may be developed (see Steinbrecher and Shaw, 2008).


title: Quantile function

text: This has historically been one of the more intractable cases, as the presence of a parameter, ν, the degrees of freedom, makes the use of rational and other approximations awkward. Simple formulas exist when the ν = 1, 2, 4 and the problem may be reduced to the solution of a polynomial when ν is even. In other cases the quantile functions may be developed as power series. The simple cases are as follows:


title: Quantile function

text: In the above the "sign" function is +1 for positive arguments, −1 for negative arguments and zero at zero. It should not be confused with the trigonometric sine function.


title: Quantile function

text: where formula_26, formula_27 are quantile functions and formula_28, formula_27 are the model parameters. The parameters formula_28 must be selected so that formula_31 is a quantile function.


title: Quantile function

text: Two four-parametric quantile mixtures, the normal-polynomial quantile mixture and the Cauchy-polynomial quantile mixture, are presented by Karvanen.


title: Quantile function

text: The non-linear ordinary differential equation given for normal distribution is a special case of that available for any quantile function whose second derivative exists. In general the equation for a quantile, "Q"("p"), may be given. It is


title: Quantile function

text: and "ƒ"("x") is the probability density function. The forms of this equation, and its classical analysis by series and asymptotic solutions, for the cases of the normal, Student, gamma and beta distributions has been elucidated by Steinbrecher and Shaw (2008). Such solutions provide accurate benchmarks, and in the case of the Student, suitable series for live Monte Carlo use.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Cai-Göran Alexander Stubb (born 1 April 1968) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from 2014 to 2015. He rose to politics as a researcher specialized in the affairs of the European Union and was elected to the European Parliament in 2004 as a member of the National Coalition Party. In 2008, Stubb was appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs following a scandal surrounding his predecessor, Ilkka Kanerva. In 2011 Stubb stood for election to the Finnish Parliament for the first time and was elected MP with the second highest vote count in the election, which led to Stubb becoming the Minister for Europe and Foreign Trade in Jyrki Katainen's cabinet.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: When Katainen stepped down as Prime Minister and Chairman of the National Coalition Party in 2014, Stubb was elected as party chairman. He went on to form a five party government coalition, and was officially appointed Prime Minister by President Sauli Niinistö on 24 June. In the election held in April 2015, Stubb's National Coalition Party lost its status as the largest party, coming in as second in vote share and third in seats. After coalition negotiations between the winning Center Party, Finns Party and National Coalition Party, Stubb was appointed Minister of Finance on 29 May 2015 by newly elected Prime Minister Juha Sipilä.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 2016, Stubb's leadership was challenged from within the party by MP Elina Lepomäki and Minister of Interior Petteri Orpo. On 11 June Stubb lost the leadership election against Orpo in the party conference. After declining ministerial positions, Stubb went on to continue as a Member of Parliament. In June 2017, he was chosen as the Vice-President of the European Investment Bank, after the previous representative from Finland Jan Vapaavuori had vacated the seat.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In October 2018, Stubb announced his candidacy for the EPP nomination for President of the European Commission in the 2019 European Parliament election, but ultimately lost in an election against Manfred Weber.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: After Stubb's term at the European Investment Bank ended in January 2020, he was chosen as the Director and Professor of the School of Transnational Governance at the European University Institute.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb was born in Helsinki into a bilingual family; his father was a native Swedish speaker and his mother a native Finnish speaker. Stubb spoke both languages at home. His father Göran Stubb works in the business of professional ice hockey; he was the CEO of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association from 1976 to 1983 and is currently the NHL Director of Euro Scouting.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 1986 Stubb graduated from Mainland High School in Daytona Beach, Florida and, two years later, graduated from the Gymnasiet Lärkan in Helsinki, then completed his military service.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb won a golf scholarship to Furman University in South Carolina, United States. He was a member of the Finnish national golf team and intended to become a professional golfer after graduation, but studying with Brent Nelsen and others caused him to quit the sport after a year to focus on his studies. Stubb graduated with a BA degree in political science from Furman University in 1993. The following year he studied French and obtained a Diploma in French Language and Civilisation from the Sorbonne University, Paris, in 1994. Stubb speaks five languages: Swedish, Finnish, English, French and German.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 1995, Stubb graduated with an MA degree in political science (european affairs) from the College of Europe, Belgium. He then performed his doctoral studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science, under the supervision of William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire, and obtained his PhD degree in international politics in June 1999. Wallace later said: "LSE has had a number of extremely bright Finnish students in recent years – but Alex was one of the most outstanding." Stubb's thesis was called "Flexible Integration and the Amsterdam Treaty: negotiating differentiation in the 1996–97 IGC" (the 1996–97 Intergovernmental Conference of the European Union).


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Between 1995 and 1997, Stubb was a researcher at the Finnish Foreign Office, and then at the Academy of Finland from 1997 to 1999. In 1997 he began to work also as a columnist.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: From 1999 to 2001, Stubb was a researcher in Finland's representation in the European Union in Brussels, and a member of the Finnish government's delegation to the intergovernmental negotiations for the Treaty of Nice. In 2000, he became a lecturer at the College of Europe. Following the IGC's conclusion in 2001 he became an adviser to the President of the European Commission (then Romano Prodi) and a member of the Commission Task Force on the European Convention. In 2003 he returned to Finland's representation to the EU as a special expert and to the intergovernmental negotiations, this time for the European Constitution. When that ended in 2004, he stood for the National Coalition Party in the election to the European Parliament.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb lived in Genval, Belgium, with his wife, Suzanne Innes-Stubb, who is a British lawyer, until they moved to Tapiola, Espoo. She works for the media group Sanoma. They have two children, a daughter and son.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: A "confessed sports nut", Stubb regularly competes in marathons and triathlons and has finished Ironman Triathlons.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In his 2012 Frankfurt Ironman, he competed with "Iron Birds Finland", a team of 18 people competing to support leukemia research.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In Ironman Sweden (in Kalmar) in 2013, Stubb's time was 9:55'47. Stubb ran his best marathon time, 3:11:24, in the 2014 Berlin Marathon.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb served as an MEP for Finland from 2004 to 2008. He was elected in 2004 with 115,225 votes (the second highest number of votes in Finland for that election) as a member of the National Coalition Party. As that party was a member of the EPP, he sat in the European People's Party-European Democrats group. During this time he became one of the most well-known members of the Parliament.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb was a member of the Committee on Budgetary Control and a vice-president of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. He was a substitute member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee (as of August 2007).


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 2006 he wrote a report for the Parliament on the EU's interpretation costs, which was adopted by the Parliament. He called for greater awareness of the costs of translation, which he calculated as 511 million euros in 2005 for the Parliament, Commission and Council together. Despite the costs and the need for some changes, he underlined that multilingualism is one of the EU's main assets.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: On 1 April 2008, Stubb's 40th birthday, the Finnish government announced that Stubb would be appointed as its new Minister for Foreign Affairs following a scandal surrounding his predecessor, Ilkka Kanerva. Stubb was sworn in on 4 April. The decision to appoint him was unanimous and his seat in the European Parliament was taken up by Sirpa Pietikäinen, a former environment minister.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: On his appointment, Stubb was described as a competent politician and a supporter of Finland's accession to NATO, stating that he does not understand Finland's non-alignment policy.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In July 2010, Stubb invited the head of Al-Jazeera Wadah Khanfar and former President Martti Ahtisaari to discuss about the role of media in conflict resolution.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In October 2010, Stubb visited the Middle East and discussed the Middle Eastern conflict with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 2010 Stubb and Sweden's Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt proposed the European Institute of Peace. They developed a joint non-paper that was addressed to EU High Representative Catherine Ashton. They referred to the limits of traditional diplomacy and emphasised the added value that capacities beyond those available to high-level decision-makers could have. At the same time, the idea of a European Institute of Peace gained increasing attention among members of the European Parliament (MEP) and was particularly supported by German MEP Franziska Brantner and French MEP Alain Lamassoure. The institute was founded in 2014.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 2011 when Stubb was Foreign Minister, leaked diplomatic cables from the US embassy in Helsinki released by Wikileaks stated that Jori Arvonen, Senior Political Adviser to Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb, had predicted that the National Coalition Party would aspire to lead Finland to NATO during the next parliamentary term.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb brought attention to issues of disabled people. In 2010 Stubb and Finnish sign language rapper Signmark - who had become the first deaf person to sign a recording contract with an international record company - worked together to organize Silent Shout event to support sign language speakers. Stubb and Signmark also later collaborated for bringing attention to disabled people in international forums.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb does not believe the President of Finland needs to attend meetings of the European Council in addition to the Prime Minister. Jyrki Katainen, the Finnish Finance Minister and chairman of National Coalition Party, supported Stubb stating he was surprising, courageous and that he "puts a smile on one's face".


title: Alexander Stubb

text: As the Foreign Minister of Finland, Stubb was the Chairman-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe from 5 April 2008 to 31 December 2008. The Russo-Georgian War occurred during this period, and OSCE brokered an agreement to send military observers to the area.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In January 2011 Stubb and EU Foreign Commissioner Catherine Ashton worked together to help hundreds of beaten and imprisoned opposition activists in Belarus.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: During the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Stubb expressed hope that power in Egypt will be transferred to a democratically elected government as fast as possible and without violence.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In 2011 Stubb stood for election to the Finnish Parliament for the first time and was elected MP. He was the second-most-popular candidate in the election, in which the National Coalition Party became the largest party. In the government negotiations the Foreign Affairs ministerial portfolio went to the Social Democrats. Stubb became Minister for Europe and Foreign Trade in Jyrki Katainen's cabinet.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: During Euromaidan, Stubb argued that money should be used as a force for good in geo-political relations, stating: "As I have said before, money is the best peace mediator“ and “Money should be given the Nobel Peace Prize”. (As Prime Minister he would later change his stance after further escalation in Eastern Ukraine, describing EU's sanctions against Russia necessary.)


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb stated that the sanctions against Russia won't be removed until Russia has met the requirements set by the EU.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: When Jyrki Katainen stepped down as Prime Minister and Chairman of the National Coalition Party, Stubb was elected as party chairman in June 2014 over his two rivals, Paula Risikko and Jan Vapaavuori. He formed a five party government coalition, and was officially appointed Prime Minister by President Sauli Niinistö on 24 June. One of the challenges the new Prime Minister faced is the relationship between Finland and neighboring Russia. This has always been a difficult issue for Finland, as it affects Finland's willingness to become a NATO member. The recent crisis in Ukraine as well as the dispute over free trade between Russia and Finland has made the issue thornier.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In November 2014, Stubb organized Northern Future Forum, a meeting of Prime Ministers of Northern Europe, in Startup Sauna in Aalto University campus.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In March 2015, Stubb invited companies and officials to an event to discuss industrial Internet and Internet of Things.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In the election held in April 2015 Stubb's National Coalition Party lost its status as the largest party, coming in as second in vote share and third in seats. Coalition negotiations began on 8 May between the winning Center Party, Finns Party and National Coalition Party. He resigned from the office days after the election and left office on 29 May 2015.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb was appointed Minister of Finance on 29 May 2015 by newly elected Prime Minister Juha Sipilä. Stubb has demanded "structural reforms, structural reforms and more structural reforms". In November 2015, Stubb said at the Finnish Parliament that about 90 percent of the Finnish authoritatives supported introduction of administrative registration. However, it was revealed that in reality only about 10 percent of them supported it.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb's term as Minister of Finance drew criticism due to his perceived insensitivity towards the effects of the spending cuts he introduced, which affected the Finnish welfare state and public education system. An instance of Stubb and Sipilä bumping fists after the end of a conference that announced a deal between Finnish trade unions and the Confederation of Finnish Industries was interpreted as a sign of mockery towards the trade unions.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In November and December 2015, Stubb was in the middle of a scandal when he was accused of lying to Finnish Parliament consistently and deliberately. In November, Stubb had said to Parliament that 90 percent of the experts who had given a statement were supporting the government's pact to make it possible for Finns to own publicly listed companies' stock through nominee accounts. The real number was 10 percent, opposite of what Stubb had said. Chancellor of Justice Jaakko Jonkka received multiple complaints over Stubb. In his reply, Jonkka stated that Stubb's mistake in numbers wasn't deliberate, but was rather an unfortunate, whilst understandable, result of a fast-paced discussion over a policy draft.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Partly as a result of a series of Stubb's gaffes, such as insensitive tweets, in spring 2016, MP Elina Lepomäki and Minister of Interior Petteri Orpo announced that they would challenge Stubb in June's party conference. On 11 June Stubb lost the election against Orpo, who became the new leader of the National Coalition Party. Orpo soon announced that he would take Stubb's seat as the Minister of Finance. In return, he offered Stubb the role of Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Trade, but Stubb declined and decided to continue as a Member of Parliament.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: On 15 June 2017, Stubb was chosen as the Vice-President of the European Investment Bank, after the previous representative from Finland Jan Vapaavuori had vacated the seat. He left his duties in the Parliament on 30 July 2017 in order to assume his new position. Stubb later commented that he had no interest in returning to the Finnish politics, but could be interested in running for the presidency of the European Commission or European Council.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In June 2017, Stubb was nominated by Martti Ahtisaari to assume the leadership of the Crisis Management Initiative, a non-governmental organisation that works to prevent and resolve conflicts. His position was confirmed by the board on 29 November 2017.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: On 2 October 2018, Stubb launched his bid for presidency of the European Commission as the lead candidate of the European People's Party. On 8 November 2018, Stubb lost in EPP's Spitzenkandidat election against Manfred Weber, the group leader for the European People's Party in the European Parliament.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: In January 2020, as Stubb's term at the European Investment Bank was ending, he was chosen as the Director and Professor of the School of Transnational Governance-based within the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. He started in the position on 1 May 2020.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb is a proponent of deepening European integration. When he was the Minister for Foreign Affairs in 2008, Stubb gave a speech in which he argued in favour of the EU taking an active role in international politics. He noted that while the EU is the world's largest economy, it is not a superpower but a regional soft power. When running for party leadership in 2014, he described himself as an "academic federalist", although "in practice a functionalist" with regard to the EU. Stubb, for example, opposes eurobonds. He also insisted that he is no longer the "pure federalist" that he used to be when he was a researcher. Stubb has expressed his support for Turkey's EU membership in 2010. He warned that Brexit could pose a "Lehman Brothers moment" that could lead to the collapse of the EU. Stubb believes Finland should apply for membership of NATO.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb is seen as a representative of the National Coalition Party's liberal wing. He has characterized himself as a "liberal" and "moderate liberal". Stubb wants to bring about a "more positive way of doing politics". He believes everyone should be appreciated and respected even when there are disagreements. He supports same-sex marriage and has been the patron of Helsinki's Pride parade. He supports multiculturalism and believes that increasing immigration is necessary. Stubb believes that the most important political divide in modern politics is that between the supporters (like himself) and opponents of globalisation.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: An active columnist, Stubb has stated that he has "always been of the opinion that matters must be discussed openly and honestly". Since his professorship at the College of Europe, Stubb has published 16 books, dozens of academic articles, and hundreds of columns. In 2016, Stubb started to write columns for the "Financial Times".


title: Alexander Stubb

text: Stubb maintains a blog. He is also one of the most active Twitter users among European leaders. He has co-authored an e-book in Finnish about what to do on Twitter.


title: Alexander Stubb

text: His book "Alaston totuus ja muita kirjoituksia suomalaisista ja eurooppalaisista – The Naked Truth and other stories about Finns and Europeans" (), a collection of his columns for the Finnair in-flight magazine "Blue Wings", was published in a bilingual Finnish–English edition by WSOY in 2009.


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: Scarlet Innocence () is a 2014 South Korean thriller co-written and directed by Yim Pil-sung, starring Jung Woo-sung and Esom. It is a modern-day retelling of the classic Korean folktale "Simcheongga".


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: After getting caught in a sex scandal, literature professor Shim Hak-kyu (Jung Woo-sung) is forced to leave Seoul to teach in a small, rural town, until the matter is settled, leaving his depressed wife (Yoon Se-ah) and daughter, Chung-ee (Park Seo-yeon). Hak-kyu becomes involved in a relationship with Deok-ee (Esom), a naive ticket seller for a soon-to-be-dismantled amusement park. Their relationship quickly spreads to the town residents and greatly disturbs Deok-ee's deaf mother (Kim Nam-jin). Eventually, Hak-kyu's name is cleared with the help of his friend, Dong-woo (Lee Chang-hoon), allowing him to teach at his university. Before he departs, Deok-ee reveals that their previous intimacy had made her pregnant. After aborting the baby, Hak-kyu leaves, promising to return for Deok-ee. Instead, he goes back home and gives respite to his miserable wife.


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: Though Hak-kyu is still going to the rural town for a while, he avoids Deok-ee, telling her to "wait". One night, Hak-kyu visits her home to bribe her into never speaking their relationship again for a sum of money. During the conflict, Deok-ee forgets to turn off the stove, which engulfs her house with her mother still inside. Receiving distressing calls from Chung-ee, Hak-kyu returns home to find that his wife has committed suicide.


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: Eight years later, Hak-kyu has become a successful writer, but is leading a wild lifestyle, including drinking, smoking, and gambling, becoming heavily indebted in the process. At the same time, he learns that an illness is threatening his vision. Chung-ee (Park So-young), meanwhile, is beginning to slip away and go to a club, where she meets Deok-ee, who has taken up the identity of "Yoon Se-jung" and is moving as the Shim's new neighbor. Deok-ee starts to frequently tend to the Shim as Hak-kyu spirals down due to his debt and his firing from his university, also recommending him an ophthalmologist (Yang Jin-woo), who only makes him blind. Eventually, the gambling boss, Mr. Choi (Kim Hee-won), forces Hak-kyu to sign a contract sending Chung-ee to Japan to work as a prostitute in return for a hefty sum of money. During Hak-kyu's period of mourning, Deok-ee reveals her identity and her anger to him, saying she will continue to make him suffer until he dies. She is also revealed to have learned Hak-kyu's location and condition from Dong-woo in favor of a sex with him.


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: However, Deok-ee is horrified when the now-experienced Chung-ee manages to return home. Chung-ee reveals that she already knows what Deok-ee had done to her family, including recommending the mock ophthalmologist, promising to return her revenge back to her. Through her client, a Japanese man (Shinjo Huta) who controls Mr. Choi's casino, Deok-ee's contract with Mr. Choi is concluded. Chung-ee then forces Deok-ee into a surgery (surgery conducted by the ophthalmologist after he was beaten), to give her eyes to her father. Before the operation, Hak-kyu apologizes to the tearful Deok-ee, telling her that he will make everything right for her and Chung-ee.


title: Scarlet Innocence

text: The film closes with the now blind Deok-ee sitting near a lake and grabbing her hand was Hak-kyu, who watches her and says "Deok-ee, I love you".


title: Homburg hat

text: A homburg is a semi-formal hat of fur felt, characterized by a single dent running down the centre of the crown (called a "gutter crown"), a wide silk grosgrain hatband ribbon, a flat brim shaped in a "pencil curl", and a ribbon-bound trim about the edge of the brim. It is traditionally offered in black or grey.


title: Homburg hat

text: The name comes from Bad Homburg in Hesse, in the German Empire, from where it originated as hunting headgear. It was popularised in the late 19th century by the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII, as a less formal alternative to the prevalent top hat along with the bowler hat and the boater hat. The original homburg conceived in the 19th century was of slightly more generous proportions than seen in 21st-century versions. Although the homburg is traditionally associated with semi-formal wear, it has been extensively applied also to informal attire.


title: Homburg hat

text: The Homburg was popularised in the 1890s by the future Edward VII after he visited Bad Homburg in Hesse, Germany, and brought back a hat of this style. He was flattered when his hat style was mimicked, and at times he insisted on being copied.


title: Homburg hat

text: Anthony Eden made the black homburg so fashionable in the 1930s that it became known as "the Anthony Eden hat" on Savile Row in London. At his 1953 inauguration, Dwight D. Eisenhower broke with tradition by wearing a black homburg instead of a top hat. He also wore a homburg at his second inauguration, a hat that took three months to craft and was dubbed the "international homburg" by hatters, since workers from ten countries participated in its making.


title: Homburg hat

text: Like other formal Western male headgear, the homburg ceased to be as common in the 21st century as it once was. Al Pacino gained some renewed fame for the homburg by wearing a grey one in the film "The Godfather", for which reason the hat is sometimes called a "Godfather". Some Orthodox Jewish rabbis wear black homburgs to the rekel, though this practice is also in decline. The homburg was always considered to be more traditional and distinguished than the fedora.


title: Homburg hat

text: It was sometimes jocularly referred to as a "hamburger," notably by actor Edward Brophy in the 1958 film "The Last Hurrah".


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: ANSI/TIA-568 is a technical standard for commercial building cabling for telecommunications products and services. The title of the standard is "Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard" and is published by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), a body accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: , the revision status of the standard is "ANSI/TIA-568-D", published 2015, which replaced TIA/EIA-568-C of 2009, revision B of 2001, and revision A of 1995, and the initial issue of 1991, which are now obsolete.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Perhaps the best-known features of ANSI/TIA-568 are the pin and pair assignments for eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted pair cabling. These assignments are named "T568A" and "T568B".


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: ANSI/TIA-568 was developed through the efforts of more than 60 contributing organizations including manufacturers, end-users, and consultants. Work on the standard began with the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), to define standards for telecommunications cabling systems. EIA agreed to develop a set of standards, and formed the TR-42 committee, with nine subcommittees to perform the work. The work continues to be maintained by TR-42 within the TIA. EIA no longer exists, hence "EIA" has been removed from the name.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The first version of the standard, TIA/EIA-568, was released in 1991. The standard was updated to revision A in 1995. The demands placed upon commercial wiring systems increased dramatically over this period due to the adoption of personal computers and data communication networks and advances in those technologies. The development of high-performance twisted pair cabling and the popularization of fiber optic cables also drove significant change in the standards. These changes were first released in a revision C in 2009 which has subsequently been replaced by revision D (named "ANSI/TIA-568-D").


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: ANSI/TIA-568 defines structured cabling system standards for commercial buildings, and between buildings in campus environments. The bulk of the standards define cabling types, distances, connectors, cable system architectures, cable termination standards and performance characteristics, cable installation requirements and methods of testing installed cable. The main standard, ANSI/TIA-568.0-D defines general requirements, while ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 focuses on components of balanced twisted-pair cable systems. ANSI/TIA-568.3-D addresses components of fiber optic cable systems, and ANSI/TIA-568-C.4, addressed coaxial cabling components.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The intent of these standards is to provide recommended practices for the design and installation of cabling systems that will support a wide variety of existing and future services. Developers hope the standards will provide a lifespan for commercial cabling systems in excess of ten years. This effort has been largely successful, as evidenced by the definition of Category 5 cabling in 1991, a cabling standard that (mostly) satisfied cabling requirements for 1000BASE-T, released in 1999. Thus, the standardization process can reasonably be said to have provided at least a nine-year lifespan for premises cabling, and arguably a longer one.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: All these documents accompany related standards that define commercial pathways and spaces (TIA-569-C-1, February 2013), residential cabling (ANSI/TIA-570-C, August 2012), administration standards (ANSI/TIA-606-B, December 2015), grounding and bonding (TIA-607-C, November 2015), and outside plant cabling (TIA-758-B, April 2012).


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The standard defines categories of shielded and unshielded twisted pair cable systems, with different levels of performance in signal bandwidth, insertion loss, and cross-talk. Generally increasing category numbers correspond with a cable system suitable for higher rates of data transmission. Category 3 cable was suitable for telephone circuits and data rates up to 16 million bits per second. Category 5 cable, with more restrictions on attenuation and cross talk, has a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The 1995 edition of the standard defined Categories 3, 4, and 5. Categories 1 and 2 were excluded from the standard since these categories were only used for voice circuits, not for data. The current revision includes Category 5e (100 MHz), 6 (250 MHz), 6A (500 MHz), and 8 (2,000 MHz). Categories 7 and 7A were not officially recognized by TIA and were generally only used outside the United States. Category 8 was published with ANSI/TIA‑568‑C.2‑1 (June 2016) to meet the performance specification intended by Category 7.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: ANSI/TIA-568-D defines a hierarchical cable system architecture, in which a main cross-connect (MCC) is connected via a star topology across backbone cabling to intermediate cross-connects (ICC) and horizontal cross-connects (HCC). Telecommunications design traditions utilized a similar topology. Many people refer to cross-connects by their telecommunications names: "distribution frames" (with the various hierarchies called MDFs, IDFs and wiring closets). Backbone cabling is also used to interconnect entrance facilities (such as telco demarcation points) to the main cross-connect.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Horizontal cross-connects provide a point for the consolidation of all horizontal cabling, which extends in a star topology to individual work areas such as cubicles and offices. Under TIA/EIA-568-B, maximum allowable horizontal cable distance is 90 m of installed cabling, whether fibre or twisted-pair, with 100 m of maximum total length including patch cords. No patch cord should be longer than 5 m. Optional consolidation points are allowable in horizontal cables, often appropriate for open-plan office layouts where consolidation points or media converters may connect cables to several desks or via partitions.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: At the work area, equipment is connected by patch cords to horizontal cabling terminated at jack points.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: TIA/EIA-568 also defines characteristics and cabling requirements for entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications rooms.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Perhaps the widest known and most discussed feature of ANSI/TIA-568 is the definition of the pin-to-pair assignments, or pinout, between the pins in a connector (a plug or a socket) and the wires in a cable. Pinouts are important because cables do not function if the pinouts at their two ends aren't correctly matched.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The standard specifies how to connect eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling, such as Category 5 cable, to 8P8C modular connectors (often incorrectly called "RJ45" connectors). The standard defines two alternative pinouts: T568A and T568B.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: ANSI/TIA-568 recommends the T568A pinout for horizontal cables. This pinout's advantage is that it is compatible with the 1-pair and 2-pair Universal Service Order Codes (USOC) pinouts. The U.S. Government requires it in federal contracts. The standard also allows the T568B pinout, as an alternative, "if necessary to accommodate certain 8-pin cabling systems". This pinout matches the older AT&T 258A (Systimax) pinout. In the 1990s, when the original TIA/EIA-568 was published, T568B had the most widely installed UTP cabling infrastructure. Many organizations still use T568B out of inertia.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The colors of the wire pairs in the cable, in order, are: blue (for pair 1), orange, green, and brown (for pair 4). Each pair consists of one conductor of solid color and a second conductor which is white with a stripe of the other color. The difference between the T568A and T568B pinouts is that the orange and green wire pairs are exchanged.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Note that the only difference between T568A and T568B is that pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green respectively) are swapped. Both configurations wire the pins "straight through", i.e., pins 1 through 8 on one end are connected to pins 1 through 8 on the other end. Also, the same sets of pins connect to the opposite ends that are paired in both configurations: pins 1 and 2 form a pair, as do 3 and 6, 4 and 5, and 7 and 8. One can use cables wired according to either configuration in the same installation without significant problem, as long as the connections are the same on both ends.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: A cable terminated according to T568A on one end and T568B on the other is a crossover cable when used with the earlier twisted-pair Ethernet standards that use only two of the pairs, because the pairs used happen to be pairs 2 and 3, the same pairs on which T568A and T568B differ. Crossover cables are occasionally needed for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Swapping two wires between different pairs causes crosstalk, defeating one of the purposes of twisting wires in pairs.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: In Digital Signal 1 (T1) service, pairs 1 and 3 (T568A) are used, and the USOC-8 jack is wired according to the RJ-48C specification. The termination jack is often wired according to the RJ-48X specification, which provides for a transmit-to-receive loopback when the plug is withdrawn.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Vendor cables are often wired with tip and ring reversed—i.e. pins 1 and 2 reversed, or pins 4 and 5 reversed. This has no effect on the quality of the T1 signal, which is fully differential and uses the alternate mark inversion (AMI) signaling scheme.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Because pair 1 connects to the center pins (4 and 5) of the 8P8C connector in both T568A and T568B, both standards are compatible with the first line of RJ11, RJ14, RJ25, and RJ61 connectors that all have the first pair in the center pins of these connectors.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: If the second line of an RJ14, RJ25 or RJ61 plug is used, it connects to pair 2 (orange/white) of jacks wired to T568A but to pair 3 (green/white) in jacks wired to T568B. This makes T568B potentially confusing in telephone applications.


title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: Because of different pin pairings, the RJ25 and RJ61 plugs cannot pick up lines 3 or 4 from either T568A or T568B without splitting pairs. This would most likely result in unacceptable levels of hum, crosstalk and noise.