title: Red Tory

text: A Red Tory is an adherent of a centre to centre-right or paternalistic-conservative political philosophy derived from the Tory tradition, most predominantly in Canada but also in the United Kingdom and Australia. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies, while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. It is contrasted with "Blue Tory" or "High Tory". Some Red Tories view themselves as small-c conservatives.


title: Red Tory

text: In Canada, Red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of Red Toryism marks differences in the development of the political cultures of Canada and the . Canadian conservatism and American conservatism have been different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society.


title: Red Tory

text: Red Tory governments in Canada, such as those of John A. Macdonald, Robert Borden, and John Diefenbaker, were known for supporting an active role for the government in the economy. This included the creation of government-owned and operated Crown Corporations such as the Canadian National Railway, and the development and protection of Canadian industries with programs such as the National Policy.


title: Red Tory

text: The adjective "red" refers to the economically left-leaning nature of Red Toryism in comparison with Blue Toryism, since socialist and other leftist parties have traditionally used the colour red. In Canada today, however, red is commonly associated with the Liberal Party. The term reflects the broad ideological range traditionally found within conservatism in Canada.


title: Red Tory

text: Historically, Canadian conservatism has been derived from the Tory tradition, with a distinctive concern for a balance between individual rights and collectivism, as mediated through a traditional pre-industrial standard of morality – which has never been as evident in American conservatism.


title: Red Tory

text: Red Toryism derives largely from a classical conservative tradition that maintained that the unequal division of wealth and political privilege among social classes can be justified if members of the privileged class practiced "noblesse oblige" and contributed to the common good. Red Tories supported traditional institutions such as religion and the monarchy, and maintenance of the social order. This position was later manifest in their support for some aspects of the welfare state. This belief in a common good, as expanded on in Colin Campbell and William Christian's "Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada", is at the root of Red Toryism.


title: Red Tory

text: In distinction to the American experience where class divisions were seen as undemocratic (although still existing), Canadian Tories adopted a more paternalistic view of government. Monarchy, public order and good government – understood as dedication to the common good – preceded, moderated and balanced a belief in individual rights and liberty. Anthony Hall has argued that Red Toryism in Canada developed specifically in opposition to the American Revolution and its ideology.


title: Red Tory

text: This type of Canadian conservatism is derived largely from the Tory tradition developed by English conservative thinkers and statesmen such as Richard Hooker; the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury; and Benjamin Disraeli, later the first Earl of Beaconsfield. The primary influences on Canadian Toryism in the Victorian age were Disraeli's One Nation Conservatism and the radical Toryism advocated by Lord Randolph Churchill. Inherent in these Tory traditions was the ideal of "noblesse oblige" and a conservative communitarianism.


title: Red Tory

text: In Victorian times these ideas were the pre-eminent strains of conservative thought in the British Empire, and were advanced by many in the Tory faction of John A. Macdonald's conservative coalition in the Canadas. None of this lineage denies that Tory traditions of communitarianism and collectivism had existed in the British North American colonies since the Loyalist exodus from the American colonies between 1776 and 1796. It is this aspect that is one of the primary points of difference between the conservative political cultures of Canada and the United States.


title: Red Tory

text: The explicit notion of a "Red" Toryism was developed by Gad Horowitz in the 1960s, who argued that there was a significant Tory ideology in Canada. This vision contrasted Canada with the United States, which was seen as lacking this collectivist tradition because it was expunged from the American political culture after the American Revolution and the exodus of the United Empire Loyalists. Horowitz argued that Canada's stronger socialist movement grew from Toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much electoral success in the United States. This also meant that Canadian conceptions of liberty were more collective and communitarian, and could be seen as more directly derivative of the English tradition, than that of American practices and theories.


title: Red Tory

text: Horowitz identified George Grant and Eugene Forsey as exemplars of this strain of thought, which saw a central role for Christianity in public affairs and was profoundly critical of capitalism and the dominant business "élites". Forsey became a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member, while Grant remained a Conservative – although he became disdainful of an overall shift in policy toward liberal economics and continentalism, something Forsey saw happening decades earlier. When the Conservative government of John Diefenbaker fell in 1963, largely due to the BOMARC controversy, Grant wrote "Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism", a book about the nature of traditional Canadian nationhood and independence that would become a lodestar of Red Toryism. Grant defined an essential difference between the founding of the Canadian and American nations when he wrote "Canada was predicated on the rights of nations as well as on the rights of individuals." This definition recognized Canada's multi-faceted founding nature as an English-speaking, aboriginal and Francophone nation.


title: Red Tory

text: Many of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's leaders have been labelled 'Red Tories', including Sir Robert Borden, John Diefenbaker, Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Many others have been influential as cabinet ministers and thinkers, such as Davie Fulton, Dalton Camp, Roy McMurtry and John Farthing. The main bastions of Red Toryism were Ontario, the Atlantic provinces and urban Manitoba, areas where the Red Tories dominated provincial politics, and in some federal elections Quebec, where the federal PC party operated largely separately from provincial politics. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, which has held power in that province for most of the time since Confederation, was often labelled as Red Tory, especially under the leadership of Bill Davis from 1971 to 1985. Throughout the Atlantic provinces, traditional Red Tories are the dominant force in the provincial Progressive Conservative parties because of their support of the welfare state. The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta included a broad spectrum from Red Tories to social conservatives, but Peter Lougheed who led the party from 1968 to 1985 and was Premier from 1971 to 1985 was a Red Tory and Lougheed's tenure was characterized by active economic measures and social reforms.


title: Red Tory

text: The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international post-war consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the federal Progressive Conservative Party suffered a string of electoral defeats under Red Tory leaders Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Pressure began to grow within the party for a new approach. Clark's leadership was successfully challenged, and in the 1983 PC leadership convention, members endorsed Brian Mulroney who rejected free trade with the United States as proposed by another Blue Tory candidate, John Crosbie. Despite this early perception, the eagerness in which Mulroney's ministry embraced the Macdonald Commission's advocacy of bilateral free trade would come to indicate a sharp drift toward libertarian or liberal economic policies, comparable to such contemporaries as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.


title: Red Tory

text: Following Mulroney, the Canadian conservative movement suffered a profound schism in the 1993 election, splitting into the distinct Progressive Conservative and Reform parties. The Red Tory tradition remained loyal to the Progressive Conservatives, while many "blue" Tories aligned with social conservatives in the Reform Party. Various Unite the Right efforts achieved only modest success in the 1990s and early 2000s – most notably, while the creation of the Canadian Alliance in 2000 attracted a small number of Progressive Conservatives, it failed to attract those in the Red Tory tradition or to replace the Progressive Conservatives.


title: Red Tory

text: Following the victory of Peter MacKay at the 2003 PC convention, and in violation of an informal contract signed with rival candidate David Orchard, MacKay merged the Tories with Stephen Harper's Alliance to create the modern federal Conservative Party in 2003. When first created, one of the most important issues facing the Conservative Party was what Red Tories would do. The union resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to cross the floor to the Liberal Party. Members of Parliament (MPs) André Bachand, John Herron, Joe Clark and Scott Brison declined to join the new party – Brison immediately crossed the floor to the Liberals, Bachand and Clark sat out the remainder of the 37th Canadian Parliament as Progressive Conservatives and then retired from office in the 2004 election, and Herron sat as a Progressive Conservative for the remainder of the term but then ran for re-election in 2004 as a Liberal.


title: Red Tory

text: Clark, a former Prime Minister, gave a tepid endorsement to the Liberals in the 2004 election, calling Paul Martin "the devil we know". Rick Borotsik joined the new party but openly criticized it from within, did not run for re-election in 2004, and also publicly endorsed the Liberals over the Conservatives during the campaign. Additionally, three of the twenty-six Progressive Conservative Senators, Lowell Murray, Norman Atkins and William Doody, decided to continue serving as Progressive Conservatives, rejecting membership in the new party. Atkins, who died in 2010, remained allied with the still-existent Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, and Murray, from Atlantic Canada, opposed the merger of the federal PC party. Most, like prominent Senator Marjory LeBreton, came to endorse the new party and have been vocal and visible supporters of the party both between and during elections. Elaine McCoy and Nancy Ruth were later appointed to the Senate by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin, and chose to designate themselves as Progressive Conservatives. Doody has since died, and Ruth joined the Conservative Party caucus in 2006.


title: Red Tory

text: Despite the union, some former Progressive Conservative members still identify themselves as Red Tory, including high-profile political strategist turned Senator Hugh Segal, who in 2013 continued to describe himself as a Red Tory, which has put him at increasing odds with the government on several occasions.


title: Red Tory

text: A 'grassroots' movement of dissenting Red Tories, who opposed the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's merger with the Canadian Alliance, gathered signatures on Elections Canada forms from over 200 Progressive Conservative members and applied to re-register as the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. This name was refused by Elections Canada. Having anticipated such a rejection, the coordinators had had the 'SignaTories' also sign a second application to at least continue with the ballot name "PC Party". On March 26, 2004, the Progressive Canadian Party was registered with Elections Canada. It aimed to be perceived as a continuation of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, but achieved only very minor results. The party achieved its largest vote to date in the 2006 election, with 14,151 votes in 25 ridings (about 0.1% of the nationwide total). The party was deregistered by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on November 30, 2019, for failing to comply with Canada Elections Act requirements set out in subsection 415(1).


title: Red Tory

text: In the wake of the rise of the conservative Wildrose Party in Alberta in the 2010s, the term "Red Tory" has been revived as a name of the moderate wing of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, which was seen to be in ascendence under the leadership of Ed Stelmach and Alison Redford. Redford is closely associated with centrist Tories Joe Clark and Peter Lougheed, as opposed to Wildrose leader Danielle Smith's association with right-wing Tories Ralph Klein and Tom Flanagan. Redford was called a Red Tory by Chantal Hébert, Ezra Levant and others.


title: Red Tory

text: The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia under Tim Houston, branding themselves as Red Tories, won a majority government in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. Houston's Progressive Conservatives campaigned on using provincial resources to improve healthcare services.


title: Red Tory

text: In 2009 Phillip Blond promoted communitarian traditionalist conservative ideas within the Conservative Party with a book titled "Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It" and by creating the think-tank ResPublica. Leader of the Conservative Party David Cameron spoke at ResPublica's launch and Red Tory ideas were said to be a major influence on him.


title: Red Tory

text: In Scotland, the term "Red Tory" has been used to describe the Scottish Labour Party, who some see as assisting with, or failing to oppose, certain Conservative policies. The term was first used in this context by Scottish independence supporters, following Labour's participation in the Better Together campaign in opposition to Scottish independence alongside the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.


title: Red Tory

text: Evolving from the Scottish usage of the term, the term, along with the terms Blairite and "centrist", have been used, particularly on social media by members on the political left of the Labour Party to refer to MPs and Labour Party figures who withheld support for Jeremy Corbyn, the former Labour leader from 2015 to 2020.


title: Red Tory

text: The term "Red Tory" is often used today in the Canadian media not to refer to those in the tradition of George Grant, Dalton Camp or Robert Stanfield, but simply to moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism. For example, in the 2004 Conservative Party leadership election, Tony Clement was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though he advocated privatization, tax cuts and the curtailment of social and economic development spending. Traditional Red Tories would reject most if not all of these stances.


title: Red Tory

text: More recently Phillip Blond, director of British think tank ResPublica, has gained traction with his so-called Red Tory thesis which criticizes what he refers to as the welfare state and the market state. Phillip Blond promotes a radical communitarian traditionalist conservatism. It inveighs against welfare states as well as market monopolies and instead respects traditional values and institutions, localism, devolution of powers from the central governments to local communities, small businesses, and volunteerism. Blond also favours empowering social enterprises, charities and other elements of civil society to solve problems such as poverty. He has been mentioned as a major influence on the thinking of David Cameron and other Tories in the wake of the 2008 credit crisis. He advocates a civic state as the ideal, where the common good of society is valued and solutions emerge from local communities. Blond's ideas also parallel the socioeconomic tradition of distributism, as is evidenced by Blond's appearance at a distributist conference at Oxford University in 2009 sponsored by the G. K. Chesterton Institute for Faith and Culture. Blond's Red Toryism has been embraced by traditionalist conservatives in the United States, such as economist John Medaille.


title: Red Tory

text: The editors of the web log "Front Porch Republic", however, define Red Toryism as a ""left" or "socialist" conservatism" and further go on to say that it is "not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way." This is more in keeping with the typical dictionary definition of the term as: "(Canadian) a Conservative who holds liberal or mildly socialist views on certain fiscal and social issues." In this regard, Phillip Blond's views are probably closer to what has been referred to as High Tory.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Edward Scott Lampert (born July 19, 1962) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the former CEO and chairman of Sears Holdings (SHLD), founder of Transform Holdco LLC, and founder, chairman, and CEO of ESL Investments. Until May 2007, he was a director of AutoNation. He was a director of AutoZone from 1999 to 2006. As of October 2021, his net worth was estimated at US$2 billion.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Lampert was born in 1962 to Dolores Lampert and Floyd M. Lampert. He is Jewish. His mother was a housewife. His father was a senior partner in the law firm of Lampert & Lampert in New York City. He has a younger sister Tracey. Lampert's grandmother was a passive investor and a fan of Louis Rukeyser's "Wall Street Week" television program. She instilled in him an interest in investing. His mother would later recall that young Eddie would sit with his grandmother reviewing and evaluating the performance of her stock picks in the daily newspaper.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Lampert's father died in 1977, and his mother took a job as a clerk at Saks Fifth Avenue. His mother would later say: "Eddie really assumed the responsibility, knowing that life had changed and we had to accomplish something by ourselves now." In order to help support his family, Lampert worked after school and on weekends at various warehouses, stocking shelves and filling orders. Despite working, he earned good grades, played both soccer and basketball, and won the scholar athlete award at his high school. He received financial aid to help pay for college. Lampert graduated from Yale University in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in economics, "summa cum laude", where he was a member of Skull and Bones and Phi Beta Kappa.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In July 1984, Lampert worked as an intern at Goldman Sachs, and then worked in the firm's risk arbitrage department from March 1985 to February 1988. While there, he worked directly with Robert Rubin. When Lampert decided to go out on his own, Rubin warned him it would be a bad career decision.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In April 1988, Lampert left the bank to form ESL Investments, based in Greenwich, Connecticut (the name ESL derives from Lampert's initials). Richard Rainwater, whom Lampert had met on Nantucket Island, gave him $28 million in seed money and introduced him to clients, such as David Geffen.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Lampert typically holds his investments for several years and usually has between three and fifteen stocks in his portfolio. His investment style has drawn comparisons to the financier Warren Buffett.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Lampert's earnings in 2004 were estimated to be $1.02 billion, making him the first Wall Street financial manager to exceed an income of $1 billion in a single year. In 2006, Lampert was featured on the Time 100 list for most influential people in the world for being one of the "brightest minds on Wall Street" and leading a new class of activist hedge funds. Lampert was the richest person in Connecticut in 2006 with a net worth of $3.8 billion.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In March 2012, Lampert was No. 367 on the "Forbes" world wealthiest people list with a net worth of $3.1 billion. By August, 2016, Lampert had fallen to No. 810 on the list, with a net worth of $2.2 billion.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In January 2013, it was announced that Lampert would take over as chief executive officer at Sears after Louis D'Ambrosio stepped down due to family health matters, which took effect in May 2013. In July 2016 he held 28% of shares in Sears Holdings Corp worth approximately $408 million.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In early 2017, Lampert, then president, chief executive officer and top shareholder of Sears Holdings, was estimated to have personal assets of $2 billion, primarily in the hedge fund ESL Investments Inc. Early in the year, he committed to providing an additional loan of $500 million to Sears and said he would provide letters of credit to Sears for additional amounts, reportedly totaling $200 million and possibly increasing to a half billion dollars in the future.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: He has been criticized by employees and corporate staff for "shredding" his employees in corporate meetings and "being out of touch with reality," as well as for failing to invest in the physical stores, as many of them are deteriorating. During his tenure as CEO, Sears lost around half its value within five years, and closed more than half of its physical stores.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: On October 15, 2018, Lampert stepped down as CEO of Sears Holdings, while remaining chairman of the board, as part of Sears Holdings bankruptcy actions. On December 6, 2018, Lampert, through his company ESL Investments, offered to buy all of Sears for $4.6 billion in cash and stock. The offer would be financed by $950 million in added debt, but no additional cash. In early 2019, five hundred stores remained in operation; the remainder were in liquidation. According to a company filing, Lampert stepped down as chairman of Sears Holdings Corp on February 14, 2019.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In January 2019, a group of Sears' creditors hoping to persuade a federal judge to force Sears to liquidate alleged that Lampert had orchestrated a "multiyear and multifaceted scheme" to strip away the company's assets and benefit from its decline. In May 2019, Lampert, months after purchasing the remains of Sears from the holding company, threatened not to pay out the $43 million in pension payments owed to 90,000 former Sears and Kmart employees and retirees.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In 2001, Lampert married Kinga Keh, an attorney with whom he has three children. They own houses in Indian Creek Village, Florida, Aspen, Colorado, and Greenwich, Connecticut. The couple are active members of their local Chabad house.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: In 2003, Lampert was kidnapped from the parking lot of his Greenwich office, but was able to persuade his captors to let him go after two days of captivity and promising to pay a ransom.


title: Eddie Lampert

text: Lampert is a self-proclaimed supporter of free market economics and is a fan of libertarian writer Ayn Rand.


title: Febrile seizure

text: A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion, is a seizure associated with an increased body temperature but without any intracranial infection. Febrile seizures affect 2–7% of children and are more common in boys than girls. They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years with a higher incidence around 18 month of age. Most seizures last less than five minutes, and the child typically recovers quickly. There are two types: simple febrile seizures and complex febrile seizures Simple febrile seizures involve an otherwise healthy child with a single, one episode of generalized seizure lasting less than 15 minutes. Complex febrile seizures have one of more of the following: focal symptoms such as jerking of only one side of the body, duration of > 15 minutes, or 2 or more seizures within 24 hours. About 60-70% are classified as simple febrile seizures and 30-40% complex.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Febrile seizures are triggered by fever, typically due to a viral infection. The underlying mechanism is not fully known, but it is thought to involve genetics, environmental factors, brain immaturity, and inflammatory mediators. The rapid rise and decrease of the body temperature is not the main mechanism for febrile seizure occurrence. The diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain, and there have not been prior seizures without a fever. Blood testing, imaging of the brain, or an electroencephalogram (EEG) are typically not needed. Examination to determine the source of the fever is important.[2,7] In otherwise healthy-looking children a lumbar puncture is not necessarily required.


title: Febrile seizure

text: After a single febrile seizure there is an approximately 35% chance of having another one during childhood. Neither anti-seizure medication nor anti-fever medication are recommended in an effort to prevent further febrile seizures. Efforts to rapidly cool the child’s body during a seizure have not been extensively studied but are not recommended. The long term outcome of children with febrile seizures is generally excellent with similar academic achievements to other children. There is strong evidence that children with febrile seizures have a slightly increased risk of epilepsy at 2-3% compared to the general population risk of about 1%.


title: Febrile seizure

text: In general, the child's temperature is greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F), although most have a fever of 39 °C (102.2 °F). Most febrile seizures occur during the first 24 hours of developing a fever. Signs of typical seizure activity include loss of consciousness, opened upturned eyes, irregular breathing, increased secretions or foaming at the mouth, and the child may look pale or blue (cyanotic). Sometimes, the body stiffens with rhythmic jerk of arms and legs. The child may be incontinent (wet or soil themselves) and may also vomit. After the seizure the child may be seemingly lifeless for several minutes (the postictal state). The occurrence of febrile seizure is often a shock for the family and the postictal state is frequently perceived as part of the seizure.


title: Febrile seizure

text: There are two main types of febrile seizures: simple and complex. The distinction between simple and complex is based on the risk of subsequent epilepsy. Simple febrile seizures have a very low risk (~2%) of later epilepsy (seizures without fever). The risk of epilepsy following complex febrile seizures depends on the number of complex features with each factor adding about a 5% risk. Thus children with all three factors have a risk of subsequent epilepsy of about 15%. Febrile status epilepticus (FSE) implies that the seizure lasts for longer than 30 minutes. It occurs in up to 5% of febrile seizure cases and has some special long term concerns (see below).


title: Febrile seizure

text: Febrile seizures are brought out by fever,[2] usually higher than 38 °C (100.4 °F). The cause of the fever is often a viral illness. The likelihood of a febrile seizure is not related to how high the temperature reaches. It has been long thought that the rate of rise of the body temperature (i.e. how fast the temperature goes up) is important. but it is now clear that it is not the main driver. In children, illnesses that often cause a fever include middle ear infections and viral upper respiratory infections. Other infections associated with febrile seizures include Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, and particularly Roseola (HHV6). How these infections provoke febrile seizures remains unclear. Is it just the fever or could there be direct invasion of the brain or the effect of a neurotoxin?


title: Febrile seizure

text: There is a small chance of a febrile seizure after certain vaccines. The risk is only increased for about 10 days after receiving one of the implicated vaccines during the time when the child is likely to develop a fever as a natural immune response. Implicated vaccines include<ref name="10.1002/14651858.C"></ref>


title: Febrile seizure

text: Overall, vaccination is rarely followed by febrile seizures. The MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccine may have a slightly higher risk for febrile seizures than MMR alone.<ref name="10.1002/14651858.CD004407"></ref> For children with a genetic predisposition for febrile seizures, vaccines may induce a febrile seizure simply by causing fever. The risk of febrile seizures does not appear to outweigh the benefits of routine immunization. Importantly, experiencing a febrile seizure following immunization does not constitute as an adverse reaction.


title: Febrile seizure

text: There is evidence that many children with febrile seizures have a genetic predisposition to have febrile seizures.[5] If a child with a febrile seizure has an identical twin (monozygotic), the twin is much more likely to also have a febrile seizure than if the twin is non-identical (dyzygotic). First degree relatives (mother, father, sibling) of a child with febrile seizures have a risk of 10-15% of having a febrile seizure compared with the general risk in the population of only 3-4%. At least 20 chromosomal areas have been linked to febrile seizures and several of the specific mutated genes coming from these areas have been identified (for example, SCNA1, SCN1B, SNCA9A, GPR98,GABRG2).


title: Febrile seizure

text: The exact pattern of inheritance of febrile seizure susceptibility genes is usually unclear. In two situations the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant – Dravet syndrome and GEFS+. Dravet syndrome is a serious epilepsy syndrome caused by mutations in the gene SCN1A. These children have prolonged, often focal, febrile seizures in the first year of life followed by severe epilepsy. Dravet syndrome is usually not inherited. The syndrome of GEFS+ (genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus) is an inherited condition (autosomal dominant) also with mutations in the SCN1A gene. Here, affected family members most often have febrile seizures that may be followed by later development if a variety of types of epilepsy (defined as unprovoked seizures).


title: Febrile seizure

text: Risk factors for an initial febrile seizure include a family history of febrile seizures, delay in going home after birth, possible slow development and possibly attendance at day care (increasing the risk of illnesses). Children with all of these factors have a risk for a first febrile seizure of about 30%.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Febrile seizures are more likely to occur in children with developmental delay. The effect of socio-economic status has not been extensively studied although lower socio-economic status is associated with a higher rate of infectious illness, so might well contribute to a higher risk of febrile seizures.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Studies in developing countries have shown an association between febrile seizures and iron deficiency anemia. There is also evidence that serum zinc levels are, on average, lower in children with febrile seizures than those without. Unfortunately supplemental zinc treatment does not seem to prevent recurrent febrile seizures.


title: Febrile seizure

text: The exact underlying mechanism of febrile seizures is still unknown, but it is thought to be multi-factorial involving genetic and environmental factors. Clearly, febrile seizures have something to do with brain maturity but it is unclear why the immature brain is more vulnerable to the effects of fever. One proposal is that inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines play a role in febrile seizures. There are many cytokines and their roles in the body are complicated; some are important for fever, others affect brain excitability. There is some evidence that children with febrile seizures have different amounts of some cytokines compared with children without febrile seizures. Additionally, there is compelling evidence that febrile seizures are an age-related phenomenon due to increased excitability of the brain during normal development.<ref name="10.1016/B978-012078141-6/50013-5"></ref>


title: Febrile seizure

text: If the child is still having a seizure at the time of assessment, emergency treatment to stop the seizure should be initiated, usually with intravenous diazepam, lorazepam or midazolam. If intravenous access is difficult then rectal diazepam or intranasal midazolam or intramuscular midazolam may be effective. Once the seizure has stopped then the diagnosis of a febrile seizure can be confirmed by gathering a detailed history including the value of highest temperature recorded, timing of seizure and fever, seizure characteristics, time to return to baseline, vaccination history, illness exposures, and family history. A careful physical exam is important to try to find the source of the fever, exclude meningitis and assess neurological status. Mimics of febrile seizures include shivering, febrile delirium, febrile myoclonus, breath holding spells, convulsive syncope and benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Meningitis and encephalitis must be excluded which may be challenging since small children may not show the typical signs of meningitis such as stiff neck. Children who are immunized against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae have a low risk of bacterial meningitis although there are other bacteria that may cause meningitis. Viral meningitis or encephalitis may present with a seizure. The most effective way to rule out meningitis/encephalitis is a lumbar puncture with analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. If a child has recovered quickly from the seizure and is acting normally, then bacterial meningitis is very unlikely and a lumbar puncture is unnecessary. If there is doubt, then a lumbar puncture is recommended because the consequences of delayed treatment of meningitis may be catastrophic. Lumbar puncture is recommended if there are obvious signs and symptoms of meningitis, there is high clinical suspicion, the child has not recovered quickly or if the child lacks immunization against Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococcus or vaccination status is unknown. In particular a lumbar puncture should be considered in children younger than 12 months of age since the signs and symptoms of meningitis may be subtle. Blood tests, brain imaging and an electroencephalogram are generally not needed. However, for complex febrile seizures, EEG and imaging with an MRI of the brain may be considered; although there is no compelling data to support either investigation.


title: Febrile seizure

text: After a first febrile seizure, the overall risk of another febrile seizure during another febrile illness is 30-40%, and this typically occurs within the next year. The most consistent factor that increases the risk of recurrence is age less than one year. Other factors that increase the risk of recurrence are a family history of febrile seizures, a low temperature (<39C) at the time of the first seizure, and a short duration of fever before the first febrile seizure. Children with none of these factors have a recurrence risk of about 20% and those will all of the factors have a risk of about 60-70%. Children with focal febrile seizures may be at increased risk of recurrence although other complex features (2 or more seizures during the same illness and prolonged febrile seizures) do not increase the risk of recurrence.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Drugs to prevent recurrent febrile seizures have been administered in two ways – continuous daily medication and intermittent medication to be given just at the time of fever. Daily phenytoin, valproate, pyridoxine and zinc sulfate do not prevent further febrile seizures. Daily phenobarbital does reduce the risk of recurrence but about 30% of children treated in this way have significant side effects and it is not recommended. Intermittent use of phenobarbital is ineffective. Intermittent use of rectal or oral diazepam at the time of fever does somewhat decrease the chance of recurrence although side effects are common, especially extreme tiredness which may increase the concern for meningitis. With oral diazepam at the time of fever, 14 children need to be treated to prevent one febrile seizure. Intermittent use of clobazam may be effective but has not been sufficiently studied. There is no evidence to support the use of fever reducing medications (antipyretic medications) such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or diclofenac the time of fever to prevent a recurrent febrile seizure. Especially when the ambient temperature is high, tepid sponging plus antipyretic medications has a modest effect on reducing the temperature of febrile children although the value of this treatment to prevent febrile seizures is not documented. Rapid cooling methods such as an ice bath or a cold bath should be avoided.


title: Febrile seizure

text: There is special concern for those with a single seizure lasting greater than 5 minutes, if the child becomes cyanotic, or two consecutive seizures lasting greater than 5 minutes without recovery between the seizures because the seizure is likely to continue for 30 minutes or more (febrile status epilepticus or FSE). ] Status epilepticus may damage the brain (see below) and should be stopped promptly with medications such as intravenous lorazepam, rectal or intranasal diazepam, or intranasal midazolam. Fortunately, most children with FSE recover completely with normal intelligence.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Although a few concerns have been raised (see below), the long-term outcomes are generally good with little risk of neurological problems or epilepsy. Those who have one febrile seizure have an approximately 30- 40% chance of having another one in the next two years, with the risk being greater in those who are younger. Simple febrile seizures do not tend to recur frequently (children tend to outgrow them) and are associated with a slight increase in later epilepsy (about 2-3%) compared with the general public without febrile seizures (1%). As noted above, children with a first febrile convulsion are more likely to have a recurrent febrile seizure if they were young at their first seizure (less than 18 months old), have a family history of a febrile convulsions in first-degree relatives (a parent or sibling), have a short time between the onset of fever and the seizure, had a low degree of fever before their seizure, or have a history of abnormal neurological signs or developmental delay. Children with a first prolonged febrile seizure are not at increased risk of a recurrent febrile seizure; however, if there is a recurrence, it is also likely to be prolonged. Similarly, the overall prognosis after a complex febrile seizure is usually excellent. About 10-15% will eventually develop epilepsy but 85-90% will not. A single, very large study from Denmark suggested that, compared with the normal population, children with complex febrile seizures had a slightly increased risk of death in the two years after their first febrile seizure. This increase appeared mostly to be related to the development of epilepsy or low birth weight, neonatal asphxyia and congenital malformations. Once two years had passed since their first febrile seizure, children with complex febrile seizures no longer had an increased risk of death.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Another, very large study from Denmark has explored the relationship between febrile seizures and subsequent psychiatric disorders. “Compared to the group of children without seizures, the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder was marginally elevated for children with a history of febrile seizures” during the ~20 years after the febrile seizures. A continuing controversial issue is the relationship between prolonged febrile seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy. This issue began with the observation that patients with drug resistant epilepsy beginning in one of their temporal lobes often showed the pathologic features of hippocampal sclerosis when the temporal lobe was surgically removed. (The hippocampus is a part of the temporal lobe that is important for memory formation). Patients with hippocampal sclerosis often had preceding, very long febrile seizures in infancy (Febrile Status Epilepticus FSE). Studies with very long, intense seizures in baboons found that the temporal lobe could be damaged by these seizures. However, not all hippocampal sclerosis is associated with FSE. Major questions that remain incompletely answered are: how often do prolonged febrile seizures cause hippocampal sclerosis and how many children with hippocampal sclerosis develop drug resistant epilepsy? The first question has been addressed by two major studies. One MRI study of children with FSE (FEBSTAT) (>1 hour in most) found about 10% of children have one-sided hippocampal swelling within a few days of the febrile prolonged seizure. A year later about half of those with early hippocampal swelling had hippocampal sclerosis suggesting that about 5% of children with very long febrile seizure later develop hippocampal sclerosis. How many of these children will develop drug resistant epilepsy is still unknown. Another MRI study found that shortly after FSE, swelling of both hippocampi was common but this resolved 4–8 months later without mesial temporal sclerosis. One long follow up study suggested that the risk of febrile status followed by hippocampal sclerosis and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is low - approximately one of every 150 children.


title: Febrile seizure

text: Febrile seizures happen between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. The peak age for a febrile seizure is 18 months, with the most common age range being 12–30 months of age. They affect between 2-5% of children. They are more common in boys than girls. Febrile seizures can occur in any ethnic group, although there have been higher rates in Guamanians (14%), Japanese (6-9%) and Indians (5-10%).


title: Febrile seizure

text: Nearly all children with febrile seizures have a good long term prognosis. Febrile seizures are not easily anticipated and often recur. Later epilepsy is uncommon.[1,5] Even prolonged febrile seizures typically do not have sequelae. however, febrile seizures are frightening for parents – most fear that their child is dying during the seizure. Reassurance is nearly always the most important part of treatment, joined with appropriate counseling about risk of recurrent febrile seizures and appropriate management during subsequent seizures.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead is a 1995 American crime film directed by Gary Fleder and written by Scott Rosenberg. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Andy García, Christopher Lloyd, Treat Williams, Steve Buscemi, Christopher Walken, Fairuza Balk and Gabrielle Anwar.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: The film's title comes from a Warren Zevon song of the same name, recorded on his 1991 album "Mr. Bad Example", which he allowed under the condition that the song be played during the end credits. The lead character's name, "Jimmy the Saint," comes from the Bruce Springsteen song "Lost in the Flood" from his 1973 album "Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J." The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: The film was a box office bomb and received negative reviews from critics, with many dismissing it as a ""Pulp Fiction" clone".


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: Trying to go straight, ex-gangster Jimmy "The Saint" Tosnia runs Afterlife Advice in Denver, where dying people videotape messages for their loved ones. His business isn't doing well and his former boss, a local crime lord known as "The Man With The Plan," has bought up his debt in order to command a favor involving the crime lord's son, Bernard, who has been arrested for child molestation. The Man With The Plan, who was left a quadriplegic after an attempt on his life, wants Jimmy to persuade Bernard's ex-girlfriend Meg to come back to him; The Man With the Plan believes this will cure Bernard of his pedophilia.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: A reluctant Jimmy recruits his friends Easy Wind, Pieces, Big Bear Franchise and the rage-prone Critical Bill. The plan is to have Pieces and Critical Bill pose as police officers, intercept Meg's current boyfriend, Bruce, and intimidate him until he agrees to break up with Meg. Things go wrong when Bruce grows suspicious of the two men's identities and mocks them, whereupon Critical Bill stabs Bruce in the throat. The commotion wakes up Meg, sleeping in the back of Bruce's van. Meg's appearance startles Pieces, who accidentally shoots her dead. The Man With The Plan is furious at the outcome of their botched mission. He informs Jimmy that he will allow him to live, as long as he leaves Denver, but his crew have been sentenced to "buckwheats" to be assassinated in a gruesome and painful manner.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: Jimmy's friends come to terms with their impending deaths as they are stalked by a hit man, Mr. Shhh, who never fails. Pieces accepts his fate, with Mr. Shhh providing a quick death. Easy Wind goes into hiding with a gang lord called Baby Sinister, but is given up after Mr. Shhh infiltrates and kills most of Sinister's entourage. Because Franchise has a family to raise, Jimmy pleads with The Man With The Plan to spare his life. The Man With The Plan agrees to Jimmy's terms but betrays him anyway by having Franchise killed. The betrayal makes Jimmy vengeful; in turn, Jimmy is also sentenced to die.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: Mr. Shhh finally locates Critical Bill holed up in his apartment, but is ambushed by Bill and the two end up killing each other. In the wake of Mr. Shhh's death, the contract on Jimmy falls to a trio of Mexican brothers. In his final hours, Jimmy says goodbye to a young woman he had fallen in love with, Dagney. Knowing that he will most likely be killed, Jimmy murders Bernard for all the misery he indirectly brought upon the group. He also impregnates Lucinda, a prostitute, in order to fulfill her wish of becoming a mother. In a pre-recorded Afterlife Advice video, Jimmy gives life advice to his unborn child. The trio of killers catches up to Jimmy and he takes his death gracefully. The Man With The Plan is seen mourning his son's death. Jimmy and his friends are then seen together having "boat drinks" in the afterlife.


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 34% based on reviews from 29 critics, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Just watch a Tarantino movie instead—and buy a Warren Zevon record while you're at it." On Metacritic it has a score of 46% based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "On balance, I think it's an interesting miss, but a movie you might enjoy if (a) you don't expect a masterpiece, and (b) you like the dialogue in Quentin Tarantino movies."


title: Pittsburgh toilet

text: A Pittsburgh toilet, or Pittsburgh potty, is a common fixture in pre-World War II houses built in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States and the surrounding region. It consists of an ordinary flush toilet installed in the basement, with no surrounding walls. Most of these toilets are paired with a crude basement shower apparatus and large sink, which often doubles as a laundry basin. Also, because western Pennsylvania is a steep topographical zone, many basements have their own entryway, allowing homeowners to enter from their yard or garage, cleanse themselves in their basement, and then ascend their basement stairs refreshed. Its primary function was to serve as a cleanup station for steel mill workers to clean themselves after returning from work. The toilet fixtures would also limit the harm of sewage backups in hilly Pittsburgh, providing a lower, flushable outlet than the main part of the house.


title: Pittsburgh toilet

text: The most popular explanation for the Pittsburgh toilet is related to Pittsburgh's status as a major industrial city in the 20th century. According to this explanation, toilets such as these were said to be used by steelworkers and miners who, grimy from the day's labor, could use an exterior door to enter the basement directly from outside and use the basement's shower and toilet before heading upstairs.


title: Pittsburgh toilet

text: Some have argued that Pittsburgh toilets in fact became popular for reasons other than the needs of industrial workers, and that they instead mainly served to prevent sewage backups from flooding the living areas of homes. As sewage backups tend to flood the lowest fixture in a residence, a Pittsburgh toilet would be the fixture to overflow.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall Wayne Windham (born December 15, 1967) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is the son of Blackjack Mulligan and the brother of Barry Windham. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall Windham started wrestling in 1984 for Championship Wrestling from Florida, making his debut on June 10 in Tampa, FL in a win over Jack Hart (Barry Horowitz). He was very skinny but had the same moves and looks as his older brother, Barry.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall began his career facing and defeating Hart in various house show matches around the circuit. On June 23, 1985, the rookie competed in a tournament to crown the NWA Florida Heavyweight Champion, wrestling Rip Rogers to a draw. He remained undefeated until he was finally pinned by Jack Hart at a house show in Orlando, FL. Two months later he gained his first title, defeating Hart to win the Florida Heavyweight Championship on September 2, 1985 at the NWA Battle Of The Belts in Tampa, FL. Windham retained the title against Jack Hart in rematches, and cast as good guy (face) he teamed with his brother Barry to feud with Ron Bass and Kevin Sullivan's "cult".


title: Kendall Windham

text: On February 22, 1986 Kendall finally lost the Florida title to The Cuban Assassin (Fidel Sierra) at a TV taping in Tampa. The loss was avenged a few weeks later when Windham regained the title at another TV taping on On March 30, 1986 he defeated The White Ninja (The Great Muta), beginning a feud with the future superstar and partner Kendo Nagasaki.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In May 1986, the Florida title was vacated, but Kendall participated in a tournament to crown the next champion. He defeated the White Ninja and Jerry Grey to regain the title for a third time on May 18, 1986, but lost the title to the Ninja three days later at a TV taping. On June 9 he won the belt for a fourth time by defeating the White Ninja in a cage match in Orlando, FL. Kendall defended the championship successfully against the Ninja and Kendo Nagasaki before losing the title to Ron Bass on July 15, 1986.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall feuded with Ron Bass for the remainder of the summer of 1986 but was unable to regain the championship. On September 1, 1986, he faced Chris Champion for the NWA Florida Bahamian Title at the NWA Battle Of The Belts III event in Daytona Beach, FL, winning via disqualification. He then resumed his feud with Kendo Nagasaki, defeating him in numerous house show matches in the fall of 1986. On December 12, 1986, he received his first ever shot at the NWA World Championship, wrestling Ric Flair in a loss at a house show in Tampa. Kendall closed out the year teaming with Vic Steamboat in a tournament to crown the vacant NWA Florida Tag-Team Championship, losing in the finals to The New Breed on December 25, 1986.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Windham and Steamboat were unsuccessful in rematches with the New Breed in January 1987, but did defeat The Sheepherders and The Shock Troops (Ed Gantner & Kareem Muhammad) that month. He continued to wrestle for the CWF throughout the spring, and Kendall's final match came against The Tahitian Prince in Jacksonville, FL on May 25, 1987.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In 1987, he ventured to the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions, making his debut on the June 2nd, 1987 taping of Worldwide Wrestling and defeating Thunderfoot #1. Three days later he sustained his first loss, falling to NWA Television Champion Tully Blanchard at a house show in Richmond, VA. Unlike his brother, Kendall found himself as an opening match wrestler on the house show circuit and lost to Eddie Gilbert and Arn Anderson. On June 27, 1987, he teamed with Barry for the first time in JCP, facing The Midnight Express in a losing effort at a house show in Fayetteville, NC.


title: Kendall Windham

text: That summer he began teaming with Todd Champion and feuded with The MOD Squad (Spike and Basher). The feud also carried over to a second partnership that he formed, this time with The Italian Stallion. On August 29, 1987, the duo battled The MOD Squad to a time limit draw on NWA Worldwide. Windham also formed another team, this time with Jimmy Valiant and competed frequently on the house show circuit. On the October 24, 1987 edition of Worldwide Wrestling, Kendall Windham challenged Lex Luger unsuccessfully for the NWA United States Championship. On December 1, 1987, he earned a non-title match against NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair, but was pinned.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall entered 1988 mired in the preliminary ranks, losing to Larry Zybysko, Arn Anderson, NWA Florida Champion Rick Steiner and The Powers of Pain. On February 14, 19898 he teamed with the Stallion in a losing effort against Shaska Whatley & Tiger Conway Jr. in Greenville, NC, after which the team went on hiatus. Two months later he formed a new tandem, this time with Ricky Santana and defeated The Sheepherders (Bushwhackers) via disqualification on April 8, 1988 at a house show in Houston, TX. Less than two weeks later they made their televised debut, again defeating The Sheepherders via disqualification on the April 17th edition of The Main Event. A week later Santana and Windham beat The Sheepherders by pinfall on the Main Event.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Meanwhile he restarted his team with the Stallion again to enter the 3rd Annual Jim Crockett Sr. Memorial Cup, defeating The Terminator and The Green Machine (wrestler)The Green Machine in the opening round via forfeit in Greenville, SC. Windham and the Stallion fell in the second round to NWA Tag Team Champions Arn Anderson & Barry Windham later that day.


title: Kendall Windham

text: On the May 1, 1988, edition of "The Main Event", The Sheepherders gained a measure of revenge, as they teamed with Rip Morgan to defeat Windham, Santana, and Johnny Ace. On May 8, 1988 he subbed for Larry Zybysko at a house show in Greenville, SC to take on partner Ricky Santana in a bout that went to a draw. After this Kendall resumed his team with Stallion, facing The Powers of Pain, The Midnight Express, The Varsity Club, and Larry Zybysko & Al Perez that summer. On July 10, 1988 he teamed with Tim Horner to fall to Rick Steiner & Dick Murdoch in a pre-PPV match for the 1988 Great American Bash (the match aired live on The Main Event). On August 20 Windham and Stallion finally gained a televised victory, beating Keith Steinborn & Don Valentine on World Championship Wrestling.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall Windham took a hiatus that fall, and when he returned in December it was with a new partner. On the December 10th edition of "World Championship Wrestling", he formed "The Texas Broncos with another second-generation wrestler, Dustin Rhodes. The two young wrestlers faced The Cruel Connection in their debut match. They began facing The Original Midnight Express on the house show circuit, falling up short in each encounter. Meanwhile on television the Broncos remained undefeated, facing a variety of preliminary competition.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In January 1989 on NWA Worldwide the Broncos suffered their first televised defeat, falling to Al Perez and Larry Zybysko. This marked the final appearance for the Broncos, as Dustin Rhodes would soon depart for the newly formed Professional Wrestling Federation. In a match aired on January 28, 1989, Kendall teamed with Eddie Gilbert against his brother Barry and J. J. Dillon of the Four Horsemen. Kendall turned on Gilbert and joined Barry and held up the four fingers to the camera. Before the next show, Dillon left for the WWF and the Horsemen name was dropped. Kendall began teaming with Barry but his association with the Horsemen was short-lived. James J Dillon would leave the promotion shortly thereafter. he Windhams and Flair were given a new manager, Hiro Matsuda, and a new stable name, "Yamasaki Corporation".


title: Kendall Windham

text: On the March 18, 1989 edition of "World Championship Wrestling", Kendall teamed with Barry to defeat United States Champion Lex Luger and Michael Hayes); during the match Hayes turned on his partner to join the Yamasaki Corporation. The stable would grow to include Butch Reed as well, although the group would not remain together for long. Barry Windham would leave the promotion in March 1988, and following a loss to Lex Luger at a house show in Memphis, TN on April 20th he too would depart the NWA for Florida


title: Kendall Windham

text: On June 27, 1989, Windham won the FCW Heavyweight Championship from Dustin Rhodes. He obtained a new manager, Oliver Humperdink, and feuded with Rhodes. He soon left Humperdink for Robert Fuller's Stud Stable and by the end of 1989, was a member of Ron Slinker's "Strike Command". In 1990, he left Slinker and teamed with Fuller to win the Tag Team Titles, Upon losing them, they split and feuded.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Eight months after departing WCW for the PWF, Windham made his return to the Turner promotion. Appearing on the Dec 9, 1989 episode of World Championship Wrestling, he defeated Bob Ryder. The following week he defeated Trent Knight and discussed his return to WCW. He next appeared on the Jan 6, 1990 edition of WCW Pro and was defeated by Brian Pillman. His final appearance came in a match against Tommy Rich on Jan 16, 1990 at an event in Camp LeJune, NC.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Windham returned to wrestling in 1992 for Florida's ICWA promotion where he feuded with Pat Tanaka and Kevin Sullivan. He had put on some more weight in prison and was considered a heavyweight instead of a light heavyweight.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Later that year Kendall teamed with Dan Spivey for a tour of All Japan Pro Wrestling. He made his debut for the promotion on Nov 14, 1992 in Omiya, Japan in a losing effort to the Miracle Violence Connection. Spivey and Windham competed in the AJPW Real World Tag League 1992 event, and on Nov 17th defeated Dory Funk Jr and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi. On December 1, 1992, he teamed with Johnny Ace in a losing effort against Joel Deaton and Andre the Giant in Ishikawa, Japan. The tour ended with Spivey and Windham facing Billy Black and Joel Deaton on Dec 4th in Tokyo.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Windham returned to All Japan the following year to participate in the AJPW Summer Action Series 1993. He wrestled in multiple singles matches on the tour, facing Jun Akiyama, Pete Roberts, and Takao Omori. On July 7, 1993, Windham teamed with Big Bubba (Big Bossman) to defeat Akira Taue & Takao Omori in Hyogo, Japan. Later that fall he participated in the AJPW Giant Series 1993, again teaming with Big Bossman as well as Stan Hansen and Ted Dibiase.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Kendall returned to WCW on July 10, 1993, teaming with Mark Starr to face The Hollywood Blonds on WCW Worldwide. On the December 25th episode of Worldwide he teamed with an unknown wrestler to face Pretty Wonderful in an unsuccessful effort. At the same taping in Orlando, Florida he was defeated by Paul Roma.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Windham surfaced on January 14, 1995 in ECW, defeating Hack Myers at a house show in Davie, FL. Two days later he defeated Prey of the Dead (Horace Hogan) at a show in Ft. Lauderdale, FL.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Windham returned to WCW on September 15, 1997. His head now shaved, he lost to Chris Adams in a dark match for Monday Nitro in Charlotte, NC. A month later he made his next appearance, defeating Chavo Guerrero Jr. on WCW Pro. Four days later he would beat old rival Bobby Eaton on WCW Saturday Night. Kendall would initially feud with Chris Adams and Jim Duggan. He made his first official PPV appearance at WCW World War 3 on November 23, 1997, competing in the 60 person battle royal.


title: Kendall Windham

text: On January 22, 1998, he became one of the earlier participants in the Goldberg Win Streak, losing to Bill Goldberg on WCW Thunder. Windham continued to feud with Duggan while remaining victorious over lower-level opponents, including El Dandy, Tim Cheeks, and Evan Karagias. As the year progressed however, he began to register more defeats, falling to Perry Saturn, Jim Neidhart, Fit Finlay, Dean Malenko, and Dale Torborg. On November 17, 1998 he unsuccessfully challenged Chris Jericho for the WCW World Television title on WCW Saturday Night.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In 1999, when WCW created a hardcore division, he entered it briefly and feuded with Hardcore Hak. In June, Windham joined The West Texas Rednecks in what would be the biggest push of his career. The Rednecks were his brother Barry, Curt Hennig and Bobby Duncum Jr. They were supposed to be heels feuding with Master P's rappers, the "No Limit Soldiers", but the southern fans of WCW cheered the Rednecks instead. The angle was quickly dropped and they moved on to a feud with "Harlem Heat" (Booker T and Stevie Ray). Kendall gained his first WCW championship when he and Barry defeated Harlem Heat for the WCW World Tag Team Titles on August 23, 1999 at a Monday Nitro in Las Vegas, NV.


title: Kendall Windham

text: The new champions successfully defended their titles against Kenny Kaos and Prince Iaukea on a Nitro airing from Unionsdale, NY on August 30. A day later, The Windham Brothers defeated The Texas Outlaws on WCW Saturday Night. On September 10, the Windhams defeated Billy Kidman and Konnan at a house show in Baltimore, MD. At the WCW Fall Brawl 99 PPV on September 12, 1999, Kendall and Barry defended against Harlem Heat in a rematch but were defeated for the titles. The Windhams would attempt to regain their titles against Harlem Heat at a Nitro on September 27 but were unsuccessful.


title: Kendall Windham

text: As fall progressed Kendall began teaming with fellow West Texas Redneck stablemate Curly Bill (Virgil), facing Harlem Heat at numerous house shows. While falling short against the Heat, the new team defeated El Dandy and La Parka on WCW Worldwide on October 10, followed by Disorderly Conduct. Kendall's final WCW match came in a tag with Curly Bill against The Armstrongs (Scott Armstrong and Steve Armstrong) on WCW Worldwide on November 9, 1999.


title: Kendall Windham

text: By the end of 1999, all of the West Memphis Rednecks had left WCW. Kendall next appeared in the WWC, defeating Dutch Mantell in his debut on December 18, 1999 in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. He then challenged Ray González for the WWC Universal Championship on May 6, 2000 in a match that went to a double countout. That summer Barry joined the promotion, and on July 16, 2000, the Windham Brothers defeated The Public Enemy at the WWC 27th Aniversario show. On September 2, 2000 the Windhams defeated La Artilleria Pesada (Lightning & Thunder) to win the WWC Tag-Team Championship.


title: Kendall Windham

text: At the same time Kendall also wrestled im NWA Florida in the fall of 2000, defeating The Stone Mountain in a tournament to crown the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. He later teamed with Fidel Sierra to wrestle The New Heavenly Bodies (Chris Nelson & Vito DeNucci) at the NWA Florida OktoberSLAM! card on October 17, 2000.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In November 2000 the Windhams traveled to All Japan Pro Wrestling to participate in the AJPW Real World Tag League 2000 event. They started out the series in victorious fashion, defeating Genichiro Tenryu & Nobutaka Araya in Tokyo, Japan on November 19. The Windham Brothers were largely victorious during the tour, defeating Mike Rotundo & Steve Williams, Dan Kroffat & Yoshiaki Fujiwara, and Masahito Kakihara & Shigeo Okumura. They closed out the event by defeating Nobutaka Araya & Shigeo Okumura in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Kendall Windham

text: The Windhams then returned to WWC to defend their tag-team championship in December 2000. However, in their first defense on December 16, 2000, they were defeated by La Artilleria Pesada in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Kendall and Barry had a rematch on January 7, 2001 in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico but were defeated. This marked the final match in Kendall's career.


title: Kendall Windham

text: Mike Rotunda is married to Windham's sister. His nephews, Windham and Taylor, wrestled for WWE as Bray Wyatt and Bo Dallas respectively. He has a son named Wyatt. He is currently president of a security business in Brandon, Florida.


title: Kendall Windham

text: In 1990, Windham and his father Blackjack Mulligan were arrested by the US Secret Service in a joint investigation with the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) for counterfeiting. The authorities found close to $500,000 in phony $20 bills. As a result of a plea agreement, both father and son spent 24 months in a federal prison and were released in 1992.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" is the first single released on "Third Album" by The Jackson 5. It was written by Berry Gordy, Hal Davis, Bob West, and Willie Hutch.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The song was recorded by The Jackson 5 and released by Motown Records on August 28, 1970, as the first single from their "Third Album" on the same date. Produced by the songwriters, "I'll Be There" was The Jackson 5's fourth number-one hit in a row (after "I Want You Back" in 1969, "ABC" and "The Love You Save" earlier in 1970), making them the first group to have their first four singles reach number one and the first black male group with four consecutive number-one pop hits. "I'll Be There" is also notable as the most successful single released by Motown during its "Detroit era" (1959–72). In 2011, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The cover version/duet by Mariah Carey and Trey Lorenz was recorded during Carey's appearance on "MTV Unplugged" in 1992, and released as the first single from her EP "MTV Unplugged" in the second quarter of 1992. Co-produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, "I'll Be There" became Carey's sixth number-one single in the US, and her biggest hit elsewhere at the time.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: In his autobiography "Moon Walk", Michael Jackson noted that "I'll Be There" was the song that solidified The Jackson 5's careers and showed audiences that the group had potential beyond bubblegum pop. Said Allmusic about the song, "Rarely, if ever, had one so young sung with so much authority and grace, investing this achingly tender ballad with wisdom and understanding far beyond his years". Jackson turned 12 one day after the song was released.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The most successful single ever released by the Jackson 5, "I'll Be There" sold 4.2 million copies in the United States, and 6.1 million copies worldwide. It replaced Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" as the most successful single released on Motown in the US, a record it held until the release of Lionel Richie's duet with Diana Ross, "Endless Love" (1981). Outside the US, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" remained Motown's biggest-selling record with worldwide sales of over seven million copies.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The song held the number-one position on the "Billboard" Pop Singles Chart for five weeks from October 17 to November 14, replacing "Cracklin' Rosie" by Neil Diamond; it was succeeded by "I Think I Love You" by The Partridge Family. "I'll Be There" was also a number-one hit on the "Billboard" Best Selling Soul Singles Chart for six weeks, and a number 4 hit in the United Kingdom. The single's B-side was "One More Chance", a song from their second album.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" was the Jackson 5's final number-one Hot 100 hit as a group. For the rest of their career as a major-label act, Jackson 5 singles would climb no higher than number 2. Michael Jackson scored numerous number-one hits as a solo artist, beginning with "Ben" in 1972.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" remains one of the most popular of the Jackson 5's hits, and has been covered by a number of artists, including Josie and the Pussycats and Mariah Carey, whose cover brought the song back into the public's consciousness two decades after its original release.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: Willie Hutch, who was an original co-writer on the song, recorded a version for his 1973 album "Fully Exposed".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: Green Day has frequently performed a live medley beginning with their original song "King For A Day", morphing into The Isley Brothers' "Shout" and breaks into a smaller medley including The Penguins' "Earth Angel", "I'll Be There", and Ben E. King's "Stand by Me", then back into "Shout".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The song was performed in the "Jackson 5 medley" during all of Michael's tours: The Bad, Dangerous and HIStory tours.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The song was performed by Michael Jackson in the 2009 film "Michael Jackson's This Is It". However, the song was performed by Jackson and backup singers as if they were the Jackson 5. During the song, clips of the Jackson 5 are shown. At the end of the song, Michael dedicates the song to all of his brothers and his parents.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" was used for a Pepsi commercial during the Dangerous World Tour in 1992. The commercial featured Michael playing the song on his home piano, remembering the Jackson 5 days until his younger self arrives to sing the song with him. Kids Incorporated covered "I'll Be There" in 1992 in the season 8 episode "Lay Off".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: In 2000, the song was recorded by Irish boy band Westlife on the "Deluxe Edition" of their album "Coast to Coast".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey had included "I'll Be There" as a last-minute addition to her "MTV Unplugged" setlist, after she had been informed that most acts on the show commonly perform at least one cover. "I'll Be There" was the sixth track on Carey's "MTV Unplugged" special, taped on March 16, 1992. It was performed as a romantic duet, with Carey singing Michael Jackson's lines and R&B singer Trey Lorenz singing Jermaine Jackson's lines. The program and resulting "MTV Unplugged" album were produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff, who played the piano for the performance. Boyz II Men's Wanya Morris sang the song with Carey in the concert home video, "".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: The "MTV Unplugged" special aired on May 20, 1992, and was a notable success. Carey's label, Columbia Records, received many requests to release "I'll Be There" as a single, which had not been planned. A radio edit of the song was created which removed dialogue portions of the performance, and "I'll Be There" was released as a single. In the US, the song was issued with "So Blessed" as a B-side; in the United Kingdom, the "I'll Be There" single included the live version of "Vision of Love", and the album versions of "If It's Over" and "All in Your Mind".


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" was nominated for the 1993 Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song, losing both categories to Boyz II Men's "End of the Road". The "I'll Be There" music video, directed by Larry Jordan, was compiled from footage of Carey's "MTV Unplugged" appearance.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: During Michael Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, Carey and Lorenz sang their rendition of the song in tribute to Jackson 17 years after their first performance together.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: Regularly, "I'll Be There" has been featured on Carey's catalog albums included on "#1's" (1998), "Greatest Hits" (2001), "The Ballads" (2008), "The Essential Mariah Carey" (2011), and "#1 to Infinity" (2015).


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: AllMusic editor Shawn M. Haney highlighted it and wrote, "...the power and esteem of these tales lift to new heights and remain at a peak with the breathtaking, moment-making performance of "I'll Be There"." Larry Flick from "Billboard" stated that Carey "delivers an astonishingly restrained and soulful rendition". He added, "She is complemented by rich vocal support from Epic newcomer Trey Lorenz." An editor from "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that Mariah turned this song into a "killer duet." In 2018, the magazine called it a "revelation", noting that she "made it utterly her own."


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: After the underperformance of "Make It Happen" compared to her previous singles, "I'll Be There" was a return to form for Carey: it became her sixth number-one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and allayed any concerns her record label had about her career in decline. "I'll Be There" was the number-one song on the Hot 100 for two weeks, from June 13, 1992, to June 27. It replaced "Jump" by Kris Kross, and was itself replaced by "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot. It became number-one on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. In fact, it is the only single released from the "MTV Unplugged" series that hit number-one.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: "I'll Be There" was Carey's breakthrough hit outside North America, becoming her most successful single in numerous markets. It topped the Canadian Singles Chart for two weeks, and became her first number-one single in the Netherlands for three weeks, and her second in New Zealand for five weeks. It also became her biggest hit at the time in the United Kingdom (where it hit number 2) and Australia (where it reached number 9). It peaked inside the top 20 in most markets across Europe, where Carey's success had previously been limited.


title: I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)

text: In 2013, American pianist Arthur Hanlon covered the song in bachata with Dominican guest singer Karlos Rosé as the lead vocalist. Their cover was recorded in Spanglish and will be included on Hanlon's "Encanto del Caribe" tour. The song was produced by Hanlon and David Cabera.


title: Moran Atias

text: Moran Atias (; born 9 April 1981) is an Israeli actress and model. She gained fame in the Italian films "Gas", "Oggi sposi", and "Mother of Tears". She is best known for her work with Paul Haggis in the 2008 TV series "Crash" and the 2013 film "Third Person". She also starred on the FX television series "Tyrant".


title: Moran Atias

text: Atias was born in Haifa, Israel, to parents of Moroccan Jewish descent. Her grandfather was a rabbi. She appeared on the youth television programme "Out of Focus" at age 15. Her plan to serve as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces was frustrated by a diagnosis of meningitis at age 17. She pursued modelling instead in Germany and then in Italy, where she was discovered and became a model for Roberto Cavalli. Her younger sister is Israeli actress Shani Atias.


title: Moran Atias

text: Atias first appeared on television when she was 15, starring in the Israeli youth program "Out of Focus". By the age of 17, she went to Germany to launch her modelling career. She modelled for Roberto Cavalli, D&G, and BBG jewellers. Later, she hosted an Italian talk show.


title: Moran Atias

text: After establishing herself as a model, she was encouraged to pursue a career in acting. She has appeared in English-, Italian-, Hebrew-, and Spanish-language films, and was nominated for Best Actress at the "" for her role in Menahem Golan's 2005 Israeli film "Days of Love". Her work in these films led to her being cast in the Italian feature film "Gas", in which she played a provocative drug addict tasked with seducing a gay drug addict. She followed that up with the romantic comedy "Oggi Sposi", directed by Luca Luncini and "Mother of Tears", the third and final installment of Dario Argento's supernatural horror trilogy "The Three Mothers". "Mother of Tears" premièred at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival and the Rome Film Festival.


title: Moran Atias

text: In 2008, she was cast in the role of the illegal immigrant Inez in the drama series "Crash", based on Paul Haggis's Oscar-winning film. After one season, she became the female lead opposite Dennis Hopper. Working with Haggis led to her being cast in his film "The Next Three Days".


title: Moran Atias

text: In 2011, Atias worked with Cynthia Mort on the television project "Radical", playing to role of Ana, which Mort had written specifically for her. In 2012 she was cast in the critically acclaimed Israeli television series "Allenby Street", directed by Assaf Bernstein of Fauda fame, where she played the stripper Mika, a formerly Orthodox Jewish girl who avoids her childhood secret while living a complex nightlife. She also served as a producer and worked to adapt it into a US series. She was cast in the new FX series "Tyrant" by the creators of the successful television series "Homeland" by creator and fellow Israeli, Gideon Raff.


title: Moran Atias

text: Her work on the film "The Next Three Days" led to "Third Person", a project that Atias pitched and helped develop with Paul Haggis. She was chosen to play the role of 'Monika,' a Romanian gypsy. To prepare for the role, she lived in Italy for four months and immersed herself in the gypsy lifestyle, living without the basics of running water or electricity. She studied with Michael Margota at the Italian Actor's Studio to perfect the Italian and Romanian accents. She also served as a co-producer and a co-consultant for the script. The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Moran Atias

text: In Italy, she was the 2005–06 spokeswoman for the City of Milan in their campaigns against graffiti and animal cruelty in the city.


title: Moran Atias

text: Atias participated in the Artists for Peace and Justice (APJ) volunteer mission with Sean Penn following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, in which she assisted the evacuation of refugees to Florida. During her second trip to Haiti, she took part in a workshop at Ciné Institute in Jacmel. In May 2010, she worked with APJ and hosted and organized a charity event at the Cannes Film Festival. In November 2010, she hosted and organized a charity event for APJ in New York, with proceeds going to the first free high school for the children of the slums of Haiti.


title: Moran Atias

text: She is a goodwill ambassador for IsraAid, and took part in humanitarian work in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake there.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Bhadra is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic action drama film directed by debutant Boyapati Srinu. Produced by Sri Venkateswara Creations, the film stars Ravi Teja and Meera Jasmine, while Deepak, Prakash Raj, and Pradeep Rawat play supporting roles. The film has music composed by Devi Sri Prasad with cinematography and editing by Arthur A. Wilson and Marthand K. Venkatesh respectively.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: It has been dubbed in Hindi and Bhojpuri as "Badala" and in Malayalam as "Brahmam". The film was later remade into Tamil as "Saravana," Kannada as "Gaja", Bengali as "Josh" and Bangladeshi as "Bhalobeshe Morte Pari" (2010).


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Bhadra and Raja are the thickest of friends. Bhadra notices Raja's sister Anu in a video-recorded call and gets attracted to her instantly. After some days, the story moves to the engagement of Bhadra's sister. The house is full of joy and laughter, awaiting Bhadra's return from college. However, when Bhadra returns, the family members are shocked. He has brought home distraught and frightened Anu, whom he introduces as his friend.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: The marriage preparations continue, with everyone wondering who Anu is. Bhadra's uncle, however, cannot control his emotions. He wants his daughter to marry Bhadra and is afraid that Anu will spoil this. Eventually, Bhadra's uncle confronts him about Anu. Anu gets upset and an argument ensues. Later, as Bhadra and Anu go to a restaurant to eat, a gang comes. Bhadra chases them for a while and beats all of them up. Realizing he has left Anu behind, Bhadra returns to the restaurant. However, Anu is not there. Frightened, he was walking on the road where he escaped from accident saved by his father. Finally, Bhadra's father forces him to tell them what is going on. Then a flashback begins.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: When Raja visits his home village, Bhadra visits along with him. Anu, who returns from London, is impressed by Bhadra, who continually impresses her based on her tastes. He gets along well with Raja's and Anu's family. Meanwhile, Bhadra convinces them that he would make a prospective groom for Anu.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Anu's family, mainly her brother Surendra and cousin, are involved in regional gangs in their village. When Anu takes Bhadra to the temple for a visit without Surendra's knowledge, a rival gang member group is attacked by Anu's cousin's group members, and one member of the rival group gets hold of Anu and threatens to kill her. In a swift action of bravery and skill, Bhadra knocks down the rival group member.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: After this incident, Surendra gives Bhadra a talk about why things are so violent in the village. He explains how he is a master's degree holder from a prestigious university, BITS Pilani, and how his wife is also a master's degree holder. Unfortunately, due to the nature of the villages, the rivalry is deadly and fatal. He ultimately says that even though the villages are violent, he will remain a noble person with high ideals.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: After a few days though, in the most ungrateful manner and a show cowardice, the rival gang fights with fierce brutality, and the rival gang leader Veerayya murders Raja's entire family except Anu. Bhadra makes the promise to Surendra that he will take up the responsibility of Anu and that he will eventually marry her. In the process, he also becomes a rival of Veerayya as he kills his younger brother Tulasi to protect Anu. When Veerayya finds out that Tulasi was killed by Bhadra, he decides to kill him instead of Anu.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Meanwhile, Surendra's men trace Anu and bring her to Bhadra's home. Feeling that she is not safe anymore here, Bhadra plans to send her abroad. Anu is not happy with his decision as she loves him. On the day Anu is supposed to leave to London, she meets Bhadra and Raja's friend at the airport. The girl tells Anu about Bhadra's devotion for her. She also knows that they chose Bhadra as Anu's bridegroom before her family was killed. She realizes she cannot leave Bhadra, and leaves the airport. She manages to find Bhadra, who is fighting the villains. After he defeats Veerayya, Bhadra and Anu embrace. Before Veerayya can kill Bhadra, Surendra's henchman kills him. Then the movie ends.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Boyapati Srinivas, cousin of Posani Krishna Murali and erstwhile assistant director of Muthyala Subbaiyah had directed this film. The script was narrated to Dil Raju who immediately okayed the script and started production of the film. Firstly script went to Allu Arjun but due to some reasons didn't go then Jr. NTR and Prabhas were also considered for the lead roles. Finally, Ravi Teja got selected as hero. The film was made in a moderate budget of 5 to 6 Crores.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Music was Scored by Devi Sri Prasad and Released by Aditya Music. The song "Sa Sye Sye" was reused as "Saa Boo Three" in the film's Tamil remake "Saravana".


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: The film was later remade into Tamil as "Saravana," with Silambarasan & Jyothika; in Kannada as "Gaja", with Darshan & Navya Nair; in Bengali as "Josh" with Jeet & Srabanti Malakar; and in Bangladeshi as "Bhalobeshe Morte Pari" (2010) with Shakib Khan & Sahara.


title: Bhadra (2005 film)

text: Idlebrain wrote:"Bhadra is an average formula film, which runs on the strengths of Ravi Teja". Fullhyd wrote:"Bhadra is another version of the kind of chug-a-lug entertainment that made Idiot and Amma Nanna O Tamil Ammayi worthy of a mention in conversations that are going nowhere". Sify wrote:"The basic problem of Bhadra is that it is a poor clone of Okkadu and there is hardly anything new in presentation and packaging". Indiaglitz wrote:"The problem for Bhadra is tries to be masala film among masala films ---- it incorporates all the big elements". Telugucinema wrote:"Bhadra more concentrates on lighter aspect in the first half and soon drifts into mundane faction drama in the second half. It is laced with clichéd faction film formulae, Tata Sumo chases, killings and counter killings, flashback method, and gory".


title: Mike Read

text: Michael David Kenneth Read (born 1 March 1947) is an English radio disc jockey, writer, journalist and television presenter. Read has been a broadcaster since 1976, best known for having been a DJ with BBC Radio 1, and television host for music chart series "Top of the Pops", children's programme "Saturday Superstore" and music panel game "Pop Quiz". He is also a prolific author, having written over 50 books including his autobiography 'Seize the Day'.


title: Mike Read

text: Michael David Kenneth Read was born 1 March 1947 in Bury, north of Manchester, the only child of a publican. The family moved from Manchester to Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, when he was an infant. He attended Woking Grammar School followed by a sixth-form college. Later, he worked as an estate agent, and recorded under various names including Mickey Manchester.


title: Mike Read

text: Read's professional broadcasting career began in March 1976 at Reading's Radio 210, where he co-hosted a slot with Steve Wright – entitled "Read and Wright" – before joining Radio Luxembourg late in 1977. Read joined Radio 1 in November 1978 and was soon presenting the night-time programme before the slot fronted by John Peel; here, Read championed new groups and featured live sessions. On 5 January 1981, he took over "Radio 1 Breakfast".


title: Mike Read

text: On 11 January 1984, Read suddenly interrupted broadcasting the Frankie Goes to Hollywood song "Relax", halfway through playing the single, denouncing the lyrics as 'obscene'. Read has said this account of his intervention is a myth; the interruption of the record was solely for timing reasons, as he only had access in the studio to the longer 12" version. The BBC had already decided to ban the record from "Top of The Pops", even though it reached No. 1 in the single chart.


title: Mike Read

text: Following on from his five-year stint on Radio 1's breakfast slot, Read took over a Sunday morning programme in 1986. A year later, he moved to Saturday mornings, and also to a Sunday afternoon series, where he played classic tracks. In addition, he hosted "Round Table" and later went back to it as the renamed "Singled Out" on Friday evenings, where musicians and disc jockeys would review new single releases.


title: Mike Read

text: Read's Saturday morning slot ended in September 1988 and his Sunday afternoon oldies series finished in January 1989, when Alan Freeman re-joined the station to host an oldies version of "Pick of the Pops", which Read covered in November that year when Freeman was ill. From January 1989 to September 1990, Read presented a weekly series called "The Mike Read Collection" (which was broadcast on Monday evenings) and still remained on the Friday panel show "Singled Out" (which by then had gone back to its original name of "Round Table"); he remained in this slot until 1991.


title: Mike Read

text: Read left Radio 1 in 1991 and moved to Capital Gold in London, presenting his "Mike Read Collection", which went out on a Sunday night, before taking on the weekday 'drive-time' show in mid-1992, where he remained until he left the station in late 1995. Also in 1992, Read was heard on BBC Radio 2 presenting special shows looking back at the career of Cliff Richard and playing his music. Read then joined Classic FM, where he presented a weekend series, and had a stint as weekday breakfast presenter starting in March 1996. Subsequently, in 1997, he presented the networked 'breakfast show' on Classic Gold stations around the UK.


title: Mike Read

text: From September 1999, Read presented the breakfast show on Jazz FM in the north of England; then, in 2001, he joined Spirit FM in Chichester, initially presenting a Sunday slot from 10am to 1pm before moving to a weekday afternoon slot from 2pm to 3pm, playing music from various featured years.


title: Mike Read

text: Between 2003 and 2004, Read presented a Saturday morning slot on the Magic network around the UK. In May 2005, he became the weekday morning presenter on Big L 1395, a station modelled on the 1960s pirate radio station; he has also done occasional stints on Talksport. In November 2008, he took time out from Big L to present the 3pm7pm 'drive-time' show on KCFM (based in Hull) for a week (10–14 November), as cover for Shaun Tilley. Read became the third former Radio 1 disc jockey to broadcast on the station, along with Tony Blackburn and Paul Burnett.


title: Mike Read

text: In November 2009, Read began hosting a mid-morning slot on TotalStar in the West of England. Exactly a year later, Read returned to Big L with a daily slot from 8am to 12pm, Monday-Friday. From July 2011, he hosted the Golden Hour on More Radio (Swindon and Wiltshire), formerly Total Star Wiltshire. Read was heard on Magic 1548 in the north of England, where he presented their weekend breakfast series, on Saturdays and Sundays from 7am10am, starting in April 2012. He also presented the afternoon slot on Monday to Friday on BBC Radio Berkshire between 1:00/30pm and 4pm until March 2015, and continued to do certain programmes for the station including a Saturday afternoon slot during the summer of 2015.


title: Mike Read

text: In April 2018, Read was the first voice heard on the new internet radio station United DJs, where he hosted the station's breakfast slot on weekdays from 7-9am. He also hosted an additional weekly series for the station, entitled "I Write the Songs". From November 2019, he hosted, for a few months, the weekday breakfast slot, from 7-10am, on London and south-east DAB station Vintage Music Radio, but still presented occasional shows on United DJs and returned to the breakfast show there the following spring until November 2020. He left to join the new line-up of Nation Radio UK from 4 January 2021, and was replaced by Neil Fox in April.


title: Mike Read

text: Since 15 November 2020 Mike Read has hosted the Heritage Chart on Sunday afternoons on the Nation Radio network in the UK. The programme was on originally on United DJ's Radio From July 26 to 8 November 2020. Dr Fox (Neil Fox) replaced Mike Read on the United DJs version of the show after Read joined Nation Radio.


title: Mike Read

text: The Heritage Chart show is syndicated on other selected radio stations across the UK and around the world. Its production allows stations to add their own identity, flexibility to broadcast it at different times or days and, as a non-interactive format, it is ideal for broadcast on stations using automated or limited resourced studios. This has made it a popular choice with community radio stations or online only stations which are often run by volunteers or cannot produce 24/7 live output. A recent example is Enjoy Radio, an online station based in Greater Manchester who started carrying the Heritage Chart show in early 2022.


title: Mike Read

text: On 12 April 2021, Mike started hosting the breakfast show on Downforce Radio broadcasting from 7-10am.


title: Mike Read

text: From the 1st August 2022, Mike Read continues his breakfast show but now also brings an audience from Sunshine Radio Online with a dual broadcast type arrangement.


title: Mike Read

text: Read combined his radio work with a second career as a television presenter. He hosted the Yorkshire Television children's series "Pop Quest" from 1977 to 1979; then, on BBC1, Read presented or co-presented 65 editions of the music chart series "Top of the Pops" from 9 November 1978 to 28 December 1989.


title: Mike Read

text: From 1982 to 1987, Read presented the BBC's Saturday morning children's programme "Saturday Superstore", as well as the Saturday night music game show "Pop Quiz", which regularly got audiences of 10 million and featured rock and pop stars answering music trivia questions; the series spawned board game and computer game spin-offs. The penultimate episode of "Pop Quiz", in 1984, featured a face-off between pop bands Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran. The format was revived twice: firstly in 1994 by the BBC with Chris Tarrant as the host; and then in June 2008, a revamped "Pop Quiz" recorded without a studio audience and in a pub (rather than a television studio) in which the participants were members of the public, aired on Red TV; this was again hosted by Read. In 1994, he returned to "Top of the Pops" to host a one-off special for its anniversary. Later, in 1997, he presented the UK Gold television genre quiz "Goldmaster" in 1997.


title: Mike Read

text: In 2004, Read was one of the contestants recruited for the jungle-based ITV reality series "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" though his stay in the Australian outback was short-lived – he was the first celebrity to be evicted by the viewing public. Read was among 10 former presenters who returned as guest co-presenters for the final edition of "Top of the Pops", broadcast 30 July 2006 on BBC Two.


title: Mike Read

text: Today, Read is a regular newspaper reviewer for Sky News. In 2014, he appeared as himself in BBC Four spoof docudrama "The Life of Rock with Brian Pern".


title: Mike Read

text: In 2021, he joined Talking Pictures TV founder Noel Cronin on the channel's archive programme "The Footage Detectives", a show which discusses forgotten films and lost TV shows such as "The Barnstormers" from 1964.


title: Mike Read

text: On Sunday nights in 2022, "The Heritage Chart Show with Mike Read" is broadcast, first by the Local TV network of channels at 7pm and then by Talking Pictures TV as a late-night repeat. This programme is a pop music countdown of videos and live performances from veteran acts, such as Chesney Hawkes and Tight Fit, and is based on the chart broadcast on a number of community radio stations in the UK and abroad.


title: Mike Read

text: In 1979, Read wrote and performed the pop-punk song "High Rise" (upon which his Radio 1 intro jingle was subsequently based) under the guise of The Trainspotters; following this in 1980 with "My Town" by his next studio group, The Ghosts. He then wrote lyrics to the theme (composed by Simon May) for TRIC Award-winning "Trainer"; the resulting UK Top 30 single, "More to Life", was performed by Cliff Richard. In 1991, Read also provided a guest rap on "Radio Wall of Sound", UK Top 30 hit for Slade.


title: Mike Read

text: After "I'm a Celebrity...", Read recorded a charity single when he lyrically re-worked the Hank Mizell hit "Jungle Rock" and – as the Jungle Boys (with Neil 'Razor' Ruddock and Lord Brocket) – had a UK Top 30 hit single. The follow-up, which made the Top 75, was a new version of Mungo Jerry classic "In the Summertime". In 2005, Read's song "Grief Never Grows Old" featured on a charity recording in aid of victims of the 2004 tsunami. Performed by an ensemble of artists named One World Project, the single reached No. 4 in the UK singles chart.


title: Mike Read

text: Read has written music to accompany many poems written by John Betjeman. Thirty of these songs were recorded by artists including Cliff Richard, David Essex, Gene Pitney and Marc Almond for the 2006 various artists' album "Words/Music", and subsequently re-released in 2008 as a double CD titled "Sound of Poetry".


title: Mike Read

text: On 19 October 2011, Read was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of his contribution to music.


title: Mike Read

text: In 2014, Read wrote and recorded "UKIP Calypso" in support of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). It was criticized for being racist and Read subsequently apologised and withdrew it from sale.


title: Mike Read

text: Read has staged a number of musicals, including: "Young Apollo" (a musical about the life of Rupert Brooke); "Oscar" (a 2004 production about Oscar Wilde which was derided by critics and closed after one performance);


title: Mike Read

text: "Great Expectations"; "A Christmas Carol"; "Cliff - The Musical" (which closed after three months) and "Ricky Nelson...Teenage Idol". Read took one of the lead roles in the "Cliff" musical, touring with it and appearing for the three-month run in the West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre. His production "Betjeman" (based on his musical settings of poems by Sir John Betjeman) has occasionally been staged for charities, including the Royal Marsden Hospital and Children With Leukaemia. Actors appearing in his musicals and shows have included Nyree Dawn Porter, Brian Glover, Colin Baker, Anton Rogers, Jeremy Irons, Alvin Stardust and Bernard Cribbins.


title: Mike Read

text: Read was one of the founder editors of the UK chart reference book "Guinness Book of British Hit Singles", and also co-wrote other Guinness music books.