title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: The Aeronautics Commission also provided a $275,000 state grant to help in the construction costs, while the City of Shawnee paid for the remaining amount. From 2008 to 2011, the Shawnee Regional Airport received nearly $8 million in state and federal grants for various runway and taxiway improvements.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: A "Bridge of Understanding" and a gravel area with several Oriental-style stone ornamentation. A plaque at the bridge states: "Shawnee Nikaho/Bridge of Understanding/is dedicated to the memory of Mayor Pierre Taron/a strong proponent of Sister Cities. "There is a gazebo approximately 15 ft. by 18 ft. with a gravel and stone floor. In the center is a wood picnic table with benches for seating on each side. The roof is wood shingled and colorful flowers are planted around the outside of the gazebo which is dedicated to the Sister Cities International program between Shawnee and Nikaho, Japan. In 1987, a Japanese manufacturing company, TDK, opened a factory in Shawnee which locally manufactures ferrite magnets for electronic motors. The mayor of Shawnee at that time, Pierre F. Taron, Jr., sought to establish a Sister City relationship between Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S.A. and Nikaho, Japan. Each year, citizens of each town visit the other town, to renew ties, exchange gifts, and spend time learning about the other's culture. The delegations stay with local host families.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: The Pottawatomie County Historical Society maintains a museum of the railroad history in the county as well as displaying other artifacts of the area in the former Santa Fe Depot, downtown at 614 E Main.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: The Citizen Potawatomi Nation operates a "Cultural Heritage Center" which houses tribal rolls, archives, and gift shop. The institution also interprets and presents exhibits of Potawatomi culture. Located between Shawnee and Tecumseh.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: The Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, located on Oklahoma Baptist University's Green Campus (the former campus of St. Gregory's University) is one of the oldest museums in Oklahoma. Its collections include Egyptian, Medieval, Renaissance, Contemporary, and Native American items.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Larch–Miller Park is located in the 900 block of North Broadway. The park was dedicated to Aloysius Larch-Miller who fought for women's suffrage and was head of the ratification committee fighting for a special session to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Although sick with influenza, and against advice, Larch-Miller debated Oklahoma Attorney General S.P. Freeling. She won a majority of support but the strain took its toll and she died on February 2, 1920. A monument was erected in the park to honor her by Carrie Chapman Catt.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Woodland Veteran's Memorial Park is two blocks north of Main street. First built in 1905, the park originally featured fountains and sunken gardens and was the site of frequent Chautauqua meetings led by such people as William Jennings Bryan. In 1905, the Carnegie library was built on the southwest corner of the park (currently the District Attorney's office of Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma). There is also a Veteran's memorial in the southeast corner as well that features a helicopter once used during the Korean War. The park also features the Splash Pad that opened in 2015 replacing the large Municipal swimming pool which had been built by the PWA in 1936. The stone-constructed locker room remains from the pool. The park also features two tennis courts located on the east side of the park and has a playground area and a stage with metal bleachers used for special events throughout the year. There are numerous stone and concrete picnic tables, some over eighty years old. A small sculpture of a bald eagle atop a sphere on the north edge and a miniature version of the Statue of Liberty face Highland street.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Briscoe Boy Scout Park named in honor of Dick Briscoe, a long-time Boy Scout leader in Shawnee, – located at East Main and Pesotum streets. It features a splash pad, two basketball courts, two tennis courts, a playground for children, picnic tables with BBQ grills and a walking track around the park.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Red Bud Park – located at the intersection of Beard and Dill and to the west of Larch-Miller park. This park was constructed after the devastating flood of Shawnee Creek that ran through the area in 1928. The picturesque park features a large drainage ditch lined with local stone, many large trees, playground equipment and a wrought-iron entrance sign.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Shawnee has a rich sports history that reaches back before statehood. The first report of a town baseball team was in 1902. There has since been organized baseball, from sandlot to minor league teams. In the early days of Shawnee, businesses such as the Rock Island shops and civic organizations promoted teams in the Twilight League. In 1929 and '30 Shawnee was home to the Robins, a St. Louis Cardinal minor league team and part of the Western Association. Several Robins went on to play MLB, including Bob Klinger (Pirates), Ival Goodman (Reds, Cubs), Alfred "Lefty" Smith (Giants, Phillies, Indians), Ray Starr (Cardinals, Giants, Braves, Reds, Pirates, Cubs) and Fritz Ostermueller (Red Sox, Browns, Dodgers, Pirates), who was depicted in the Jackie Robinson film "42."


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: The Brooklyn Dodgers provided Shawnee with a Class D minor league in the Sooner State League from 1950 to 1957. The Hawks competed against McAlester, Ardmore, Pauls Valley, Lawton, Seminole and Sherman and Paris, Texas. The most well-known major leaguers to get their start with the Hawks were Don Demeter, a Dodger pitcher from Oklahoma City and Stan Williams (Dodgers, Yankees, Indians and Twins).


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Shawnee also hosted two spring training games between major league teams at Athletic Field (now called Memorial Park). In 1937 the New York Giants and Cleveland Indians played and brought in the Giants leading pitchers, Carl Hubbell, who was from the nearby community of Meeker. The following year the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago White Sox also played a game in Shawnee. Cy Blanton, who lived in Shawnee and had played for the Robins, and Paul and Loyd Waner from nearby McLoud, were members of the Giants' squad.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: At least 34 Major League Baseball players have connections to Shawnee, either by birth, or having played on a local team or lived in town at one time. Eighteen with ties to Shawnee have played professional football and ten local athletes have participated in pro basketball.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Shawnee High School has also had a colorful sports history. Records from as early as 1906 are found for football and baseball. Over the years the football team has won the state title three times, the most recent was in 2003. Several SHS grads have gone on to play NFL football over the years, most notedly Darrien Gordon, a 1989 grad, who played in three Super Bowls, one with the San Diego Chargers and two with the Denver Broncos. Notably, since the year 2000, SHS has won seven state championships, two in baseball, one in girls' basketball, two in boys' cross country, one in boys' track and one in girls' track. The high school provides excellent facilities with Jim Thorpe Stadium, Memorial Park, softball field and the Shawnee Performing Arts Center combo which includes a state-of-the art gym.


title: Shawnee, Oklahoma

text: Shawnee offers youth sports of all variety either through the YMCA or the Shawnee Sports Association. There are also three golf courses, several tennis courts, two bowling alleys, Lion's Club baseball park and a softball complex at Firelake. Shawnee briefly hosted the Shawnee Warriors, a semi-pro football team that competed in the Oklahoma Metro Football League competing as the Millers, affiliated with the Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz, a minor league pro arena team that season.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: Keeper of the Lost Cities is an upper-middle-grade fantasy series by Shannon Messenger that has appeared on the "New York Times" bestseller list for a total of ten weeks. The first book in the series was an Association for Library Service to Children tween recommended read in 2013. The series first charted following the release of the 5th installment, "Lodestar", on the week of November 20th, 2016. The seventh book in the series "Flashback" had a first printing of 150,000 copies and Shannon Messenger's three-week tour to promote the book drew crowds of 200-700 people per event.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: The series tells the story of Sophie Foster, a twelve-year-old high school senior with the ability to read minds. She lives in San Diego, California until a boy named Fitz Vacker comes and tell her that he can read minds to and that they are telepaths, and reveals that she is an elf and must leave to go live among the elves in the "Lost Cities", a hidden civilization where elves and other fantasy races live. She leaves the human family she had been living with behind and stays with an elven couple, Grady and Edaline Ruewen, who later adopt her. She starts school at a prestigious elven academy called Foxfire. She eventually discovers that she has dangerous and illegal secrets hidden in her mind, planted there by the Black Swan, a rebel group who is later revealed to have hidden Sophie originally in the human world. The main antagonist of the series is the Neverseen, an extreme criminal organization.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: The story has continued over ten books as of November 2022, with one book released each year, as well as Unlocked—book 8.5—and four short stories in limited editions. The ninth book, the most recent installment, was released on November 8, 2022. The series will conclude with a tenth book in 2023.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: "Unlocked" is a novella and considered to be book number 8.5 in the series. It is a departure from the writing style of the previous books, with chapters alternating between multiple characters' perspectives. It also includes a series guide and extras like recipes and official art of the characters, drawn by Laura Hollingsworth.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: The Barnes & Noble special editions of "Nightfall", "Flashback" and "Legacy" include short stories from the perspectives of characters Keefe Sencen, Fitz Vacker, and Tam Song, respectively. The paperback edition of "Flashback" includes another short story from Keefe's perspective, and the paperback edition of "Unlocked" includes a short story from Linh Song's perspective. No other special editions are set to release at this time.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: An illustrated and annotated trade paperback edition of the first book was released on August 25, 2020.


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: Reviews to the series have mainly been positive. "Kirkus Reviews" said of the first book: "wholesome shading to bland", but "well-stocked with exotic creatures and locales, plus an agreeable cast." "Booklist Reviews" called it a "exciting start to a promising series."


title: Keeper of the Lost Cities

text: On January 11, 2021, it was announced that Ben Affleck would be directing an adaptation of Keeper of the Lost Cities for Disney. The release date and cast have not been announced, but it is set for around 2023/2024.


title: Financial literacy

text: Financial literacy is the possession of the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources. Raising interest in personal finance is now a focus of state-run programs in countries including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Understanding basic financial concepts allows people to know how to navigate in the financial system. People with appropriate financial literacy training make better financial decisions and manage money better than those without such training.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) started an inter-governmental project in 2003 with the objective of providing ways to improve financial education and literacy standards through the development of common financial literacy principles. In March 2008, the OECD launched the International Gateway for Financial Education, which aims to serve as a clearinghouse for financial education programs, information and research worldwide. In the UK, the alternative term "financial capability" is used by the state and its agencies: the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the UK started a national strategy on financial capability in 2003. The US government established its Financial Literacy and Education Commission in 2003.


title: Financial literacy

text: There is a diversity of definitions used by NGOs, think tanks, and advocacy groups but in its broadest sense financial literacy is an awareness or understanding of money. Some of the definitions below are closely aligned with “skills and knowledge”, whereas others take broader views:


title: Financial literacy

text: An international OECD study was published in late 2005 analysing financial literacy surveys in OECD countries. A selection of findings included:


title: Financial literacy

text: "Yet it is encouraging that the few financial education programmes which have been evaluated have been found to be reasonably effective. Research in the US shows that workers increase their participation in 401(k) plans (a type of retirement plan, with special tax advantages, which allows employees to save and invest for their own retirement) when employers offer financial education programmes, whether in the form of brochures or seminars."


title: Financial literacy

text: However, academic analyses of financial education have found no evidence of measurable success at improving participants' financial well-being.


title: Financial literacy

text: According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, more Mongolians have expanded their financial options, and for instance now compare the interest rates of loans and savings services through the successful launch of the TV drama with focus on the fiscal literacy of poor and non-poor vulnerable households. Given that 80% of Mongolians cited TV as their main source of information, TV serial dramas were identified as the most effective vehicle for messages on financial literacy.


title: Financial literacy

text: A survey of women consumers across Asia Pacific Middle East Africa (APMEA) comprises basic money management, financial planning and investment. The top ten of APMEA Women MasterCard's Financial Literacy Index are Thailand 73.9, New Zealand 71.3, Australia 70.2, Vietnam 70.1, Singapore 69.4, Taiwan 68.7, Philippines 68.2, Hong Kong 68.0, Indonesia 66.5 and Malaysia 66.0.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Australian Government established a National Consumer and Financial Literacy Taskforce in 2004, which recommended the establishment of the Financial Literacy Foundation in 2005. In 2008, the functions of the Foundation were transferred to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The Australian Government also runs a range of programs (such as Money Management) to improve the financial literacy of its Indigenous population, particularly those living in remote communities.


title: Financial literacy

text: In 2011 ASIC released a National Financial Literacy Strategy—informed by an earlier ASIC research report 'Financial Literacy and Behavioural Change'—to enhance the financial wellbeing of all Australians by improving financial literacy levels. The strategy has four pillars:


title: Financial literacy

text: ASIC's MoneySmart website was one of the key initiatives in the government's strategy. It replaced the FIDO and Understanding Money websites.


title: Financial literacy

text: ASIC also has a MoneySmart Teaching website for teachers and educators. It provides professional learning and other resources to help educators integrate consumer and financial literacy into teaching and learning programs.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Know Risk Network of web and phone apps, newsletters, videos and website was developed by insurance membership body ANZIIF to educate consumers on insurance and risk management.


title: Financial literacy

text: National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE), a non-profit company, was created under section 8 of companies act 2013, to promote financial literacy in India. It is promoted by four major financial regulators Reserve Bank of India, SEBI, IRDA and PFRDA.


title: Financial literacy

text: NCFE conducted a benchmark survey of financial literacy in 2015 to find the level of financial awareness in India. It organises various programs to improve the financial literacy including collaborating with schools and developing new curriculum to include financial management concepts. It also conducts a yearly financial literacy test. The list of topics covered by NCFE in its awareness programs includes investments, types of bank accounts, services offered by banks, Aadhaar card, demat account, pan cards, power of compounding, digital payments, protection against financial frauds etc.


title: Financial literacy

text: A nationwide survey was conducted by SEDCO Holding in Saudi Arabia in 2012 to understand the level of financial literacy in the youth. The survey involved a thousand young Saudi nationals, and the results showed that only 11 percent kept track of their spending, although 75 percent thought they understood the basics of money management. An in-depth analysis of SEDCO's survey revealed that 45 percent of youngsters did not save any money at all, while only 20 percent saved 10 percent of their monthly income. In terms of spending habits, the study indicated that items such as mobile phones and travel accounted for nearly 80 percent of purchases. Regarding financing their lifestyle, 46 percent of youth relied on their parents to fund big ticket items. 90 percent of the respondents stated that they were interested in increasing their financial knowledge.


title: Financial literacy

text: In Singapore, the National Institute of Education Singapore established the inaugural Financial Literacy Hub for Teachers in 2007 to empower school teachers to infuse financial literacy into core curriculum subjects to embed pedagogically sound activities to engage students in learning. Such day-today relevant and authentic illustrations enhance the experiential learning to build financial capability in youth. Integral to evidence-based practices in schools, research on financial literacy is spearheaded by the Hub, which has published numerous impact studies on the effectiveness of financial literacy programs and on the perceptions and attitudes of teachers and students.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Singapore government through the Monetary Authority of Singapore funded the setting up of the Institute for Financial Literacy in July 2012. The institute is managed jointly by MoneySENSE (a national financial education programme) and the Singapore Polytechnic. This Institute aims to build core financial capabilities across a broad spectrum of the Singapore population by providing free and unbiased financial education programmes to working adults and their families. From July 2012 to May 2017, the Institute reached out to more than 110,000 people in Singapore via workshops and talks.


title: Financial literacy

text: In 2016, France introduced a national economic, budgetary and financial education (EDUFI) strategy based on OECD principles. The government designated the Banque de France as the national operator in charge of implementing the policy.


title: Financial literacy

text: This government-led strategy aims to promote financial literacy in French society. Measures include financial education and budget planning courses for young people. Entrepreneurs and financially vulnerable individuals also receive support to develop skills in this area.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Banque de France conducts periodic surveys on the level of understanding, attitudes and behaviour of the French population regarding budgetary and financial matters. It also carries out awareness-raising measures on topics such as overindebtedness, bank inclusion schemes, means of payment, bank accounts, credit, savings and insurance.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Cité de l'Économie opened to the public in June 2019. This institution is the first French museum dedicated entirely to fostering economic literacy in an instructive and entertaining way. It is funded by the Banque de France in cooperation with several partners, including the Ministry for Education, the Institut pour l’Éducation Financière du Public (IEFP – Institute for Public Financial Education) and the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.


title: Financial literacy

text: The FSMA is tasked with contributing to better financial literacy of savers and investors that will enable individual savers, insured persons, shareholders and investors in Belgium to be in a better position in their relationships with their financial institutions. As a result, they will be less likely to purchase products that are not suited to their profile.


title: Financial literacy

text: A study measured financial literacy among 1500 households in German-speaking Switzerland. Testing the three concepts compound interest, inflation, and risk diversification, results show that the level of financial literacy in Switzerland is high compared to results for other European countries or the US population. Results of the study further show that higher financial literacy is correlated with financial market participation and mortgage borrowing. A related study among 15-year-old students in the Canton of Fribourg shows substantial differences in the level of financial literacy between French- and German speaking students.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Swiss National Bank aims at improving financial literacy through its initiative iconomix that targets upper secondary school students.


title: Financial literacy

text: The Financial Services Act 2010 included a provision for the FSA to establish the Consumer Financial Education Body, known as CFEB. From April 26, 2010, CFEB continued the work of the FSA's Financial Capability Division independently of the FSA, and on April 4, 2011, was rebranded as the Money Advice Service.


title: Financial literacy

text: The strategy previously involved the FSA spending about £10 million a year across a seven-point plan. The priority areas were:


title: Financial literacy

text: A baseline survey conducted 5,300 interviews across the UK in 2005. The report identified four themes:


title: Financial literacy

text: "In short, unless steps are taken to improve levels of financial capability, we are storing up trouble for the future."


title: Financial literacy

text: There are also numerous charities in the United Kingdom working to improve financial literacy such as MyBnk, Citizens Advice Bureau and the Personal Finance Education Group.


title: Financial literacy

text: Financial literacy within the UK's armed forces is provided through the MoneyForce program, run by the Royal British Legion in association with the Ministry of Defence and the Money Advice Service.


title: Financial literacy

text: In 2006, Canadian securities regulators commissioned two national investor surveys to gauge people's knowledge and experience with investments and fraud. The results from both studies demonstrated there is a need better to educate and inform investors about capital markets and investment fraud. Education in this area is particularly important as investors take on more risk and responsibility of managing their retirement savings, and a large baby boomer population enters the retirement years across North America.


title: Financial literacy

text: In 2005, the British Columbia Securities Commission (BCSC) funded the Eron Mortgage Study. It was the first systematic study of a single investment fraud, focusing on more than 2,200 Eron Mortgage investors. Among other things, the report identified that investors approaching retirement without adequate resources and affluent middle-aged men were vulnerable to investment fraud. The report suggests investor education will become even more important as the baby boomer generation enters retirement.


title: Financial literacy

text: In Canada, Financial Literacy Month takes place during the month of November to encourage Canadians to take control of their financial well-being and invest into their financial futures by learning about topics of personal finance. Canada has also established a government entity to "promotes financial education and raises consumers' awareness of their rights and responsibilities". The agency also "ensures federally regulated financial entities comply with consumer protection measures.


title: Financial literacy

text: In the US, a national nonprofit organization, the Jump$tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy, is a collection of corporate, academic, non-profit and government organizations that work for financial education since 1995.


title: Financial literacy

text: The United States Department of the Treasury established its Office of Financial Education in 2002; and the US Congress established the Financial Literacy and Education Commission under the Financial Literacy and Education Improvement Act in 2003. The Commission published its National Strategy on Financial Literacy in 2006.


title: Financial literacy

text: While many organizations have supported the financial literacy movement, they may differ on their definitions of financial literacy. In a report by the President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy, the authors called for a consistent definition of financial literacy by which financial literacy education programs can be judged. They defined financial literacy as "the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for a lifetime of financial well-being."


title: Financial literacy

text: The Council for Economic Education (CEE) conducted a 2009 Survey of the States and found that 44 states currently have K-12 personal finance education or guidelines in place. However, "only 17 states require high school students to take a course in personal finance."


title: Financial literacy

text: The Center For Financial Literacy at Champlain College conducts a biannual survey of statewide high school financial literacy requirements across the nation. The 2017 survey found that Utah had the highest state requirement in the nation, while in Alaska, Delaware, Washington, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Rhode Island and South Dakota, students are entirely dependent on the initiative of their local school board.


title: Financial literacy

text: In July 2010, the United States Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), which created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). The CFPB has been tasked, among other mandates, with promoting financial education through its Consumer Engagement & Education group.


title: Financial literacy

text: Between 2018 and 2019, surveys were performed for a myriad of players in the Brazilian financial market. Among them, B3 (stock exchange), ANBIMA, CVM e Ilumeo Institute. Following these surveys, Brazil defined action plans, the National Strategy about Financial Education (ENEF).


title: Financial literacy

text: The 1999 Blue Ribbon Committee on Improving the Effectiveness of Corporate Audit Committees recommended that publicly traded companies have at least three members with "a certain basic 'financial literacy'. Such 'literacy' signifies the ability to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including a company's balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement."


title: Financial literacy

text: Academic researchers have explored the relationship between financial literacy and accounting literacy. In this context Roman L. Weil defines financial literacy as "the ability to understand the important accounting judgments management makes, why management makes them, and how management can use those judgments to manipulate financial statements".


title: Financial literacy

text: Some financial literacy researchers have raised questions about the political character of financial literacy education, arguing that it justifies the shifting of greater financial risk (e.g. tuition fees, pensions, health care costs, etc.) to individuals from corporations and governments. Many of these researchers argue for a financial literacy education that is more critically oriented and broader in focus: an education that helps individuals better understand systemic injustice and social exclusion, rather than one which understands financial failure as an individual problem and the character of financial risk as apolitical. Many of these researchers work within social justice, critical pedagogy, feminist and critical race theory paradigms.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: Brian Yandrisovitz (born May 6, 1964), better known as Brian Knobbs, is an operatic tenor and an American professional wrestler best known as half of the tag team The Nasty Boys with his partner Jerry Sags.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: Knobbs was born on May 6, 1964 in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He attended Whitehall High School in Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. While at Whitehall High School, Knobbs befriended Jerry Sags. The two would go on to ultimately establish The Nasty Boys in 1986.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: In 1986, Knobbs started his career in the American Wrestling Association, performing as the Masked Terrorist. The following year, in 1986, he formed a tag team called The Nasty Boys with partner Jerry Sags and wrestled in Memphis, Tennessee until they moved to Florida Championship Wrestling, where they won five tag team titles from 1988 through 1990.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: In 1990, the team moved to the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)'s Jim Crockett Promotions, which had been purchased by Ted Turner and was renamed World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before The Nasty Boys left a few months later. They feuded with Rick and Scott Steiner over the WCW United States Tag Team Championship but could not defeat them. Later that year, they left for the World Wrestling Federation, where they were managed by Jimmy Hart. They won the World Tag Team Title from The Hart Foundation before feuding with and losing the title to the Legion of Doom.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: The Nasty Boys wrestled many of the WWF's top face teams, including The Rockers, The Bushwhackers, and High Energy, before turning face in 1992 to feud with Hart's Money Inc. over the tag team title, which they were unable to regain. They then left the WWF for the WCW in 1993 and were placed with manager Missy Hyatt, who led them to the WCW World Tag Team Championship. After Hyatt left as their manager, they feuded with Harlem Heat, The Blue Bloods, and the team of Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck. They won the tag team title a second time later in 1993, but they were defeated by Cactus Jack, and Kevin Sullivan the following year. In May 1995, they defeated Harlem Heat for their third and final WCW tag title at Slamboree in St. Petersburg, Florida but lost the belts back to Harlem Heat in a June episode of "WCW WorldWide". In 1996, they were tricked by the nWo into thinking they were going to become members, but were attacked as soon as they received their shirts. Sags had been injured previously in a shoot altercation with Scott Hall and was forced to retire as a result of the injury.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: Following Sags' retirement, Knobbs left WCW and became a singles wrestler, feuding with Norman Smiley and defeating Bam Bam Bigelow at SuperBrawl at the Cow Palace in 2000. He went on to win the WCW Hardcore Championship three times. He lost the belt simultaneously to all three members of the boy band stable 3 Count but later regained it from them. Fit Finlay was briefly his manager as the Hardcore Soldiers with partner The Dog. Knobbs also was briefly in Jimmy Hart's The First Family.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: After leaving WCW, Knobbs returned to wrestling, including wrestling at the New Alhambra Arena in Philadelphia for "Pro Wrestling Unplugged" on June 16, 2007. On November 20, 2007, Knobbs and Sags reformed as The Nasty Boys, performing in a dark match at the SmackDown! tapings from Tampa, Florida to wrestle their first WWE match in years. According to reports, the match was disastrous, and the team were accused of unprofessionally working stiff with their opponents, Dave Taylor and Drew McIntyre. Knobbs and Saggs won the match.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: On January 4, 2010, The Nasty Boys appeared on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s television show, "TNA Impact!", and started a feud with Team 3D. On the January 21 edition of "Impact!," they competed in their first match for TNA, defeating the team of Eric Young and Kevin Nash. At Against All Odds in Orlando, Florida, The Nasty Boys defeated Team 3D in a tag team match in which Jimmy Hart made his return to the company and interfered in the match on the Nasty Boys' behalf.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: On the February 25, 2010 edition of "Impact!," Team 3D defeated the Nasty Boys in a tables match, when Jesse Neal interfered on Team 3D's behalf. The Nasty Boys and Hart continued their feud with Team 3D by defeating them and the returning Brother Runt, a replacement for Jesse Neal, who The Nasty Boys attacked prior to the match in a six-man tag team match. After the match, Neal attacked The Nastys and helped Team 3D throw Sags through a table.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: On March 29, 2010, The Nasty Boys were released by TNA following an incident at a TNA function where Spike executives were present. In February 2012, Knobbs was involved in an altercation with fellow wrestler New Jack with New Jack allegedly knocking Knobbs out.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: Knobbs has been married to Greg Valentine's wife's sister since January 1994. The couple have one child. Knobbs is a close friend of Hulk Hogan.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: In 2019, Knobbs was hospitalized with a blood infection and had surgery on one of his knees. His medical bills were paid by fans through a GoFundMe campaign. On August 10, 2021, he was hospitalized again for multiple health issues and another GoFundMe was set up for his expenses.


title: Brian Knobbs

text: Knobbs has appeared in several episodes of "Hogan Knows Best" and "Brooke Knows Best", and was an on-screen trainer for "Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling" and "Hulk Hogan's Micro Championship Wrestling". During the 2009 Major League Baseball season, Knobbs performed a "Pit Stop" on Raymond, the Tampa Bay Rays mascot. Knobbs serves as the "10th Man" for the Tampa Bay Rays. He also appeared as a panelist on the Nickelodeon children's game show "Figure It Out: Wild Style" in 1999, getting slimed.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented middleware. The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing (including point-to-point and publish-and-subscribe), reliability and security.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP mandates the behavior of the messaging provider and client to the extent that implementations from different vendors are interoperable, in the same way as SMTP, HTTP, FTP, etc. have created interoperable systems. Previous standardizations of middleware have happened at the API level (e.g. JMS) and were focused on standardizing programmer interaction with different middleware implementations, rather than on providing interoperability between multiple implementations. Unlike JMS, which defines an API and a set of behaviors that a messaging implementation must provide, AMQP is a wire-level protocol. A wire-level protocol is a description of the format of the data that is sent across the network as a stream of bytes. Consequently, any tool that can create and interpret messages that conform to this data format can interoperate with any other compliant tool irrespective of implementation language.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP is a binary, application layer protocol, designed to efficiently support a wide variety of messaging applications and communication patterns. It provides flow controlled, message-oriented communication with message-delivery guarantees such as "at-most-once" (where each message is delivered once or never), "at-least-once" (where each message is certain to be delivered, but may do so multiple times) and "exactly-once" (where the message will always certainly arrive and do so only once), and authentication and/or encryption based on SASL and/or TLS. It assumes an underlying reliable transport layer protocol such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The AMQP specification is defined in several layers: (i) a type system, (ii) a symmetric, asynchronous protocol for the transfer of messages from one process to another, (iii) a standard, extensible message format and (iv) a set of standardised but extensible 'messaging capabilities.'


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP was originated in 2003 by John O'Hara at JPMorgan Chase in London. AMQP was conceived as a co-operative open effort. The initial design was by JPMorgan Chase from mid-2004 to mid-2006 and it contracted iMatix Corporation to develop a C broker and protocol documentation. In 2005 JPMorgan Chase approached other firms to form a working group that included Cisco Systems, IONA Technologies, iMatix, Red Hat, and Transaction Workflow Innovation Standards Team (TWIST). In the same year JPMorgan Chase partnered with Red Hat to create Apache Qpid, initially in Java and soon after C++. Independently, RabbitMQ was developed in Erlang by Rabbit Technologies, followed later by the Microsoft and StormMQ implementations.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The working group grew to 23 companies including Bank of America, Barclays, Cisco Systems, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Börse, Goldman Sachs, HCL Technologies Ltd, Progress Software, IIT Software, INETCO Systems Limited, Informatica (including 29 West), JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft Corporation, my-Channels, Novell, Red Hat, Software AG, Solace Systems, StormMQ, Tervela Inc., TWIST Process Innovations ltd, VMware (which acquired Rabbit Technologies) and WSO2.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP 1.0 was released by the AMQP working group on 30 October 2011, at a conference in New York. At the event Microsoft, Red Hat, VMware, Apache, INETCO and IIT Software demonstrated software running the protocol in an interoperability demonstration. The next day, on 1 November 2011, the formation of an OASIS Technical Committee was announced to advance this contributed AMQP version 1.0 through the international open standards process. The first draft from OASIS was released in February 2012, the changes as compared to that published by the Working Group being restricted to edits for improved clarity (no functional changes). The second draft was released for public review on 20 June (again with no functional changes), and AMQP was approved as an OASIS standard on 31 October 2012.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: OASIS AMQP was approved for release as an ISO and IEC International Standard in April 2014. AMQP 1.0 was balloted through the Joint Technical Committee on Information Technology (JTC1) of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The approved OASIS AMQP submission has been given the designation, ISO/IEC 19464.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Previous versions of AMQP were 0-8, published in June 2006, 0-9, published in December 2006, 0-10 published in February 2008 and 0-9-1, published in November 2008. These earlier releases are significantly different from the 1.0 specification.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Whilst AMQP originated in the financial services industry, it has general applicability to a broad range of middleware problems.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP defines a self-describing encoding scheme allowing interoperable representation of a wide range of commonly used types. It also allows typed data to be annotated with additional meaning, for example a particular string value might be annotated so that it could be understood as a URL. Likewise a map value containing key-value pairs for 'name', 'address' etc., might be annotated as being a representation of a 'customer' type.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The type-system is used to define a message format allowing standard and extended meta-data to be expressed and understood by processing entities. It is also used to define the communication primitives through which messages are exchanged between such entities, i.e. the AMQP "frame bodies".


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The basic unit of data in AMQP is a "frame". There are nine AMQP frame bodies defined that are used to initiate, control and tear down the transfer of messages between two peers. These are:


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: An "attach" frame body is sent to initiate a new link; a "detach" to tear down a link. Links may be established in order to receive or send messages.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Messages are sent over an established "link" using the "transfer" frame. Messages on a link flow in only one direction.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Transfers are subject to a credit based flow control scheme, managed using "flow" frames. This allows a process to protect itself from being overwhelmed by too large a volume of messages or more


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Each transferred message must eventually be "settled". Settlement ensures that the sender and receiver agree on the state of the transfer, providing reliability guarantees. Changes in state and settlement for a transfer (or set of transfers) are communicated between the peers using the "disposition" frame. Various reliability guarantees can be enforced this way: at-most-once, at-least-once and exactly-once.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Multiple links, in both directions, can be grouped together in a "session". A session is a bidirectional, sequential conversation between two peers that is initiated with a "begin" frame and


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: terminated with an "end" frame. A connection between two peers can have multiple sessions multiplexed over it, each logically independent. Connections are initiated with an "open" frame in which


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP defines as the "bare message", that part of the message that is created by the sending application. This is considered immutable as the message is transferred between one or more processes.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Ensuring the message as sent by the application is immutable allows for end-to-end message signing and/or encryption and ensures that any integrity checks (e.g. hashes or digests) remain valid. The message can be annotated by intermediaries during transit, but any such annotations are kept distinct from the immutable "bare message". Annotations may be added before or after the bare message.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The "header" is a standard set of delivery-related annotations that can be requested or indicated for a message and includes time to live, durability, priority.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The bare message itself is structured as an optional list of standard properties (message id, user id, creation time, reply to, subject, correlation id, group id etc.), an optional list of


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: application-specific properties (i.e., extended properties) and a body, which AMQP refers to as application data.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Properties are specified in the AMQP type system, as are annotations. The application data can be of any form, and in any encoding the application chooses. One option is to use the AMQP type system to send structured, self-describing data.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: The link protocol transfers messages between two "nodes" but assumes very little as to what those nodes are or how they are implemented.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: A key category is those nodes used as a "rendezvous point" between senders and receivers of messages (e.g. "queues" or "topics"). The AMQP specification calls such nodes "distribution nodes" and codifies some common behaviors.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Though AMQP can be used in simple peer-to-peer systems, defining this framework for messaging capabilities additionally enables interoperability with messaging intermediaries (brokers, bridges etc.)


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: in larger, richer messaging networks. The framework specified covers basic behaviors but allows for extensions to evolve that can be further codified and standardised.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: AMQP protocol version 1.0 is the current specification version. It focuses on core features which are necessary for interoperability at Internet scale. It contains less explicit routing than previous versions because core functionality is the first to be rigorously standardized. AMQP 1.0 interoperability has been more extensively tested with more implementors than prior versions.


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Earlier versions of AMQP, published prior to the release of 1.0 (see History above) and significantly different from it, include:


title: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol

text: Java Message Service (JMS), is often compared to AMQP. However, JMS is an API specification (part of the Java EE specification) that defines how message producers and consumers are implemented. JMS does not guarantee interoperability between implementations, and the JMS-compliant messaging system in use may need to be deployed on both client and server. On the other hand, AMQP is a wire-level protocol specification. In theory AMQP provides interoperability as different AMQP-compliant software can be deployed on the client and server sides. Note that, like HTTP and XMPP, AMQP does not have a standard API.


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: The 2021 FA Community Shield (also known as The FA Community Shield supported by McDonald's for sponsorship reasons) was the 99th FA Community Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League, Manchester City, and the winners of the previous season's FA Cup, Leicester City. This was Manchester City's first FA Community Shield appearance since 2019 when they beat Liverpool 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw, and Leicester's first since losing 2–1 to Manchester United in the 2016 edition. The game was played on 7 August 2021 at Wembley Stadium in Wembley, London, with Leicester beating Manchester City 1–0 with a 89th-minute penalty by Kelechi Iheanacho.


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: Arsenal were the defending champions as winners of the 2020 FA Community Shield, but did not qualify for this edition, as they failed to win either the Premier League or FA Cup. The match was televised live on ITV. It was the first time the FA Community Shield went free-to-air on television since the 2012 FA Community Shield, which was also shown on ITV.


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: Leicester City won their first FA Cup title after beating Chelsea 1–0 in the final. They were appearing in their third FA Community Shield match, having won one (1971), and lost one (2016).


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: Manchester City won their third Premier League title in four years under the management of Pep Guardiola, after derby rivals Manchester United lost 2–1 to Leicester City at Old Trafford on 11 May 2021. They were appearing in their 13th match, having won six (1937, 1968, 1972, 2012, 2018, 2019), and lost six (1934, 1956, 1969, 1973, 2011, 2014).


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: In the first half, Steffen managed to save a shot from Vardy with his trailing right foot while diving to the left, with ball coming back off the left post. In the last minute of the match Leicester were awarded a penalty when Aké tripped Kelechi Iheanacho in the penalty area after he had failed to control a pass from Rodri. Iheanacho scored the penalty left-footed to the right of the net to win the game 1–0. This was the first time that a team from outside the so-called Big Six had won the Charity/Community Shield since 1995, when Everton beat Blackburn Rovers.


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: Leicester City boss Brendan Rodgers spoke to BBC Radio Leicester about winning the Community Shield for the first time: "There was a great feeling coming here today. Every Leicester player, fan, staff member coming here, it was a really special feeling. We wanted to take that into the game and keep that feeling going, and thankfully we've done that." Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola congratulated Leicester on their win and said, "I am more than satisfied with how we played. Many things were really good, the young players were excellent. We got minutes for players so in general, many good things." Guardiola gave debuts to academy players Cole Palmer, Samuel Edozie and Ben Knight; Edozie and Palmer started the match and Knight came off the bench to replace Ferran Torres in the 74th minute.


title: 2021 FA Community Shield

text: Leicester City started their 2021–22 Premier League campaign with a 1–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers at the King Power Stadium, with Jamie Vardy scoring the only goal in the 41st minute, while Manchester City began the defence of their league title at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium where they faced Tottenham Hotspur; they lost 1–0 to a Son Heung-min goal in the 55th minute, giving new Tottenham Hotspur head coach Nuno Espírito Santo his first win in charge of the club. Manchester City's record signing Jack Grealish made his first start for the club in that match.


title: Displacement current

text: In electromagnetism, displacement current density is the quantity appearing in Maxwell's equations that is defined in terms of the rate of change of , the electric displacement field. Displacement current density has the same units as electric current density, and it is a source of the magnetic field just as actual current is. However it is not an electric current of moving charges, but a time-varying electric field. In physical materials (as opposed to vacuum), there is also a contribution from the slight motion of charges bound in atoms, called dielectric polarization.


title: Displacement current

text: The idea was conceived by James Clerk Maxwell in his 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force, Part III" in connection with the displacement of electric particles in a dielectric medium. Maxwell added displacement current to the electric current term in Ampère's Circuital Law. In his 1865 paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field Maxwell used this amended version of Ampère's Circuital Law to derive the electromagnetic wave equation. This derivation is now generally accepted as a historical landmark in physics by virtue of uniting electricity, magnetism and optics into one single unified theory. The displacement current term is now seen as a crucial addition that completed Maxwell's equations and is necessary to explain many phenomena, most particularly the existence of electromagnetic waves.


title: Displacement current

text: Differentiating this equation with respect to time defines the "displacement current density", which therefore has two components in a dielectric:(see also the "displacement current" section of the article "current density")


title: Displacement current

text: The first term on the right hand side is present in material media and in free space. It doesn't necessarily come from any actual movement of charge, but it does have an associated magnetic field, just as a current does due to charge motion. Some authors apply the name "displacement current" to the first term by itself.


title: Displacement current

text: The second term on the right hand side, called polarization current density, comes from the change in polarization of the individual molecules of the dielectric material. Polarization results when, under the influence of an applied electric field, the charges in molecules have moved from a position of exact cancellation. The positive and negative charges in molecules separate, causing an increase in the state of polarization . A changing state of polarization corresponds to charge movement and so is equivalent to a current, hence the term "polarization current". Thus,


title: Displacement current

text: This polarization is the displacement current as it was originally conceived by Maxwell. Maxwell made no special treatment of the vacuum, treating it as a material medium. For Maxwell, the effect of was simply to change the relative permittivity in the relation .


title: Displacement current

text: The forms in terms of scalar are correct only for linear isotropic materials. For linear non-isotropic materials, becomes a matrix; even more generally, may be replaced by a tensor, which may depend upon the electric field itself, or may exhibit frequency dependence (hence dispersion).


title: Displacement current

text: Some implications of the displacement current follow, which agree with experimental observation, and with the requirements of logical consistency for the theory of electromagnetism.


title: Displacement current

text: An example illustrating the need for the displacement current arises in connection with capacitors with no medium between the plates. Consider the charging capacitor in the figure. The capacitor is in a circuit that causes equal and opposite charges to appear on the left plate and the right plate, charging the capacitor and increasing the electric field between its plates. No actual charge is transported through the vacuum between its plates. Nonetheless, a magnetic field exists between the plates as though a current were present there as well. One explanation is that a "displacement current" "flows" in the vacuum, and this current produces the magnetic field in the region between the plates according to Ampère's law:


title: Displacement current

text: The magnetic field between the plates is the same as that outside the plates, so the displacement current must be the same as the conduction current in the wires, that is,


title: Displacement current

text: Next, this displacement current is related to the charging of the capacitor. Consider the current in the imaginary cylindrical surface shown surrounding the left plate. A current, say , passes outward through the left surface of the cylinder, but no conduction current (no transport of real charges) crosses the right surface . Notice that the electric field between the plates increases as the capacitor charges. That is, in a manner described by Gauss's law, assuming no dielectric between the plates:


title: Displacement current

text: where refers to the imaginary cylindrical surface. Assuming a parallel plate capacitor with uniform electric field, and neglecting fringing effects around the edges of the plates, according to charge conservation equation


title: Displacement current

text: where the first term has a negative sign because charge leaves surface (the charge is decreasing), the last term has a positive sign because unit vector of surface is from left to right while the direction of electric field is from right to left, is the area of the surface . The electric field at surface is zero because surface is in the outside of the capacitor. Under the assumption of a uniform electric field distribution inside the capacitor, the displacement current density is found by dividing by the area of the surface:


title: Displacement current

text: where ' is the current leaving the cylindrical surface (which must equal ') and is the flow of charge per unit area into the cylindrical surface through the face .


title: Displacement current

text: Combining these results, the magnetic field is found using the integral form of Ampère's law with an arbitrary choice of contour provided the displacement current density term is added to the conduction current density (the Ampère-Maxwell equation):


title: Displacement current

text: This equation says that the integral of the magnetic field around the edge of a surface is equal to the integrated current through any surface with the same edge, plus the displacement current term through whichever surface.


title: Displacement current

text: As depicted in the figure to the right, the current crossing surface is entirely conduction current. Applying the Ampère-Maxwell equation to surface yields:


title: Displacement current

text: However, the current crossing surface is entirely displacement current. Applying this law to surface , which is bounded by exactly the same curve , but lies between the plates, produces:


title: Displacement current

text: Any surface that intersects the wire has current passing through it so Ampère's law gives the correct magnetic field. However a second surface bounded by the same edge could be drawn passing between the capacitor plates, therefore having no current passing through it. Without the displacement current term Ampere's law would give zero magnetic field for this surface. Therefore, without the displacement current term Ampere's law gives inconsistent results, the magnetic field would depend on the surface chosen for integration. Thus the displacement current term is necessary as a second source term which gives the correct magnetic field when the surface of integration passes between the capacitor plates. Because the current is increasing the charge on the capacitor's plates, the electric field between the plates is increasing, and the rate of change of electric field gives the correct value for the field found above.


title: Displacement current

text: In a more mathematical vein, the same results can be obtained from the underlying differential equations. Consider for simplicity a non-magnetic medium where the relative magnetic permeability is unity, and the complication of magnetization current (bound current) is absent, so that formula_22 and


title: Displacement current

text: The current leaving a volume must equal the rate of decrease of charge in a volume. In differential form this continuity equation becomes:


title: Displacement current

text: where the left side is the divergence of the free current density and the right side is the rate of decrease of the free charge density. However, Ampère's law in its original form states:


title: Displacement current

text: which implies that the divergence of the current term vanishes, contradicting the continuity equation. (Vanishing of the "divergence" is a result of the mathematical identity that states the divergence of a "curl" is always zero.) This conflict is removed by addition of the displacement current, as then:


title: Displacement current

text: The added displacement current also leads to wave propagation by taking the curl of the equation for magnetic field.


title: Displacement current

text: Substituting this form for into Ampère's law, and assuming there is no bound or free current density contributing to :


title: Displacement current

text: and the fact that the divergence of the magnetic field is zero. An identical wave equation can be found for the electric field by taking the "curl":


title: Displacement current

text: where is the electric potential (which can be chosen to satisfy Poisson's equation) and is a vector potential (i.e. magnetic vector potential, not to be confused with surface area, as is denoted elsewhere). The component on the right hand side is the Gauss's law component, and this is the component that is relevant to the conservation of charge argument above. The second term on the right-hand side is the one relevant to the electromagnetic wave equation, because it is the term that contributes to the curl of . Because of the vector identity that says the curl of a gradient is zero, does not contribute to .


title: Displacement current

text: Maxwell's displacement current was postulated in part III of his 1861 paper ''. Few topics in modern physics have caused as much confusion and misunderstanding as that of displacement current. This is in part due to the fact that Maxwell used a sea of molecular vortices in his derivation, while modern textbooks operate on the basis that displacement current can exist in free space. Maxwell's derivation is unrelated to the modern day derivation for displacement current in the vacuum, which is based on consistency between Ampere's circuital law for the magnetic field and the continuity equation for electric charge.


title: Displacement current

text: Clearly Maxwell was driving at magnetization even though the same introduction clearly talks about dielectric polarization.


title: Displacement current

text: Maxwell concluded, using Newton's equation for the speed of sound ("Lines of Force", Part III, equation (132)), that "light consists of transverse undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena."


title: Displacement current

text: But although the above quotations point towards a magnetic explanation for displacement current, for example, based upon the divergence of the above curl equation, Maxwell's explanation ultimately stressed linear polarization of dielectrics:


title: Displacement current

text: With some change of symbols (and units) combined with the results deduced in the section (, , and the material constant these equations take the familiar form between a parallel plate capacitor with uniform electric field, and neglecting fringing effects around the edges of the plates:


title: Displacement current

text: When it came to deriving the electromagnetic wave equation from displacement current in his 1865 paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, he got around the problem of the non-zero divergence associated with Gauss's law and dielectric displacement by eliminating the Gauss term and deriving the wave equation exclusively for the solenoidal magnetic field vector.


title: Displacement current

text: Maxwell's emphasis on polarization diverted attention towards the electric capacitor circuit, and led to the common belief that Maxwell conceived of displacement current so as to maintain conservation of charge in an electric capacitor circuit. There are a variety of debatable notions about Maxwell's thinking, ranging from his supposed desire to perfect the symmetry of the field equations to the desire to achieve compatibility with the continuity equation.


title: Animal Ambition

text: Animal Ambition: An Untamed Desire to Win, more commonly known as just Animal Ambition, is the fifth studio album by American rapper 50 Cent. The project was released on June 3, 2014, by G-Unit Records and Caroline. All 11 tracks on the standard edition were issued as singles prior to the album's release; in order, they are "Don't Worry 'Bout It", "Hold On", "Pilot", "Smoke", "Hustler", "Chase the Paper", "Everytime I Come Around", "Irregular Heartbeat", "Winners Circle", "Twisted", and "Animal Ambition". The album features guest appearances from Yo Gotti, Trey Songz, Kidd Kidd, Jadakiss, Mr. Probz, Guordan Banks, Prodigy, Schoolboy Q and Styles P.


title: Animal Ambition

text: On December 4, 2013, while doing a press run for the launch of his SMS Audio line of headphones and speakers, 50 Cent announced that a "full body of work", titled "Animal Ambition" would be released in January 2014. In a December 2013, interview with DJ Whoo Kid, he reiterated plans for the album, saying: "I'm going to drop it in January, it's a full body of work, I wouldn't call it a mixtape because it's a higher grade than the material that I put out on mixtapes. I recorded so many album quality songs that I'm going to put the Animal project out as my viral marketing plan and then it will come out after, "Street King Immortal"." In January 2014, while visiting the Consumer Electronics Show, he explained his motivation to release new music in early 2014, saying: "I'm so anxious to put out material. It took me so long to get the business portion of music straight, because I had went through an auditing process because it was the last record required for Interscope Records. And now, I got "Animal Ambition", I was inspired to write this. It really has to be current. If it's not like right now, what I feel is like the hottest thing, I know it's done right, but it's not necessarily what I should be doing right now."


title: Animal Ambition

text: In a January 2014 interview with "Sonic Electronix", he said that he was recording heavily in preparation for both of the albums, saying, "I want to put "Animal Ambition" out in the first quarter. And then it'll lead up to "Street King Immortal". So it'll be twelve weeks. That's why I'm working so hard, when I leave here I go straight back to record again." He also said that "Animal Ambition" has a shared sound and theme throughout, saying, "With "Animal Ambition", the project is about prosperity. I got an interesting way of writing it, 'cause I wrote it from a distorted vision or viewpoint. When Biggie was doing 'Damn, niggas wanna stick me for my paper, damn,' that's about when you get something, the effects of others responding to you doing better. The jealousies connected to it, there's so many different ways to write it, that the album has those facets to it. The overall theme is ambition and prosperity."


title: Animal Ambition

text: In a January 2014 interview with "Complex", he announced that he would release the album before "Street King Immortal", saying: "There's an album I am putting out before "Street King Immortal". The title is called "Animal Ambition". It's an untamed desire to win. The record is overall about prosperity, ambition, and has an entrepreneurial energy—it's all from a distorted perspective. I just been really excited about the concept, been writing and had a lot of time to create material for the release because it's taken so long. So when you listen the record, you'll see it because I told you it, it's about ambition. If I didn't say that, you wouldn't listen to the record and say what's that song called? Cause when Biggie was saying, 'Damn, niggas wanna stick me for my paper,' that's writing prosperity, but the effects of it from others. Jealousy is created from you moving forward. I wrote it from a lot of different angles in order to create an album with all the facets I was comfortable with so it could all have one thing." On February 20, 2014, 50 Cent left Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records, after a 12-year union and subsequently signed himself and G-Unit Records to Caroline, an independent distributor of Capitol Music Group. On the same day, he announced that the album would be released on June 3, 2014. In a February 2014, interview with "Forbes" detailing his departure from Interscope 50 stated, "I'm a special case and situation. It's also because of the leverage of having the strong relationships with Eminem and Dr. Dre. They don't want me to be uncomfortable. They value our friendship to the point that they would never want [to jeopardize] it over that little bit of money."


title: Animal Ambition

text: In a May 2014, interview with the Business News Network, he spoke about the album's promotional campaign, saying: "I actually decided to create a campaign for the actual record that can sustain the audience. Because it has to sustain your interest for one week until the next song comes, until the next song comes, until the next song comes. And the actual visuals match the song so if you weren't impressed by the music you'll understand creatively why it's the way it is when you see the images. It's obviously a more complex presentation because you have to be really premeditated. You have to know what each one of your songs are gonna feel like. We only needed to know what three looked like. With three records because we're only shooting three music videos before you sold millions of records. The adjustments are technology." In June 2014, 50 announced that he would be accepting Bitcoin payments for the album, making him one of the biggest artists to use the cryptocurrency to date.


title: Animal Ambition

text: On February 21, 2014, the music video was released for "The Funeral". On March 18, 2014, the songs "Don't Worry 'Bout It", featuring Yo Gotti and "Hold On", were released via digital distribution, as the album's first and second singles. On March 18, 2014, the music video was released for "Hold On". On the same day, the music video was released for "Don't Worry 'Bout It" featuring Yo Gotti. On March 25, 2014, the album's third single "Pilot" was released. On the same day, the music video was released for "Pilot". On March 31, 2014, the album's fourth single "Smoke" featuring Trey Songz and produced by Dr. Dre was serviced to mainstream urban radio in the United States. The following day, the music video was released for "Smoke" featuring Trey Songz. On April 15, 2014, the album's fifth single "Hustler" was released. On the same day, the music video for "Hustler" was released.


title: Animal Ambition

text: On April 21, 2014, the music video for "Chase the Paper" featuring Prodigy, Kidd Kidd and Styles P premiered on MTV Jams. The following day, "Chase the Paper" was released as the album's sixth single. On April 29, 2014, the album's seventh single "Everytime I Come Around" featuring Kidd Kidd was released. On the same day, the music video was released for "Everytime I Come Around". On May 6, 2014, the album's eighth single "Irregular Heartbeat" featuring Jadakiss and Kidd Kidd was released. On the same day, the music video was released for "Irregular Heartbeat". On May 13, 2014, the album's ninth single "Winners Circle" featuring Guordan Banks was released. On the same day, the music video was released for "Winners Circle" featuring Guordan Banks. On May 19, 2014, the music video was released for "Twisted" featuring Mr. Probz. On May 20, 2014, the album's tenth single "Twisted" featuring Mr. Probz was released. On May 30, 2014, the album's eleventh single "Animal Ambition" was released. On June 3, 2014, the music video was released for "Animal Ambition". On June 24, 2014, the music video was released for "You Know".


title: Animal Ambition

text: "Animal Ambition" was met with generally mixed reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 53, which indicates "mixed or average reviews", based on 15 reviews. Killian Fox of "The Guardian" wrote "unchanged are his limitations as a rapper, both technically and in his choice of subjects." Also adding, "The theme here, we are told, is prosperity and its discontents, but he doesn't do much more than flaunt it and berate people for hating his success." Sheldon Pearce of "HipHopDX" said, "This release was essentially pitched as a concept album on how wealth alters perception and inspires envy, and though it's possible to follow this loose narrative, the execution of this idea is thoroughly botched. In truth, this wouldn't be so difficult to stomach if he wasn't still rapping (both lyrically and contextually) like it's 2004. "Animal Ambition" is a drastically underperformed gut punch marred by its own limitations and its obsessive portrayal of self-worth amid a recitation of "Get Rich or Die Tryin"' buzzwords." David Jeffries of AllMusic said, "Consider it the album before the album, and it plays out as interesting and often awesome, but put this next to his major works and it seems a bit off and quirky." Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Rolling Stone" wrote "Tracks like "Hold On" and "Pilot" have all the smirking charm of 50's glory days. At their best, they can even recall his time as a mixtape hustler with a world to conquer and nothing to lose."


title: Animal Ambition

text: Jabbari Weekes of "Exclaim!" wrote ""Animal Ambition" showcases a very creatively confused 50 Cent, trapped in some sort of musical purgatory we can only hope he find his way out of." Brandon Soderberg of "Spin" said, ""Animal Ambition" half-assedly pimps the phony idea perpetuated by his Jesse Pinkman-like core fans and an increasingly clueless 50 Cent himself: that his success was built on bona fide gangster rap swagger rather than incredibly accessible club bangers." Ian Cohen of Pitchfork Media said, "There may not be much Curtis Jackson on "Animal Ambition", but it does give an accurate survey of where 50 Cent is at right now." Eric Diep of "XXL" said, "50 Cent's credibility as a viable solo artist is still being tested every day. In a rare occasion for Fif, "Animal Ambition" has got everyone back on the 50 bandwagon and rooting for the second wind in his career. Now, with talks of a G-Unit album later this year, 50 Cent is on the fast-track to becoming the unstoppable force he once was. All of this only means 50 has to push even harder to elevate his status to that level, and with "Animal Ambition", he shows he's ready to put in the work." Jordan Sowunmi of "Now" said, "The album has a few bright spots: on Irregular Heartbeat, the emcee snarls the stone-faced threats that made him an irresistible menace in the early aughts. But it's not enough to save an album that's bogged down by a rapper – and production – stuck in the middle of the last decade." Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine wrote "It's unfortunate that 50 Cent can't offer more, tackling his anxieties head-on rather than burying them under the guise of shopworn gangster narratives, but while simple pleasures are about all "Animal Ambition" can offer, it at least presents them with listenable panache."


title: Animal Ambition

text: Animal Ambition debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 46,000 copies in the United States. In its second week, the album dropped to number 15 on the chart, selling 17,000 copies. In its third week, the album dropped to number 23 on the chart, selling 10,000 copies. In its fourth week, the album dropped to number 39 on the chart, selling 7,200 copies. As of December 2014, the album has sold 124,000 copies in the United States.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Spooks: The Greater Good (known as MI-5 in some countries) is a 2015 British spy film, continuing from the 2002–2011 British television spy series "Spooks". Jonathan Brackley and Sam Vincent wrote the script, with Bharat Nalluri directing. Peter Firth reprises his role as Harry Pearce, who appeared in all ten series of the programme. Also returning from the TV series are Tim McInnerny as Oliver Mace, Lara Pulver as Erin Watts, Hugh Simon as Malcolm Wynn-Jones, and Geoffrey Streatfeild as Calum Reed. Kit Harington and Jennifer Ehle star as new characters in leading roles.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: The film was released on 8 May 2015. Upon its release, it received generally mixed reviews from critics.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Harry Pearce is head of the counter-terrorism department (Section D) at MI5. Harry's team is transporting terrorist Adem Qasim through London when the convoy is attacked, allowing Qasim to escape and a CIA operative to be killed. Realising that the CIA will demand a scapegoat and that he is soon to be fired, Harry fakes suicide by jumping off Lambeth Bridge into the Thames. He then tracks down Qasim and offers him a deal: he will get Qasim "what he wants" if he gives him the MI5 contact who helped him escape.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Will Holloway is picked up in Moscow by MI5 operative Hannah Santo and taken to London to meet MI5 Director General Oliver Mace, JIC Chairman Francis Warrender, MI5 Head of Counter-Intelligence Emerson and MI5 Deputy Director General Geraldine Maltby. Will's father had worked closely with Harry until he was killed in action. Will worked with Harry for several years, until Harry decommissioned him citing poor performance. The intelligence officials were not fooled by Harry's suicide and want Will to bring him in.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Harry contacts Will and organises a meeting. Harry reveals his suspicions about a MI5 traitor, asking for Will's help. Will refuses to trust Harry, but starts investigating the theory without notifying MI5. He meets with June, a section D officer involved in the botched prisoner transport, and they investigate the flat of operation lead Robert Vass. They find incriminating evidence, but Vass arrives home, and June kills him in a fight.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: British intelligence chiefs are attending an opera with NATO officials where a suicide bomber kills Warrender and five other officials. Qasim takes credit, citing it as a targeted attack on the elite rather than the public, but he is dissatisfied with the government response so starts to plan an attack on Oxford Circus that will kill hundreds of civilians.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Qasim wants, in exchange for the traitor, his wife, whom MI5 traded to the Russian FSB. Harry meets with the FSB in Berlin, but Will and June intervene and attempt to capture Harry. Harry realises June is working against them and convinces Will she intends to kill them. They capture June, who has been unknowingly following the traitor's orders. They leave her in Berlin, and meet with the FSB team. They learn that Qasim's wife died, so they organise a meet with Qasim in London, claiming she is alive.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Harry and Will recruit Hannah to their cause, and she pretends to be Qasim's wife. However, when the operation is botched, Harry meets alone with Qasim, confirms that his wife is dead, and makes a new deal. Fearing what deal Harry might have made, Will demands Hannah call in SCO19, who arrest Harry and Will and take them to MI5 headquarters.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Qasim has given Harry the location of his terrorist cell, allowing MI5 to neutralise the pending attack and apprehend most of Qasim's men. While Mace, Emerson and Maltby are interrogating Harry, Qasim bursts into the room with armed men, killing several personnel. To their horror, Harry had given Qasim the knowledge necessary to infiltrate headquarters. Mace offers his life if Qasim spares the others, but when Emerson proclaims credit for sabotaging the transport, Qasim kills him instead. Will works with June to kill Qasim and his thugs.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Now aware that Harry was right about the traitor, Mace lets him escape. Will catches up to Harry and demands an explanation; Harry explains it was the only way to stop the attack and kill the traitor, and that the deaths of some MI5 agents was preferable to the deaths of hundreds of civilians.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: A week later, Harry meets with Maltby at a seaside home. Harry tells her that he knows she was the one who sabotaged the prisoner transport, and that Emerson only claimed sole credit to protect her. When Maltby refuses to accept any consequences, Harry reveals that he poisoned her lunch and she has only two hours left to live.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Harry meets with Will and explains that the real reason he decommissioned him was not because he was not good enough, but to protect him out of respect for his father. Harry then leaves.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Plans of the film were first revealed to be 'in the works' by Firth in March 2013, with a script in development. Firth stated that although "they should make it", he also thought it would cost a lot, "and there's not a lot of money to go round at the moment". The film was officially announced on 1 November 2013. Jonathan Brackley and Sam Vincent, who took over as head writers for the last two years of the "Spooks" television series, wrote the script. It would be directed by Bharat Nalluri, who previously directed the first episodes of the programme. Jane Featherstone and Stephen Garrett of Kudos, and Ollie Madden of Shine Group would produce the film.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Principal photography commenced in March 2014 at locations including Berlin, Moscow, Isle Of Man and London as well as Pinewood Studios. A trailer for the film was released on 27 March 2015.


title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: The film received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 63% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus states: ""MI-5 (Spooks: The Greater Good)" is a stylish, albeit rather perfunctory, adaptation of a spy thriller perhaps best left on the small screen." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100, based on 13 critics, signifying "mixed or average reviews."


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. It is on exhibit at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Seeing the flag flying over Fort McHenry on the morning of September 14, 1814, after the battle ended, Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry". These words were written by Key and set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven" by John Stafford Smith, a popular song at the time. In 1931 the song became the national anthem of the United States.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: More broadly, a garrison flag is a U.S. Army term for an extra-large national flag that is flown on Sundays, holidays, and special occasions. The U.S. Navy term is "holiday colors".


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: With fifteen stripes, the Star-Spangled Banner remains the only official American flag to bear more than thirteen stripes.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The flag was stitched from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting. It has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congress's Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont and Kentucky's entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The flag originally measured and weighed about . Each of the fifteen stripes is wide, and each of the stars measures about in diameter. Several feet of fabric have been lost from the flag's fly end, from cuttings that were given away as souvenirs and gifts, as well as from deterioration from continued use. It now measures . The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: In Baltimore's preparation for an expected attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city's harbor. When Major George Armistead, the fort's commander, expressed the desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort, General John S. Stricker and Commodore Joshua Barney placed an order for two oversized American flags. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time. The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The flag was sewn by prominent Baltimorean flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90 (). Armistead specified "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: Pickersgill made the flag with assistance from her daughter, two nieces, and an African American indentured servant, Grace Wisher.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: On September 12, 1814, 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the morning of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: There is conflicting evidence as to which flag, the larger garrison flag or the smaller storm flag, flew over the fort during the battle. Historians suggest that the storm flag flew through the night, and the garrison flag was hoisted in the morning, after the British retreated.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: On the morning of September 14, when the flag was seen flying above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Francis Scott Key, an American lawyer and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the garrison flag flying in the morning, he composed a poem he originally titled "Defence of Fort McHenry". The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the national anthem of the United States.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: After the battle, the flag came into the possession of Major Armistead. How and when this occurred is unclear. Upon his death in 1818, the flag passed to his widow, Louisa Hughes Armistead.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: Louisa occasionally allowed the flag to be used for civic occasions. It was flown at Fort McHenry in 1824 at a reception for the Marquis de Lafayette during his tour of America. Some years, it was flown at Baltimore's celebration of Defenders Day, the anniversary of the battle. It reportedly decorated the hall of the Baltimore Athenaeum during a memorial service for Lafayette in 1834. It was displayed outside Armistead's son's home for the 1844 Whig National Convention.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The Armisteads' daughter, Georgiana Armistead Appleton, inherited the flag upon her mother's death in 1861.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: In 1873, Appleton lent the flag to George Henry Preble, a naval officer who had written a popular history of the American flag. Preble had the flag quilted to a canvas sail, and unfurled it at the Boston Navy Yard to take the first known photograph of it. He then put the flag on display at the headquarters of the New England Historic Genealogical Society for several weeks. It was then kept in the Society's vault until 1876, when it was taken to the vault of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It was intended to be exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, but was not displayed because of fears it would be damaged.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: In 1877, the flag was exhibited at the Old South Church in Boston for the nation's first Flag Day celebration.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: Eben Appleton was highly protective of the flag and disliked the attention it brought him. For the next 29 years, he allowed it to be displayed only once, in 1880, when it was paraded through the streets of Baltimore for the city's sesquicentennial celebration.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. Today it is permanently housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: In 1907, Eben Appleton lent the flag to the Smithsonian, and it was put on display at the National Museum (now the Arts and Industries Building). In 1912, Appleton formally donated it to the Smithsonian. The flag was restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: During World War II, from 1942 to 1944, the flag, along with many other objects in the Smithsonian's collection, was kept for safekeeping at a warehouse at Shenandoah National Park.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: In 1964, the flag was moved across the National Mall to the newly opened Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History). It was hung in Flag Hall, a three-story central atrium designed for this purpose.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: A conservation effort was undertaken in 1982 to protect the flag from damage due to dust and light. Years of accumulated dust were carefully vacuumed from the front and back of the flag. An opaque curtain was installed in front of it, allowing visitors to view the flag only for one minute, twice an hour, when the curtain was lowered.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: Due to environmental and light damage, a four-phase restoration project began in May 1999. In the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration. The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive, detailed examination of the condition and construction of the Star-Spangled Banner to date, which provided critical information for later work. This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and determination of amino acid content by a New Zealand scientist, and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist. Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase. In the fourth and final phase of the project, curators, scientists, and conservators developed a long-term preservation plan. The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $21 million.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: Following the reopening of the museum on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audio-descriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.


title: Star-Spangled Banner (flag)

text: A 2-inch by 5-inch fragment of the flag—white and red, with a seam down the middle—was sold at auction in Dallas, Texas on November 30, 2011, for $38,837: the snippet was, presumably, cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century. The framed remnant came with a faded, hand-written note attesting it was "A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key's ("sic") composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner, presented by Sam Beth Cohen."


The 2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating is a series of invitational senior internationals that is held from October 2022 through December 2022. Medals are awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pairs, and ice dance. Skaters earn points based on their placement at each event and the top six in each discipline qualify to compete at the Grand Prix Final in Turin, Italy.


title: 2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating

text: Organized by the International Skating Union, the series sets the stage for the 2023 European, the 2023 Four Continents, and the 2023 World Championships. The corresponding series for junior-level skaters is the 2022–23 ISU Junior Grand Prix.


text: Skaters are eligible to compete on the senior Grand Prix circuit if they had reached the age of 15 before July 1, 2022. They are also required to have earned a minimum total score at certain international events.


text: At each event, skaters earned points toward qualification for the Grand Prix Final. Following the sixth event, the top six highest scoring skaters/teams advanced to the Final. The points earned per placement were as follows:


text: If a tie remained, it was considered unbreakable and the tied skaters all advanced to the Grand Prix Final.


title: Voiceless uvular fricative

text: The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the Greek chi. The sound is represented by (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with (or , if rhotic) in broad transcription.


title: Voiceless uvular fricative

text: There is also a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous and ) in some languages, e.g. Hebrew and Wolof as well as in the northern and central varieties of European Spanish. It can be transcribed as (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: ) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . In fact, more languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a fricative trill. note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."


title: Voiceless uvular fricative

text: The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed "velar" or "mediovelar" and "post-velar", respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch "acht" 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.


title: Trevor Long (actor)

text: Trevor Long is an American film, television and stage actor, best known for his recurring role as Cade Langmore on the Netflix TV series "Ozark", as well as his role as former detective Sean Foster on the television series "Low Winter Sun".


title: Trevor Long (actor)

text: Long was born in Poughkeepsie, New York and moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in second grade, graduating from Sewickley Academy in 1988. Long completed his Bachelor of Arts in acting at Brown University and his Masters of Fine Arts in Meisner acting at Rutgers University. He also trained with Harold Guskin.


title: Trevor Long (actor)

text: Long's notable film credits include "Killing Them Softly", "Don Juan DeMarco", and "Jack Goes Boating". in 2018, he starred in "Seeds", a horror film directed by his brother, Owen.


title: Trevor Long (actor)

text: Long has also been involved in numerous off-Broadway and other theater performances with the Huntington Theatre Company in Boston, the Manhattan Theatre Club, and the LAByrinth Theater Company in New York City, where he starred in a production of "In Arabia We'd All Be Kings" directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya ni Edgar (lit: Edgar's Parish) is a Filipino band formed in 1993. The band is known for its original rock novelty songs and often satirical covers of popular songs both foreign and local. The band is adept at playing in various musical genres.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya ni Edgar has been referred to by local media outlets and numerous award-giving bodies as "Pambansang Banda ng Pilipinas" (""The National Band of the Philippines"").


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Originally named Comic Relief, the band's initial members were a group of high school students composed of vocalists Chito Miranda, Jeric Estaco, and Vinci Montaner, along with guitarists Mikko Yap and Gab Chee Kee, all hailing from Ateneo de Manila University. They were regulars in after-school jam sessions, before performing an opening number for an Eraserheads concert. This served as their break in the music industry and prompted them to add a drummer and bassist – Ateneo schoolmate Dindin Moreno and Miranda's childhood friend Buwi Meneses, respectively. Around the same time they changed the band's name to Parokya ni Edgar. After high school, Mikko and Jeric withdrew from the band to pursue other interests. Soon after, the remaining band members invited Darius Semaña, Meneses's former bandmate, to take the role of lead guitar.