title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Following the collapse of Barrancoid communities along the Orinoco around 650 CE, a new group, called the Arauquinoid expanded up the river to the coast. The cultural artefacts of this group were only partly adopted in Trinidad and Tobago and adjacent areas of northeast Venezuela, and as a result, this culture is called Guayabitoid in these areas.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Around 1300 CE a new group appears to have settled in Trinidad and Tobago and introduced new cultural attributes which largely replaced the Guayabitoid culture. Termed the Mayoid cultural tradition, this represents the native tribes which were present in Trinidad and Tobago at the time of European arrival. Their distinct pottery and artifacts survive until 1800, but after this time they were largely assimilated into mainstream Trinidad and Tobago society. These included the Nepoya and Suppoya (who were probably Arawak-speaking) and the Yao (who were probably Carib-speaking). They have generally been called Arawaks and Caribs. These were largely wiped out by the Spanish colonisers under the encomienda system. Under this system which was basically a form of slavery, Spanish encomederos forced the Amerindians to work for them in exchange for Spanish "protection" and conversion to Christianity. The survivors were first organised into Missions by the Capuchin friars, and then gradually assimilated.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The first-ever contact with Europeans occurred when Christopher Columbus, who was on his third voyage of exploration, arrived at noon on 31 July 1498. He landed at a harbor he called Point Galera, while naming the island Trinidad, before proceeding into the Gulf of Paria via the Serpent's Mouth and the Caribbean Sea via Dragon's Mouth. Tobago was seen by Columbus on 14 August 1498. He did not land, but named the island "Belaforme", "because from a distance it seemed beautiful".


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Trinidad is reported to have been densely populated at the beginning of the colonial period. Although in 1510 Trinidad was said to have the only "peaceful Indians" along the whole South American coast, demand for slaves to supply the pearl-fisheries in nearby Isla Margarita led to them being declared "Caribs" (and thus, fair game for slavers) in 1511. As a consequence of this, Trinidad and Tobago became the focus of Spanish slaving raids, primarily to supply Margarita's pearl fisheries.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1530 Antonio Sedeño was appointed governor. Granted a contract to settle Trinidad, with an eye toward discovering long-rumored El Dorado and controlling the trade in slaves, in 1532 he attempted to establish a settlement, but was driven off the island following the Battle of Cumucurapo, (or The Place of the Silk Cotton Tree). He withdrew to Margarita, but he returned a year later and built a settlement at Cumucurapo (modern Mucurapo in what is now Port of Spain). After failing to attract more settlers to Trinidad, Sedeño was forced to withdraw in 1534.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1553 Juan Sedeño was authorised to settle Trinidad, but the contract was never fulfilled. In 1569 Juan Troche Ponce de León built the "town of the Circumcision", probably around modern Laventille. In 1570 this settlement was abandoned. In 1592 Antonio de Berrio established the first lasting settlement, the town of San José de Oruña (the modern St. Joseph). Sir Walter Raleigh, who was searching for "El Dorado", arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 and soon attacked San José and captured and interrogated de Berrío, obtaining much information from him and from the cacique Topiawari.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Lack of Spanish ships arriving on a regular basis forced the settlers to trade with the English, French and Dutch, in violation of the Spanish Exclusive. The Spanish also lacked the means to defend the colony, which consisted of only 24 Spanish settlers in 1625. Thus the Dutch attacked St. Joseph with impunity in 1637. By 1671, the island included 80 settlers and 80 "domesticated" Amerindians.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: By 1772, the Spanish capital of St. Joseph had a population of 326 Spaniards and 417 Amerindians. Yet the houses consisted of mud huts with thatch roofs. In general, lacking gold, the island was poor and undeveloped, inducing many to leave.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The Captaincy General of Venezuela was created on 8 September 1777, through the Royal Decree of Graces of Charles III of Bourbon, to provide more autonomy for the provinces of Venezuela (include Trinidad), previously under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Audiencia of Santo Domingo. The crown established a unified government in political (governorship), military (captaincy general), fiscal (intendancy) and judicial ("audiencia") affairs. Its creation was part of the Bourbon Reforms and laid the groundwork for the future nation of Venezuela, in particular by orienting the province of Maracaibo towards the province of Caracas.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In Tobago, the first Dutch colony of Nieuw-Walcheren ("New Walcheren") was short-lived. 68 colonists established Fort Vlissingen ("Fort Flushing") near modern Plymouth in 1628. They were reinforced by a few hundred more settlers from Zeeland in 1629 and 1632. Attempted colonies by Courland in 1637, 1639, and 1642 and England in 1649, 1642, and 1647 all failed.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In May and September 1654, Courish and Dutch colonies were reestablished successfully. The Courish colony of "Neu-Kurland" ("New Courland") was centered at Fort Jacob on Great Courland Bay. The Dutch colony on the other side of the island had three forts: Lampsinsberg, Beveren, and Bellavista. In 1658, 500 Frenchmen joined the Dutch colony but formed their own settlement called Three Rivers ("Le Quartier des trois Rivières"). On 11 December 1659, the Courlanders peaceably surrendered their colony to the Dutch. At the time, the island held about 1,500 Europeans and around 7,000 African slaves working on 120 plantations, supporting six or seven sugar mills and two rum distilleries.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: British Jamaican pirates captured the island in January 1666; the official English garrison surrendered to a French attack in August the same year. The Dutch admiral Abraham Crijnssen reclaimed a deserted colony in April 1667 and reestablished a fort. An attempt to restore the Courish Fort Jacob was suppressed in December 1668. In December, 1672, the British attacked and destroyed the Dutch colony as part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Dutch control was regained under the "status quo ante" provisions of the Second Treaty of Westminster in 1674; in September 1676, Fort Sterreschans was constructed near the ruins of Fort Vlissingen. This star fort was reinforced in February 1677, but French attacks in February, March, and December of that year finally succeeded in killing the Dutch governor and capturing the island.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1749, Britain and France agreed to keep the island neutral, but Britain took control after 1763, prompting France to capture the island in 1781, then Britain to recapture the island in 1793. The population in 1771 was 5,084, of which only 243 were white and 4,716 were slaves. In 1791 the population was 15,020, of which 541 were white and 14,170 were slaves. There were then 37 sugar factories, 99 cotton factories, and 4 coffee factories. After nutmeg was discovered in 1768, 40 nutmeg plantations were started. The island became a British acquisition for good in 1802, with a ratified treaty in 1814.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Spanish missions were established as part of the Spanish colonization here as in its other new New World conquests. In 1687 the Catalan Capuchin friars were given responsibility for the conversion of the indigenous population of Trinidad and the Guianas. Tensions between priests and Amerindians led to the "Arena Massacre" of 1699, wherein the Amerindians murdered the priests. After being hunted by the Spanish, the survivors are reported to have committed suicide by jumping off cliffs into the sea. In 1713 the missions were handed over to the "secular clergy". Due to shortages of missionaries, although the missions were established they often went without Christian instruction for long periods of time.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Between 1687 and 1700 several missions were founded in Trinidad, but only four survived as Amerindian villages throughout the 18th century – "La Anuncíata de Nazaret de Savana Grande" (modern Princes Town), "Purísima Concepción de María Santísima de Guayri" (modern San Fernando), "Santa Ana de Savaneta" (modern Savonetta), "Nuestra Señora de Montserrate" (probably modern Mayo). The mission of "Santa Rosa de Arima" was established in 1789 when Amerindians from the former "encomiendas" of Tacarigua and "Arauca" (Arouca) were relocated further east and settled in Santa Rosa close to today's town of Arima).


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Although Spanish settlement began in the 16th century, the census of 1777 recorded only 2,763 people as living on the island, including some 2,000+ Arawaks.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1777, Roume de St Laurent proposed French planters from the islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenada, and their African slaves, immigrate to Trinidad. He estimated 1,532 whites, with 33,322 of their slaves, would be interested in such a proposal.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The Spanish gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for ten years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. In 1783, the proclamation of a Cedula of Population by the Spanish Crown granted 32 acres (129,000 m) of land to each Roman Catholic who settled in Trinidad and half as much for each slave that they brought. Uniquely, 16 acres (65,000 m) was offered to each "Free Coloured" or "Free Person of Colour" ("gens de couleur libre", as they were later known), and half as much for each slave they brought. French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from neighboring islands of Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica migrated to the Trinidad during the French Revolution. These new immigrants establishing local communities of Blanchisseuse, Champs Fleurs, Paramin, Cascade, Carenage and Laventille. This resulted in Trinidad having the unique feature of a large French-speaking "Free Coloured" slave-owning class.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: By the time the island was surrendered to the British in 1797 the population had increased to 17,643: 2,086 whites, 4,466 free people of colour, 1,082 Amerindians, and 10,009 African slaves. In addition, there were 159 sugar estates, 130 coffee estates, 60 cocoa estates, and 103 cotton estates. Yet, the island remained unfortified.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1797, a British force led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby launched the invasion of Trinidad. His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of Chaguaramas. The Spanish Governor Chacón decided to capitulate without fighting. Trinidad thus became a British crown colony, with a French-speaking population and Spanish laws. British rule was formalized under the Treaty of Amiens (1802).


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived. Under British rule, new estates were created and the import of slaves did increase, but this was the period of abolitionism in England and the slave trade was under attack. Slavery was abolished in 1833, after which former slaves served an "apprenticeship" period which ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation. An overview of the populations statistics in 1838, however, clearly reveals the contrast between Trinidad and its neighbouring islands: upon emancipation of the slaves in 1838, Trinidad had only 17,439 slaves, with 80% of slave owners having fewer than 10 slaves each. In contrast, at twice the size of Trinidad, Jamaica had roughly 360,000 slaves.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In August, 1816, seven hundred former slaves from the U.S.A. arrived, having served for fourteen months in the (second British) Corps of Colonial Marines at the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda. After rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments, and on the Admiralty refusing to continue responsibility for them, they finally accepted, but only with reluctance, a government offer of settlement in Trinidad. These ex-Colonial Marines (aka "Merikens") were organised by the authorities in villages according to their military companies (so-called "company towns").


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago, as in other Caribbean slave colonies, an attempt was made to circumvent the abolition of slavery in 1833. The first announcement from Whitehall in England that slaves would be totally freed by 1840 was made in 1833. In the meantime, slaves on plantations were expected to remain where they were and work as "apprentices" for the next six years.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Trinidad and Tobago demonstrated a successful use of non-violent protest and passive resistance. On 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly ex-slaves being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and de facto freedom was achieved. This may have been partially due to the influence of Dr. Jean Baptiste Phillipe's book "A Free Mulatto" (1824). At the request of Governor Sir George Fitzgerald Hill, on 25 July, "Dr. Jean Baptiste Phillipe the first coloured member of the Council, proposed a resolution to end apprenticeship and this was passed. [...] Full emancipation for all was finally legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838."


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The sugarcane plantations which dominated the economy of Trinidad and Tobago in the 19th century gradually gave ground to the cultivation of cacao. Trinidad and Tobago chocolate became a high-priced, much sought-after commodity. The Colonial government opened land to settlers interested in establishing cacao estates. French Creoles (white Trinidadian elites descended from the original French settlers) were being marginalised economically by large English business concerns who were buying up sugar plantations, and this gave them a fresh avenue of economic development.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Venezuelan farmers with experience in cacao cultivation were also encouraged to settle in Trinidad and Tobago, where they provided much of the early labour in these estates. Many of the former cocoa-producing areas of Trinidad retain a distinctly Spanish flavour and many of the descendants of the Cocoa panyols (from 'espagnol') remain in these areas including Trinidad and Tobago's most famous cricketer, Brian Lara.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1844, the British Government allowed the immigration of 2,500 Indian workers as indentured servants, from Calcutta and Madras. According to Williams, this was an effort to provide "an adequate and dependable supply of labour." One third of the cost of passage, including return, was to borne as a public expense. Additional funds were provided for the Office of Protector of Immigrants, medical and police services. Wages were set at $2.40 per month for males, and $1.45 per month for females. In 1899, the working day was fixed at 9 hours. They could buy a plot of land in exchange for return passage. Between 1838 and 1917, 145,000 Indians immigrated to Trinidad. There were also workers brought from China at about the same time:


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago [i.e. ca.-1886], 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Many Indian immigrants who had completed their indentureship also established cocoa estates, most notable of them being Haji Gokool Meah, a Kashmiri-born immigrant who went on to the become one of the wealthiest men in Trinidad and Tobago. The Indian community has steadily prospered and grown until now it makes up about 35% of the population of the nation (the largest ethnic group by about 1%).


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The arrival of "witches' broom" and "black pod" diseases in the 1930s, coupled with the Great Depression, destroyed the cacao industry in Trinidad and Tobago. Although prices for Trinidad and Tobago cocoa beans remains high on the world markets, cocoa is no more than a marginal crop.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Relations between the Indian immigrants, and both the British, and the black population were generally strained, and occasionally erupted into violence such as the 1884 Hosay massacre.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The American Merrimac Oil Company drilled an early oil well at La Brea at Trinidad and Tobago in 1857, where oil was struck at . Also mentioned is the pioneering work of Capt. Darwent with his Paria Petroleum Company Limited, and Conrad F. Stollmeyer (who was great grandfather of Republic Bank's then Chairman, former West Indies cricket captain, Jeffrey Stollmeyer), an entrepreneur of that period who felt that a combustible fuel could not be distilled out of the asphalt from the pitch lake. The other point of view from Capt. Darwent was that a combustible fuel, refined from oil drilled from the earth would be the ideal fuel for the future."


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In either 1865, 1866, or 1867, according to different accounts, the American civil engineer, Walter Darwent, discovered and produced oil at Aripero. Efforts in 1867 to begin production by the Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum Company at La Brea and the Pariah Petroleum Company at Aripero were poorly financed and abandoned after Walter Darwent died of yellow fever.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1893 Mr Randolph Rust, along with his neighbour, Mr Lee Lum, drilled a successful well near Darwent's original one. By early 1907 major drilling operations began, roads and other infrastructure were built. Annual production of oil in Trinidad and Tobago reached by 1910 and kept rapidly increasing year by year.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Trinidad was ruled as a Crown colony with no elected representation until 1925. Although Tobago had an elected Assembly, this was dissolved prior to the union of the two islands. In 1925 the first elections to the Legislative Council were held. Seven of the thirteen members were elected, the others were nominated by the Governor. The franchise was determined by income, property and residence qualifications, and was limited to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30. The 1946 elections were the first with universal adult suffrage.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Labour riots in 1937 led by T.U.B. Butler (an immigrant from the neighbouring island of Grenada) shook the country and led to the formation of the modern Trade Union movement. Butler was jailed from 1937 to 1939, but was re-arrested when the United Kingdom entered World War II and jailed for the duration of the war. After his release in 1945 Butler reorganised his political party, the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party. This party won a plurality in the 1950 general elections, the establishment feared Butler as a radical and instead Albert Gomes became the first Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The 1956 general elections saw the emergence of the People's National Movement under the leadership of Eric Williams. The PNM, opposed by Dr. Rudranath Capildeo of the Democratic Labor Party and Ashford Sinanan, who later founded the West Indian National Party (WINP), continued to dominate politics in Trinidad and Tobago until 1986. The party won every General Election between 1956 and 1981. Williams became prime minister at independence, and remained in that position until his death in 1981.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1958, the United Kingdom tried to establish an independent West Indies Federation comprising most of the former British West Indies. However, disagreement over the structure of the federation led to Jamaica's withdrawal. Eric Williams responded to this with his now famous calculation "One from ten leaves nought." Trinidad and Tobago chose not to bear the financial burden without Jamaica's assistance, and the Federation collapsed.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Trinidad and Tobago achieved full independence via the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962 on 31 August 1962 within the Commonwealth with Queen Elizabeth II as its titular head of state. On 1 August 1976, the country became a republic, and the last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke, became the first President.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1968 the National Joint Action Committee was formed by members of the Guild of Undergraduates at the St Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies, under the leadership of Geddes Granger. In 1969 it was formally launched to protest the arrest of West Indian students at Sir George Williams University in Montreal. Together with Trade Unions and other groups, this led to the birth of the Black Power movement. In 1970 a series of marches and strikes led to the declaration of a State of Emergency and the arrest of 15 Black Power leaders. In sympathy with the arrested leaders, a portion of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment, led by Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle mutinied and took hostages at the Teteron Barracks (located on the Chaguaramas Peninsula). However, the Coast Guard remained loyal and was able to isolate the mutineers at Teteron (as the only way out was along a narrow coastal road). After 5 days the mutineers surrendered.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Political difficulties in the post-Black Power era culminated in the "No Vote" campaign of 1971 (which resulted in the PNM winning all the seats in Parliament). In 1973, in the face of a collapsing economy Eric Williams was prepared to resign as Prime Minister. However, the outbreak of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War led to the recovery of oil prices and Williams remained in office.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The high oil prices of the 1970s and early 1980s led to an "oil boom" which resulted in a large increase in salaries, standards of living, and corruption.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In 1979, construction on the Eric Williams Plaza began. It would eventually finish in 1986. It remained the tallest building in Trinidad and Tobago until the construction of the Nicholas Tower in 2003.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Williams died in office in 1981. The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr. Williams, but its 30-year rule ended in 1986 when the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a multi-ethnic coalition aimed at uniting Trinidadians of Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian descent, won a landslide victory by capturing 33 of 36 seats. Tobago's A. N. R. Robinson, the political leader of the NAR, was named Prime Minister. The NAR also won 11 of the 12 seats in the Tobago House of Assembly. The NAR began to break down when the Indian component withdrew in 1988. Basdeo Panday, leader of the old United Labour Front (ULF), formed the new opposition with the United National Congress (UNC). The NAR's margin was immediately reduced to 27 seats, with six for the UNC and three for the PNM.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In July 1990, the Jamaat al Muslimeen, an extremist Black Muslim group with an unresolved grievance against the government over land claims, tried to overthrow the NAR government. The group held the prime minister and members of parliament hostage for five days while rioting shook Port of Spain. After a long standoff with the police and military, the Jamaat al Muslimeen leader, Yasin Abu Bakr, and his followers surrendered to Trinidadian authorities. Having had the matter referred back to the local courts by the Privy Council with a clear indication of a view that the amnesty was valid, in July 1992, the High Court upheld the validity of a government amnesty given to the Jamaat members during the hostage crisis. Abu Bakr and 113 other Jamaat members were jailed for two years while the courts debated the amnesty's validity. All 114 members were eventually released. Subsequent to this, the UK Privy Council deemed the amnesty invalid but expressed the view that it would be improper to re-arrest the 114 accused.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: In December 1991, the NAR captured only the two districts in Tobago. The PNM, led by Patrick Manning, carried a majority of 21 seats, and the UNC came in second. Manning became the new Prime Minister and Basdeo Panday continued to lead the opposition. In November 1995, Manning called early elections, in which the PNM and UNC both won 17 seats and the NAR won two seats. The UNC allied with the NAR and formed the new government, with Panday becoming prime minister – the first prime minister of Indo-Trinidadian descent.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Basdeo Panday was Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1995 to 2001. He led United National Congress (UNC) until 2010.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Elections held in December 2000 returned the UNC to power when they won 19 seats, while the opposition PNM won 16, and the NAR 1. The UNC government fell in October 2001 with the defection of three of its parliamentarians amidst allegations of corruption in the then UNC government, and the December 2001 elections resulted in an even 18 to 18 split between the UNC and the PNM. President Robinson appointed Patrick Manning Prime Minister despite the fact that the UNC won the popular vote and that Panday was the sitting Prime Minister. Despite the fact that Manning was unable to attract a majority (and Parliament was thus unable to sit), he delayed calling elections until October 2002. The PNM formed the next government after winning 20 seats, while the UNC won 16. Both parties are committed to free market economic policies and increased foreign investment. Trinidad and Tobago has remained cooperative with the United States in the regional fight against narcotics trafficking and on other issues.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: Patrick Manning was Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1991 to 1995 and again from 2001 to 2010. He also led People's National Movement (PNM) from 1987 to 2010.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: The serious crime situation in the country has led to a severe deterioration in security conditions in the country.


title: History of Trinidad and Tobago

text: On 26 May 2010, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, leader of the People's Partnership, was sworn in as the country's first female Prime Minister. On 21 August 2011, she asked President George Maxwell Richards to declare a limited state of emergency. On 9 September 2015, Dr. Keith Rowley was sworn in as new Prime Minister, following the election victory of his People’s National Movement (PNM).


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: Gian Piero Gasperini (born 26 January 1958) is an Italian football manager and former player, who is currently the manager of Italian side Atalanta.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: Gasperini entered the Juventus youth system at the age of 9; during his stay at the youth system, he won an "Allievi Nazionali" championship and was in the "Primavera" squad, which included Paolo Rossi and Sergio Brio, that placed runner-up in 1976 behind Lazio. After having played a handful of Coppa Italia matches with the first team, he was loaned to Reggiana and then sold to Serie B club Palermo in 1978. He stayed five seasons at Palermo, all in Serie B, but reached a Coppa Italia final in 1979, then lost to Juventus.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: After two seasons with Cavese (Serie B) and Pistoiese (Serie C1), Gasperini moved to Pescara, where he finally gained his first opportunity to play in Serie A after the promotion in 1987. He made his Serie A debut in a home match against Pisa, ended in a 2–1 victory which featured a goal of his. In 1990, he left Pescara to join Salernitana, and retired in 1993 at the age of 35 after two seasons with Vis Pesaro.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: In 1994 Gasperini returned to Juventus's youth system, this time as a coach. He was initially coach of the "Giovanissimi" (U-14) for two years, followed by two other years with the "Allievi" (U-17). In 1998, he became the manager of the "Primavera" (U-20) squad.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: In 2003, he left Juventus to become head coach of Serie C1 club Crotone, where he readily guided his team to promotion to Serie B via the play-offs. He stayed at Crotone for two more seasons in Serie B; he was sacked during the 2004–2005 season but appointed back soon later.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: From 2006 he was head coach of ambitious club Genoa, and led his side to a promotion to Serie A in his first season with the "rossoblu". In the 2008–09 season, Gasperini led Genoa to fifth place of Serie A, the highest placement for the team in 19 years, thus securing a UEFA Europa League spot, relaunching players like Diego Milito and Thiago Motta in a 3–4–3 formation and a particularly spectacular football style that was praised throughout Italy, so much so that José Mourinho, manager of Serie A champions Inter Milan, stated Gasperini was the coach who put him in greatest difficulty. However, a poor start in the 2010–11 season, with 11 points in 10 games despite popular signings such as Luca Toni, Rafinha, Miguel Veloso and Kakha Kaladze, caused Gasperini's dismissal from his coaching post on 8 November.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 24 June 2011, Massimo Moratti confirmed that Gasperini would replace Leonardo as the manager of Inter Milan. However, on 21 September 2011, Gasperini was sacked after a dismal run of five winless games, including four defeats.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: Gasperini began his spell at Inter with a 2–1 loss against crosstown rivals Milan in the 2011 Supercoppa Italiana. In the first Serie A league game, Inter were then surprised by a caretaker-headed Palermo in a 4–3 defeat in Sicily, then followed by a scoreless home draw with Roma.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: A 1–0 home defeat to Trabzonspor in the Champions League made matters worse, and Moratti sacked Gasperini after a shock 3–1 defeat to Serie A newcomers Novara.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 16 September 2012, Gasperini was announced as the new manager of Palermo, a former team of his as a player, taking over from Giuseppe Sannino.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 24 February 2013, Gasperini was rehired as the Palermo manager, replacing Alberto Malesani after three games in charge.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 29 September 2013, Genoa announced to have rehired Gasperini after almost three years since his previous spell ended.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 14 June 2016, Gasperini was appointed manager of Atalanta. During his term at the team, Gasperini turned Atalanta from a club with the goal of avoiding Serie B relegation into a team fighting for Serie A dominance and constantly participating in European competitions. His first season in charge turned out to have a difficult start, Gasperini being on the verge of sacking after 5 rounds which saw Atalanta in the penultimate place after a 0–1 home defeat to Palermo. However, from there on, the team's results steadily improved, leading them to beat Inter, Roma and Napoli, with a streak of 6 consecutive victories in Serie A leaving them in 6th place during the winter break. Atalanta continued to be the season's surprise package and finished fourth in Serie A, thus qualifying to the UEFA Europa League.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: The following season, returning to Europe after 26 years of absence, Atalanta managed to win the Europa League group with Lyon, Everton and Apollon Limassol undefeated to progress to the round of 16, where they were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund after a 1–1 home draw and a 2–3 away loss in Germany. In Serie A, they managed a 7th place finish, thus earning another UEFA Europa League qualification, this time in the second qualifying round, while in the Coppa Italia they progressed to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by Juventus.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 26 May 2019, Atalanta finished third in Serie A during the 2018–19 season, and qualified to the UEFA Champions League for the first time in their history. Atalanta also reached the final of the 2018–19 Coppa Italia; however they lost 2–0 against Lazio.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: On 9 September 2019, Atalanta coach Gian Piero Gasperini was made an honorary citizen of Bergamo. Atalanta qualified to the round of 16 of the Champions League for the first time after finishing in second place in the group with Manchester City, Shakhtar Donetsk and Dinamo Zagreb. Gasperini's first match in the Champions League knockout rounds ended in a 4–1 home win against Valencia. Atalanta progressed to the quarter-finals following a 4–3 away win over Valencia in the second leg on 10 March 2020, giving them an 8–4 aggregate victory. However, they were eliminated by Paris Saint-Germain in the quarter-finals following a 1–2 defeat.


title: Gian Piero Gasperini

text: Tactically, Gasperini is known for using a fluid 3–4–3 formation and a spectacular high-risk hyper-offensive-minded possession-based system, which relies on the versatility of his midfielders and front line. His team's playing style places more focus on scoring goals, off-the-ball movement and quick, short passes on the ground, and less focus on long balls and the defensive aspect of the game. As such, at times his trademark 3–4–3 system resembles a 3–4–1–2, 3–2–4–1, 3–5–2, or 3–4–2–1 formation, with energetic overlapping attacking wing-backs in lieu of wide midfielders, that provide width along the flanks and push up the pitch when going forward. He has also been known to use a 4–3–3 or 4–2–3–1 on occasion. His teams are known for playing a high defensive line and for being very compact defensively, with little distance between the attack and the defence. During the 1990s, Gasperini's tactical philosophy and teams' playing styles was inspired by Dutch football, namely Louis van Gaal's Ajax side, rather than Arrigo Sacchi's 4–4–2 system. When defending off the ball, his teams are also known for the use of heavy pressing, but also apply elements of fluid man-marking across the entire pitch and often switch to a 5–4–1 formation defensively. Gasperini favours using hard-working and highly physical two-way players in midfield rather than a deep-lying playmaker, but also quick, elusive, even smaller but creative players upfront, in order to implement his system effectively; he has also been known to use a larger and more physical centre-forward upfront on occasion, who is good in the air. Despite the acclaim he has garnered due to his offensive playing style, which has led him to obtain successful results with smaller teams, he has also drawn criticism for his unbalanced approach, and for his team's tendency to concede goals as well as scoring them. As such, certain pundits have questioned whether his system would be equally effective with larger teams.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: Godfather is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language action comedy drama film written and directed by Siddique–Lal. It is produced by Appachan under the banner of Swargachithra. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of N. N. Pillai, Mukesh, Philomina, Thilakan, Kanaka, Innocent, Siddique, Bheeman Raghu and K. P. A. C. Lalitha. A retelling of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," The film revolves around the rivalry between two families, the Anjooran and Anappara houses and the consequences faced when two members of the families fall in love.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: "Godfather" was initially planned to be released before "In Harihar Nagar" (1990), however Siddique-Lal felt that the film's script was not complete, and as a result stretched production time. The film was released on 15 November 1991 to positive reviews and became a blockbuster, running for 417 days. The film was the second highest grosser of the year, only surpassed by "Kilukkam." It was later remade in Telugu as "Peddarikam," in Marathi as "Ghayaal," in Hindi as "Hulchul", in Kannada as "Pandavaru" and in Odia as "The" "Love Dot Com"".". The shooting was entirely happened in Kozhikode.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: Anjooran, and his four sons Balaraman, Swaminathan, Premachandran and Ramabhadran are in severe enmity with the Anappara family. Anjooran's bitter hatred toward Anappara Achamma stems from events in the past, when the men of Anappara abducted Balaraman's fiancée and forced her to marry the eldest son of Achamma. The resulting series of events saw Anjooran's wife being killed, and him being sent to jail for avenging her by murdering Achamma's husband. Consequently, he develops a hatred toward all women, and their entry into his home is prohibited from then on.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: Anjooran's youngest son Ramabhadran is a law college student. At Law college, he and his friend Mayin Kutty try all means to humiliate their classmate Malu, who is the granddaughter of Achamma. Malu gets engaged to Shyam Prasad, a young state minister, but the minister withdraws from the relation as Anjooran intervenes and threatens him of political consequences. Incensed, Achamma hatches a plan to divide Anjooran's family by having Malu seduce Ramabhadran and making him turn against his father. When Malu expresses her feelings to Ramabhadran, as per the advice of her grandmother, Mayin Kutty ideates that Ramabhadran could divide the Anappara family by seducing Malu and turning her against them. On his advice, Ramabhadran too acts as if he is in love with her. The facade soon falls and they really fall in love with each other. While wondering about ways to get his family to support this relationship, he gets to know that Swaminathan is leading a secret double life as Ramanathan, with a wife Kochammini and two children. When confronted with this information, Swaminathan promises to help unite him and Malu.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: Through a turn of events, Anjooran learns of Ramabhadran's love affair and Swaminathan's deceitfulness. Consequently, they're both ostracised from the family. Over at Anappara, Achamma is shocked to know that Malu's love is not a mere act. She and her sons decide to get her married to the family's advocate's son. However, she still tries to bring her plans to fruition by sending out signals that the house is divided over the issue. To this end, she sends her sons to beg for Anjooran's help in preventing Ramabhadran from marrying Malu (a request that Anjooran approves), and approaches Ramabhadran himself assuring him of all help in doing so.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: However, Achamma does not know that her youngest son Veerabhadran is sympathetic to the lovers' cause and has revealed her plan to Ramabhadran. With his help, Ramabhadran sneaks in to the marriage hall and almost marries Malu. Enraged, Achamma curses Anjooran for not being vigilant enough, exposing her duplicity. Ramabhadran then admits that he sneaked in not to marry Malu, but to foil Achamma's plan and save his father's honour. A regretful Anjooran allows the wedding of Ramabhadran and Malu to take place and welcomes both him, Swaminathan and their families back into the fold, thereby paving the way for the entry of women into his house once again.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: The film was a huge commercial success, becoming one among the biggest blockbusters ever in Malayalam film industry. It ran for 417 days at Sreekumar Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram alone, which still remains an unbeaten record in Malayalam film history. The film grossed ₹ 22,84,147 in 246 days from Sreekumar Theatre, Thiruvanthapuram.


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: The film was remade into Telugu as "Peddarikam" (1992). In 1993 producer N. Chandra and director Purshottam Berde remade the film into Marathi as "Ghayaal". In 2004, Priyadarshan remade the film in Hindi as "Hulchul". It was also remade in Kannada as "Pandavaru" (2006) and in Odia as "Love Dot Com".


title: Godfather (1991 film)

text: The film ran for more than 400 days in movie theatres in Kerala. Especially the film ran for 417 days in Sree Kumar Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram.


title: Chicken Girls

text: Chicken Girls is an American web series starring Annie LeBlanc, Hayden Summerall, Hayley LeBlanc, Brooke Elizabeth Butler, Riley Lewis, Indiana Massara, Mads Lewis, Aliyah Moulden, Rush Holland, Dylan Conrique, Caden Conrique, Carson Lueders, and more. The series, produced by Brat, premiered on YouTube on September 5, 2017.


title: Chicken Girls

text: The series is known for launching the careers of Annie LeBlanc, Hayden Summerall, Brooke Elizabeth Butler, and Indiana Massara. A spinoff web series, Chicken Girls: College Years, which follows Rooney and Birdie in college together, debuted online on August 2, 2022.


title: Chicken Girls

text: "Chicken Girls" tells the story of middle school student Rhyme McAdams and her friends, Ellie, Quinn, and Kayla – known as "The Chicken Girls" – who have been dancing together forever. The show follows the girls as they navigate dance, friendship, crushes, and learning how to grow up. But as they begin their freshman year at Attaway High School (season 3), everything's changing.


title: Chicken Girls

text: In Season 7, Harmony has found her own squad of Chicken Girls. With all the backstabbing, secret-keeping and boy drama, can the new girl group survive middle school?


title: Chicken Girls

text: Production and filming for the series' first season commenced August 6, 2017. The series was first reported by "Variety" on August 21, 2017. Alana Johnson was originally cast a series regular, but she dropped the role to produce her own film. The second season premiered on February 14, 2018. In June 2018, Brat released "" which takes place between second and third seasons of "Chicken Girls". On August 9, 2018, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced season 3 would premiere on September 4, 2018.


title: Chicken Girls

text: The "Brat Holiday Spectacular" film, featuring Annie LeBlanc, Indiana Massara, Aliyah Moulden, Mackenzie Ziegler and other performers from "Chicken Girls", along with cast from "Total Eclipse" and "Boss Cheer", was released in December 2018. The film takes place between "Chicken Girls" season 3 and "Spring Breakaway". In March 2019, Brat released the "Spring Breakaway" film, which stars Annie LeBlanc, Lilia Buckingham, Anna Cathcart, Kianna Naomi and William Franklyn Miller. This film takes place between "Holiday Spectacular" and "Chicken Girls" season 4.


title: Chicken Girls

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on March 19, 2019. In August 2019, Brat released the "Intern-in-Chief" film, which featured much of the "Chicken Girls" cast, notably Annie LeBlanc, Brooke Elizabeth Butler, Riley Lewis, and Kianna Naomi, with Indiana Massara, Hayley LeBlanc, Matt Sato, Rush Holland, Mads Lewis, and Aliyah Moulden appearing as well. The film takes place between the fourth and fifth seasons of "Chicken Girls". The fifth season premiered on September 3, 2019. In November 2019, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on March 10, 2020.


title: Chicken Girls

text: In August 2020, Brat announced a new cast for seventh season of "Chicken Girls", which included Hayley LeBlanc, Coco Quinn, Txunamy Ortiz, and Corrine Joy from "Mani", as well as Enzo Lopez, Elliana Wamsley, Matteo Gallegos, Michael Aboujaoude, Skyler Aboujaoude, Kheris Rogers, Aidan Prince, Santiago Carrera, and Liam-Alexander Newman. The season was originally set to premiere on September 1, 2020, but was pushed back to September 8. In 2020, a behind the scenes documentary series "Chicken Girls: The Docuseries" was released alongside season 7. Season 8 was being filmed as of February 1, 2021, and was released on March 23, 2021.


title: Chicken Girls

text: The main filming location for "Chicken Girls", besides Brat Studios, is Ramona Convent Secondary School. It was used as the school in the series' first season, and in "Chicken Girls: The Movie", as well for most of the fourth through sixth seasons.


title: Chicken Girls

text: "Forbes" reported that "Chicken Girls" and another Brat show, "Total Eclipse", helped the network accumulate a "loyal audience" of 15 million unique viewers in three months that "the company is beginning to monetize by moving into advertising in 2019".


title: Chicken Girls

text: "" was the most viewed program on Brat of all time, having more than 38 million views . The "Brat Holiday Spectacular", featuring Annie LeBlanc, Indiana Massara, Aliyah Moulden, Mackenzie Ziegler, other cast from "Chicken Girls", has been viewed more than 7.7 million times . The "Spring Breakaway" film has been viewed more than 8.8 million times, while the "Intern-in-Chief" film has been viewed more than 4.5 million times, .


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada is also the 2005 World Junior champion, the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and a six-time Japanese national champion (2006–2009, 2011–2012).


title: Mao Asada

text: She is the former world record holder for the ladies' short program score, which she set at the 2014 World Championships and held until it was broken by Evgenia Medvedeva in 2016. A former prodigy, Asada is the fifth woman and the first junior girl to land the triple Axel, accomplishing this at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. She won her first Grand Prix Final at the age of 15. Considered by many to be the best figure skater in the world at that time, Asada was 87 days too young to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She is the first figure skater in a singles discipline from Asia to win multiple world championships. At the 2013 Skate America, she became the first singles skater, male or female, to win all seven of the current events on the Grand Prix series. She holds 15 Grand Prix series titles, the second-highest total among ladies and the sixth-highest total among skaters of all four disciplines.


title: Mao Asada

text: Due to her collection of ISU titles surpassing any other ladies singles figure skater during her time, she has established herself as one of the most highly recognized athletes in Japan and is widely considered to be among the best ladies figure skaters of all time. She is credited with being one of the pioneering ladies skaters that truly combined athleticism and artistry. Notable athletes including Yuzuru Hanyu and Shoma Uno regard Asada as their role model.


title: Mao Asada

text: Mao Asada was born in Meitō-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. She was named after the Japanese actress Mao Daichi. She attended Nagoya International School until the middle of 1st grade. After transferring, she graduated from Takabari Elementary School and Takabaridai Junior High. She received her high school diploma from Chukyo High School on 15 March 2009. After that, she enrolled in Chukyo University and graduated in March 2015. While growing up, she idolized Midori Ito. She learned to skate after school almost every day.


title: Mao Asada

text: Her sister Mai Asada (two years older) is also a figure skater. She won two gold medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and finished 6th at the 2006 Four Continents Championships. Now she works as a TV presenter and skates in ice shows.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada owns a miniature poodle named Aero, who is named after the chocolate confection made by Nestlé. She has included Aero in exhibition programs. In 2008, Asada acquired two puppies, named Tiara and Komachi.


title: Mao Asada

text: Mao Asada studied classical ballet from the age of three to nine, but followed her sister in switching to figure skating.


title: Mao Asada

text: She won the Japanese novice national championships in the 2002–03 season, earning an invitation to compete at the junior championships, where she placed 4th. She also competed in the senior national championships and placed 7th.


title: Mao Asada

text: In the 2003–04 season, Asada repeated the same placements at the novice and junior level and placed 8th at the senior nationals. She won the Mladost Trophy, her first international event.


title: Mao Asada

text: In the 2004–05 season, Asada was age-eligible for junior international competitions. She competed in the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, winning both of her events. At the Junior Grand Prix Final, she won gold with an overall score 35.08 points ahead of the silver medalist, Yuna Kim. She became the first junior ladies skater to land a triple axel in competition, and the fifth woman overall. Asada won the Japanese Junior National championships, ahead of her sister who took the silver medal, and qualified for the 2005 Junior Worlds.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada's win earned her an invitation to the senior national championships, where she won the silver medal. Asada was not age-eligible for the 2005 World Championships. At the Junior World Championships, she won with a 20.31 lead over the silver medalist Kim Yuna. She also set the junior-level ladies' record for the combined total (179.24 points) and the free skating (119.13 points). Both records lasted until October 2011 when they were broken by Yulia Lipnitskaya.


title: Mao Asada

text: After winning all major competitions at the junior level, Asada moved to the senior level during the 2005–06 season and competed on the Senior Grand Prix circuit. During the Grand Prix Circuit, Asada defeated future medalists of 2006 Torino Winter Olympics – gold medalist Shizuka Arakawa, silver medalist Sasha Cohen, and bronze medalist Irina Slutskaya. At the 2005 Cup of China, she placed second in the short program and third in the free skating and won the silver medal. Asada won her second event, the 2005 Trophée Eric Bompard, after placing first in both the short and free skating. She earned a total score of 182.42 points, 7.30 points ahead over silver medalist Sasha Cohen and 9.12 points ahead of bronze medalist Shizuka Arakawa. Her medals qualified Asada for the 2005–06 Grand Prix Final. At her first Senior Grand Prix Final appearance, Asada won the event at the age of 15 years. She got a total score of 189.62 points after placing first in both programs, 8.14 points ahead of silver medalist Irina Slutskaya.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2005–06 Japan Championships, Asada placed third in both programs and won the silver medal behind Fumie Suguri. She was ineligible for the Olympics that year. At the 2006 World Junior Championships, Asada finished 24.19 points behind gold medalist Yuna Kim, and 18.21 points ahead of bronze medalist Christine Zukowski. At this competition, Asada became the first lady to land a triple Axel in the short program at an ISU championship.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada moved from Japan to the United States in August 2006 to train with Rafael Arutyunyan in Lake Arrowhead, California. There she was able to escape the overcrowding of Japanese rinks and the pressure of the Japanese media.


title: Mao Asada

text: At her first event, the 2006 Skate America, Asada won the bronze medal behind Miki Ando and Kimmie Meissner. While she won the short program, she placed fourth in the free skate, with a total score 171.23 points. She was 21.36 points out of first place. Asada won her second event, the 2006 NHK Trophy with 199.52 points, setting the highest combined score in a Ladies' competition under the ISU Judging System and consequently, a world record. Her margin of victory was 20.21 points ahead of silver medalist Fumie Suguri. Asada went into the 2006–07 Grand Prix Final as the reigning champion. She placed second with 172.52 points, 11.68 behind gold medalist Yuna Kim. Asada had won the short program, but placed fourth in the free skating.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada won the 2006–07 Japan Championships by 26.11 points ahead of silver medalist Miki Ando. At the 2007 Worlds Championships, Asada was fifth in the short program, 10.03 points behind Yuna Kim, who placed first in that section of the competition with a score of 71.95 points, setting a new world record for the highest short program score. Asada won the free skating with a score of 133.13 points, setting a new world record for the highest free skate score, a record that stood for eight months. During her free skating, she successfully landed a triple Axel, a triple flip-triple loop combination, a double Axel, a triple Lutz, a triple flip, and a triple Lutz-double loop-double loop combination, but under-rotated the second jump of a double Axel-triple toe loop combination. She won the silver medal at her first Senior World Championships appearance, earning an overall of 194.95 points, 0.64 behind gold medalist Miki Ando and 8.31 ahead of Yuna Kim, who won the bronze.


title: Mao Asada

text: During the summer of 2007, Asada received additional training in Russia from Tatiana Tarasova, while Arutyunyan remained her primary coach. At the 2007 Skate Canada International, Asada was third in the short program and first in the free skate, finishing first ahead of silver medalist Yukari Nakano. Asada won her second gold at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard with over 21 points ahead of silver medalist Kimmie Meissner.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada advanced to the 2007–08 Grand Prix Final in Turin, Italy. In the short program, Asada failed to complete a required solo jump and placed 6th with a score of 59.04 points. The next day, she won the free skate with 132.55 points. She executed a triple Axel, a triple flip-triple toe loop combination, a triple loop, a triple flip-triple loop, a double Axel-double loop-double loop combination, and a double Axel, but had a change-of-edge error in triple Lutz. She won the silver medal with 191.59 points, 5.24 behind gold medalist Yuna Kim, who defended her title.


title: Mao Asada

text: As in the previous year, Asada won the 2007–08 Japan Championships. Her final score was 1.15 points ahead of silver medalist and reigning World champion Miki Ando. Asada was placed on the Japanese team for both the World and Four Continents Championships. Before Four Continents, she split with Arutyunyan and returned to Japan to practice on the new Aurora Rink at Chukyo University, where she did not encounter with problems obtaining ice time.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada competed at both ISU Championships without a coach, but was accompanied by an official from the Japan Skating Federation. Competing for the first time at Four Continents Championships, Asada won both segments and finished 13.71 points ahead of silver medalist Joannie Rochette. In March 2008, at the Worlds Championships, Asada won her first World title. She was second in the short program, 0.18 behind Carolina Kostner. In the free skate, she was second to bronze medalist Yuna Kim by 1.92 points but 0.88 ahead of silver medalist Carolina Kostner.


title: Mao Asada

text: In the summer of 2008, after leaving Arutyunyan, Asada returned to Russia, and was formally coached by Tarasova.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2008 Trophée Eric Bompard, Asada placed second in both programs and finished second overall with a score of 167.59 points, 12.54 behind Joannie Rochette. Asada won gold at the 2008 NHK Trophy with 191.13 points, 23.49 ahead of the silver medalist Akiko Suzuki. She qualified for the 2008–09 Grand Prix Final. Asada won the free skating with 123.17 points and the competition overall with a total score of 188.55 points, defeating longtime rival Yuna Kim of South Korea. Asada made history in the free skate by becoming the first woman to land two triple Axels in the same program in an ISU competition, one in combination with a double toe loop.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2008–09 Japan Championship, Asada was second behind Yukari Nakano in the short program. Asada landed three beautiful clean triple jumps in her free skate. Three other triple jumps were downgraded, including two triple Axels marked as under-rotated. She received 117.15 points for her free skating for a total of 182.45 points overall. Asada won her third straight national title after placing second in both the short program and the free skate.


title: Mao Asada

text: Entering the 2009 Four Continents Championships in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada as the defending champion, Asada placed 6th in the short program but won the free skate. Her first Axel attempt was popped into a single, but gracefully executed the second, garnering 8.80 points for the jump. She also completed a triple flip-double loop-double loop, a triple loop, and a triple flip-double loop. Asada placed third overall in the competition behind Joannie Rochette of Canada who won silver and Yuna Kim who won the gold.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2009 World Championships, Asada placed third in the short program with 66.06 points and 4th in the free skate, where she scored 122.03 points. She finished in fourth place with a combined total score of 188.09 points.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the inaugural 2009 World Team Trophy, she won both the short and free, finishing first overall in the ladies' event, with personal bests for the short program (75.84 points) and combined total (201.87) The Japanese team finished third overall at that event, behind the United States and Canada.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada placed third in the short program and second in the free skating, finishing with the silver medal at 2009 Trophée Eric Bompard, 36.04 points behind gold medalist Yuna Kim. At the 2009 Rostelecom Cup, she placed 6th in the short and 5th in the free after landing just two triple jumps in her free skating. She finished 5th overall, 21.65 points behind gold medalist Miki Ando.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2009–10 Japan Championships, Asada was first in both programs and won her fourth Japanese national title, 8.72 points ahead of silver medalist Akiko Suzuki.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2010 Four Continents Championships, Asada placed third in the short program with 57.22 points after under-rotating her triple Axel, popping a triple flip and receiving a timing deduction of 1.00 point. She was first in the free skating with 126.74 points, 11.9 ahead of Akiko Suzuki, and won the gold medal with a total score of 183.96 points, 10.24 points ahead of Suzuki.


title: Mao Asada

text: Due to Tarasova's health problems, Asada was coached mostly by her assistant, Shanetta Folle, in Nagoya, Japan; on 1 February 2010, Asada said that she had not been personally coached by Tarasova since the 2009 Rostelecom Cup in October. Tarasova was present with Asada at the 2010 Olympics but after the event, Asada chose to be based in her hometown, Nagoya, and parted ways with Tarasova.


title: Mao Asada

text: From 23 to 25 February, Asada competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics. In the short program on 23 February, she executed a triple Axel-double toe loop, a triple flip and a double Axel and received level fours for all spins and spiral sequence. She scored 73.78 points and placed second in the short program. In her free skate on 25 February, she succeeded in landing two triple Axels, but under-rotated the first jump of a triple flip-double loop-double loop combination and popped a planned triple toe loop into a single. With 131.72 points from the free skating, Asada won the Olympic silver medal with a combined score of 205.50 points, 23.06 behind Yuna Kim of South Korea. She earned a Guinness World Record for the most triple Axels performed by a female skater in a competition – one in the short program and two in the free skating. Asada was Japan's flag-bearer at the closing ceremonies.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2010 World Championships, Asada placed second in the short program with 68.08 points, 2.32 behind Mirai Nagasu of the United States. In her triple Axel-double toe loop combination, the Axel was downgraded to a double, but she executed a triple flip and a double Axel and received level fours on all her spins and spiral sequence. Asada reclaimed the world title with an overall score of 197.58 points. She became the first singles figure skater from Asia to win multiple world championship titles.


title: Mao Asada

text: In September 2010, Nobuo Sato became Asada's new coach and Asada ended her relationship with coach Nagakubo.


title: Mao Asada

text: After the Vancouver Olympics, Asada relearned all of her jumps from scratch to improve her technique. This contributed to her slump in the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons. Under the guidance of her new coach Nobuo Sato, she relearned all the takeoffs and landings for all her triple jumps, beginning with a single rotation. Despite reworking her jumps, Asada did not skip any competitions in the 2010–11 season.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada was assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard ISU Grand Prix events. At the 2010 NHK Trophy, Asada placed 8th in both programs and finished 8th overall with a total of 133.40 points. At the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard, Asada placed 7th in the short program, 5th in the free skating and 5th overall, scoring a combined 148.02 points.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2010–11 Japan national championships, Asada was first in the short program and second in the free skating. She obtained a total score of 193.69 points and placed second behind Miki Ando. At the 2011 Four Continents Championships, Asada placed second in both programs and won the silver medal with a score of 196.30 points, 5.04 points behind gold medalist Miki Ando. Her triple Axel jump in free skating was ratified for the first time since 2010 Worlds Championship, with +1.29 grade of execution. At the 2011 World Championships, Asada placed 7th in the short program, 6th in the free skating, and finished 6th overall with 172.79 points.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada began the 2011–12 season at the 2011 NHK Trophy. She placed third in the short program with 58.32 points and first in the free skating, earning a total of 184.45 points and the silver medal, 1.79 behind Akiko Suzuki. At the 2011 Cup of Russia, Asada placed first in the short program with 64.29 points. She earned a level four on her straight line step sequence with +1.30 GOE. She won the event and qualified for the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final. She withdrew from the Final due to her mother's serious illness. Her mother died of liver cirrhosis in Nagoya Hospital while Asada was flying back to Japan.


title: Mao Asada

text: Placing second in both programs at the 2011–12 Japan Championships, Asada secured her fifth national title and qualified for the ISU Championships. First in the short program and second in the free, Asada won the silver medal at the 2012 Four Continents Championships behind gold medalist Ashley Wagner of the United States. At the 2012 World Championships, Asada placed fourth in the short program and sixth in the free skating, finishing sixth overall with 164.52 points.


title: Mao Asada

text: After a disappointing sixth at the 2012 World Championships, her mother's death, and the challenges of reworking her jump technique, Asada considered not competing. Upon visiting her choreographer Lori Nichol in May 2012 for an exhibition number, Asada realized that she still liked skating and would continue competing.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada began the 2012–13 season at the Japan Open, performing to Swan Lake. She won gold at her two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Cup of China and the 2012 NHK Trophy, qualifying her to the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final. Seven years after her triumph in Torino (Italy), and three years after her victory in Goyang City (Korea), Asada won her third title at the Grand Prix Final in Sochi (Russia), placing first in both the short program and free skating. Asada won her sixth national title at the 2012–13 Japan Championships.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2013 Four Continents Championships, Asada placed first in the short program with a score of 74.49 points after landing her first triple Axel this season, together with triple flip–double loop combination and a triple loop. She also won the free skate with a score of 130.96, taking the gold medal with an overall score of 205.45 points, while teammates Akiko Suzuki and Kanako Murakami took the silver and bronze medals respectively. This was the second time that Japan had swept the Four Continents Championships' podium.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada returned to the World podium with a bronze medal finish at the 2013 World Championships with a personal best free skating score of 134.37. Asada placed fifth at the World Team Trophy and team Japan placed third.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada began the 2013–14 season at the Japan Open, performing to Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 2. She won gold at her two Grand Prix assignments, the 2013 Skate America and the 2013 NHK Trophy. She became the first singles skater, male or female, to win all seven of the current events on the Grand Prix series. At NHK Trophy, she set personal best scores for the free skating and total score. She advanced to the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final where she took her fourth Grand Prix Final title and became the first woman to complete two consecutive Grand Prix seasons undefeated. At all three Grand Prix events, she won by a margin of over ten points. In late December, Asada competed in the 2013–14 Japan Championships. She led after a strong short program, but only placed 3rd in the free skating, dropping to 3rd overall.


title: Mao Asada

text: In the team event at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, Asada skated the ladies' short program. She fell on the triple Axel and placed third individually; team Japan finished fifth. In the ladies' singles event, she placed 16th in the short program after falling on her triple Axel, underrotating a triple flip, and doubling a triple loop. After the unfortunate short program, many established figures in the figure skating community, including Michelle Kwan and Evgeni Plushenko, reached out to her and provided her with support for the free skate. Despite the overwhelming support from fans and members of the figure skating community, the former Japanese Prime Minister and Olympics chairman Yoshirō Mori criticized Asada for "always falling at the most critical time". During a press conference after Sochi, Asada was interviewed about her feelings regarding Mori's comments; she stated that it was in the past and that she has moved on. She rebounded in the free skating, landing 8 triple jumps (two underrotated) and earning a personal best score of 142.71, making her the third woman to score above the 140 mark after Kim Yuna's 2010 Olympics score and Yulia Lipnitskaya's 2014 Olympics team event score. This placed her third in the free skating and sixth overall. Asada's free skating was the most technically difficult of all the ladies and the only one with a triple Axel. This powerful performance solidified her status not only in Japanese sport, but at the Olympics; it was regarded by many as the single best performance of the ladies competition and the low program component score from Olympic judges was met with criticism.


title: Mao Asada

text: At the 2014 World Championships, she broke the world record for the short program by scoring 78.66, 0.16 points higher than the former record set by Yuna Kim at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Asada went on to score 138.03 in the free skating, winning her third world title with a total of 216.69, a personal best for her. With this victory, she became the third woman in the last 45 years (along with Katarina Witt and Michelle Kwan) and the tenth woman to have won three world championship titles.


title: Mao Asada

text: After winning the World Championship title, Asada stated that there was a 50–50 chance she would continue her career. On 19 May 2014, Asada announced she intended to skip the next season. Asada said she was mentally and physically tired and wanted a chance to focus on other aspects of her life, including attending university.


title: Mao Asada

text: On 18 May 2015, Asada announced her intention to make comeback in competitive skating after having taken a one-year break. She had resumed training with coach Nobuo Sato with the aim of returning to competition. Her first competitive performance of the 2015–16 season was at the 2015 Japan Open, where she successfully landed her first triple Axel in over a year of competition absence, her first-place skate to Madama Butterfly led Team Japan to a first-place finish.


title: Mao Asada

text: For the 2015–16 season Grand Prix series, Asada was assigned to compete at 2015 Cup of China and 2015 NHK Trophy. In the short program at the Cup of China, she landed her opening triple Axel and three additional triple jumps (one deemed under-rotated), one of the first women to try the maximum number of triple jumps in the short program. The next day during the free skate, she landed her opening triple Axel but had small errors on her remaining jumps. After winning the short program and placing third in the free skate, she won her first international competition upon returning. This victory extended her grand prix winning streak to eight, the longest in ladies single skating history. She went on to the 2015 NHK Trophy and won the bronze after several problems with her jumping passes. Asada's Grand Prix results qualified her to compete at the 2015–16 Grand Prix Final, where she finished sixth.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada went on to win bronze at the 2015–16 Japan Championships. She was selected to compete at both the 2016 Four Continents Championships and 2016 World Championships, though she opted to skip the former in order to focus on the latter. In April 2016, Asada stumbled on her opening triple Axel and the triple loop in the short program. The next day she performed a fantastic free skate, landing the triple Axel, triple flip triple loop combination, triple flip and double loop double loop combination in addition to three other jumping passes. Some of the jumps were deemed under-rotated, but the maturity in skating and the polished artistry was received with a standing ovation. She finish seventh at her final worlds event.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada began her season with a silver medal at the 2016 CS Finlandia Trophy, having finished second to Canada's Kaetlyn Osmond. Her first Grand Prix assignment was 2016 Skate America where she placed 6th. Her second assignment was the 2016 Trophee de France. She then placed 8th in the short program after underrotating her triple flip in combination with the double loop. She also failed to execute a triple-triple. She failed to execute a clean triple jump in the freeskate, placing 10th in that segment and 9th overall.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada is known for her flexibility in spins and spirals. During her first two years on the international scene, Asada became known for her signature move, the cross-grab Biellmann position. She is also noted for performing the one-handed Biellmann spin in competition. She has received +2.60 grade of execution for her spiral sequence. Asada is also known for the complexity of her footwork sequence and has earned +2.00 grade of execution.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada landed her first 3A at the age of 12, and she became the first lady to perform a triple-triple-triple combination in national competition – she completed a 3F-3Lo-3T combination. At the age of 14, Asada landed a 3A in her free skating at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final, held in December 2004 in Helsinki, Finland, becoming the first junior girl to do one in an international event. She has since been known for her 3A jumps.


title: Mao Asada

text: Starting with the 2007–08 season, criteria for judging jump take-off and landing technique became more rigorous, and Asada was penalized for underrotations and change-of-edge errors on her Lutz jump.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada did not include salchow jumps in her junior and senior career programs until 2008. She had stated previously that the triple salchow was the first triple jump she had ever landed and that she did not have a problem landing it cleanly, but she was not comfortable using the jump in competition because it is one of her least favorite jumps. Asada added the triple salchow to her free skate at the 2008 NHK Trophy and 2008–09 Grand Prix Final.


title: Mao Asada

text: Normally, Asada uses a 3Lo as her second jump in a combination, typically after the 3F. However, she added the toe loop to her free skate as the second jump of her first triple-triple combination during the 2004–05 season, a 3F-3T. In the 2006–07 season she used the 2A-3T, while in the 2007–08 season she performed the 3F-3T again.


title: Mao Asada

text: In the 2008–09 season, she executed the 3A-2T combination in international competition, first getting full credit for it at the 2008–09 Grand Prix Final. At that same competition, Asada became the first female skater to land two 3A in the same program. She became the first lady to land 3 triple Axels in the same competition (1 in the short, 2 in the long). She also has a Guinness World Record for the most triple Axels performed by a female skater in competition.


title: Mao Asada

text: After finishing second in 2010 Winter Olympics, Asada decided to rework her jumps. The goal was a more fluid jump technique, achieved by adding speed to the approach run to increase the height of the jump and the speed of spins. Asada also corrected her habit of moving her shoulders up and down before jumping. The reworking process set her back for two seasons. Asada found that her jumping began to suffer and she was making mistakes on all her jumps. During the 2012–13 season, her performance improved and she maintained a winning streak. Her component score, which had mostly remained in the 7 range, edged above 8. By the 2013–14 season, Asada said, "every single one of my skating techniques had been changed." In 2014 Winter Olympics Ladies Free Skating event, Asada executed all six triple jumps.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada has been known to practice and land quadruple jumps in training. She credits training alongside Takahiko Kozuka for improving her spins. The number of rotations she achieves with one kick increased from 30 to 104.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada is very popular in Japan and is credited with increasing the popularity of figure skating in Japan. Since gaining national attention while still on the junior circuit, she is a household name in Japan, known by the affectionate nickname "Mao-chan". During the 2014 Winter Olympics, Asada became the most discussed and mentioned athlete of the Olympics on the social networking website Twitter, ahead of Yuna Kim, ice hockey player T. J. Oshie, and snowboarder Shaun White.


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada headlines her own exhibition show called "The Ice", which began in the summer of 2008, with her sister Mai Asada. Her skating music was compiled on two albums by EMI Music Japan: "Mai & Mao Asada Skating Music" and "Mai & Mao Asada Skating Music 2008–09". The Asada sisters have also been named as goodwill ambassadors to Canada.


title: Mao Asada

text: In 2011, Asada launched her own kimono brand named "MaoMao". In January 2012, Asada cancelled the release of a book on her skating career; she stated, "The way the book was advertised was different from what I had in mind."


title: Mao Asada

text: Asada has appeared in many variety television shows and in commercials. She and her dog Aero, named after Aero chocolates, have been featured in chocolate commercials in Japan. Asada has been sponsored by Coca-Cola, Itoham Foods, Kao ("Asience"), Lotte, Nestlé, Oji Paper Company ("Nepia"), Olympus Corporation, Omron, and Weider. Her current sponsors include Airweave, Arsoa, Japan Airlines, Kuriyama Holdings, MiO, Morinaga & Company, Sato Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Life, Toho Gas, and Triple Yogurt. On 25 December 2013, Japan Airlines unveiled a new Boeing 777-300 (JA8942) with a special Mao Asada livery to promote Japan's participation in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.


title: Mao Asada

text: During the 2010 Winter Olympics, a popular Vancouver Japanese street food vendor, Japadog, named a hot dog after Asada called the Mao Dog. Similarly, a local sushi store created a sushi roll and named it the Mao Roll after Asada. After Asada's silver medal win, Japanese dollmaker Kyugetsu created a Mao Asada hina doll in celebration of her efforts. In December 2013, chrysanthemum farmers in the Ryukyu Islands named a new crop of chrysanthemums "Mao Orange" after the colour of Asada's short program dress from the 2012–13 season.


title: Mao Asada

text: On 8 April 2014, Asada's exhibition named "Smile" opened at Takashimaya department store in Tokyo's Nihonbashi district. This drew more than 10,000 visitors on its first day, outperforming every other event opening at the establishment for the past 10 years. In just nine days, it hit more than 100,000 visitors, the shortest period to reach the milestone in Takashimaya's history. The exhibition includes a collection of 30 costumes that were worn by Asada and a display of medals she has won over the years, among them the silver she scooped up at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.


title: Mao Asada

text: On 5 July 2014, Asada debuted as a reporter for the long-running travel program "Sekai Fushigi Hakken!" by TBS. For this documentary, she traveled to Austria, Slovakia and Hungary for eight days to find the origin of figure skating. In March 2015, Asada made her debut as DJ host for her weekly radio show program "Mao Asada's Nippon Smile". This program was sponsored by Sumitomo Life Insurance Ltd. Co. and aired in TBS radio from March 2015 to June 2015.


title: Mao Asada

text: She is a big fan of Japanese pop star Ayumi Hamasaki, and was seen congratulating her on her 10th Anniversary.


title: Mao Asada

text: French Olympic Medalist figure skater Philippe Candeloro is a huge fan of Mao Asada and calls himself her godfather.


title: Mao Asada

text: "Mao Thanks Tour" (浅田真央サンクスツアー) was founded by Mao Asada in 2018, soon after her retirement, to express gratitude to the fans for their love and support. She became the producer, the director and the main star of the project. In her column for Number, Asada named it "the second stage of my skating life".


title: Mao Asada

text: It was a special 80-minute ice show centered around Asada and her memorable programs. The choreography was updated in many of them, and the music was rearranged. Some programs were recreated from scratch but kept the original atmosphere with recognizable details.


title: Mao Asada

text: There were 10 members on cast including Mao, her sister Mai Asada (in 2018), Takahito Mura, Sei Kawahara, and Haruka Imai (she joined the tour in 2019 to replace Mai who could not stay with them because of her TV work). Six skaters came to the auditions and were hired by Asada in spite of being nowhere near to an elite status. Two had retired years ago, unknown to the general public. Four were students, one from Mongolia, one from Spain, with zero experience in shows. Discussing her choice, Asada explained that she wanted to give a chance to those who loved figure skating but had to quit early, due to injuries and unlucky circumstances.


title: Mao Asada

text: Her approach was the opposite to a typical ice show concept of attracting the audience by famous names. It also meant a larger amount of work for everyone. Asada herself skated 10 programs out of 18. Mura and Imai had their own solo parts too, and each performer appeared on ice at least 6-7 times in group numbers. That was a challenge but, as Mura stated, it made them all really involved and willing to do their bests.


title: Mao Asada

text: Another challenge was to lower prices for tickets (usually way too expensive) so that more people could afford them. Asada and her team managed to do it performing at small arenas with permanent ice, a strategy that helped to reduce the set-up time and costs. Visiting small towns as well as big cities made the show available all around the country. On the other hand, they were not saving on the visual side so the lighting and costumes were of high quality.


title: Mao Asada

text: The tour began on May 3, 2018 in Niigata, and ended on April 27, 2021 in Yokohama. At the start it was planned to hold 10 performances nationwide. However, the response of the audience was so strong that they continued to add more and more locations, taking new invitations that followed. The official website of the tour had a special map showing their journey in progress. As a result, within 4 years Mao Thanks Tour visited all the 47 prefectures of Japan and held 202 performances.


title: Mao Asada

text: Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: The Killer Inside Me is a 2010 American crime drama and an adaptation of the 1952 novel of the same name by Jim Thompson. The film is directed by Michael Winterbottom and stars Casey Affleck, Jessica Alba, and Kate Hudson. It is the second film adaptation of Thompson's novel, the first being 1976's "The Killer Inside Me", directed by Burt Kennedy.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: At its release, the film was criticised for its graphic depiction of violence directed toward women. The film also received a day-and-date theatrical and VOD release in the United States on June 18, 2010; the film went on earning $217,277 at box office and $4 million on VOD.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: In 1952, Deputy Sheriff Lou Ford is a pillar of his small west Texas community; secretly, he is a sociopath with violent sexual tastes. As a teenager, Lou was caught raping a five-year-old girl by his adopted brother Mike, who pleaded guilty to the crime to protect Lou. Released from prison, Mike was hired by Chester Conway, and died in a construction “accident” Lou believes was staged by Conway.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: At the request of Sheriff Bob Maples, Lou visits Joyce Lakeland, a prostitute who is having an affair with Conway's son, Elmer. When she continuously provokes him with slaps, Lou violently beats Joyce, who enjoys pain, and they begin their own affair. They devise a plot to extort $10,000 from Conway. Maples and Conway ask Lou to oversee the payoff, but Lou enacts his own plan: he brutally beats Joyce and, believing her dead, shoots and kills Elmer, planting the gun on Joyce. However, Joyce survives, and Conway intends to see her executed for Elmer's murder.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Lou's reputation begins to falter: his fiancée Amy suspects his infidelity, and county district attorney Howard Hendricks suspects Lou is the real killer. Lou accompanies Maples and Conway in taking Joyce to the hospital in Fort Worth so Conway can interrogate her. Lou waits in a hotel room during her surgery, and Maples tells him Joyce died on the operating table.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Returning home, Lou discovers explicit photographs inside a Bible. The woman in the photographs was Helene, a housekeeper and babysitter from his youth who resembles Joyce. Lou recalls that Helene introduced him to sadomasochism, and burns the photos.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Hendricks arrests Johnnie Pappas, a local youth Lou had befriended, as a suspect in the murders. He is found with one of Conway's marked $20 bills, given to him by Lou. Hendricks asks Lou to persuade Johnnie to confess; in Johnnie's cell, Lou confesses to Johnnie that he is the killer, and hangs Johnnie to make it appear as though he committed suicide out of guilt.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Johnnie's death only makes the town more suspicious of Lou. Journalist and union organizer Joe Rothman, who had previously suggested that Conway had Mike killed, implies that he knows Lou is the killer. Lou proposes to Amy, and to sate his violent predilections, she allows him to spank her. An alcoholic bum, whom Lou had previously burnt with a cigar, has been trailing Lou and knows he is responsible for the murders. He demands $5,000 to keep quiet, to which Lou agrees. On the day Lou and Amy had planned to elope, Lou beats her to death; the bum sees her body and runs for help. Lou gives chase, shouting that the bum has murdered Amy, and another deputy, Jeff Plummer, shoots the bum dead.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: The next morning, Plummer informs Lou that Sheriff Maples has committed suicide. Hendricks and Plummer try to get a confession from Lou, but he cockily refuses. They find a letter Amy intended to give Lou in which she begs him to come clean. Lou is arrested and sent to an insane asylum, where he suffers hallucinations of Amy and Helene. Attorney Billy Boy Walker, hired by Rothman, has Lou released. Lou tells Walker everything and concludes that he doesn't want anyone else to die.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Lost in violent fantasies, Lou douses his home in gasoline and alcohol, arms himself with a knife, and sits in his study to await retribution. The police arrive with Hendricks, Conway, Plummer and the still-alive Joyce. She tells Lou that she refused to cooperate with the authorities, Lou tells her he loves her, then stabs her in the stomach. Plummer opens fire, hitting both Joyce and Lou and igniting the gasoline. Outside, the approaching policemen watch the house engulfed in a fireball that Lou has ignited to kill himself.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Numerous filmmakers have attempted to adapt Thompson's novel into a film since the mid-1950s. 20th Century Fox originally optioned the project as a possible starring vehicle for Marilyn Monroe around 1956, with Monroe starring as Joyce Lakeland. Marlon Brando was attached to star as Lou Ford. Elizabeth Taylor was considered at the time for the role of Amy Stanton. After Monroe's unexpected death on August 5, 1962, the project was shelved.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: A film adaptation was eventually made in 1976, directed by Burt Kennedy and starring Stacy Keach as Lou Ford and Susan Tyrrell as Joyce Lakeland.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: In the mid-1980s, there was another attempt to adapt the book into a film, with Tom Cruise as Lou Ford, Brooke Shields as Amy Stanton, and Demi Moore as Joyce Lakeland. The project was shelved.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: In the mid-1990s, after the success of "Pulp Fiction", Quentin Tarantino was attached to direct the project. Uma Thurman was set to star as Amy Stanton. Juliette Lewis was considered for the part of Joyce Lakeland and Brad Pitt was attached to star as Lou Ford. This effort fell through after the September 11 attacks, because the film script was deemed too violent. Tarantino scrapped everything and started from scratch.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: In 2002, Andrew Dominik wrote a highly stylized screenplay, and Dominic Sena was attached to direct. At one point, Dominik was up to direct it. He hoped the film would star Leonardo DiCaprio as Lou Ford, Charlize Theron as Amy Stanton and Drew Barrymore as Joyce Lakeland. Dominik lost interest in doing a film adaptation of a 1950s novel, however, and instead chose to film "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford". Marc Rocco stepped in, and wanted to cast Casey Affleck as Lou Ford, Reese Witherspoon as Amy Stanton and Maggie Gyllenhaal as Joyce Lakeland.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: "The Killer Inside Me" premiered on January 24, 2010, at Sundance Film Festival. In January 2010, IFC Films secured the rights of the film for around $1.5 million and announced the theatrical and VOD platforms release on June 9, 2010. It was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival. It is part of the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival and ran on April 27, 2010. The film had a limited theatrical release starting on June 18, 2010. The DVD and Blu-ray were released on September 28, 2010.


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: The film received generally mixed reviews. , the film holds a 55% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 129 reviews with an average rating of 5.70/10. The critical consensus is: ""The Killer Inside Me" is stylish and beautifully shot, but Michael Winterbottom's distance from his characters robs this often brutally violent film of crucial emotional context."


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Winterbottom, attending the film's world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, got an audience member's review before the credits had finished rolling: "I don't understand how Sundance could book this movie! How dare you? How dare Sundance?" Rachel Cooke of "The Observer", after describing a "sickeningly protracted" scene from the film in which Joyce is beaten by Lou, said "I was so queasy, I had to go and stand outside. I thought I might actually faint"; she notes that several of the scenes of violence are "so long and so horribly graphic" and points out that "by lingering only over the violence done to women—by contrast, a male character gets to die off camera—he has, I think, ruined his own picture, drawing the audience's attention away both from its exquisite noir mood, and from Affleck's mesmerising performance. The violence is a bloody blot on an otherwise beautiful canvas."


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Stephen Dalton, reviewing the film for "The Times" after it closed the Berlin Film Festival, acknowledged the controversy over the depiction of violence:


title: The Killer Inside Me (2010 film)

text: Dalton, giving the film four stars out of five, called it a "thoughtful thriller which will bore some viewers with its low-key pacing, while repelling others with its flashes of sickening brutality. But for the less squeamish among us, "The Killer Inside Me" is an intelligent and gripping take on classic film noir ingredients." Affleck's portrayal of the sociopathic deputy divided reviewers, and was pointed to as one example of the film's many failures to measure up to both the original film and the character's personality and bearing in the source novel. Critics cited Affleck's boyish appearance and mannerisms, and "occasionally goofy, stilted" delivery as lacking the intensity such a role required. Despite receiving fairly decent reviews for her performance, Jessica Alba nonetheless still received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress, as well as being cited for her work in "Little Fockers", "Machete" and "Valentine's Day".


title: Equivalence class

text: In mathematics, when the elements of some set formula_1 have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set formula_1 into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements formula_3 and formula_4 belong to the same equivalence class if, and only if, they are equivalent.


title: Equivalence class

text: Formally, given a set formula_1 and an equivalence relation formula_6 on formula_7 the of an element formula_3 in formula_7 denoted by formula_10 is the set


title: Equivalence class

text: of elements which are equivalent to formula_12 It may be proven, from the defining properties of equivalence relations, that the equivalence classes form a partition of formula_13 This partition—the set of equivalence classes—is sometimes called the quotient set or the quotient space of formula_1 by formula_15 and is denoted by formula_16


title: Equivalence class

text: When the set formula_1 has some structure (such as a group operation or a topology) and the equivalence relation formula_6 is compatible with this structure, the quotient set often inherits a similar structure from its parent set. Examples include quotient spaces in linear algebra, quotient spaces in topology, quotient groups, homogeneous spaces, quotient rings, quotient monoids, and quotient categories.


title: Equivalence class

text: An equivalence relation on a set formula_19 is a binary relation formula_6 on formula_19 satisfying the three properties:


title: Equivalence class

text: The equivalence class of an element formula_3 is often denoted formula_58 or formula_59 and is defined as the set formula_60 of elements that are related to formula_3 by formula_62 The word "class" in the term "equivalence class" may generally be considered as a synonym of "set", although some equivalence classes are not sets but proper classes. For example, "being isomorphic" is an equivalence relation on groups, and the equivalence classes, called isomorphism classes, are not sets.


title: Equivalence class

text: The set of all equivalence classes in formula_19 with respect to an equivalence relation formula_64 is denoted as formula_65 and is called formula_19 modulo formula_64 (or the ' of formula_19 by formula_64). The surjective map formula_70 from formula_19 onto formula_65 which maps each element to its equivalence class, is called the ', or the canonical projection.


title: Equivalence class

text: Every element of an equivalence class characterizes the class, and may be used to "represent" it. When such an element is chosen, it is called a representative of the class. The choice of a representative in each class defines an injection from formula_73 to . Since its composition with the canonical surjection is the identity of formula_65 such an injection is called a section, when using the terminology of category theory.


title: Equivalence class

text: Sometimes, there is a section that is more "natural" than the other ones. In this case, the representatives are called . For example, in modular arithmetic, for every integer greater than , the congruence modulo is an equivalence relation on the integers, for which two integers and are equivalent—in this case, one says "congruent" —if divides formula_75 this is denoted formula_76 Each class contains a unique non-negative integer smaller than formula_77 and these integers are the canonical representatives.


title: Equivalence class

text: The use of representatives for representing classes allows avoiding to consider explicitly classes as sets. In this case, the canonical surjection that maps an element to its class is replaced by the function that maps an element to the representative of its class. In the preceding example, this function is denoted formula_78 and produces the remainder of the Euclidean division of by .


title: Equivalence class

text: Every element formula_79 of formula_19 is a member of the equivalence class formula_81 Every two equivalence classes formula_82 and formula_83 are either equal or disjoint. Therefore, the set of all equivalence classes of formula_19 forms a partition of formula_19: every element of formula_19 belongs to one and only one equivalence class. Conversely, every partition of formula_19 comes from an equivalence relation in this way, according to which formula_27 if and only if formula_79 and formula_90 belong to the same set of the partition.


title: Equivalence class

text: In other words, if formula_6 is an equivalence relation on a set formula_94 and formula_79 and formula_90 are two elements of formula_94 then these statements are equivalent:


title: Equivalence class

text: An undirected graph may be associated to any symmetric relation on a set formula_94 where the vertices are the elements of formula_94 and two vertices formula_103 and formula_104 are joined if and only if formula_105 Among these graphs are the graphs of equivalence relations; they are characterized as the graphs such that the connected components are cliques.


title: Equivalence class

text: If formula_6 is an equivalence relation on formula_94 and formula_108 is a property of elements of formula_19 such that whenever formula_110 formula_108 is true if formula_112 is true, then the property formula_113 is said to be an invariant of formula_15 or well-defined under the relation formula_62


title: Equivalence class

text: A frequent particular case occurs when formula_116 is a function from formula_19 to another set formula_118; if formula_119 whenever formula_120 then formula_116 is said to be formula_15 or simply formula_62 This occurs, for example, in the character theory of finite groups. Some authors use "compatible with formula_6" or just "respects formula_6" instead of "invariant under formula_6".


title: Equivalence class

text: Any function formula_127 is "class invariant under" formula_15 according to which formula_129 if and only if formula_130 The equivalence class of formula_79 is the set of all elements in formula_19 which get mapped to formula_133 that is, the class formula_82 is the inverse image of formula_135 This equivalence relation is known as the kernel of formula_136


title: Equivalence class

text: More generally, a function may map equivalent arguments (under an equivalence relation formula_137 on formula_19) to equivalent values (under an equivalence relation formula_139 on formula_118). Such a function is a morphism of sets equipped with an equivalence relation.


title: Equivalence class

text: In topology, a quotient space is a topological space formed on the set of equivalence classes of an equivalence relation on a topological space, using the original space's topology to create the topology on the set of equivalence classes.