title: Tarja Halonen

text: She began to work as a lawyer, already before obtaining her degree, in a credit surveillance company "Luotonvalvonta oy" in 1967. After working there for a few years, she was hired by the National Union of University Students in Finland to work as a Social Affairs and General Secretary from 1969 to 1970. Her work in the Union spurred her interest in politics, and in 1970 she obtained a post as a lawyer in the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, being the first female ever to work as a lawyer in the Union.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In 1971, Halonen joined the Social Democratic Party which had close ties with the trade unions in which she worked as a lawyer from 1970 to 1974.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In early 1970, she was elected to represent Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions in a committee that called for the recognition of East Germany. Later she became the Vice-President of the committee, which lobbied then-President Urho Kekkonen. During the presidential elections of 2006 she was criticized by rivals for this. She responded that the committee was formed by members from many different political parties including conservative parties. In 1973, Finland recognized both East Germany and West Germany as sovereign states.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In 1974, Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa appointed Halonen as his parliamentary secretary. She became acquainted with the world of Finnish politics and government and her political career took a great step forward, as she went on to hold a number of public offices. Sorsa later said that he wanted his parliamentary secretary to have good ties with the trade unions of Finland and have skills in jurisprudence.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Working in Parliament made Halonen even more interested in politics and she decided to take part in the municipal elections of 1976. She was elected to the City Council of Helsinki, a position she held continuously for five terms from 1977 to 1996. Additionally in 1979, she was elected into Parliament as a representative of the Helsinki constituency. She served five full terms and less than a year of her sixth term in Parliament until her inauguration as President in 2000. In Parliament, her first formal post was as the chairman of the Social Committee, which she held from 1984 to 1987.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In 1987, Halonen was appointed Minister of Social Affairs and Health by Prime Minister Harri Holkeri. Halonen held the position until 1990. In addition to this, she served as Minister for Nordic Cooperation from 1989 to 1991, the same year in which she was also appointed the chairman of the International Solidarity Foundation, a post she relinquished in 2000.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: From 1990 to 1991, she served as Minister of Justice, and from 1995 until her election to the presidency, she served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Lipponen I Cabinet.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen announced in 1999 that she wished to stand as a candidate for President in the 2000 presidential elections. In the preliminary elections of the Social Democrats Halonen ran against Pertti Paasio, a member of the European Parliament and former party chairman, and Jacob Söderman, the European Ombudsman. The incumbent, Martti Ahtisaari, refused to run in party preliminaries and thus announced that he would not run for a second term. Halonen won the preliminaries by a landslide, getting 7,800 out of 12,800 votes.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen was a surprising candidate as she didn't represent many traditional values: she was known as a left-wing social democratic party member, who lived in a domestic partnership, was a single parent and had resigned from the national church. Despite starting from fourth place in the presidential election polls, in the first round of the elections, Halonen got the most votes, 40.0%. Her nearest opponent, former prime minister Esko Aho of the Centre Party, got 34.4%.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Since neither of the two candidates got over 50% of the votes, a second round was held. In the second round, Halonen narrowly defeated her opponent with 51.6% against 48.4%, thus becoming Finland's first female head of state. Her first term began on 1 March 2000.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: After her narrow election victory in the first election, Halonen's approval ratings rose and reached a peak of 88% in December 2003.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In a 2001 interview Halonen said that she was worried about the Russian response if NATO approved membership bids by Baltic countries. Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga asked what she meant and whether Halonen is actively opposing NATO membership of Baltic countries.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In the "Iraqgate" scandal, Halonen's advisor Martti Manninen leaked confidential documents to the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki, who had become Prime Minister. The revelations led to the resignation of Jäätteenmäki.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen has defended cluster bombs and did not sign a treaty which would have banned Finland from using these kinds of weapons.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: On 20 May 2005, Halonen held a press conference in Mäntyniemi where she announced her willingness to run for a second term. Officially, this was the desired answer for the SDP delegation that had visited her two days earlier. In addition to her own party's support, the leader of the Left Alliance, Suvi-Anne Siimes, gave her support for Halonen's future campaign.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: SAK openly lobbied for her re-election. It used its members' money on mudslinging campaigns on behalf of Halonen. In those flyers, "Niinistö is presented as the horror of worker, whereas SAK-supported Halonen is like a worker's dream". Halonen said she approved of the flyers.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: A study analyzed newspaper articles and concluded that the main newspaper "Helsingin Sanomat" produced almost exclusively positive tone stories about Halonen and much more negative tone articles about candidates Niinistö, Vanhanen and Hautala.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: American talk show host Conan O'Brien made recurring jokes about Halonen on his show, "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", because of his own resemblance to her. He endorsed Halonen and produced humorous mock campaign ads and attack ads against her opponents. He went as far as visiting Finland and meeting Halonen.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: On 19 November, the SDP's party council meeting was held; praised as "the president of the whole nation", she was unanimously chosen as the presidential candidate. Shortly thereafter, the party council of the Left Alliance gave the party's official support to Halonen.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen's received 46% of the first round vote in the election. Sauli Niinistö (of the National Coalition Party) was second with 24%. They faced each other in a runoff on 29 January 2006, where Halonen was re-elected with 51.8% of the vote against Mr. Niinistö's 48.2%. The re-election was a close call. She led in the advance voting, but she eventually received fewer votes on the actual voting day than Mr. Niinistö did.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In 2008, Halonen nominated SDP-affiliated Ritva Viljanen for a second term in the Ministry of the Interior. The government had nominated Ilkka Laitinen. Over the course of the previous 50 years, the President had only once chosen to not obey the government's consensus, leading to Halonen thusly being accused of cronyism.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In September 2008, Halonen was perceived as insulting Estonia by saying that the Estonians suffer from a "post-Soviet stress condition". President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves commented on the issue, saying that "Estonia has never condemned, and will not condemn the foreign affairs decisions of another EU country. It will also not assess the psychiatric state of other EU countries". In 2009, Halonen rejected calls to apologize for Finland's attitude towards Estonian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: At the end of her second term Halonen's presidency and economic views received harsh criticism from Björn Wahlroos, the chairman of the two largest banks in Finland.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Early in her political career Halonen represented the far-left wing of the SDP. She publicly opposed the proposed free trade agreement of the European Economic Community in 1973, by signing a petition along with 500 other prominent social democrats and socialists. Otherwise she was loyal to President Kekkonen's foreign policy, which was founded on Finnish neutrality and good relations with the Soviet Union. Markku Salomaa's 2021 book "Tarza – Pasifistin odysseia voimapolitiikan maailmassa" states that Chancellor Angela Merkel had a very negative attitude towards Halonen, precisely because of her pro-Soviet and far-left wing world of ideas. Since 2004, rumors have been circulating on Internet that Halonen gave a May Day speech at Hakaniemi Market Square in 1976 and hoped that Finland would join the Soviet Union, saying: "Finland would be blessed to join the Soviet Union by peaceful means. At the same time, we would get rid of the yoke of capitalism, because capitalism will die in 20 years. Finland, together with the Soviet Union, could be a pioneer towards a communist society." In an interview with "STT", Halonen herself has completely rejected the gossip, saying: "I have not given any May Day speech in Hakaniemi in 1976, nor can the text be found in the Informant. And if a Social Democrat SAK lawyer had given such a May Day speech in the 1970s, the employment relationship would have been rather short."


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Throughout her political career, Halonen has described herself as a supporter of international solidarity. She describes herself as a "relative pacifist", meaning that she doesn't support unilateral disarmament. She has strongly defended the President's role as the commander in chief of the military. She opposes NATO membership. Her strong stands on these issues have characterised her presidential term and shaped Finnish foreign policy, in part in cooperation with the like-minded former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Erkki Tuomioja.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen has publicly supported the involvement of the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) in politics.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: The Constitution of Finland and Halonen's decision to take part in some European Union meetings with the Prime Minister has created the so-called "problem of two dinner plates" in Finland. Since most other countries only have their Prime Ministers representing them, it was also decided in Finland that the task is reserved for the Prime Minister in most cases.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: President Halonen says her interests include art history, the theatre and swimming. She says she speaks Finnish, Swedish, and English, and is studying Estonian. Halonen had two cats during her presidential term. After they died, she was given a "Neva Masquerade" cat in 2013 by Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: On 26 August 2000, President Halonen married her longtime partner, Dr. Pentti Arajärvi, in a civil ceremony at her official residence, Mäntyniemi, after a relationship of more than fifteen years. Halonen's adult daughter Anna, and Arajärvi's adult son Esko, acted as witnesses. Both children are from previous relationships.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: In the 1960s, she left the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, to which the majority of Finns belong, to protest against its policy of taxing church members and its stance against female priests. The church has since accepted women as priests, and Halonen has stated that she has no personal reason not to return to the church but refrains from doing so in order not to give a signal that might be misinterpreted. In the 1990s, Halonen acted as the chairman of "Suomen setlementtiliitto", a Christian social work organization. After her presidential term, Halonen rejoined the Evangelical-Lutheran Church. According to her statements, she had previously refrained from it as it might have been considered an attempt to garner political support. Since then, Halonen has even preached publicly in a divine service of her home parish of Kallio. This is a privilege that the parish priest may grant only in exceptional cases to persons known for their Christian conviction.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Halonen was criticized on her views that the Covid-19-pandemic was handled better in countries with female leaders.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: Former Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Finnish author Sofi Oksanen have been strongly criticizing Halonen for her over-optimistic views about Putin and unwillingness to publicly condemn Russia’s hostilities in the neighboring countries, e.g. when Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, Halonen publicly belittled President Ilves’s concerns of the negative geo-political development being just ”Post Sovietal stress”. Even when Russian army invaded Ukraine, Halonen kept quiet.


title: Tarja Halonen

text: A long-running joke, which stems from the recurring segment "Conan O'Brien Hates My Homeland", is that American talk show host Conan O'Brien resembles Tarja Halonen. After joking about this for several months (which led to his endorsement of her campaign), O'Brien travelled to Finland, appeared on several television shows and met President Halonen. The trip was filmed and aired as a special.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Douglas Dewayne Baldwin Jr. (born September 21, 1988) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Stanford and was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Baldwin is the Seahawks third all-time leader in team receptions and receiving yards, second in receiving touchdowns and was selected to the Pro Bowl twice and won Super Bowl XLVIII with them over the Denver Broncos.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin grew up in Gulf Breeze, Florida. He played youth football and ran track in Pensacola, Florida with future NFL running back Alfred Morris. He played football for the Gulf Breeze High School Dolphins. As a senior, Baldwin had 42 receptions for 682 yards (16.2 avg.) with six touchdowns.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In track & field, Baldwin competed in the jumping events, recording top-jumps of 1.94 meters in the high jump and 6.65 meters in the long jump.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin played college football at Stanford from 2007 to 2010. He served as a wide receiver and kick returner. He led the Cardinal football team in receiving yards and touchdowns his senior year. In all four seasons with the Cardinal, Baldwin's head coach was Jim Harbaugh.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Despite leading Stanford in receiving yards as a senior, Baldwin went undrafted in the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed with the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent following the end of the 2011 NFL lockout to a three-year deal worth $1.4 million.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin caught his first career NFL touchdown, a 55-yard reception from quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, in Week 1 of the 2011 season against the San Francisco 49ers, a team which was coached by Jim Harbaugh, Baldwin's former college coach. He finished fourth in rookie reception yardage in the 2011 NFL season, and led the Seahawks in both receiving yards and receptions. He also made the "USA Today" All-Joe Team for players who are talented and had put up good numbers, but did not receive a Pro Bowl bid. He became the first undrafted rookie free agent to lead his team in receptions and yards receiving since the AFL-NFL merger.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin changed his uniform number from #15 to #89 for the 2012 NFL season to allow the incoming quarterback Matt Flynn to have #15. After week 1 of the 2012 season, Baldwin required dental surgery after diving for a pass. He suffered a shoulder injury during practice prior to Week 3 and a high ankle sprain during a punt return in Week 7, both of which kept him out the following weeks' games.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In the 2012 regular season, Baldwin had 29 receptions for 336 yards and three touchdowns in his first season with quarterback Russell Wilson.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin and the Seahawks made the playoffs after a successful regular season. Against the Washington Redskins in the , Baldwin two receptions for 39 yards in the 24–14 victory at FedExField. In the against the Atlanta Falcons, Baldwin had one reception for six yards in the 30–28 loss at the Georgia Dome.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In his third season, Baldwin and the Seahawks had a very successful year. Baldwin caught a career-high five touchdowns in the 2013 season. In the season opener against the Carolina Panthers, he had a season-high seven receptions for 91 receiving yards. Two weeks later, he had his first receiving touchdown of the season, a 35-yard touchdown pass from Tarvaris Jackson, against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 3. On November 3 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had six receptions for 75 yards and a touchdown in the 27–24 victory in Week 9. Overall, in the 2013 regular season, he had 50 receptions for 778 yards and five touchdowns. He finished second on the team in receptions and yards.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: As a result of the Seahawks 13–3 regular season record, Baldwin and the rest of the team received a first-round bye.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In the against the New Orleans Saints, Baldwin had two receptions for 30 yards in the 23–15 victory. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Baldwin had six receptions for 106 yards in the 23–17 victory.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Baldwin led all Seahawks wide receivers with five receptions for 66 yards and a touchdown in the 43–8 victory.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Prior to the Super Bowl, former NFL wide receiver Cris Carter made comments questioning the quality of the Seattle receiving corps. After the game, Doug Baldwin said, "OK, y’all listen to me loud and clear," he said. "Y’all listening? Y’all hear me? For all y’all who called us, the receiving corps, average, pedestrian, appetizers—I’m not going to say any names, but he knows who he is—I respect what you did on the field, but stick to playing football, because your analytical skills ain’t up to par yet. You need to slow down and go back and not do it half-assed and put some effort into it, because you’re saying some stuff that didn’t really make sense... That dude who said that we were appetizers, he told me to Google him, and I did Google him, but I didn’t see any Super Bowl appearances, and I also saw two losses in conference championships. I have a Super Bowl ring, and I would gladly show that to him. And if he doesn’t have time to come see it, tell him he can Google it."


title: Doug Baldwin

text: On March 7, 2014, the Seahawks placed a one-year, second-round tender worth $2.187 million on Baldwin, but he never signed it. Instead, on May 29, Baldwin signed a new two-year, $13 million contract, which included the one-year tender offered to him earlier, making his contract extension three years. Baldwin became the primary receiving threat on the Seahawks after Percy Harvin was traded to the New York Jets.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In the season opener against the Green Bay Packers on "Thursday Night Football", Baldwin had three receptions for 14 yards in the 36–16 victory. Baldwin had his second career regular-season 100-yard game in Week 7 against the St. Louis Rams, reeling in seven passes for 123 yards and a touchdown in a 28–26 defeat. In Week 14, Baldwin had five catches for 97 yards and a touchdown, and also drew a long pass interference penalty, in a 24–14 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 16, he had seven receptions for 113 yards against the Arizona Cardinals. Baldwin's 66 receptions and 825 receiving yards for the season were both career highs. In addition, he totaled three receiving touchdowns on the season.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In the against the Carolina Panthers, Baldwin caught a 16-yard touchdown pass for the first score of the game in an eventual 31–17 victory. In the against the Green Bay Packers, Baldwin had six catches for 106 yards, including a 35-yard catch in overtime immediately preceding the game-winning touchdown by wide receiver Jermaine Kearse. Baldwin took over kick return duties in this game due to injury, fumbling once and averaging just 19.3 yards on three returns.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In Super Bowl XLIX, Baldwin was held to one catch for three yards and scored Seattle's last touchdown of the season as they failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions. Baldwin celebrated the touchdown with a vulgar pantomime which gained significant attention on social media as the "poopdown", and which earned a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. He commented after the game that the celebration was directed at an unnamed group, who were not present at the game. He was later fined $11,025 for his actions by the NFL. The Seahawks did not score again in the game, and went on to lose 28–24 to the New England Patriots. Baldwin later apologized for the incident, clarifying that the gesture was directed at opposing star cornerback Darrelle Revis, and that "it was just kind of a built-up frustration I was letting out in that sequence, between him and I."


title: Doug Baldwin

text: During the 2015 offseason, the Seahawks acquired Pro Bowl tight end Jimmy Graham from the New Orleans Saints and drafted speedy Kansas State wide receiver Tyler Lockett, giving Baldwin and the Seahawks two more offensive weapons. Baldwin entered training camp as the projected #1 receiver for Seattle.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In Week 9 against the Arizona Cardinals, Baldwin had seven receptions for 134 yards and a touchdown in a 32–39 loss. In Week 12 against the Steelers, Baldwin had a huge day, with six receptions for 145 yards and three touchdowns. The third touchdown against Pittsburgh came on a career-high 80-yard touchdown on a third down play, effectively ending the game, which the Seahawks won by a score of 39–30. His performance against the Steelers was the first three-touchdown game of Baldwin's career.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In Week 13 against the Minnesota Vikings, Baldwin had another big day, with five receptions for 94 yards and two touchdowns in a 38–7 victory. The next week, Baldwin and the Seahawks went to Baltimore to face the Ravens and Baldwin again had a great game, with six receptions for 82 yards and three touchdowns. In Week 15 against the Cleveland Browns, Baldwin had four receptions for 45 yards and two touchdowns. After his performance against the Browns, Baldwin joined Hall of Famer Jerry Rice as the only players in league history with at least 10 receiving touchdowns in a four-game span. Baldwin also caught at least two touchdowns in four straight games, a feat that only Calvin Johnson and Hall of Famer Cris Carter have accomplished since 1960.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In Week 16 against the Rams, Baldwin recorded 10 catches for 118 yards and a touchdown. Although the Seahawks lost by a score of 23–17, Baldwin set a team record for touchdown receptions in a single season with 14, surpassing the mark of 13 set by Daryl Turner. He also became the first Seahawks receiver to record 1,000 receiving yards since 2007. After Week 17, his season totals of 78 receptions for 1,069 yards and 14 touchdowns were all career highs. His 14 touchdowns led the league for the 2015 season.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: In the against the Minnesota Vikings, Baldwin registered five catches for 42 yards and the only touchdown scored in the game, which the Seahawks won by a score of 10–9. The Seahawks' season ended the following week against the eventual NFC Champion Carolina Panthers in the . In the 31–24 loss, Baldwin had eight receptions for 82 yards.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin was ranked as the 72nd best player in the NFL by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin and the Seahawks agreed to a four-year contract extension worth $46 million, with $24.25 million guaranteed. At the time, Baldwin became the sixth-highest paid wide receiver in the NFL.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin started the 2016 season with a nine-catch, 92-yard outing against the Miami Dolphins, including a three-yard touchdown catch with less than a minute left to secure a narrow 12–10 victory for the Seahawks. Two weeks later against the San Francisco 49ers, Baldwin hauled in eight receptions for then a career-high 164 receiving yards, including a touchdown. In Week 10 on the road against the New England Patriots, he caught six passes for 59 yards, including three touchdowns, equaling a career-high. The following week against the Philadelphia Eagles, he caught four passes for 104 yards and threw his first career touchdown pass on a reverse wide receiver pass to Russell Wilson. Against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 16, he recorded 13 catches for another career-high 171 receiving yards and a touchdown. Much like the 2015 season, Baldwin's 2016 season was a strong one, and he finished with 94 receptions 1,128 yards and seven touchdowns. In the playoffs, Baldwin continued his strong play. In the against the sixth-seeded Detroit Lions, Baldwin recorded 11 receptions for 104 yards and a touchdown as the Seahawks defeated the Lions by a score of 26–6. In the , Baldwin again had another strong performance against the second-seeded Atlanta Falcons, catching five passes for 80 yards and a touchdown. However, the Seahawks' season ended as they fell by a score of 36–20. On January 23, 2017, Baldwin was named to his first career Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for Larry Fitzgerald of the Arizona Cardinals. He was also ranked 88th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin caught 75 passes for 991 yards and eight touchdowns during the 2017 season. He had two 100+ yard games: 10 receptions for 105 yards and a touchdown in a Week 3 loss to Tennessee and seven receptions for 108 yards and a touchdown in a Week 8 loss to Washington. He scored two receiving touchdowns in the regular season finale against the Arizona Cardinals. He was named to the 2018 Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for Larry Fitzgerald. He was ranked 99th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin suffered an elbow injury early in Week 1 of the 2018 season, limiting him to just six receptions for 42 yards through the first five weeks. In Week 6, he had six receptions for 91 yards in the 27–3 win over Oakland, but re-aggravated the elbow. In Week 15, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had two receiving touchdowns in the 26–23 loss. In the following game against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had seven receptions for 126 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 38–31 victory. He finished the 2018 season with 37 receptions for 388 receiving yards and two touchdowns. The Seahawks made the playoffs and faced off against the Dallas Cowboys in the . In the 24–22 loss, Baldwin had three receptions for 32 yards in what would be his final game in the NFL.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin has a video series on YouTube called "Fresh Files". In the series, he answers questions from fans and talks about recent events in his life. He also talks to other NFL players, most of whom are fellow Seahawks (such as Russell Wilson and Sidney Rice) or Stanford alumni (such as Andrew Luck, Richard Sherman, and Coby Fleener).


title: Doug Baldwin

text: On November 17, 2013, Baldwin carried the flag of the Philippines onto CenturyLink Field to honor Typhoon Haiyan victims. His grandmother is Filipina and is from Tacloban City.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Baldwin is a Christian, and frequently posts about his faith and various Bible verses on his Twitter account. Baldwin is running his own investment firm and serves as an advisor for many organizations in the greater Seattle area.


title: Doug Baldwin

text: Since retiring from the NFL in 2019, Baldwin has joined the board of Valor Worldwide, a Seattle digital media startup and publisher of the Internet property OurMilitary.com, which provides resources and services to the military community. He has also been active in getting his Family First Community Center for the city of Renton, WA off the ground. Baldwin helped establish and currently serves as a board member for the Players Coalition — an NFL player led organization advocating for criminal justice and education reform.


title: John Cantlie

text: John Henry Cantlie (born 7 November 1970) was a British war photographer and correspondent. He was kidnapped in Syria with James Foley in November 2012. He had previously been kidnapped in Syria alongside Dutch photographer Jeroen Oerlemans in July 2012, but was rescued a week later. In July 2017, reports surfaced in Iraqi media claiming Cantlie had been killed in an airstrike sometime during the battle of Mosul. In October 2017, a French ISIS fighter told French magazine "Paris Match" that he had seen Cantlie "seven or eight months ago" in Raqqa. In January 2019, an official of the Syrian Democratic Forces stated Cantlie may still be alive inside Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.


title: John Cantlie

text: John Henry Cantlie is the great grandson of Sir James Cantlie, a doctor who co-founded the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887 (later the University of Hong Kong). In 1896, he was instrumental in the protection of the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen who might otherwise have been executed by the Qing dynasty secret service. His grandfather, Colonel Kenneth Cantlie, designed the China Railways KF locomotive, at 260 tons the largest locomotive of post-war China that remained in service until 1972.


title: John Cantlie

text: Cantlie's father Paul died on 16 October 2014, having released a video pleading for his son's release on his deathbed.


title: John Cantlie

text: Cantlie was reportedly kidnapped by fighters while crossing illegally into Syria from Turkey on 19 July 2012, near Bab al-Hawa. Along with Dutch photographer Jeroen Oerlemans, Cantlie was shot whilst trying to escape their captors. In an interview with "The Sun" newspaper on 26 August 2012, Cantlie said it was "every Englishman's duty to try and escape if captured." In an account in "The Sunday Times" on 5 August 2012, Cantlie described his experience.


title: John Cantlie

text: Oerlemans was shot in the left leg and Cantlie in the left arm during their escape attempt, Cantlie suffering ulnar nerve entrapment (loss of feeling and use of the hand) as a result. In an account of the shooting, Cantlie said some of the British Muslims in the group repeatedly shouted, "die, kafir!". Oerlemans then stated that "the British guys were the most vindictive of them all". They were taken back to the camp where a fighter who claimed to be an NHS doctor stabilised them and treated their wounds. The pair were threatened with execution. Oerlemans stated that it was unclear who held them, but the group of militants were of multiple ethnicities.


title: John Cantlie

text: On 26 July 2012, one week after being kidnapped, they were rescued by four members of the Free Syrian Army. The rebels came into the camp shooting their weapons and held at least one jihad fighter at gunpoint while Cantlie and Oerlemans were helped into a waiting vehicle. Both photographers had to be assisted as their feet had been seriously injured when they tried to escape and neither could walk. They had lost all their camera equipment, passports and clothes in the incident, and were smuggled back across the border at a crossing used primarily by Syrian refugees. Both photographers claimed they were about to be handed over to a jihad unit affiliated with al-Qaeda for ransom when they were rescued. They were initially treated by a medic for "The New York Times" in Antakya before being debriefed by Turkish and then British intelligence.


title: John Cantlie

text: On 9 October 2012, an individual suspected of being involved in the kidnap was arrested at Heathrow Airport, after arriving on a flight from Egypt.


title: John Cantlie

text: This was Cantlie's second visit to Syria. In March 2012, he became the first Western photographer to witness first-hand an incursion by government ground troops into a city when T72 medium tanks rolled into the city of Saraquib in Idlib province and started shelling indiscriminately. In a feature in "The Sunday Telegraph" published 31 March, Cantlie wrote: "Then the tanks opened fire. Fist-sized pieces of shrapnel sliced through the air, decapitating one rebel immediately. His rifle clattered to the ground as his friends dragged his headless torso from the line of fire." To illustrate what the Syrian rebels were up against, Cantlie took a photograph looking down the barrel of an advancing T-72.


title: John Cantlie

text: Cantlie had not appeared in western print or on social media since late 2012, and the trial of one of his alleged captors collapsed in 2013, when he could not be summoned as a witness. In September 2014, it was revealed Cantlie had been abducted a second time, along with American journalist James Foley. Their taxi driver and Foley's translator were not taken, however. They had reportedly been working together on a film about Cantlie’s first abduction. Foley was beheaded in August 2014.


title: John Cantlie

text: After disappearing for almost two years following his second abduction in late 2012, Cantlie resurfaced on 18 September 2014 in a video posted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the first episode of a multi-part series entitled "Lend Me Your Ears". As of February 2015, ISIL has released a total of six videos in the "Lend Me Your Ears" series, all of which feature Cantlie speaking while sitting at a wooden table and wearing orange prison garb against a black backdrop. In the videos, Cantlie adopts a critical position toward Western foreign policy, including military actions, political statements, and media coverage. Cantlie is particularly critical of US and British hostage policy, comparing it unfavourably to the policy of other European countries that negotiate and pay for the release of hostages.


title: John Cantlie

text: ISIL has released three additional videos apart from the "Lend Me Your Ears" series. These videos are noteworthy for depicting Cantlie as a Western journalist rather than a Western hostage. In all videos, Cantlie attempts to characterise the facts on the ground in Kobani, Mosul and rebel-controlled Aleppo as far more favourable to ISIL than is portrayed in the Western media.


title: John Cantlie

text: Since he is speaking as an ISIL prisoner, it is unclear whether and to what degree he holds the views he states. His sister, Jessica, has stated that her brother "believes two-thirds" of what he says in the videos.


title: John Cantlie

text: On 28 July 2017, the Iraqi Al-Sura News Agency alleged that Cantlie had been killed, after the Agency conducted interviews with three captured IS militants. In October 2017, a French ISIS fighter told French magazine "Paris Match" that he had seen Cantlie "seven or eight months ago" in Raqqa. In January 2019, an official of the Syrian Democratic Forces stated Cantlie may still be alive inside Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.


title: John Cantlie

text: In February 2019, British Security Minister Ben Wallace stated that Cantlie is believed to still be alive. A British Home Office spokesman said: "We do not discuss individual kidnap cases and speculation is unhelpful." Wallace declined to give details of where British intelligence believes Cantlie is still being held by IS.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena is the largest city in and the county seat of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, with a population of 3,308 at the 2020 census. A section of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Galena Historic District. The city is named for the mineral galena, which was in the ore that formed the basis for the region's early lead mining economy.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Native Americans, primarily Mesquakie, Ho-Chunk, Sauk, and Menominee had mined galena in the area for more than a thousand years before European Americans settled in the area. Owing to these deposits, Galena was the site of the first major mineral rush in the United States. By 1828, the population was estimated at 10,000, rivaling the population of Chicago at the time. Galena developed as the largest steamboat hub on the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. Galena was the home of Ulysses S. Grant and eight other Civil War generals. Today, the city is a tourist destination known for its history, architecture, and resorts.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The city is named for galena, the natural form of lead sulfide (PbS) and the most important lead ore. Native Americans mined the ore for use in burial rituals. The Havana Hopewell first traded galena in the area during the Middle Woodland period (c. 1–400 CE). However, the use of galena in the Havana territory is uncertain; very little has been identified in burial mounds. During the Mississippian period (900–1500 CE), galena saw use as body paint.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: In 1658 French explorers, probably via contact with the Sioux, first noted lead deposits in the Upper Mississippi Valley. A 1703 French map identified the northwestern Illinois area as "mines de plumb". Northwestern Illinois was inhabited by the Sac and Fox when the French arrived. In the 1690s, French trappers discovered the area and began mining the lead. However, conflicts with the Sioux prevented large-scale mining until Julien Dubuque's Mines opened across the river in 1788.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The French named the settlement as "La Pointe", and early American settlers adopted this name as "The Point" after the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Early documentation officially records the name as "Fever River", an early name for the Galena River.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: This name did not appear to be widely used. George Davenport, a retired colonel in the United States Army, successfully shipped Galena's first boatload of lead ore in 1816 down the Mississippi River. Three years later, Jesse W. Shull built a trading post. The Thomas H. January family, who arrived in 1821 from Maysville, Kentucky, are considered the first permanent American settlers. The next year, the US Department of War assumed control of the mines and leased the lands out to operators. A large group of colonists led by Dr. Moses Meeker and James Harris arrived in 1823. Steamboat trade began in 1824.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The first official lease of the mines on behalf of the US government was dated September 30, 1822 and made to James Johnson, brother of US Senator Richard Mentor Johnson. Martin Thomas, appointed by the government in 1824 to oversee mine leases, was commissioned to survey the mines in 1826.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The name "Galena" was purportedly proposed during a town meeting that year; rejected names included Jackson, Harrison, and Jo Daviess. After Thomas platted the town, starting in June 1827, settlers could lease plots from the government. The land remained in government possession until the leasing system was eased out in 1836–37. When Jo Daviess County was founded in 1827, Galena was named its county seat. This established the first courts in Galena; previous legal proceedings were heard in front of the Superintendent of Lead Mines. 21 million pounds of lead were mined in Galena from 1825 to 1828, and the population skyrocketed in that time from 200 to 10,000.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Local native tribes, then mostly Mesquakie and Ho-Chunk, permitted settlers to mine in established areas in Galena. However, the growth of the city led settlers to encroach on native land claims, as they sought new veins of lead. Following a murder of a pioneer family near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by the Winnebago, Galena closed its mines for safety and European-American residents prepared for war. They constructed forts at nearby Elizabeth and Apple River; although these were not used during the conflict, the forts provided residents with security and protection. The ensuing Winnebago War was little more than a skirmish, but as a result, the US annexed more lands near the city in the resulting 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien which they forced on the Winnebago.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: A meeting of townspeople on February 1, 1830, established the first fire department. At a town meeting at the county courthouse on September 7, 1835, sixty-five residents approved a motion for incorporation as a town. Eight days later, five individuals were elected as the first trustees. Incorporation was approved by the county board of trustees on October 2, and the first meeting of trustees occurred the next day. The 15th Illinois General Assembly (1836–37) codified the trustee election process. A steamboat was selected as the town seal on May 22, 1837.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: A state law governing local jurisdictions resulted in the town holding its first elections for mayor and aldermen on May 24, 1841, to replace the board of trustees. Charles S. Hempstead was elected the first mayor, with 185 of the 356 votes cast. The first US census of the town was also held that year, recording 1,900 inhabitants.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Indigenous peoples of the Americas traded galena with French traders as early as 1692. Julien Dubuque mined the ore in Iowa from 1788 until 1810. From 1807 until 1834, the United States government controlled leases, after which the lands were put up for sale. In 1839, David Dale Owen made a geologic survey of the region. The Ordovician Galena limestone contained most of the galena ore, and peak productivity occurred between 1840 and 1850. By 1845 Galena was producing nearly 27,000 tons of lead ore annually, and Jo Daviess County was producing 80 percent of the lead in the United States. In 1852, the region produced 87 percent of the American output, and 10 percent of the world's, with pollutants from Galena's industry found as far away as Lake Matoaka in Tidewater Virginia.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Once one of the most important cities in the state, Galena was a hub on the Mississippi River between St. Louis and St. Paul. Due to erosion, the Galena River is now inaccessible to steamboats. Galena received national attention in the 1860s as the home of Ulysses S. Grant.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Following a sharp decline in the demand for lead (which had been the city's chief income source during the early 19th century), Galena's population has dropped from 14,000 in the mid-19th century, to 3,396 in the early 21st century.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena's official flag was adopted in 1976 to symbolize mining, agriculture, steamboats, and the nine American Civil War generals who lived in the city. Until the late 1980s, Galena was a small rural farming community.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: In 1990, local industries included a Kraft Foods cheese plant, Lemfco Foundry, John Westwick's foundry, and Microswitch, Inc. In the 1980s, Galena Mayor Frank Einsweiler initiated a tourist campaign. Since that time Galena's business district has emphasized its historic assets in the face of suburban development. Such long-standing businesses in the downtown area, including Stair's Grocery, Sullivan's Grocery, Clingman's Pharmacy, the oldest continuously operating pharmacy in Illinois, and Hartig Drug, closed their downtown locations. Clingman's and Hartig's relocated to the outskirts of Galena, while Stair's and Sullivan's closed their doors permanently because of competition. In late 2010, Clingman's joined the Hartig's family and moved their pharmacy to Hartig's Drugs location along Highway 20.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The Country Fair in Grant Park has been an attraction that has helped increase tourist traffic to Galena as a destination. It is a craft show that attracts thousands of visitors to the area. The once boarded-up Main Street buildings have been renovated since the late 20th century. In 2010, Galena started a campaign called Vision2020, modeled after neighbor Dubuque, Iowa's Vision 2010. A committee worked on outreach efforts with the community to form a vision of what residents wanted Galena to focus on for the next decade: five major concepts have been supported. In 2010, the 32nd annual Halloween Parade attendance was estimated at 15,000. In 2011, TripAdvisor listed Galena among its top-ten "Charming Small Towns".


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena is located at (42.418171, −90.431472) along the Galena River, which is one of many tributaries of the Mississippi River.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: According to the 2010 census, Galena has a total area of , of which (or 99.83%) is land and (or 0.17%) is water.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena is located in the Driftless Zone, an area that was not covered by glaciers during the recent ice ages. This area, which includes the far northwestern corner of Illinois, escaped glaciation, while almost the entire state was glaciated, nearly to its southern tip. Because it escaped glaciation, this area is known for its hills, valleys, bluffs and considerable exposed rock.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Horseshoe Mound is a hill located outside Galena that U.S. 20 winds around before entering Galena. The view from Horseshoe Mound is one of the most photographed spots in the city. It stands at above sea level.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), with cold winters, hot summers, and four seasons. Annual precipitation is about 36 inches.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Because of the city's proximity to the Galena River, buildings have been threatened on numerous occasions by flooding. Eventually the Army Corps of Engineers built a dike to prevent city flooding. Galena's Congressman, Leo E. Allen, helped acquire funding for city floodgates which were added in 1951 to connect to the river levee system. Significant recorded floods include:


title: Galena, Illinois

text: As of the census of 2020, the population was 3,308. The population density was . There were 2,008 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.5% Native American, 4.4% from other races, and 6.2% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 10.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 3,429 people, 1,632 households, and 896 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,960 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.5% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 3.7% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.3% of the population.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: There were 1,632 households, out of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.71. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.5% under the age of 19, 4.2% from 20 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $45,409, and the median income for a family was $53,438. Males had a median income of $31,809 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,117. About 5.9% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena is the home to the Galena Art Center and the Galena Arts and Recreation Center. Turner Hall, a 19th-century building on Bench St., has been restored to serve as a performance venue and a popular wedding site. Galena is also home to several historic sites owned by the State of Illinois including the Old Market House, the Ulysses Grant Home, and the E.B. Washburn Home. The Galena/Jo Daviess County Historical Society also owns a number of historical sites including the Galena and U.S. Grant Museum and the Old Blacksmith Shop. They are building a new museum building at the site of the Stillman Mansion property.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena hosts dozens of major events a year, including the annual Halloween Parade which draws thousands of onlookers.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena is a popular tourist destination hosting well over one million visitors each year. Galena is also popular with Chicagoans, many of whom keep second homes in the area. Galena is largely popular as a result of its historic walkable urbanism, a rarity among American cities.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: 85 percent of the structures in Galena are within the Galena Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and greatly contributes to the city's popularity. The Old Market House State Historic Site, built in 1845, is a museum of local social history. Main Street was one of the first in the state to require architectural review of exterior building modifications. Zoning restrictions against wood-structure buildings contributed to the prevalence of brick buildings. All along Main Street the architectural style and historic feel create a unique atmosphere.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Efforts to improve the existing infrastructure while preserving the character of this neighborhood continued in 2003 with the adoption of a comprehensive plan. The plan outlines details on burying utilities, replacing parking with bike lanes and several beautification initiatives. This historic district has garnered the attention of dozens of volunteer groups who work to beautify and increase the utility of the area.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: As the premier street in the second most popular tourist destination in Illinois those planning Main Street must be focused on balancing new developments along the waterway, and the transition to commercial stores with the charm provided by natural areas and long standing businesses. Trolley Cars follow parade routes north and south on Main Street and connect shopping to parks and wineries. The town is home to several wineries in the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA. In the area, there are 450 vineyards and 100 wineries available to visit. Main Street in downtown Galena has a large number of specialty shops, restaurants, a brewery, and multiple wineries.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Galena's Saint Michael's Church was founded by the pioneer priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli. The church is named after one of the three Archangels. Opened in 1855, the downtown DeSoto House Hotel is the oldest operating hotel in Illinois. Rooms 209 and 211 of the hotel were used as Ulysses S Grant's campaign headquarters during his presidential campaign. Future president Abraham Lincoln gave a speech from the hotel's Main Street balcony on July 23, 1856, supporting John Fremont's bid for presidency. Two years later, on July 25, 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas spoke from the same balcony. Other famous guests include Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, Susan B. Anthony, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Greeley, Frances Willard, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Robert E. Lee, Chief Black Hawk, Millard Fillmore, and Zachary Taylor. General Winfield Scott Hancock stayed in Room 223 for an extended period of time. There are also several resorts and golf courses in the Galena area.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Galena Main Street was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine, as one of AIA Illinois' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Dr. John O. Hancock opened the first school in September 1826. The Galena Academy followed in 1832. Galena is home to Galena High School and since 1992, Tri-State Christian School.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: </ref> Foremost among these is Grant, who first came to Galena with his wife Julia in 1860 to work in the family tannery and leather-good shop. A veteran of the Mexican–American War, Grant was called upon to train a regiment of volunteers raised in Galena when the Civil War broke out in 1861. Through the support of local congressman Elihu B. Washburne, Grant became Galena's first general when promoted by Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1861. Washburne later served a brief stint as Grant's Secretary of State and then as Minister to France. Victories at Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain prompted Lincoln to promote Grant to lieutenant general on March 3, 1864, giving him command of all Union Armies.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Grant returned victorious to Galena in 1865 and the citizens gave him an Italianate two-story brick house, today recognized as the Ulysses S. Grant Home State Historic Site. He was selected as the candidate of the Republican Party for the 1868 presidential election. Grant was elected and served two four-year terms. He did not return to Galena. The Grants had four children: Frederick, Ulysses, Ellen, and Jesse. Frederick became a major general and served as Minister to Austria-Hungary. Ulysses, Jr., built the U.S. Grant Hotel in San Diego, California.


title: Galena, Illinois

text: Augustus Louis Chetlain, who captained the regiment that Grant trained, was later brevetted to major general. Jeweler John E. Smith, who raised the 45th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was also brevetted a major general. Ely S. Parker drafted the Appomattox surrender terms of the Confederacy and was the only Native American general of the Union. President Grant appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1869. John Aaron Rawlins, who served a term as city attorney in 1857, was brevetted in 1865 and briefly served as Grant's Secretary of War. Brevetted brigadier general John C. Smith later served as Illinois Treasurer, Lieutenant Governor, and Grand Master of the state Masonic order. Gunsmith Jasper A. Maltby was promoted to brigadier general at the Siege of Vicksburg. John Duerr was brevetted in 1865, and later was a successful merchant in Monticello, Iowa. William R. Rowley was brevetted in 1865, and later became a county judge.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The Apollo Belvedere (also called the Belvedere Apollo, Apollo of the Belvedere, or Pythian Apollo) is a celebrated marble sculpture from Classical Antiquity.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The "Apollo" is now thought to be an original Roman creation of Hadrianic date (c. 120–140 AD), though in a Hellenistic style. The distinctively Roman footwear is one reason scholars believe it is not a copy of an original Greek statue. It was rediscovered in central Italy in the late 15th century during the Italian Renaissance and was placed on semi-public display in the Vatican Palace in 1511, where it remains. It is now in the "Cortile del Belvedere" of the Pio-Clementine Museum of the Vatican Museums complex.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: From the mid-18th century it was considered the greatest ancient sculpture by ardent neoclassicists, and for centuries it epitomized the ideals of aesthetic perfection for Europeans and westernized parts of the world.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The Greek god Apollo is depicted as a standing archer having just shot an arrow. Although there is no agreement as to the precise narrative detail being depicted, the conventional view has been that he has just slain the serpent Python, the chthonic serpent guarding Delphi—making the sculpture a "Pythian Apollo". Alternatively, it may be the slaying of the giant Tityos, who threatened his mother Leto, or the episode of the Niobids.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The large white marble sculpture is 2.24 m (7.3 feet) high. Its complex "contrapposto" has been much admired, appearing to position the figure both frontally and in profile. The arrow has just left Apollo's bow and the effort impressed on his musculature still lingers. His hair, lightly curled, flows in ringlets down his neck and rises gracefully to the summit of his head, which is encircled with the "strophium", a band symbolic of gods and kings. His quiver is suspended across his right shoulder. He is entirely nude except for his sandals and a robe ("chlamys") clasped at his right shoulder, turned up on his left arm, and thrown back.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The lower part of the right arm and the left hand were missing when discovered and were restored by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (1507–1563), a sculptor and pupil of Michelangelo.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: Before its installation in the "Cortile delle Statue" of the Belvedere palace in the Vatican, the "Apollo"—which seems to have been discovered in 1489 in the present Anzio (at that time territory of Nettuno), or perhaps at Grottaferrata where Giuliano della Rovere was abbot "in commendam"—apparently received very little notice from artists. It was, however, sketched twice during the last decade of the 15th century in the book of drawings by a pupil of Domenico Ghirlandaio, now at the Escorial. Though it has always been known to have belonged to Giuliano della Rovere before he became pope, as Julius II, its placement has been confused until as recently as 1986: Cardinal della Rovere, who held the "titulus" of San Pietro in Vincoli, stayed away from Rome for the decade during Alexander VI's papacy (1494–1503); in the interim, the "Apollo" stood in his garden at SS. Apostoli, Deborah Brown has shown, and not at his titular church, as had been assumed.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: Once it was installed in the Cortile, however, it immediately became famous in artistic circles and a demand for copies of it arose. The Mantuan sculptor Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, called "L'Antico", made a careful wax model of it, which he cast in bronze, finely finished and partly gilded, to figure in the Gonzaga collection, and in further copies in a handful of others. Albrecht Dürer reversed the "Apollo"'s pose for his Adam in a 1504 engraving of "Adam and Eve", suggesting that he saw it in Rome. When L'Antico and Dürer saw it, the Apollo was probably still in the personal collection of della Rovere, who, once he was pope as Julius II, transferred the prize in 1511 to the small sculpture court of the Belvedere, the "palazzetto" or summerhouse that was linked to the Vatican Palace by Bramante's large Cortile del Belvedere. It became the "Apollo of the Cortile del Belvedere", and the name has remained with it.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: In addition to Dürer, several major artists during the late Renaissance sketched the "Apollo", including Michelangelo, Bandinelli, and Goltzius. In the 1530s it was engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi, whose printed image transmitted the famous pose throughout Europe.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The "Apollo" became one of the world's most celebrated art works when in 1755 it was championed by the German art historian and archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) as the best example of the perfection of the Greek aesthetic ideal. Its "noble simplicity and quiet grandeur", as he described it, became one of the leading lights of neoclassicism and an icon of the Enlightenment. Goethe, Schiller and Byron all endorsed it. The "Apollo" was one of the artworks brought to Paris by Napoleon after his 1796 Italian Campaign. From 1798 it formed part of the collection of the Louvre during the First Empire, but after 1815 was returned to the Vatican where it has remained ever since.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova adapted the work's fluency to his marble "Perseus" (Vatican Museums) in 1801.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The Romantic movement was not so kind to the "Apollo"'s critical reputation. William Hazlitt (1778–1830), one of the great critics of the English language, was not impressed and dismissed it as "positively bad". The eminent art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) wrote of his disappointment with it.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: Finally, starting something of a trend among some later commentators, the art critic Walter Pater (1839–1894) adverted to the work's homoerotic appeal by way of explaining why it had been so long lionized. The opinion was not widely accepted. Nevertheless, the work retained much popular appeal and casts of it were abundant in European and American public places (especially schools) throughout the 19th century.


title: Apollo Belvedere

text: The critical reputation of the "Apollo" continued to decline in the 20th century, to the point of complete neglect. In 1969, a summary of its reception up to that point was provided by the art historian Kenneth Clark (1903–1983): "...For four hundred years after it was discovered the Apollo was the most admired piece of sculpture in the world. It was Napoleon's greatest boast to have looted it from the Vatican. Now it is completely forgotten except by the guides of coach parties, who have become the only surviving transmitters of traditional culture."


title: Nikolaj Lie Kaas

text: Nikolaj Lie Kaas (; born 22 May 1973) is a Danish actor whose career rose in the 1990s. Kaas graduated from the National Theater School in Denmark in 1998. He first appeared on screen in Søren Kragh-Jacobsen's film "The Boys from St. Petri" in 1991 as Otto, the rebel son of a traitor.


title: Nikolaj Lie Kaas

text: The son of actor Preben Kaas and actress/writer Anne Mari Lie, Kaas and his wife have two daughters. Their daughter Gerda Lie Kaas starred in the lead role of Clara for the Danish juvenile fantasy film, "Wild Witch" (2018).


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Odessey and Oracle is the second studio album by English rock band the Zombies. It was originally released in the UK in April 1968 by CBS Records.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The album was recorded primarily between June and August 1967. The sessions took place at EMI (now Abbey Road Studios) and Olympic Studios in London. The Zombies, having been dropped from Decca Records, financed these sessions independently. After signing with CBS, two singles and later the album itself were released to critical and commercial indifference, and the band quietly dissolved. A third single from the album, "Time of the Season", became a surprise hit in the United States in early 1969 after CBS staff producer Al Kooper recommended it be released on Date Records.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The album gradually achieved critical praise and a cult following, and has since become one of the most acclaimed albums of the 1960s. It was ranked 100th on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. When "Rolling Stone" revised their list in 2020, the album ranked 243rd.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: "Odessey and Oracle" was recorded after the Zombies signed a recording contract with the UK CBS label. They began work on the album in June 1967. Nine of the twelve songs were recorded at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios). "Friends of Mine" was recorded on 1 June, "A Rose for Emily" was started on 1 June and completed on 10 July (take 5 reduction of take 3), "This Will Be Our Year" was recorded on 2 June (take 4) and 15 August (horn overdub), "Hung Up on a Dream" was recorded on 10–11 July (take 7 reduction of take 3), and "Butcher's Tale (Western Front 1914)" was recorded on 20 July (take 1). The EMI sessions used the same Studer four track machine used on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: In late July, when EMI was unavailable, the Zombies temporarily shifted base to Olympic Studios where they recorded "Beechwood Park", "Maybe After He's Gone" and "I Want Her, She Wants Me". They returned to EMI in mid-August to record "Care of Cell 44" (take 5 reduction of take 4) and "Brief Candles" (take 10 reduction of take 9) on 16–17 August and "Time of the Season" (August, date unknown). The sessions ended in November and the final track to be recorded was "Changes" (take 5) on 7 November 1967.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Because the album was recorded to a deadline and tight budget, the Zombies worked quickly in the studio, having rehearsed rigorously beforehand. This meant that there would be no outtakes or unused songs recorded during the sessions. Cello and Mellotron parts were added to "A Rose for Emily" but left out at the final mixing stage.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Colin Blunstone and Paul Atkinson felt disillusioned and tempers flared during the recording of "Time of the Season". Blunstone was not at all keen on the song. When writer Rod Argent insisted that he sing it a certain way, Blunstone's patience snapped and he effectively told Argent to sing it himself. Blunstone finally sang the vocal as required.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Argent and Chris White mixed the album down into mono, but when they delivered the master to CBS, they were informed that a stereo mix was required. The recording budget having been spent, Argent and White used their own money to pay for the stereo mix. One major problem arose when it came time to mix "This Will Be Our Year" into stereo. Record producer Ken Jones had dubbed live horn parts directly onto the mono mix. With the horns not having been recorded on the multi-track beforehand, a "re-channeled" stereo mix had to be made of the mono master of this track. The stereo album mix was completed on 1 January 1968.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Morale within the band was at a low point at the end of the recording. Two singles, "Care of Cell 44" and "Friends of Mine", had been unsuccessful, and the band had a declining demand for live appearances, so after a final gig in mid-December 1967, the band split up.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The album sleeve contains a short text by Argent quoting William Shakespeare's "The Tempest". The misspelling of "odyssey" in the title was the result of a mistake by the designer of the LP cover, Terry Quirk (a friend of White's). The band tried to cover this up at the time of release by claiming the misspelling was intentional.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: "Odessey and Oracle" was released in the UK on 19 April 1968. Clive Davis, the head of CBS in the US, initially decided not to release the album. However, the US Columbia label had released the single "Care of Cell 44" on 21 November 1967 to complete indifference.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: CBS staff producer Al Kooper had picked up a copy of the album during a trip to London, and when he returned to America and played the album he loved it. He believed it contained three hit singles. At the urging of Kooper the US division of CBS was eventually persuaded to release the album on the little known Date Records subsidiary label in June.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Date released "Butcher's Tale (Western Front 1914)" as a single in the US, feeling that the song's anti-war theme would resonate with record-buyers due to the Vietnam War. The next single, "Time of the Season," slowly gained popularity before finally hitting big on the US charts in March 1969. After the song became a hit, Date re-released "Odessey and Oracle" with severely cropped artwork. This time the album charted, reaching number 95 in the US. By then Rod Argent and Chris White were busy with their new band, Argent.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: For the 1997 "Zombie Heaven" box-set, "This Will Be Our Year" was given a full stereo mix, albeit minus the horns. This was made possible because the Zombies owned the multi track masters, which are in the possession of Chris White. Alternate mixes of "A Rose for Emily", featuring discarded overdubs of cello and Mellotron, appear on "Zombie Heaven" and the 30th anniversary release of the album.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: Because the band split before the album was released, they never performed any of the songs onstage. However, due to the surprise success of "Time of the Season", several "fake" versions of the Zombies were created by unscrupulous promoters in 1969 to cash in on public demand to see and hear the band.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The original five-piece line-up reformed briefly in 1997 for the launch party of the "Zombie Heaven" boxset. They performed "She's Not There" and "Time of the Season" at London's Jazz Café. In 2001, Blunstone and Argent resurrected the Zombies as a recording and touring unit with ex-Argent and The Kinks bass guitarist Jim Rodford, his son Steve Rodford on drums and Keith Airey on guitar. The Blunstone-Argent lineup toured for several years, performing a number of songs from the album. There was one final reunion of the original five members in 2004 at a benefit gig for Paul Atkinson, and though Atkinson was very ill, he insisted on performing with them. Atkinson died later that year.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: In March 2008, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the album's release, the four surviving members performed "Odessey and Oracle" in its entirety for three shows at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. They were joined by Keith Airey, Darian Sahanaja and various friends. The Zombies were insistent on recreating the sound as authentically as possible, hence the extra singers, Sahanaja filling in keyboard and Mellotron parts via use of a Memotron, and Argent himself playing an original mellotron on a couple of numbers. Argent also tracked down a Victorian pump organ dating from 1896 so they could recreate White's "Butcher's Tale", the original organ having long since been given away or sold by White.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The 40th anniversary concerts were sold out and critically acclaimed. One of the shows was recorded, filmed, and released on CD and DVD as "Odessey and Oracle (Revisited)". The reunion was so successful that they decided to reprise the show on a short four-date British tour in April 2009, playing in Glasgow, Bristol, Manchester, and ending on 25 April at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, which Argent stated would be the very last time the album would be performed on stage, at least until the songs are reverted to public domain. This ended up not being true as the surviving members once again reunited to perform the album in its entirety across America in 2015.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: In 2016, the band announced that they would do a final tour to commemorate the album's 50th anniversary the following year. In addition, they are also planning a coffee-table book about the making of the album.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: In 2019, the surviving original members performed the album in its entirety on a string of dates supporting Brian Wilson, including a stop at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles on September 12 and one at the Beacon Theater in New York City on September 26, 2019.


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: While the album was received indifferently upon its release, it has since gone on to gain a cult following and become a critically respected album. In their retrospective review, Bruce Eder of AllMusic gave the album five stars out of five, calling it "one of the flukiest (and best) albums of the 1960s, and one of the most enduring long-players to come out of the entire British psychedelic boom". BBC Music wrote "To this day it remains a word-of-mouth obscurity. But by those who know it's held in such regard that the remaining living members of the band are to perform it in its entirety this year, on the fortieth anniversary of its release." treblezine.com wrote ""Odessey and Oracle", even by today's standards, is impossible to top."


title: Odessey and Oracle

text: The first song on the album, "Care of Cell 44", has been covered by a number of artists including Elliott Smith and Of Montreal. "This Will Be Our Year" has also been covered by multiple artists including OK Go, The Mynabirds, Dear Nora, Foo Fighters, and The Avett Brothers. Both songs were also included on Pitchfork Media's list of the "200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s".


title: Sambhaji Raje

text: Yuvraj Sambhajiraje Chhatrapati (born 11 February 1971) is an Indian politician, who served as the member in the upper house of the Parliament of India. He is heir to Kolhapur royal family as the 13th direct descendant of the Maratha king, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and great grandson of Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu of Kolhapur;both were educated at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot a century apart.


title: Sambhaji Raje

text: Low profile and soft-spoken, he was the face of Maratha protest for reservation in 2011–19. He is currently an independent politician.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as the Second People Power Revolution, EDSA 2001, or EDSA II (pronounced "EDSA Two" or "EDSA Dos"), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001, which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth president of the Philippines. Following allegations of corruption against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by Congress, impeachment proceedings against the president were opened on January 16. The decision by several senators not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila, and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days, with the Armed Forces withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled Malacañang Palace with his family. He was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City and Caloocan. The revolution's epicenter was the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of the Ortigas Center business district.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, and his friends and family had received millions of pesos from operations of "jueteng", a numbers game which is illegal in the Philippines.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. He also allegedly received P130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers, while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received P100 million "to the detriment of regular beneficiaries." Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles, nepotism, and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee and the Philippine House Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" on documents involving a P500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the prosecution became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows:


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: After the vote, Senator Nene Pimentel resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase ""Joe's Cohorts"" quickly surfaced as a mnemonic device for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: Jaworski, Oreta, Enrile, Santiago, Coseteng, Osmeña, Honasan, Ople, Revilla, Tatad, Sotto). On February 14, 2001, at the initiative of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that businessman Jaime Dichaves and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account.'


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: Senator Tessie Aquino-Oreta, one of eleven senators who voted against opening the envelope, was seen on national television as the opposition walked out; it was assumed that she was booing back and jigging at the crowd in the Senate gallery after the Ayala group jeered her and other pro-Erap senators. This further fueled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine, and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labeled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Estrada for her dancing act, while Senator Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic".


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: As he did in the EDSA I protests, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: The crowd continued to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from Bayan Muna and Akbayan as well as lawyers of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined the thousands of protesters. A similar parallel anti-Estrada rally was held in Makati, and at the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the vast crowds.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appears on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintains that he will not resign. He says he wants the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict will remove him from office.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appears on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He adds that he will not run in this election.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: At 12:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in the presence of the crowd at EDSA. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: At 2:00 PM, Estrada released a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president". In that same letter, however, he said he would give up his office to allow for national reconciliation.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: Later, Estrada and his family evacuated Malacañang Palace on a boat along the Pasig River. They were smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan, but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On March 2, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Estrada's resignation in a unanimous 13-0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: International reaction to the administration change was mixed. While some foreign nations, including the United States, immediately recognized the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a ""de facto" coup". The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, a view shared by many foreign political analysts. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist, said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, but either way, it's not democracy."


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of these groups would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated. Estrada had resigned from office and the constitutionality of his resignation was upheld by the Supreme Court on March 2, 2001.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: After Estrada's plunder conviction and subsequent pardon, on January 18, 2008, Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) bought full-page advertisement in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 of having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from "Time", "The New York Times", "The Straits Times", "The Los Angeles Times", "The Washington Post", "Asia Times Online", "The Economist", and "International Herald Tribune". Former Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the 1987 Constitution.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: In February 2008 several parts of the Catholic Church which played a vital role during EDSA II issued an apology of sorts. The sitting Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo, expressed disappointment in Arroyo's presidency and called EDSA II a mistake.


title: Second EDSA Revolution

text: On March 13, 2008, Estrada named Lucio Tan, Jaime Sin, Fidel Ramos, Luis Singson, and the Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of the EDSA Revolution of 2001.


title: Fulling

text: Fulling, also known as felting, tucking or walking (Scots: "waukin", hence often spelled waulking in Scottish English), is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of woven or knitted cloth (particularly wool) to eliminate (lanoline) oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. The work delivers a smooth, tightly finished fabric that is isolating and water repellent. Well known example are duffel cloth, first produced in Flanders in the 14th century and loden, produced in Austria from the 16th century on.


title: Fulling

text: The practice to do this by hand or feet died out with the introduction of machines during the industrial revolution.


title: Fulling

text: Fulling involves two processes: scouring and milling (thickening). Originally, fulling was carried out by the pounding of the woollen cloth with a club, or the fuller's feet or hands. In Scottish Gaelic tradition, this process was accompanied by waulking songs, which women sang to set the pace. From the medieval period, however, fulling was often carried out in a water mill, followed by stretching the cloth on great frames known as tenters, to which it is attached by tenterhooks. It is from this process that the phrase "being on tenterhooks" is derived, as meaning to be held in suspense. The area where the tenters were erected was known as a tenterground.


title: Fulling

text: In Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the cloth while ankle deep in tubs of human urine. Urine was so important to the fulling business that it was taxed. Stale urine, known as wash or lant, was a source of ammonium salts and assisted in cleansing and whitening the cloth and having its fibers intertwined. By the medieval period, fuller's earth had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure hydrous aluminium silicate. It was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used.


title: Fulling

text: The second function of fulling was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing (felting). This was vital in the case of woollens, made from carded wool, but not for worsted materials made from combed wool. After this stage, water was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because the microscopic scales on the surface of wool fibres hook together, somewhat like hook and loop fixings.


title: Fulling

text: There are several Biblical references to fulling (; and ; ; ). In addition to this, at least one reference appears in the speeches of Lysias, written in Athens during the 5th century BC. By the time of the Crusades in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world. They appear to have originated in 9th or 10th century in Europe. The earliest known reference to a fulling mill in France, which dates from about 1086, was discovered in Normandy.


title: Fulling

text: From the medieval period, the fulling of cloth often was undertaken in a water mill, known as a fulling mill, a walk mill, or a tuck mill, and in Wales, a pandy. In these, the cloth was beaten with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks (operating vertically) that were used only for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by cams on the shaft of a waterwheel or on a tappet wheel, which lifted the hammer.


title: Fulling

text: Driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot (the head of the hammer) struck the cloth almost horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth. This was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled evenly. However, the cloth was taken out about every two hours to undo plaits and wrinkles. The 'foot' was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the cloth.


title: Fulling

text: There was a fulling mill established at Temple Guiting, Gloucestershire which was documented in the Domesday Book.


title: Fulling

text: The names for workers who performed these tasks ("fuller", "tucker", and "walker") have become common surnames.


title: Fulling

text: The Welsh word for a fulling mill is "pandy", which appears in many place-names, for example Tonypandy ("fulling mill lea").


title: Kat Stewart

text: Katherine Louise Stewart (born 30 November 1972) is an AACTA and Logie Award-winning Australian actress who has made numerous appearances in television series, movies and on-stage.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Kat Stewart is the daughter of Tony and Kitty Stewart and was born and raised in Bairnsdale, Victoria. When she was eight years old she, her parents and two older brothers lived and travelled in Europe for a year and Stewart said that time "opened my eyes to the world and gave me a lot of confidence." Stewart began acting in primary school and remembers: "Since Year 2 I had been getting a thrill out of doing school drama. I was on the quiet side, but I felt light in my bones when I was onstage. At university I studied marketing and arts, and joined the theatre society, which quickly became my passion. After graduation, I worked in publicity, but I couldn't shake my love of acting, so I enrolled at the National Theatre, hoping I'd outgrow it. Now I understand you need to do what you love to be happy." Stewart decided to leave PR behind to pursue acting full-time and recalled: "After I finished drama school, I had a couple of acting gigs straightaway, but then I was unemployed fairly consistently over a couple of years. I don't take anything for granted now though, so it wasn't such a bad thing. But I wouldn't want to go back there if I can avoid it."


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart is best known for her role as Roberta Williams (wife of the late Melbourne gangland figure Carl Williams) in the first series of the Channel 9 TV production "Underbelly" and as Billie Proudman in the popular comedy/drama, "Offspring" on Network Ten.


title: Kat Stewart

text: It was her award-winning performance in "Underbelly" in 2008 that first made Stewart a household name. The portrayal of Roberta Williams drew praise from critics including Marcus Casey of 'The Daily Telegraph', who described it as 'one of the most compelling performances by an Australian actress in memory.' Casey expanded that it was 'a brutally brave, ugly and compelling performance...She held nothing back, and was an emotional but controlled and screeching tornado who dominated the screen whenever the camera peered her way.' The authenticity of Stewart's performance was praised by Michael Lallo in 'The Age', 'By any measure, it's the role of a lifetime. Stewart has ensured it's the standout performance of the series. Despite quality performances by all, critics say she owns every frame she's in. It's not that she delivers a superb depiction of a suburban gangster moll; it's that you really believe she is a suburban gangster moll.' Although her performance was popular with critics and audiences, the real life Roberta was not a fan but Stewart was sympathetic, "Obviously, I would have preferred her to like it," she said. "But I can't control that. And if someone was playing me, I couldn't imagine I'd be happy…I have a lot of empathy for Roberta and what she's been through". Stewart acknowledges the show was a key moment in her career, ""Underbelly" opened a lot of doors and gave me access to better opportunities and more opportunities. I am very grateful for it".


title: Kat Stewart

text: Despite her positive experience in "Underbelly", Kat Stewart chose not to reprise the role in "Fat Tony & Co" in 2014. Stewart told David Knox of 'TV Tonight': “..Seven years ago when I did it we didn’t know much about Roberta Williams. So I did as much research as I could...Now we know how she walks and talks and so much more about her...I don’t like turning down work. It goes against every actor instinct. But it just didn’t feel right".


title: Kat Stewart

text: After the success of "Underbelly" Stewart next appeared in the critically acclaimed relationship drama, "Tangle" (2009–2012) on Showcase. In the series Stewart played the loveable but flawed, Nat Manning alongside Justine Clarke, Ben Mendelsohn, Matt Day and Catherine McClements. Showing she has long been adroit at both drama and comedy, in 2009 Stewart appeared in the Andrew Denton produced, advertising industry satire ":30 Seconds" on Comedy Channel.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart won many new fans in her role as Billie Proudman on "Offspring", as part of an ensemble cast led by Asher Keddie and including John Waters, Eddie Perfect, Deborah Mailman, Richard Davies, Garry McDonald, Lachy Hulme and Linda Cropper. One of the show's strengths is the dynamic relationship between the sisters Billie and Nina Proudman (played by Keddie). Both actresses have spoken of their admiration for each other, with Stewart saying "I've admired Asher ever since "Love My Way". She is an actress of extraordinary ability and depth. We have a lovely shorthand and support for each other on set, not unlike Nina and Billie. There's a trust there that allows real spontaneity and joy." Keddie spoke of Kat, saying "It's exhilarating to perform with her; I feel genuinely excited by it. That's a great feeling to have as an actor - when you really want to be working opposite someone and with someone. It doesn't get much more rewarding than that." Stewart admits to being fond of her character, Billie, despite some heartaches, "I’m really fond of her, though she’s really frustrating sometimes. Though she cheated on Mick [in season four], it’s my job to see the world through her eyes. You see what happened in the lead-up and it was the ultimate act of self-destruction. It broke my heart." "Offspring" aired for 5 seasons from 2010 to 14 before returning to TV screens for a sixth season in 2016. With production of the new series underway Stewart spoke to Colin Vickery of News Corp, "I really didn’t think it would happen", Stewart said. "It was the best experience I’ve had in a show. You form such deep relationships with the people and also the characters. I feel really confident we’ll be able to deliver something great. I don’t think we’re going to coast on some sort of legacy. We’re really aware of that and all want it to be as fantastic and awesome as it can be. To get to walk around in Billie’s shoes again is fantastic". The seventh season of the show, including Stewart and other key cast members, screened in 2017. Writing in 'The Daily Telegraph', Colin Vickery reflected on season 7 with 'this year...Billie, played by Kat Stewart, has had to endure a heartbreaking split with husband Mick (Eddie Perfect). Billie's rollercoaster life has showcased Stewart's comedic and dramatic talents like never before. No wonder many critics believe she is the best actor on Australian television.'


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart teamed with Shaun Micallef in the murder mystery drama/comedy, "Mr & Mrs Murder" on Network Ten in 2013. The pair played Charlie and Nicola Buchanan, a husband and wife duo of industrial cleaners with an amateur interest in solving crimes. The two previously worked together on the satirical SBS newscast show Newstopia and both have spoken positively of their on-screen chemistry and rapport with Micallef saying "I wouldn't have considered doing this if Kat wasn't involved." Stewart also shared an Associate Producer credit on the show.