title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: "Mycobacterium leprae" has the unusual properties among other microbes, such as its lengthy doubling time (ranging from 12–14 days compared with 20 minutes for "Escherichia coli"), as well as its inability to be cultured in the laboratory. Comparing the genome sequence of "Mycobacterium leprae" with that of MTB offers explanations for these properties, and reveals an extreme case of reductive evolution. Less than half of the genome contains functional genes. It is estimated approximately 2000 genes from "Mycobacterium leprae" genome has been lost. Gene deletion and decay appear to have eliminated many important metabolic activities, including siderophore production, part of the oxidative and most of the microaerophilic and anaerobic respiratory chains, and numerous catabolic systems and their regulatory circuits. This reductive evolution is largely linked to the organism's development into an obligate intracellular bacterium.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The first genome sequence of a strain of "Mycobacterium leprae" was completed in 2001, which revealed only half of the genome contains protein-coding regions and the other half consists of pseudogenes and non-coding regions. The genome sequence of a strain originally isolated in Tamil Nadu, India, and designated "TN", was completed in 2013. The sequence was obtained by a combined approach, employing automated DNA sequence analysis of selected cosmids and whole-genome 'shotgun' clones. After the finishing process, the genome sequence was found to contain 3,268,203 base pairs (bp), and to have an average G+C content of 57.8%, values much lower than the corresponding values for "M. tuberculosis", which are 4,441,529 bp and 65.6% G+C.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Many of the genes that were present in the genome of the common ancestor of "Mycobacterium leprae" and "M. tuberculosis" have been lost in the "Mycobacterium leprae" genome.Due to "Mycobacterium leprae's" reliance on a host organism, many of the species' DNA repair functions have been lost, increasing the occurrence of deletion mutations. Because the products supplied by these deleted genes are typically present in the host cells infected by "Mycobacterium leprae", the impact that the mutations have on the microbe is minimal, allowing for survival within the host despite its reduced genome. Consequently, "Mycobacterium leprae" has undergone a dramatic reduction in genome size with the loss of many genes. Over half of the pathogen's genome is now made up by pseudogenes due to the pathogen undergoing what is known as reductive evolution. Among published genomes, "Mycobacterium leprae" contains the highest number of pseudogens (>1000). Many of the pseudogenes in "Mycobacterium leprae" arose from insertions of stop codons which may have been caused by sigma factor dysfunction (a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria) or the insertion of transposon- derived repetitive sequences. Some of the "Mycobacterium leprae" pseudogens expression levels will alter upon infection of macrophages, which suggests that some "Mycobacterium leprae" pseudogens are not all "decayed" genes, but could also function in infection, intracellular replication, and replication. This genome reduction is not complete. Downsizing from a genome of 4.42 Mbp, such as that of "M. tuberculosis", to one of 3.27 Mbp would account for the loss of some 1200 protein-coding sequences.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: There are eight essential enzymes for "Mycobacterium leprae", and one of them is alanine racemase (alr). This enzyme is significant because it is found in D-alanine—D-alanine ligase and alanine/Aspartate metabolism. Other essential enzymes include putative dTDP4deydrorhamnose 3, 5epimerase (rm1C) which plays an important role in both Nucleotide sugar metabolism and polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis. Petidoglycan biosynthesis also require murG, murF, MurE, murY, murC, and murD, the remaining six essential enzymes for "mycobacterium leprae."


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The bacterium has a global distribution in humans but the highest prevalence is in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America. The geographic occurrences of "Mycobacterium leprae" include: Angola, Brazil, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Federated States of Micronesia, India, Kiribati, Madagascar, Nepal, Republic of Marshall Islands, and the United Republic of Tanzania.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Since the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in the 1980s, the prevalence of leprosy cases has declined by 95%. This decline led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare leprosy eliminated as a public health problem, defined as a prevalence of less than one leprosy patient per 10,000 population. Aside from "Mycobacterium leprae" transmission from infected humans, environmental sources could also be an important reservoir. "Mycobacterium leprae" DNA was detected in soil from houses of leprosy patients in Bangladesh, armadillos’ holes in Suriname and habitats of lepromatous red squirrels in the British Isles. One study found numerous reports of leprosy cases with a history of contact with armadillos in the United States. A zoonotic transmission pathway from exposure to armadillos has been proposed, with human patients from a previous study in southeastern United States shown to be infected with the same armadillo-associated "Mycobacterium leprae" genotype. High rates of "Mycobacterium leprae" infection were observed in armadillos in the Brazilian state of Pará, and individuals who frequently consumed armadillo meat showed a significantly higher titres of the M. leprae-specific antigen, phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) compared with those who did not or ate them less frequently.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The closest relative to "Mycobacterium leprae" is "Mycobacterium lepromatosis". These species diverged (95% highest posterior density – ) The most recent common ancestor of the extant "Mycobacterium leprae" strains was calculated to have lived 3,607 years ago (95% highest posterior density 2204–5525 years ago). The estimated substitution rate was 7.67 x 10 substitutions per site per year, similar to other bacteria.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: A study of genomes isolated from medieval cases estimated the mutation rate to be 6.13 × 10. The authors also showed that the leprosy bacillus in the Americas was brought there from Europe. Another study suggests that "Mycobacterium leprae" originated in East Africa and spread from there to Europe and the Middle East initially before spreading to West Africa and the Americas in the last 500 years.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Almost complete sequences of "Mycobacterium leprae" from medieval skeletons with osteological lesions suggestive of leprosy from different Europe geographic origins were obtained using DNA capture techniques and high-throughput sequencing. Ancient sequences were compared with those of modern strains from biopsies of leprosy patients representing diverse genotypes and geographic origins, giving new insights in the understanding of its evolution and course through history, phylogeography of the leprosy bacillus, and the disappearance of leprosy from Europe.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Verena J. Schuenemann "et al." demonstrated a remarkable genomic conservation during the past 1000 years and a close similarity between modern and ancient strains, suggesting that the sudden decline of leprosy in Europe was not due to a loss of virulence, but due to extraneous factors, such as other infectious diseases, changes in host immunity, or improved social conditions.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The incubation period of "Mycobacterium leprae" ranges from 9 months to 20 years. The bacterium replicates intracellularly inside histiocytes and nerve cells and has two forms. One form is "tuberculoid," which induces a cell-mediated response that limits its growth, and has few detectible bacilli (paucibacillary). Through this form, "Mycobacterium leprae" multiplies at the site of entry, usually the skin, invading and colonizing Schwann cells. The bacterium then induces T-helper lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and giant cell infiltration of the skin, causing infected individuals to exhibit large flattened patches with raised and elevated red edges on their skin. These patches have dry, pale, hairless centers, accompanied by a loss of sensation on the skin. The loss of sensation may develop as a result of invasion of the peripheral sensory nerves. The macule at the cutaneous site of entry and the loss of pain sensation are key clinical indications that an individual has a tuberculoid form of leprosy.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The symptoms of a "Mycobacterium leprae" infection, also known as leprosy, are skin sores that are pale in color, lumps or bumps that do not go away after several weeks or months, nerve damage which can lead to complications with the ability to sense feeling in the arms and legs as well as muscle weakness. Symptoms usually take 3–5 years from being exposed to manifest within the body. However, some individuals do not begin to show symptoms until 20 years after exposure to the disease. This long incubation period makes the ability to properly be able to diagnose when an individual came into contact with the disease very difficult.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: In armadillos, "Mycobacterium leprae" causes a disseminated infection with similar structural and pathological changes in tissues and nerves.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: In squirrels, according the to Veterinary Pathology Unit of the University of Edinburgh, " The disease is unmistakeable: there is gross swelling and loss of hair around the snout, lips, eyelids, ears, genitalia and sometimes feet and lower limbs. This bare skin has a “shiny” appearance. The squirrel is usually in generally poor body condition and may have a heavy burden of parasites like fleas, ticks and mites."


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The mycolic acids in the bacteria's cell walls afford resistance to many antibiotics and are a major virulence factor. Multidrug therapy (MDT) was recommended by WHO Expert Committee in 1984, and became the standard leprosy treatment. MDT has been supplied by WHO for free since 1995 to endemic countries. MDT is used to treat leprosy because treatment of leprosy with one drug (monotherapy) can result in drug resistance. The drug combination used in MDT will depend on the classification of the disease. WHO recommends patients with multibacillary leprosy use a combination of Rifampicin, Clofazimine, and Dapsone for 12 months. WHO recommends patients with paulibacilalry leprosy use combination of Rifampicin and Dapsone for a duration of 6 months. Antibiotics must be taken regularly until treatment is complete because "Mycobacterium leprae" can become drug resistant. Effectiveness of the treatment can be determined with the use of an acid-fast stain of "Mycobacterium leprae" from a skin smear to estimate the number of bacilli still present in the patient.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: The number of reported cases of leprosy annually is around 250,000 cases indicating that the chain of transmission has yet to be broken despite the use of MDT leading to a 90% reduction in the prevalence rate of leprosy. This makes it very evident that control of the disease is not yet where it needs to be calling for the need in continued research towards treatment and control.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: A preventive measure of "Mycobacterium leprae" is to avoid close contact with infectious people who are untreated. Blindness, crippling of the hands and feet, and paralysis are all effects of nerve damage associated with untreated "M. leprae." Treatment does not reverse the nerve damage done, which is why early treatment is needed. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its main target of tuberculosis.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Dapsone competitively inhibits the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) resulting in decreases the production of tetrahydrofolate, which is an essential component of nucleic acid biosynthesis in "M. leprae." Rifampin will interrupt binding of the β-subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which will uncouple mRNA production and results in cell death. Clofazimine's mechanisms are not fully understood regarding "Mycobacterium leprae", but the drug's binding appear to occur at base sequences with guanine, which may explain why clofazimine has a preference for G+C rich genomes of mycobacteria over human DNA. The binding of clofazimine to mycobacterial DNA can has been proven as weakly bactericidal against "Mycobacterium leprae" in mice, which is why it is not suitable for single drug therapy for leprosy. Out of the three main drugs rifampin is more bactericidal than either dapsone or clofazimine.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: It is important to find new targets for antibiotics due to increasing resistance. "Mycobacterium leprae" has six essential enzymes murC, murD, murE, murF, murG, and murY that are all essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis in "M. leprae." These enzymes and peptidoglycan biosynthesis are potential targets for antibiotics. By targeting these enzymes, which catalyze additions of short polypeptide chains, synthesis of the bacterial cell wall can be prevented.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Resistance to antibiotics is seen in around 10% of new cases of leprosy and in around 15% of relapsed cases.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: Drug resistance in "Mycobacterium leprae" is thought to be from genetic alterations in the antibiotic targets and a reduction in cell wall permeability. Compared to the amount of efflux pumps in "M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae" contains about half as many. The efflux pumps contributing to drug resistance and virulence in "M. tuberculosis" have been retained throughout the genome reductive evolution that "Mycobacterium leprae" underwent.


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: "Mycobacterium leprae" was discovered in 1873 by the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1841–1912), and was the first bacterium to be identified as a cause of disease in humans. It was confirmed to be a bacterium by Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser who argued with Hansen


title: Mycobacterium leprae

text: over priority for the discovery. Hansen's attempts to infect animals with the bacteria were unsuccessful and he was dismissed from his post at the Leprosy Hospital in Bergen and was banned from practising medicine when, in 1879, he injected, without consent, tissue from a person with lepromatous leprosy into the eye of 33-year old Kari Nielsdatter who had the milder tuberculoid form of the infection. The case had little effect on Hansen’s professional reputation, and he continued with his research.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH)CO. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn, and produces a pungent smell when baked.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: An orthorhombic monohydrate is known. It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature and pressure through two pathways. Thus any initially pure sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Ammonium carbonate may be used as a leavening agent in traditional recipes, particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia (e.g. Amerikaner, Speculoos, Tunnbröd or Lebkuchen). It was the precursor to today's more commonly used baking powder.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Originally made from ground deer horn and called hartshorn, today it is called baker's ammonia. It is prepared by the sublimation of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate and occurs as a white powder or a hard, white or translucent mass. It acts as a heat activated leavening agent and breaks down into carbon dioxide (leavening), ammonia (which needs to dissipate) and water. It is sometimes combined with sodium bicarbonate to mimic as a double acting baking powder and to help mask any ammonia smell not baked out.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: It also serves as an acidity regulator and has the E number E503. It can be replaced with baking powder, but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product. Baker's ammonia should be used to create thin dry baked goods like crackers and cookies. This allows the strong ammonia smell to bake out. It should not be used to make moist baked items like cake since ammonia is hydrophilic and will leave a strong bitter taste.


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts, although the commercial scale of their production is small. Buckley's cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis. It is also used as an emetic. It is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal, and it is used in aqueous solution as a photographic lens cleaning agent, such as Eastman Kodak's "Kodak Lens Cleaner."


title: Ammonium carbonate

text: It is also used for luring of apple maggots in Washington State, to monitor the spread of the infestation and adjust the borders of the Apple Maggot Quarantine Area.


title: Maxus

text: SAIC Maxus Automotive Co., Ltd. trading as Maxus and sometimes known by the pinyin transcription of its Chinese name, Datong (大通) is a Chinese vehicle brand. Currently, it is a commercial and passenger vehicle manufacturer being a wholly owned subsidiary of SAIC Motor, which owns other brands such as MG and Roewe.


title: Maxus

text: The brand Maxus originates from the LDV Maxus model of the defunct British commercial vehicle manufacturer LDV Group, following the acquisition of LDV's intellectual property by SAIC in 2010.


title: Maxus

text: The first Maxus product, the V80 van, was unveiled at the Auto Shanghai motor show in April 2011. In the same month SAIC signed an agreement appointing the Malaysia-based WestStar group as the official distributor of the V80 for the Asia Pacific region. The inauguration ceremony of the V80 was held in Shanghai on 29 June 2011. The sale of Maxus vehicles in Australasia began in 2012, with distribution by the Australia-based WMC Group. In September 2013 it was announced that Maxus vehicles would be sold in Thailand starting in 2014, as part of a deal between SAIC and SAIC Motor-CP Co.


title: Maxus

text: Since April 2013, Kauffman Group-subsidiary Andes Motor is the official distributor of the Maxus brand for Chile. Chile became the first foreign market to sell the T60 pick up truck in July 2017, where it has become a complete success, becoming in just a year the 10th most sold pick up truck in Chile, outpacing all Chinese competitors according to the National Automotive Association of Chile and prompting Andes Motor to expand its Maxus dealership network around the country.


title: Maxus

text: Maxus's second production model, the G10 MPV, went on sale in China in March 2014. In the same month, Maxus was introduced to Iran, Syria and the UAE.


title: Maxus

text: Maxus was launched in Indonesia via Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show 2015 convention on August 20, 2015. On December 14, 2015, Maxus was launched officially in Hong Kong with the V80 and the G10 being sold in cooperation with the Inchcape Group. The brand was launched in Singapore on December 17, 2015, in conjunction with Cycle & Carriage as the official distributor, which was also the official vehicle sponsor for the 8th ASEAN Para Games 2015 event.


title: Maxus

text: On October 2, 2018, Ayala Corporation announced that AC Motors is the official distributor of Maxus vehicles in the Philippines.


title: Aegeus

text: In Greek mythology, Aegeus (, ; , also spelled Aegeas) was an archaic figure in the founding myth of Athens. The "goat-man" who gave his name to the Aegean Sea was the father of Theseus. He was also the founder of Athenian institutions and one of the kings of Athens.


title: Aegeus

text: Aegeus was the son of Pandion II, king of Athens and Pylia, daughter of King Pylas of Megara and thus, brother to Pallas, Nysus, Lykos and the wife of Sciron. But, in some accounts, he was regarded as the son of Scyrius or Phemius and was not of the stock of the Erechtheids, since he was only an adopted son of Pandion.


title: Aegeus

text: Aegeus' first wife was Meta, daughter of Hoples and his second wife was Chalciope, daughter of Rhexenor, neither of whom bore him any children. He was also credited to be the father of Medus by the witch Medea. In a rare account, Pallas was also said to be the son of Aegeus.


title: Aegeus

text: Aegeus was born in Megara where his father Pandion had settled after being expelled from Athens by the sons of Metion who seized the throne. After the death of Pandion, now king of Megara, Aegeus in conjunction with his three brothers successfully attacked Athens, took control over the government and expelled the usurpers, the Metionids. Then, they divide the power among themselves but Aegeus obtained the sovereignty of Attica, succeeding Pandion to the throne. It has been said that Megara was at the time a part of Attica, and that Nisus received his part when he became king of that city. Lycus became king of Euboea whereas Pallas received the southern part of the territory. Aegeus, being the eldest of the brothers, received what they all regarded as the best part: Athens.


title: Aegeus

text: ... when Attica was divided into four parts, Nisus obtained Megaris as his portion and founded Nisaea. Now, according to Philochorus, his rule extended from the Isthmus to the Pythium, but according to Andron, only as far as Eleusis and the Thriasian Plain. Although different writers have stated the division into four parts in different ways, it suffices to take the following from Sophocles: Aegeus says that his father ordered him to depart to the shorelands, assigning to him as the eldest the best portion of this land; then to Lycus he assigns Euboea's garden that lies side by side therewith; and for Nisus he selects the neighboring land of Sceiron's shore; and the southerly part of the land fell to this rugged Pallas, breeder of giants.


title: Aegeus

text: Later on, Lycus was driven from the territory by Aegeus himself, and had to seek refuge in Arene, Messenia which was ruled by King Aphareus. Pallas and his fifty sons revolted at a later time, being crushed by Aegeus' son Theseus.


title: Aegeus

text: Still without a male heir with his previous marriages, Aegeus asked the oracle at Delphi for advice. According to Pausanias, Aegeus ascribed this misfortune to the anger of Aphrodite and in order to conciliate her introduced her worship as Aphrodite Urania (Heavenly) in Athens.


title: Aegeus

text: The cryptic words of the oracle were "Do not loosen the bulging mouth of the wineskin until you have reached the height of Athens, lest you die of grief." Aegeus did not understand the prophecy and was disappointed. This puzzling oracle forced Aegeus to visit Pittheus, king of Troezen, who was famous for his wisdom and skill at expounding oracles. Pittheus understood the prophecy and introduced Aegeus to his daughter, Aethra, when Aegeus was drunk. They lay with each other, and then in some versions, Aethra waded to the island of Sphairia (a.k.a. Calauria) and bedded Poseidon. When Aethra became pregnant, Aegeus decided to return to Athens. Before leaving, he buried his sandal, shield, and sword under a huge rock and told her that, when their son grew up, he should move the rock and bring the weapons to his father, who would acknowledge him. Upon his return to Athens, Aegeus married Medea, who had fled from Corinth and the wrath of Jason. Aegeus and Medea had one son named Medus.


title: Aegeus

text: When Theseus grew up, he found his father's belongings left for him and went to Athens to claim his birthright. Aegeus recognized him as his son by his sword, shield, and sandals. Medea, Aegeus' wife perceived Theseus to be a threat for her children's inheritance and first tried to discredit and then to poison Theseus. When Aegeus discovered these schemes, he drove Medea out of Athens.


title: Aegeus

text: While visiting in Athens, King Minos' son, Androgeus managed to defeat Aegeus in every contest during the Panathenaic Games. Out of envy, Aegeus sent him to conquer the Marathonian Bull, which killed him. Minos was angry and declared war on Athens. He offered the Athenians peace, however, under the condition that Athens would send seven young men and seven young women every nine years to Crete to be fed to the Minotaur, a vicious monster. This continued until Theseus killed the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne, Minos' daughter.


title: Aegeus

text: After his adventures in Crete, Theseus returned by ship to Athens. His father, Aegeus previously had asked him to hang a white sail as a sign that Theseus is alive, but Theseus neglected this request. When Aegeus saw Theseus' ships without a white sail, he assumed the worst and threw himself in his grief into the sea, named after him the Aegean Sea.


title: Aegeus

text: In Troezen, Theseus grew up and became a brave young man. He managed to move the rock and took his father's weapons. His mother then told him the identity of his father and that he should take the weapons back to him at Athens and be acknowledged. Theseus decided to go to Athens and had the choice of going by sea, which was the safe way, or by land, following a dangerous path with thieves and bandits all the way. Young, brave and ambitious, Theseus decided to go to Athens by land.


title: Aegeus

text: When Theseus arrived, he did not reveal his true identity. He was welcomed by Aegeus, who was suspicious about the stranger who came to Athens. Medea tried to have Theseus killed by encouraging Aegeus to ask him to capture the Marathonian Bull, but Theseus succeeded. She tried to poison him, but at the last second, Aegeus recognized his son and knocked the poisoned cup out of Theseus' hand. Father and son were thus reunited, and Medea was sent away to Asia.


title: Aegeus

text: Theseus departed for Crete. Upon his departure, Aegeus told him to put up white sails when returning if he was successful in killing the Minotaur. However, when Theseus returned, he forgot these instructions. When Aegeus saw the black sails coming into Athens, mistaken in his belief that his son had been slain, he killed himself by jumping from a height: according to some, from the Acropolis or another unnamed rock; according to some Latin authors, into the sea which was therefore known as the Aegean Sea.


title: Aegeus

text: At Athens, the traveller Pausanias was informed in the second-century CE that the cult of Aphrodite Urania above the Kerameikos was so ancient that it had been established by Aegeus, whose sisters were barren, and he still childless himself.


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: Nagasawa began her acting career at age twelve, when she starred as a young psychic orphan in the science fiction film "Pyrokinesis" (2000). While in high school, she starred as one of the Shobijin in "" (2003) and "" (2004) and would gain recognition for her leading role in "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World" (2004), for which she won the Blue Ribbon Award for Best Supporting Actress and two Japan Academy Film Prize awards.


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: In 2007, Nagasawa was nominated for the Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Leading Actress and attained a Bunshun Raspberry Award for playing the title character in "Tears for You" (2006). Nagasawa's career progressed with her starring roles as Princess Yuki in Shinji Higuchi's "" (2008), Umi Matsuzaki in Gorō Miyazaki's "From Up on Poppy Hill" (2011), and Miyuki Matsuo in the romantic comedy "Love Strikes!" (2011), for which she earned a second Blue Ribbon Award for Best Supporting Actress. After playing a supporting character in Makoto Shinkai's "Your Nam"e (2016), she portrayed the protagonist in the critically acclaimed science fiction drama "Before We Vanish" (2017), for which she won the Mainichi Film Award for Best Actress. In 2019, she starred in the crime mystery "Masquerade Hotel" and portrayed Yang Duan He in the action-adventure "Kingdom", for which she was nominated for a "Nikkan Sports" Film Award. Nagasawa has also played Darko in "The Confidence Man JP" film trilogy (2019-2022), Anna Kobayashi in Chen Sicheng's buddy-comedy "Detective Chinatown 3" (2021), and Hiroko Asami in Higuchi's superhero "kaiju" film "Shin Ultraman" (2022).


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: Nagasawa was born on June 3, 1987, in Iwata, Shizuoka. She stated that during her childhood, her father, Kazuaki Nagasawa, "wasn't at home much because of work". She has a older brother who she described as "cool".


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: In 2000, Nagasawa won the Grand Prix at the 5th , prevailing 35,153 female competitors. After winning the competition, Toho instructed director Shusuke Kaneko to give her a role in his science fiction action film "Pyrokinesis". She played Kurata, an orphan child who has psychic powers such as pyrokinesis and psychometry. At the wrap part for the film, Kaneko said she had "no experience and directing her was a pain in the ass". Two years later she played minor roles in Nobuhiko Obayashi's "Nagori Yuki" and Akihiko Shiota's "Yomigaeri". She also starring as one of the Shobijin in "" (2003) and "" (2004). Her first lead role in a film was in 2003's "Robot Contest".


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: Nagasawa's performance in "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World" received both a Blue Ribbon Award and a Japan Academy Prize for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: In 2007, she received a Japan Academy Prize nomination in the Best Actress category for her performance in the 2006 film "Nada Sōsō" ("Tears for You"). After a string of less notable films, including "Gunjo" and "Magare Spoon!", she starred in the 2011 film adaptation of Mitsurō Kubo's manga "Moteki". Her performance in "Moteki" won Nagasawa a Blue Ribbon Award for Best Supporting Actress, and she was nominated for a Japan Academy Award in the Best Actress category. That same year Nagasawa expanded into voice acting by providing the voice of character "Umi Matsuzaki" in the Studio Ghibli film "From Up on Poppy Hill". In 2016 she provided the voice for the character "Miki Okudera" in the international hit "Your Name".


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: Her live action films have also received international attention. "Kiyoku Yawaku (Beyond the Memories)", a live action adaptation of Ryo Ikuemi's manga series, was screened at the 17th annual Japanese Film Festival in Melbourne, Australia in 2013. "Umimachi Diary (Our Little Sister), a live action adaptation of Akimi Yoshida's manga, competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. In 2017 Nagasawa starred in the Kiyoshi Kurosawa film "Before We Vanish", which competed in the "Un Certain Regard" category at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Her performance in "Before We Vanish" also received recognition in Japan, winning a Mainichi Film Award for Best Lead Actress, and earning a nomination for a Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role.


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: In 2018, she starred in "50 First Kisses", a Japanese remake of the 2004 American film "50 First Dates".


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: Nagasawa starred in many Japanese television drama series. Early supporting roles in the 2002 NHK asadora "Sakura" and the 2005 Tokyo Broadcasting System Television live action manga adaptation "Dragon Zakura" led to more TV work, including a leading role in the 2007 Fuji TV series "Proposal Daisakusen" ("Operation Love"). Her performance in "Proposal Daisakusen" ("Operation Love") received the most votes in the Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix Best Actress category.


title: Masami Nagasawa

text: After her initial success in television, Nagasawa continued to perform in both supporting and leading television drama roles. In 2009 she played a supporting role in the NHK taiga drama Tenchijin, and in 2010 she joined several other leading Japanese actors in the Fuji TV 50th anniversary mini-series "Wagaya no Rekishi". In 2012 her performance in the TV Asahi drama "Toshi densetsu no onna" won the 73rd Television Drama Academy Best Actress Award. In 2013 she learned Chinese to play a leading role in the Taiwan Television adaptation of the manga series "Chocolat". Nagasawa returned to NHK in the 2016 taiga drama "Sanada Maru".


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: The Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival is an American annual four-day music festival developed and founded by Superfly Presents and AC Entertainment. Since its first year in 2002, it has been held at what is now Great Stage Park on a farm in Manchester, Tennessee. The festival typically starts on the second Thursday in June and lasts four days. It has been held every year except 2020 when it was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and 2021 when it was canceled due to excessive rain from Hurricane Ida flooding the campground. Main attractions of this festival are the multiple stages featuring live music with a diverse array of musical styles including indie rock, classic rock, world music, hip hop, jazz, Americana, bluegrass, country music, folk, gospel, reggae, pop, electronic, and other alternative music. Musical acts begin Wednesday evening for early arrivers, continued throughout the festival with performances starting each day around noon, and some stages entertaining festival goers until sunrise.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: The festival was ranked in 2003 by "Rolling Stone" magazine as one of the "50 Moments That Changed Rock & Roll", "Festival of the Decade" by "Consequence of Sound," and among the 10 Best Festivals by "GQ Magazine".


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: Ashley Capps, co-founder of AC Entertainment, developed Bonnaroo following the cancellation of the Hot Summer Nights rock music festival in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1999. Hot Summer Nights, which was a mainstay in Knoxville's World's Fair Park would suspend operations permanently following construction by city officials. Capps would state that the cancellation would be the main drive behind the origin of Bonnaroo, "The closing of the World’s Fair Park for concerts precipitated getting creative and trying to find, ‘OK, if we can’t do this anymore, how can we still participate in the summer outdoor concert business,' and it was from that that Bonnaroo was ultimately launched."


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: In 1999, the future site of Bonnaroo hosted the Itchycoo Park Festival (named after the song Itchycoo Park by Small Faces), which is considered the spiritual predecessor to the original Bonaroo music festival. Unlike Bonaroo, the Itchycoo Park Festival was considered an overall failure .The first Bonnaroo Music Festival took place in 2002. The founders chose "bonnaroo" (Creole slang meaning a really good time) for its literal meaning and to honor the rich New Orleans music tradition that they had enjoyed in college. Bonnaroo was popularized by New Orleans R&B singer Dr. John with his 1974 album "Desitively Bonnaroo." Bonnaroo is derived from the French ""bonne"" the feminine agreement of ""bon"" meaning "good," and the French ""rue"" meaning "street," translating roughly to ""the best on the streets"". The festival site is known as "the farm" by festival goers and locals, due to its location on what used to be 700 acres of farm land.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: In 2019, after a record breaking festival sell out, it was announced that Live Nation was buying out Superfly's share of Bonnaroo.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: The 2020 event was initially pushed back three months until September 2020, and then ultimately cancelled because of health concerns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The 2021 event was canceled due to torrential rainfall from Hurricane Ida saturating the stage area, campgrounds, and tollbooth area, and making ground conditions unsuitable for vehicle traffic only a few days before the event was scheduled to take place.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: In May 2022, it was announced that Hulu will stream exclusively the festival, alongside Austin City Limits Music Festival and Lollapalooza.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: In 2009 the Bonaroo Works Fund was created as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization for the festival. The organization awards grants to local non-profits and schools.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: By 2013, the direct and indirect economic impact of the festival since inception was estimated at $51 million, including $2.9 million in tax revenue for the year 2012.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: Bonnaroo actively supports recycling and sustainability. In 2011, A Greener Festival recognized Bonnaroo's efforts for the previous three years with an award. In 2004 Bonaroo said it prevented having to collect 120 tons of trash by encouraging fans to recycle. Food and drink are sold in organic and recyclable materials to create less waste. AGF auditors review festivals, as well as requiring their self-evaluation. As of late, Bonnaroo initiates many "green" activities during the festival, such as Planet Roo.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: When the festival first began in 2002, USA Today referred to Bonnaroo as "The culmination of a musical movement." CNN described it as: "Music and subculture melted together into a pot of creative bubbling energy."


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: In 2008, it was named "Best Festival" by "Rolling Stone" magazine, calling it "the ultimate over-the-top summer festival."


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: "The New York Times" said "Bonnaroo has revolutionized the modern rock festival" in 2012, and "Spin" called it the "Best festival of the summer."


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: R&B singer D'Angelo marked his return to American stages for the first time in over 12 years on June 9, 2012, with a surprise performance at the festival's annual Superjam. He was backed by members of the R&B collective The Soulquarians, most notably Questlove, James Poyser and Pino Palladino, with guest guitarist Jesse Johnson. The set was composed almost entirely of covers.


title: Bonnaroo Music Festival

text: Other performers have included Widespread Panic (2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011), Phish (2009, 2012, 2019), Dead & Company (2003, 2004, 2016), U2 (2017), Pearl Jam (2008, 2016), Billy Joel (2015), Mumford and Sons (2011, 2015), Elton John (2014), Eminem (2011, 2018), Jack White (2014), Lionel Richie (2014), The Flaming Lips (2003, 2007, 2010, 2014), Paul McCartney (2013), Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers (2006, 2013), Wu-Tang Clan (2013), Red Hot Chili Peppers (2012, 2017), Radiohead (2006, 2012), Neil Young (2003, 2011), Dave Matthews Band (2005, 2010), Stevie Wonder (2010), Bruce Springsteen (2009), Nine Inch Nails (2009), Metallica (2008), The Police (2007), and Bob Dylan (2004).


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: "Tim McGraw" is the debut single by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, who wrote it with Liz Rose for her self-titled debut album. It was released to US country radio on June 19, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Produced by Nathan Chapman, the track combines elements of country music with the '50s progression; music critics noted influences of non-country genres such as alternative rock on the composition. Written by Swift when she was in her freshman year of high school, the lyrics narrate a summer romance that comes to a sudden end. In the storyline, the narrator pleads with her ex-boyfriend to reminisce about her every time he hears her favorite song by country musician Tim McGraw, the song's namesake.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The single was Swift's first chart entry on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 40. On the Hot Country Songs chart, it peaked at number six. The Recording Industry Association of America certified the track double platinum for surpassing two million units based on sales and streaming. The accompanying music video for "Tim McGraw", directed by Trey Fanjoy, comprises flashbacks by Swift's love interest, among cut scenes that feature Swift lying on a lake bed. Swift performed "Tim McGraw" as opening act to other country musicians in 2006 and 2007, and included it in the set list to her first headlining tour, the Fearless Tour (2009–2010).


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Taylor Swift and Liz Rose wrote "Tim McGraw" during Swift's freshman year at Hendersonville High School. She conceived the idea in the midst of her mathematics class: "I was just sitting there, and I started humming this melody." She then related the melody to a predicament she was encountering at the moment. Swift knew that she and her senior boyfriend would break up at the end of the year when he left for college. In order to cope with the complicated emotions she was experiencing, Swift wrote the song. Rose said Swift showed up at her after school job, writing songs for Sony/ATV Music, "with the idea and the melody, knowing exactly what she wanted." She desired for the song to capture the sweetness and sadness of loving and losing someone. It was written about all the different things that would remind the subject of Swift and their time spent together, once he departed. "To her surprise, the first thing that came to mind was [her] love of Tim McGraw's music." Several personal details were listed for the song. McGraw's mentioning was a reference to Swift's favorite song, "Can't Tell Me Nothin" from his 2004 album "Live Like You Were Dying", rather than McGraw as a person. The writing process, as with "Our Song", took place in approximately twenty minutes, and was executed with the use of a piano.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Soon after, Scott Borchetta, CEO of Big Machine Records, signed Swift to his newly formed label. Early into the album production, in a meeting where Borchetta and Swift discussed potential songs for Swift's debut album, she performed "Tim McGraw" for Borchetta on fluke ukulele. According to Swift, as soon as Borchetta finished listening to the song, he faced Swift and said, "That's your first single." She responded, "Well. That's how that works then." Prior to that event, Swift did not believe that the song was single material. However, she followed what label executives told her and accepted that they were correct. Swift placed "Tim McGraw" as the first track on "Taylor Swift" because of its importance to her. In retrospect, Swift has said that the song "is reminiscent, and it is thinking about a relationship you had and then lost. I think one of the most powerful human emotions is what should have been and wasn't... That was a really good song to start out on, because a lot of people can relate to wanting something you can't have." When the song's subject discovered it, he thought it was "cool" and kept friendship with Swift despite their breakup.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: "Tim McGraw" is a country song with a length of three minutes and 52 seconds. The song mingles traditional and modern country features, primarily through its usage of a twelve-string guitar. Driven by an acoustic guitar, it is categorized as a ballad with a mid-paced tempo. Written in the key of C major, the song makes heavy use of the I-vi-IV-V chord progression (C major—A minor—F major—G major). As the I-vi-IV-V chord progression is associated with late-1950s and early-1960s doo-wop and rock and roll songs, "Tim McGraw" has a nostalgic and timeless feel to it.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The production of "Tim McGraw" is understated and lightweight. The refrain, as described by musicologist James E. Perone, is "motivically based"—each one of the melodic motif is built within a small pitch range. According to Perone, this, as well as that the refrain is built on repetitions of the initial short motif, gives the song a catchy tune that makes the audience want to sing along to. Additionally, the refrain—and to a certain extent, the verses—makes heavy use of syncopation at the sixteenth-note level, which lends the song a production reminiscent to non-country genres, such as alternative rock and hip hop. These melodic techniques laid the groundwork to Swift's subsequent songs, known for catchy melodies and radio-friendly verses that defined her catalog for the following decade.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The lyrics of "Tim McGraw" narrate a past summer romance. Perone thinks that the relationship in the song "had ended perhaps a couple of years" before the time frame of the narrative. In the opening line, Swift sings, "He says the way my blue eyes shine put those Georgia stars to shame at night/ I say, 'That's a lie' ", which Riane Konc found to be "genuine romanticism underscored by real cynicism". The reference to country musician Tim McGraw, in both the title and the refrain ("When you think Tim McGraw/ I hope you think my favorite song/ The one we danced to all night long"), is more about the nostalgia for the disappeared romance rather than McGraw himself. McGraw is one of the many items that the narrator associates her past relationship with; others include her little black dress, her faded blue jeans, and the moment she laid her head on the ex-boyfriend's chest.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The song was acclaimed by critics. Rob Sheffield of "Blender" magazine described the track as a gem that hit hard. Sean Dooley of About.com complimented Swift's vocal delivery, describing it as "tender and emotive."


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: In 2020, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Tim McGraw" at number 11 on its "The 100 Greatest Debut Singles of All Time" list, placing second among female artists; the magazine stated: "With her first song, Swift immediately showed her Nashville peers she could beat any of them at their own game, acing the classic genre trope of nostalgic country song about how country music is nostalgic".


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: On the week ending September 23, 2006, "Tim McGraw" debuted at number 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. After 17 weeks of ascending and descending the chart, on the week ending January 13, 2007, the song reached its peak at number 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it stayed for two consecutive weeks. On the week ending February 3, 2007, the song spent its last week on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 43, after a total of 20 weeks on the chart. As of November 2017, "Tim McGraw" has sold 1.6 million copies in the United States. The single was certified double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in March 2020, for surpassing two million units based on sales and streaming.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Prior to charting on the United States' main chart, "Tim McGraw" charted on "Billboard" Hot Country Songs. On the week ending July 1, 2006, "Tim McGraw" debuted at number 60 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs. After spending 25 weeks upon "Billboard" Hot Country Songs, the song reached the top 10 with its new peak of number 10 on the week ending December 16, 2006. In the proceeding six weeks, the song managed remained on the top 10 until finding its peak at number six on the week ending January 27, 2007. "Tim McGraw" spent a total of 35 weeks upon the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Tim McGraw" was directed by Trey Fanjoy. It was filmed at the former home of Johnny & June Carter-Cash, which burned down the next year. The letter which the boyfriend receives is addressed to "Johnny" for this purpose. In regards to the video's concept, Swift stated, "It deals with the haunting power of music and how hearing a song years after it was first popular can have such an emotional appeal." Clayton Collins portrayed Swift's love interest in the music video. He was cast because of his physical resemblance to the real subject of the song, in that they were both tall with dark hair.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The video begins with Swift, dressed in a white sundress, as she lies on the grass of a lake-bed and holds a transistor radio. Suddenly, the setting is switched to Collins as he drives a white and orange 1970 Chevrolet CST-10. He then turns his radio on and ceases driving, coming to a complete stop on a road. As Collins facial expressions become more serious, he flashbacks to memories with Swift. Swift and Collins are seen frolicking in a field, lying beside another on the back of Collins' CST-10, staring at the stars together, holding hands as they walk, and slow dancing. When the song is in its final chorus, Collins arrives at a wooden cabin in his pick-up truck. He runs up the staircase to discover an enveloped letter next to the door. He then sits on the staircase, opens the envelope, and reads the letter. The video transcends towards Swift playing an acoustic guitar as she leans against the wooden cabin. Cut-scenes feature Swift lying on the lake-bed and performing with a guitar next to the wooden cabin. The video concludes with Swift, once again, lying on the initial setting.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: The video premiered on July 22, 2006, on Great American Country. The video received a nomination for "Number One Streamed Video From a New Artist (Rookie of the Year Award)" at the web-hosted 2006 CMT Online Awards, but lost to Lindsey Haun's video for "Broken". At the 2007 CMT Music Awards, the video won the CMT Music Award for "Breakthrough Video of the Year".


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Swift spent six months of 2006 promoting "Tim McGraw" and "Taylor Swift" on a radio tour. She performed the song as she opened for Rascal Flatts on several dates, from October 19 to November 3, 2006, included on the Me and My Gang Tour (2006–07). Swift performed "Tim McGraw" as the concert's penultimate performance. She dressed in a black, knee-length dress and red cowboy boots with a design of a skull and cross bones across it, playing an acoustic guitar. Swift requested for the audience to raise their cell phones in order to simulate a sky filled with stars, when the song reached the lyrics "He said the way my blue eyes shined / Put those Georgia stars to shame that night / I said that's a lie." She also performed the song when she served as opening act on twenty dates for George Strait's 2007 United States tour, and selected dates for Brad Paisley's Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour in 2007. During mid-2007, Swift engaged as the opening act on several dates for Tim McGraw's and Faith Hill's joint tour, Soul2Soul II Tour (2006–07), where she again performed "Tim McGraw". Swift performed the song while she was again opening for Rascal Flatts for their Still Feels Good Tour in 2008.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Swift's first broadcast performance of "Tim McGraw" was on October 24, 2006, on "Good Morning America". She continued promotion for the track at "Billboard" headquarters, the 2007 Academy of Country Music Awards, The Engine Room, and a concert at the Apple Store in SoHo, New York, which was recorded and released as a live extended play (EP), "iTunes Live from SoHo", exclusively sold through the iTunes Store. Since completing promotion for "Taylor Swift" and its corresponding singles, Swift has performed "Tim McGraw" at the 2009 CMA Music Festival, the 2009 V Festival, and the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief.


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Swift performed "Tim McGraw" on all venues of her first headlining concert tour, the Fearless Tour, which extended from April 2009 to June 2010. The performances of "Tim McGraw" set on a small platform located at the opposite end, parallel to the stage in the arena. Swift, dressed in a pastel sundress, sat on a wooden stool while performing with wooden acoustic guitar strapped to her shoulder. Swift then completed the performance standing and walking back to the main stage. As she worked her way back to the stage, she again hugged fans, squeezed their outstretched hands and scrawled quick autographs. Nicole Frehsee of "Rolling Stone" favored Swift's performance of "Tim McGraw" at the August 27, 2009, concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Frehsee described the entire concert as an "elaborate spectacle that doesn't slow down, even when the singer hauls her acoustic guitar into the audience to play a sweet, stripped down set of tunes including [..] 'Tim McGraw'." Brandy McDonnel of "The Oklahoman" reported a massive sing-along by the audience at the March 31, 2010, concert at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City. Molly Trust of "Billboard" attended the performance at the tour's final concert on June 5, 2010, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts and conjectured that the performance's setting was formed in order to "afford a better view to fans farther back."


title: Tim McGraw (song)

text: Swift performed "Tim McGraw" during the first show in Toronto and the performance in Charlotte during The Red Tour, in place of "I Almost Do". Additionally, she performed a piano version of the song in Nashville, during the Reputation Stadium Tour, with special guests Faith Hill and Tim McGraw.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Son of God is a 2014 American epic biblical film directed by Christopher Spencer, and produced by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey. The film retells the life of Jesus and is an adaptation of the ten-hour miniseries "The Bible", which aired in March 2013 on the History channel, and immediately following the movie begins another TV series called "A.D. The Bible Continues".


title: Son of God (film)

text: "Son of God" premiered in New York, and Los Angeles for a limited release on February 21, 2014, and then into a wide release on February 28, 2014. The film received positive reviews from Christian publications but generally negative reviews from mainstream critics, who called it "too dull". Despite this, the film was a box office success, grossing $70 million against a budget of $22 million, making it the seventh-highest grossing Christian film of all time. It was the first Christian movie to be released under 20th Century Fox.


title: Son of God (film)

text: John, the last surviving follower of Jesus Christ, lives in exile as a hermit near the seaside where he tells his story of his time with Jesus. In Bethlehem, Jesus is born to a virgin named Mary and her husband Joseph. Three wise men visit Jesus declare him the future King.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Thirty years later, an adult Jesus Christ (Diogo Morgado) travels to Galilee and begins recruiting followers, James, his brother John, Peter, a fisherman, Matthew, a tax collector and Mary Magdalene. Soon these men and women eventually become his disciples.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Through his teachings and numerous miracles, Jesus builds a huge following, who begin to call him the Messiah. He also draws the attention of the Pharisees, Jewish religious leaders. The Pharisees claim Jesus is blaspheming God by forgiving sins, something only God can do. Jesus responds by saying he is the son of God.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Jesus tells the disciples they are to travel to Jerusalem for the upcoming Passover holiday. He enters the city on the back of a donkey and is met by a huge crowd of supporters, who lay palm leaves in his path. Caiaphas, the head of the Pharisees, is afraid that Jesus' presence in the city will further agitate his people, who are already in a near state of revolt against the oppressive Romans, led by Pontius Pilate. It is revealed that, earlier, Pilate had warned Caiaphas that if there were any trouble from the Jews, he would close the temple, thus cancelling Passover.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Upon entering the temple, Jesus sees a group of money changers and proceeds to upend their tables. This act draws cheers from the people and scorn from the Pharisees. Later, Jesus tells a little girl that every stone of the temple will soon fall. The Pharisees take this as a plan to destroy the temple and decide Jesus must be stopped. Judas, one of Jesus' disciples, approaches the Pharisees. He believes Jesus is going too far and wants to help. The Pharisees give him 30 pieces of silver for his assistance.


title: Son of God (film)

text: The night before Passover, Jesus tells the disciples this will be their Last Supper together and says that one of them will betray him. Later, in the Garden of Gethsemane, Judas kisses Jesus' cheek, thereby identifying Jesus to the Pharisees and revealing Judas' betrayal. Jesus is arrested while the disciples flee the garden to save themselves.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Out of fear of the temple's closure due to an open trial during Passover, Caiaphas orders an immediate trial during the late hours of night in privacy, which are violations of Jewish law, against the order of other priests. Caiaphas asks Jesus if he is the son of God, and he answers "I am". This is all the Pharisees need to hear, and they immediately find Jesus guilty of blasphemy.


title: Son of God (film)

text: That morning, to a growing crowd, Caiaphas announces Jesus' guilt and reveals the penalty for blasphemy is death. Judas, horrified by what he has done, throws the silver at the Pharisees and runs off; he later hangs himself. Caiaphas believes if the Pharisees killed Jesus on Passover, it would start a riot, so he turns him over to the Romans for the punishment.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Pilate tells Caiaphas that Jesus didn't break any Roman laws, but orders him to be lashed 40 times. Since it's Passover, Pilate says he will follow tradition and free a prisoner of the people's choosing, and if they choose Jesus, he will be set free. By this time, Mary (Roma Downey) has arrived in Jerusalem to see what is happening to her son.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Pilate orders the crowd to enter his courtyard to choose whether to release Jesus or Barabbas, a convicted murderer. Since none of Jesus' followers are allowed into the courtyard, Caiaphas easily sways the vote so that Barabbas is set free. Pilate then asks what he should do with Jesus, and again Caiaphas sways the crowd to have him executed by way of crucifixion.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Fearing a riot among the hostile people, Pilate orders the crucifixion, then literally washes his hands of the situation. A battered and bloodied Jesus then carries a cross to Golgotha and is nailed to it by the mocking Roman guards, who earlier had placed a crown of thorns on his head. Before the cross is put into place, Pilate orders a sign attached to it, reading: "The King of the Jews", much to Caiaphas' dismay.


title: Son of God (film)

text: With John, Mary and Magdalene watching in horror, Jesus hangs from the cross for several agonizing hours. After forgiving the Romans and the Pharisees who condemned him to death, he asks why God has forsaken him, and declares "It is finished". Accomplished, Jesus dies as the temple and earth are shaken by an earthquake. While the lamps are knocked down, the curtains in the temple where God's spirit was supposed to be present, tear apart. He is then lowered from the cross and placed into a tomb, which is sealed off with a large rock.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Three days later, Magdalene goes to visit the tomb but is shocked to see the rock broken into pieces and the tomb empty. Magdalene soon sees a man by the tomb's entrance and realizes he is Jesus, who has been resurrected. Magdalene goes to the disciples' hiding place and tells them the good news, but they don't believe her at first. Jesus then appears to them, and they all now believe, except "Doubting" Thomas. Once Thomas touches Jesus, then he believes.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Forty days later, Jesus is speaking to his disciples where he tells them to travel the world and spread his message. He then ascends into Heaven, and the disciples go their separate ways.


title: Son of God (film)

text: After finishing his story, an elderly John says that all of the disciples were eventually killed for their beliefs, except him. He has been exiled to live alone on a deserted island until he dies. Jesus then pays him a visit and tells him he will not die, but have everlasting life, and he will return one day.


title: Son of God (film)

text: The film features select scenes from the miniseries as well as footage not aired in the telecast. However, the film does not include scenes featuring Satan (played by Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni) due to claims that the actor resembled the United States President Barack Obama. The resemblance was first pointed out by Glenn Beck ahead of that episode's premiere. The film's casting director Carl Proctor, claimed that the resemblance is entirely accidental. The trailer for the film also shows some scenes from the miniseries featuring David (played by Langley Kirkwood), Adam (played by Paul Knops), destruction of the city of Sodom and Moses (played by Will Houston) parting the Red Sea.


title: Son of God (film)

text: "Son of God" grossed $59.7 million in North America and $11.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $70.9 million, against a production budget of $22 million.


title: Son of God (film)

text: The film was projected to gross around $27 million in its opening weekend. It made $1.2 million from Thursday night previews, benefiting greatly from advance ticket sales; it ended up making $26.5 million in its first weekend.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported that 21 percent of critics have given the film a positive review based on 73 reviews with an average rating of 4.69/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "The faithful may find their spirits raised, but on purely cinematic terms, "Son of God" is too dull and heavy-handed to spark much fervor." Another review aggregator, Metacritic, assigned a weighted average score of 37 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Nell Minow of Beliefnet gave the film a B grade, saying "It tells the story in a westernized, conventional manner that can seem superficial at times, more a cinematic Sunday School lesson than a movie. It is unlikely to persuade anyone, but it is undeniably moving and many believers will find it inspiring." Jim Slotek of the "Toronto Sun" gave the film 3 stars.


title: Son of God (film)

text: Ben Kenigsberg of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a mixed review, grading it a C and saying, "Unlike Gibson's film, with its relentless and gory focus on Christ's last days, "Son Of God" finds time for lessons along with its bloodletting. [...] Accompanied by a score that sounds recycled from "The Fountain", the most famous scenes are trotted out: "I'll give my stone to the first man who tells me that he has never sinned"; the loaves and fishes; the resurrection of Lazarus; the last supper. It's unlikely Paul Verhoeven will ever get to make his historical Christ movie, but to the extent that "Son Of God" has a measure of dramatic impact, it's how it illustrates the radicalism of Jesus' message and the threat it posed to the establishment. At any rate, the core ideas are more compelling than the bad effects shots of Jerusalem, the cheesy CG water-walking, or whatever exchanges require the actors to emit something other than a declarative shout."


title: Malashri

text: Malashri (born 10 August 1973) is an Indian actress. She has predominantly worked in Kannada films and was the topmost heroine in the 1990s. She has also worked in Telugu and Tamil cinema. Malashri was popular for playing diverse roles in women-centric movies many of which were highly successful at the box-office. She was popularly called Kanasina Rani ("Dream Girl") in the media.


title: Malashri

text: Malashri made her debut as a heroine with the Kannada film "Nanjundi Kalyana" (1989). Her portrayal of a haughty, shrewish woman won her accolades and heralded her as a top actress of Kannada Cinema. She established herself as the topmost heroine in Kannada cinema with films like "Gajapathi Garvabhanga" (1989), "Policena Hendthi" (1990), "Kitturina Huli" (1990), "Rani Maharani" (1990), "Hrudaya Haadithu" (1991), for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, "Ramachaari" (1991), "Belli Kalungura" (1992), "Solillada Saradara" (1993) and "Gadibidi Aliya" (1995).


title: Malashri

text: In 2015 she won her first Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress for her action-oriented role in "Ganga."


title: Malashri

text: In 1992, 19 movies starring her were released. With that, she broke the 24-year-old record of highest releases in Kannada in lead role in a single year surpassing Rajkumar who had 16 releases in 1968.


title: Malashri

text: Malashri began her career as a child artiste and appeared in 35 films in Tamil and Telugu and she played the role of a boy in 26 of them. In a talk show, "Majaa Talkies", she said that as a child, she was a fan of actor Amitabh Bachchan and would dress up like him, which prompted directors to cast her as a boy, in 1979 films like "Imayam" and "Neela Malargal".


title: Malashri

text: Writer and lyricist Chi. Udaya Shankar introduced Malashri to the Rajkumar family when they were on the look out for a fresh face opposite their son Raghavendra Rajkumar who was gearing to make his debut. Parvathamma Rajkumar decided to cast her in "Nanjundi Kalyana" (1989) and rechristened her from Durga to Malashri. Malashri went on to act in two other films with Vajreshwari Combines, "Gajapathi Garvabhanga" opposite Raghavendra again, and "Mruthyunjaya" with Shiva Rajkumar.


title: Malashri

text: In 1990 Malashri took on the famous double role in "Rani Maharani" (immortalized by Sridevi in "Chaalbaaz") and won a huge fan following with her powerhouse performance. Her next film "Hrudaya Haadithu" where she played a young woman inflicted with a heart problem won her acclaim from the masses and critics alike as well as the Filmfare Best actress award for 1991. As she churned out hit after hit even the stalwart V. Ravichandran, who till then believed only in importing heroines from other states, cashed in on her popularity by casting her in "Ramachaari" (a remake of Tamil Hit "Chinna Thambi"). The move paid off, enabling him to come out of the financial crisis he faced due to the debacle of "Shanti Kranti."


title: Malashri

text: In later part of the 90s, Malashri had a string of less successful films like "Prema Khaidi", "Snehada Kadalalli", "Megha Mandara", "Arishina Kumkuma", and "Solillada Saradara". She took brief hiatus after marriage and made comeback in the new millennium with "angry woman" roles in "Chamundi" (2000), "Kannadada Kiran Bedi" (2009), "Shakti" (2012), "Veera" (2013) and "Ganga" (2015).


title: Malashri

text: Malashri was born and brought up in Chennai (Chennai). She shot to fame with "Nanjundi Kalyana" in 1989 but her personal life hit an all-time low the same year when her mother died in a road accident. She was in a relationship with actor Sunil, her co-star of many films. But in 1994 they met with a car accident and while Malashree suffered multiple injuries, Sunil died on the spot. It was rumoured that they had been planning to get married. She was married to film producer Ramu in 1997 and they had a daughter together, Ananya (b. 2001). Her sister Subhashri was also an actress, who appeared in South Indian films. Her husband Ramu died on 26 April 2021 due to Covid.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Obesity classification is a ranking of obesity, the medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies obesity by body mass index (BMI). BMI is further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex, and obesity determination is in relation to a historical normal group.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health. Relative weight and body mass index (BMI) are nearly identical and are reasonable estimates of body fatness as measured by percentage body fat. However, BMI does not account for the wide variation in body fat distribution, and may not correspond to the same degree of fatness or associated health risk in different individuals and populations. Other measurements of fat distribution include the waist–hip ratio and body fat percentage. Normal weight obesity is a condition of having normal body weight, but high body fat percentages with the same health risks of obesity. BMI can be used to predict the risk of metabolic abnormalities like diabetes.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Body mass index or BMI is a simple and widely used method for estimating body fat mass. BMI was developed in the 19th century by the Belgian statistician and anthropometrist Adolphe Quetelet. BMI is an accurate reflection of body fat percentage in the majority of the adult population. However it is less accurate in people such as body builders and pregnant women. A formula combining BMI, age, and gender can be used to estimate a person's body fat percentage to an accuracy of 4%. An alternative method, body volume index (BVI), is being developed by Mayo Clinic in an effort to better take into account different body shapes. BVI measures body fat distribution and calculates the BVI number, based on these results. This BVI number is an indication of weight associated health risk.


title: Classification of obesity

text: BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square of his or her height, typically expressed either in metric or US "Customary" units:


title: Classification of obesity

text: The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table at right.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular bodies. The surgical literature breaks down class III obesity into further categories, though the exact values are still disputed.


title: Classification of obesity

text: As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Western populations, some nations have redefined obesity. The Japanese have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 while China defines it as any BMI of greater than 28.


title: Classification of obesity

text: The BMI-based definition is easy to use and it is particularly convenient for statistical purposes, since it only depends on two commonly measured quantities, one's height and weight. However, it ignores variations between individuals in amounts of lean body mass, particularly muscle mass. Individuals involved in heavy physical labor or sports may have high BMI values despite having little fat. For example, more than half of all NFL players are classified as "obese" (BMI ≥ 30), and 1 in 4 are classified as "extremely obese" (BMI ≥ 35), according to the BMI metric. However, their mean body fat percentage, 14%, is well within what is considered a healthy range.


title: Classification of obesity

text: The preferred obesity metric in scholarly circles is the body fat percentage (BF%) - the ratio of the total weight of person's fat to his or her body weight, and BMI is viewed merely as a way to approximate BF%. Levels in excess of 32% for women and 25% for men are generally considered to indicate obesity. However, accurate measurement of body fat percentage is much more difficult than measurement of BMI. Several methods of varying accuracy and complexity exist.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Other proposed but less common obesity measures include waist circumference and waist–hip ratio. These measure a common form of obesity known as abdominal or central obesity, characterized by excess deposits of fat in the abdominal region and inside peritoneal cavity. They have been shown to be comparable to BMI in their power to predict the risk of metabolic abnormalities such as type II diabetes, and possibly superior to BMI as predictors of cardiovascular disease.


title: Classification of obesity

text: In the United States a waist circumference of >102 cm (≈40") in men and >88 cm (≈34.5") in women or the waist–hip ratio (the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips) of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women are used to define central obesity.


title: Classification of obesity

text: In the European Union waist circumference of ≥ 94 cm(≈37") in men and ≥ 80 cm(≈31.5") in non pregnant women are used as cut offs for central obesity.


title: Classification of obesity

text: A lower cut off of 90 cm has been recommended for South Asian and Chinese men, while a cut off of 85 cm has been recommended for Japanese men.


title: Classification of obesity

text: In those with a BMI under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. Intra-abdominal or visceral fat has a particularly strong correlation with cardiovascular disease. In a study of 15,000 people, waist circumference also correlated better with metabolic syndrome than BMI. Women with abdominal obesity have a cardiovascular risk similar to that of men. In people with a BMI over 35, measurement of waist circumference however adds little to the predictive power of BMI as most individuals with this BMI have abnormal waist circumferences.


title: Classification of obesity

text: The Body Volume Index (BVI) is a novel method for calculating body fat distribution. Human body volumes and body volume ratios and their links to body compositions have been researched for several years. Later the term Body Volume Index (BVI) instead of ratio was introduced by Select Research and Mayo Clinic, BVI has been developed as an alternative to BMI. BMI doesn't account for muscle and fat distribution, or gender, or ethnicity; and therefore is not an accurate measure of obesity in many individuals. BVI uses 3D technology to analyse overall body shape, identifying where fat is distributed across the body.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Body Volume means the composition of a person and their body parts; each part of a person's body (arms, legs, chest, etc.) has its own 3D shape, individual weight and measurement. An increase in the volume of fat and muscle normally corresponds with an increase or decrease of volume in that area of the body. BVI calculates a persons body fat composition from two images taken front and side on. A silhouette is extracted from these images and a 3D model created, from which detailed linear and volume measurements can be calculated. By comparing the 3D models to MRI data, BVI software is able to calculate fat distribution, and in particular visceral fat accumulated near the individual's organs. The results will provide accurate measurements for waist to hip ratio, BMI, total body fat, visceral fat and BVI number.


title: Classification of obesity

text: The BVI Number has been designed by Mayo Clinic as an alternative to BMI. It provides an indication of health risk based on fat distribution with a particular emphasis on visceral fat; which is located around organs. Visceral fat is metabolically active, with high levels a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes type II.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Body fat percentage is total body fat expressed as a percentage of total body weight. There is no generally accepted definition of obesity based on total body fat. Most researchers have used >25% in men, and >30% in women, as cut-points to define obesity, but the use of these values have been disputed.


title: Classification of obesity

text: As by anthropometric methods, body fat percentage can be estimated from a person's BMI by the following formula:


title: Classification of obesity

text: There are many other methods used to determine body fat percentage. Hydrostatic weighing, one of the most accurate methods of body fat calculation, involves weighing a person underwater. Two other simpler and less accurate methods have been used historically but are now not recommended. The first is the skinfold test, in which a pinch of skin is precisely measured to determine the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. The other is bioelectrical impedance analysis which uses electrical resistance. Bioelectrical impedance has not been shown to provide an advantage over BMI.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Body fat percentage measurement techniques used mainly for research include computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). These techniques provide very accurate measurements, but it can be difficult to obtain in the severely obese due to weight limits of most equipment and insufficient diameter of many CT or MRI scanners.


title: Classification of obesity

text: The healthy BMI range varies with the age and sex of the child. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined as a BMI greater than the 95th percentile. The reference data that these percentiles are based on is from 1963 to 1994 and thus has not been affected by the recent increases in rates of obesity.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in 21st century with rising rates in both the developed and developing world. Rates of obesity in Canadian boys have increased from 11% in 1980s to over 30% in 1990s, while during this same time period rates increased from 4 to 14% in Brazilian children.


title: Classification of obesity

text: As with obesity in adults many different factors contribute to the rising rates of childhood obesity. Changing diet and decreasing physical activity are believed to be the two most important in causing the recent increase in the rate of obesity. Activities from self-propelled transport, to school physical education, and organized sports has been declining in many countries.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Because childhood obesity often persists into adulthood, and is associated with numerous chronic illnesses, it is important that children who are obese be tested for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver.


title: Classification of obesity

text: Treatments used in children are primarily lifestyle interventions and behavioral techniques. Medications are not FDA approved for use in this age group.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw (), also known as the Kwakiutl (; "Kwakʼwala-speaking peoples") are one of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Their current population, according to a 2016 census, is 3,665. Most live in their traditional territory on northern Vancouver Island, nearby smaller islands including the Discovery Islands, and the adjacent British Columbia mainland. Some also live outside their homelands in urban areas such as Victoria and Vancouver. They are politically organized into 13 band governments.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Their language, now spoken by only 3.1% of the population, consists of four dialects of what is commonly referred to as Kwakʼwala. These dialects are Kwak̓wala, ʼNak̓wala, G̱uc̓ala and T̓łat̓łasik̓wala.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The name "Kwakiutl" derives from "Kwaguʼł"—the name of a single community of Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw located at Fort Rupert. The anthropologist Franz Boas had done most of his anthropological work in this area and popularized the term for both this nation and the collective as a whole. The term became misapplied to mean all the nations who spoke Kwakʼwala, as well as three other Indigenous peoples whose language is a part of the Wakashan linguistic group, but whose language is not Kwakʼwala. These peoples, incorrectly known as the Northern Kwakiutl, were the Haisla, Wuikinuxv, and Heiltsuk.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: One exception is the Laich-kwil-tach at Campbell River—they are known as the Southern Kwakiutl, and their council is the Kwakiutl District Council.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw oral history says their ancestors ("ʼnaʼmima") came in the forms of animals by way of land, sea, or underground. When one of these ancestral animals arrived at a given spot, it discarded its animal appearance and became human. Animals that figure in these origin myths include the Thunderbird, his brother Kolas, the seagull, orca, grizzly bear, or chief ghost. Some ancestors have human origins and are said to come from distant places.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Historically, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw economy was based primarily on fishing, with the men also engaging in some hunting, and the women gathering wild fruits and berries. Ornate weaving and woodwork were important crafts, and wealth, defined by slaves and material goods, was prominently displayed and traded at potlatch ceremonies. These customs were the subject of extensive study by the anthropologist Franz Boas. In contrast to most non-native societies, wealth and status were not determined by how much you had, but by how much you had to give away. This act of giving away your wealth was one of the main acts in a potlatch.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The first documented contact with Europeans was with Captain George Vancouver in 1792. Disease, which developed as a result of direct contact with European settlers along the West Coast of Canada, drastically reduced the Indigenous Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw population during the late 19th-early 20th century. Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw population dropped by 75% between 1830 and 1880. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic alone killed over half of the people.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw dancers from Vancouver Island performed at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: An account of experiences of two founders of early residential schools for Aboriginal children was published in 2006 by the University of British Columbia Press. "Good Intentions Gone Awry – Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission On the Northwest Coast" by Jan Hare and Jean Barman contains the letters and account of the life of the wife of Thomas Crosby the first missionary in Lax Kwʼalaams (Port Simpson). This covers the period from 1870 to the turn of the 20th century.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: A second book was published in 2005 by the University of Calgary Press, "The Letters of Margaret Butcher – Missionary Imperialism on the North Pacific Coast" edited by Mary-Ellen Kelm. It picks up the story from 1916 to 1919 in Kitamaat Village and details of Butcher's experiences among the Haisla people.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: A review article entitled "Mothers of a Native Hell" about these two books was published in the British Columbia online news magazine "The Tyee" in 2007.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Restoring their ties to their land, culture and rights, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw have undertaken much in bringing back their customs, beliefs and language. Potlatches occur more frequently as families reconnect to their birthright, and the community uses language programs, classes and social events to restore the language. Artists in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Mungo Martin, Ellen Neel and Willie Seaweed have taken efforts to revive Kwakwakaʼwakw art and culture.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Each Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw nation has its own clans, chiefs, history, culture and peoples, but remain collectively similar to the rest of the Kwak̓wala-Speaking nations.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw kinship is based on a bilinear structure, with loose characteristics of a patrilineal culture. It has large extended families and interconnected community life. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are made up of numerous communities or bands. Within those communities they are organized into extended family units or "naʼmima," which means 'of one kind'. Each "naʼmima" had positions that carried particular responsibilities and privileges. Each community had around four "naʼmima", although some had more, some had less.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw follow their genealogy back to their ancestral roots. A head chief who, through primogeniture, could trace his origins to that naʼmima's ancestors delineated the roles throughout the rest of his family. Every clan had several sub-chiefs, who gained their titles and position through their own family's primogeniture. These chiefs organized their people to harvest the communal lands that belonged to their family.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw society was organized into four classes: the nobility, attained through birthright and connection in lineage to ancestors, the aristocracy who attained status through connection to wealth, resources or spiritual powers displayed or distributed in the potlatch, commoners, and slaves. On the nobility class, "the noble was recognized as the literal conduit between the social and spiritual domains, birthright alone was not enough to secure rank: only individuals displaying the correct moral behavior [sic] throughout their life course could maintain ranking status."


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: As in other Northwest Coast peoples, the concept of property was well developed and important to daily life. Territorial property such as hunting or fishing grounds was inherited, and from these properties material wealth was collected and stored.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: A trade and barter subsistence economy formed the early stages of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw economy. Trade was carried out between internal Kwakwakaʼwakw nations, as well as surrounding Indigenous nations such as the Tsimshian, Tlingit, the Nuu-chah-nulth and Coast Salish peoples.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Over time, the potlatch tradition created a demand for stored surpluses, as such a display of wealth had social implications. By the time of European colonialism, it was noted that wool blankets had become a form of common currency. In the potlatch tradition, hosts of the potlatch were expected to provide enough gifts for all the guests invited. This practice created a system of loan and interest, using wool blankets as currency.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: As with other Pacific Northwest nations, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw highly valued copper in their economy and used it for ornament and precious goods. Scholars have proposed that prior to trade with Europeans, the people acquired copper from natural copper veins along riverbeds, but this has not been proven. Contact with European settlers, particularly through the Hudson's Bay Company, brought an influx of copper to their territories. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw nations also were aware of silver and gold, and crafted intricate bracelets and jewellery from hammered coins traded from European settlers. Copper was given a special value amongst the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw, most likely for its ceremonial purposes. This copper was beaten into sheets or plates, and then painted with mythological figures. The sheets were used for decorating wooden carvings or kept for the sake of prestige.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Individual pieces of copper were sometimes given names based on their value. The value of any given piece was defined by the number of wool blankets last traded for them. In this system, it was considered prestigious for a buyer to purchase the same piece of copper at a higher price than it was previously sold, in their version of an art market. During potlatch, copper pieces would be brought out, and bids were placed on them by rival chiefs. The highest bidder would have the honour of buying said copper piece. If a host still held a surplus of copper after throwing an expensive potlatch, he was considered a wealthy and important man. Highly ranked members of the communities often have the Kwakʼwala word for "copper" as part of their names.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Copper's importance as an indicator of status also led to its use in a Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw shaming ritual. The copper cutting ceremony involved breaking copper plaques. The act represents a challenge; if the target cannot break a plaque of equal or greater value, he or she is shamed. The ceremony, which had not been performed since the 1950s, was revived by chief Beau Dick in 2013, as part of the Idle No More movement. He performed a copper cutting ritual on the lawn of the British Columbia Legislature on February 10, 2013, to ritually shame the Stephen Harper government.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are a highly stratified bilineal culture of the Pacific Northwest. They are many separate nations, each with its own history, culture and governance. The Nations commonly each had a head chief, who acted as the leader of the nation, with numerous hereditary clan or family chiefs below him. In some of the nations, there also existed "Eagle Chiefs", but this was a separate society within the main society and applied to the potlatching only.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw are one of the few bilineal cultures. Traditionally the rights of the family would be passed down through the paternal side, but in rare occasions, the rights could pass on the maternal side of their family also. Within the pre-colonization times, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw were organized into three classes: nobles, commoners, and slaves. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw shared many cultural and political alliances with numerous neighbours in the area, including the Nuu-chah-nulth, Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv and some Coast Salish.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The Kwakʼwala language is a part of the Wakashan languages group. Word lists and some documentation of Kwakʼwala were created from the early period of contact with Europeans in the 18th century, but a systematic attempt to record the language did not occur before the work of Franz Boas in the late 19th and early 20th century. The use of Kwakʼwala declined significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly due to the assimilationist policies of the Canadian government. Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw children were forced to attend residential schools, which enforced English use and discouraged other languages. Although Kwakʼwala and Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw culture have been well-studied by linguists and anthropologists, these efforts did not reverse the trends leading to language loss. According to Guy Buchholtzer, "The anthropological discourse had too often become a long monologue, in which the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw had nothing to say."


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: As a result of these pressures, there are relatively few Kwakʼwala speakers today. Most remaining speakers are past the age of child-rearing, which is considered a crucial stage for language transmission. As with many other Indigenous languages, there are significant barriers to language revitalization. Another barrier separating new learners from the native speaker is the presence of four separate orthographies; the young are taught Uʼmista or NAPA, while the older generations generally use Boaz, developed by the American anthropologist Franz Boas.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: A number of revitalization efforts are underway. A 2005 proposal to build a Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Centre for Language Culture has gained wide support. A review of revitalization efforts in the 1990s showed that the potential to fully revitalize Kwakʼwala still remained, but serious hurdles also existed.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: In the old times, the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw believed that art symbolized a common underlying element shared by all species.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwakaʼwakw arts consist of a diverse range of crafts, including totems, masks, textiles, jewellery and carved objects, ranging in size from transformation masks to tall totem poles. Cedar wood was the preferred medium for sculpting and carving projects as it was readily available in the native Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw regions. Totems were carved with bold cuts, a relative degree of realism, and an emphatic use of paints. Masks make up a large portion of Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw art, as masks are important in the portrayal of the characters central to Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw dance ceremonies.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Woven textiles included the "Chilkat" blanket, dance aprons and button cloaks, each patterned with Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw designs. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw used a variety of objects for jewellery, including ivory, bone, abalone shell, copper, silver and more. Adornments were frequently found on the clothes of important persons.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwakaʼwakw music is the ancient art of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw peoples. The music is an ancient art form, stretching back thousands of years. The music is used primarily for ceremony and ritual, and is based on percussive instrumentation, especially log, box, and hide drums, as well as rattles and whistles. The four-day "Klasila" festival is an important cultural display of song and dance and masks; it occurs just before the advent of the "tsetseka", or winter.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The potlatch culture of the Northwest is well known and widely studied. It is still practised among the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw, as is the lavish artwork for which they and their neighbours are so renowned. The phenomenon of the potlatch, and the vibrant societies and cultures associated with it, can be found in "Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch", which details the incredible artwork and legendary material that go with the other aspects of the potlatch, and gives a glimpse into the high politics and great wealth and power of the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw chiefs.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: When the Canadian government was focused on assimilation of First Nations, it made the potlatch a target of activities to be suppressed. Missionary William Duncan wrote in 1875 that the potlatch was "by far the most formidable of all obstacles in the way of Indians becoming Christians, or even civilized".


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: In 1885, the Indian Act was revised to include clauses banning the potlatch and making it illegal to practise. The official legislation read,


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Oʼwax̱a̱laga̱lis, Chief of the Kwaguʼł "Fort Rupert Tribes", said to anthropologist Franz Boas on October 7, 1886, when he arrived to study their culture:


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Eventually the Act was amended, expanded to prohibit guests from participating in the potlatch ceremony. The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw were too numerous to police, and the government could not enforce the law. Duncan Campbell Scott convinced Parliament to change the offence from criminal to summary, which meant "the agents, as justice of the peace, could try a case, convict, and sentence".


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Sustaining the customs and culture of their ancestors, in the 21st century the Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw openly hold potlatches to commit to the revival of their ancestors' ways. The frequency of potlatches has increased as occur frequently and increasingly more over the years as families reclaim their birthright.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: The Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw built their houses from cedar planks, which are highly water resistant. They were very large, anywhere from long. The houses could hold about 50 people, usually families from the same clan. At the entrance, there was usually a totem pole carved with different animals, mythological figures and family crests.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: In summer, men wore no clothing except jewelry. In the winter, they usually rubbed fat on themselves to keep warm. In battle the men wore red cedar armor and helmets, and breech clouts made from cedar. During ceremonies they wore circles of cedar bark on their ankles as well as cedar breech clouts. The women wore skirts of softened cedar, and a cedar or wool blanket on top during the winter.


title: Kwakwakaʼwakw

text: Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw transportation was similar to that of other coastal people. Being an ocean and coastal people, they travelled mainly by canoe. Cedar dugout canoes, each made from one log, would be carved for use by individuals, families and communities. Sizes varied from ocean-going canoes, for long sea-worthy travel in trade missions, to smaller local canoes for inter-village travel. Some boats had buffalo fur inside to keep protection from the cold winters.


title: JS Kaga

text: JS "Kaga" (DDH-184) is a helicopter carrier being converted into an aircraft carrier beginning in March, 2022. Officially classified as a multi-purpose operation destroyer, she is the second ship in the of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), the other being . Her namesake arises from in present-day Ishikawa Prefecture.


title: JS Kaga

text: The ship bears the same name, and is slightly longer in length than, the World War II-era , an aircraft carrier produced in 1928, which participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor. "Kaga" and "Izumo" are the first aircraft carriers built by Japan since the end of World War II. "Kaga" was built as part of a wider Japanese military buildup, triggered from heightened Sino-Japanese tensions regarding the contested ownership of the Senkaku Islands.


title: JS Kaga

text: "Kaga" was intended to replace the aging , based on the schedule outlined within the to construct a 19,500-ton helicopter destroyer. Construction began at the Yokohama plant of Japan Marine United on 7 October 2013, and the ship was launched on 27 August 2015, with the commissioning on 22 March 2017. Construction of the ship cost .


title: JS Kaga

text: The ship can host up to 28 aircraft, or 14 larger aircraft. While Japanese nomenclature calls "Kaga" a "multi-purpose operation destroyer", its main purpose is destroying enemy submarines. Despite this, only 7 anti-submarine warfare helicopters and 2 search and rescue helicopters are planned for the initial aircraft complement. 400 troops and 50 3.5-ton trucks (or equivalent equipment) can also be carried.


title: JS Kaga

text: "Kaga"s flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow for simultaneous landings or take-offs. Like the "Izumo", "Kaga" features no 'ski-jump' ramp for aircraft takeoff, instead using a square flight deck, in a similar manner to the American and amphibious assault ships.