title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: At its first interaction with members of parliament (MPs), the commission was asked by some MPs to recommend a plan on compensating states which suffered revenue losses after the roll-out of GST. Some parliamentarians also asked the commission to reassess the criteria of classifying a state as 'backwards'.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The president of Nationalist Congress Party, Sharad Pawar, suggested the commission to create a financial buffer against oil prices. Whereas, the chief minister of Bihar and Janata Dal (United) president and convener, Nitish Kumar—in a letter to the commission's chairman, N. K. Singh—asked the commission to revisit the criterion of the target of a maximum 3%fiscal deficit under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003, calling it "iniquitous". Singh added, that the state was still waiting for special financial allocations promised to it under the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The commission, on its visit to the state, was asked by the Government of West Bengal to look into restructuring the state's debt, so that it doe not become "a permanent drag on the economy of Bengal"; the state's chief minister and All India Trinamool Congress chairperson, convener and president, Mamata Banerjee, said in a press conference, that "we expect that Finance Commission will consider our demand for debt restructuring or waiver". West Bengal government further suggested an alternative devolution formula based on factors like social backwardness, locational complexities and continuation of revenue deficits to the commission.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The commission was asked by several state governments to increase states' share in union's tax devolution from the existing 42 percent to 50percent. Whereas, the Government of India asked the commission to review a 10percent hike from 32per cent to 42percent in tax devolution given to states by the FourteenthFinance Commission, with Union Minister of Finance, Arun Jaitley, saying that "India is a Union of states, the Union also has to survive".


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The commission visited several states, and held meetings with senior political and non-political state government officials of different states; most states also generally submitted a memorandum to the commission outlining their needs and demands to the panel. It also met with representatives of the industry and bankers. Das acted as chairman of the commission in state visits without Singh. The commission further met with the representatives of various federal government agencies, including the vice-chairman and chief executive officer of its quasi-autonomous policy think-tank, the NITI Aayog, Rajiv Kumar and Amitabh Kant respectively.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The commission was headquartered in New Delhi at the Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan on Tolstoy Marg and its offices were provided security cover by the Central Industrial Security Force.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: In July 2019, the commission's term was extended by a month to November 2019, and its terms of reference (ToR) were expanded by the Union Cabinet and asked it to consider whether "adequate, secure and non-lapsable" funds could be provided for funding defence and internal security, and how would a distinct system to fund defence and internal security be operationalised.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: The commission constituted an advisory council "to advise it on matters related to its terms of reference". The council consisted of president of Forum for Strategic Initiatives and former Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India, Arvind Virmani; Oxus Research and Investments chairman and a part-time member of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council, Surjit Bhattal; a former deputy director in the IMF, Sanjeev Gupta; a professor at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, Pinaki Chakraborty; JP Morgan chief India economist, Sajjid Chinoy; and a managing director and India economist and strategist at Credit Suisse, Neelkanth Mishra.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India, Krishnamurthy Subramanian, was inducted as a member of the advisory council in May 2019.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Further, the commission also constituted a high-level group to "inter alia" advise it on "ways and means to" make effective use of the "existing financial resources and to" encourage "the state governments’ effort on" fulfilling "well-defined health parameters in India". The group comprised All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi director, Randeep Guleria as its convener and Narayana Health City chairman, Devi Shetty; Maharashtra University of Health Sciences vice-chancellor, Deelip Govind Mhaisekar; chairman, managing director and chief cardiac surgeon of Medanta Health City, Naresh Trehan; professor and head of department of cardiothoracic surgery at R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Bhabatosh Biswas; and president of Public Health Foundation of India, K. Srinath Reddy as its members.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Politicians—including chief ministers and finance ministers—; retired civil servants; judges; and economists from South Indian states opposed the commission's terms of reference, as, it used the data of 2011census, instead of the data of 1971census, as previous commissions had. South Indian states believes that this would dilute the share of South India in the pool of union's tax revenue, because of its progressive measure in population control "vis-à-vis" the north since 1971. Kerala finance minister, T. M. Thomas Issac, proposed a meeting of finance ministers of the tenstates and union territories to discuss the commission's ToR. In response, Subhash Chandra Garg, Union Economic Affairs Secretary, said that the terms of reference were balanced and were "not oneway or the other", adding that according to the second provision of the ToR, states with a good total fertility rate—especially, the ones which had reached the replacement rate (2.1children perwoman)—would be incentivised. Garg's views were reiterated by the nation's finance minister and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Rajya Sabha leader, Arun Jaitley, who—in a Facebook post—said that the row over the commission's terms of reference was "needless" and could not have been "further from the truth". Prime minister and BJP Lok Sabha leader, Narendra Modi, said that vested interests were behind the allegations that the commission's terms of reference being biased against certain states and union territories and called such allegations "baseless".


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Finance ministers of the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh and the finance minister of the Union Territory of Puducherry met at a conclave in Kerala's capital, Thiruvananthapuram, in April 2018 and collectively denounced the commission's terms of reference, calling them to be in contradiction with the principles of federalism. Fivestate and twounion territory finance ministers met in Andhra Pradesh's capital, Amaravati, and drafted a memorandum to the president, Ram Nath Kovind, seeking changes in the commission's terms of reference. The group of finance ministers eventually met the president on 2018-05-17.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: In July 2018, the vice president, Venkaiah Naidu—in his capacity as the chairman of Rajya Sabha—asked the commission's chairman, N. K. Singh, if certain states would be penalised with the use of 2011census and was ensured by Singh that performing and progressive states would not be penalised by the commission.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) convener and the chief minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal, criticised the commission for treating the National Capital Territory of Delhi neither as a state nor as a union territory (UT), saying that the Delhi government deserved a grant from the union government if it qualified as a UT in the commission's eyes, else it deserved more devolution of union government's tax revenue as a state. Kejriwal added that the Government of Delhi would move to the Supreme Court of India on the matter. AAP national executive and political affairs committee member and Delhi deputy chief minister and finance minister, Manish Sisodia said that the terms of reference of the commission were "unfair"; Sisodia was a part of the group of state and union territory finance ministers who met with the president. In addition, AAP national joint secretary, Akshay Marathe said—citing Central Board of Direct Taxes figures—that the National Capital Territory of Delhi contributed as much as —or 13percent—of the nation's direct tax revenue and got around from the Government of India in return.


title: Fifteenth Finance Commission

text: Jammu and Kashmir finance minister, economist and Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party member, Haseeb Drabu, said, in an editorial in "Livemint" commented that the commission's ToR were outdated, and needed to be redrafted "to make the 15thFinance Commission a "secondgeneration" commission".


title: Suga Free

text: Dejuan Walker (born January 17, 1970), better known by his stage name Suga Free, is an American rapper from Pomona, California.


title: Suga Free

text: Suga Free was born in Gardena and raised in Oakland, California, later becoming based in Pomona, California.


title: Suga Free

text: He began his professional rapping career working with DJ Quik, with Quik serving as the producer on his debut album, "Street Gospel", released in 1997, which reached number 37 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.


title: Suga Free

text: He made guest appearances on Xzibit's "Restless" and Snoop Dogg's "Tha Last Meal" in 2000, and released a second album in 2004, "The New Testament", which peaked at number 72 on the "Billboard" 200. "Just Add Water" followed in 2006, described by AllMusic: ""Just Add Water" may not be the complete handbook to being a pimp, but it certainly is a kind of missive on the life of Suga Free". The album saw Suga described as "charismatic and funny, with a rapid- fire-yet-conversational style" by the "Chicago Tribune".


title: Chon (band)

text: Chon (sometimes stylized as CHON) was an American progressive rock and math rock band from Oceanside, California. Their music is largely instrumental with only a few songs containing vocal performances. The band consists of Mario Camarena (guitar), Erick Hansel (guitar), Esiah Camarena (bass) and Nathan Camarena (drums).


title: Chon (band)

text: In 2008, they began releasing demos via the internet. In 2010, the band began a brief hiatus, but reunited in 2011 to record two new songs, "O.G." and "Breathe". They returned in 2013 with the release of their debut EP entitled "Newborn Sun". In 2014, Chon released their second EP, entitled "Woohoo!" and embarked on two consecutive nationwide tours with Animals as Leaders.


title: Chon (band)

text: In December 2014, Chon signed with the record label Sumerian Records, and announced they would be releasing their debut full-length album the following year. On February 5, 2015, the band announced their debut full length titled "Grow" would be released in March 2015. On March 5, the band premiered their song "Can't Wait" from the album via Red Bull. They released the album on March 24. Eight days prior the band embarked on a 27 date tour supporting Circa Survive. On December 16, 2015, Chon announced their first full US headlining tour, titled the Super Chon Bros Tour, with accompanying bands Polyphia and Strawberry Girls. They sold out every single show on the tour. Chon was also an opening band during the Sonic Unrest Tour, featuring headliner Periphery, and bands Sikth and Toothgrinder.


title: Chon (band)

text: On November 8, 2015, Chon stated via their Twitter feed that they parted ways with Drew Pelisek due to 'artistic differences'. It was also confirmed by Drew on a personal account.


title: Chon (band)

text: They recorded their second album "Homey" with Anthony Crawford on bass. Since Pelisek's departure, Chon has had 3 touring bassists, including original bassist Esiah Camarena, who played bass during the "Journey's Unplugged" tour. Esiah returned as a full-time member of the band following his attendance on the "Robot With Human Hair Vs. Chonzilla" tour with Dance Gavin Dance.


title: Chon (band)

text: On May 16, 2022, Mario and Erick announced that the band was going on hiatus via their discord server.


title: Chon (band)

text: Chon endorses Ibanez guitars and Overdrive Straps guitar straps. Guitarist Mario Camarena currently plays his signature Ibanez guitar, the MAR10, which is based on an Ibanez AZ series prototype in pink with a white pickguard. Earlier, he used the pink prototype in addition to a white Ibanez AZ prototype that went on to become a regular AZ Prestige model, as well as an Ibanez RG652fx with a custom floral print (including a black version of Yoshi, which Mario uses as his main character in the video game Super Smash Bros.), and an Ibanez S5521Q. He could also often be seen playing a custom Ibanez RG created by Seth Hollander.


title: Chon (band)

text: Before Chon's "Homey" album, Mario used a Vox AC30 tube amplifier and a Fender Super Sonic but has now switched to a Matchless amplifier. Erick Hansel primarily plays his signature Ibanez guitar, the EH10, which is based on the Ibanez AZ series. Earlier, he used a dark blue Ibanez AZ prototype, an RG652FX with a custom paint dip, an RG321MH (on early albums and performances), and an Ibanez Talman Prestige. Recently, Erick has been seen with either a Vox AC30 or a Matchless amplifier. Chon's early work was known to largely shun the use of effects pedals, but the band has since started experimenting heavily with pedals during the writing process for Homey.


title: Chon (band)

text: In the early days the band were influenced by metal bands such as Necrophagist and post-hardcore band The Fall of Troy, but the band have also listed pianists such as Hiromi Uehara, Tigran Hamasyan, and Alex Argento as influences in their sound. Chon's music was noted for its use of complex harmony with heavy emphasis on extended chords, as well as the odd time signatures and polyrhythms typical of the progressive rock genre. Their second album, "Homey", saw the band incorporating elements of trip-hop and electronic music, which can be heard in tracks such as 'Nayhoo.'


title: Salicornia

text: Salicornia is a genus of succulent, halophytic (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. "Salicornia" species are native to North America, Europe, Central Asia, and southern Africa. Common names for the genus include glasswort, pickleweed, picklegrass, and marsh samphire; these common names are also used for some species not in "Salicornia". To French speakers in Atlantic Canada, they are known colloquially as "titines de souris" ('mouse tits'). The main European species is often eaten, called marsh samphire in Britain, and the main North American species is occasionally sold in grocery stores or appears on restaurant menus as sea beans, samphire greens or sea asparagus.


title: Salicornia

text: The "Salicornia" species are small annual herbs. They grow prostrate to erect, their simple or branched stems are succulent, hairless, and appear to be jointed. The opposite leaves are strongly reduced to small fleshy scales with a narrow dry margin, hairless, unstalked and united at the base, thus enclosing and forming a succulent sheath around the stem, which gives it the appearance of being composed of jointed segments. Many species are green, but their foliage turns red in autumn. Older stems may be somewhat woody basally.


title: Salicornia

text: All stems terminate in spike-like apparently jointed inflorescences. Each joint consists of two opposite minute bracts with an (1-) 3-flowered cyme tightly embedded in cavities of the main axis and partly hidden by the bracts. The flowers are arranged in a triangle, both lateral flowers beneath the central flower. The hermaphrodite flowers are more or less radially symmetric, with a perianth of three fleshy tepals united nearly to the apex. There are 1–2 stamens and an ovary with two stigmas.


title: Salicornia

text: The perianth is persistent in fruit. The fruit wall (pericarp) is membranous. The vertical seed is ellipsoid, with yellowish brown, membranous, hairy seed coat. The seed contains no perisperm (feeding tissue).


title: Salicornia

text: Like most members of the subfamily Salicornioideae, "Salicornia" species use the C carbon fixation pathway to take in carbon dioxide from the surrounding atmosphere.


title: Salicornia

text: The genus "Salicornia" was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus. "Salicornia europaea" was selected as the type species.


title: Salicornia

text: The genus probably originated during the Miocene in the region between the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia. Evolving from within the perennial and frost-sensitive former genus "Sarcocornia" (now shown to be paraphyletic), the annual, strongly inbreeding and frost-tolerant "Salicornia" diversified during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. By events of intercontinental dispersals, they reached southern Africa twice and North America at least three times. Two tetraploid lineages expanded rapidly, with the ability to colonize lower belts of the salt marshes than their diploid relatives. Inbreeding and geographical isolation led to a large number of reproductive isolated species that are only weakly differentiated.


title: Salicornia

text: The taxonomic classification of this genus is extremely difficult (with one paper calling it a "taxonomic nightmare"). The determination of species seems almost impossible for non-specialists. The reasons for these difficulties are the reduced habit with weak morphological differentiation and high phenotypic variability. As the succulent plants lose their characteristics while drying, herbarium specimens often cannot be determined with certainty and are less suited for taxonomic studies.


title: Salicornia

text: Molecular phylogenetic studies have regularly revised the circumscription of the genus. It was considered distinct from "Sarcocornia" in 2007 and 2012 studies. A 2017 study resulted in "Sarcocornia" being sunk into "Salicornia", substantially increasing the size of the genus, which was divided into four subgenera.


title: Salicornia

text: The species of "Salicornia" are widely distributed over the Northern Hemisphere and in southern Africa, ranging from the subtropics to subarctic regions. There is one species present in New Zealand but the genus is absent from Australia and South America.


title: Salicornia

text: They grow in coastal salt marshes and in inland salty habitats like shores of salt lakes. "Salicornia" species are halophytes and can generally tolerate immersion in salt water (hygrohalophytes).


title: Salicornia

text: "Salicornia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the "Coleophora" case-bearers "C. atriplicis" and "C. salicorniae"; the latter feeds exclusively on "Salicornia" spp.


title: Salicornia

text: "S. europaea" is edible, either cooked or raw, as are "S. rubra" and "S. depressa". In England, "S. europaea" is one of several plants known as "samphire" (including rock samphire); the term samphire is believed to be a corruption of the French name, "[herbe de] Saint-Pierre", which means "St. Peter's herb".


title: Salicornia

text: In Hawaii, where it is known as 'sea asparagus', it is often blanched and used as a topping for salads or accompaniment for fish.


title: Salicornia

text: In addition to "S. europaea", the seeds of "S. bigelovii" yield an edible oil. "S. bigelovii"'s edibility is compromised somewhat because it contains saponins, which are toxic under certain conditions.


title: Salicornia

text: Umari keerai is cooked and eaten or pickled. It is also used as fodder for cattle, sheep and goats. In Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka, it is used to feed donkeys.


title: Salicornia

text: On the east coast of Canada, the plant is known as 'samphire greens' and is a local delicacy. In southeast Alaska, it is known as beach asparagus. In Nova Scotia, Canada, they are known as crow's foot greens. In British Columbia, they are known as sea asparagus. In the United States, they are known as 'sea beans' when used for culinary purposes. Other names include sea green bean, sea pickle, and marsh samphire.


title: Salicornia

text: In India, researchers at the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute developed a process to yield culinary salt from "S. brachiata." The resulting product is known as "vegetable salt" and sold under the brand name Saloni.


title: Salicornia

text: Dehydrated, pulverized "Salicornia" is sold under the brand name "Green Salt" as a salt substitute claimed to be as salty in taste as table salt, but with less sodium.


title: Salicornia

text: In South Korea, Phyto Corporation has developed a technology of extracting low-sodium salt from "S. europaea", a salt-accumulating plant. The company claims that the naturally derived plant salt is effective in treating high blood pressure and fatty liver disease by reducing sodium intake. The company has also developed a desalted "Salicornia" powder containing antioxidative and antithrombus polyphenols, claimed to be effective in treating obesity and arteriosclerosis, as well as providing a means to help resolve global food shortages.


title: Salicornia

text: Pickleweed is used in phytoextraction. It is highly effective at removing selenium from soil, which is absorbed by the plant and then released into the atmosphere to be dispersed by prevailing winds. Pickleweed ("S. bigelovii") has been found to have average volatilization rates 10–100 times higher than other species.


title: Salicornia

text: The ashes of glasswort and saltwort plants and of kelp were long used as a source of soda ash (mainly sodium carbonate) for glassmaking and soapmaking. The introduction of the LeBlanc process for industrial production of soda ash superseded the use of plant sources in the first half of the 19th century.


title: Salicornia

text: Because "S. bigelovii" can be grown using saltwater and its seeds contain high levels of unsaturated oil (30 wt. %, mostly linoleic acid) and protein (35 wt. %), it can be used to produce animal feedstuff and as a biofuel feedstock on coastal land where conventional crops cannot be grown. Adding nitrogen-based fertiliser to the seawater appears to increase the rate of growth and the eventual height of the plant, and the effluent from marine aquaculture (e.g. shrimp farming) is a suggested use for this purpose.


title: Salicornia

text: Experimental fields of "Salicornia" have been planted in Ras al-Zawr (Saudi Arabia), Eritrea (northeast Africa) and Sonora (northwest Mexico) aimed at the production of biodiesel. The company responsible for the Sonora trials (Global Seawater) claims between 225 and 250 gallons of BQ-9000 biodiesel can be produced per hectare (approximately 2.5 acres) of salicornia, and is promoting a $35 million scheme to create a salicornia farm in Bahia de Kino.


title: Salicornia

text: Stems and roots of "S. brachiata" plants have a high cellulose content (ca. 30 wt. %), whereas tender stem tips exhibit a low cellulose content (9.2 wt. %). "S. brachiata" revealed the dominance of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucose, with meager presence of ribose and xylose in their structural polysaccharide.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: The second season of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants", created by Stephen Hillenburg, aired on Nickelodeon from October 20, 2000, to July 26, 2003, and consists of 20 half-hour episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The season was executive produced by series creator Hillenburg, who also acted as the showrunner.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: During the season's run, "SpongeBob SquarePants" became Nickelodeon's 2 children's program, behind "Rugrats". Nearly 40 percent of "SpongeBob"s audience of 2.2 million were aged 18 to 34. The show signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King, expanding its merchandising, and SpongeBob's popularity translated well into sales figures. In 2002, the show was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children's Program. Tom Kenny and Mary Jo Catlett were individually nominated at the 29th Annie Awards for their voice performances as SpongeBob and Mrs. Puff, respectively. Peter Straus and Paul Tibbitt were also nominated at the ceremony for their work on the "Christmas Who?" special. The episodes "The Secret Box" and "Band Geeks" won at the 2002 Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television—Animation, while the episodes "Jellyfish Hunter" and "The Fry Cook Games" received a nomination for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation—Music category.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released. The "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 2nd Season" DVD was released in Region 1 on October 19, 2004, Region 2 on October 23, 2006, and Region 4 on November 30, 2006.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: The season aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom, and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon Animation Studio. The season's executive producer was series creator Stephen Hillenburg, who also functioned as the series' showrunner. During production of the previous season, Nickelodeon picked up a second season for "SpongeBob SquarePants" on August 31, 1999. The season premiered more than a year later, on October 20, 2000. Season production assistant Derek Iversen commented, "We hoped it would go one season. We hoped it would go two seasons. I figured you do the best you can and you hope."


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: In this season, production switched from cel animation, used during the first season, to digital ink and paint. Executive producer Paul Tibbitt, in 2009, said "The first season of "SpongeBob" was done the old-fashioned way on cells, and every cell had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colours. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct." The animation was handled overseas in South Korea at Rough Draft Studios. Animation directors credited with episodes in the second season included Sean Dempsey, Edgar Larrazabal, Larry Leichliter, Andrew Overtoom, Leonard Robinson, Frank Weiss, and Tom Yasumi. The season was storyboarded by Walt Dohrn, C.H. Greenblatt, Chris Headrick, Chuck Klein, Carson Kugler, Jay Lender, Caleb Meurer, Dan Povenmire, William "Bill" Reiss, Octavio Rodriguez, Jim Schumann, Aaron Springer, Paul Tibbitt, and Erik Wiese.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Dohrn, David Fain, Greenblatt, Mr. Lawrence, Lender, Mark O'Hare, Povenmire, William Reiss, Springer, Tibbitt, and Merriwether Williams. During the season, the writing staff used their individual childhood experiences as inspirations to come up with much of the story lines for individual episodes. For example, in the episode "Sailor Mouth", SpongeBob learns profanity. The idea for the episode was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon's experience "[when] I got in trouble for saying the f-word in front of my mother." Drymon said, "The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life." The end of the episode, where Mr. Krabs uses more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, was also inspired "by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself." In "The Secret Box", SpongeBob wants to see what is inside Patrick's secret box. The idea came to Drymon because he too had a secret box as a child. Creator Hillenburg said, "[He] started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him "and" use it."


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: The second season featured Tom Kenny as the voice of the title character SpongeBob SquarePants and his pet snail Gary. SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star, was voiced by Bill Fagerbakke, while Rodger Bumpass played the voice of Squidward Tentacles, an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus. Other members of the cast were Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money and SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab; Mr. Lawrence as Plankton, a small green copepod and Mr. Krabs' business rival; Jill Talley as Karen, Plankton's sentient computer sidekick; Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas; Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff, SpongeBob's boating school teacher; and Lori Alan as Pearl, a teenage whale who is Mr. Krabs' daughter.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: Season two introduced various characters that would recur throughout the series. Mr. Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth" and was voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt. However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005. In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", SpongeBob's voice actor, Tom Kenny, portrayed Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional "SpongeBob SquarePants" fan club, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot. After Hillenburg's departure from the show as showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: In addition to the regular cast members, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, and artists. American rock band Ween guest starred as themselves in "Your Shoe's Untied". The band performed "Loop de Loop", a song they wrote for the episode. Before "SpongeBob SquarePants" aired on television in 1999, Hillenburg had approached band guitarist Dean Ween to compose a song for the show. Dean Ween said "[Hillenburg] called me and told me [he] was a marine biologist who was starting a cartoon about underwater sea creatures and that "The Mollusk" was a big reference point for him creatively and would we like to do a song for the show." The band conceived the song and wrote it in about three minutes. Ween's 1997 song "Ocean Man" would also be used four years later during the end credits sequence in "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie", and as part of the film's soundtrack. In the episode "Bossy Boots", American band The Capsules performed the song "Bossy Boots", which was later released on "" in 2005. In "Bubble Buddy", professional American surfer Corky Carroll made a vocal cameo as Grubby Grouper, a famous surfer. It also stars Brad Abrell as titular character Bubble Buddy. "Grandma's Kisses" features Marion Ross as SpongeBob's grandmother. She would reprise her role throughout the series, including the fifth-season episode "BlackJack". In the entry "Pre-Hibernation Week", where Sandy and SpongeBob play extreme sporting games, American heavy metal band Pantera appeared as themselves for a special musical performance. "McHale's Navy" actors Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway returned in the episode "Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III", reprising their roles as Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, respectively. John Rhys-Davies also guest starred in the same episode as the heroes' nemesis, Man Ray. Brian Doyle-Murray reprised his role as the Flying Dutchman for "Your Shoe's Untied" and "Shanghaied". Various other characters were voiced by voice acting veterans Dee Bradley Baker, Thomas F. Wilson and Clea Lewis.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: Since "SpongeBob SquarePants" made its debut in 1999, the show had flourished into Nickelodeon's number 2 children's program, after "Rugrats". Nearly 40 percent of the show's audience of 2.2 million were aged 18 to 34. As a result, Nickelodeon moved the show from Saturday morning to a much more valuable timeslot: almost-prime time, appearing at 6 p.m., from Monday through Thursday. In 2001, Nickelodeon took the "Saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fourth straight season, grabbing a 4.8 rating/21 share (1.9 million viewers) in two- to eleven-year-olds, jumping 17% from the previous year.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: "SpongeBob SquarePants" signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King, expanding its merchandising. Furthermore, the popularity of SpongeBob translated well into sales figures. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week, which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted women in Japan as a way of marketing the "SpongeBob SquarePants" brand. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan, as the character's design is very different from popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu, but SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan among women. Ratings and merchandise sales showed "SpongeBob SquarePants" had caught on with parents and with the college audience. In a promotion, college-oriented website Music.com gave away 80,000 "SpongeBob" T-shirts, four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central's "South Park".


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: Like the first season, the second season received widespread critical acclaim from critics and fans. In 2002, the show itself was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children's Program. At the 29th Annie Awards, the series was nominated three times, including Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female and Male Performer in an Animated Television Production categories for Mary Jo Catlett for her role as Mrs. Puff in "No Free Rides" and Tom Kenny for his role as SpongeBob SquarePants in "Wormy", respectively. Peter Straus and Paul Tibbitt were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement for a Song in an Animated Production for their song "The Very First Christmas" that was featured in "Christmas Who?" In 2002, the episodes "The Secret Box" and "Band Geeks" won at the Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television—Animation, while the episodes "Jellyfish Hunter" and "The Fry Cook Games" received a nomination for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation—Music category.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: In his review for "The Spokesman-Review", Isamu Jordan said, "I'll be honest. I dig the little yellow dude who lives in a pineapple under the sea quite a bit for his absurdity À la "Ren and Stimpy"." He said that "season two is worth having in your or your kid's SpongeBob collection" given that the episodes "Krusty Love", "Squid's Day Off", and "Mermaidman and Barnacleboy III" are on the set. Jason Bovberg of the DVD Talk wrote that the season release is "recommended." He said "Let me state up front that I adore this show. I get a total kick out of watching it with my 4-year-old daughter. We laugh uproariously at SpongeBob's adventures and I'm helplessly reduced to a boy about her age as I beam and giggle at the screen." However, Bovberg called the included audio commentaries "downright boring." Various celebrities—including Lance Bass of 'N Sync, Will Ferrell of "Saturday Night Live", singer-songwriter Tom Waits, and Jerry Lewis—admitted they were fans of the show.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: During the 2001–02 television season, the Parents Television Council (PTC), a watchdog media group, named "SpongeBob SquarePants" among the best programs on cable television. However, according to a report titled "Wolves in Sheep's Clothing", which documents the increase in potentially violent, profane, and sexual content in children's programming, the PTC and fans believed the episode "Sailor Mouth", which originally aired during the 2001–02 season, was an implicit attempt to promote and satirize use of profanity among children. The report cited a repeat broadcast of the episode from 2005 to prove its point that it promoted use of profanity among children. In a later report, several members of the PTC listed "Sailor Mouth" as an example of how levels of profane, sexual, and violent activity has increased in children's television programming. Nickelodeon, in response to the incident, said "It's sad and a little desperate that they stooped to literally putting profane language in the mouths of our characters to make a point. Has the FCC looked at this?" Richard Huff of the "New York Daily News" criticized the report for misinterpreting the episode over its intent to satirize profanity implicitly.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: The episodes are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)

text: The DVD boxset for season two was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada on October 19, 2004, one year after the season had completed broadcast on television. The DVD release features bonus materials including audio commentaries, storyboards, and featurettes. In 2005, the DVD compilation was nominated at the 9th Golden Satellite Awards for Best Youth DVD, although did not win.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: Jonas Jerebko (; born March 2, 1987) is a Swedish professional basketball player. He was selected as the 39th overall pick in the second round of the 2009 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons, becoming the second Swedish-born basketball player (after Miles Simon) to be selected in the NBA draft. Jerebko played a total of 10 seasons in the NBA with four different teams, the Detroit Pistons, Boston Celtics, Utah Jazz and Golden State Warriors. Jerebko most recently played for Russian club Khimki, where he spent two seasons.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: As a child growing up in Sweden, Jerebko was involved in many sports, but he excelled at basketball. Having parents who played basketball was good for Jerebko because there was very little interest in the game among his friends.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: In 2005, Jerebko signed to play basketball at the University at Buffalo in his father's hometown. Ultimately, he gave up a basketball scholarship for a professional career.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: Jerebko began his career playing with second-tiered Swedish club Borås Basket in the 2005–06 season before joining first-tiered Swedish club Plannja Basket for the 2006–07 season. He averaged 20.0 points, 11.6 rebounds and 2.6 blocks in 19 games for Borås, and 10.0 points and 5.0 rebounds in 22 games for Plannja.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: In 2007, Jerebko moved to Italy where he joined Angelico Biella, playing for the club for two seasons.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: In May 2009, ESPN analyst Fran Fraschilla considered Jerebko one of the top five European prospects in the 2009 NBA draft. He was subsequently selected with the 39th overall pick by the Detroit Pistons, becoming the second Swedish national player to be selected in the NBA after the Swedish-born American Miles Simon. His career in the NBA got off to a rough-and-tumble start; in a preseason game, Jerebko was accused of punching NBA veteran Jamaal Magloire in the face. Both players were suspended for the opening game of the regular season game for the ensuing fight. Jerebko's hustle and determination early on in 2009–10 made him a fan favorite. He was selected as a member of the Rookie Team as part of the 2010 Rookie Challenge and Youth Jam during the NBA All-Star Weekend. He appeared in 80 games (73 starts) for the Pistons as a rookie, averaging 9.3 points (.481 FG, .313 3FG), 6.0 rebounds, 0.7 assists and 0.99 steals in 27.9 minutes per game. He was among NBA rookie leaders ranked third in rebounds (6.0 rpg), fourth in blocks (0.36 bpg), fifth in minutes (27.9 mpg), eighth in steals (0.99 spg), 10th in scoring (9.3 ppg) and T-18 in assists (0.7 apg). His 73 games as a starter ranks second in franchise history amongst rookies behind Kelly Tripucka who started all 82 games during the 1981–82 season.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On October 5, 2010, Jerebko strained his right Achilles' tendon in a preseason game against the Miami Heat. He subsequently missed the entire 2010–11 season.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On February 19, 2015, Jerebko was traded, along with Luigi Datome, to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Tayshaun Prince.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On July 12, 2018, Jerebko signed with the Golden State Warriors. On October 19, he tipped in a shot against his former team with 0.3 seconds remaining to lift the Warriors to a 124–123 victory over the Jazz. On November 13, he posted his 11th career double-double with season bests of 14 points and 14 rebounds in a 110–103 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On December 22, he scored a career-high 23 points on 10-for-12 shooting with six rebounds in 21 minutes off the bench in a 120–116 win over the Dallas Mavericks. The Warriors made it to the 2019 NBA Finals, where they were defeated by the Toronto Raptors in six games.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On August 14, 2019, Jerebko signed with Khimki of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague. On January 23, 2021, Khimki terminated the contract of Jerebko, reportedly due to personal reasons.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On March 30, 2022, Jerebko signed with CSKA Moscow for the rest of the season. The news of the signing one month after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine met with widespread criticism in his home country Sweden. He was swiftly suspended from the Sweden national team, and at least one of his main sponsors terminated his contract.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: Jerebko debuted for the Swedish national team as an 18-year-old, and has since played for them at the 2013 EuroBasket, 2022 EuroBasket qualifiers, and 2023 World Cup qualifiers. Following his decision of joining CSKA Moscow in the spring of 2022, Jerebko was expelled by the Swedish national team.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: Jerebko is the son of former Syracuse forward Chris Jerebko, a Russian American who played professionally in Sweden with Borås Basket for five seasons before settling in that country. Jerebko's mother also played basketball professionally. Jerebko and his wife Johanna have two daughters and one son.


title: Jonas Jerebko

text: On August 26, 2016, Jerebko purchased the Renegades Esports organization from Chris Badawi and Christopher "MonteCristo" Mykles.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: The People's Republic of the Congo () was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that existed in the Republic of the Congo from 1969 to 1992.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 as the first Marxist-Leninist state in Africa three months after the government of Alphonse Massamba-Débat was overthrown in the September 1968 coup d'état. The ruling Congolese Party of Labour (, "PCT") appointed Marien Ngouabi as president who established the Congo as a one-party communist government aligned with the Soviet Union. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and succeeded by Joachim Yhombi-Opango until he was overthrown in 1979. Denis Sassou Nguesso succeeded Yhombi-Opango, confirmed the PCT's rule in the Congo with a new constitution, formed closer relations with France, and allowed greater foreign investment in the country. The People's Republic of the Congo transitioned into a capitalist multi-party democracy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, restoring the country's earlier name and flag, and ceased to exist by March 1992. André Milongo was appointed as transitional prime minister while Sassou remained as president.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: The People's Republic of the Congo had 2,153,685 inhabitants in 1988. There were 15 ethnic groups, although most people were Kongo, Sangha, M'Bochi, or Teke. 8,500 Europeans were present as well, mostly of French extraction. French was the official language, but other recognized languages included Kituba and Lingala. Most of the population was centered in urban areas such as Brazzaville. Literacy was 80%, but infant mortality was also high.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who became the president of the Republic of the Congo in 1963, was the first African head of state who proclaimed himself openly a Marxist. He established a single-party system in 1964 around his own political group, the National Revolution Movement "(Mouvement National de la Révolution)". Massamba-Débat was elected Secretary General of the National Revolution Movement while Ambroise Noumazalaye became its First Secretary. The Congolese single party was backed by a well-armed popular militia, the "Défense Civile", headed by Ange Diawara. However, by 1968 mounting protests led Massamba-Débat to imprison one of its leaders, Captain Marien Ngouabi.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: Seeing that the militant leftist opposition was not giving up, Massamba-Débat ended up yielding and proclaimed an amnesty, freeing Marien Ngouabi, among other political prisoners in mid-1968. Following the amnesty Massamba-Débat relinquished his power in September giving way to a period of instability. Finally on 31 December 1968 Marien Ngouabi became the head of state. The new leader officially proclaimed a socialist-oriented state in the form of a "Popular Republic" on 31 December 1969. The administration became strongly centralized in Brazzaville and the main government posts were taken over by Congolese Workers' Party—"Parti congolais du travail (PCT)"—cadres after abolishing the national assembly of the previous republic. The Marxist–Leninist PCT held a constitutive congress in the capital from 29 to 31 December 1969, becoming the sole party of the new state. Marien Ngouabi further introduced a number of communist policies—such as nationalizing the means of production—in the succeeding years. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and was succeeded by colonel Joachim Yhombi-Opango, who ruled until February 1979, when Denis Sassou-Nguesso rose to power.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: In the same manner as other African communist states of the Cold War era, the People's Republic of the Congo shared close ties with the Soviet Union. This association remained strong after Ngouabi's assassination in 1977. However, the PCT government also maintained a close relationship with France throughout its existence.


title: People's Republic of the Congo

text: In mid-1991, the Sovereign National Conference removed the word "populaire" ("People's") from the country's official name, while also replacing the flag and anthem that had been used under the PCT government. The Sovereign National Conference ended the PCT government, appointing a transitional Prime Minister, André Milongo, who was invested with executive powers. President Denis Sassou Nguesso was allowed to remain in office in a ceremonial capacity during the transitional period.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur. Due to the lack of blood flow, the bone dies (osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis) and stops growing. Over time, healing occurs by new blood vessels infiltrating the dead bone and removing the necrotic bone which leads to a loss of bone mass and a weakening of the femoral head.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: The condition is most commonly found in children between the ages of 4 and 8, but it can occur in children between the ages of 2 and 15. It can produce a permanent deformity of the femoral head, which increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in adults. Perthes is a form of osteochondritis which affects only the hip. Bilateral Perthes, which means both hips are affected, should always be investigated to rule out multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: The condition is most commonly found in children between the ages of 4 and 10. Common symptoms include pain in the hip, knee, or ankle (since hip pathology can cause pain to be felt in a normal knee or ankle), or in the groin; this pain is exacerbated by hip or leg movement, especially internal hip rotation (with the knee flexed 90°, twisting the lower leg away from the center of the body). The range of motion is reduced, particularly in abduction and internal rotation, and the patient presents with a limp. Pain is usually mild. Atrophy of thigh muscles may occur from disuse and an inequality of leg length. In some cases, some activity can cause severe irritation or inflammation of the damaged area, including standing, walking, running, kneeling, or stooping repeatedly for an extended period of time. In cases exhibiting severe femoral osteonecrosis, pain is usually a chronic, throbbing sensation exacerbated by activity.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: The first signs are complaints of soreness from the child, which are often dismissed as growing pains, and limping or other guarding of the joint, particularly when tired. The pain is usually in the hip, but can also be felt in the knee (referred pain). In some cases, pain is felt in the unaffected hip and leg, due to the children favoring their injured side and placing the majority of their weight on their "good" leg. It is predominantly a disease of boys (4:1 ratio). Perthes is generally diagnosed between 5 and 12 years of age, although it has been diagnosed as early as 18 months. Typically, the disease is only seen in one hip, but bilateral Perthes is seen in about 10% of children diagnosed.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Perthes disease is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur. Due to the lack of blood flow, the bone dies (osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis) and stops growing.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Legg believed the cause was impairment of blood supply to the femoral epiphysis, Calvé believed rickets, and Perthes deduced an infection possibly causing degenerative arthritis leads to LCP disease. Currently, a number of factors have been implicated, including heredity, trauma, endocrine dysfunction, inflammation, nutrition, and altered circulatory hemodynamics.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Risk factors are not limited to impaired and disproportionate growth, low birth weight, delayed skeletal maturity, short stature, systemic hormonal changes, and low economic index. Although no one has identified the cause of Perthes disease, a reduction in blood flow to the joint is known.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: The disease is theorized to include the artery of the ligamentum teres femoris being constricted or even blocked too early, not allowing for time when the medial circumflex femoral artery takes over. The medial circumflex femoral artery is the principal source of blood supply to the femoral head. LCP disease is a vascular restrictive condition of idiopathic nature. Symptoms like femoral head disfigurement, flattening, and collapse occur typically between ages four and ten, mostly male children of Caucasian descent. Children affected by LCP disease often display uneven gait and limited range of motion, and they experience mild to severe pain in the groin area. For example, a child may be six years old chronologically but may have grown only four years old in terms of bone maturity. The child may then engage in activities appropriate for a six-year-old child, but lacking the bone strength of an older child, these activities may lead to flattening or fracture of the hip joint. Genetics do not appear to be a determining factor, but a deficiency of blood factors with anticoagulant property used to disperse blood clots may lead to blockages in the vessels supplying the joint. A deficiency of protein C and protein S, which also act as blood anticoagulants, may also exist; if that were the case, their deficiency could cause clot formation in ligamentum teres femoris artery and hinder blood supply to the femoral head. However, no evidence of this has been found; over the years, many theories have been published, but none has stood up to professional research.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Over time, healing occurs by new blood vessels infiltrating the dead bone and removing the necrotic bone which leads to a loss of bone mass and a weakening of the femoral head. The bone loss leads to some degree of collapse and deformity of the femoral head and sometimes secondary changes to the shape of the hip socket.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: It is also referred to as idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis of the femoral head since the cause of the interruption of the blood supply of the head of the femur in the hip joint is unknown.Perthes can produce a permanent deformity of the femoral head, which increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in adults. Perthes is a form of osteochondritis which only affects the hip, although other forms of osteochondritis can affect elbows, knees, ankles, and feet. Bilateral Perthes, which means both hips are affected, should always be investigated thoroughly to rule out multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: X-rays of the hip may suggest and/or verify the diagnosis. X-rays usually demonstrate a flattened, and later fragmented, femoral head. A bone scan or MRI may be useful in making the diagnosis in those cases where X-rays are inconclusive. Usually, plain radiographic changes are delayed six weeks or more from clinical onset, so bone scintigraphy and MRI are done for early diagnosis. MRI results are more accurate, i.e. 97–99% against 88–93% in plain radiography. If MRI or bone scans are necessary, a positive diagnosis relies upon patchy areas of vascularity to the capital femoral epiphysis (the developing femoral head).


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: The goals of treatment are to decrease pain, reduce the loss of hip motion, and prevent or minimize permanent femoral head deformity so that the risk of developing a severe degenerative arthritis as adult can be reduced. Assessment by a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon is recommended to evaluate risks and treatment options. Younger children have a better prognosis than older children.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Treatment has historically centered on removing mechanical pressure from the joint until the disease has run its course. Options include traction (to separate the femur from the pelvis and reduce wear), braces (often for several months, with an average of 18 months) to restore range of motion, physiotherapy, and surgical intervention when necessary because of permanent joint damage. To maintain activities of daily living, custom orthotics may be used. Overnight traction may be used in lieu of walking devices or in combination. These devices internally rotate the femoral head and abduct the leg(s) at 45°. Orthoses can start as proximal as the lumbar spine, and extend the length of the limbs to the floor. Most functional bracing is achieved using a waist belt and thigh cuffs derived from the Scottish-Rite orthosis. These devices are typically prescribed by a physician and implemented by an orthotist. Clinical results of the Scottish Rite orthosis have not been good according to some studies, and its use has gone out of favor. Many children, especially those with the onset of the disease before age 6, need no intervention at all and are simply asked to refrain from contact sports or games which impact the hip. For older children (onset of Perthes after age 6), the best treatment option remains unclear. Current treatment options for older children over age 8 include prolonged periods without weight bearing, osteotomy (femoral, pelvic, or shelf), and the hip distraction method using an external fixator which relieves the hip from carrying the body's weight. This allows room for the top of the femur to regrow.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: While running and high-impact sports are not recommended during treatment for Perthes disease, children can remain active through a variety of other activities that limit mechanical stress on the hip joint. Swimming is highly recommended, as it allows exercise of the hip muscles with full range of motion while reducing the stress to a minimum. Cycling is another good option as it also keeps stress to a minimum. Physiotherapy generally involves a series of daily exercises, with weekly meetings with a physiotherapist to monitor progress. These exercises focus on improving and maintaining a full range of motion of the femur within the hip socket. Performing these exercises during the healing process is essential to ensure that the femur and hip socket have a perfectly smooth interface. This will minimize the long-term effects of the disease. Use of bisphosphonate such as zoledronate or ibandronate is currently being investigated, but definite recommendations are not yet available.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Perthes disease is self-limiting, but if the head of femur is left deformed, long-term problems can occur. Treatment is aimed at minimizing damage while the disease runs its course, not at 'curing' the disease. It is recommended not to use steroids or alcohol as these reduce oxygen in the blood which is needed in the joint. As those affected age, problems in the knee and back can arise secondary to abnormal posture and stride adopted to protect the affected joint. The condition is also linked to arthritis of the hip, though this appears not to be an inevitable consequence. Hip replacements are relatively common as the already damaged hip experiences routine wear; this varies by individual, but generally is required any time after age 50.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Children younger than six have the best prognosis, since they have time for the dead bone to revascularize and remodel, with a good chance that the femoral head will recover and remain spherical after resolution of the disease. Children who have been diagnosed with Perthes' disease after the age of ten are at a very high risk of developing osteoarthritis and coxa magna. When an LCP disease diagnosis occurs after age eight, a better outcome results with surgery rather than nonoperative treatments. Shape of femoral head at the time when Legg-Calvé Perthes disease heals is the most important determinant of risk for degenerative arthritis; hence, the shape of femoral head and congruence of hip are most useful outcome measures.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Perthes' disease is one of the most common hip disorders in young children, occurring in roughly 5.5 of 100,000 children per year. The lifetime risk of a child developing the disease is about one per 1,200 individuals. Boys are affected about three to five times more often than girls. New cases of Perthes' disease rarely occur after age 14 years (if diagnosed after 14 years of age, then it is usually old disease from early in childhood or avascular necrosis from an alternative cause).


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: White northern Europeans appear to be affected more frequently than other ethnicities, though a paucity of reliable epidemiology exists in the Southern Hemisphere. Children of those with the disease themselves may have a very slightly increased risk, though it is unclear if this is because of a genetic predisposition, or a shared environmental factor. It is most commonly seen in persons aged three to twelve years, with a median of six years of age. The UK incidence rates show an intriguing pattern with low incidence rates in London, and a progressive increase in disease in more northerly areas (maximal in Scotland). Some evidence suggests, at least in developed countries, more socioeconomically deprived communities have a greater risk of disease (a similar trend to diseases such as adult heart disease), though the reason for this remains unknown. One possible explanation that has been considered is tobacco smoke exposure, though this is significantly confounded by the strong socioeconomic gradient common to both smoking and Perthes' disease.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: In the UK in 2016, a nationwide study began collecting details of every case of Perthes' disease as part of the British Orthopaedic Surgery Surveillance Study. This aims to get core information about the disease, prior to starting extensive clinical trials about the best forms of treatment. Every hospital in England, Scotland, and Wales which treats Perthes' disease is collecting details of new cases. This study is supported by Steps Charity Worldwide. The study is nationally approved by the UK ethics committee and NHS research approval teams in England, Scotland, and Wales. The study is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the Alder Hey Charity.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: LCP disease is an avascular necrosis of the femoral head in small-breed dogs, usually those weighing up to 25 lbs. LCP disease was first described in veterinary literature by Tutt in 1935. Tutt described the disease as almost exactly what Waldenstromin (1909) described in humans. Small breeds, particularly Toy Poodles, Yorkshire Terriers, Pugs, Jack Russell Terriers, West Highland White Terriers, and Dachshunds can be affected. No sex predilection is seen in the dog as contrasted to humans, in whom an 80% male incidence of the disease is evident. Similar to children, however, the condition is usually unilateral, with only about 10–15% incidence of bilateral disease. The age of onset varies between 4 and 12 months, with a peak incidence around 7 months. The pathology of avascular necrosis followed by revascularization and bony remodeling of the femoral head in the dog certainly suggests a vascular etiology, though the cause of the condition is not completely understood.


title: Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

text: Hip pain is usually seen by the age of 6 to 8 months. The disease is bilateral in 12–16% of cases. X-rays are necessary to make the diagnosis and show increased opacity and focal lysis in the head of the femur, and later in the disease, collapse and fracture of the neck of the femur. The recommended treatment is surgical removal of the head of the femur, but conservative treatment (rest, exercise restriction, and pain medication) may be effective in a limited number of cases (less than 25%, according to some studies). In dogs, the prognosis is excellent with surgery. Prednisolone tablets may also be helpful.


title: Tin Machine

text: Tin Machine were a British–American rock band formed in 1988, and fronted by English singer-songwriter David Bowie. The band consisted of Bowie on lead vocals, saxophone and guitar; Reeves Gabrels on guitar and vocals; Tony Fox Sales on bass and vocals; and Hunt Sales on drums and vocals. The Sales brothers had previously performed with Bowie and Iggy Pop during the 1977 tour for "The Idiot". Kevin Armstrong played additional guitar and keyboards on the band's first and second studio albums and first tour, and American guitarist Eric Schermerhorn played on the second tour and live album "" (1992).


title: Tin Machine

text: Hunt Sales said that the band's name "reflects the sound of the band," and Bowie stated that he and his band members joined up "to make the kind of music that we enjoyed listening to", and to rejuvenate himself artistically.


title: Tin Machine

text: The band recorded two studio albums and one live album before dissolving in 1992, after which Bowie returned to his solo career. By the end of 2012, they had sold two million albums. Bowie said Tin Machine helped revitalise his career.


title: Tin Machine

text: The album "Never Let Me Down" (1987) and subsequent Glass Spider Tour had left critics unimpressed, and Bowie was aware of his low standing. Eager to return to making music for himself rather than the mainstream audience he had acquired following the "Let's Dance" album,


title: Tin Machine

text: Bowie looked around for collaborators to work with. He briefly worked with Bon Jovi producer Bruce Fairbairn in Los Angeles, recording a few tracks, including a demo of "Lucy Can't Dance" (which was eventually re-recorded and released on Bowie's 1993 solo album "Black Tie White Noise") and a version of Bob Dylan's song "Like A Rolling Stone", but this did not bear much fruit, and the Dylan cover was passed to his friend Mick Ronson, where it was released on his posthumous album "Heaven and Hull" (1994). Soon after, Bowie began collaborating with Reeves Gabrels, who pushed the singer to rediscover his experimental side.


title: Tin Machine

text: Bowie and Gabrels had initially met through Gabrels' then-wife Sara Terry, who was part of the press staff for the North American leg of Bowie's 1987 Glass Spider world tour. The two men had struck up a friendship when Gabrels visited at several tour venues. Notably, their relationship began as a social one, as Gabrels didn't mention that he himself was a musician. Common interests in popular culture and the visual arts provided more than enough to talk about, Gabrels explained in later interviews, and also because he was in his wife's workplace, he felt it wasn't appropriate to bring up his own music. At the tour's end, Bowie kindly asked Terry if he could do anything for her. In response, Terry gave Bowie a tape of Gabrels' guitar playing. Months later, after listening to the tape, Bowie phoned Gabrels to invite him to get together to play and write. Bowie told him that he felt he had "lost his vision" and was looking for ways to get it back. After a month working together, Gabrels asked Bowie what he wanted of him, and, according to Gabrels, Bowie said "Basically, I need somebody that can do a combination of Beck, Hendrix, Belew and Fripp, with a little Stevie Ray Vaughan and Albert King thrown in. Then, when I’m not singing, you take the ball and do something with it, and when you hand the ball back to me, it might not even be the same ball."


title: Tin Machine

text: The first public fruits of Bowie and Gabrels working together came with a new arrangement by Gabrels of the song "Look Back in Anger" which Bowie had written with Brian Eno in 1979 for the album "Lodger". The occasion was a benefit show at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) on 1 July 1988 at which Bowie had been invited to perform with the avant-garde dance troupe La La La Human Steps. Bowie sang, played and danced with troupe members while in lighted grottoes upstage three musicians (Gabrels on guitar, Kevin Armstrong on guitar, and Erdal Kızılçay on bass) played the new minute score that Gabrels created from the 3-minute song; the new material included drums programmed by Kızılçay. "We went into the studio to rearrange it," said Bowie in a filmed interview; "I like the hard-edged wall of guitar sound that we put into it."


title: Tin Machine

text: Gabrels recalled that early on, they weren't sure who they'd work with. They discussed working with Terry Bozzio on drums and Percy Jones on bass. But Bowie, who had run into Tony Sales in Los Angeles at a wrap party for his Glass Spider Tour, convinced Tony to call his brother Hunt so they could work together again, as Tony and Hunt had performed with David Bowie in support of Iggy Pop in the late 1970s. Tony recalled that Bowie was "thinking about getting a band together — "something" together. He didn't know exactly what he wanted to do, but he wanted Hunt and I to meet Reeves and maybe we could all write together, come up with something."


title: Tin Machine

text: Bowie himself was surprised with how things came together with the band, saying, "I'd never wanted to be in a band until we got together. And as we were getting together, it wasn't really occurring to me that this is what I wanted to do. It took a week or so of actually being in the studio and working, and then I think we fully realized the potential, musically, for what we were doing and wanted to stick with it. I was quite happy to go off and make a solo album. I was quite excited about a couple of things I was doing, which I brought into the band and which were irrevocably changed. But that's the nature of the band."


title: Tin Machine

text: Bowie was pleased that the band members clicked, calling the ease at which the personalities came together "inspired guesswork". Hunt and Tony, the two sons of comic Soupy Sales, kept the mood jovial during recording sessions and interviews. Bowie later rejected the idea that Reeves, Hunt and Tony were backing members of his band. "The Sales brothers would never accept having another boss. They are far too stubborn and aware of their own needs. They're not in the market to be anybody's backing band, either of them. You do not fuck with the Sales brothers, or Reeves Gabrels." Gabrels said that Bowie came in one day while the group was first forming and said, "I think this has got to be a band. Everybody's got input. Everybody's writing. You guys don't listen to me anyway." The band split profits four ways, no one was on a salary and each member paid for his own expenses. Bowie also clarified that "the band will cease to exist the moment it ceases to be a musical experience for any of us. None of us wanted to get into the kind of situation where you find yourself making albums because you're contracted to." The group setup allowed Bowie a certain level of anonymity, and to that end, Bowie stipulated that all four members divide interviews equally between them and that in the cases where he was interviewed, that another member of the band be present as well. He made a point to clarify that he didn't invite the others to join "his" band, rather, "the band literally came together."


title: Tin Machine

text: The Sales brothers moved the tone of the sessions away from art-rock and more towards hard rock, and Bowie looked to one of his favorite bands at the time, Pixies, for inspiration. The Sales brothers heckled Bowie into greater spontaneity, with most songs recorded in one take, and lyrics left unpolished, thus giving the band a ragged, punk rock edge. On tour, Bowie said of the band and its music, "This is not music to get up and have breakfast to by any means. And we're not the most comfortable band in the world to watch. If you're looking for a dance band, we ain't it."


title: Tin Machine

text: In contemporary interviews, the band claimed their musical influences were Gene Krupa, Charlie Mingus, Jimi Hendrix, Glenn Branca, Mountain, Cream, and the Jeff Beck Group.


title: Tin Machine

text: According to Bowie, the group decided when they formed that they'd play from album to album, and that "if we were still getting on with each other – which was the priority – that we'd continue."


title: Tin Machine

text: The group chose the name Tin Machine after one of the songs they had written. Tony Sales joked that, as all four members were divorced when the band formed, originally the band was going to be called "The Four Divorcés" or "Alimony Inc." Gabrels suggested calling the band "White Noise", but Bowie dismissed it as too "racist". Other names that were considered and discarded included "Leather Weasel" and "The Emperor's New Clothes". Gabrels later elaborated on the real name choice, saying the band's name "worked on a number of levels for us. The archaic – the idea of tin, which is still everywhere: tin cans, when you go to the supermarket; when you walk down the street you find rusting tin. It's such a supposedly archaic material, but it's everywhere. Sort of like the idea of us playing this music and not using drum machines and sequencers and things like that. There's a point at which it connects. At least for us. And the final thing, for lack of a better name."


title: Tin Machine

text: The band's self-titled first album was recorded in late 1988 and early 1989. It produced mixed but generally positive reviews upon release in May 1989, picking up favourable comparisons with Bowie's two more recent solo albums. Commercially, the album initially sold well, reaching No. 3 in the UK Albums Chart, but sales quickly tailed off. Gabrels claimed in 1991 that album sales from the first album were "ten times better" than he had anticipated. At the time of the release of the album, Bowie was enthusiastic about the band and the work they'd done, and felt that band had in them "another two albums at least."


title: Tin Machine

text: Contrary to common reports, the band's first live performance together wasn't at the International Rock Awards Show on 31 May 1989. Prior to that show, the band played an unannounced show in Nassau. Bowie recalled "We showed up at a club in Nassau where we were recording and did four or five songs. We went down to the club and just did 'em." Added Gabrels, "We just walked up on stage and you could hear all these voices whispering, 'That's David Bowie! No, it can't be David Bowie, he's got a beard!'"


title: Tin Machine

text: The band recognized that some fans and critics didn't like Bowie's new role in the band. Said Tony Sales, "Mainly, people are pissed off because David's not doing 'David Bowie.'" Bowie confirmed that Tin Machine live shows would be "non-theatrical" in contrast to his most recent tour.


title: Tin Machine

text: The band undertook a low-key tour in small venues between 14 June and 3 July 1989, before further recording sessions in Sydney, Australia. During these sessions Tin Machine contributed to a surfing compilation album, "Beyond the Beach", with a new instrumental song titled "Needles on the Beach". A partial recording of their show from this tour recorded at La Cigale in Paris on 25 June 1989 was released digitally in August 2019.


title: Tin Machine

text: The group then went on hiatus while Bowie conducted his solo Sound+Vision Tour. In December 1990, Bowie split from EMI. Hunt Sales said that EMI "kind of freaked out a little bit at the strident, single-less Tin Machine debut", which partially explained why Bowie switched music labels. In March 1991, the band signed to Victory Music, a new label launched by JVC and distributed worldwide by London Records and PolyGram, and recorded more new material. This was combined with tracks from the Sydney sessions to form the "Tin Machine II" album. The album was described as "just as impure and twisted [as their first album], but more R&B and less abrasive." Gabrels explained the change between the first and second album was because by the second album, "we knew one another as musicians. ... It wasn't as dense. And we actually left more room, I think for David to come up with some interesting melodies. There was more room for vocals on this record."


title: Tin Machine

text: In late 1991 Bowie reiterated that he was still happy being in the band during that time, stating "I'm content. … I'm deriving a great deal of fulfillment from working with Tin Machine", and band-mate Gabrels agreed, saying "we're doing exactly what we wanted to do." During press performances for songs on the album, Gabrels played his guitar with a vibrator and for a performance on BBC's Top of the Pops, who banned the use of the vibrator, he mimed playing his guitar with a chocolate éclair.


title: Tin Machine

text: In early August 1991, the band began promotional performances for the album, starting with TV appearances in the UK. From 5 October 1991 to 17 February 1992, the group went on their It's My Life Tour, which was a longer tour than their first. The band was joined on this tour by guitarist Eric Schermerhorn. On 23 November 1991, the band was the musical guest during "Saturday Night Live"s 17th season.


title: Tin Machine

text: Tracks from the "It's My Life" tour were released on the July 1992 album "". The album did not sell well and there was speculation that the failure of this album to achieve commercial success was among the reasons that the band ultimately broke up. As early as 1990, Bowie knew he'd be going back to solo work, although not because he disliked working with the band. He said "I have very definite ideas of what I want to do as a solo artist, which I'll be starting on probably late next year [1991], again completely different, hopefully, from what I've done before." Shortly after the release of "Oy Vey, Baby", Bowie returned to solo recording with his single "Real Cool World", but he maintained intentions to return to the studio with Tin Machine in 1993 for a third album. These plans would fail to come to fruition, however, and the band shortly thereafter dissolved. There were allegations that Hunt Sales' growing drug addiction was responsible for the band's end, but of Tin Machine's dissolution, Bowie merely said "personal problems within the band became the reason for its demise. It’s not for me to talk about them, but it became physically impossible for us to carry on. And that was pretty sad really."


title: Tin Machine

text: The band earned mixed reviews during their short career. In later years, critics have reappraised the band more warmly and Tin Machine have been found "unjustly" harshly reviewed. One critic suggested that part of the reason for its poor reception was that Tin Machine's music was somewhat ahead of its time, and that the band "explored alternative and grunge before the styles were even widely known to exist." Another critic agreed, with yet another suggesting that Tin Machine and Bowie were "merely ahead of the curve. A prophet, a voice in the desert predicting the coming of Nirvana. At the time, Nirvana was toiling in Seattle obscurity, pushing its debut "Bleach" on Sub Pop at every dive it played." Tim Palmer, after producing Tin Machine's two studio albums, would go on to mix Pearl Jam's grunge album "Ten" in 1991, and later recalled to Gabrels that he had come into the studio one day to find Pearl Jam listening to Tin Machine's "Heaven's in Here".


title: Tin Machine

text: In 1996, Bowie reflected on his time with Tin Machine: "For better or worse it helped me to pin down what I did and didn’t enjoy about being an artist. It helped me, I feel, to recover as an artist. And I do feel that for the past few years I’ve been absolutely in charge of my artistic path again. I’m working to my own criteria. I’m not doing anything I would feel ashamed of in the future, or that I would look back on and say my heart wasn’t in that."


title: Tin Machine

text: In 1997, when asked if he thought the band was still underrated, Bowie said, "It's going to be interesting, isn't it? As the songs creep out in different forms over the years, I assume that eventually it'll be evaluated in a different way. I'm not sure people will ever be sympathetic to it entirely. But as the years go by, I think they'll be less hostile. I think it was quite a brave band and I think there were some extremely good pieces of work done. And I think they'll kind of show themselves over time." Bowie and Gabrels re-recorded a few Tin Machine tracks during this time, including "I Can't Read" and "Baby Universal", with the former being released on the soundtrack to the movie "The Ice Storm" (1997) and both as a part of Bowie's posthumous "Is It Any Wonder?" (2020).


title: Tin Machine

text: By the end of the 20th century, Bowie looked back at his time with the band as invaluable, saying "I had to kick-start my engine again in music. There'd been a wobbly moment where I could quite easily have gone reclusive and just worked on visual stuff, paint and sculpt and all that. I had made a lot of money: I thought, well, I could just bugger off and do my Gauguin in Tahiti bit now. But then what do you do – re-emerge at 60 somewhere? So I look back on the Tin Machine years with great fondness. They charged me up. I can’t tell you how much."


title: Tin Machine

text: Despite some reports to the contrary, Bowie stated several times over his years with Tin Machine that he was happy working in the band. Bowie used his time with the band as a way to revitalize himself and his career, which he would later in March 1997 call a "lifeline", citing Reeves Gabrels as a source of his new-found energy and direction:


title: Erasure discography

text: Erasure are an English synth-pop duo that have released 19 studio albums, six live albums, nine compilation albums, seven box sets, 14 extended plays, 62 singles, 14 video albums and 50 music videos. Erasure consists of keyboardist Vince Clarke and singer Andy Bell.


title: Erasure discography

text: Erasure made their debut in 1985. Their third studio album, "The Innocents" (1988), reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the first of four consecutive albums to reach the top position. From 1986 to 2007, the duo achieved 32 consecutive top-40 singles on the UK Singles Chart, while attaining three top-20 singles on the US "Billboard" Hot 100: "A Little Respect", "Chains of Love", and "Always". By 2009, 34 of their 45 singles and EPs (of which eight out of the 45 were not eligible to chart in the UK) had made the UK top 40, with 17 climbing into the top 10.


title: Megaera

text: Megaera ( ; ) is one of the Erinyes, Eumenides or "Furies" in Greek mythology. "Bibliotheca Classica" states "According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, "Megaera ... daughter of Nyx and Acheron", and Alecto".


title: Megaera

text: In other versions, she and her sisters, as well as the Meliae, were born of the blood of Uranus when Cronus castrated him.


title: Megaera

text: In modern French (), Portuguese (), Modern Greek (), Italian (), Russian (), Ukrainian () and Czech (), this name denotes a jealous or spiteful woman. She is not to be confused with Megara, the wife of Heracles.


title: Megaera

text: The 1964 Hammer horror film "The Gorgon" revolves around the re-emergence of Megaera in a Central European village circa 1910.


title: Megaera

text: Magaera is one of the main characters in the "Twilight Zone" episode "Ye Gods", which depicts her as the true love of Cupid.


title: Megaera

text: Megaera is a major character in the video game "Hades". She is a boss and a potential romance partner to Zagreus, the main character.


title: Megaera

text: Megaera is one of the three antagonists in the video game "" where she is portrayed as a deformed humanoid with spider like appendages.


title: Corey Yuen

text: Corey Yuen (; born Ying Gang-ming (殷元奎); 15 February 1951) is a Hong Kong director, film director, producer, action choreographer, and former actor.


title: Corey Yuen

text: Yuen was a member of the Peking Opera Schools and one of the Seven Little Fortunes. As an actor, Yuen is perhaps best known as Rubber Legs' student in 1979 kung fu comedy film "Dance of the Drunk Mantis". As an action director, Yuen gained fame in American cinema beginning with 1998 film "Lethal Weapon 4", followed by the 2000 blockbuster "X-Men" and six of Jet Li's American works: "Romeo Must Die", "Kiss of the Dragon", "The One", "Cradle 2 the Grave", "War", and "The Expendables".


title: Corey Yuen

text: Born Ying Gang-ming on 15 February 1951 in Hong Kong, he was one of Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao's best friends during their days in the China Drama Academy Peking Opera School and took a stage name of Yuen Kwai. They spent those days training in a harshly disciplined style under the watch of Master Yu Jim-yuen. He would go to appear as an extra in Hong Kong action films during the "chop socky" era of the 1970s.


title: Corey Yuen

text: In the 1970s, Yuen had three Hwang Jang Lee films: "Secret Rivals 2" (1977) as Silver Fox's henchman; "The Invincible Armour" (1977) as Assassin; and film "Dance of the Drunk Mantis" (1979) as Rubber Legs' student.


title: Corey Yuen

text: In the 1980s, Yuen played Devil Disciple Leader in the 1983 film "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain", alongside Sammo Hung, Yuen Biao and Mang Hoi. Yuen played SWAT Team Member in 1985 film "Heart of the Dragon", alongside Sammo Hung and Jackie Chan. Yuen played Bad Egg in 1986 film "Righting Wrongs" (who also directed), along with Yuen Biao, Melvin Wong, Cynthia Rothrock, Peter Cunningham and Siu-wong Fan. Yuen played Judy Wu in 1987 film "Eastern Condors" along with Sammo Hung, Joyce Godenzi, Billy Chow, Yuen Biao, Siu-chung Mok, Yuen Woo-ping and Melvin Wong.


title: Corey Yuen

text: In the 1990s, Yuen played Man in the Boat in the 1990 film "She Shoots Straight", (who also directed) along with Joyce Godenzi, Sammo Hung and Yuen Wah. Yuen played Li Kwon Bon in 1993 film "Fong Sai-yuk II" (who also directed) alongside Jet Li. Yuen played Uncle Po in 1997 film Hero (not to be confused with the Zhang Yimou directed, Jet Li starring 2002 film of the same name) (who also directed) alongside Yuen Biao and Takeshi Kaneshiro.


title: Corey Yuen

text: In the 2010s, Yuen played Cao Cao's General in the 2010 film "Just Another Pandora's Box" alongside Ronald Cheng, Yuen Biao, Kai-man Tin, Siu-wong Fan and Wu Jing.


title: Corey Yuen

text: Yuen is now one of the top action directors to hit both Hong Kong and the United States. In July 1981, Yuen made his Hong Kong directorial debut in 1982 film "Ninja in the Dragon's Den", along with Hiroyuki Sanada, Conan Lee and Hwang Jang Lee. In June 1985, Yuen made his American directorial debut in 1986 film "No Retreat, No Surrender", which marked the film debut of Belgium martial artist actor Jean-Claude Van Damme. He has worked with most of Hong Kong's top stars at one time or another, and began Michelle Yeoh and Cynthia Rothrock's career in 1985 with "Yes, Madam". He directed in 1990 film "All for the Winner" alongside Stephen Chow, followed by its 1991 sequel "Top Bet" alongside Anita Mui. He has also directed Jackie Chan with Sammo Hung in 1988 film "Dragons Forever", and directed Anita Mui, Andy Lau and Aaron Kwok in "Saviour of the Soul".


title: Corey Yuen

text: In 1993, he began an alliance and good friendship with actor Jet Li. He directed several of Li's films, beginning with "Fong Sai-yuk" and "Fong Sai-yuk II," and continuing through "The Bodyguard from Beijing", "The New Legend of Shaolin" and "My Father Is a Hero", and also he choreographed two Jet Li's films: "The New Legend of Shaolin" and "High Risk".


title: Corey Yuen

text: In the 2000s, Yuen directed the 2006 film "", based on the "Dead or Alive" fighting game series. The film stars Holly Valance, Jaime Pressly, Devon Aoki, Sarah Carter and the former WCW, TNA and WWE wrestler Kevin Nash.


title: Corey Yuen

text: Once Li gained stardom in American cinemas beginning with 1998 film "Lethal Weapon 4", Yuen's action direction also received fame in the West. He worked in the 2000 blockbuster "X-Men" as an action director, and he would also handle the martial arts and action sequences in six of Jet Li's other American works: "Romeo Must Die", "Kiss of the Dragon", "The One", "Cradle 2 the Grave", "War", and "The Expendables".


title: Corey Yuen

text: He also partially directed "The Transporter" and "So Close", released in 2002. He did not to return to direct the sequel "Transporter 2", released in 2005. However, his team of stuntmen and martial artists are featured in the film, and Yuen was the fight choreographer and second unit director. His style of action is not as distinct as that of other Hong Kong action directors like Yuen Woo-ping and Ching Siu-tung, but is noted for its speed, creativity, and higher emphasis on offence. He is also distinguished in his ability to mix hand-to-hand combat and gun fighting, two styles of fighting that are not often used together successfully in Hong Kong action films.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: It was estimated that more than 370 women were killed between 1993 and 2005 in Ciudad Juárez, a city in northern Mexico. The murders of women and girls received international attention primarily due to perceived government inaction in preventing the violence and bringing perpetrators to justice. The issue has featured in many dramas, songs, books, and so on.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: After surveying 155 killings out of 340 documented between 1993 and 2003, a government committee found that roughly half were prompted by motives like robbery and gang wars, while a little more than a third involved sexual assault.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: A "narcofosa" (mass grave attributed to organized crime) containing the remains of women killed in 2011 and 2012 was found in Madera Municipality, Chihuahua, in December 2016.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: In 2005 Amnesty International said that more than 370 young women and girls had been killed in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua since 1993. In August 2011, it was reported that 130 killings occurred in Ciudad Juárez since January that year.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: A study was conducted in 2008 on the Femicide Database 1993–2007 at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte which documented incidents of femicide that occurred in Ciudad Juárez from 1993–2010. Of the various different kinds of murders that were analyzed, the study found two common patterns in the data which were classified as intimate femicide and systemic sexual femicide. Intimate femicide refers to women who were killed by men that were close to them. According to the study, intimate femicide accounted for 30.4% of the murders of women and girls in Juárez from 1993–2007. Systematic sexual femicide refers to systematic patterns in the killing of women and children including kidnapping, sexual violence, torture, and body abandonment in areas such as desert areas, garbage dumps, and sewage ditches among others. According to the study, systemic sexual femicide accounted for 31.8% of the murders of women in Juárez from 1993–2007.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: According to Molly Molloy, a professor at New Mexico State University, the situation in Juárez is one of "impunity regardless of gender". She states that "female murder victims have never comprised more than 18 percent of the overall number of murder victims in Ciudad Juárez, and in the last two decades that figure averages at less than 10 percent. That’s less than in the United States, where about 20 to 25 percent of the people who are murdered in a given year are women".


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Other scholars also state that femicide rates in Ciudad Juárez are lower than in American cities such as Houston and Ensenada, and as a share of overall homicide rates they are typically lower than in other cities.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Drug cartels operate in Juárez, which has resulted in high levels of violence against the local population, including women and girls.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Misogyny is a common trait of gang activity. According to a study conducted in 2008, 9.1% of the murders of women were attributed to organized crime and drug trafficking activities.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Maquiladoras are widely known for their cheap labor and their exploitative conditions, such as regularly violating basic human rights, that often target women. Women and girls often migrate from villages or rural areas in other parts of Mexico in search of work in the maquilas. According to Livingston, this migration of women created, "a new phenomenon of mobile, independent, and vulnerable working women," in cities like Ciudad Juárez. Many of the murder victims in Ciudad Juárez have been maquiladora employees. Despite the expansion of the maquila industry, Juárez still remained a relatively poor and undeveloped city lacking infrastructure in some parts such as electricity and paved roads. As a part of their daily commute, many women maquila workers walk through such areas to and from company buses creating vulnerability to be victimized. In addition, the increased involvement of women in the labor force may also be a contributing factor to the victimization of women and girls because of the competition for economic resources in decades in which male unemployment has been high.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 resulted in the expansion of the maquiladora industry and created new opportunities for employment for women outside of the home and in the factories. The availability of cheap labor made it attractive for business owners to open factories in Mexico, and the availability of cheap employment attracted many, especially women, to border towns such as Ciudad Juárez. Research has shown correlations between economic and political issues and violence against women along the border.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Academic Katherine Pantaleo has argued that, "NAFTA, as a capitalist approach, has directly created a devaluation of women and an increase in gendered violence." Further, according to Wright, in the time period between the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 and 2001, "the homicide rate for men increased by 300 percent, while for women it increased by 600 percent." Such studies indicate the importance of exploring the effects of NAFTA when considering the possible causes of the murder of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez. Consequently, it has been suggested that amendments be made to NAFTA that include human rights provisions.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: Sociocultural attitudes to traditional gender roles have influenced violence against women. According to Pantaleo, "Under the view of patriarchy, two expressions are commonly used in Mexico to show the difference in status of males and females; these expressions are machismo and marianismo." Machismo is characterized by male power and aggression; while marianismo is characterized by subordination and domestic duties. Women who leave their homes to seek employment in the maquila industry directly challenge the marianismo. Olivera suggests that this changed situation challenges hypermasculinity According to Livingston, gender-directed violence in Ciudad Juárez may be a negative reaction as women "gain greater personal autonomy and independence while men lose ground."


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: The murder of women in Juárez has attracted global attention since 1993 given suspected police and government inaction to prevent the murders and bring perpetrators to justice. Police and government officials have been accused of responding with indifference to the crimes against women as well as exhibiting tolerance for such crimes, conducting inadequate and negligent investigations, ineffectively responding to the crimes, and failing to prevent and protect women from violence. According to Livingston, "In 1998 the National Commission for Human Rights issued a report charging gross irregularities and general negligence in state investigations, including the misidentification of corpses, failure to obtain expert tests on forensic evidence, failure to conduct autopsies or obtain semen analysis... failure to file written reports, [and] incompetence in keeping records of the rising tide of women murders."


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: As a result of international attention, police and government officials have been politically pressured to respond to the murders. In 2011, Amnesty International said, "The government [has] failed to take effective measures to investigate and bring to justice those responsible for the abduction and killing of three women in Ciudad Juárez... or to combat the ongoing pattern of violence against women and discrimination in the city.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: According to Pantaleo in 2006, "While around 400 girls and women have been abducted and murdered, few arrests and convictions have resulted." For convictions that have been made, there is a great deal of controversy that surrounds them. Police have been accused of conducting rushed investigations with questionable methodology and integrity. Further, suspects that have been apprehended have claimed that they were tortured into confessing. This has caused uncertainty of the legitimacy of both investigations and convictions.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: In 1996, an Egyptian, Abdul Latif Sharif, was convicted of 3 murders and sentenced to a 30-year prison term. After his arrest in 1995, the murders continued and authorities claimed that Sharif directed members of the "Los Rebeldes" gang to continue the murders while he was incarcerated. These members were indicted and convicted as a result of this connection. The gang members accused of carrying out murders under Sharif's orders claimed they were tortured while in police custody. According to Monarrez Fragoso, "In the year 2000, it was known that the body of Elizabeth Castro Garcia, whose murder was attributed to Omar Sharif Latif, does not belong to her." His conviction is currently under appeal.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: In 2001, Victor Garcia Uribe and Gustavo Gonzalez Meza were apprehended for eight murders. Gustavo Gonzalez Mesa died suspiciously while in police custody. In 2004, Victor Garcia Uribe, a bus driver, was convicted of eight murders that took place in 2001. He confessed to these murders, but claimed that he was tortured into confessing by police.


title: Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

text: In 2008, 16-year-old Ruby Frayre Escobedo was murdered by Sergio Barraza Bocanegra who was acquitted at his first trial for lack of evidence. Following two years of activism, a retrial convicted Bocanegra who remained on the run. In 2010, Ruby's mother, Marisela Escobedo Ortiz, was assassinated by a shot to the head at point blank range while demonstrating for justice in front of the Governor's Palace in Chihuahua.