title: Zombies 3

text: According to Whip Media, "Zombies 3" was the 4th most watched film across all platforms in the United States, during the week of July 15, 2022. According to Nielsen, "Zombies 3" was the 7th most watched film across all platforms, during the week of July 17, 2022.


title: Zombies 3

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 75% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.30/10.


title: Zombies 3

text: Sourav Chakraborty of "Sportskeeda" found "Zombies 3" to be a solid finale in the "Zombies" franchise, praised the movie for its depiction of love, acceptance, and equality, applauded the soundtrack of the film across its songs and the chemistry between the characters, and complimented the premise involving extraterrestrial characters. John Serba of "Decider" praised the music and the choreography, stating the songs manage to be appealing, and complimented the film's message dealing with acceptance and inclusion, while finding the movie colorful, garish, and sometimes nonsensical. Jennifer Green of "Common Sense Media" rated the film 3 ouf of 5 stars, praised the presence of positive messages and role models, citing diversity, equality, and inclusion, and complimented the diverse representations.


title: Zombies 3

text: Lena Wilson of "The New York Times" wrote that the film is much more than "90 minutes of silliness" and praised its tone, but criticized how "Zombies 3" portrayed socio-cultural differences, specifically Terry Hu's queer character. Brian Lowry of "CNN" found the film energic and progressive, but wrote that the film was "dead on arrival" and "hard to get fired up for," voicing concern at the use of aliens (which he found clichéd) after the first two films had depicted zombies and werewolves, and found the songs to be of mediocre quality, except "I'm Finally Me" and the reprise of "Someday".


title: Zombies 3

text: Disney has neither confirmed nor denied a fourth feature-length "Zombies" installment, and sources conflict on whether a fourth film is likely to be made. Manheim has stated that "Zombies 3" "does a very good job at wrapping up [the "Zombies" franchise]", though he also left open the possibility of a fourth film, and believes the decision to produce "Zombies 4" depends on the reception of "Zombies 3" and "if the stars align".


title: Zombies 3

text: Disney has announced, however, that an animated series titled "ZOMBIES: The Re-Animated Series" is currently in production.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: Sunetra Sarker (born 25 June 1973) is an English actress and presenter, known for her roles as Nisha Batra in "Brookside", Anji Mittel in "No Angels", Zoe Hanna in "Casualty" and Kaneez Paracha in "Ackley Bridge". In 2014, she took part in the twelfth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", partnered with Brendan Cole. She became a panellist on the lunch time chat show Loose Women in 2021.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: Sarker was born in Liverpool into an Indian family. Her father is a retired doctor, and her mother Bisakha taught Indian classical dance, for which she was awarded an MBE in December 2013. Sarker has a degree in Information Systems for Business in Europe from Brunel University London. Her great-grandfather was the lawyer, novelist and political activist Nares Sen-Gupta. She is of Bengali origin.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: Sarker has played a wide variety of roles in her career. Her initial success came when she was cast as Nisha Batra in the Channel 4 soap opera "Brookside" from 1988 to 1990 and then returned in 2000 until 2003. Sarker also starred in the regional soap opera "London Bridge". This was followed by her portrayal of Anji Mittel in "No Angels" from 2004 to 2006.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: Sarker's next notable role was portraying the part of Clare Burns in the BBC drama "The Chase", until the show was pulled after its second series. In 2007, Sarker was a contestant on the celebrity cooking series "Celebrity MasterChef". Subsequently, Sarker played the role of Dr Zoe Hanna in the BBC medical drama "Casualty" from December 2007 until May 2016. After her departure was announced, Sarker made a promise to co-star Jamie Davis that she would return for one episode when he decided to leave the programme, a promise she honoured in 2018, appearing in an episode broadcast on 13 January.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: In 2017, she played DCI Jane Burr in the second series of ITV's "Safe House". Since 2017, Sarker has starred in the Channel 4 drama series "Ackley Bridge" as Kaneez Paracha, for which she received the award for Best TV Character at the Asian Media Awards.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: In autumn 2014, Sarker competed in the twelfth series of the BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing", partnered with New Zealand professional dancer Brendan Cole. In the first week, the couple danced a Tango to "Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)" by Robert Palmer and scored 24. In the second week they danced a Cha-cha-cha to "Million Dollar Bill" by Whitney Houston and scored 26. In the third week the couple danced the American Smooth to "The Way You Look Tonight" from the film "Swing Time" and scored 40, including a 9 from head judge Len Goodman. Because of Sunetra's filming schedule, the routine had to be learned in a single day.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: In the fourth week the couple danced the Salsa to "Turn the Beat Around" by Vicki Sue Robinson and scored 27. In the fifth week the couple danced the Viennese Waltz to "Anyone Who Had a Heart" by Cilla Black and scored 30. In week six, opening the show, they danced a Jive to "Tainted Love" by Gloria Jones and scored 27. In week seven they danced a Foxtrot to "All of Me" by John Legend and scored 31. In week eight, at Blackpool, they danced a Samba to "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'" by the Scissor Sisters and scored 30. The couple were voted into the dance-off against Judy Murray and Anton du Beke, but were unanimously saved by the judges. In week nine they danced a Waltz, to "Last Request" by Paolo Nutini, and again scored 30, placing them in one from last place. The couple was voted into the dance-off with Steve Backshall and Ola Jordan, but were saved by three votes to one from the judges. In week ten, they danced a Rhumba to "The Girl from Ipanema" by Michael Bolton. They were again voted into the dance-off, against Mark Wright and Karen Hauer, but were unanimously voted out by the judges.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: On 23 February 2017, Sarker and her ancestors were the subject of an episode of "Who Do You Think You Are?" shown on BBC One in which she traced them to Bengal. She learned about her family's involvement in the struggle for independence in India and one of her ancestors' connection to Gandhi. Travelling next to Bangladesh, she visited her great-grandmother's ancestral village where she discovered the story of how her family were caught up in the Bangladeshi war of independence from Pakistan in 1971.


title: Sunetra Sarker

text: Sarker married Nick Corfield in 2003 and they have a son, Noah, born in 2001. Sarker and Corfield divorced in 2009. In November 2018 Sarker married Scott Carey, whom she has known since 1991.


title: Right Round

text: "Right Round" is a single performed by American rapper Flo Rida featuring guest vocals from American singer Kesha. It was released as the lead single from his second studio album, "R.O.O.T.S." (2009). It was released to radio on January 27, 2009 and was digitally released on February 10 by Poe Boy Entertainment and Atlantic Records. The song heavily interpolates the chorus of the Dead or Alive song "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" in its hook. According to one of the song's writers, the chorus refers to a stripper. Kesha contributed guest vocals to the song, but was uncredited in the United States and Canada during its run atop the charts.


title: Right Round

text: Despite receiving mostly negative reviews, with critics claiming it was kitschy and misogynistic, the song was a commercial success, reaching the top ten of the music charts in nineteen countries worldwide. In the United States, it became Flo Rida's second number-one single (staying at number-one for six consecutive weeks) and broke the record for first-week sales (636,000 downloads) when it was released to digital retailers; eventually, this record was broken by Adele's "Hello", which sold 1.11 million copies in its first week. The single's accompanying music video was directed by Malcolm Jones and nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. The song has been used in several movies, such as "The Hangover", "The Ugly Truth", "Pilla Zamindar" and "Pitch Perfect", where the song is performed by the film's a cappella group The Treblemakers. The song is one of the best-selling singles of the digital era, with over 12 million certified downloads sold, making it Flo Rida's best selling single, and Kesha's second.


title: Right Round

text: "Right Round" was written by Flo Rida, Dr. Luke, Kool Kojak, DJ Frank E, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Aaron Bay-Schuck, and Dead or Alive, the band whose 1984 song "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" is sampled in the chorus. The track was produced by Dr. Luke and Kool Kojak and features guest vocals from American pop singer Kesha, (who was not credited on the American release of the single). At the end of 2008, Luke was working on a track with Flo Rida called "Right Round" and the two decided they needed a female hook. Luke pulled Kesha into the studio to record the vocals. According to Flo Rida, the song is about "a young lady, she might be in the strip club and she's got my head spinning round, [...] Or any young lady that I might see walking past me that's getting my attention. She got it going on! I'm going crazy over her."


title: Right Round

text: Flo Rida explained that he listened to "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" and similar records growing up as a result of the varying music genres his seven sisters listened to. Ultimately, his A&R Aaron Bay-Schuck came up with the idea to sample "You Spin Me Round (Like A Record)" in a song. Bay-Schuck told HitQuarters that he had been listening to a shuffle beat produced by DJ Frank E on a CD of potential beats and had kept hearing in his head the melody of the Dead or Alive song over the top of it. Co-A&R Mike Caren then brought the sample to the attention of Flo Rida.


title: Right Round

text: As "R.O.O.T.S." was Flo Rida's second studio album, he wanted to show listeners musical growth by "broaden[ing] my horizons," which was why he decided to record the song. After Luke produced the sample, the song was recorded. In the same night the song was written Aaron Bay-Schuck, Bruno Mars and Philip Lawrance decided to go to the studio and make the initial recording. It was recorded primarily at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California, with additional recording at Atlantic Studios, also located in Hollywood.


title: Right Round

text: Musically, "Right Round" uses the recurring pop rap themes of Flo Rida's music; specifically, similarities were noted between the song and "Low" (2007), with Allmusic reviewer David Jeffries calling "Right Round" its "heir apparent". The song is "swaggering" and "bass-heavy", according to Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly". The lyrics discuss being in a strip club with friends and tossing money at a woman performing a striptease. Additionally, the chorus line "You spin my head right round, right round / When you go down, when you go down, down" can be interpreted as a reference to fellatio. Bruno Mars, co-writer of the song, confirmed in an interview with "Entertainment Weekly" that the song's chorus was referring to oral sex. Philip Lawrence, also co-writer, confessed the song was "almost something we had accidentally written in the car one night just hanging out." It was him, Bruno Mars, and Aaron Bay-Schuck. Bay-Schuck was playing to Bruno and Philip some tracks and wanted to come up with something big for Flo Rida, and they were just throwing out 1980s ideas. The song's sexual themes have been compared to those of "If U Seek Amy" (2009) by Britney Spears.


title: Right Round

text: Reviews for "Right Round" were mostly negative. A reviewer for "The New York Times" called the song "[b]ionic and empty". In a review of "R.O.O.T.S.", Ken Capobianco of "The Boston Globe" stated, "His music is pure ear candy that must make Britney [Spears] envious, yet he wants to come off as a thug." He continued that it is unlikely that "Right Round" would have gone over well in Brooklyn in the '80s, calling it "as hard as Jell-O." Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy stated in his review of the song, "It's pretty difficult to ruin a pop classic, but Flo Rida gives it a pretty good stab here." He added that "Right Round" is "[f]illed with more misogyny than a 1970s working men's club", and called it "an unpleasant affair that's only saved from the trashcan by its sample." Fletcher concluded, "The fuzzy synths, electro beats and infectious chorus hook sung by Kesha are almost enough to fool the casual listener into enjoying themselves. But sadly it's never too long before Flo Rida turns up again to spoil things." Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Entertainment Weekly" called the song "a horrendous rap remake of Dead or Alive's 'You Spin Me Round (Like a Record).'" Noting that the song was, at the time, the number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, he added, "What does all this say about us as a society? Mainly that we really, really enjoy cheesetastic '80s hair-pop hits in whatever form we can get 'em, I guess."


title: Right Round

text: There were also a few positive reviews. One such review came from Fraser McAlpine of BBC, who opened, "It's one of the fundamental laws of pop, anything which tips a nod to 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record)' by Dead Or Alive is going to be worth a listen." He continued, "Even though this is just a song written from the perspective of a randy man watching a pole-dancer and bragging about how much money he has [...] in a manner which would make Akon blush, there's just something kind of cute about the whole thing." McAlpine attributed this to the song's "Tigger-beat", explaining, "How can anything too sordid be going on when everyone is bouncing around like they're on spacehoppers?" Bill Lamb of About.com commented, "You will hear echoes of another pop classic, but the new song stands on its own feet." However, he noted that while pop music fans would appreciate it, hip hop listeners would likely dismiss it, and he added that "[i]t's not groundbreaking by any means".


title: Right Round

text: In the United States, "Right Round" debuted at number 74 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 based solely on airplay. The next week, it rose sixteen positions to chart at number fifty-eight. In its third chart week, issue dated February 19, 2009, it jumped fifty-seven positions to the top spot, becoming Flo Rida's second number-one hit after 2007's "Low". That week, it also debuted at the top of the Hot Digital Songs chart with sales of 636,000, breaking the record of first-week sales established only the week before by Eminem, Dr. Dre and 50 Cent's "Crack a Bottle" (418,000). Eventually, Adeles "Hello" outsold the record in 2015, selling 1.11 million copies in its first week. It remained atop the Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks. "Right Round" also topped the Pop 100 in the United States, and peaked at the third position on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and appeared on the Hot 100's year-end and decade-end charts at positions six and eighty, respectively. By March 12, 2009, the song was certified gold and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and by March 31, achieved double-platinum status. To date, it has since been certified 7× platinum by the RIAA for selling 7 million units in the United States. "Right Round" made its Canadian debut at the seventy-fifth position, moved to the forty-seventh position in its second week, and peaked at the top of the charts – where it spent nine non-consecutive weeks – its third week. At the end of 2009, it was ranked the number-three song on the Canadian Hot 100. As of March 2014, it has sold 5,572,000 digital downloads in the USA.


title: Right Round

text: The song debuted at the top of the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and maintained its position for seven non-consecutive weeks. It has been certified twice-platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. It was the number-five song of the year and appeared on the decade-end chart at number eighteen. In New Zealand, "Right Round" debuted at number nine and moved to number five in its second week. It remained in the top five for four weeks before reaching a peak of number two, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand has certified the song platinum, and it was ranked as the seventh most popular song of 2009.


title: Right Round

text: "Right Round" also performed well in Europe, peaking at the second position on the European Hot 100 Singles chart and at number sixteen on the chart's year-end list.


title: Right Round

text: In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 8, 2009 – for the week ending date March 14, 2009 – becoming both Flo Rida and Kesha's first chart-topping song in Britain. It then dropped to number two in its second charting week. It remained in the top ten for six weeks. As of January 2012, the song had sold 505,434 copies in Britain. In Ireland, it debuted at number four and remained in the top five for four weeks. In its fifth week, it topped the chart and remained at the top position for three consecutive weeks. Elsewhere in Europe, the song reached the top ten in Austria (where it was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), Belgium (number one in Wallonia, number two in Flanders), Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.


title: Right Round

text: The song's accompanying music video was shot in Miami, Florida and directed by Malcolm Jones. Kesha was asked to appear in the video, but declined; in an interview with "Esquire" magazine, she said, "They [Flo Rida's team] wanted me in the video, and I said, 'Nah, I want to make my own name for myself.'" The video begins with Flo Rida standing on a revolving circular platform, while his name appears in gold on a screen behind him. A young woman then joins him on the platform, with shots alternating between the two together and each individually. During the first verse, the screen behind him alternates between images of a rotating globe and locations such as Tokyo, Paris, London, and New York City. Shortly after, the silhouettes of three women appear behind Flo Rida while the clip is intercut with shots of a rotating disco ball and several women on a circular bed. Several women are then seen dancing on or around cars while Flo Rida stands in front of them. A waitress comes in to serve them an unidentified beverage. As the video ends, Flo Rida is seen once again on the circular platform while the screen behind him shows a red background with a gold Poe Boy Entertainment sticker. The video was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost to Eminem's "We Made You" (2009).


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui is a Māori iwi (Iwi is the Maori word for tribe) located in the eastern Bay of Plenty and East Coast regions of New Zealand's North Island. In 2006, the iwi registered 11,808 members, representing 13 hapū.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: During the 17th century, Apanui acquired vast amounts of land along the East Coast of the North Island. Through familial connection, he acquired land from Ngāti Porou and Ngāriki. He was given land extending from Pōtikirua to Puketapu, and from Taumata-ō-Apanui Hawai; the land in between was later won through conquest.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: Relations with Europeans were not generally hostile. Early European settlers showed little interest in the isolated region, which lacked deep-water harbours for shipping. However, visiting Europeans taught Te Whānau-ā-Apanui the skills of whaling and commercial agriculture. Both areas become major economic industries for the iwi in the early 20th century, and profits were directed into community development projects.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: During the 1980s, the iwi experienced economic decline with the loss of major transport services, privatization of state assets and the eventual economic unfeasibility of its small-scale farming operations. This resulted in some emigration of iwi members from traditional tribal homelands.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: There are three groups that have competed at The Matatini from Te Whānau a Apanui: Te Kapa Haka o Te Whānau a Apanui (2x Champions 2005 and 2015), Tutawake and Tauira-mai-tawhiti.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: Te Rūnanga o te Whānau represents Te Whānau a Apanui during resource consent applications under the Resource Management Act, but forwards each application on to the directly affected hapū. It is based on Te Kaha, and governed by representatives from at least ten hapū.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: The charitable trust is involved in social services and local economic development. It manages a fisheries operation, and invests in the development of local forestry and other industries. Its Cyberwaka rural community project provides information technology training.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: The Crown has recognised Te Whānau a Apanui Negotiations Team to represent the iwi during Treaty of Waitangi settlement negotiations. The terms of the negotiation were signed with the Crown in September 2017.


title: Te Whānau-ā-Apanui

text: Pan-tribal iwi station Sea 92FM broadcasts to members of Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, Te Whakatōhea and Ngāitai in the Ōpōtiki area. It is operated by pan-tribal service provider Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust, and is available on . It operates the low-power Opotiki 88.1 FM, geared towards a young demographic.


title: Bob McGrath

text: Robert Emmett McGrath (June 13, 1932 – December 4, 2022) was an American actor, musician, and children's author best known for playing original human character and music teacher Bob Johnson on the long-running educational television series "Sesame Street" from 1969 to 2017.


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath was born on June 13, 1932, in Ottawa, Illinois, the son of Flora Agnes (née Hallagan) and Edmund Thomas McGrath, a farmer. He was named for the Irish patriot Robert Emmet. As a child he would sing for his family while his mother would play the piano. His mother enrolled him in the Roxy Theater's Amateur Program and he finished in second place. He graduated from Marquette High School.


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath graduated from the University of Michigan in 1954; he went to the school of music there. While attending Michigan, he was a member of the University of Michigan Men's Glee Club and of the fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. During fraternity events he washed dishes while David Connell, a fraternity brother, waited tables, a connection which Connell used when "Sesame Street" casting began. After graduating he was inducted into the U.S. Army; he was in Germany for two years performing for the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra and booking for them.


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath worked with Mitch Miller and was the featured tenor on Miller's NBC-TV television singalong series "Sing Along with Mitch" for four seasons from 1960 to 1964. He was a singer on the Walt Kelly album "Songs of the Pogo".


title: Bob McGrath

text: In the mid-1960s, McGrath became a well-known recording artist in Japan, releasing a series of successful albums of Irish and other folk songs and ballads sung in Japanese. This aspect of his career was the basis of his "secret" when he appeared on the game shows "To Tell the Truth" in 1966 and "I've Got a Secret" in 1967.


title: Bob McGrath

text: From 1969 to 2016, McGrath was a regular cast member on "Sesame Street", playing the character of Bob Johnson. Along with series matriarch Susan Robinson, played by Loretta Long, McGrath was one of the two longest-lasting human characters on the series since the show's debut. A Noggin segment proclaimed the four decades of Bob when promoting "Sesame Street" on that network. In July 2016, Sesame Workshop announced that McGrath would not return to the show for its 47th season because it would be re-tooling the series, but the company did say that McGrath would continue to represent the Workshop at public events. Sesame Workshop later announced that there would be talks to bring him back and that he would still represent "Sesame Street". Although McGrath had not been in any new material since season 45, he subsequently appeared in online videos for the show. He also returned for the 2019 TV special "Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration".


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath said that his two favorite moments on "Sesame Street" were "Christmas Eve on Sesame Street" (a 1978 Christmas special that included a pastiche of "The Gift of the Magi"), and the 1983 sequence that candidly addressed the death of longtime character Mr. Hooper, played by his good friend Will Lee who had died the previous year.


title: Bob McGrath

text: For 38 years, McGrath was a regular fixture on "Telemiracle", a telethon broadcast annually on CTV outlets in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. His final regular appearance at "Telemiracle" was in 2015, where performers at the show paid tribute to him. He returned for a special appearance in 2018. On March 3, 2006, he was awarded the Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan for this work by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan, Lynda Haverstock. He was given the Saskatchewan Distinguished Service Award in 2013 by the Premier of Saskatchewan, Brad Wall.


title: Bob McGrath

text: He received a Distinguished Service Award for his decades of service by the Variety Children's Charity Telethon in British Columbia.


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath wrote many children's books, including "Uh Oh! Gotta Go!" (1996) and "OOPS! Excuse Me Please!" (2006).


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath's "Sing Me a Story" was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for children's Album of the Year.


title: Bob McGrath

text: On April 10, 2010, he was the first recipient of the University of Michigan Men's Glee Club Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Bob McGrath

text: McGrath and his wife Ann married in 1958. They had five children, five granddaughters, and three grandsons. The couple lived in Teaneck, New Jersey, from 1958 until 2017, after which they moved to a ranch in Norwood, New Jersey.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: Gong Min-jeung (, born Kim Min-jung on 30 September 1986) is a South Korean actress. She graduated with a Bachelor degree from the Film Art Department of Konkuk University.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: She’s known for her roles in three Hong Sang-soo films, "Yourself and Yours," "On the Beach at Night Alone," and "Grass." Also for her roles in television dramas such as "Temperature of Love" (2017). In her TV work, such as "Familiar Wife" (2018) and "Sweet Munchies" (2020). Her most popular role to date is Pyo Mi-seon, a dental nurse, in the rom-com TV series "Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha (2021)". In 2020, she won the Fantastic Best Actor Special Mention Award in the 24th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival for "Zombie Crush: Heyri".


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: The first time Gong made up her mind to act was when she was in the 3rd year of middle school. A turning point in her life was watching the play, "Subway Line 1". After attending Konkuk University's Department of Film, Gong made her acting debut in 2009, in a short independent film.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: After doing many minor roles, she got her first supporting role in the 2012 independent feature film "Everyone Wants to Die by My Name" "("2012). From 2011 to 2015 she has built her reputation in a number of shorts and independent films, such as "Dog", "Goblin", and "Ethical Street Rule".


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: After her appearance in two Hong Sang-soo films, "Yourself and Yours" and "On the Beach at Night Alone," Gong left a strong impression on viewers. He debut as television actress in a SBS drama, "Temperature of Love" (2017). In her TV work, such as "Familiar Wife" (2018) and "Sweet Munchies" (2020), she built a reputation for colorful performances.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: In 2018 She also acted in the film "The Vanished." She returned in another Hong Sang-soo film, "Grass" (2018), which premiered at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival on 16 February 2018. The film was also screened in the "Korean Cinema Today – Panorama" program of the 23rd Busan International Film Festival.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: In 2019, she appeared in the much talked about women-centric film "". The film, based on the novel of the same name, won many accolades, in addition to reaching 3.7 million total admissions and grossing US$27.16 million in revenue, a commercial success.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: In 2020, she appeared in film "Zombie Crush: Heyri" as Gong Jin-seon. For this role she received the Fantastic Best Actor Special Mention award in the 24th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival. The same year, she appeared in the TV series "Sweet Munchies" and the TV series "Please Don't Date Him" aired in November 2020.


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: Indie Plus at the Seoul Cinema Center announced on the November 17, 2020 that it would hold the 'Rising Star - Actor Gong Min-jung Exhibition' from November 19 to 23. The exhibition presented 14 works in total, including 5 feature films, 7 short films with 2 sections, and 2 works recommended by Gong. The list of works were "Everyone Wants to Die by My Name" (2012), "Yourself and Yours" (2016), "Grass" (2017), "" (1982), "Chang Lee" (2019), "Call me if you need me" (2018), Byeonggu (2015), "Two water and a lighter" (2020), "Daddy’s taste" (2014), "Ethical street rules" (2016), "Coming-of-age ceremony" (2018), "I should have killed the bastard" (2018) and recommendations from Gong include "Blue Valentine" (2010), and "American Honey: A Song of the Wandering Star" (2016).


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: In 2021, she was cast as Pyo Mi-seon in the comedy-drama series "Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha", a remake of the 2004 South Korean film "Mr. Handy, Mr. Hong".


title: Gong Min-jeung

text: "The Korea Independent Film Association" announced on November 29, 2021 that it will hold a special exhibition 'Isn't it our sphere?' at the Naver Indie Theater from November 29 to December 28, 2021. The exhibition will screens 5 films of Kim Hye-jun in which Gong appears in two: "Family Portrait" and "I Should Have Killed that Bastard".


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Cestrum nocturnum, the lady of the night, night-blooming jasmine, night-blooming jessamine, night-scented jessamine, night-scented cestrum or poisonberry, is a species of plant in the potato family Solanaceae. It is native to the West Indies, but naturalized in South Asia.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: "Cestrum nocturnum" is an evergreen woody shrub with slender branches growing to tall. The plant is multi-branched and heavily foliated. The leaves are simple, narrow lanceolate, long and broad, smooth and glossy, with an entire margin. Towards the front they are pointed or tapered, the base is rounded or blunt. The leaf stalks are 0.8 to 2 cm long.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: The flowers are greenish-white, with a slender tubular corolla long with five acute lobes, diameter when open at night, and are produced in cymose inflorescences. A powerful, sweet perfume is released at night. The mostly multi-flowered, drooping inflorescences are terminal or axillary. They are clustered, sparsely branched panicles, on the inflorescence axes of which there are herbaceous bracts. The five sepals are fused to form a bell-shaped, approximately 2 mm long calyx and have five pointed tips, which are slightly enlarged, ribbed and accutely pointed on the fruit. The inside and outside of the calyx are finely haired.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: The fruit is a white berry long by diameter. There is also a variety with yellowish flowers. There are mixed reports regarding the toxicity of foliage and fruit.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: "Cestrum nocturnum" is grown in subtropical regions as an ornamental plant for its flowers that are heavily perfumed at night. It grows best in average to moist soil that is light and sandy, with a neutral pH of 6.6 to 7.5, and is hardy to hardiness zone 8. "C. nocturnum" can be fertilized biweekly with a weak dilution of seaweed and fish emulsion fertilizer.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Flowers distilled oil contains phenylethyl alcohol (27%), benzyl alcohol (12%), eicosane (5.6%), eugenol (5.6%), n-tetracosane (4.4%), caryophyllene oxide (3.1%), 1-hexadecanol (2.7%), methoxyeugenol (2.45%), benzaldehyde (2.32%). Flowers alcohol extract contains cytotoxic steroids.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Ingestion of "C. nocturnum" has not been well documented, but there is some reason to believe that caution is in order. All members of the family Solanaceae contain an alkaloid toxin called solanine, though some members of the family are routinely eaten without ill-effect. The most commonly reported problems associated with "C. nocturnum" are respiratory problems from the scent, and feverish symptoms following ingestion.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Some people, especially those with respiratory sensitivities or asthma, have reported difficulty breathing, irritation of the nose and throat, headache, nausea, or other symptoms when exposed to the blossom's powerful scent. Some "Cestrum" species contain chlorogenic acid, and the presence of this potent sensitizer may be responsible for this effect in "C. nocturnum".


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Some plant guides describe "C. nocturnum" as "toxic" and warn that ingesting plant parts, especially fruit, may result in elevated temperature, rapid pulse, excess salivation and gastritis.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: "Ingesting 15 lb of plant material caused a cow to salivate, clamp its jaws, collapse, and eventually die. A postmortem showed gastroenteritis and congestion of liver, kidneys, brain, and spinal cord. Although the berries and the sap are suspected of being toxic, several cases of ingestion of the berries have not shown them to be a problem, with one exception. Morton cites two cases where children ate significant quantities (handfuls) of berries and had no significant effects and another two where berries were ingested in smaller amounts, with similar negative results." ; and in a new paragraph noted that "Ingestion of green berries over several weeks by a 2-year-old child resulted in diarrhea, vomiting, and blood clots in the stool. Anemia and purpura [discoloration of the skin caused by subcutaneous bleeding] were also noted. A solanine alkaloid isolated from the stool was hemolytic to human erythrocytes. "


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: Plant extracts have shown larvicidal activity against the mosquito "Aedes aegypti" while showing no toxicity to fish. Plant extracts cause hematological changes in the freshwater fish when exposed to sub lethal concentrations.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: The mechanisms of the plant's putative psychoactive effects are currently unknown, and anecdotal data are extremely limited and include an aphrodisiac power. In a rare discussion of traditional entheogenic use of the plant, Müller-Ebeling, Rätsch, and Shahi describe shamanic use of "C. nocturnum" in Nepal. They describe experiencing "trippy" effects without mentioning unpleasant physical side effects. Rätsch's "Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants" also describes a handful of reports of ingestion of the plant without mentioning serious adverse side effects.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: "Cestrum nocturnum" has become widely naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, southern China and the southernmost United States, and is difficult to eradicate. It is classed as a weed in some countries.


title: Cestrum nocturnum

text: In Auckland, New Zealand, it has been reported as a seriously invasive weed to the Auckland Regional Council and is under investigation. NS Forest and Bird is compiling an inventory of wild cestrum sites in order to place the plant on the banned list. The inventory can be viewed via Google Maps. Some nurseries still sell it without warning customers of the dangers to native bush reserves.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes () were a series of intense intraplate earthquakes beginning with an initial earthquake of moment magnitude 7.2–8.2 on December 16, 1811, followed by a moment magnitude 7.4 aftershock on the same day. Two additional earthquakes of similar magnitude followed in January and February 1812. They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the Rocky Mountains in recorded history. The earthquakes, as well as the seismic zone of their occurrence, were named for the Mississippi River town of New Madrid, then part of the Louisiana Territory and now within the U.S. state of Missouri.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The epicenters of the earthquakes were located in an area that at the time was at the distant western edge of the American frontier, only sparsely settled by European settlers. Contemporary accounts have led seismologists to estimate that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly throughout much of the central and eastern United States, across an area of roughly , and moderately across nearly 3 million km (1 million sq mi). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly . The New Madrid earthquakes were interpreted variously by American Indian tribes, but one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. For many tribes in Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, it meant that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The many more aftershocks include one magnitude 7 aftershock to the December 16, 1811, earthquake which occurred at 6:00 UTC (12:00 am local time) on December 17, 1811, and one magnitude 7 aftershock to the February 7, 1812, earthquake which occurred on the same day at 4:40 UTC (10:40 pm local time). Susan Hough, a seismologist of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has estimated the earthquakes' magnitudes as around magnitude 7.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: John Bradbury, a fellow of the Linnean Society, was on the Mississippi on the night of December 15, 1811, and describes the tremors in great detail in his "Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811", published in 1817:


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: Eliza Bryan in New Madrid, Territory of Missouri, wrote the following eyewitness account in March 1812:


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: John Reynolds (1788–1865), the fourth governor of Illinois, among other political posts, mentions the earthquake in his biography "My Own Times: Embracing Also the History of My Life" (1855):


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The Shaker diarist Samuel Swan McClelland described the effects of the earthquake on the Shaker settlement at West Union (Busro), Indiana, where the earthquakes contributed to the temporary abandonment of the westernmost Shaker community.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The underlying cause of the earthquakes is not well understood, but modern faulting seems to be related to an ancient geologic feature buried under the Mississippi River alluvial plain, known as the Reelfoot Rift. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to split or rift apart during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic era (about 750 million years ago). Faults were created along the rift and igneous rocks formed from magma that was being pushed towards the surface. The resulting rift system failed, but has remained as an aulacogen (a scar or zone of weakness) deep underground.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: In recent decades, minor earthquakes have continued. The epicenters of over 4,000 earthquakes can be identified from seismic measurements taken since 1974. They originate from the seismic activity of the Reelfoot Rift. The zone, colored red on the map, is called the "New Madrid Seismic Zone". New forecasts estimate a 7 to 10 percent chance, in the next 50 years, of a repeat of a major earthquake like those that occurred in 1811–1812, which likely had magnitudes between 7.6 and 8.0. A 25 to 40% chance exists, in a 50-year time span, of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: In a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could result in "the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States", further predicting "widespread and catastrophic" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 magnitude quake or greater would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting water distribution, transportation systems, and other vital infrastructure.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The quakes caused extensive changes to the region's topography. Subsidence, uplift, fissures, landslides and riverbank collapses were common. Trees were uprooted by the intense shaking; others were drowned when subsided land was flooded. Reelfoot Lake was formed in Tennessee by subsidence ranging from 1.5 meters, up to 6 meters in some places. Lake St. Francis, in eastern Arkansas, was expanded by subsidence, with sand and coal being ejected from fissures in the adjacent swamps as water levels rose by 8 to 9 meters. Waves from the Mississippi River caused boats to wash ashore; river banks rose, sand bars were destroyed, and some islands completely disappeared. Sand blows also occurred in Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas, destroying farmland.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: Due to the nature of the underlying rock mass, which contains few fractures or faults, the seismic waves generated from the earthquakes were able to travel great distances without being interrupted. Persons as far away as Canada felt the ground shaking. Intense effects were widely felt in Illinois, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: The number of people who died as a result of the earthquake is unknown; the frontier setting meant that the region was sparsely populated and communications and records were poor. Predominantly wood construction meant that few people died from falling buildings, though the intense shaking caused many chimneys to fall, wood structures to crack, and damage from falling trees, particularly in the epicentral area during the first earthquake on December 16, 1811.


title: 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

text: Rated at VII on the Mercalli Intensity Scale, the New Madrid earthquakes remain the strongest recorded earthquakes east of the Rocky Mountains. The Reelfoot Rift, a 500 million year old rift zone identified as the primary driver of the quakes, remains poorly understood; however, geologists estimate the risk of another earthquake as great as the New Madrid Earthquake within the next 50 years is 7 to 10 percent. While the risk of a smaller magnitude earthquake to occur in this location in the next 50 years is about 25 to 40 percent. As a result of these findings, highways, buildings, skyscrapers, and bridges were all reevaluated.


title: Brunei dollar

text: The Brunei dollar (sign: B$, Malay: "ringgit Brunei", currency code: "BND"), has been the currency of the Sultanate of Brunei since 1967. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 "sen" (Malay) or "cents" (English). The Brunei dollar is issued by the Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam (Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam).


title: Brunei dollar

text: Under a Currency Interchangeability Agreement in 1967, the Brunei dollar is interchangeable with the Singapore dollar at par. As such, the Brunei dollar is accepted in Singapore as "customary tender"; likewise, the Singapore dollar is accepted in Brunei.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Early currency in Brunei included cowrie shells. Brunei is also famous for its bronze teapots, which were used as currency in barter trade along the coast of northern Borneo. The Spanish-American silver dollar brought over by the Manila galleons was in wide use for Brunei's international trade from the 16th to 19th centuries; the 19th century Straits dollar was itself derived from the same coin.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Brunei issued tin coins denominated in pitis in AH1285 (AD1868). These were followed by a one cent coin in AH1304 (AD1888). This cent was one hundredth of a Straits dollar.


title: Brunei dollar

text: As a protectorate of Britain in the early 20th century, Brunei used the Straits dollar from 1906, the Malayan dollar from 1939 and the Malaya and British Borneo dollar from 1953 until 1967, when it began issuing its own currency.


title: Brunei dollar

text: The Brunei dollar replaced the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1967 after the formation of Malaysia and the independence of Singapore. Until 23 June 1973, the Malaysian ringgit was exchangeable at par with the Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar. The Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board (now the Authoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam (Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam) still maintain the exchangeability of their two currencies. The dollar is accepted as "customary tender" in Singapore according to the Currency Interchangeability Agreement, although it is not legal tender there.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Coins were used in Brunei from the 10th century. The Straits dollar was also used in Brunei from 1906.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Due to the close ties between China and Brunei, the first type of coins used in Brunei were Chinese coins. This was initially called ‘Pitis’. They were later known as ‘Kue’ when local ‘Pitis’ were introduced. The local ‘Pitis’ coins had ‘Sultanate of Brunei’ stamped in front of the coin and the royal umbrella was imprinted at the back. These were issued from the 16th to the 19th century. Previous Islamic coins were also called the ‘Pitis’. Another type of coin that was used in Brunei were ‘Duit besi’ (which roughly translates to ‘Iron money’). Iron was considered valuable those days that it was used as money. 100 one-square inch pieces were valued at 1 dollar.


title: Brunei dollar

text: The last coin to be issued before the introduction of the Straits Settlements currency was the ‘Duit Bintang’, otherwise known as the ‘Star coin’ or the 'Star Cent'. It is called the Star coin because of the star imprinted on the obverse of the coin. It was minted in Birmingham, England, in 1887. It was made from copper.


title: Brunei dollar

text: With the introduction of the Straits Settlements currency, the previously used coins were taken out of circulation. They were, however still used with certain exchange rates.


title: Brunei dollar

text: The Straits dollar was introduced in Brunei in 1906. It was later replaced by the Malayan dollar which was introduced to British colonies and Brunei in 1939. It replaced the Straits dollar at par with a 1:1 exchange rate. The Malayan dollar was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency in Malaya. The board stopped issuing the Malayan dollar during the Japanese invasion during World War II. The Malayan dollar had the portrait of King George VI in front of the note.


title: Brunei dollar

text: In 1952, the board was renamed the Board of Commissioners of Malaya and British Borneo. The board then began to issue notes to Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo, and Brunei in 1953. This was known as the Malaya and British Borneo dollar.


title: Brunei dollar

text: In 1967, the Malaya and British Borneo dollar was replaced by three new currencies: the Malaysian dollar, Singapore dollar and the Brunei dollar, all at par.


title: Brunei dollar

text: In 1967, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. Except for the bronze 1 cent, the coins were struck in cupro-nickel. In 1986, copper-clad steel replaced bronze. Later, in 2008, the 1 cent coins switched compositions to brass.


title: Brunei dollar

text: On 12 June 1967, the government ("Kerajaan Brunei") introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 dollars. Notes for 500 and 1000 dollars followed in 1979. In 1989, the title on the paper money was changed to "Negara Brunei Darussalam", the official name of the country, and the Malay term for “State of Brunei, Abode of Peace.” 10,000 dollar notes were introduced the same year. All notes bear the denomination in Malay (in both Rumi and Jawi) and in English. The English denomination appeared on the obverse below the denomination in Malay on the earlier series, but now appears on the reverse together with the Jawi.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Five series of notes have been issued. The colours of $1, $5, and $10 notes have been the same for all the series of banknotes.


title: Brunei dollar

text: First series (1967) – currency with the portrait of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III, the 28th ruler of Brunei.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Second series – This series was the same as the first series with exception that the portrait of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin was replaced by the portrait of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the 29th and current ruler of Brunei. All subsequent currency has the portrait of Hassanal Bolkiah. In addition, two new higher denominations were issued in 1979.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Third series – the post independence series. This series was gradually being replaced by the fourth series.


title: Brunei dollar

text: Polymer banknotes were introduced in (2004) due to high cases of banknote forgery. All of them are polymer. The $100 note of this series has won a gold medal award for its security features in the 22nd National Print Award in Australia in May 2005.


title: Brunei dollar

text: The S$10,000 and B$10,000 notes are the world's most valuable banknotes, worth US$8000 as of September 2014 (that are officially in circulation). They are worth eight times as much as the next most valuable, the 1000 Swiss franc note (US$1063). From 6 November 2020, AMBD has announced it will stop printing B$10,000 notes to reduce the risk of money laundering. Brunei has also stopped the issuance of B$10,000 and is in the process of withdrawing it from active circulation.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Harvey Lawrence Pekar (; October 8, 1939 – July 12, 2010) was an American underground comic book writer, music critic, and media personality, best known for his autobiographical "American Splendor" comic series. In 2003, the series inspired a well-received film adaptation of the same name.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Frequently described as the "poet laureate of Cleveland", Pekar "helped change the appreciation for, and perceptions of, the graphic novel, the drawn memoir, the autobiographical comic narrative." Pekar described his work as "autobiography written as it's happening. The theme is about staying alive, getting a job, finding a mate, having a place to live, finding a creative outlet. Life is a war of attrition. You have to stay active on all fronts. It's one thing after another. I've tried to control a chaotic universe. And it's a losing battle. But I can't let go. I've tried, but I can't."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Among the awards given to Pekar for his work were the Inkpot Award, the American Book Award, a Harvey Award, and his posthumous induction into the Eisner Award Hall of Fame.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Harvey Pekar and his younger brother Allen were born in Cleveland, Ohio, to a Jewish family. Their parents were Saul and Dora Pekar, immigrants from Białystok, Poland. Saul Pekar was a Talmudic scholar who owned a grocery store on Kinsman Avenue, with the family living above the store. Although Pekar said he wasn't close to his parents due to their dissimilar backgrounds and because they worked all the time, he still "marveled at how devoted they were to each other. They had so much love and admiration for one another."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar's first language as a child was Yiddish and he learned to read and appreciate novels in the language.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar said he did not have friends for the first few years of his life. The neighborhood he lived in had once been all white but became mostly black by the 1940s. One of the only white kids still living there, Pekar was often beaten up. He later believed this instilled in him "a profound sense of inferiority." This experience, however, also taught him to become a "respected street scrapper."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar graduated from Shaker Heights High School in 1957. He then briefly served in the United States Navy. After being discharged he attended Case Western Reserve University, where he dropped out after a year. He worked odd jobs before he was hired as file clerk at the Veterans Administration Hospital in 1965. He held this job after becoming famous, refusing all promotions, until he retired in 2001.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar was married three times. He was married from 1960 to 1972 to his first wife, Karen Delaney. According to R. Crumb, who knew the couple socially, "She left him... She took all the money out of their bank account and ran off... Never heard from her again."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: His second wife was Helen Lark Hall, who appeared (as "Lark") in a number of early issues of "American Splendor". They married in 1977. According to Crumb again (and as dramatized in the "American Splendor" film), "...she was trying to have a career in academia and Harvey would embarrass her. They'd go to these academic cocktail parties and Harvey would deliberately antagonize these professors. He thought the whole academia thing was bullshit. So he used to embarrass her and she'd become angry at him until finally she gave up on him." They divorced in 1981.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar's third wife, whom he married in 1984, was writer Joyce Brabner who became a regular character in "American Splendor".


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In 1990, as described by "Publishers Weekly", "Pekar was diagnosed with lymphoma and needed chemotherapy. By the time the disease was discovered, the couple was in the midst of buying a house (a tremendous worry to Pekar, who fretted about both the money and corruptions of bourgeois creature comforts)." After Pekar's recovery, he and Brabner collaborated on "Our Cancer Year" (released in 1994), a graphic novel account of that experience, as well as his harrowing yet successful treatment.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Around this same time, Brabner and Pekar became guardians of a young girl, Danielle Batone, when she was nine years old. Danielle became the couple's foster daughter and eventually became a recurring character in "American Splendor" as well.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar's friendship with Robert Crumb led to the creation of the self-published, autobiographical comic book series "American Splendor". Crumb and Pekar became friends through their mutual love of jazz records. It took Pekar a decade to do so: "I theorized for maybe ten years about doing comics." Pekar's influences from the literary world included James Joyce, Arthur Miller, George Ade, Henry Roth, and Daniel Fuchs.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Around 1972, Pekar laid out some stories with crude stick figures and showed them to Crumb and another artist, Robert Armstrong. Impressed, they both offered to illustrate. Pekar & Crumb's one-pager "Crazy Ed" was published as the back cover of Crumb's "The People's Comics" (Golden Gate Publishing Company, 1972), becoming Pekar's first published work of comics. Including "Crazy Ed" and before the publication of "American Splendor" #1, Pekar wrote a number of other comic stories that were published in a variety of outlets:


title: Harvey Pekar

text: The first issue of Pekar's self-published "American Splendor" series appeared in May 1976, with stories illustrated by Crumb, Dumm, Budgett, and Brian Bram. Applying the "brutally frank autobiographical style of Henry Miller," "American Splendor" documented Pekar's daily life in the aging neighborhoods of his native Cleveland.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar and his work came to greater prominence in 1986 when Doubleday collected much of the material from the first ten issues in "American Splendor: The Life and Times of Harvey Pekar", which was positively reviewed by, among others, "The New York Times". (1986 was also the year Pekar began appearing on "Late Night with David Letterman".)


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar self-published 15 issues of "American Splendor" from 1976 to 1991 (issue #16 was co-published with Tundra Publishing). Dark Horse Comics took on the publishing and distribution of Pekar's comics from 1993 to 2003.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In 2006, Pekar released a four-issue "American Splendor" miniseries through the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. This was collected in the "American Splendor: Another Day" paperback. In 2008 Vertigo released a second four-issue "season" of "American Splendor" that was later collected in the "American Splendor: Another Dollar" paperback.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar's best-known and longest-running collaborators include Crumb, Dumm, Budgett, Spain Rodriguez, Joe Zabel, Gerry Shamray, Frank Stack, Mark Zingarelli, and Joe Sacco. In the 2000s, he teamed regularly with artists Dean Haspiel and Josh Neufeld. Other cartoonists who worked with him include Jim Woodring, Chester Brown, Alison Bechdel, Gilbert Hernandez, Eddie Campbell, David Collier, Drew Friedman, Ho Che Anderson, Rick Geary, Ed Piskor, Hunt Emerson, Bob Fingerman, and Alex Wald; as well as such non-traditional illustrators as Pekar's wife, Joyce Brabner, and comics writer Alan Moore.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In addition to his autobiographical work on "American Splendor", Pekar wrote a number of biographies. The first of these, "American Splendor: Unsung Hero" (Dark Horse Comics, 2003), illustrated by David Collier, documented the Vietnam War experience of Robert McNeill, one of Pekar's African-American coworkers at Cleveland's VA hospital.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: A film adaptation of "American Splendor" was released in 2003, directed by Robert Pulcini and Shari Springer Berman. It starred Paul Giamatti as Pekar, as well as appearances by Pekar himself (and his wife Joyce, foster daughter Danielle, and co-worker Toby Radloff). "American Splendor" won the Grand Jury Prize for Dramatic Film at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival, in addition to the award for Best Adapted Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America. At the 2003 Cannes Film Festival, the film received the FIPRESCI critics award. "American Splendor" was given the Guardian New Directors Award at the 2003 Edinburgh International Film Festival. It was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 2003 Academy Awards. Pekar wrote about the effects of the film in "American Splendor: Our Movie Year".


title: Harvey Pekar

text: On October 5, 2005, the DC Comics imprint Vertigo published Pekar's autobiographical hardcover "The Quitter", with artwork by Dean Haspiel. The book detailed Pekar's early years.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In 2006, Ballantine/Random House published his biography "Ego & Hubris: The Michael Malice Story" about the life of Michael Malice, founding editor of "Overheard in New York". In June 2007, Pekar collaborated with student Heather Roberson and artist Ed Piskor on the book "Macedonia", which centers on Roberson's studies in that country. In January 2008 the biographical "Students for a Democratic Society: A Graphic History" was published by Hill & Wang. In March 2009, he published "The Beats", a history of the Beat Generation, including Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, illustrated by Ed Piskor. In May 2009 he published "Studs Terkel's Working: A Graphic Adaptation".


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In 2010, Pekar started the webcomic "The Pekar Project" with the online magazine "Smith". In 2011, Abrams Comicarts published "Yiddishkeit", co-edited by Pekar with Paul Buhle and Hershl Hartman. The book depicts aspects of Yiddish language and culture. Artists in this anthology include many of Pekar's previous collaborators.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar was an assiduous record collector as well as a freelance book and jazz critic, focusing on significant figures from jazz's golden age but also championing out-of-mainstream artists such as Scott Fields, Fred Frith and Joe Maneri. He published his first criticism in "The Jazz Review" in 1959. Pekar wrote hundreds of articles for "DownBeat", "JazzTimes", "The Village Voice", and "The Austin Chronicle"; as well as liner notes for Verve Records and other labels.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar had a regular column, "Harvey Sez," in which he wrote about the contemporary comics scene, in the comics anthology "Weirdo" from 1986 to 1990. He reviewed literary fiction in the "Review of Contemporary Fiction". Pekar won awards for his essays broadcast on public radio.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar's comic book success led to a guest appearance on "Late Night with David Letterman" on October 15, 1986. Pekar was invited back repeatedly and made five more appearances in quick succession. These appearances became notable for the increasing hostility and verbal altercations between Pekar and Letterman, particularly on the subject of General Electric's ownership of NBC. The most heated of these was in the August 31, 1988, episode of "Late Night", in which Pekar accused Letterman of appearing to be a shill for General Electric and Letterman promised never to invite Pekar back on the show. Despite the ban, more than four years later Pekar appeared on "Late Night" again — on April 20, 1993, and he made a final appearance on "Late Show with David Letterman" on May 16, 1994. After Pekar's death, Letterman reflected in 2017 that...


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar appeared in Alan Zweig's 2000 documentary film about record collecting, "Vinyl". In August 2007, Pekar was featured on the Cleveland episode of "" with host Anthony Bourdain.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: While "American Splendor" theater adaptations had previously occurred, in 2009, Pekar made his theatrical debut with "Leave Me Alone!", a jazz opera for which Pekar wrote the libretto. "Leave Me Alone!" featured music by Dan Plonsey and was co-produced by Real Time Opera and Oberlin College, premiering at Finney Chapel on January 31, 2009.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In 2009, Pekar was featured in "The Cartoonist," a documentary film on the life and work of Jeff Smith, creator of "Bone."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Shortly before 1 a.m. on July 12, 2010, Pekar's wife found Pekar dead in their Cleveland Heights, Ohio, home. No immediate cause was determined. In October the Cuyahoga County coroner's office ruled it was an accidental overdose of antidepressants fluoxetine and bupropion. Pekar had been diagnosed with cancer for the third time and was about to undergo treatment.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Pekar was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. His headstone features one of his quotations as an epitaph: "Life is about women, gigs, an' bein' creative."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Some Pekar works were to be released posthumously, including two collaborations with Joyce Brabner, "The Big Book of Marriage" and "Harvey and Joyce Plumb the Depths of Depression", as well as a collection of the webcomics that ran as a part of "The Pekar Project". As of 2019, however, none of those projects have yet seen print. Working with illustrator Summer McClinton, Pekar also finished a book on American Marxist Louis Proyect tentatively called "The Unrepentant Marxist", after Proyect's blog. In the works since 2008, the book was to be published by Random House. After a conflict between Proyect and Joyce Brabner, Brabner announced that she would hold the book back indefinitely.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In December 2010, the last story Pekar wrote, "Harvey Pekar Meets the Thing", in which Pekar has a conversation with Ben Grimm, was published in the Marvel Comics anthology "Strange Tales II"; the story was illustrated by Ty Templeton.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: Frequently described as the "poet laureate of Cleveland," Pekar "helped change the appreciation for, and perceptions of, the graphic novel, the drawn memoir, the autobiographical comic narrative."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: His "American Splendor" "remains one of the most compelling and transformative series in the history of comics." In addition, Pekar was the first author to publicly distribute "memoir comic books." While it is common today for people to publicly write about their lives on blogs, social media platforms, and in graphic novels, "In the mid-seventies, Harvey Pekar was doing all this before it was ubiquitous and commercialized."


title: Harvey Pekar

text: In October 2012 a statue of Pekar was installed at the Cleveland Heights-University Heights Library, a place he visited almost daily.


title: Harvey Pekar

text: On July 25, 2015, the city of Cleveland Heights, Ohio dedicated the corner of Northwest Coventry Road and Euclid Heights Boulevard to the life and legacy of Harvey Pekar. This area is now known as Harvey Pekar Park.


title: Immunoassay

text: An immunoassay (IA) is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes). The molecule detected by the immunoassay is often referred to as an "analyte" and is in many cases a protein, although it may be other kinds of molecules, of different sizes and types, as long as the proper antibodies that have the required properties for the assay are developed. Analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine are frequently measured using immunoassays for medical and research purposes.


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays come in many different formats and variations. Immunoassays may be run in multiple steps with reagents being added and washed away or separated at different points in the assay. Multi-step assays are often called separation immunoassays or heterogeneous immunoassays. Some immunoassays can be carried out simply by mixing the reagents and sample and making a physical measurement. Such assays are called homogeneous immunoassays, or less frequently non-separation immunoassays.


title: Immunoassay

text: The use of a calibrator is often employed in immunoassays. Calibrators are solutions that are known to contain the analyte in question, and the concentration of that analyte is generally known. Comparison of an assay's response to a real sample against the assay's response produced by the calibrators makes it possible to interpret the signal strength in terms of the presence or concentration of analyte in the sample.


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays rely on the ability of an antibody to recognize and bind a specific macromolecule in what might be a complex mixture of macromolecules. In immunology the particular macromolecule bound by an antibody is referred to as an antigen and the area on an antigen to which the antibody binds is called an epitope.


title: Immunoassay

text: In some cases, an immunoassay may use an antigen to detect for the presence of antibodies, which recognize that antigen, in a solution. In other words, in some immunoassays, the analyte may be an antibody rather than an antigen.


title: Immunoassay

text: In addition to the binding of an antibody to its antigen, the other key feature of all immunoassays is a means to produce a measurable signal in response to the binding. Most, though not all, immunoassays involve chemically linking antibodies or antigens with some kind of detectable label. A large number of labels exist in modern immunoassays, and they allow for detection through different means. Many labels are detectable because they either emit radiation, produce a color change in a solution, fluoresce under light, or can be induced to emit light.


title: Immunoassay

text: Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson are credited with the development of the first immunoassays in the 1950s. Yalow accepted the Nobel Prize for her work in immunoassays in 1977, becoming the second American woman to have won the award.


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays became considerably simpler to perform and more popular when techniques for chemically linked enzymes to antibodies were demonstrated in the late 1960s.


title: Immunoassay

text: at Cardiff University replaced radioactive iodine used in immunoassay with an acridinium ester that makes its own light: chemiluminescence. This type of immunoassay is now used in around 100 million clinical tests every year worldwide, enabling clinicians to measure a wide range of proteins, pathogens and other molecules in blood samples.


title: Immunoassay

text: By 2012, the commercial immunoassay industry earned and was thought to have prospects of slow annual growth in the 2 to 3 percent range.


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays employ a variety of different labels to allow for detection of antibodies and antigens. Labels are typically chemically linked or conjugated to the desired antibody or antigen.


title: Immunoassay

text: Possibly one of the most popular labels to use in immunoassays is enzymes. Immunoassays which employ enzymes are referred to as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), of which enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) are the most common types.


title: Immunoassay

text: Enzymes used in ELISAs include horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) or glucose oxidase. These enzymes allow for detection often because they produce an observable color change in the presence of certain reagents. In some cases these enzymes are exposed to reagents which cause them to produce light or chemiluminescence.


title: Immunoassay

text: Radioactive isotopes can be incorporated into immunoassay reagents to produce a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Radioactivity emitted by bound antibody-antigen complexes can be easily detected using conventional methods.


title: Immunoassay

text: RIAs were some of the earliest immunoassays developed, but have fallen out of favor largely due to the difficulty and potential dangers presented by working with radioactivity.


title: Immunoassay

text: A newer approach to immunoassays involves combining real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) and traditional immunoassay techniques. Called real-time immunoquantitative PCR (iqPCR) the label used in these assays is a DNA probe.


title: Immunoassay

text: Fluorogenic reporters like phycoerythrin are used in a number of modern immunoassays. Protein microarrays are a type of immunoassay that often employ fluorogenic reporters.


title: Immunoassay

text: Some labels work via electrochemiluminescence (ECL), in which the label emits detectable light in response to electric current.


title: Immunoassay

text: While some kind of label is generally employed in immunoassays, there are certain kinds of assays which do not rely on labels, but instead employ detection methods that do not require the modification or labeling the components of the assay. Surface plasmon resonance is an example of technique that can detect binding between an unlabeled antibody and antigens. Another demonstrated labeless immunoassay involves measuring the change in resistance on an electrode as antigens bind to it.


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays can be run in a number of different formats. Generally, an immunoassay will fall into one of several categories depending on how it is run.


title: Immunoassay

text: In a competitive, homogeneous immunoassay, unlabelled analyte in a sample competes with labeled analyte to bind an antibody. The amount of labelled, unbound analyte is then measured. In theory, the more analyte in the sample, the more labelled analyte gets displaced and then measured; hence, the amount of labelled, unbound analyte is proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample .


title: Immunoassay

text: As in a competitive, homogeneous immunoassay, unlabelled analyte in a sample competes with labelled analyte to bind an antibody. In the heterogeneous assays, the labelled, unbound analyte is separated or washed away, and the remaining labelled, bound analyte is measured.


title: Immunoassay

text: The unknown analyte in the sample binds with labelled antibodies. The unbound, labelled antibodies are washed away, and the bound, labelled antibodies are measured. The intensity of the signal is directly proportional to the amount of unknown analyte.


title: Immunoassay

text: The analyte in the unknown sample is bound to the antibody site, then the labelled antibody is bound to the analyte. The amount of labelled antibody on the site is then measured. It will be directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte because the labelled antibody will not bind if the analyte is not present in the unknown sample. This type of immunoassay is also known as a sandwich assay as the analyte is "sandwiched" between two antibodies.


title: Immunoassay

text: A wide range of medical tests are immunoassays, called immunodiagnostics in this context. Many home pregnancy tests are immunoassays, which detect the pregnancy marker human chorionic gonadotropin. Other clinical immunoassays include tests that measure levels of CK-MB to assess heart disease, insulin to assess hypoglycemia, prostate-specific antigen to detect prostate cancer, and some are also used for the detection and/or quantitative measurement of some pharmaceutical compounds (see Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique for more details).


title: Immunoassay

text: Immunoassays are used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athletes' blood samples for prohibited recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, rGH, hGH, GH).


title: Immunoassay

text: The photoacoustic immunoassay measures low-frequency acoustic signals generated by metal nanoparticle tags. Illuminated by a modulated light at a plasmon resonance wavelength, the nanoparticles generate strong acoustic signal, which can be measured using a microphone. The photoacoustic immunoassay can be applied to lateral flow tests, which use colloidal nanoparticles.


title: Booger McFarland

text: Anthony Darelle "Booger" McFarland (born December 18, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Louisiana State University and was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft. McFarland also played for the Indianapolis Colts, and won two Super Bowl rings in his career: one with the Buccaneers (Super Bowl XXXVII) and another with the Colts (Super Bowl XLI). He was an analyst for "Monday Night Football" in 2018 and 2019, before joining as a pregame analyst on Monday Night Countdown in 2020.


title: Booger McFarland

text: McFarland received the nickname "Booger" as a child, saying "I was a bad kid, getting into a lot of wild stuff. I used to get called a lot of different things. But that was just the one that stuck."


title: Booger McFarland

text: McFarland played for the LSU Tigers football team from 1995 to 1998. In his freshman year, he started every game at defensive tackle, finishing the season with 73 tackles (including 12 tackles for loss and 2 quarterback sacks) and quickly became a crowd favorite for pulling double-duty at the fullback position for short-yardage plays. He also recorded a tackle in LSU's victory over Michigan State at the 1995 Independence Bowl. For the rest of his collegiate career from his sophomore year onward, he focused on defensive tackle, and helped bring the Tigers to two further bowl wins in the 1996 Peach Bowl and the 1997 Independence Bowl, also earning 1996 Peach Bowl SEC Defensive MVP honors. Despite a spectacular collapse by the Tigers in the 1998 season, McFarland was named defensive co-captain his senior year, earned first-team All-SEC and All-America honors, and played in the 1999 Senior Bowl. He graduated in 1999 with a degree in business management.


title: Booger McFarland

text: McFarland was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with the 15th overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft. In eight seasons with the team, he totaled 305 tackles and 20 sacks over 84 games, and won Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002.


title: Booger McFarland

text: On October 17, 2006, McFarland was traded to the Indianapolis Colts for a second-round pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. The trade reunited him with Tony Dungy, his head coach in Tampa Bay during his first three seasons. At the time of the trade, the Colts ranked last in the league in run defense, allowing over 116 yards per-game, and had lost defensive tackle Corey Simon to a season-ending injury the week before. McFarland made his first sack as a member of the Colts against the Buffalo Bills on November 10. He finished the regular season with 33 tackles and 2.5 sacks, although the Colts finished last in rush defense. In the playoffs, the Colts defense became stifling, limiting the Kansas City Chiefs to 44 rushing yards, the Baltimore Ravens to 83 and the New England Patriots to 93. McFarland started in Super Bowl XLI and recorded a sack, as the Colts defeated the Chicago Bears, 29–17, capturing his second Super Bowl ring.


title: Booger McFarland

text: McFarland co-hosted a radio show with Marc Ryan on Tampa sports radio station WHFS until an ownership change in December 2014 resulted in the station's entire airstaff being released for a music format. He joined the SEC Network in 2014 as a football analyst. McFarland was also a part-time guest analyst on ESPN's "Mike & Mike" morning program. McFarland was a color analyst for ESPN's "Monday Night Football" telecasts, after arriving with Jason Witten in 2018. Prior to his promotion to color analyst, McFarland was a sideline reporter and consultant during the "Monday Night Football" broadcasts where he announced from atop a crane-like contraption nicknamed the "Booger Mobile." After receiving criticism for blocking the view of fans seated near the field, the contraption was modified to be less obstructive. McFarland was promoted to color analyst in May 2019 after Witten left to return to the Dallas Cowboys. In May 2020, he and play-by-play announcer Joe Tessitore were reassigned by ESPN amid criticism from viewers. In dubbing "MNF" as "the worst (show) on television," UK newspaper "The Guardian" called McFarland "awful as a national NFL voice. He sounds like he's started a sentence and has no idea where it's going to end."


title: Booger McFarland

text: McFarland is married to Tammie McFarland, whose cousin is married to former LSU teammate Anthony Skinner. They have two children. McFarland is a Christian.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad (, ; born March 22, 1951) is an Afghan-American diplomat and foreign policy expert. Khalilzad was appointed by President Donald J. Trump to serve as U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation in September 2018. President Joseph R. Biden asked Khalilzad to continue in this position after the 2020 presidential election. Khalilzad resigned as U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation in October 2021. Khailzad was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as United States Ambassador to the United Nations, serving in the role from 2007 to 2009. Khalilzad was the highest ranking Muslim-American in government at the time he left the position. Prior to this, Khalilzad served in the Bush administration as Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2004 to 2005 and Ambassador to Iraq from 2005 to 2007.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Raised in the Afghan capital of Kabul, Khalilzad came to the United States as a high school exchange student, and later received his doctorate at the University of Chicago. During the Reagan Administration, Khalilzad served in the Department of State, where he advised on the U.S. response to the Soviet–Afghan War. Khalilzad later served as a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and as president of Gryphon Partners and Khalilzad Associates, an international business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad was rumored to be a potential candidate in the 2014 Afghan presidential election, but ultimately declined to run. In 2017, he was considered for Secretary of State by President Donald Trump. Khalilzad was appointed by Trump to serve as Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation on September 5, 2018, remaining in the position under President Joe Biden until October 18, 2021. In this position, Khalilzad helped broker the US–Taliban deal and facilitating the final United States withdrawal from Afghanistan.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad's service in the government has been recognized by three different Secretary of Defenses. Secretary of Defense Gates awarded Ambassador Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his service in Iraq. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld awarded Ambassador Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his work in Afghanistan. And Secretary of Defense Cheney awarded Ambassador Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his time as Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning from 1991 to 1992.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad has also been awarded the highest national medals by the Presidents of Afghanistan, Georgia and Kosovo. In Afghanistan he was awarded the King Amanullah Medal in 2005. The Georgian president awarded Khalilzad the Order of the Golden Fleece in 2016. Kosovo's president awarded Khalilzad the Order of Independence in 2017.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad was born in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, and grew up in the country's capital, Kabul. He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Noorzai tribe. Khalilzad began his education at the public Ghazi Lycée school in Kabul.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: He first spent time in the United States as a high school exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs in Ceres, California. Later, he attained his bachelor's and his master's degrees from the American University of Beirut, in Lebanon. Khalilzad received his doctorate at the University of Chicago where he studied closely with Albert Wohlstetter, a prominent nuclear deterrence thinker and strategist. Wohlstetter provided Khalilzad with contacts within the government and RAND. Khalilzad has contributed at least 28 papers to RAND Corporation.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: From 1979 to 1989, Khalilzad worked as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. During that time, he worked closely with Zbigniew Brzezinski, the Carter administration's architect of Operation Cyclone to support the Afghan mujahideen, who resisted the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In 1984, Khalilzad accepted a one-year Council on Foreign Relations fellowship to join the US State Department, where he was an adviser to the Near East and South Asia Bureau, headed by Richard W. Murphy.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: From 1985 to 1989, Khalilzad served in the Reagan administration, as a senior State Department official, advising on the Soviet–Afghan War, after the Soviet invasion. During that time, he was a member of the Policy Planning Staff and the State Department's Special Adviser on Afghanistan to Undersecretary of State Michael H. Armacost. In that role, he developed and guided the international program to promote the merits of a mujahideen-led Afghanistan ousting the Soviet occupation. From 1990 to 1992, Khalilzad served under President George H. W. Bush in the US Defense Department, as Deputy Undersecretary for Policy Planning.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Between 1993 and 2000, Khalilzad was the director of the Strategy, Doctrine, and Force Structure at the RAND Corporation. During that time, he helped found RAND's Center for Middle Eastern Studies as well as "Strategic Appraisal," a RAND periodical. He also authored several influential monographs, including "The United States and a Rising China" and "From Containment to Global Leadership? America and the World After the Cold War." At RAND, he also had a brief stint in consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1400 km (890 mi), $2-billion, 622 m³/s (22,000 ft³/s) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project, which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and then proceeded to Pakistan.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad also wrote several articles on the subject of the value of U.S. global leadership in the mid-1990s. The specific scenarios for conflict that he envisioned if a decline in American power occurred have made his writings extremely popular in competitive high school and college policy debate, particularly his writing that links the loss of US hegemony to global instability.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad was a signatory of the letter from members of the Project for the New American Century to President Bill Clinton sent on January 26, 1998. It called for Clinton's help in "removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power" by using "a full complement of diplomatic, political and military efforts."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad has been described as a "lifelong Republican", though he did not support Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad has sometimes been characterized as a neoconservative, with one profile in "The Guardian" in 2006 characterizing him as "combin[ing] the commitment of an American neocon with the cultural sensitivity of his Islamic background". At times, Khalilzad has embraced the label, authoring an article titled "The Neoconservative Case for Negotiating With Iran" in "Politico" magazine in 2006.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In 1995, Khalilzad articulated his views regarding the appropriate role of the United States in the Post-Cold War period:"The United States should be willing to use force if necessary for this purpose. There are currently two regions whose control by a hostile power could pose a global challenge: East Asia and Europe. The Persian Gulf is critically important for a different reason—its oil resources are vital for the world economy. In the long term, the relative importance of various regions can change. A region that is critical to American interests now might become less important, while some other region might gain in importance."Regarding U.S. military preeminence, Khalilzad argued in favor of maintaining a sufficiently strong military to be able to embark in "two major regional contingencies nearly simultaneously":"For the foreseeable future, this means having the capability for fighting two major regional contingencies nearly simultaneously, e.g., Korea and the Gulf. The United States should also acquire increased capabilities for occasional intervention in lesser regional conflicts, such as humanitarian relief operations, and for countering weapons of mass destruction and ballistic and cruise missiles. For the longer term, it should consider moving toward sizing its forces to be able to defeat the plausible military challenges to critical American interests that might be posed by the two next most powerful military forces in the world—which are not allied with the United States."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In June 2001, Khalilzad argued that the "United States must act now to weaken the Taliban and stem the spread of "Talibanism"". In a letter, Khalilzad endorsed the following policies to weaken the Taliban's control over Afghanistan:


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In June 2009, Khalilzad stated the following at a UC Berkeley Event:"I believe and I've told president Karzai few month ago, because he is talking a lot about reconciliation, which is conceptually an absolute necessity, every war must end, but circumstance must be created for that wish to be successful. I've told him [to] get your house in order first, get the corruption issue dealt with, get governance improved, get services improved, then people would say `ahaa ... i want to be on this side, it looks like it is a better side, the side that is producing resolve.' But if they see your judges are corrupt, and your governors are not providing any services, initially people would think `why should I die for this, I'm going to become neutral`, or worse if the other side is providing more security, let's say, it [sic] will be even more difficult."- June 17, 2009. UC Berkeley Events


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In a published 1993 paper, he advocated for "trade sanctions" against North Korea, "enhancing U.S. and South Korean military readiness", and "direct military attacks"."Use of force by a U.S.—allied coalition has better prospects for achieving the U.S. objective, either by setting back the program or by producing a more compliant North Korea—depending on how much and how effectively the force is applied. However, given the risk of triggering a second Korean war, it is unclear whether the South Koreans or Japanese could be induced to agree."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In 2001, President George W. Bush asked Khalilzad to head the Bush-Cheney transition team for the Department of Defense, and Khalilzad briefly served as Counselor to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. In May 2001, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice announced Khalilzad's appointment as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Southwest Asia, Near East, and North African Affairs at the US National Security Council. In December 2002, Bush appointed Khalilzad to the position of Ambassador at Large for Free Iraqis with the task of coordinating "preparations for a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Bush came to rely on Khalilzad's Afghanistan expertise. Khalilzad was involved in the early stages of planning to overthrow the Taliban and on December 31, 2001, he was selected as Bush's Special Presidential Envoy for Afghanistan. He served in that position until November 2003, when he was appointed to serve as US ambassador to Afghanistan. Khalilzad held that position from November 2003 until June 2005.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: During that time, he oversaw the drafting of the constitution of Afghanistan, was involved with the country's first elections and helped to organize the first meeting of Afghanistan's Loya Jirga (traditional grand assembly). At the June 2002 Loya Jirga to select the Head of State, representatives of the US convinced the former king of Afghanistan, 87-year-old Zahir Shah, to withdraw from consideration even though a majority of Loya Jirga delegates supported him. That move angered Pashtuns, who were concerned with the disproportionate power of the Northern Alliance in the Karzai government. During Khalilzad's tenure as ambassador, the new Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, consulted closely with him on a regular basis about political decisions, and the two dined together regularly. In 2004 and 2005, he was also involved in helping with the establishment of the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), which is the first American-style higher learning educational institution in Afghanistan. In 2016, the Friends of the American University of Afghanistan presented him with the International Public Service Award.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad began his job as the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq on June 21, 2005. He was credited for helping negotiate compromises which allowed the ratification of the Constitution of Iraq in October 2005. Khalilzad also worked to ensure that the December 2005 elections ran smoothly and played a substantial role in forming the first post-Saddam government. Khalilzad also helped establish the American University of Iraq, in Sulaimaniya, and sits on its board of regents.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In comparison to his predecessors, Paul Bremer and John Negroponte, in Baghdad, Khalilzad was considered a success as an ambassador and credited with bringing a cultural sophistication and human touch to the job that helped connect with Iraqis.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad was one of the first high-level administration officials to warn that sectarian violence was overtaking the insurgency as the top threat to Iraq's stability. After the Al Askari Mosque bombing, in February 2006, he warned that spreading sectarian violence might lead to civil war and possibly to even a broader conflict, involving neighboring countries. Khalilzad sought political solutions to the problem of sectarianism, and in particular, he worked to integrate the balance of power between Iraq's three main ethnic groups to head off growing the growing Sunni violence.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad's term as ambassador ended on March 26, 2007. He was replaced by Ryan Crocker, a career diplomat and former U.S. ambassador to Pakistan.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: On February 12, 2007, the White House submitted Khalilzad's nomination to the Senate to become the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. He was unanimously confirmed by the Democratic-controlled US Senate on March 29, 2007. That marked a strong contrast to Khalilzad's predecessor, John R. Bolton, whose often-controversial rhetoric caused him to fail to be confirmed by the Senate but obtained a recess appointment.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Colleagues at the UN noted that Khalilzad has a different style from Bolton and was more conciliatory.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In November 2007, Khalilzad charged that Iran was helping the insurgent groups in Afghanistan and Iraq. He also told the media, soon after the International Atomic Energy Agency's release of its report on Iran, that the Iranian government was clearly going ahead with its nuclear program. Khalilzad explained that the US would try to pass another resolution in the Security Council, under Chapter 7, to impose additional sanctions against Iran.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In August 2008, he urged the Security Council to "take urgent action" and to "condemn Russia's military assault on the sovereign state of Georgia". He also stated that Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov had told US Secretary of State Rice that Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili "must go."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: From 2009 to 2018, Khalilzad served as the President of Khalilzad Associates, LLC, an "international advisory firm that serves clients at the nexus of commerce and public policies, helping global businesses navigate the most promising and challenging international markets." Khalilzad Associates and its parent company, Gryphon Capital Partners, have, as clients, international and US companies that interested mainly in doing business in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to Khalilzad, they include companies in the sectors of energy, construction, education, and infrastructure.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad served as a Counselor at the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS) and sits on the Boards of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), America Abroad Media (AAM), the RAND Corporation's Middle East Studies Center, the Atlantic Council, the American University of Iraq in Suleymania (AUIS), The American University of Kurdistan (AUK), and the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF).


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: On September 9, 2014, a news items appeared in the Austrian media, stating that Khalilzad was being investigated by authorities in Austria for suspected money laundering, and that his wife's accounts had been frozen. On September 10, the Austrian court made known that the case had been dismissed and the accounts had been ordered unfrozen a week earlier, on September 3. The leak was the result of court documents having been discarded unshredded in the general trash, and then found by scavenging bloggers.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: Khalilzad's political autobiography, "The Envoy: From Kabul to the White House, My Journey Through a Turbulent World", was published by St. Martin's Press in 2016.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: In September 2018, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo named Khalilzad as the Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation, a newly created envoy with the mission of securing a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan. As of March 2021, he has continued in this role under the new administration of Joe Biden.


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: On May 18, 2021, at a U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, Khalilzad downplayed the prospect of a swift Taliban takeover when U.S. forces leave saying, "If they [Taliban] pursue, in my judgment, a military victory, it will result in a long war, because Afghan security forces will fight, other Afghans will fight, neighbors will come to support different forces."


title: Zalmay Khalilzad

text: He later added at that same hearing, "I personally believe that the statements that the [Afghan] forces will disintegrate, and the Talibs will take over in short order are mistaken. The real choices that the Afghans will face is between a long war and negotiated settlement." Despite this statement, the 2021 Taliban offensive culminated in a swift Taliban takeover and the dissolution of the Afghan National Army. Ahmad Wali Massoud, a Taliban adversary who was also critical of the government of Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani, accused Khalizad of playing a role in orchestrating the Taliban's return to power in an interview which was published in TRT World on September 21, 2021. Massoud argued that the Taliban did not have the military capacity to retake Kabul without great assistance and also cast suspicion on growing U.S. efforts to use the Taliban to fight the terrorist group ISIS-K.