title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Being a market town and major coach stop between London and Cambridge, Bishop's Stortford has many large public houses within the town centre. In 1636 "The Star" in Bridge Street was run by John Ward. "The Inn" was acquired by "Hawkes and Co". and bought in 1808. In the early 20th century "The Star" catered for cyclists, providing cycle sheds that attracted people from local villages. John Kynnersley Kirby (1894–1962), painted local scenes and portraits of local characters, painted the interior of "The Star" for a painting entitled 'The Slate Club Secretary'.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Other public houses included the 15th-century "Boars Head", 16th-century "Black Lion", and the "Curriers Arms" was in Market Square from the 1700s until 1904. in the building which until recently was a "Zizzi" restaurant. Between 1644 and 1810, the "Reindeer" operated on the present site of the Tourist Information Centre.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: There is an annual Christmas Fayre in December, with over 100 stalls and family-friendly entertainment. There is also a summer Carnival, involving a procession with over 100 community groups taking part, bands, fairground rides, entertainers and stalls.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Located in the town centre is the Complex, Anchor Street Entertainment, a multiplex which contains a cinema, health club, a bowling alley and a number of food outlets.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The town is home to two amateur dramatics groups, The Water Lane Theatre Group and Bishop's Stortford Musical Theatre Company.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The town is home to various youth organisations and youth groups, including an Army Cadet Force detachment, an Air Training Corps squadron, Scout troops, and a GAP youth group affiliated to the Church of St James the Great in Thorley.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford has grown around the River Stort valley, with the town centre lying about 60 metres above sea level, rising to over 100 metres above sea level on the eastern and western margins of the town.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Being in the south-east, the town enjoys a warmer climate than most of Britain and summer temperatures may sometimes reach the mid-30s C/ it is also one of the driest places in the country. Snow is often seen in the winter months because the town is near the east coast, where cold, moist air is brought in from the North Sea and cold fronts from northern Europe. In recent years there has been up to three inches of snow early in the year, which has resulted in minor disruption to transport and caused some schools to close for several days. However, the snow tends not to persist in any noticeable quantity.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Water for the town is supplied by Affinity Water. The water is classed as "very hard" with over 345 mg/L of minerals and 0.225 mg/L of fluoride.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford, along with the rest of Britain, has a temperate maritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest weather station for which averages and extremes are available is Stansted Airport, about due east of Stortford's town centre. Located at an elevation of over 100 m, the weather station, and parts of Stortford in general are marginally cooler throughout the year than the Cambridgeshire area to the north or the London area to the south. Nonetheless, Stortford is still warmer than the English average.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The highest temperature recorded at Stansted was during the August 2003 heatwave. In an average year the hottest day should reach , and 12.3 days will record a temperature of or more. The lowest temperature recorded at Stansted was during December 1981. Notably cold minimum temperatures tend not to occur due to the lack of higher terrain meaning little cold air drainage occurs. The average annual coldest night should fall to , with 47.3 air frosts being recorded in an average year.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Typically, the Stortford area will receive an average of 622 mm of rain during the course of the year. 1 mm or more of rain will be recorded on 114.7 days of the year.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Nea Marshall Kudi Ngwa (born March 20, 1980) better known by his stage name BeBe Zahara Benet, is a Cameroonian-American drag performer, television personality, and musician best known for winning the first season of the reality-television drag competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2009"." In 2018, he returned as a surprise contestant for the third season of "", placing in the top four.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: His first EP, "Face", was released in 2014, followed by his second EP, "Kisses & Feathers", in 2017. His third EP, "Broken English", was released in 2020. As of 2019, he stars in the TLC transformational makeover television series "Dragnificent", as the event planning expert. In 2021, he starred in "Being Bebe", a film documenting fifteen years of his life.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Ngwa was born and raised in Cameroon. His family later moved to France where Ngwa lived until he settled in Minneapolis at age nineteen to complete his college studies and to be closer to family.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Benet's first experience with drag was at a Paris fashion show, where he was asked to put on a dress to walk the runway as a female as a last-minute replacement for an absent model. His first drag performance was alongside Cyndi Lauper in "The Gay 90s" bar after moving to Minneapolis in 2000. She has participated in drag pageants, including Miss US of A.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: In early 2009, Ngwa, after a suggestion from RuPaul herself after seeing him perform to "Circle of Life" at Minneapolis Pride, auditioned for the first season of Logo's reality-TV drag-queen competition "RuPaul's Drag Race".


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: She eventually became one of nine queens cast in the season, having been selected out of thousands of applicants. He was the inaugural winner of the series, having won two challenges during the competition. Bebe's win would inspire many soon-to-be drag queens to pursue the art of drag, including eventual "Drag Race" season 8 winner Bob The Drag Queen.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Benet was revealed as the surprise 10th contestant on the third season premiere of "", becoming the first-ever winner in the show's history to return for an All-Stars season. He reached the season finale, having won two challenges, but was not chosen to advance to the final two by a jury of previously eliminated queens and subsequently finished in joint third place with Shangela.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Benet appeared with Jujubee, Thorgy Thor, and Alexis Michelle in the TLC television special "Drag Me Down the Aisle" which aired on March 9, 2019, and was later picked up as a series and re-titled Dragnificent.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Benet's first dance single, "I'm the Sh*t", has been remixed by Felix Baumgartner, Ralphi Rosario and Mark Picchiotti. He released his second single, "Cameroon" in July 2010. Benet made a cameo appearance in the music video for Erasure's re-release of their song "A Little Respect", in December 2010 (which was a fundraiser for students of the Harvey Milk Institute in San Francisco). He released his third single "Dirty Drums" on April 17, 2012 via iTunes. His fourth single, "Face," was released on March 3, 2014.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: In November 2017, Ngwa was a featured performer in "Queens United", a benefit show created by Phi Phi O'Hara in an effort to raise money to people affected by Hurricane Maria.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: In 2020, they co-created, produced, and headlined the "Nubia" tour, a live Drag Show celebrating Black drag queens through original music, group choreography, video installations, live vocals, lip syncs, and narrative-driven performance art. On opening night, Vulture.com praised the cast, "RuPaul’s Drag Race" alum; Bob The Drag Queen, Peppermint, Shea Couleé, The Vixen, and Monique Heart, noting the “touching sincerity” and “joyous” celebration of black culture featured in the show.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: The tour began its run with sold-out shows in New York City, and has plans to visit Los Angeles, as well as other major cities across the United States.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: In June 2021, Ngwa will be featured in "Gospel Brunch Drag Show", an "LGBTQIA+ Youths Of Color Celebrate Black Pride" event, and the virtual "Pride Bigger Than Texas" event livestreamed from the Bonham Exchange. In August 2021, they will be a featured performer and in "Klub Kids London Presents: NOIR: The Tour", where 25% of the proceeds from the production will be donated to the Black Lives Matter movement.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: A documentary film titled "Being Bebe" premiered at the 2021 Tribeca Film Festival from June 19–23, 2021, and later screened at the Provincetown International Film Festival on June 23, 2021, and screened for three days. The film documented the past fifteen years of Ngwa's life as Bebe Zahara Benet, including his journey preparing for "RuPaul's Drag Race". The film won the 2021 Best Documentary Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival.


title: BeBe Zahara Benet

text: Prior to starting drag, he was a choir director and music teacher. He doesn't consider himself a drag queen, and prefers to be called a "drag artist" or "drag performer". Ngwa is a devout christian.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan ( or , ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of the municipality of Tel Aviv and part of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, and many high-tech industries.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshav shitufi, a communal farming settlement. In it had a population of .


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan was established by the "Ir Ganim" association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914 and 1918. It stood just south of the Arab village of Jarisha. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: "Garden Height") in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Over the years, the economy shifted from agriculture to commerce and industry. By 1946, the population had grown to 12,000. In 1950, Ramat Gan was recognized as a city. The city's population was greatly boosted by an influx of Iraqi Jews into Israel during Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. So many Iraqi immigrants settled in Ramat Gan that it became known as "Little Baghdad." In 1955, it had a population of 55,000. The first mayor was Avraham Krinitzi who remained in office for 43 years. In 1961, the municipal area of Ramat Gan expanded eastward, to encompass the area that includes the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer and Bar Ilan University. In 1968, the world's largest diamond exchange opened in Ramat Gan. The Sheba Medical Center and the Israel Diamond Exchange are located in Ramat Gan.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan is located in the Gush Dan metropolitan area east of Tel Aviv. It is bounded in the north by the Yarkon River and in the east by Bnei Brak. Giv'atayim lies to the southwest.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan experiences an average of of rainfall per year and is located, on average above sea level. It is built on limestone hills. Ramat Gan parks include The National Park (Park Leumi) which covers some 1,900 dunams, and David Park in the Merom Naveh neighborhood. 25% of Ramat Gan is covered by public parkland.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan neighborhoods include: Shchunat Hageffen, City Center, Nachalat Ganim, Kiryat Krinitzi, Ramat Shikma, Ramat Yitzhak, Shchunat Rishonim, Tel Yehuda, Givat Geula, Neve Yehoshua, Kiryat Borochov, Merom Naveh, Ramat Amidar, Ramat Chen, Shikun Vatikim, Shchunat Hillel, Elite and Diamond Exchange District and Tel Binyamin.


title: Ramat Gan

text: , Ramat Gan had 129,700 residents, on an area of 12,000 dunams (12 km). The population was growing at a rate of 1.0% per annum with 90% of this growth coming through natural increase. The population density of the city is 9,822.6 per square kilometer, one of the highest in Israel. In terms of the origin of Ramat Gan's residents, 42,900 originate from Europe and America, 10,200 from Africa, 29,200 from Asia, and 40,600 from Israel. 86,200 of the residents of Ramat Gan were born in Israel, whilst 36,600 were born abroad.


title: Ramat Gan

text: According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2001, Ramat Gan's socioeconomic ranking stood at 8 out of 10. 70.9% of twelfth grade students received a matriculation certificate in 2000. That year, the average wages in Ramat Gan were 6,995 NIS. , 32,100 of the city's households had people who were not in the labour force, with 23,300 of these retired. 1,900 of the households had unemployed within them. 43,000 households were fully employed. The largest sectors of jobs for those in employment in Ramat Gan were business activities accounting for 18.1% of jobs, education, 15.1%, wholesale and retail trade, and repairs, 14.2%, manufacturing 10.8%, and health, welfare and social work services, 10.0%.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan's economy is dominated by the Diamond Exchange District in the northwest of the city, home to a large concentration of skyscrapers, including Moshe Aviv Tower (City Gate), Israel's second tallest at over , the Israel Diamond Exchange (a world leader in diamonds), a large Sheraton hotel, and many high-tech businesses, among them Check Point Software Technologies and ArticlesBase.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Also located in the Diamond Exchange District is the State Bank of India's Israeli headquarters and the headquarters of Bank Mizrachi, whilst the embassies of Ghana, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Eritrea, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the European Economic Community, are located in the area. A number of other international embassies are also located in the city, as is the British Council. Also headquartered in the city is the Histadrut trade union. Located to the south of Ramat Gan is Hiriya, the largest waste transfer site in the Middle East.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan is also an important center for industry and manufacturing with major fruit and vegetable canning plants, textile mills, metal production plants, electrical manufacturers, furniture makers, and food producers based here. Currently, the Elite Tower, set to exceed the Moshe Aviv Tower in height, is being built on the site of the historic Elite Candy factory. As a tribute to the history of the site, the lower floors of the tower will house a chocolate museum. At the end of 2006, Ramat Gan had three hotels, with a total of 408 rooms with 150,000 person-nights over the year representing 64% room occupancy.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Ramat Gan is home to Israel's second largest university, Bar-Ilan University, with 24,000 students. The city is also the location of the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan College, the College of Law and Business, Beit Zvi acting college.


title: Ramat Gan

text: The Sheba Medical Center located in southeastern Ramat Gan and Tel HaShomer, is Israel's largest hospital. It includes the Safra Children's Hospital and Padeh Geriatric Rehabilitation Center. The city has 32 medical centers run by health authorities and 10 child-care clinics operated by the municipality. The city is also served by Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, a Haredi hospital in nearby Bnei Brak.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Northwest of the city is the archaeological site of Tel Gerisa, with its main occupation phases dating back to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and declining through Iron Age I and II.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Cultural venues in Ramat Gan include the Ramat Gan Theater, the Diamond Theater and the Russell Cultural Center. The Beit Zvi School of Performing Arts is based in Ramat Gan. Ramat Gan operates two cinemas complexes: the Lev-Elram Cinema and the "Yes Planet" megaplex. Ramat Gan also has a safari park. The 250-acre site consists of both a drive-through African safari area and a modern outdoor zoo.


title: Ramat Gan

text: Beit Avraham Krinitzi, home of the first mayor, is now a museum of the history of Ramat Gan. Man and the Living World Museum is a natural history museum and the Maccabi Museum focuses on the history of Jewish sports since 1898. The Ramat Gan Safari, a zoo housing 1,600 animals, is the largest animal collection in the Middle East. Other museums in the city include the Museum of Israeli Art, Kiryat Omanut which houses sculpture galleries and a ceramics studio, the Museum of Russian Art, the Museum of Jewish Art, and the Yehiel Nahari Museum of Far Eastern Art.


title: Ramat Gan

text: The Maccabiah Games are held in Ramat Gan every four years. Ramat Gan Stadium is Israel's national football stadium until 2014. Seating 41,583 (13,370 is a permitted seats). Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan and Hapoel Ramat Gan who both play at the Winter Stadium, are the city's main football clubs, both having won the championship at some point in their history. Beitar Ramat Gan plays in the South A Division of Liga Bet, the fourth tier, whilst F.C. Mahanaim Ramat Gan, Maccabi Hashikma Hen, Maccabi Spartak Ramat Gan and Shikun Vatikim Ramat Gan are all playing in the Tel Aviv Division of Liga Gimel, the fifth tier. The now-defunct clubs Maccabi Ramat Gan and Maccabi Ramat Amidar were both involved in mergers which formed Hakoah Amidar. In basketball, Ironi Ramat Gan plays in Ligat HaAl, the top division.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: The Ford–Fulkerson method or Ford–Fulkerson algorithm (FFA) is a greedy algorithm that computes the maximum flow in a flow network. It is sometimes called a "method" instead of an "algorithm" as the approach to finding augmenting paths in a residual graph is not fully specified or it is specified in several implementations with different running times. It was published in 1956 by L. R. Ford Jr. and D. R. Fulkerson. The name "Ford–Fulkerson" is often also used for the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which is a fully defined implementation of the Ford–Fulkerson method.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: The idea behind the algorithm is as follows: as long as there is a path from the source (start node) to the sink (end node), with available capacity on all edges in the path, we send flow along one of the paths. Then we find another path, and so on. A path with available capacity is called an augmenting path.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Let formula_1 be a graph, and for each edge from to , let formula_2 be the capacity and formula_3 be the flow. We want to find the maximum flow from the source to the sink . After every step in the algorithm the following is maintained:


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: This means that the flow through the network is a "legal flow" after each round in the algorithm. We define the residual network formula_4 to be the network with capacity formula_5 and no flow. Notice that it can happen that a flow from to is allowed in the residual


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: The path in step 2 can be found with, for example, a breadth-first search (BFS) or a depth-first search in formula_4. If you use the former, the algorithm is called Edmonds–Karp.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Suppose that formula_21 and formula_22. Add a new source formula_23 with an edge formula_24 from formula_25 to every node formula_26, with capacity formula_27. And add a new sink formula_28 with an edge formula_29 from every node formula_30 to formula_31, with capacity formula_32. Then apply the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Also, if a node has capacity constraint formula_33, we replace this node with two nodes formula_34, and an edge formula_35, with capacity formula_36. Then apply the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: By adding the flow augmenting path to the flow already established in the graph, the maximum flow will be reached when no more flow augmenting paths can be found in the graph. However, there is no certainty that this situation will ever be reached, so the best that can be guaranteed is that the answer will be correct if the algorithm terminates. In the case that the algorithm runs forever, the flow might not even converge towards the maximum flow. However, this situation only occurs with irrational flow values. When the capacities are integers, the runtime of Ford–Fulkerson is bounded by formula_37 (see big O notation), where formula_38 is the number of edges in the graph and formula_39 is the maximum flow in the graph. This is because each augmenting path can be found in formula_40 time and increases the flow by an integer amount of at least formula_41, with the upper bound formula_39.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: A variation of the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm with guaranteed termination and a runtime independent of the maximum flow value is the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which runs in formula_43 time.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: The following example shows the first steps of Ford–Fulkerson in a flow network with 4 nodes, source formula_44 and sink formula_45. This example shows the worst-case behaviour of the algorithm. In each step, only a flow of formula_41 is sent across the network. If breadth-first-search were used instead, only two steps would be needed.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Consider the flow network shown on the right, with source formula_50, sink formula_51, capacities of edges formula_52, formula_53 and formula_54 respectively formula_41, formula_56 and formula_41 and the capacity of all other edges some integer formula_58. The constant formula_59 was chosen so, that formula_60. We use augmenting paths according to the following table, where formula_61, formula_62 and formula_63.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Note that after step 1 as well as after step 5, the residual capacities of edges formula_52, formula_53 and formula_54 are in the form formula_67, formula_68 and formula_69, respectively, for some formula_70. This means that we can use augmenting paths formula_71, formula_72, formula_71 and formula_74 infinitely many times and residual capacities of these edges will always be in the same form. Total flow in the network after step 5 is formula_75. If we continue to use augmenting paths as above, the total flow converges to formula_76. However, note that there is a flow of value formula_77, by sending formula_78 units of flow along formula_79, 1 unit of flow along formula_80, and formula_78 units of flow along formula_82. Therefore, the algorithm never terminates and the flow does not even converge to the maximum flow.


title: Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

text: Another non-terminating example based on the Euclidean algorithm is given by , where they also show that the worst case running-time of the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm on a network formula_1 in ordinal numbers is formula_84.


title: Sabrosito

text: "Sabrosito" is the fourth episode of the third season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on May 1, 2017, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Sabrosito

text: In a flashback to 1999, Hector Salamanca introduces Ximenez Lecerda to Don Eladio. Hector says he has purchased an Albuquerque ice cream store that will facilitate drug sales because Ximenez can bring cocaine over the border when he delivers store supplies. Hector has named the store for Eladio: "El Griego Guiñador". He also presents the gift of a bobblehead mascot for the store which is named "Sabrosito”, as well as a cash tribute. Juan Bolsa arrives with Gus Fring's gifts — a Los Pollos Hermanos T-shirt and larger cash tribute. Eladio teases Hector and Hector is humiliated, but Juan reminds him to show respect to their boss.


title: Sabrosito

text: Mike Ehrmantraut surveils Hector's ice cream store and observes police arrive. He later visits Stacey Ehrmantraut and Kaylee Ehrmantraut at their new house. Hector, Nacho Varga, and Arturo visit Los Pollos Hermanos and intimidate the staff while waiting for Gus. When Gus arrives, Hector demands that Gus begin transporting Hector's drugs in Gus's trucks, unaware Gus desires this outcome.


title: Sabrosito

text: The next day, Gus apologizes to his staff and tells them the men who intimidated them previously extorted money from him, but that he refused their new demands. He announces he will pay the staff overtime, in addition to trauma counseling if anyone requests it. Gus's apology and claim to be acting honorably win his staff over.


title: Sabrosito

text: Kim Wexler cancels the appointment Chuck McGill made to have his home's door repaired and Jimmy McGill hires Mike to keep it. Mike clandestinely photographs the interior of Chuck's house and documents his bizarre living conditions. Mike also copies some information from Chuck's desktop. When he hands over the photos the next day, he gives Jimmy the note he made.


title: Sabrosito

text: Gus visits Mike to ask why he did not accept the money that Victor tried to give him for disrupting Hector's trucks. Mike explains that he attacked them for himself, not Gus, so he does not expect payment. Gus says he is interested in hiring Mike, and Mike says he might be amenable.


title: Sabrosito

text: Jimmy, Kim, Howard Hamlin, Chuck, and ADA Hay meet to finalize Jimmy's confession. Afterward, Kim tells Chuck she suspects he has another copy of the tape. Chuck confirms that he plans to submit the original at Jimmy's bar association hearing. Kim informs Jimmy and reveals that having Chuck admit the existence of the second tape is part of her plan to defend Jimmy.


title: Sabrosito

text: The title is derived from the Spanish word "Sabroso" which means "delicious" or "tasty". In the cold open, Gus' homosexuality is hinted at when Hector says a better name for "Los Pollos Hermanos" ("The Chicken Brothers") might be "Los Hermanos" ("The Butt Brothers").


title: Sabrosito

text: The episode received critical acclaim, on Rotten Tomatoes, the episode holds a 100% rating with an average score of 8.64/10, based on 15 reviews. The site's consensus reads, '"Sabrosito" juggles narrative strands while advancing Better Call Saul's overall narrative arc—and setting up moments Breaking Bad fans have waited patiently for.'


title: Sabrosito

text: Terri Schwartz of IGN gave the episode an 8.5 rating, writing "Gus Fring is not a man you want to trifle with, as we discover in the latest episode of Better Call Saul."


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Pietro Parolin (, ; born 17 January 1955) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. A cardinal since February 2014, he has served as the Vatican's Secretary of State since October 2013 and a member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers since July 2014. Before that, he worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See for thirty years, where his assignments included terms in Nigeria, Mexico and Venezuela, as well as more than six years as Undersecretary of State for Relations with States.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin was born in Schiavon, Province of Vicenza, the son of a hardware store manager and an elementary school teacher. He has one sister and a brother. When he was ten years old, his father died in a car accident. After he was ordained on 27 April 1980, he took up graduate studies in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University and in diplomacy at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He entered the Holy See's diplomatic service in 1986 at the age of 31.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: He served for three years in the Nunciature of Nigeria where he became familiar with the problems in Christian-Muslim relations.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: At the Nunciature of Mexico from 1989 to 1992, he contributed to the final phase of the work begun by Archbishop Girolamo Prigione which led to the legal recognition of the Catholic Church in 1992 and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Mexico after 130 years. These negotiations led to Mexico officially shedding the country's secular and anti-clerical imprint, which extended to its Constitution.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin was Undersecretary of State for Relations with States from 30 November 2002 to 17 August 2009.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin has also been at the forefront of Vatican efforts to approve and implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Addressing the International Atomic Energy Agency on 18 September 2006, at its headquarters in Vienna, Parolin referred to this treaty as "the basis to pursue nuclear disarmament and an important element for further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes." He said: "Since this treaty is the only multilateral legal instrument currently available, intended to bring about a nuclear weapons-free world, it must not be allowed to be weakened. Humanity deserves no less than the full cooperation of all states in this important matter." Concerning international negotiations with respect to Iran's nuclear program, he said "that the present difficulties can and must be overcome through diplomatic channels, making use of all the means that diplomacy has at its disposal and considers necessary to eliminate all the elements which objectively impede mutual trust."


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In September 2007 at the opening of the UN he argued that, "We often hear in the halls of the United Nations of 'the responsibility to protect'. The Holy See believes that applies also in the context of climate change. States have a shared 'responsibility to protect' the world's climate through mitigation/adaptation, and above all a shared 'responsibility to protect' our planet and ensure that present and future generations be able to live in a healthy and safe environment."


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin represented the Vatican in a variety of sensitive assignments, including trips to North Korea and Vietnam as well as the 2007 Annapolis Conference on the Middle East convened by the Bush administration to revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: As the Vatican's "deputy foreign minister" he dealt with all the sensitive dossiers on the Holy See's relations with Vietnam (he was partly responsible for paving the way to full diplomatic relations between the two) and the legal issues between the Vatican and Israel which remain unresolved. At the beginning of Pope Benedict's pontificate, direct contact was re-established with China.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: During his time as undersecretary Parolin scored some significant breakthroughs, such as cementing ties between the Holy See and Vietnam, re-establishing direct contact with Beijing in 2005 and helping secure the liberation of 15 British navy personnel captured by Iranian forces in the Persian Gulf in April 2007.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: On 17 August 2009 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Parolin Titular Archbishop of Aquipendium and Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela. He was consecrated a bishop on 12 September 2009 by Benedict XVI, with Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone and William Cardinal Levada as co-consecrators. The Venezuela assignment was expected to be difficult, since conflicts between the State and the Church in Venezuela were on the rise as President Hugo Chávez attempted to advance his socialist revolution.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: On 31 August 2013, Pope Francis appointed Parolin Secretary of State, replacing Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone. Parolin took office on 15 October.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin became, at 58, the youngest Secretary of State since 1929, when Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) was appointed to the position at the age of 53. He said: "The pope's initiatives have given the secretary of state an impetus and have also created a new diplomatic momentum." When asked if he would be spearheading a new diplomatic offensive for peace, he noted that it was a complicated question but said, "Yes, I hope that we can recoup" that drive. "We have this great advantage in respect to other churches, to other religions: We can count on an international institutional presence through diplomacy," he said.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: On 16 December, Parolin was named to a five-year renewable term as a member of the Congregation for Bishops. On 19 February 2014 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin was made Cardinal-Priest of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela at a papal general consistory on 22 February 2014. He attended meetings of the Council of Cardinal Advisers on a regular basis and in July 2014 became the council's ninth member.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In 2014 Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro invited Cardinal Parolin to mediate talks between his government and opposition in hopes of stemming violence that has killed dozens in the nation's worst unrest in a decade. He asked that Parolin, a former nuncio to Venezuela, be named a "good faith witness" to a dialogue the parties had agreed upon after two months of protests. Venezuela's opposition coalition had indicated that current nuncio, Archbishop Aldo Giordano, would be attending the first formal talks. Henrique Capriles, the opposition's two-time presidential candidate who narrowly lost an election to Maduro the year before, confirmed he would take part in the discussions.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In December 2014 Cardinal Parolin asked the U.S. to find an "adequate humanitarian solution" for prisoners held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a reflection of Pope Francis' concern that prisoners be treated with dignity and not be subject to inhumane treatment. Parolin made the request during a Vatican meeting with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. The Vatican said they discussed the U.S. commitment to closing the facility and that Parolin expressed the Holy See's desire that "favourable attention be paid to finding adequate humanitarian solutions for current inmates".


title: Pietro Parolin

text: The Holy See was credited with playing a major role in the reestablishment of U.S.-Cuba relations. Parolin moderated the October 2014 meeting between Cuban and U.S. officials as their negotiations neared an agreement. In 2015, Cardinal Parolin was asked whether the normalisation of Cuba – U.S. relations pointed toward a new "golden age" of Vatican diplomacy. He said that "the president of the United States has already thanked the Pope for the support he has given to this important step" and said: "Holy See diplomacy is always there, to help to build bridges". Parolin also said the Holy See's diplomacy "is now more active…(not only) waiting, but also proposing (solutions for peace), since there are so many conflicts."


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin called for an intervention in Libya to stop a possible alliance between the country's Islamic government and the Islamic State. Parolin spoke about the chaos there after ISIS beheaded 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, describing the incident as "terrifying" and the situation "grave". He stressed the need for "a quick response". Parolin added that "any armed intervention must be carried forward under the framework of international law" and "under the umbrella of the United Nations".


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In May 2015, after the passage of the Marriage Equality Referendum in Ireland, which extended marriage rights to same-sex couples, Parolin said: "I was very saddened by this result. I don't think we can speak only about a defeat for Christian principles, but a defeat for humanity." In June 2015, he visited Abu Dhabi to inaugurate Saint Paul's Church in Musaffah, the city's second Catholic parish.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Cardinal Parolin has stressed the importance of continuity. He believes Pope Francis simply tries to guide the church to be the church of Christ and that he is not starting a revolution. He defends the importance of unchangeable dogmas and asserts the relevance of sacred tradition. He said celibacy is a discipline that could be changed but that it cannot simply be dismissed as outdated. In a keynote speech at the Pontifical Gregorian University in February 2016, Cardinal Parolin defended celibacy as a "gift" that must be received and nurtured with "joyful perseverance" and criticized the suggestion that the shortage of vocations be addressed by modifying the requirement of priestly celibacy.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In May 2016 Parolin visited Estonia to mark the 25th anniversary of the reintroduction of diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Holy See. He spoke at the University of Tartu on the precise meaning of their international relations.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin was appointed a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in October 2016.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Following the resignation of Marie Collins from the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, Parolin said she quit because she wanted to "shake the tree" in the Vatican. Collins said some members of the Church's administration, the Roman Curia, have hindered and blocked the commission's efforts, naming the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Parolin called the lack of cooperation from some Vatican offices "shameful".


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Parolin told Italy's "La Stampa" the flow of migrants and refugees into Europe is testing "the spirit of solidarity and subsidiarity" of the European Union, and acknowledged the large number of people fleeing to the continent poses a security problem. "Terrorism certainly finds fertile ground in poverty, lack of jobs, and social marginalization", he said, adding that since World War II, Europe has tried to "free itself" from its cultural heritage and values, and this has created a vacuum in which young people cannot find the answers to their existential questions.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In a 2018 interview, Cardinal Joseph Zen said "Pope Francis does not know the real Communist Party in China, but Parolin should know. He was there [in the Secretariat of State] so many years, so he must know. He may be happy to encourage the pope to be optimistic about the negotiations ... but that's dangerous. Pope Francis needs someone to calm him down from his enthusiasm." He added that "It seems the Secretary of State wants to have a solution anyway. He is so optimistic. That's dangerous. I told the pope that he [Parolin] has a poisoned mind. He is very sweet, but I have no trust in this person. He believes in diplomacy, not in our faith." Parolin countered that "no personal point of view can be considered as an exclusive interpreter of what is good for Chinese Catholics" and said: "If someone is asked to make a sacrifice, small or great, it must be clear to everyone that this is not the price of a political exchange, but falls within the evangelical perspective of a greater good, the good of the Church of Christ."


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In October 2018, Parolin said that Paul VI rejected a version of "Humane Vitae" that "was limited to a rigorous reaffirmation of doctrine to which Christians and all people were asked to adhere docilely and without reservation". Post-publication debates, Cardinal Parolin said, made it impossible for many people to see its accent on mercy.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In 2019, Parolin defended the Holy See-China agreement on the appointment of bishops. "We signed this agreement to help advance religious freedom, to find normalization for the Catholic community there, and then for all other religions to have space and a role to play in society which is recognized," Parolin told journalists on 3 April. Steve Bannon said that he might lead a lawsuit to compel the Holy See to release the text of the deal under the terms of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In 2015 Parolin was "ex officio" a member of the Commission of Cardinals of the Institute for the Works of Religion. On 21 September 2020, at the end of its five-year mandate a new board makeup was announced, omitting the Secretary of State, thus Pope Francis did not confirm Parolin in the role. On 15 October 2020, he confirmed Parolin's membership of the Council of Cardinals.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: Following the Taliban victory in Afghanistan in August 2021, Pope Francis appointed him to engage in talks with the Taliban in order to discourage them from taking reprisal measures on civilians who worked with the coalition.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: A communiqué from Cardinal Parolin on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, without naming Vladimir Putin, said that while the worst-case scenario was unfolding, "there is still time for goodwill, there is still room for negotiation, there is still room to exercise a wisdom that prevents partisan interests from prevailing, that protects the legitimate aspirations of all and spares the world the folly and horrors of war". The previous day Pope Francis had urged politicians to make an exercise of conscience before God for their actions over Ukraine, and declared 2 March, Ash Wednesday, as an international day of fasting and prayer for peace.


title: Pietro Parolin

text: In May 2022, Cardinal Parolin stated that supplying weapons to Ukraine to help it defend itself is morally legitimate, "There is a right to armed defence in the case of aggression."


title: Glaucus

text: In Greek mythology, Glaucus (; ) was a Greek prophetic sea-god, born mortal and turned immortal upon eating a magical herb. It was believed that he came to the rescue of sailors and fishermen in storms, having earlier earned a living from the sea himself.


title: Glaucus

text: Glaucus's parentage is different in the different traditions: (i) Nereus; (ii) Copeus; (iii) Polybus, son of Hermes, and Euboea, daughter of Larymnus; (iv) Anthedon and Alcyone; or Poseidon and the nymph Naïs.


title: Glaucus

text: The story of Glaucus's apotheosis was dealt with in detail by Ovid in "Metamorphoses" and briefly referenced by many other authors. According to Ovid, Glaucus began his life as a mortal fisherman living in the Boeotian city of Anthedon. He found a magical herb which could bring the fish he caught back to life, and decided to try eating it. The herb made him immortal, but also caused him to grow fins instead of arms and a fish's tail instead of legs (though some versions say he simply became a merman-like being), forcing him to dwell forever in the sea. Glaucus was initially upset by this side-effect, but Oceanus and Tethys received him well and he was quickly accepted among the deities of the sea, learning from them the art of prophecy.


title: Glaucus

text: In an alternate, non-extant version cited in Athenaeus (with reference to Nicander's "Aetolian History"), Glaucus chased a hare on Mount Oreia until the animal fell down almost dead, then carried his prey to a spring and rubbed it with a bunch of grass that was growing about. The herb brought the hare back to life. Glaucus then tasted it himself and fell into a state of "divine madness", in which state Zeus made him fling himself into the stormy sea.


title: Glaucus

text: Athenaeus also informs that in yet another version followed by Possis of Magnesia, Glaucus (rather than Argus) was the builder and the pilot of "Argo". During a naval battle between the Argonauts and the Etruscans, he fell into the sea and by the will of Zeus became a sea god.


title: Glaucus

text: Alexander of Aetolia, cited in Athenaeus, related that the magical herb grew on the island Thrinacia sacred to Helios and served as a remedy against fatigue for the sun god's horses. Aeschrion of Samos informed that it was known as the "dog's-tooth" and was believed to have been sown by Cronus.


title: Glaucus

text: Athenaeus, referring to Aristotle's non-extant "Constitution of Delos", related that Glaucus settled in Delos together with the Nereids and would give prophecies to whoever asked for them. He also mentions, this time with reference to Nicander, that Apollo was believed to have learned the art of prophecy from Glaucus.


title: Glaucus

text: An encounter of Glaucus with the Argonauts was described by Diodorus Siculus and Philostratus the Elder. When the Argonauts were caught in a storm, Orpheus addressed the Cabeiroi with prayer; the wind ceased, and Glaucus appeared. He followed the Argo for two days and prophesied to Heracles and the Dioscuri their future adventures and eventual deification. He addressed other members of the crew individually as well, especially noting that he was sent to them thanks to Orpheus's prayer, and instructing them to further pray to the Cabeiroi. In Apollonius Rhodius's version, Glaucus appeared at the point when Telamon quarreled with Jason over Heracles and Polyphemus being left behind on the coast of Bithynia where Hylas had been lost. Glaucus reconciled the two by letting them know that it had been ordained for Heracles to return to Eurystheus's court and complete his Twelve Labours, and for Polyphemus to found Cius, while Hylas had been abducted by a nymph and married her. Cf. also above for the version that made Glaucus an Argonaut himself.


title: Glaucus

text: In Euripides's play "Orestes", Glaucus appeared in front of Menelaus on the latter's voyage home, announcing to him the death of his brother Agamemnon by the hand of Clytaemnestra.


title: Glaucus

text: According to Ovid and Hyginus, Glaucus fell in love with the beautiful nymph Scylla and wanted her for his wife, but she was appalled by his fish-like features and fled onto land when he tried to approach her. He asked the witch Circe for a potion to make Scylla fall in love with him, but Circe fell in love with him instead. She tried to win his heart with her most passionate and loving words, telling him to scorn Scylla and stay with her. But he replied that trees would grow on the ocean floor and seaweed would grow on the highest mountain before he would stop loving Scylla. In her anger, Circe poisoned the pool where Scylla bathed, transforming her into a terrible monster with twelve feet and six heads.


title: Glaucus

text: Euanthes and Theolytus of Methymna also recorded an affair between Glaucus and Ariadne: according to Athenaeus who cites these authors, Glaucus seduced Ariadne as she was abandoned by Theseus on Dia (Naxos). Dionysus then fought Glaucus over Ariadne and overpowered him, binding his hands and feet with grape vines; he, however, released Glaucus when the latter disclosed his own name and origin.


title: Glaucus

text: According to Mnaseas, again cited in Athenaeus, Glaucus abducted Syme on a journey back from Asia, and had the island Syme named after her; according to Aeschrion of Samos, Glaucus was the lover of the semi-historical Hydne.


title: Glaucus

text: Glaucus was reported to have had male lovers as well: Nicander in "Europia" mentioned Nereus as one, while Hedylus of Samos (or Athens) wrote that it was out of love for Melicertes that Glaucus threw himself into the sea. Yet according to Nicanor of Cyrene's "Change of Names", Glaucus and the deified Melicertes were one and the same.


title: Glaucus

text: It is not known if Glaucus had any children, but Pausanias mentions Glaucus of Carystus as an alleged descendant of Glaucus the sea god. Virgil seems to indicate the Cumaean Sibyl, Deiphobe, as a daughter of Glaucus.


title: David Vitter

text: David Bruce Vitter (born May 3, 1961) is an American lobbyist, lawyer, and politician who served as United States Senator for Louisiana from 2005 to 2017.


title: David Vitter

text: A Republican, Vitter served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999. He then represented Louisiana's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004. He was the first Republican to represent Louisiana in the Senate since the Reconstruction Era, and the first ever Republican to be popularly elected. In 2007, Vitter admitted to and apologized for past involvement with prostitution as part of a Washington, D.C. escort service which gained much notoriety and while not affecting his 2010 election, is believed to have played a part in his loss of the 2015 gubernatorial election. In 2010, Vitter won a second Senate term by defeating Democratic U.S. Representative Charlie Melançon.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter unsuccessfully ran for governor to succeed the term-limited Bobby Jindal in the 2015 gubernatorial election. He lost the general election to Democrat John Bel Edwards. While conceding defeat to Edwards, Vitter announced that he would not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and would retire from office at the completion of his term. Following the conclusion of his second Senate term, Vitter became a lobbyist.


title: David Vitter

text: David Bruce Vitter was born on May 3, 1961 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the son of Audrey Malvina (née St. Raymond) and Albert Leopold Vitter. Vitter graduated in 1979 from De La Salle High School in New Orleans. While a student at De La Salle, Vitter participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1983; a second B.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford in 1985, as a Rhodes Scholar; and a Juris Doctor degree in 1988 from the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. He was a practicing lawyer, and adjunct law professor at Tulane and Loyola University New Orleans.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter and his wife Wendy, a former prosecutor, have four children. Vitter's brother Jeffrey is a computer scientist who has served as chancellor of the University of Mississippi from January 2016 to January 2019.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999. As a freshman representative, he filed two complaints against Governor Edwin W. Edwards before the Louisiana Ethics Board. One questioned the financing of a trip Edwards took to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he attended an Evander Holyfield fight and gambled at Caesars Palace. The other questioned the involvement of Edwards' children in riverboat casinos.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter has argued for ethics reform and term limits since he was in the Louisiana Legislature in the early 1990s. As a Louisiana state legislator, Vitter successfully pushed through a term limits amendment to the state constitution to oust the largely Democratic legislature. The first election legislators affected by the reform occurred in 2007. In order to leverage the term limits advantage in that election, Vitter formed a Political Action Committee with the goal of winning a legislative Republican majority. While the Republicans saw gains, the Democrats maintained majority control.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter won a special election to Louisiana's 1st congressional district in 1999, succeeding Republican U.S. Representative Bob Livingston, who resigned after disclosure that he had committed adultery. In the initial vote on May 1, 1999, former Congressman and Governor David C. Treen finished first with 36,719 votes (25 percent). Vitter was second, with 31,741 (22 percent), and white nationalist David Duke finished third with 28,055 votes (19 percent). Monica L. Monica, a Republican ophthalmologist, had 16 percent; State Representative Bill Strain, a conservative Democrat, finished fifth with 11 percent; and Rob Couhig, a Republican lawyer and the owner of New Orleans's minor league baseball team, garnered 6 percent. In the runoff, Vitter defeated Treen 51–49 percent.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2000 and 2002, Vitter was re-elected with more than 80 percent of the vote in what had become a safe Republican district.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2001, Vitter co-authored legislation to restrict the number of physicians allowed to prescribe RU-486, a drug used in medical abortions. The bill died in committee.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2003, Vitter proposed to amend the U.S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. In 2004, he said, "This is a real outrage. The Hollywood left is redefining the most basic institution in human history...We need a U.S. Senator who will stand up for Louisiana values, not Massachusetts values."


title: David Vitter

text: In 2002, Vitter was preparing to run for governor in 2003, with the incumbent, Republican Mike Foster, prevented by term limits from running again. But in June 2002, shortly before the "Louisiana Weekly" reported on a claim from Vincent Bruno, a campaign worker for Treen in 1999, about Vitter's alleged relationship with a prostitute, Vitter dropped out of the governor's race, saying he and his wife were dealing with marital problems.


title: David Vitter

text: Bruno said on a New Orleans-based radio show that he had been told by a prostitute that she had interactions with Vitter. However, Treen and his campaign decided to not publicize this information during the election.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2004, Vitter ran to replace Democrat John Breaux in the U.S. Senate. Former state Senator Daniel Wesley Richey, a Baton Rouge political consultant, directed Vitter's grassroots organization in the race, with assistance from Richey's longtime ally, former state Representative Louis E. "Woody" Jenkins of Baton Rouge, himself a defeated U.S. Senate candidate in 1978, 1980, and 1996.


title: David Vitter

text: During the campaign, Vitter was accused by a member of the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee of having had a lengthy affair with a prostitute in New Orleans. Vitter responded that the allegation was "absolutely and completely untrue" and that it was "just crass Louisiana politics."


title: David Vitter

text: On November 2, 2004, Vitter won the jungle primary, garnering a majority of the vote, while the rest of the vote was mostly split among the Democratic contenders.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. Senator. The previous Republican Senator, William Pitt Kellogg, was chosen by the state legislature in 1876, in accordance with the process used before the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1914.


title: David Vitter

text: State Representative Mike Futrell of Baton Rouge resigned early in 2005 to become Vitter's state director. Futrell remained in the position until 2008, when he was engaged in East Baton Rouge Parish municipal/parish government.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter began fundraising for his 2010 reelection run in December 2008. He raised $731,000 in the first quarter of 2009 and $2.5 million for his 2010 campaign. He had wide leads against potential Democratic opponents in aggregate general election polling. He faced intraparty opposition from Chet D. Traylor of Monroe, a former associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, in the August 28 Republican primary election and defeated him.


title: David Vitter

text: He faced the Democratic U.S. Representative Charlie Melançon of Napoleonville in the November 2 general election. State Representative Ernest Wooton of Belle Chasse in Plaquemines Parish, an Independent, also ran. On November 4, 2010, Vitter was re-elected as Louisiana Senator, defeating his Democratic rival, Melancon. Vitter got 715,304 votes while Melancon got 476,423 votes. Vitter received about 57% of the total vote while Melancon got 38%. The Independent candidate Wooton finished with 8,167 votes, or 1 percent of the total cast.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter has identified himself as a political conservative throughout his political career. His legislative agenda includes positions ranging from anti-abortion to pro-gun rights while legislating against gambling, same-sex marriage, civil unions, federal funding for abortion providers, increases in the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the United Nations, and amnesty for America's illegal immigrants. Vitter's stated positions include a balanced budget constitutional amendment, abolishing the federal and state estate tax, increasing local police forces, and an assortment of health care, tax and national defense reforms.


title: David Vitter

text: After conceding defeat to John Bel Edwards in the 2015 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Vitter announced that he would not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and would retire from office at the completion of his term.


title: David Vitter

text: In October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment barring all federal public funds to health care providers and Planned Parenthood that provide services that include abortion. Federal law bars any funding to directly finance elective abortions in accordance with the Hyde amendment. Vitter argued that the funds are used for overhead costs that benefit the abortion services. The amendment failed to pass. Following the rejection, Vitter and others urged


title: David Vitter

text: In January 2008, Vitter proposed an amendment to prohibit the funding of abortions with Indian Health Service funds except in the case of rape, incest, or when the life of the woman is at risk. The amendment would have held future presidential administrations to an executive principle first crafted in 1982 by the Ronald Reagan White House. Vitter's amendment passed the Senate but later was stalled in the House.


title: David Vitter

text: Later that year, Vitter co-sponsored the Pregnant Women Health and Safety Act which – along with other oversight regulations – required doctors performing abortions to have the authority granted by a nearby hospital to admit patients. The bill was never reported to committee.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter advocated abstinence-only sex education, emphasizing abstinence over sex education that includes information about birth control, drawing criticism from Planned Parenthood. He said, "Abstinence education is a public health strategy focused on risk avoidance that aims to help young people avoid exposure to harm...by teaching teenagers that saving sex until marriage and remaining faithful afterwards is the best choice for health and happiness."


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter was one of 35 Senators to vote against the Big 3 Bailout bill. The financial bailout package was for GM, Chrysler, and Ford, but failed to pass on December 11, 2008. During the Senate debate Vitter referred to the approach of giving the automotive industry a financial package before they restructured as "ass-backwards". He soon apologized for the phrasing of the comment, which did not appear in the "Congressional Record".


title: David Vitter

text: In response to the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill at an offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico threatening the coast of Louisiana, Vitter introduced legislation along with Jeff Sessions of Alabama to increase the liability cap of an oil company from $75 million to its most recent annual profits (or $150 million if greater). In the case of BP, the owner of the oil lease, its liability would be $20 billion. Vitter later introduced an amendment that would remove the cap entirely for this particular spill. Competing Democratic proposals would have raised the liability to $10 billion regardless of profits or removed the cap altogether. Sessions argued that large caps unrelated to company profits would harm smaller companies.


title: David Vitter

text: In May 2013, Vitter introduced the Chemical Safety Improvement Act, a bipartisan bill to reform the Toxic Substances Control Act, which would have regulated the introduction of new or already existing chemicals. The bill would have given additional authority to the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate chemicals and streamline the patchwork of state laws on chemicals under federal authority.


title: David Vitter

text: In April 2008, Vitter introduced an amendment to continue funding the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act which was excluded from the 2008/2009 budget. The federal program maintains a national sex offender registry, provides resources for tracking down unregistered sex offenders and increases penalties for the sexual assault of children. His amendment received bipartisan support.


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2007, Vitter opposed an increase of $35 billion for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the national program to provide health care for children from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. He said he preferred that private health insurance provide the needed care and deemed the bill as "Hillarycare", a reference to the 1993 Clinton health care plan created by Hillary Clinton which proposed universal health care.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter refused to pledge to a voluntary term limit when running for the U.S. Congress in 1999. His opponent characterized this stance as hypocritical, and Vitter countered that unless it were universally applied, the loss of seniority would disadvantage his district. As a Senator, he has proposed term limit constitutional amendments for members of Congress three times. Vitter eventually decided to retire from the Senate in 2016 after serving two terms.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2007, in response to lobbying scandals involving, among others, Jack Abramoff and Duke Cunningham, Congress passed a lobbying and ethics reform package to which Vitter proposed a package of five amendments. The Senate approved three that limited which legislators' spouses could lobby the Senate, created criminal penalties for legislators and executive branch officials who falsify financial reports, and doubled the penalties for lobbyists who failed to comply with disclosure requirements. The Senate rejected prohibiting legislators from paying their families with campaign funds with some saying it was unrelated to the current legislation and others that the payments were not a problem. Additionally, they tabled his proposal to define Indian tribes as corporations and its members as shareholders so that they are required to contribute to candidates through political action committees instead of their tribal treasury. Senators objected saying that they are already subjected to campaign laws for unincorporated entities and individuals and that the proposal was singling them out unfairly. The reform package became law in September 2007.


title: David Vitter

text: In 2009, Vitter and Democratic former Senator Russ Feingold announced an effort to end automatic pay raises for members of Congress.


title: David Vitter

text: In October 2009, the Senate passed Democratic Senator Al Franken's amendment to the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that would forbid federal contractors from forcing victims of sexual assault, battery and discrimination to submit to binding arbitration (where a third-party typically chosen by the contractor adjudicates) and thereby prohibiting them from going to court. The impetus for the amendment came from the story of Jamie Leigh Jones who alleged that she was drugged and gang-raped by employees of Halliburton/KBR, a federal contractor.


title: David Vitter

text: The amendment passed 68 to 30 with all opposition coming from Republicans including Vitter (all four female Republicans, six other Republicans and all present Democrats voted for passage). Vitter's 2010 Democratic Senatorial opponent Charlie Melancon criticized Vitter for his vote saying, "David Vitter has refused to explain why he voted to allow taxpayer-funded companies to sweep rape charges under the rug. We can only guess what his reasons were." However, "The Washington Post" columnist Kathleen Parker argued that the 30 senators were being "unfairly smeared for doing the harder thing, maybe even for the right reasons."


title: David Vitter

text: Republican senators said they voted against it because it was unenforceable, a position also taken by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Obama administration. However, the DOD and the White House stated they agreed with the intent of the legislation and suggested it would be better if it was broadened to prohibit the use of arbitration in cases of sexual assault for any business contract, not just federal contractors. Senators explained their vote against the legislation by saying it was a political attack on Halliburton and that the Senate shouldn't regulate contracts. The latter argument is countered with many examples of similar restrictions on contractors such as discrimination, bonuses and health care. Others felt it was unconstitutional and that arbitration is useful in resolving disputes, often faster, privately and cheaper.


title: David Vitter

text: Later, a Baton Rouge rape survivor confronted Vitter at a town hall meeting saying, "[it] meant everything to me that I was able to put the person who attacked me behind bars ... How can you support a law that tells a rape victim that she does not have the right to defend herself?" Vitter replied, "The language in question did not say that in any way shape or form."


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter opposed a bid by the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians to build a casino in Louisiana, arguing that the build site was not historically part of their tribal lands. He lobbied the Interior Department and included language in an appropriations bill to stop the casino. Although the Interior Department gave its approval, the casino has not yet been approved by the state. The Jena chief accused Vitter of ties with disgraced lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who simultaneously lobbied against the casino. The chairman of the Senate committee investigating the lobbyist said, "The committee has seen absolutely no evidence whatsoever that Senator Vitter's opposition to (the proposed casino) had to do with anything other than his long-standing opposition to gambling." In 2007 and 2008, Vitter introduced a bill to prohibit Indian casinos such as Jena's. Neither bill became law.


title: David Vitter

text: Rated "A" by the National Rifle Association, Vitter has been a consistent defender of gun rights. In April 2006, in response to firearm confiscations in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Vitter was the Senate sponsor of the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act, to prohibit federal funding for the confiscation of legally held firearms during a disaster. Later, Vitter included the provisions of the act in an amendment to an appropriation bill for the Department Of Homeland Security. The bill became law in September 2006, with the amendment modified to allow for the temporary surrender of a firearm as a condition for entering a rescue or evacuation vehicle.


title: David Vitter

text: On April 17, 2013, Vitter voted against the Toomey-Manchin Gun Control Amendment. The amendment failed to reach the sixty senatorial votes necessary to overcome a Republican-led filibuster. The Toomey-Manchin Gun Control Amendment is a bipartisan deal on gun background checks. Under the proposal, federal background checks would be expanded to include gun shows and online sales. All such sales would be channeled through licensed firearm dealers who would be charged for keeping record of transactions. The proposal does not require background checks for private sales between individuals.


title: David Vitter

text: In February 2008, Vitter – along with Senators Larry Craig and Mike Crapo of Idaho – blocked the confirmation of Michael J. Sullivan as head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) saying Sullivan supports "burdensome regulations" on gun owners and dealers and is "overly aggressive" enforcing gun laws. An editorial writer for "The Boston Globe" wrote that Vitter's position was "unreasonable" because the guns Sullivan sought to control are those commonly used in crimes: those stolen or purchased on the black market. On the other hand, gun rights advocates say that many gun dealers have lost their licenses for harmless bureaucratic errors. Sullivan stayed on as acting head of the ATF until January 2009 to make way for President Barack Obama to name his own nominee.


title: David Vitter

text: In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Vitter and the rest of the Louisiana congressional delegation worked to bring aid to the Gulf Coast region to rebuild broken levees, schools and hospitals, restore coastal wetlands, and provide assistance for its many victims.


title: David Vitter

text: In early September, Vitter said that he would give "the entire big government organized relief effort a failing grade, across the board." He said that state and local governments shared in the blame as well. Vitter's actions during Hurricane Katrina are described in historian Douglas Brinkley's May 2006 book, "The Great Deluge".


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2007, Vitter announced that he got "a critical concession" from the White House that decreased Louisiana's obligations for hurricane recovery by $1 billion. However, the White House said that was false.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter has been actively involved with legislation concerning illegal immigrants. In June 2007, he led a group of conservative Senators in blocking the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act, a piece of federal legislation that would have granted a pathway to legal residence to 12 million illegal immigrants coupled with increased border enforcement. The bill's defeat won Vitter national attention as the bill was supported by President George W. Bush, John McCain, and Ted Kennedy, among others. Vitter characterized the bill as amnesty, which supporters denied. Bush accused the bill's opponents of fear mongering.


title: David Vitter

text: In October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment withholding Community Oriented Policing Services funds from any sanctuary city which bans city employees and police officers from asking people about their immigration status in violation of the Illegal Immigration Act. Democratic Senator Dick Durbin, in opposition to the amendment, said these cities do not want to inquire about someone's status if they report a crime, are a victim of domestic violence or get vaccinations for their children. The amendment was defeated.


title: David Vitter

text: In November 2007, Vitter introduced a bill requiring banks to verify that no customer was an illegal immigrant before issuing banking or credit cards. The bill never made it out of committee.


title: David Vitter

text: In March 2008, Vitter reintroduced the latter two proposals and cosponsored ten of eleven other bills in a Republican package of tough immigration enforcement measures including jail time for illegal border crossing; deportation for any immigrant (legal or illegal) for a single driving while intoxicated; declaration of English as the official language (thereby terminating language assistance at voting booths and federal agencies)' additional construction of a border fence; permission for local and state police to enforce immigration laws and penalties for states who issue drivers licenses to illegals. None of these proposals passed, partially because the Democratic-controlled Senate preferred a comprehensive approach which would include a guest-worker program and a path to citizenship for the current population more akin to the package defeated by Vitter in 2007.


title: David Vitter

text: In April 2008, Vitter introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that a child born in the United States is not a citizen unless a parent is a citizen, lawful permanent resident, or alien serving in the military. Currently the Constitution grants citizenship to children born within the U.S. regardless of the legal status of the parents. The bill never made it out of the Democratic-led committee.


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2007, Vitter earmarked $100,000 in federal money for a Christian group, the Louisiana Family Forum, known for challenging evolution by means of "teaching the controversy" which promotes intelligent design. According to Vitter, the earmark was "to develop a plan to promote better science education". "The Times-Picayune" alleged the group had close ties with Vitter. However, they have criticized Vitter for his support of Rudy Giuliani.


title: David Vitter

text: On October 17, 2007, the liberal organization People For the American Way, along with several other groups asked the Senate to remove the earmark. Vitter later withdrew it.


title: David Vitter

text: In May 2008, Vitter voted with the majority, despite the opposition of Bush and other Republicans, for the passage of the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 to expand educational benefits for veterans similar to the level provided for returning World War II veterans in the G.I. Bill.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter was one of six senate Republicans to propose an amendment to a bill which would stop the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from enforcing network neutrality which they allege is a violation of the First Amendment.


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2007, "The Times-Picayune" reported that Vitter and the Bush administration opposed a provision of The Gulf Coast Housing Recovery bill which required that every public housing apartment torn down be replaced with another form of low-income housing on a one-for-one basis. The administration testified that there was not sufficient demand for public housing units, a position contested by several senators. Vitter stated it would recreate "housing projects exactly as they were", isolated and riddled with crime. However, Mary Landrieu, the Louisiana Democratic Senator, said the intent was to make certain there were affordable places for working-class people who returned. The bill requires that demolished housing projects be replaced with mixed income communities which local housing advocates say is different from the massive public housing developments that Vitter is referring to. However, the bill does not include a ban on large-scale projects. The city housing authority is planning on replacing 4,000 low-income units with mixed-income projects providing a smaller inventory of low-income units. In December 2007, Vitter prevented the bill from leaving the committee.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter and Jim DeMint were the only two Senators that voted against Hillary Clinton's confirmation for the position of Secretary of State under the new Obama administration, on January 21, 2009.


title: David Vitter

text: He blocked President Obama's nominee for the new Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administrator until he received a written commitment on flood control issues from the nominee and FEMA. "The New York Times", along with some Republican Senators, criticized Vitter for what it characterized as political posturing, given that the hurricane season was quickly approaching. He lifted his hold on May 12, 2009.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter opposes both same-sex marriage and civil unions. In June 2006, he said "I don't believe there's any issue that's more important than this one ... I think this debate is very healthy, and it's winning a lot of hearts and minds. I think we're going to show real progress." In 2006, he told "The Times-Picayune", "I'm a conservative who opposes radically redefining marriage, the most important social institution in human history."


title: David Vitter

text: In October 2005, at a Lafayette Parish Republican Executive Committee luncheon, Vitter compared gay marriage to hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which came through the same geographical areas. Vitter said "It's the crossroads where Katrina meets Rita. I always knew I was against same-sex unions."


title: David Vitter

text: In 2005 Vitter introduced a resolution supporting prayer at school board meetings in response to an earlier district court decision that the Louisiana's Tangipahoa Parish practice of opening meetings with Christian prayers was unconstitutional. The bill died in committee after receiving little support from colleagues on both sides of the aisle. Vitter later reintroduced the resolution in January 2007 after a panel of the Fifth Circuit Court concluded that Christian prayers were unconstitutional but was undecided whether nonsectarian prayers were allowed. In July 2007, the full Fifth Circuit dismissed the case because of a lack of standing. The school board subsequently resumed prayer evocations but opened it to diverse community religions. Vitter's bill died in committee.


title: David Vitter

text: In recognition of the Tea Party protests opposing President Barack Obama's policies, Vitter proposed Senate Resolution 98, which would designate April 15 in years both 2009 and 2010 as "National TEA Party Day". As of April 2009, the bill has no cosponsors and has been referred to the Committee on the Judiciary with no scheduled action.


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2010, Vitter signed a candidate pledge from the North Central Louisiana TEA Party Patriots. It included a promise to "Conduct myself personally and professionally in a moral and socially appropriate manner."


title: David Vitter

text: In September 2007, during hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Vitter expressed serious doubts about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty concerning issues of U.S. sovereignty echoing an array of conservative groups against the treaty including the National Center for Public Policy Research, the Heritage Foundation and the Center for Security Policy. The treaty, which sets up countries' jurisdiction over their coasts and ocean including exploration and navigation rights, was supported by the Bush administration, a majority of the United States Senate, the Pentagon, the State Department and Navy as do a coalition of business and environmental groups. The committee approved the treaty 17–4, with Vitter voting no.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter helped write the Water Resources and Development Act for flood-control, hurricane-protection and coastal-restoration projects including $3.6 billion for Louisiana. He called it the "single most important" legislation for assisting Louisiana with its recovery from hurricane Katrina. President George W. Bush vetoed the act, objecting to its cost. Congress overrode his veto, enacting the bill.


title: David Vitter

text: In early July 2007, Vitter's phone number was included in a published list of phone records of Pamela Martin and Associates, a company owned and run by Deborah Jeane Palfrey, also known as the "D.C. Madam", who was convicted by the U.S. government for running a prostitution service. "Hustler" identified the phone number and contacted Vitter's office to ask about his connection to Palfrey. The following day, Vitter issued a written statement in which he took responsibility for his "sin" and asked for forgiveness. On July 16, 2007, after a week of self-imposed seclusion, Vitter emerged and called a news conference. As his wife stood next to him, Vitter asked the public for forgiveness. Following Vitter's remarks, his wife Wendy Vitter spoke, but both refused to answer any questions. In 2004, Vitter had denied allegations that he had patronized prostitutes.


title: David Vitter

text: While the Louisiana state Republican Party offered guarded support, national Republicans offered forgiveness. "The Nation" predicted that the Republican Party would be in a "forgiving mood", because if he were to resign, Governor of Louisiana Kathleen Blanco, a Democrat, would likely appoint a Democrat to take Vitter's place until a special election could be held, thus increasing Democratic control over the US Senate.


title: David Vitter

text: On September 8, 2015, reporter Derek Myers was fired from WVLA-TV after asking Vitter, who was running for governor, about allegations that the senator had frequented prostitutes. After Myers' question, Myers said an unnamed coworker overheard a conversation about the Vitter campaign's ad dollars at the station, possibly with a threat from the campaign to pull the ads. Democrat John Bel Edwards released an ad about the prostitution scandal two weeks before the run-off election and won by more than 12%.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter announced on January 21, 2014, that he would run for governor of Louisiana in the 2015 election. Then-Governor Bobby Jindal was ineligible to seek re-election due to term limits. Vitter was the first sitting or ex-U.S. Senator to launch a gubernatorial bid in Louisiana since 1904, when Democrat Newton Blanchard was elected. Vitter's major opponents were Republicans Scott Angelle, Louisiana Public Service Commissioner and former lieutenant governor, and Jay Dardenne, the current lieutenant governor; and Democrat John Bel Edwards, Minority Leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives.


title: David Vitter

text: On November 5, Dardenne, who finished fourth in the primary election, endorsed Democrat Edwards in the general election race against his intraparty rival Vitter. Dardenne made the announcement at "Free Speech Alley" in front of the LSU Student Union building in Baton Rouge. After the primary, polls showed Edwards with a commanding lead over Vitter. Verne Kennedy of Market Research Insight placed Edwards ahead, 54 to 38 percent or 51 to 40 percent, depending on the level of turnout among African-American voters, either 25 or 20 percent, accordingly.


title: David Vitter

text: Vitter became involved in the Louisiana State Senate District 22 special election held in January 2011, a vacancy created by the resignation of Troy Hebert, who accepted an appointment in the Jindal administration in Baton Rouge. Vitter endorsed and made telephone calls on behalf of a Democrat-turned-Republican state representative, Simone B. Champagne of Jeanerette in Iberia Parish. However, Champagne was soundly defeated by another Democrat-turned-Republican state lawmaker, Fred Mills, Jr., a banker and pharmacist from St. Martin Parish.


title: David Vitter

text: In August 2014, Vitter endorsed the Common Core curriculum for Louisiana schools, a position shared by his Republican intraparty rival for governor, Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne. Vitter said that he regards Governor Bobby Jindal's attempt to withdraw from Common Core before the start of another school year to be "very disruptive". Vitter described Common Core as "very strong, significant, positive standards".


title: David Vitter

text: In 2016, Vitter succeeded after a five-year battle in passing through the Senate landmark legislation to reform the country's chemical safety laws. Vitter called the legislation a "big accomplishment. This is an area of federal law that everybody, every stakeholder, every group, whether it's some far-left environmental group or industry, said needed to be updated. The trick was getting agreement on doing that." Democratic colleague Richard Durbin of Illinois, a frequent critic of Vitter, said that if the bill is enacted with President Obama's signature "it's quite an accomplishment for him and for Congress to pass historic legislation."


title: David Vitter

text: After his Senate term ended, Vitter joined the Washington, D.C. lobbying firm, Mercury LLC. As of October 2019, Vitter lobbies for sanctioned Chinese surveillance company Hikvision as well as for the Libyan Government of National Accord and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Vitter also lobbied for the sanctioned Russian bank Sovcombank.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: James Leo Krause (born June 4, 1986) is an American entrepreneur and retired mixed martial artist, who competed in the welterweight division of the UFC. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Krause has made a name for himself fighting all over the United States, competing mainly in the Midwest region. Krause has also competed for organizations such as Bellator, WEC, the RFA, and Titan FC. When Krause is not training for an upcoming fight, he teaches Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and Mixed Martial Arts out of his own gym, Glory MMA & Fitness in Lee's Summit, Missouri. He also owns part of Kansas City Fighting Alliance, KCFA and Metro PCS stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause was born in Newport News, Virginia but moved to Odessa, Missouri after his parents got divorced when he was two years old. At the age of seven, Krause began training in karate. Krause began attending Odessa High School in Missouri starting in 2001 where he competed in wrestling and graduated in 2004. Krause opted out of attending college, and instead began working full-time before finding MMA at the age of 19.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Before turning professional in 2007, Krause had an astonishing amateur career with a record of 18–1, holding two championships, and for six consecutive months was ranked as the number one amateur in the country. On November 28, 2007 Krause made his long awaited professional debut for Kansas', Titan Fighting Championships, defeating Kevin Hengler via technical submission in the first round. Throughout 2008 and 2009, Krause fought all over the Midwest, mostly in Missouri, collecting a 10–0 record with all of his wins coming from stoppages.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: In April 2009 Krause signed on with the World Extreme Cagefighting. He made his debut for the promotion on June 7, 2009 at WEC 41 against Donald Cerrone. Krause was a late-replacement for Rich Crunkilton. Krause lost the fight via first-round submission.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause then fought Ricardo Lamas on the preliminary card of WEC 44 on November 18, 2009. After being controlled on the ground for three rounds, Krause lost the fight via unanimous decision. Krause was released from his contract after going 0–2 for the promotion.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause signed with Bellator Fighting Championships in April 2010, replacing Ferrid Kheder in the . His first bout of the tournament was originally slated for Bellator 15 but was instead moved to a week earlier and held on the Bellator 14 card.<ref name="Bellator 14/15"></ref> Krause fought Season One's runner-up, Toby Imada, losing via submission (armbar). The loss took Krause out of the tournament.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause was expected to compete on the Bellator 16 card against an unnamed opponent but was forced off the card due to an injury.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: After being released from Bellator, Krause re-signed with Titan Fighting Championships. His return came at Titan Fighting Championships 17 on March 25, 2011 against Nathan Schut. Krause won the fight via TKO after connecting with a head kick.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: At Titan Fighting Championships 19 on July 29, 2011 Krause fought Pride FC and Sengoku veteran, Clay French, in the main-event. Krause lost the fight via split decision.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Two months after his loss to French, Krause fought Steve Schneider at Shark Fights 19, winning via second round submission (rear-naked choke). He fought Sean Wilson at Titan Fighting Championships 20 on September 23, 2011, winning via first round submission.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause was scheduled to fight UFC veteran, Chad Reiner, at the inaugural event for Resurrection Fighting Alliance on Friday, December 16, 2011. However, a few days before the fight, Reiner was forced off the card due to an injury. After going through five different opponents, Krause fought Mark Korzenowski. Krause won the fight via KO (head kick) only seconds into the first round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause was selected as one of 32 fighters to compete on "" which aired in March, 2012. In order to gain entry into the "Ultimate Fighter" house, and become an official cast member, the fighters had to win an exhibition bout with another potential contestant. Krause was matched up against the relative unknown Team Black House fighter Justin Lawrence. Krause was upset by Lawrence, losing the fight via first round TKO, and ending Krause's time on "The Ultimate Fighter".


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: After being eliminated from the "Ultimate Fighter", Krause returned to his contract with Resurrection Fighting Alliance. His second fight with the promotion took place at Resurrection Fighting Alliance 3 on June 30, 2012. Krause fought a fellow "TUF" castaway in Amir Khillah. After three entertaining back and forth rounds, Krause was announced the winner via split decision.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause next fought at Resurrection Fighting Alliance 4 which took place on November 2, 2012 in Las Vegas, Nevada. He fought undefeated Brazilian prospect, Guilherme Trindade. Only 31 seconds into the first round Krause won the fight via KO. With the fight ending so quickly, Resurrection Fighting Alliance offered Krause a spot on the Resurrection Fighting Alliance 5 card set to take place November 30, only a month after his latest win. Krause fought journeyman Joe Jordan on the RFA 5 card, winning the fight via submission in the third round. During the post fight interview, Krause called out to UFC matchmaker, Joe Silva, proclaiming, "Joe Silva, give me a call sometime, buddy,".


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: In his promotional debut, Krause faced Sam Stout on June 15, 2013 at UFC 161, replacing an injured Isaac Vallie-Flagg. Krause won the back and forth bout, submitting Stout with a guillotine choke in the third round. His debut also earned Krause both "Submission of the Night" and "Fight of the Night" bonus awards.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Bobby Green on November 6, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 31. The fight ended in unusual fashion as Green had previously kicked Krause in the groin area twice, resulting in a one-point deduction. Green then landed a blow on Krause's belt line, which resulted in Krause falling to the canvas. Referee John McCarthy declared it a legal blow and awarded Green a TKO victory.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Jamie Varner on May 24, 2014 at UFC 173. Krause won the fight via TKO due to injury as Varner broke his ankle in the first round and was unable to continue into the second round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Jorge Masvidal on September 24, 2014 at UFC 178. He lost the fight via unanimous decision after being knocked down in the second round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Daron Cruickshank on July 25, 2015 at UFC on Fox 16. Krause won the fight by submission in the first round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Shane Campbell on February 21, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 83. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause was expected to face Ross Pearson on July 8, 2016 at . However, Krause was pulled from the fight on June 13 for undisclosed reasons and replaced by Will Brooks.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: The bout with Pearson was rescheduled and was expected to take place November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 99. Subsequently on October 26, Krause pulled out of the fight citing a torn hamstring.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: In February 2017, it was revealed that Krause - despite being an active UFC fighter - would compete on the UFC's reality show in the 25th season on "". Krause was the first pick overall for Team Dillashaw. He was initially scheduled to face Héctor Urbina on the first episode, but Urbina was unable to make weight and the bout was called off. Eventually in the third episode, Krause faced Johnny Nunez in the opening round and won via submission. He next faced Ramsey Nijem and won by unanimous decision. Krause faced Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals and lost via submission in the third round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: After his stint on "", Krause returned to the UFC to face fellow cast member Tom Gallicchio on July 7, 2017 at . He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Warlley Alves on August 25, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 135. He won the fight via technical knockout in the second round.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Sérgio Moraes on November 16, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 164. He won the fight via knockout in round three. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Trevin Giles on a 1 day notice at middleweight, replacing Antônio Arroyo, on February 8, 2020 at UFC 247. Krause also signed a new, four-fight contract with the UFC pertaining to the last-minute replacement. Krause was applauded for taking the fight last minute. He lost the back-and-forth bout via split decision. The bout was also awarded the "Fight of the Night" bonus award. Later in the month, Krause with his management team informed intentions to appeal the outcome on grounds of possible conflict of interest: the only judge scoring the first round for Giles was a long time pupil of Giles' cornerman Joe Soliz.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: Krause faced Cláudio Silva, replacing Muslim Salikhov, on October 18, 2020. at UFC Fight Night 180. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: In August 2022, during an interview on The MMA Hour, he announced that he had no interest in fighting in the future, effectively announcing his retirement from professional competition.


title: James Krause (fighter)

text: On November 5, 2022, controversy arose when the call for a sports betting fraud investigation was made on a fight involving Darrick Minner, one of Krause's students, and Shayilan Nuerdanbieke at . The UFC was informed by sources that suspicious betting patterns had been observed on the fight. Minner, who was the betting favorite the week of the fight, became the betting underdog on fight day, and the cause of the suspicion came when Minner threw a kick with an apparently injured leg, then kicked with it again after showing signs of injury before being finished by technical knockout shortly thereafter. This caused many to speculate that Minner knowingly fought with an injury and threw the fight, and that Krause, Minner's coach, placed a bet on Nuerdanbieke. On November 18, the Nevada State Athletic Commission informed the UFC and Krause that Krause’s license was suspended and would remain so during the course of the investigation. The UFC then announced that any fighter who chose to continue to be coached by Krause or who continued to train in his gym, would not be permitted to participate in UFC events pending the outcome of the aforementioned government investigations.


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: James Arthur Griffin (August 10, 1943 – January 11, 2005) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter, best known for his work with the 1970s soft rock band Bread. He won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1970 as co-writer of "For All We Know".


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: Griffin was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee. His musical training began when his parents signed him up for accordion lessons. He attended Kingsbury High School in Memphis and Dorsey and Johnny Burnette were his neighbors and role models. After the Burnette brothers moved to Los Angeles, California to further their music careers, Griffin went there to visit them, and managed to secure a recording contract with Reprise Records.


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: His first album, "Summer Holiday", was released in 1963. He had small roles in two films, "For Those Who Think Young" (1964) and "None but the Brave" (1965).


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: In the 1960s, Griffin teamed with fellow songwriter Michael Z. Gordon to write songs for such diverse singers as Ed Ames, Gary Lewis, Bobby Vee, Brian Hyland, The Standells, Lesley Gore, Sandy Nelson and Cher. The pair won a BMI award for "Apologize" sung by Ames in 1968.


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: Griffin met Robb Royer through Maria Yolanda Aguayo (Griffin's future wife). The two hit it off immediately and became life-time collaborators both as performers and writers. Griffin was a staff writer with Viva Publishing and managed to get them to hire Royer as his co-writer in 1967. Viva was resistant to hiring Royer and instead wanted Griffin to write with another staff writer with the company. According to Royer, Griffin convinced Viva to hire Royer by threatening "I will be writing with him. Do you really want to give away half the publishing on all those songs?". James Griffin sang songs that were featured in a few episodes of the TV series "Ironside" in the late sixties.


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: In 1968, Griffin and Royer teamed with David Gates to form the band Bread using session drummer Jim Gordon for their first album and their initial gigs. Mike Botts soon replaced Gordon as the band's permanent drummer, first appearing on their second album, "On the Waters".


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: In 1970, Griffin and Royer – under the pseudonyms Arthur James and Robb Wilson – wrote the lyrics for Fred Karlin's music for the song "For All We Know", featured in the film "Lovers and Other Strangers". It won the Academy Award for Best Song.This song was later covered by The Carpenters on their third album.


title: Jimmy Griffin

text: In 1971 Royer left Bread, but continued to provide songs co-written with Griffin for the group. He was replaced by keyboardist/guitarist Larry Knechtel. They had a number one "Billboard" Hot 100 hit with the song, "Make It With You". Other hits by Bread included "Baby I'm-a Want You", "If" and "Everything I Own". Although Griffin was a significant contributor to Bread's albums as a writer and singer, every one of the group's thirteen songs that made the Billboard Hot 100 chart was written and sung by Gates, a situation that created friction between the two.