title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: During his military campaign against the Tatars, Temüjin fell in love with Yesugen and took her in as a wife. She was the daughter of a Tatar leader named Yeke Cheren that Temüjin's army had killed during battle. After the military campaign against the Tatars was over, Yesugen, one of the survivors, went to Temüjin, who slept with her. According to the Secret History of the Mongols, while they were having sex Yesugen asked Temüjin to treat her well and to not discard her. When Temüjin seemed to agree with this, Yesugen recommended that he also marry her sister Yesui.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: Both the Tatar sisters, Yesugen and Yesui, became a part of Temüjin's principal wives and were given their own camps to manage. Temüjin also took a third woman from the Tatars, an unknown concubine.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: At the recommendation of her sister Yesugen, Temüjin had his men track down and kidnap Yesui. When she was brought to Temüjin, he found her every bit as pleasing as promised and so he married her. The other wives, mothers, sisters and daughters of the Tatars had been parceled out and given to Mongol men. The Tatar sisters, Yesugen and Yesui, were two of Genghis Khan's most influential wives. Genghis Khan took Yesui with him when he set out on his final expedition against the Tangut empire.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: Khulan entered Mongol history when her father, the Merkit leader Dayir Usan, surrendered to Temüjin in the winter of 1203–04 and gave her to him. But, at least according to the Secret History of the Mongols, Khulan and her father were detained by Naya'a, one of Temüjin's officers, who was apparently trying to protect them from Mongol soldiers who were nearby. After they arrived three days later than expected, Temüjin suspected that Naya'a was motivated by his carnal feelings towards Khulan to help her and her father. While Temüjin was interrogating Naya'a, Khulan spoke up in his defense and invited Temüjin to have sex with her and inspect her virginity personally, which pleased him.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: In the end, Temüjin accepted Dayir Usan's surrender and Khulan as his new wife. However, Dayir Usan later retracted his surrender, but he and his subjects were eventually subdued, his possessions plundered, and he himself killed. Temüjin continued to carry out military campaigns against the Merkits until their final dispersal in 1218. Khulan was able to achieve meaningful status as one of Temüjin's wives and managed one of the large wifely camps, in which other wives, concubines, children and animals lived. She gave birth to a son named Gelejian, who went on to participate with Börte's sons in their father's military campaigns.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: Möge Khatun was a concubine of Genghis Khan and she later became a wife of his son Ögedei Khan. The Persian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni records that Möge Khatun "was given to Chinggis Khan by a chief of the Bakrin tribe, and he loved her very much." Ögedei favored her as well and she accompanied him on his hunting expeditions. She is not recorded as having any children.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: Juerbiesu was an empress of Qara Khitai, Mongol Empire, and Naiman. She was a renowned beauty on the plains. She was originally a favored concubine of Inanch Bilge khan and after his death, she became the consort of his son Tayang Khan. Since Tayang Khan was a useless ruler, Juerbiesu was in control of almost all power in Naiman politics.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: She had a daughter named Princess Hunhu (渾忽公主) with Yelü Zhilugu, the ruler of Liao. After Genghis Khan destroyed the Naiman tribe and Tayang Khan was killed, Juerbiesu made several offensive remarks regarding Mongols, describing their clothes as dirty and smelly. Yet, she abruptly rescinded her claims and visited Genghis Khan's tent alone. He questioned her about the remarks, but was immediately attracted to her beauty. After spending the night with him, Juerbiesu promised to serve him well and he took her as one of his empresses. Her status was only inferior to Khulan and Borte.


title: Wives of Genghis Khan

text: Ibaqa was the eldest daughter of the Kerait leader Jakha Gambhu, who allied with Genghis Khan to defeat the Naimans in 1204. As part of the alliance, Ibaqa was given to Genghis Khan as a wife. She was the sister of Begtütmish, who married Genghis Khan's son Jochi, and Sorghaghtani Beki, who married Genghis Khan's son Tolui. After about two years of childless marriage, Genghis Khan abruptly divorced Ibaqa and gave her to the general Jürchedei, a member of the Uru'ut clan and who had killed Jakha Gambhu after the latter turned against Genghis Khan. The exact reason for this remarriage is unknown: According to "The Secret History of the Mongols", Genghis Khan gave Ibaqa to Jürchedei as a reward for his service in wounding Nilga Senggum in 1203 and, later, in killing Jakha Gambhu. Conversely, Rashid al-Din in "Jami' al-tawarikh" claims that Genghis Khan divorced Ibaqa due to a nightmare in which God commanded him to give her away immediately, and Jürchedei happened to be guarding the tent. Regardless of the rationale, Genghis Khan allowed Ibaqa to keep her title as Khatun even in her remarriage, and asked that she would leave him a token of her dowry by which he could remember her. The sources also agree that Ibaqa was quite wealthy.


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: Adam Matthew Nagaitis (; born 7 June 1985) is a British actor best known for his roles as Caulker's Mate Cornelius Hickey in the AMC television series "The Terror" and firefighter Vasily Ignatenko in the HBO miniseries "Chernobyl". Nagaitis is a graduate of the Stella Adler Conservatory and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: Adam Nagaitis was born in 1985 in Chorley, Lancashire to Barry Nagaitis, a quantity surveyor and chartered engineer, and Susan (née Doran), who subsequently divorced. He has an older sister, Kate. In 2002, his father died after being struck by a bus while shopping in Manchester.


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: At age 19 he left the UK to study acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory in New York, from which he graduated in 2007. Following this, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He graduated from RADA with a BA in Acting in 2012.


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: At the age of 14, he began his acting career in 2000 when he played a minor character in the television series "Children's Ward".


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: In 2014, he appeared as Jimmy in Yann Demange's first feature film "'71". He also appeared as Pete in "The Inbetweeners 2" (2014).


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: In 2015, he appeared as Mr. Cummins in the period biographical film "Suffragette" and as Private Buckley in 7 episodes of the television series "Banished".


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: In 2018, he appeared as Conductor Jimmy in the mystery action film "The Commuter", featuring Liam Neeson, Vera Farmiga, Patrick Wilson and Sam Neill.


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: He starred as Caulker's Mate Cornelius Hickey in the 2018 AMC television series "The Terror." He appeared as firefighter Vasily Ignatenko in the 2019 HBO miniseries "Chernobyl".


title: Adam Nagaitis

text: In 2022, it was reported that Nagaitis had joined the cast of "Daryl Dixon", the spinoff of "The Walking Dead" centered on Daryl Dixon.


title: Tosin Cole

text: Tosin Cole (born 23 July 1992) is an American-born British actor. He is known for various roles in British television series and films. He began his on-screen career starring in "The Cut" and "", later securing a regular role as Neil Cooper in the soap opera "Hollyoaks". After leaving the show Cole appeared in a range of television series and commercial films for guest appearances and participated in many short films. From October 2018 to January 2021, Cole starred as Ryan Sinclair in "Doctor Who".


title: Tosin Cole

text: Cole moved from New York to London at age 8, with his father and uncle, following his parents' separation. He attended Abbey Wood Secondary School in Greenwich, London. He left school before his A-levels to pursue a career in acting.


title: Tosin Cole

text: In 2009, Cole was part of a theatre production titled "Wasted!", a modern reproduction of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", produced by Intermission Theatre, a company which helps teenagers stay away from crime. In 2010, Cole joined the cast of BBC teen drama "The Cut", in which he played the role of Noah Achebe, who was introduced in the third series. In 2011, he filmed parts in two short films titled "Me and My Dad" and "Jasmine".


title: Tosin Cole

text: Cole later secured the role of Sol Levi in "", a spin-off of the British soap opera "EastEnders". The role required Cole to learn to dance and perform his routine in front of professional dance group Flawless in the series finale. He was quoted as saying the experience was "very, very, very stressful." Cole said it was a privilege to work on "E20" and said the cast were fantastic. Cole then agreed to reprise the role for the third series. He was then cast as a regular character in soap opera "Hollyoaks" as Neil Cooper. Neil was one of six new characters the programme introduced, playing the role from 2011 until the character's death in a bus explosion in 2012. He also filmed a television advert as part of the serial's promotional push for the new characters.


title: Tosin Cole

text: The actor went on to star in a 2013 episode of the BBC medical drama "Holby City" as Keith Potts. He also played his first cinematic film role in "Gone Too Far!", portraying Razer. This was followed by another film role in "Second Coming". In 2014, came the role of Anthony in the miniseries "The Secrets". In 2015, Cole played the characters of Djimon Adomakoh in ITV drama "Lewis" and Kobina in an episode of historical series "Versailles". That year Cole also had a brief appearance in the film "", as the X-Wing pilot Lt. Bastian.


title: Tosin Cole

text: On 4 October 2017, Cole starred in the short film "Father of Man". He then played Amjad in the film "Unlocked". On 22 October 2017, it was announced that Cole had been cast in the eleventh series of "Doctor Who", playing Ryan Sinclair, a companion to The Doctor, played by Jodie Whittaker, starting in 2018. Cole departed the role in 2021 making his last appearance in the New Year's Day special "Revolution of the Daleks".


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: Shruti Ramachandran is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Malayalam cinema. She also co-wrote the "Ilamai Idho Idho" segment in the 2020 Tamil anthology film "Putham Pudhu Kaalai". In 2020, she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist for her work in "Kamala". In 2022, she won the Critic’s mention for best actress by the Kerala Film Critic’s Assocoiation for her work in "Madhuram".


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: She is best known for her role in the 2021 film "Madhuram" with Joju George , the 2016 film Pretham with Jayasurya , the 2017 film Sunday Holiday with Asif Ali. and 2021 film, Kaanekaane with Tovino She also played a supporting role as Jaya in the 2019 Telugu movie "Dear Comrade". She also starred in the movie "Anveshanam", alongside Jayasurya in 2019.


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: Along with her husband Francis Thomas, Shruti wrote the segment "Ilamai Idho Idho" for the anthology film "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" which released in 2020.


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: Shruti won the ‘Special Jury mention for Acting excellence’ by the Kerala State Critics Association for her performance in "Madhuram"


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: Shruti also won the Kerala State Film Awards for the best Dubbing artist in 2020 for the movie "Kamala", directed by Ranjith Sankar.


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: She did her montessori schooling at Lady Andal Venkatasubba Rao school, Chennai. She later went on to doing her primary to senior school education at The Choice School, Cochin.


title: Shruti Ramachandran

text: Shruti is a trained architect who did her Bachelors in Architecture at The University School of Design, Mysore. Post her bachelors, she worked at architecture firms in Chennai and Bombay before doing her Masters in Self Sufficient Buildings from IAAC, Barcelona.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: "Ys IX: Monstrum Nox" is an action role-playing game played from a third-person perspective. It further builds on the gameplay foundation of "," where players control multiple main characters that can be switched between on-the-fly, each with their own play styles and unique skills. Players collect a variety of weapons and items by defeating enemies and opening chests.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: Players can consume SP to unleash a character's unique skill attack, and SP can be restored by landing hits on enemies or it can regenerate faster when the player is not attacking. Boost mode, a returning game mechanic from "" and "Ys Origin", temporarily increases damage dealt, decreases damage received, and increases attack and movement speeds.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: New to "Ys IX", each party member has traversal abilities, called Monstrum Gifts, such as gliding and running up walls. Players can reach various places and locate hidden secrets in the city of Balduq and dungeons by utilizing these actions.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: "Ys IX: Monstrum Nox" was initially teased as "Project N.O.X" via a teaser website that contained a key visual and a countdown ending on December 19, 2018. On that day, the game was revealed for PlayStation 4, scheduled for release in 2019. Nihon Falcom president Toshihiro Kondo stated that he wanted the next "Ys" game to lean more towards the adventure genre, with Dana's arc in "" as a hint. In another interview, Kondo said that he wanted to take the new axis of direction and movement introduced in "Ys VIII: Lacrimosa of Dana" to the next level, citing examples such as an air dash or a hook shot.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: The game was developed by Nihon Falcom and released for the PlayStation 4 in Japan on September 26, 2019. It was released by NIS America for the PlayStation 4 in North America, Europe and Oceania respectively on February 2, February 5, and February 12, 2021, with additional releases for Windows, Nintendo Switch, and Stadia in July 2021. Nippon Ichi Software released the Nintendo Switch version in Japan on September 9, 2021. The Windows version was ported by Engine Software and PH3 Games. The Switch version was ported by Engine Software. A PlayStation 5 version is scheduled for release in Q2 2023, with all previously released cosmetic downloadable content included.


title: Ys IX: Monstrum Nox

text: "Ys IX: Monstrum Nox" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Japanese magazine "Famitsu" scored the PlayStation 4 version a 35 out of 40. Yūsuke Takahashi, writer from Japanese website 4gamer.net, recommended "Ys IX" for players who enjoy exploration, while remarking upon the game's difficulty as being well-balanced.


title: Robby Takac

text: Robert Carl Takac Jr. (born September 30, 1964) is an American rock bassist and vocalist. Takac is one of the founding members of the Goo Goo Dolls, along with Johnny Rzeznik.


title: Robby Takac

text: Takac was born in Buffalo, New York and grew up in the Buffalo suburb of West Seneca with his parents and younger sister. One of his grandparents was Hungarian, which is reflected by his name (originally written: Takács, which is Hungarian for 'weaver'). He graduated from West Seneca East Senior High School in 1982. He graduated from Medaille College with a Communication degree, with an emphasis on Radio Broadcasting. In his college years, he played in several bands and interned and worked at a local Buffalo radio station.


title: Robby Takac

text: Takac began his musical career as a member of the rock band Monarch, prior to joining the Beaumonts, which broke up in 1985. He met guitarist John Rzeznik through the Beaumonts and together they found a drummer, George Tutuska and started a band which they named the "Sex Maggots", with Takac as the lead singer and bassist. In 1986, they changed their name to the more promotable "Goo Goo Dolls", and after three albums moved Rzeznik to the majority of lead vocals. In late 1994, Takac and Rzeznik fired Tutuska and in early 1995 hired Mike Malinin as a replacement. Later that year they received their first commercial success with the single "Name". The 1998 follow-up "Iris" reached number one on several charts, including the Hot 100 Airplay. Goo Goo Dolls have been releasing music and touring continuously since.


title: Robby Takac

text: In 2009, the band recorded "Something for the Rest of Us" in Buffalo, New York, at their studio Inner Machine Studios. That year, Takac opened the studio to the public as GCR Audio.


title: Robby Takac

text: In 2003, Takac joined with Brian Schulmeister to form the dance music collective Amungus. That same year, Takac started his own record label, Good Charamel Records, in Buffalo, New York. With an initial focus on local acts, the first three bands signed to the label were Klear, The Juliet Dagger, and Last Conservative. Today the label primarily releases J-Rock music in North America by female-fronted bands such as Shonen Knife, Tsushimamire, LazyGunsBrisky, Pinky Doodle Poodle and MOLICE.


title: Robby Takac

text: In 2004, Takac founded the Music is Art Festival, a not-for-profit organization, and operates as their president. MiA seeks to explore and reshape music's cultural, social, and educational impact on the community. Active throughout the year, MiA is supported by a multitude of programs, concerts, and events, ranging from collecting and donating instruments to local schools, mental health awareness tours, music industry education, among others.


title: Robby Takac

text: Takac primarily plays Yamaha BB-series bass guitars, but he has also played Fender and Zon bass guitars.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: The Kingmaker is a 2019 documentary film written and directed by Lauren Greenfield, featuring the political career of Imelda Marcos with a focus on the Marcos family's efforts to rehabilitate the family's image and to return to political power, including her plans to see her son, Bongbong, become President of the Philippines, and the alliance that Bongbong and Imee Marcos established with Rodrigo Duterte in his bid to win the 2016 Philippine presidential election.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: It debuted internationally in August 2019 at the 76th Venice International Film Festival, and debuted in the Philippines on January 29, 2020.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: "The Kingmaker" was nominated as best documentary at the BFI London Film Festival and the Stockholm International Film Festival, and for the Checkpoints Award at the Bergen International Film Festival. It was nominated for four categories in the 2019 Critics' Choice Documentary Awards, eventually winning the award for Most Compelling Living Subject of a Documentary. It also received the Audience Award for Best Documentary Film at the 2019 Warsaw Film Festival.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Greenfield's exploration of Imelda Marcos's narrative takes on what "The New York Times" calls a "dialectic" approach, allowing Imelda to tell her narrative and slowly introducing opposing viewpoints as the movie progresses.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: The film is organically divided into two parts, following the chronology of the events of Marcos's life.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: The first half focuses on Imelda's life from the time she became first lady of the Philippines in 1965, through the 21 years where she and her husband ruled the Philippines, until they were deposed and forced into exile by the 1986 People Power Revolution.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: As described by IndieWire, the second half of the film "features survivors of her husband's declaration of martial law and focuses on the political comeback of the Marcos family," focused on the ascension of her son, Bongbong Marcos, to increasingly prominent national posts.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Aside from Imelda Marcos herself, other figures Greenfield featured in the documentary include Marcos' son, the vice-presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos; former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III; Vice president Leni Robredo who had defeated Bongbong Marcos in the 2016 Philippine Vice Presidential election; former Presidential Commission on Good Government head Andres D. Bautista; and Martial Law torture survivors including former Commission on Human Rights chair Etta Rosales, and journalist-screenwriter Pete Lacaba.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: In numerous promotional interviews, Greenfield characterizes Imelda Marcos as the documentary's unreliable narrator.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: In various interviews, Greenfield says she did not know this was going to be the case. She went into the first interviews with Marcos without knowing what to expect.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: In an interview with Vox, Greenfield recounts thinking Imelda was being "surprisingly candid" in her first interview, and that she first thought Marcos actually believed her own words. Greenfield only realized that some of Marcos's statements were "obviously untrue" once she did further research. In later interviews, the topics got to "really egregious things," which Greenfield says made it "really clear" Marcos was lying.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: In an interview with Fortune, Greenfield says:""She's a narcissist. I think she does believe her own story, but the self-serving, strategic story, too. I think that in the past, people have made the mistake of thinking she's delusional, and she kind of puts that out there, but I think it's very strategic. She says early on in the film, "People underestimate women, and sometimes that's useful." I think people have underestimated her, and that's made her only the more powerful and successful.""


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Greenfield recounts that Marcos was so effective that test-viewers who watched the interviews could not tell whether or not Marcos was lying. So in order to make sure viewers understood that something Marcos was saying was untrue, Greenfield would intersperse interviews with people who knew otherwise, such as Martial Law torture victims and officials who investigated the Marcoses. This resulted in a narrative style which the New York Times described as "dialectic."


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Another method Greenfield used in order to show that Imelda Marcos is an unreliable narrator was to turn the interviews into instances of Cinéma vérité, showing that Marcos was making efforts to project a pre-planned image of herself. One example prominently shown in early trailers shows how Marcos accidentally knocks over a glass picture frame, but doesn't acknowledge the fact even while a uniformed servant cleans the glass shards off the floor for her.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Greenfield tells Fortune Magazine:"I see that scene as showing how unstoppable she is. […] I think about it more like she breaks things and she's not even aware and lets other people clean up the mess. She doesn't even acknowledge it. She's telling her story about being friends with and courting all of the dictators of the 20th century, so she doesn't pay attention to the wreckage around her and the fact that other people have to deal with it."


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 29, 2019. It also screened at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2019, and the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2019. The film was released in the United States in a limited release on November 8, 2019, by Greenwich Entertainment. It was broadcast on Showtime on February 28, 2020.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: "The Kingmaker" made its Philippine debut on January 29, 2020, when it was shown for the first time at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). Both Imelda and Bongbong Marcos were invited to the premiere but did not respond to Greenfield's invitation, and two of President Aquino's sisters, Viel Aquino-Dee and Ballsy Aquino-Cruz, attended a later screening at the University of the Philippines Diliman on February 25, 2020. It was later released on iWantTFC, the streaming platform of ABS-CBN, on May 15, 2020, and made available to watch on demand starting August 1 of that year.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: On March 19, 2022, the original documentary premiered in the Philippines for free on YouTube with more than 500,000 views as of May 4, ahead of the May 9 elections. The Tagalog dub and Tagalog subtitle version was released on March 30 which is also accessible in the official Evergreen Pictures Youtube channel.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Five separate Tagalog-dubbed versions of the film with subtitled versions in Tagalog, Bisaya, Ilocano, Bicolano, and Hiligaynon premiered on the first week of April 2022 with a preceding announcement by Greenfield via Twitter. They can all be accessed and downloaded for free in Evergreen Pictures' Vimeo and official website of the Digital Museum of Martial Law.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: "The Kingmaker" received critical acclaim and has Certified Fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes. The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads, ""The Kingmaker" aims a disquieting spotlight at the private life of a divisive public figure – as well as the ways in which unchecked power seduces and corrupts." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: "The Kingmaker" was nominated for numerous Best Documentary Awards, including the 2019 BFI London Film Festival, the 2019 Stockholm International Film Festival, the 2019 Bergen International Film Festival, the 2020 Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Awards, the 2019 El Gouna Film Festival 2019, the 2020 Hollywood Critics Association Awards, the 2019 Philadelphia Film Critics Circle Awards, and the 2019 Warsaw Film Festival (which it won).


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: It was also nominated for four categories in the 2019 Critics' Choice Documentary Awards, eventually winning the award for Most Compelling Living Subject of a Documentary.


title: The Kingmaker (film)

text: Greenfield also received a nomination at the 72nd Writers Guild of America Awards for Best Documentary Screenplay. With this second WGA nomination, she became the first woman ever to achieve this honor.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Tina Charles (born Tina Hoskins; 10 March 1954) is an English singer who achieved success as a disco artist in the mid to late 1970s. Her most successful single was the UK no. 1 hit "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" in 1976.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Charles was born Tina Hoskins in Whitechapel, London, to Charles Hoskins, who worked in a box-making factory in Bow and his wife Hilda. She recovered from meningitis as a newborn. She has a brother, Warren, who was her tour manager during the height of her career.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Charles began her career as a backing singer and session musician, and recorded her first solo single in 1969 with a then-unknown Elton John playing piano. During the early 1970s she supplied vocals for the "Top of the Pops" album series of cover versions of contemporary hits. In 1971 she made appearances in the first series of "The Two Ronnies", the BBC1 sketch show starring Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett, performing songs such as "River Deep - Mountain High" and "Ruby Tuesday".


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: In 1975 Charles and her friend Linda Lewis were backing vocalists on the Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel chart topping song, "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)". She provided the lead vocals for 5000 Volts' 1975 disco hit single "I'm on Fire". Although not publicly acknowledged as a group member at the time due to contractual problems, Charles was considered to have a stronger voice than the group's later official lead singers. The song reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart, and 26 in the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Charles' big break came soon after in 1975, when Indian-British composer/producer Biddu, who had just enjoyed success with the disco song "Kung Fu Fighting" for Carl Douglas, produced the singles "You Set My Heart on Fire" and "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" for her. The latter single spent three weeks at number one on the UK chart in March 1976, and was a major hit around the world. It won a Juno Award in 1977.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Biddu's collaboration continued on a future album and another song hit: "Dance Little Lady Dance". In total, Charles spent 42 weeks on the UK Singles Chart in 1976 alone, mainly due to these two records. During this time, her touring band included Trevor Horn (for a while her boyfriend), Geoff Downes, and Bruce Woolley.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Further hits like "Love Me Like a Lover", "Dr Love", "Rendezvous" and "Love Bug" made her a pop star in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but she was never able to achieve success in the US. Her only solo recording to chart significantly in the US was "You Set My Heart on Fire," which reached number 3 on Record World's 'Disco File Top 20' chart in the autumn of 1975.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: In 1978, Charles was a joint winner at the World Popular Song Festival held in Tokyo, performing the tune, "Love Rocks". Charles represented the UK, and shared the top prize with Japan's own entry.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: By 1980 her career was in decline, and disco music generally was losing some of its public appeal. She attempted to change her disco style for her 1980 album "Just One Smile" for a more hard edge rock electronic style but the album was virtually ignored. Charles married and had a child, and devoted herself for some years to her family life, putting her singing career on hold. In the mid-1980s she had a resurgence with a remix of "I Love to Love" which was produced by longtime friend and associate Sanny X.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Since 2000, Charles has performed throughout Europe where disco music and her hit singles have been reappraised, and she has become a popular live performer. Charles featured in the Top 5 of the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart with "Higher" in 2006. The song was produced by Sanny X. She made a guest appearance with The Producers at their 2007 concert, singing "Slave to the Rhythm". In October 2007, Charles recorded "Hide and Seek" with producer Ian Levine for the album "Disco 2008". Her latest album, "Listen 2 the Music" was released in March 2008.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: In 2010, Charles was signed by the British writer and producer Carl M Cox to his PMG Music production and record label. Other notable acts that have been signed by Cox's label are Sinitta and Amanda Lear. Charles' first single with PMG, "Your Love Is My Light", was released physically on 7 November 2011 and digitally on 14 November. Also in 2010, she went on tour with 5000 Volts, the band with which she experienced her first hit record.


title: Tina Charles (singer)

text: Charles married Bernard Webb in 1977, and they divorced in 1979. Their son, Max, was born in London in June 1977. She married Tetoo Hassan in 1993. They lived in Caterham, Surrey, England. Hassan died of cancer in 2013. In 2015 she married her third husband, David Fancourt. In 2016, they lived in Surrey.


title: Gupi

text: Spencer Hawk (born March 26, 1999), also known by their stage name Gupi (stylized as gupi), is an American electronic musician. They are the child of skateboarder Tony Hawk.


title: Gupi

text: As a child, Hawk's mother encouraged them to learn the guitar, which started their interest in music. In school, they played in a rock band with several of their friends. When they discovered artists like Skrillex and Deadmau5, Hawk decided to pursue electronic music instead. They worked on electronic music throughout middle school and high school, and connected with other producers through SoundCloud. Hawk originally made music under the name W3N, but began releasing music as Gupi in 2016, when only 17.


title: Gupi

text: In 2018, Hawk released their second EP, "All", through the record label RORA Team. Charli XCX heard their EP and asked them to do a session with her for her 2019 album, "Charli". The work that they did was not released on her album, but Hawk had the opportunity to meet and work alongside A. G. Cook and Dylan Brady. In February 2020, Hawk released their debut album, "None", through Dog Show Records, a record label owned by Brady. In October 2020, Hawk and "Fraxiom" released "Food House" under the Food House name, through the same label.


title: Gupi

text: Though their father is supportive of their work, Hawk says that they "[try] to make a very large point of not at all involving [their] dad" so that their accomplishments are considered to be their own.


title: Gupi

text: Ben Mangelsdorf of Underground Underdogs describes Gupi's music as experimental pop and compares it to the music of Sophie and Skrillex. Kyle Whiting of 34th Street Magazine calls Gupi's album "None" an "exhilarating thrillride of maximalist club tracks" that draw elements from genres like bubblegum bass, house, and dubstep. Matt Moen of Paper notes that the lead single from "None", "Thos Moser", includes lyrics with multiple "irreverent non-sequiturs and pop culture shout outs".


title: Gupi

text: Hawk states their musical influences as PC Music, System of a Down, Britney Spears, and a picture of Sonic the Hedgehog. They make all of their release artwork in the default Mac application Preview.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017 is a reissue of the 1997 album "OK Computer" by the English rock band Radiohead. It was released in June 2017, the album's 20th anniversary, following the 2016 acquisition of Radiohead's back catalogue by XL Recordings from EMI.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: "OKNOTOK" comprises remastered versions of "OK Computer" and its B-sides, plus three previously unreleased songs: "I Promise", "Man of War", and "Lift". The special edition includes an art book, notes, and a cassette tape of demos and session recordings. Unlike previous Radiohead reissues, which were released by EMI without Radiohead's involvement and contained no new material, the band curated the "OKNOTOK" material themselves.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: Radiohead promoted "OKNOTOK" with a teaser campaign of posters and videos. Music videos were released for the three new songs, and "I Promise" and "Man of War" were released as singles. "OKNOTOK" debuted at number two in the UK Albums Chart and was the bestselling album in UK independent record stores for a year. It reached number 23 on the US "Billboard" 200 and received critical acclaim.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: Radiohead released "OK Computer", their third album, in May 1997, through EMI. It was recorded in 1996 and 1997 at St Catherine's Court, a historic mansion near Bath. The album won Best Alternative Album at the 40th Grammy Awards and has sold at least 4.5 million copies worldwide. According to Acclaimed Music, which tracks music reviews, "OK Computer" is the eighth-most acclaimed album of all time.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: Radiohead's record contract with EMI ended with the release of "Hail to the Thief" in 2003"." Their subsequent albums have been released by XL Recordings, while EMI retained the copyright to Radiohead's back catalogue. After a period of being out of print on vinyl, EMI reissued a double LP of "OK Computer" without Radiohead's involvement in 2008, and again in 2009 as an expanded "Collector's Edition". The reissues were not remastered and contained no new material.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: In 2016, with Radiohead's approval, their back catalogue was transferred to XL Recordings and the "Collector's Editions" were removed from streaming services. In May 2016, XL reissued Radiohead's back catalogue on vinyl, including "OK Computer".


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: "OKNOTOK 1997 2017" comprises remastered versions of "OK Computer" and its eight B-sides, plus three previously unreleased tracks: "I Promise", featuring strummed acoustic guitar, marching band-like drums, and Mellotron; "Man of War", a ballad with strings, piano, and electric guitar; and "Lift", a Britpop-like ballad.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: The special edition includes the album on vinyl, a hardcover artbook, a book of songwriter Thom Yorke's notes, and a sketchbook of preparatory artwork by Yorke and cover artist Stanley Donwood. It also includes an audio cassette containing audio experiments, session recordings, demos (including demos for two previously unheard songs), and early versions of "The National Anthem", "Motion Picture Soundtrack", "Nude" and "True Love Waits", songs released on later albums.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: The final track on the cassette, "OK Computer Program", comprises computer tones which, when run on a ZX Spectrum computer, load a short computer program. The program lists the band members and the date 19 December 1996, then plays several minutes of electronic tones and displays the text: "Congratulations...you've found the secret message syd lives hmmmm. We should get out more". "OKNOTOK" is dedicated to Rachel Owen, Yorke's ex-wife, who died from cancer months prior to the album release.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: Before its announcement on 2 May 2017, Radiohead promoted "OKNOTOK" with posters in cities around the world featuring "cryptic" messages, and a teaser video featuring "glitchy" computer graphics and lyrics from "Climbing Up the Walls". The download and CD editions of "OKNOTOK" were released on 23 June 2017, and the boxed edition shipped in July. Radiohead released "I Promise" on 2 June and "Man of War" on 22 June as downloads for those who had pre-ordered "OKNOTOK," accompanied by music videos. A video for "Lift" followed on 12 September.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: On 11 July, Radiohead released an "unboxing" video previewing the contents of the special edition. The video features Chieftain Mews, a character created by the band who appears in webcasts and promotional material. In December 2019, Radiohead uploaded all their albums, including "OKNOTOK," to YouTube. In January 2020, they added the "OKNOTOK" special edition cassette to their website as part of the Radiohead Public Library, an online archive of their work.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: "OKNOTOK" debuted at number two in the UK Albums Chart, boosted by Radiohead's third headline performance at Glastonbury Festival. It was the bestselling album in UK independent record shops between April 2017 and April 2018. In the US, it sold 13,000 copies in its first week, reaching number 36 on the "Billboard" 200. Following the vinyl and boxed edition release two weeks later, it re-entered the chart at number 23, selling another 17,000 copies (including 8,000 on vinyl and 7,000 on CD). On 19 October 2018, "OKNOTOK" was certified gold by the BPI for sales of over 100,000.


title: OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017

text: On the review aggregator website Metacritic, "OKNOTOK" has a score of 100 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Praise focused on the previously unreleased material. The "Observer" wrote that the reissue, with its "excellent" unreleased songs, proved that Radiohead were "the world's greatest rock band, pushing the limits of what they, or anyone else, could achieve". "PopMatters" selected "Man of War" as the best of the new tracks." Pitchfork" wrote that the best feature was "hearing how the lost material informs the original album". The "Record Collector" critic Jamie Atkins praised the cassette in the special edition, particularly its version of "Motion Picture Soundtrack", writing: "To these ears it’s one of the performances of [Yorke's] career. He begins sounding utterly wounded until – as if revelling in the places his voice is capable of taking the song – it ends up becoming something quite defiant."


title: Telephone numbers in Mexico

text: Telephone numbers in Mexico are regulated by the Federal Telecommunications Institute, an independent government agency of Mexico. The agency published the "Fundamental Technical Plan for Numbering" ("Plan Técnico Fundamental de Numeración") on May 11, 2018. The plan establishes a uniform ten-digit telephone number format. It took effect on August 3, 2019.


title: Telephone numbers in Mexico

text: All telephone numbers in Mexico have ten digits. The size includes a one-digit area code prefix that identifies eight principal geographic region of the country.


title: Telephone numbers in Mexico

text: The national number was formed by prefixing the previously existing local number format with an area code. All ten digits must be dialed, even for local calls.


title: Telephone numbers in Mexico

text: Destinations in Mexico are dialed from foreign location by dialing the foreign country's International access code ("011" in US, "00" in many other countries), the country code "52", and the ten-digit national telephone number of the destination.


title: Telephone numbers in Mexico

text: Until August 3, 2019, telephone numbers in Mexico consisted of ten digits with either two-digit area codes (for Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara and their respective metropolitan areas) or three-digit area codes for the rest of the country. New area codes were assigned in the overlay format to address number exhaustion: in 2017, Toluca and Puebla and in 2018, Leon, Mexico City, and Tijuana.


title: Billie Bird

text: Billie Bird Sellen (February 28, 1908 – November 27, 2002), better known professionally as Billie Bird, was an American actress and comedian. She played Margie in "Dear John" (1988–1992).


title: Billie Bird

text: Born in Pocatello, Idaho, Bird was discovered at the age of eight while living at an orphanage. As a child, she worked in vaudeville, including the act known as the King Sisters, and later in theater/cabaret before moving on to television and films.


title: Billie Bird

text: She is credited with an appearance in a 1921 film "Grass Widowers", but it is not clear if this is accurate. Otherwise, she broke into films in 1950, later making a brief, uncredited appearance in "The Odd Couple" as a chambermaid. Her only line was "Goodnight", which was said to Felix Ungar, who responded, "Goodbye." Bird often was cast by director John Hughes and appeared in many of his 1980 and 1990s films, such as "Sixteen Candles", "Home Alone", and "Dennis the Menace", the latter two of which both paired her with veteran Hughes actor Bill Erwin playing her husband. She also starred as Mrs. Lois Feldman in "". Her last film appearance was in 1995's "Jury Duty", with Pauly Shore.


title: Billie Bird

text: In addition to films, Bird made numerous appearances on various television series, including roles on "Happy Days", "Silver Spoons", "Ironside", "Eight Is Enough", "The Facts of Life", "Who's the Boss?", and "Knots Landing". She was also a regular cast member on the sitcoms "It Takes Two" in 1982, "Benson" from 1984 to 1986, and in 1988 "Dear John" starring Judd Hirsch. Her last acting role was a brief appearance in 1997 on an episode of the sitcom "George and Leo", which starred Bob Newhart and Bird's former co-star, Hirsch.


title: Billie Bird

text: Bird entertained troops in Vietnam with her own variety act, "Flying High With Billie Bird." For her efforts, she was one of the few women to ever be made an honorary member of the Green Berets.


title: Billie Bird

text: Bird died on November 27, 2002, in Granada Hills, California, at the age of 94 after several years of Alzheimer's disease. She is buried in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" is a song written in 1982 by Doug James and Michael Bolton. The ballad has been recorded by many artists around the world, in several languages, most notably Bolton himself, becoming something of a modern pop standard. Instrumental versions of the song have been recorded featuring variously the piano, guitar, saxophone, pan flute, steel drum, and music box.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" was supposed to be recorded by Australian duo Air Supply, but when Arista President Clive Davis asked for permission to change the lyrics of the chorus, Bolton refused, and Davis let go of the song. Subsequently Laura Branigan recorded it as written, and it became the first major hit for the two songwriters. Bolton's own rendition became a worldwide hit in early 1990.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: As the second single from Branigan's second album "Branigan 2", "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" spent three weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number twelve on the Hot 100 in early October 1983. Branigan's single also hit the number one spot on the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada. This success came without benefit of a music video. Branigan performed the song on the syndicated music countdown show "Solid Gold" in late 1983 and on the popular holiday special "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve". "Branigan 2" went out of print in 2004, but Branigan's original version can still be heard on the compilation albums "The Best of Branigan" (1995), "The Essentials" (2002) and "The Platinum Collection" (2006).


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: The single's B-side was a newly written song over the music to the Italian song "Mama", by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Umberto Tozzi. Branigan's first major hit had been with "Gloria", another English song written to an Italian hit by the duo.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: Laura Branigan demoed songwriter Gary William Friedman's "Promise Me I'll Feel This Way Tomorrow", several years before she recorded "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You". Branigan did not meet the songwriters Michael Bolton and Doug James before the recording. In 1986, songwriter Friedman filed lawsuit against Branigan, the songwriters, and other parties involved in the recording, alleging that "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" copied his song "Promise Me I'll Feel This Way Tomorrow". In her testimony of the August 5, 1986, trial, Branigan performed Bolton and James's song and two other songs recorded by various artists, "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" (recorded by Branigan for her 1984 album "Self Control") and "MacArthur Park". Toward the end of August 1986, juries of a New York federal court cleared the case defendants from the charges.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: Michael Bolton recorded a version of the song for his sixth studio album, "Soul Provider" (1989). The single reached number one on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts and also won Bolton a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The release marked a turning point in Bolton's career. After years of being primarily known as a songwriter, the single got him recognition as a performer and made him a certified superstar.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: The single debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in October 1989. It slowly climbed the chart and by mid-January became the first new number one single of the 1990s.


title: How Am I Supposed to Live Without You

text: Philip Rose and Greg Gold directed the song's music video. The beginning of the video shows Bolton performing the selection whilst he is sitting in his living room, and small bits of story about his and his girlfriend's relationship are told through fade-outs. As he is about to leave the apartment, already having packed his suitcases, he thinks of her and the time they spent together and seemingly decides against the decision; he then cuddles with his girlfriend. It is revealed, the next night, that he plans to give her a bracelet, which he quickly hides as he reads a newspaper before she enters the room. She surprises him with breakfast and they cuddle again. Later on, the two have a fight about something and she storms out of the apartment, and Bolton visibly feels guilty.


title: Mistresses of Henry VIII

text: The mistresses of Henry VIII included many notable women between 1509 and 1536. They have been the subject of biographies, novels and films.


title: Mistresses of Henry VIII

text: In addition, Henry VIII was involved in a romantic relationship with three of his future wives before he married them. It is unclear if these relationships became sexual before marriage. He was involved with his second wife, Anne Boleyn, from around 1526, around the time he ended his relationship with her sister, Mary; Anne was also, at the time, maid-of-honour to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Anne was referred to by some as "the king's whore" or a "naughty paike [prostitute]". Henry and Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I, was born (7 September 1533) almost eight months on from their marriage (25 January 1533).


title: Mistresses of Henry VIII

text: From the beginning of 1536, while still married to Anne Boleyn, he was openly courting his wife's second cousin and maid-of-honour, Jane Seymour. In 1540, he began courting Catherine Howard, the maid-of-honour of his fourth spouse, Anne of Cleves. Catherine was a first cousin of Anne and Mary Boleyn. It appears that his lust for mistresses did not abate as he reached middle age. During his marriage to Catherine Parr, his sixth wife, it was speculated that he would divorce her and look for a seventh wife.


title: Mistresses of Henry VIII

text: Kelly Hart's study "The Mistresses of Henry VIII" was published in 2009. In 2010, "Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress" by Josephine Wilkinson was published, and in 2012, Alison Weir published "Mary Boleyn: The Great and Infamous Whore". In 2013, this was followed by "Bessie Blount: Mistress to Henry VIII" by Elizabeth Norton.


title: Shiva Negar

text: Shiva Negar (born May 29, 1988) is an Iranian-Canadian actress and model, who rose to prominence starring as Annika Ogden in CBS Films/Lionsgate Blockbuster Movie "American Assassin" and made the short list of Variety Magazine's "10 Canadians to watch".


title: Shiva Negar

text: Her first feature was a supporting role in the film "Lost Journey". Other significant acting credits include the action thriller "American Assassin", "Becoming Burlesque", and television shows "My Babysitter's a Vampire", "Heartland", "Seal Team", and "The Cleaning Lady". Born in Iran, and raised in Turkey and Canada, Shiva started her career as a child, performing at piano and guitar recitals and in singing competitions. Shiva was involved in several school plays and theatre during high school, which led her to focus on acting. She graduated from York University with a degree in Psychology and finished her Post-graduate program in Events Management & Marketing.


title: Vincent Perez

text: Vincent Perez (born 10 June 1964) is a Swiss actor, director and photographer. He played the title character, Ashe Corven, in "", and starred in "Queen of the Damned", playing Marius de Romanus. Some of his films in French cinema include "Cyrano de Bergerac", "Le Bossu", "La Reine Margot" and "Indochine".


title: Vincent Perez

text: Perez was born on 10 June 1964 in Lausanne, Switzerland, to a Spanish father and a German mother. His mother was a housewife and his father worked in the import-export business. He commenced acting studies in Geneva, followed by the CNSAD and completed his training at the school of the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. He started acting in theatre before starring in films.


title: Vincent Perez

text: His breakthrough role was starring as Christian opposite Gérard Depardieu in "Cyrano de Bergerac". He was nominated for a César Award. He has since appeared in various films and his onscreen leading ladies have included Catherine Deneuve, Kim Basinger, Isabelle Adjani and Aaliyah.


title: Vincent Perez

text: On television, he starred in "Paris enquêtes criminelles", the French remake of "". Perez starred as Lieutenant Vincent Revel. He also portrayed Frankenstein's monster in a 2004 television movie titled "Frankenstein" starring Parker Posey in an update of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel "Frankenstein".


title: Vincent Perez

text: He has also gone into directing. Two of his shorts, "L'échange" and "Rien à dire", have been nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Vincent Perez

text: He has exhibited his photographic work during festivals and in art galleries. For example, his exhibition entitled "Face to Face", which featured photographs of Carla Bruni, Johnny Hallyday and Gérard Depardieu, was unveiled at Rencontres d'Arles, an annual photography festival in Arles, France. In December 2012, he exhibited his photographs of dancers of the Bolshoi Ballet at the RuArts in Moscow, Russia. Two years later, in December 2014, he exhibited them again at the Accademia Fine Art Gallery in Monte Carlo, Monaco.


title: Vincent Perez

text: He is married to French actress Karine Silla, ex-partner of Gérard Depardieu and sister of French producer Virginie Besson-Silla. Perez and Silla have three children together, including model Iman Perez.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 American comedy-drama film that marked the directorial debut of its star, Billy Crystal.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: It focuses on the rise and fall of Buddy Young Jr., a stand-up comedian. Crystal produced and co-wrote the screenplay with the writing duo Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz. It was filmed from November 1991 to March 1992 and released on September 23, 1992, by Columbia Pictures. Co-star David Paymer received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: Stand-up comedian Buddy Young Jr. became a television star with the help of his brother and manager, Stan, but alienated many of those closest to him once his career began to fade.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: Through a series of flashbacks, the brothers are seen during childhood entertaining their family in the living room. The older Buddy continues his career as a comic in the Catskills, where he meets his future wife, Elaine.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: As Buddy's fame grows, so does his ego. He hits the big time with his own Saturday night television show. But despite the warnings of his brother, Buddy uses offensive material on the air, costing him his show and causing his career to suffer, officially ending when his stand-up act on the Ed Sullivan Show is scheduled right after the Beatles' first US appearance, leading to his act being ignored and cut short. Furious over being snubbed, he goes into an offensive tirade and quits.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: As an older man, long past his prime, Buddy is estranged from Stan as well as from his daughter, Susan. A chance at redemption comes when a young agent named Annie Wells finds him work and even gets Buddy a shot at a role in a top director's new film. Buddy nevertheless gives in to his own self-destructive nature, continuing to hurt his relationships with his family.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: Comedians Jerry Lewis, Carl Ballantine, Slappy White, and Jackie Gayle appear in the New York Friars' Club scene.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: "Mr. Saturday Night" received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 58% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews with the consensus stating: "Billy Crystal's flawed directorial debut can't seem to decide whether it wants the viewer to love its protagonist or hate him, but it features fine work from Crystal and his co-stars". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: "Mr. Saturday Night" was a box office bomb in the United States and Canada, grossing $13.3 million, less than a third of its budget. It grossed $23 million worldwide.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: At the 65th Academy Awards, David Paymer was nominated for Best Supporting Actor (the film's only nomination). Billy Crystal also hosted the ceremony, during his traditional Best Picture medley, Crystal added the movie to the list, immediately afterwards adding the line, "I just wanted to see how it feels, so sue me."


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: The film was released twice on DVD, the first time on December 8, 1998 by PolyGram Video, and again on June 4, 2002 by MGM Home Entertainment.


title: Mr. Saturday Night

text: On November 10, 2021, it was announced that the film would be adapted into a Broadway musical opening at the Nederlander Theatre the following spring. Crystal would reprise his role as Buddy Young Jr. and write the book with Ganz and Mandel, with music by Jason Robert Brown and lyrics by Amanda Green. Paymer would also reprise his role as Stan. Also in the cast would be Randy Graff as Elaine, and Chasten Harmon as Annie. The show would be directed by John Rando and choreographed by Ellenore Scott.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: In professional wrestling, blading is the practice of intentionally cutting oneself to provoke bleeding. It is also known as "juicing", "gigging", or "getting color". Similarly, a blade is an object used for blading, and a bladejob is a specific act of blading. The act is usually done a good length into the match, as the blood will mix with the flowing sweat on a wrestler's brow to make it look like much more blood is flowing from the wound than there actually is. The preferred area for blading is usually the forehead, as scalp wounds bleed profusely and heal easily. Legitimate, unplanned bleeding which occurs outside the storyline is called "juicing the hard way".


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Prior to the advent of blading, most storyline blood in wrestling came from one wrestler deliberately splitting the flesh over their opponent's eyebrow bone with a hard well placed and forceful punch. In his third autobiography, "The Hardcore Diaries", Mick Foley cites Terry Funk as one of the few remaining active wrestlers who knows how to "bust an eyebrow open" in this way. However, on a very rare occasion, in the 2012 Extreme Rules event, Brock Lesnar caused John Cena to bleed without blading with a vicious elbow to his head and further hard strikes to Cena's body, though Cena ultimately won the match and the match being critically acclaimed. The forehead has always been the preferred blading surface, due to the abundance of blood vessels. A cut in this area will bleed freely for a length of time and will heal quickly. A cut in this location will allow the blood to mix in with the sweat on the wrestler's face, giving them a "crimson mask" effect.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Popularity of blading has declined in recent years. The wrestler always runs the risk of cutting too deeply and slicing an artery in the forehead. In 2004, Eddie Guerrero accidentally did this during his match with JBL at Judgment Day, resulting in a rush of blood pouring from the bladed area. Guerrero lost so much blood because of the cut that he felt the effects from it for two weeks.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: In the past North American professional wrestling, blading was almost exclusively performed by and on male performers. However in promotions that allows blading in the 2020s such as All Elite Wrestling, women have bladed as well, for example in a match between Britt Baker and Thunder Rosa in 2021, Baker underwent excessive bleeding because of blading during the match.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Some wrestlers like Abdullah the Butcher, Dusty Rhodes, New Jack, Bruiser Brody, King Curtis Iaukea, Carlos Colón Sr., Perro Aguayo, Devon Hughes (Brother Devon/D-Von Dudley), Ric Flair, Steve Corino, Tarzan Goto, Balls Mahoney, Kintaro Kanemura, Jun Kasai, Villano III, Ian Rotten, Sabu and Manny Fernandez, have disfiguring scars on their heads from frequently blading throughout their careers. According to Mick Foley, the scars in Abdullah's forehead are so deep that he enjoys holding coins or gambling chips in them as a macabre party trick.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Presently, blading is a lot less popular than in the past, due to the prevalence and heightened awareness of AIDS and hepatitis. In the 1980s, the willingness to blade was seen as an advantage of new wrestlers. From July 2008 onward, due to its TV-PG rating, WWE has not allowed wrestlers to blade themselves. In most cases, any blood coming from the wrestlers is unintentional. To maintain their TV-PG rating, when a wrestler bleeds on live television, WWE tends to attempt to stop the bleeding mid-match or use different camera angles to avoid showing excessive blood. During repeats of said footage, WWE television programs often shift to black-and-white.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Impact Wrestling, formerly known as Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling, used blading frequently until adopting a new no-blood policy in 2014. Wrestlers Abyss and Raven were famed for the matches involving the most blood in TNA before the new policy in 2014.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: One of the most famous such incidents was a bladejob performed by Japanese wrestler The Great Muta in a 1992 match with Hiroshi Hase; the amount of blood Muta lost was so great that many people to this day judge the severity of bladejobs on the "Muta Scale".


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: ECW was famous for their hardcore style wrestling employing excessive usage of blading. By far the most controversial incident relating to blading was the Mass Transit incident at ECW on November 23, 1996. During a scheduled tag team match between the team of Axl Rotten and D-Von Dudley vs. the team of New Jack and Mustafa Saed, Axl Rotten could not make the show and was replaced by 17-year-old fan Erich Kulas, who lied about both his age (claiming to be 21) and wrestling experience. Before the match, Kulas asked New Jack, who was notorious for his stiff hardcore wrestling style and for shooting on opponents, to blade him, since he never had done it himself, and New Jack agreed. New Jack bladed Kulas with a surgical scalpel but cut too deeply and severed two arteries in Kulas' forehead. Kulas screamed in pain, then passed out as blood poured from his head, and was later hospitalized. The incident generated much negative publicity and a lawsuit by Kulas's family, where New Jack was charged but the Jury dropped all charges as the blading was done per Kulas's request and Kulas had lied about his age. Erich Kulas later died on May 12, 2002, but no connection was made between his death and the incident.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: During an interview on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", Mickey Rourke spoke about his experience with gigging himself for a scene in the 2008 movie "The Wrestler". Rourke agreed to gig at the initial request of director Darren Aronofsky in hopes that he would revoke the demand come production time. Indeed, later during filming, Aronofsky admitted that Rourke needn't actually gig; however, by his own will, Rourke decided to go through with it anyway. In the film itself, Rourke's character is seen preparing for a match by wrapping a razor blade inside his wrist tape.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: There is one notable incident of blading in association football. In 1989, Chilean national team goalkeeper Roberto Rojas bladed himself to prevent a loss, by blaming the injury on fireworks thrown by opposing fans. FIFA saw through the ruse and ended up banning Rojas for life and banning Chile from the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Rojas's ban was lifted in 2001.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: Canadian wrestler Devon Nicholson pressed charges against Abdullah the Butcher, claiming that he contracted hepatitis C after Abdullah bladed him without consent. An Ontario court ruled in favor of Nicholson and ordered Abdullah to pay $2.3 million.


title: Blading (professional wrestling)

text: During their King of the Road match at Uncensored 1995, Dustin Rhodes and The Blacktop Bully bladed, which was against the policy of World Championship Wrestling at the time, and they were both fired as a result.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are mathematical questions defined as the set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or/ limitations. CSPs represent a entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite constraints over variables, which is solved by constraint satisfaction methods. CSPs are the subject of research in both artificial intelligence and operations research, since the regularity in their formulation provides a common basis to analyze and solve problems of many seemingly unrelated families. CSPs often exhibit high complexity, requiring a combination of heuristics and combinatorial search methods to be solved in a reasonable time. Constraint programming (CP) is the field of research that specifically focuses on tackling these kinds of problems. Additionally, Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), the satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), mixed integer programming (MIP) and answer set programming (ASP) are all fields of research focusing on the resolution of particular forms of the constraint satisfaction problem.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: These are often provided with tutorials of CP, ASP, Boolean SAT and SMT solvers. In the general case, constraint problems can be much harder, and may not be expressible in some of these simpler systems. "Real life" examples include automated planning, lexical disambiguation, musicology, product configuration and resource allocation.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: The existence of a solution to a CSP can be viewed as a decision problem. This can be decided by finding a solution, or failing to find a solution after exhaustive search (stochastic algorithms typically never reach an exhaustive conclusion, while directed searches often do, on sufficiently small problems). In some cases the CSP might be known to have solutions beforehand, through some other mathematical inference process.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Every constraint formula_7 is in turn a pair formula_8, where formula_9 is a subset of formula_10 variables and formula_11 is a formula_10-ary relation on the corresponding subset of domains formula_13. An "evaluation" of the variables is a function from a subset of variables to a particular set of values in the corresponding subset of domains. An evaluation formula_14 satisfies a constraint formula_15 if the values assigned to the variables formula_16 satisfies the relation formula_11.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: An evaluation is "consistent" if it does not violate any of the constraints. An evaluation is "complete" if it includes all variables. An evaluation is a "solution" if it is consistent and complete; such an evaluation is said to "solve" the constraint satisfaction problem.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Constraint satisfaction problems on finite domains are typically solved using a form of search. The most used techniques are variants of backtracking, constraint propagation, and local search. These techniques are also often combined, as in the VLNS method, and current research involves other technologies such as linear programming.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Backtracking is a recursive algorithm. It maintains a partial assignment of the variables. Initially, all variables are unassigned. At each step, a variable is chosen, and all possible values are assigned to it in turn. For each value, the consistency of the partial assignment with the constraints is checked; in case of consistency, a recursive call is performed. When all values have been tried, the algorithm backtracks. In this basic backtracking algorithm, consistency is defined as the satisfaction of all constraints whose variables are all assigned. Several variants of backtracking exist. Backmarking improves the efficiency of checking consistency. Backjumping allows saving part of the search by backtracking "more than one variable" in some cases. Constraint learning infers and saves new constraints that can be later used to avoid part of the search. Look-ahead is also often used in backtracking to attempt to foresee the effects of choosing a variable or a value, thus sometimes determining in advance when a subproblem is satisfiable or unsatisfiable.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Constraint propagation techniques are methods used to modify a constraint satisfaction problem. More precisely, they are methods that enforce a form of local consistency, which are conditions related to the consistency of a group of variables and/or constraints. Constraint propagation has various uses. First, it turns a problem into one that is equivalent but is usually simpler to solve. Second, it may prove satisfiability or unsatisfiability of problems. This is not guaranteed to happen in general; however, it always happens for some forms of constraint propagation and/or for certain kinds of problems. The most known and used forms of local consistency are arc consistency, hyper-arc consistency, and path consistency. The most popular constraint propagation method is the AC-3 algorithm, which enforces arc consistency.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Local search methods are incomplete satisfiability algorithms. They may find a solution of a problem, but they may fail even if the problem is satisfiable. They work by iteratively improving a complete assignment over the variables. At each step, a small number of variables are changed in value, with the overall aim of increasing the number of constraints satisfied by this assignment. The min-conflicts algorithm is a local search algorithm specific for CSPs and is based on that principle. In practice, local search appears to work well when these changes are also affected by random choices. An integration of search with local search has been developed, leading to hybrid algorithms.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: CSPs are also studied in computational complexity theory and finite model theory. An important question is whether for each set of relations, the set of all CSPs that can be represented using only relations chosen from that set is either in P or NP-complete. If such a dichotomy theorem is true, then CSPs provide one of the largest known subsets of NP which avoids NP-intermediate problems, whose existence was demonstrated by Ladner's theorem under the assumption that P ≠ NP. Schaefer's dichotomy theorem handles the case when all the available relations are Boolean operators, that is, for domain size 2. Schaefer's dichotomy theorem was recently generalized to a larger class of relations.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Most classes of CSPs that are known to be tractable are those where the hypergraph of constraints has bounded treewidth (and there are no restrictions on the set of constraint relations), or where the constraints have arbitrary form but there exist essentially non-unary polymorphisms of the set of constraint relations.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: A similar situation exists between the functional classes FP and #P. By a generalization of Ladner's theorem, there are also problems in neither FP nor #P-complete as long as FP ≠ #P. As in the decision case, a problem in the #CSP is defined by a set of relations. Each problem takes a Boolean formula as input and the task is to compute the number of satisfying assignments. This can be further generalized by using larger domain sizes and attaching a weight to each satisfying assignment and computing the sum of these weights. It is known that any complex weighted #CSP problem is either in FP or #P-hard.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: The classic model of Constraint Satisfaction Problem defines a model of static, inflexible constraints. This rigid model is a shortcoming that makes it difficult to represent problems easily. Several modifications of the basic CSP definition have been proposed to adapt the model to a wide variety of problems.


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Dynamic CSPs ("DCSP"s) are useful when the original formulation of a problem is altered in some way, typically because the set of constraints to consider evolves because of the environment. DCSPs are viewed as a sequence of static CSPs, each one a transformation of the previous one in which variables and constraints can be added (restriction) or removed (relaxation). Information found in the initial formulations of the problem can be used to refine the next ones. The solving method can be classified according to the way in which information is transferred:


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: Classic CSPs treat constraints as hard, meaning that they are "imperative" (each solution must satisfy all of them) and "inflexible" (in the sense that they must be completely satisfied or else they are completely violated). Flexible CSPs relax those assumptions, partially "relaxing" the constraints and allowing the solution to not comply with all of them. This is similar to preferences in preference-based planning. Some types of flexible CSPs include:


title: Constraint satisfaction problem

text: In DCSPs each constraint variable is thought of as having a separate geographic location. Strong constraints are placed on information exchange between variables, requiring the use of fully distributed algorithms to solve the constraint satisfaction problem.


title: Ragging

text: Ragging is the term used for the so-called "initiation ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in the Indian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The practise is similar to hazing in North America, in France, in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.


title: Ragging

text: In 2009, the University Grants Commission of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a toll-free 'anti-ragging helpline'.


title: Ragging

text: Ragging is a subset of bullying. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.


title: Ragging

text: According to University Grants Commission (India)’s anti-ragging cell data, 511 complaints of ragging were registered in India in 2021. Inaction and underreporting were cited as major causes of encouraging ragging. Medical colleges lead in ragging complaints, with most from the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.


title: Ragging

text: The freshmen are asked to dress in a specific dress code for a particular period of time. The dress code prescribed is generally unusual, e.g. dressing completely in white or black with the hair oiled and combed in a particular style, dressing in shirts that do not contain stripes, dressing in long skirts for girls. Dress code ragging may make freshmen feel uncomfortable, as it often brings them unnecessary attention from everybody else. Some cases say that the juniors were also forced to carry condom packs with their penis size written on the pack mandatorily as an attempt at further abuse.


title: Ragging

text: Verbal torture involves indulging in loose talks. The freshmen may be asked to sing the lyrics of any vulgar song or use abusive language in the presence of a large number of peers. During this time, seniors assign an abusive and demeaning nickname, known as "card", to the juniors and they have to be called by that name throughout their entire university life. In some universities, this nickname is changed to a less vulgar name after the ragging period. These aliases are used primarily as a means of preventing the university authorities identifying the students who are involved in ragging and other unlawful activities. The form of verbal ragging differs from one institution to another. In some universities, students have to memorize poems made up of filth and recite them in front of others. The juniors had to call seniors as sir/ma'am and in some cases the juniors are told to refer all male seniors as "Baap", i.e. father, in order to abuse the senior.


title: Ragging

text: The freshers are asked to do various tasks, such as sit-ups or push-ups, sitting in the murga pose, being forced to address seniors as 'sir'/'ma'am' , or removing their shirts. On an attempt to resist carrying out the activities, they may beat the fresher with bats or slap them.


title: Ragging

text: Though, in India, if a complaint is lodged against that senior, he/she (and others who were present that time) will be given a strict punishment such as expulsion from university, imprisonment for a year etc.


title: Ragging

text: The freshers, mostly the male juniors, were often made to strip all their clothes and stand naked in front of their seniors and are entitled to other kind of sexual abuse as well. Several reports present that boys were often made completely naked in hostels in the name of ragging and ice-breaking. Earlier times reported boys being completely naked at public places as well like railway stations as a part of ragging which is very humiliating. Other kinds of sexual abuse also used to happen. Some answers on Quora say that boys were forced to drink urine, swallow semen, masturbate and much more sexually abusive and humiliating things under the name of ragging.


title: Ragging

text: The seniors may attempt to harass or threaten the junior to complete their assignments, bunk classes, not to take part in any activities or be a part of clubs related to politics etc. But sometimes reverse is done by not letting freshers to do any academic related activity except for attending lectures during university hours which is said to be in order to prepare the freshers for heavier workloads during their upcoming years.


title: Ragging

text: Although it comes under extreme cases of ragging and on complaint will lead to strict punishment to the seniors.


title: Ragging

text: Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition. It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."


title: Ragging

text: Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.


title: Ragging

text: A high-level committee in 2009, which probed the death of Aman Kachroo, revealed that alcohol was the main reason leading to serious forms of ragging and violence in the campus.


title: Ragging

text: A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging. Ragging has reportedly caused at least 30 deaths in the last seven years. In 2007, approximately seven ragging deaths were reported. In addition, a number of freshmen were severely traumatised to the extent that they were admitted to mental institutions.


title: Ragging

text: Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous Abu Ghraib style, and on innocent victims.


title: Ragging

text: However, the Anti-Ragging NGO Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.


title: Ragging

text: Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.


title: Ragging

text: India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's, occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.


title: Ragging

text: As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register an F.I.R. with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher. After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).


title: Ragging

text: The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.


title: Ragging

text: A major concern that was highlighted against the helpline was that it registered a minuscule percentage (0.1%) of the total phone calls it received. Specifically, the toll-free helpline (1800-180-5522) received calls in the three months of November 2012 to January 2013, but only 190 complaints were registered in this period. In its defence, the helpline said that most of the calls it received were of inquiry in nature, of the eager students to know whether the helpline number worked or not. Some students changed their minds midway not to register the complaint. It also said that many of the calls were hoaxes as it was a toll-free number.


title: Ragging

text: In 1997, the state of Tamil Nadu first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court of India in May 2001, in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission.


title: Ragging

text: In 1999, the Government of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do.


title: Ragging

text: The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states: "Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees."


title: Ragging

text: Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :""shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4"," In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.


title: Ragging

text: It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College in Mumbai. The most notable case in which it has been applied is the Suicide of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Information Technology Act, 2000. The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide. Since 2018, at the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the university which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven. In 2010, 18 students at the Seth GS Medical College were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.


title: Ragging

text: In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the Maharashtra Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.


title: Ragging

text: In June 2019, after the suicide of Payal Tadvi, there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.


title: Ragging

text: The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.


title: Ragging

text: The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former CBI director Dr. R. K. Raghavan to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report, submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court of India interim order (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official First Information Reports with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.


title: Ragging

text: Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".


title: Ragging

text: In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.


title: Ragging

text: In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the University Grants Commission (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions. These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.


title: Ragging

text: With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.


title: Ragging

text: Online groups like Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).


title: Ragging

text: The Indian media has exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.


title: Ragging

text: There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as Mahavihara or Abhayagiri Vihara. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-World War II era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.


title: Ragging

text: Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves who consider ragging as a rite of passage. The creation of 'safe spaces' and travelling in larger groups are just some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.


title: Ragging

text: Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the 'ragging period'. In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.


title: Ragging

text: Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments. Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".


title: Ragging

text: The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment to any party by another as a violation of human rights. University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. After the series of ragging-related incidents happened in 1997, "Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998" was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978.


title: Ragging

text: Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists. In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students. Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, S. B. Dissanayake, stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university. In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: The trident of Poseidon and his Roman equivalent, Neptune, has been their traditional divine attribute in many ancient depictions. Poseidon's trident was crafted by the Cyclopes.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: In Greek mythology, Poseidon's trident was forged by the cyclopes according to Pseudo-Apollodorus's "Bibliotheke".


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: Poseidon wields his trident on a number of occasions. He used his trident to strike a rock upon the hill of the Acropolis, producing a well of seawater, in what developed into a contest between him and Athena over possession of Attica. When he lost, Poseidon used the trident to dry out the land so they had no water. The well was later to be called the Erechtheis. There is further myth that Poseidon (Neptune) produced a horse by striking the earth with the trident, in order to bolster his claim, but there is no attestation for this among Greek writers. The alleged trident print on a rock and the sea well within the Erechtheion were witnessed by the geographer Pausanias while visiting Athens.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: In another myth, Poseidon creates a spring or springs with the strike of his trident to reward Amymone for her encounter with him. In a version of another myth Poseidon wields his trident to scare off a satyr who tries to rape Amymone after she mistakenly hits him with a hunting spear.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: There is also a myth where Poseidon touches the island of Delos with his trident, affixing it firmly to the sea floor. Another myth tells how Poseidon, enraged by sacrilegious behavior of Ajax the Lesser, splits with trident the rock to which Ajax was clinging.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: The oldest coins of Poseidonia from the 6th century BC depict trident wielded by Poseidon in his right hand, similar to Zeus's thunderbolt. An Attic red figure kylix from depicts Poseidon killing the Giant Polybotes with his trident.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: According to the second and third Vatican Mythographer, Neptune's trident symbolizes the three properties of water: liquidity, fecundity and drinkability.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: The trident of Neptune was viewed by Roman scholar Maurus Servius Honoratus as three-pronged because "the sea is said to be a third part of the world, or because there are three kinds of water: seas, streams and rivers".


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: The view shared by Friedrich Wieseler, E. M. W. Tillyard and several other researchers is that Poseidon's trident is a fish spear, typical for coast-dwelling Greeks.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: According to Robert Graves, however, both Poseidon's trident and Zeus' thunderbolt were originally a sacred labrys, but later distinguished from each other when Poseidon became god of the sea, while Zeus claimed the right to the thunderbolt.


title: Trident of Poseidon

text: According to a competing proposal by H. B. Walters, Poseidon's trident is derived from Zeus' lotus sceptre, with Poseidon being Zeus in his marine aspect.