title: Golden toad

text: Males outnumbered females, in some years by as many as ten to one, a situation that often led bachelors to attack amplectant pairs and form what has been described as a "writhing masses of toad balls". During the 1977 and 1982 seasons, males outnumbered females by over 8 to 1 at breeding pools. Each toad couple produced 200–400 eggs each week for the six-week mating period, with each egg approximately 3 mm in diameter. The eggs of the golden toad, black and tan spheres, were deposited in small pools often no more than one-inch deep. Tadpoles emerged in a matter of days but required another four or five weeks for metamorphosis. During this period, they were highly dependent on the weather. Too much rain and they would be washed down the steep hillsides; too little and their puddles would dry up.


title: Golden toad

text: In 1987, an American ecologist and herpetologist, Martha Crump, recorded the golden toad's mating rituals. In her book, "In Search of the Golden Frog", she described it as "one of the most incredible sights I've ever seen", and said they looked like "statues, dazzling jewels on the forest floor". On April 15, 1987, Crump recorded in her field diary that she counted 133 toads mating in one "kitchen sink-sized pool" that she was observing. Five days later, she witnessed the pools in the area drying, which she attributed to the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, "leaving behind desiccated eggs already covered in mold". The toads attempted to mate again that May. Of the 43,500 eggs that Crump found, only twenty-nine tadpoles survived the drying of the forest's ground.


title: Golden toad

text: Jay Savage discovered the golden toad in 1964. From their discovery in 1964 for about 17 years, and from April to July in 1987, population sizes of ~1500 adult toads were reported. As the population was very small and localized, a reserve of 4 km was established around the known locality, eventually expanded to cover 105 km. Only ten or eleven toads were seen in 1988, including one seen by Martha Crump, and none have been seen since May 15, 1989, when Crump last saw the same solitary male toad that she had seen the year before.


title: Golden toad

text: In the period between its discovery and disappearance, the golden toad was commonly featured on posters promoting the biodiversity of Costa Rica. Another species, Holdridge's toad, was declared extinct in 2008 but has since been rediscovered.


title: Golden toad

text: The Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) listed 427 species as "critically endangered" in its extensive analysis, including 122 species that could be “possibly extinct”. A majority of species, including the golden toad, have declined in numbers even in seemingly undisturbed environments. As late as 1994, five years after the last sighting, researchers still hoped that "I. periglenes" continued to live in burrows, as similar toad species have lifespans of up to twelve years. By 2004 IUCN listed the species as extinct, after an evaluation involving Savage (who had first discovered them 38 years earlier). IUCN's conclusion was based on the lack of sightings since 1989 and the "extensive searching" that had been done since without result. In August 2010 a search organised by the Amphibian Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, aiming to verify the status of various species of frogs thought to be extinct in the wild, failed to find evidence of surviving specimens.


title: Golden toad

text: Since records of golden toads were consistently collected, their rapid disappearance was well documented, yet the causes remain poorly understood. After 1989, there have been no verified documented sightings. The disappearance was originally attributed to a severe neotropical drought in 1987–1988, but other factors have since been treated as more likely causes. The IUCN has given numerous possible reasons for the species' extinction, including its "restricted range, global warming, chytridiomycosis and airborne pollution". Jennifer Neville examined the different hypotheses explaining the extinction in her article "The Case of the Golden Toad: Weather Patterns Lead to Decline", and concluded that Crump's El Niño hypothesis is "clearly supported" by the available data. In her article, Neville discussed the flaws in other hypotheses explaining the toad's decline. The UV-B radiation theory, which suggests that the decline in golden toads resulted from an increase in UV-B radiation, has little evidence supporting it because there was no high elevation UV-B radiation recorded, also, there is little evidence that an increase in UV-B radiation would have an effect on anurans. Another theory is that the anuran water loss from dry conditions helped cause high mortality rates among adults, although this point is hotly contested.


title: Golden toad

text: In 1991, ML Crump, FR Hensley, and KL Clark attempted to understand whether the decline of the golden toad in Costa Rica meant that the species was underground or extinct. They found that each year from the early 1970s–1987 golden toads emerged from retreats to breed during April–June. During the time of the study in 1991, the most recent known breeding episode occurred during April/May 1987. Over 1500 adults were observed at five breeding pools, but a maximum of 29 tadpoles metamorphosed from these sites. During April–June 1988–90, Crump et al. found only 11 toads during surveys of the breeding habitat. To study the species' decline, they analyzed rainfall, water temperature, and pH of the breeding pools. The data on weather patterns and characteristics of the breeding habitat unveiled that warmer water temperatures and less precipitation during dry season after 1987 could have caused adverse breeding conditions. The toads may have actually been alive and hiding in retreats, waiting for appropriate weather conditions. The scarcity of toads could have been a normal population response to an unpredictable environment. However this hypothesis is unlikely to be still valid after close to 30 years. Furthermore, there have been many mating seasons since 1987 with very favorable conditions but no reappearance of the species.


title: Golden toad

text: The climate-linked extinction hypothesis postulates that rising global temperatures caused the extreme El Niño event. To test the hypothesis a study was conducted using oxygen isotope measurements from trees identifying data spanning the years of 1900-2002. The results found “no evidence of a trend associated with global warming”, though without more extensive climate data dating farther back it is difficult to conclude if anthropogenic changes to the climate played a role in extinction for the Golden Toad.


title: Golden toad

text: In 1999, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that the golden toad, along with an Oceanian rodent, was one of two species for which the climate crisis was “implicated as a key driver” in its extinction.


title: Golden toad

text: Climate variability is strongly dominated by dry season influences from the El Niño Southern Oscillation events. In 1986–87, El Niño caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The shift of climate during El Niño is caused by the increased atmospheric pressure in the Atlantic and decreased in the Pacific. The wind reduced the number of rain on the Pacific-facing slopes, and the temperature during the dry season was dramatically higher than usual. At that time, researchers were not certain if the toads were waiting for wetter mating conditions to return or if they had simply died off.


title: Golden toad

text: In "Atelopus", another genus found in the tropical Americas, an estimated 67% of the ~110 species of have become extinct or endangered, and the pathogenic chytrid fungus "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis", which causes chytridiomycosis, is implicated in this regard.


title: Golden toad

text: Three hypotheses of how the chytrid fungus could have caused the extinction of the golden toad were reviewed by Rohr "et al." They include the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, and the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis. The spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis claims that "B. dendrobatidis" related decreases in population are a result of the introduction and spread of "B. dendrobatidis", independent of climate changes. The climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis says the decline was a result of a climate change interacting with a pathogen. This hypothesis leads to a paradox because "B. dendrobatidis" is a cold-tolerant pathogen. The chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis proposes that global warming increased cloud cover in warm years, resulting in the concurrence of daytime cooling and nighttime warming, temperatures that are the optimal thermal temperature for "B. dendrobatidis" growth. This theory is controversial.


title: Golden toad

text: Another explanation has been termed the chytrid thermal optimum hypothesis. An earlier study by Pounds and Crump based on the El Niño event in 1986–1987 had concluded, after observing the dry conditions from higher temperatures and lower seasonal rainfall, that this could potentially have caused the extinction. When chytridiomycosis was eventually identified as a major cause of amphibian extinctions throughout the world, a connection between these causes was hypothesized. To test it, they used radiocarbon and chronology validation to test the amount of δ18O (delta-O-18) which is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation. They found that in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years showed a strong mean positive anomaly of 2.0% for 1983, 1987, and 1998 which is greater than 2σ above the mean. These strong positive anomalies are indicators of periods of lower precipitation and temperature differences of greater than 1 degree Celsius.


title: Golden toad

text: In conjunction with the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis also suggests a correlation between climate change and the amphibian pathogen. Unlike the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis does not assume a direct chain of events between warmer weather and disease outbreak. This interpretation assumes that global climate change has a direct link to species extinctions, arguing that "the patterns of increasing dry days implicate rising global temperatures due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions." Taking the results and recent findings that tie the golden toad's population crash to disease, the authors concluded that climate-driven epidemics are an immediate threat to biodiversity. It also points to a chain of events whereby this warming may accelerate disease development by translating into local or microscale temperature shifts—increases and decreases—favorable to Bd.


title: Golden toad

text: Notably, "B. dendrobatidis" becomes increasingly malignant under cold and moist conditions. Hence, the idea that the pathogen spreads in warmer climates is paradoxical. It is possible that the warmer climate made the species more susceptible to disease, or those warm years could have favored "Batrachochytrium" directly.


title: Golden toad

text: In contrast to both the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis and the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis suggests that population decline due to "B. dendrobatidis" was caused by the introduction and spread of "B. dendrobatidis" from a finite amount of introduction sites in a way unaffected by climate change. Mantel tests of all the possible origins of "B. dendrobatidis" were used to see if their hypothesis was correct. They did see positive correlations between spatial distance and distance in the timing of declass and the lat year observed. "Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"" by Tina L. Cheng et al., also parallels with the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis by tracking the origins of "B. dendrobatidis" and tracking it from Mexico to Costa Rica. Furthermore, this study also shows that local amphibian species could have extreme susceptibility to "B. dendrobatidis" which could result in population decline.


title: Golden toad

text: There has been evidence that contradicts the theory of fungus killing off the golden toads. Three collected and preserved specimens of "I. periglenes" were found to be negative for "B. dendrobatidis". There is a possibility that the "B. dendrobatidis" was too damaged to detect, but even with this data, there is not enough to prove that climate change had a significant enough impact on the growth and spreading of the deadly fungus. It is possible that either the testing methods were not robust enough to detect the nascent infection, or that the specimens were too damaged to be tested. The more likely explanation is that the specimens were collected prior to the presumptive emergence and documentation of "B. dendrobatidis" in Monteverde. It is very likely that "B. dendrobatidis" played a role in the extinction of the golden toad, but there are still not enough data for a conclusive verdict.


title: Waking Ned

text: Waking Ned (titled Waking Ned Devine in North America) is a 1998 comedy film written and directed by Kirk Jones and starring Ian Bannen, David Kelly, and Fionnula Flanagan. Kelly was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role as Michael O'Sullivan. The story is set in Ireland but was filmed on the nearby Isle of Man.


title: Waking Ned

text: When word reaches Jackie O'Shea (Ian Bannen) and Michael O'Sullivan (David Kelly), two elderly best friends, that someone in Tulaigh Mhór (Tullymore), their tiny Irish village of 52 people, has won the Irish National Lottery, they, along with Jackie's wife Annie (Fionnula Flanagan), plot to discover the identity of the winner. They obtain a list of lottery customers from Mrs. Kennedy (Maura O'Malley) at the post office and invite the potential winners to a chicken dinner, where they attempt to get the winner to reveal him- or herself. After everyone has left and they are no closer to an answer, Annie realizes that one person did not come to the dinner, so Jackie pays a late-night visit to the only absentee: the reclusive Ned Devine (Jimmy Keogh). He finds Ned in his home in front of the TV, still holding the ticket in his hand, a smile on his face and dead from shock. That same night, Jackie has a dream that the deceased Ned wants to share the winnings with his friends, as he has no family to claim the ticket. Jackie wakes up after the dream, and before dawn, he and Michael return to Ned's house to gather Ned's personal information so they can claim the winnings for themselves.


title: Waking Ned

text: Elsewhere in the village, Maggie O'Toole (Susan Lynch) continues to spurn the romantic interests of her old flame, "Pig" Finn (James Nesbitt), a local pig farmer. Finn is convinced they belong together, as he thinks he is the father of her son Maurice (Robert Hickey), but she cannot abide him due to his ever-present odour of pigs. Finn has a rival in Pat Mulligan (Fintan McKeown), also hoping to marry Maggie.


title: Waking Ned

text: Jackie and Michael call the National Lottery to make the claim, prompting a claim inspector to be sent. The inspector, Mr. Kelly, arrives to find Jackie on the beach and asks him for directions to Ned's cottage. Jackie delays Kelly by taking him on a circuitous route while Michael races to the cottage on a motorcycle, completely naked, and breaks in so he can answer the door as Ned. After discovering that the lottery winnings are far greater than they anticipated (totaling nearly IR£7 million), Jackie and Michael are forced to involve the entire village in fooling Mr. Kelly. All the villagers sign their name to a pact to participate in the ruse, except one—the local curmudgeon, Lizzie Quinn (Eileen Dromey). She threatens to report the fraud in order to receive a ten-percent reward, and attempts to blackmail Jackie for £1 million of the winnings. Jackie does not refuse her outright, but later insists to Michael, "She'll sign for the same as us, or get nothing at all!"


title: Waking Ned

text: The villagers go to great lengths to fool the inspector, even pretending Ned's funeral is a service for Michael when the inspector wanders into the church. The inspector leaves, satisfied that the claim is legitimate, and the villagers celebrate their winnings at the local pub. Meanwhile, Lizzie makes her way to the nearest working phone, a phone box outside the village on the edge of a cliff, and phones the lottery office. Before she can report the fraud, however, the departing claim inspector sneezes while driving past her and loses control of his car, forcing an oncoming van (driven by Tullymore's village priest, returning from a sabbatical) to crash into the phone box, sending it plummeting off the cliff and crashing to the ground below with Lizzie still inside.


title: Waking Ned

text: At the celebration, Jackie spots Maggie, who is content to marry Finn now that he has the money to give up pig farming. Maggie confides in him that Ned is Maurice's real father, meaning that Maurice is technically entitled to the entire winnings. Jackie urges her to claim the fortune for Maurice, but she demurs, determined to keep the secret so that Maurice will have a father and the villagers will have their money.


title: Waking Ned

text: Finally, Jackie, Michael, Maurice, and several other villagers stand on a headland and raise their glasses to Ned, toasting him for his gift to the village.


title: Waking Ned

text: Jones originally developed the idea for "Waking Ned" as a roughly 10-minute short film, but later expanded the work into a full-length script. In a 2013 interview, Jones reflected:


title: Waking Ned

text: The film was shot on the Isle of Man, with the village of Cregneash standing in for the fictional Irish village of Tulaigh Mhór.


title: Waking Ned

text: "Waking Ned" opened in the United States on 20 November 1998 in 9 theatres, grossing $148,971 for the weekend. It expanded on Christmas Day to 259 theatres and expanded further in the new year to a maximum of 540 theatres. It grossed $24.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $30.4 million elsewhere, for a grand total of $55.2 million worldwide. Its 1999 gross of $19 million in the United States and Canada was the highest for a limited release full-length feature film in the year.


title: Waking Ned

text: "Waking Ned" received a mostly positive response from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a "Certified Fresh" score of 84% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's consensus reads: "A heartwarming comedy with a delightfully light touch, "Waking Ned Devine" finds feel-good humor in some unexpected -- and unexpectedly effective -- places."


title: Waking Ned

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" lauded the film as "another one of those delightful village comedies that seem to spin out of the British isles annually." He added, ""Waking Ned Devine" can take its place alongside "Local Hero", "Comfort and Joy", "The Snapper", "The Van", "The Full Monty", "The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain", "Brassed Off", "Eat the Peach" and many others." Derek Elley of "Variety" called it "a warmly observed comedy of manners" and wrote:


title: Waking Ned

text: Kirk Jones was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer. The film was nominated for the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture and the cast was up for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, while David Kelly received a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Waking Ned

text: "Waking Ned" inspired the 2006 Bollywood film "Malamaal Weekly", directed by Priyadarshan, which was itself remade in Telugu as "Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw", in Kannada as "Dakota Picture", and later by Priyadarshan himself in Malayalam as "Aamayum Muyalum".


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Jonathan Phillip Ogden (born July 31, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle and spent his entire career with the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was drafted by the Ravens 4th overall in the 1996 NFL Draft, making him the first-ever Ravens draft selection. He was an 11-time Pro Bowl selection and a nine-time All-Pro. Ogden won Super Bowl XXXV with the Ravens in 2001.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: On February 2, 2013, Ogden was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the first inductee to spend his entire playing career as a Raven. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden was born in Washington, D.C. He received his education at St. Albans School in Washington, excelling not only in high school football but also in track and field. He was a high school All-American in both football and track. He had high school-best throws of 19.23 meters (63.09 feet) in the shot put and 56.73 meters (186.12 feet) in the discus throw.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden decided to attend the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) instead of the University of Florida because the Bruins football coaches would let him participate in track and field. As a sophomore, he helped UCLA to the 1993 Pac-10 Championship and Rose Bowl. He later won the 1996 NCAA Men's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships in the shot put, with a personal best of 19.42 meters. Ogden had an outstanding career with the Bruins football team, starting as a left tackle for four years. In 23 games during his junior and senior years, he allowed just two sacks. In 1995, Ogden received the Outland Trophy and the Morris Trophy, was the UPI Lineman of the Year, and was a unanimous All-American. Ogden's father, an investment banker, told his son to accept UCLA's decision to move him from right to left tackle.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden's jersey was retired by UCLA, making him only the eighth player in school history to receive that honor. He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2006. On December 5, 2012 he was enshrined into the College Football Hall of Fame.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: During the 1996 NFL Draft, Ogden was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round with the fourth overall choice, the first-ever draft pick made by the Ravens. Ozzie Newsome wanted to select Ogden but owner Art Modell wanted to select Lawrence Phillips. Phillips played in 3 NFL seasons and rushed for a career yardage total of 1,453.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: He was named a four-time All-Pro and an 11-time Pro Bowler at left tackle, earning trips to Hawaii in every season except his rookie year. During his career, Ogden caught two passes – both for one yard and both for touchdowns. He also recovered 10 fumbles and recorded 10 tackles. Ogden also won a reputation for smiling. "He's a laugher," joked former New York Giants DE Michael Strahan. "You see him, you think to yourself this guy is not mean enough to handle the mean guys out there in the NFL. Jonathan would rip your limbs off, and he'd smile...and wave your arm in front of you." Ogden also threw his helmet in frustration several times. He is widely considered one of the best tackles to ever play the game.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: In 2001, Ogden won a Super Bowl ring with the Ravens when they defeated the New York Giants 34–7 in Super Bowl XXXV. Ogden announced his retirement on June 12, 2008 after a career that spanned 12 seasons, all with Baltimore. His retirement left Ray Lewis and Matt Stover as the last remaining Ravens from the team's inaugural season in Baltimore. At 6' 9", Ogden was tied with fellow Raven Jared Gaither and Bengals tackle Dennis Roland as the tallest player in the NFL at the end of his playing career.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden served as the Ravens' honorary captain at Super Bowl XLVII, which saw his former team win their second world championship.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden married Kema Hunt in 2004. The couple resides in Las Vegas. In 2008, he established the Jonathan Ogden Foundation (now known as The Ogden Family Foundation) to benefit inner-city schools and help student-athletes take responsibility for their futures through lessons learned on the playing field, in the classroom, and throughout their local communities.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: On May 1, 2000, Ogden appeared on "WWF Raw" along with members of the Baltimore Ravens and attempted to win the WWF Hardcore Championship from Crash Holly after Holly was attacked by Steve Blackman, but was unsuccessful. In September 2009, Ogden was selected to Sporting News' Magazine's Team of the Decade (2000's). In 2010, he was placed 72nd on the list of . He was present during the Ravens' Super Bowl XXXV reunion in 2010.


title: Jonathan Ogden

text: Ogden has starred in commercials for Apple Ford, a dealership in Columbia, Maryland, and during his playing career, he appeared in TV advertisements for GEBCO, a local car insurance company. He also appeared in a 2012 advertisement with Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake in support of Maryland Question 7. The measure expanded gambling in the state.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Jameer Lamar Nelson Sr. (born February 9, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player who serves as assistant general manager for the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Saint Joseph's Hawks, where he was named national college player of the year in 2004. Drafted 20th overall in the 2004 NBA draft, Nelson spent the first ten years of his NBA career with the Orlando Magic. In 2009, he was named an All-Star and made an appearance in the NBA Finals with the Magic. He has also played for the Dallas Mavericks, Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Pelicans and Detroit Pistons.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson attended Chester High School in Chester, Pennsylvania and was a letterman in basketball. In 2000, he helped lead his team to the PIAA AAAA State championship.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson began his play at Saint Joseph's University in the 2000–01 season. He had a breakout freshman season in which he was named unanimous National Freshman of the Year. During his junior season in 2002–03, he averaged 19.7 points per game, 5.1 rebounds per game, and 4.7 assists per game. He declared for the 2003 NBA draft, but later decided to remain for his senior season.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson led the Saint Joseph's Hawks to a 27–0 regular season record in 2003–04. The Hawks' first loss came in the Atlantic 10 tournament to Xavier. Nelson and junior guard Delonte West formed what was largely considered the nation's best backcourt, helping the Hawks earn a #1 seed in the NCAA tournament. They advanced to the Elite Eight and were within seconds of the Final Four before Oklahoma State Cowboys' John Lucas III hit a three-pointer with only a few seconds remaining (after the make, Nelson dribbled up the court and had a chance to tie the game, but his 15-foot shot fell short). Saint Joseph's finished with a 30–2 record, the best in the university's history. Nelson averaged 20.6 points, 5.3 assists, and 2.9 steals per game. He received the Lowe's Senior CLASS Award his final year, recognizing him as the nation's top senior men's basketball player. He left the Hawks as the best player in the program's history, as its all-time leader in scoring (2,094 points), assists (714), and steals (256). Nelson's number was retired by the university on April 23, 2004.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Because of his extraordinary accomplishments as a senior, Nelson won the 2004 Wooden Award, the 2004 Naismith Award, the 2004 Bob Cousy Award, the Rupp Trophy, the Oscar Robertson Trophy and many more accolades, including being featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated. Nelson was the first Atlantic 10 athlete to be on the cover of the magazine since Mark Macon in 1988.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson was selected with the 20th overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets, and was subsequently traded to the Orlando Magic for a 2005 first-round draft pick. Though many speculated he would be a top 10 pick, he fell to number 20, and the Magic were able to acquire both Nelson and Dwight Howard in the same draft.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: As a rookie, Nelson served as the primary backup to the Magic's All-Star point guard Steve Francis. Due to Nelson's impressive play, the Magic moved Francis to shooting guard to make room for Nelson to start at point guard. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team, and garnered Rookie of the Year consideration.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On February 22, 2006, the Magic dealt Francis to the New York Knicks, paving the way for Nelson to become the long-term starting point guard of Orlando. Nelson's play improved with the mid-season trade of Francis, finishing the season with averages of 14.6 points and 5 assists per game on 48.3% field goal shooting.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: The following year, Nelson helped lead the Magic back into the postseason for the first time since 2003. He averaged 14.3 points, 3 rebounds, and 3.3 assists per game during the NBA playoffs, however the Magic were ultimately swept by the top-seeded Detroit Pistons in the first round.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: During the 2008 All-Star weekend Slam Dunk Contest, Nelson assisted teammate Dwight Howard on several of his dunks, including the famous Superman dunk. That year, the Magic once again made the playoffs, defeating the Toronto Raptors in the first round before falling to the Pistons in the second round. He averaged 16.2 points, 4.7 assists and 4.1 rebounds per game through the playoffs, helping Orlando to their first playoff series win in 12 years.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson set career highs in points, steals, and shooting percentages during the 2008–09 NBA season. He, along with teammates Dwight Howard and Rashard Lewis, were selected to play in the 2009 NBA All-Star Game. However, a torn labrum in Nelson's right shoulder, a potential season-ending injury, forced him to miss the game. Nelson was averaging 16.7 points per game and 5.4 assists at the time. After a four-month recovery, Nelson returned for the NBA Finals with the controversial decision by Stan Van Gundy for allowing him to play in heavy minutes by limiting Rafer Alston playing, which led the team into demise as the Magic were defeated by the Lakers in five games.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On November 16, Nelson suffered a torn meniscus in his left knee, and had arthroscopic surgery to repair his knee. He returned to action on December 21. Nelson and the Magic again surged into the playoffs with their third straight Southeast Division title, sweeping the Charlotte Bobcats and Atlanta Hawks before falling to the Boston Celtics in six games in the Eastern Conference Finals. He averaged 19 points and 4.8 assists per game in Orlando's 14 playoff games.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On March 18, 2011, Nelson made a game winning buzzer beater against the Denver Nuggets to secure an 85-82 victory for Orlando. On April 10, 2011, Nelson's last-second three-pointer was ruled "no basket", and the Magic lost to the Chicago Bulls 102–99.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: Nelson and Dwight Howard, who were close friends since their rookie seasons, were on opposite sides of a trade that sent Rashard Lewis to Washington in exchange for Gilbert Arenas (Nelson considered Lewis one of the team's leaders while Howard reportedly pushed management into making the trade). Their relationship was further strained when Howard publicly stated his desire to play with a superstar point guard like Deron Williams or Chris Paul, and was reportedly the driving force behind the firing of coach Stan Van Gundy. Howard eventually forced a trade to the Lakers in the 2012 offseason. Despite this, Nelson re-signed with the Magic on a three-year deal.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On February 23, 2014, Nelson scored his 8020th point, passing Shaquille O'Neal for fourth place on the Magic's all-time scoring list.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On July 24, 2014, Nelson signed a two-year, $5.6 million contract with the Dallas Mavericks. He appeared in 23 games for the Mavericks and averaged 7.3 points and 4.1 assists per game.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On December 18, 2014, Nelson was traded, along with Jae Crowder, Brandan Wright, a 2015 first-round pick, a 2016 second-round pick and a $12.9 million trade exception, to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Rajon Rondo and Dwight Powell. In six games for Boston, Nelson averaged 4.8 points and 5.5 assists per game. In his second game with Boston, Nelson returned to Orlando for the first time since leaving for Dallas as a free agent.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On January 13, 2015, Nelson was traded to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Nate Robinson. On June 26, 2015, Nelson opted out of the remaining year of his contract with the Nuggets to become a free agent.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On February 1, 2018, Nelson was traded, along with Ömer Aşık, Tony Allen and a protected first-round pick, to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Nikola Mirotić and a 2018 second-round pick. In addition, Chicago will have the right to swap its 2021 second-round pick with New Orleans' own 2021 second-round pick. Seven days later, he was traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Willie Reed and future second-round draft considerations.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On November 11, 2020, the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League named Nelson as the assistant general manager.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On August 30, 2007, Nelson's father, Floyd "Pete" Nelson, was reported missing after disappearing at his Chester tugboat repair shop located along the docks of the Delaware River at Front Street and Highland Avenue. Authorities said no one saw his father fall into the water. Nelson arrived at the search scene the next morning. On September 2, 2007, Floyd Nelson's body was found floating in the Delaware River. His death was ruled accidental.


title: Jameer Nelson

text: He has a tattoo on his back that says "All Eyes On Me", and another one that says "Accomplish Everything Without Fear".


title: Jameer Nelson

text: On July 5, 2008, he married long-time girlfriend, Imani Tillery. He has one son from a previous relationship, Jameer Jr., who is a guard for The University of Delaware.


title: Timeline of voting rights in the United States

text: This is a timeline of voting rights in the United States. The timeline highlights milestones when groups of people in the United States gained voting rights, and also documents aspects of disenfranchisement in the country.


title: Holly Walsh

text: The daughter of an Anglican vicar, Walsh attended Christ's Hospital School, before going on to read History of Art at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, which she described as 'the most boring three years of my life". After graduating she worked in various small art galleries in East London.


title: Holly Walsh

text: While working in galleries, Walsh attended comedy writing evening classes including "Stand up and Deliver" and as a direct result wrote for Jo Caulfield on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 she switched to comedy full-time. In 2007, Walsh was approached by Frank Skinner to appear in a TV pilot for Avalon Entertainment, "Frank Skinner's Skateboarding Dog".


title: Holly Walsh

text: Walsh was runner-up in AmusedMoose LaughOff 2006 on the Edinburgh Fringe, appeared at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2007 and 2008, and appeared at Afterhours in between writing and filming, as well as co-hosting the AmusedMoose LaughOff 2009 with Jack Whitehall.


title: Holly Walsh

text: In 2009, Walsh wrote for and appeared on "The Now Show" on BBC Radio 4, appeared on "Winging It" on BBC Switch, and made videos for Current TV. Walsh is also an occasional contributor to comedy podcast "Answer Me This!". In January 2009, Walsh created a comedy film night called "Popcorn Comedy" with Jon Petrie (brother of CBBC's Ed Petrie). In the summer of 2009, Walsh was a co-host and writer of Channel 4's "TNT Show".


title: Holly Walsh

text: In August 2011, Walsh was nominated for an Edinburgh Comedy Best Newcomer Award, in recognition of her first full hour-long show. She received critical acclaim for the show, which drew on her life since breaking her arm in the Worthing Birdman Competition in August 2010. She has also appeared on "So Wrong It's Right", a BBC Radio Four comedy presented by Charlie Brooker.


title: Holly Walsh

text: Walsh co-wrote "Dead Boss" with Sharon Horgan, a British sitcom set in Broadmarsh Prison, starring both Sharon Horgan and Jennifer Saunders. The show began airing on BBC Three in June 2012.


title: Holly Walsh

text: She has appeared on TV shows, such as "Edinburgh & Beyond" on the Paramount Comedy Channel, "The Late Edition", "The Matt Lucas Awards", "Mock the Week", "QI", and "Would I Lie to You?". She has appeared on the radio comedy shows "Out to Lunch" on BBC Radio 2, "Just a Minute", winning on her debut broadcast on 3 March 2014, "The Unbelievable Truth" and "The News Quiz".


title: Holly Walsh

text: In 2008 Walsh was a stand-in continuity presenter for CBBC and for its show "All Over the Place". On 12 June 2009, Walsh was a guest panellist on "8 Out of 10 Cats", on 18 August 2009 appeared on "You Have Been Watching", "Newswipe with Charlie Brooker", and on 3 September on "Mock the Week".


title: Holly Walsh

text: On 15 October, she also appeared on the third episode of the new series of "Never Mind The Buzzcocks", on Noel Fielding's team. On 13 September she appeared on Phill Jupitus's team along with JLS.


title: Holly Walsh

text: On 15 August 2010, Walsh sustained a suspected dislocated shoulder and fractured arm after leaping from the pier during the annual Worthing International Birdman festival. On 8 October 2010, she appeared on "8 out of 10 Cats" still with her arm in a sling, saying that she had of metal in her arm.


title: Holly Walsh

text: Walsh appeared on "Celebrity Mastermind" on 30 December 2012, coming second to Ken Bruce. Her chosen subject was badgers.


title: Holly Walsh

text: Walsh is a writer for the television series "Motherland". Walsh devised, co-wrote (with Pippa Brown) and directs the BBC comedy "The Other One."


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: Christopher Lee DeGarmo (born June 14, 1963) is an American guitarist and songwriter, best known for being a rhythm and lead guitarist, backing vocalist, and primary songwriter in the progressive metal band Queensrÿche from their formation in 1980 until 1998, and with whom he played during their most commercially successful period. He briefly returned for collaborations in 2003 and 2007. DeGarmo was a member of Jerry Cantrell's band during his 1998 solo tour, and also contributed to his 2002 album, "Degradation Trip". In 1999, he co-founded the short-lived supergroup Spys4Darwin with Alice in Chains drummer Sean Kinney. Since departing from Queensrÿche, DeGarmo has made his living as a professional private jet pilot. Since 2009, he has been making music with his daughter Rylie DeGarmo under the name The Rue, and collaborated with Alice in Chains on their 2018 album, "Rainier Fog". DeGarmo was nominated for three Grammy Awards as a songwriter.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo was born in Wenatchee, Washington. The family he grew up in was struggling as his father had abandoned them. He would later write about this in "Bridge", from Queensryche's 1994 "Promised Land" album. The song describes DeGarmo's cherished relationship with his grandfather, and the emotional experience of his biological father trying to make amends after years of absence.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: In sixth grade, he was in the same class as his future bandmate Scott Rockenfield. DeGarmo joined Interlake High School as a sophomore in 1979, and joined his school-mates in garage bands such as Joker, which included guitarist Michael Wilton. After he was kicked out of Joker to be replaced with a guitarist who could afford more expensive equipment, DeGarmo formed the band "Tempest" with singer and bass player Mark Hovland and drummer Kevin Hodges on drums, who later moved on, and was replaced by Mark Welling, after which the band was renamed to D-H-W (DeGarmo-Hovland-Welling).


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: In 1980, Wilton and Rockenfield, who was a drummer, had founded a band called Cross+Fire, and DeGarmo and Hovland joined shortly thereafter. They played covers of popular heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden and Judas Priest. Hovland left because he had to commute quite far and wasn't really into Iron Maiden. In his place came bassist Eddie Jackson, a high school friend of Rockenfield. The band name was changed to The Mob. In 1982, they switched from playing cover songs to writing original material, and recruited Geoff Tate as their vocalist. After recording what was to become the group's debut EP at Triad studios in Redmond, WA, the band settled on the name Queensrÿche (derived from the DeGarmo composition, and opening EP track "Queen of the Reich").


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: As their primary songwriter, DeGarmo was largely responsible for writing the band's intricate compositions together with Wilton and Tate. In 1990, "I Don't Believe in Love" by DeGarmo and Tate, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. DeGarmo was the sole writer for the band's 1991 hit "Silent Lucidity", which reached the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, was Grammy nominated in two categories (Best Rock Song, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal) at the 1992 awards, as well as five VMA nominations and one win, and which earned the guitarist a BMI songwriter's award.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo left Queensrÿche for undisclosed reasons in late 1997 following the band's tour in support of the band's sixth studio album, "Hear in the Now Frontier". His departure was not made public until January 28, 1998. Reflecting on Queensryche's Promised Land era, DeGarmo revealed that he had already considered leaving the band:


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: I was questioning the long term stability of the group by that point. The level of internal and external dysfunction was unacceptable to me. Apparently, no one else was paying attention, or bothered to compare the successful elements and priorities of our past to our current trajectory.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: His remarks appear to be in line with later statements from other band members that burnout and a desire to pursue interests outside of Queensrÿche were the reasons for his departure. For example, Rockenfield has said: "He wanted to pursue other things. He felt like he had done what he wanted musically in his life, and wanted to move on." However, Dan Birchall of the fan magazine "Screaming in Digital" paints a more complex picture of three factors culminating in DeGarmo's decision to quit the band:


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo was succeeded in Queensrÿche by Kelly Gray (1998–2002), Mike Stone (2002–2008, 2021-present), and Parker Lundgren (2008–2021).


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: With an impending deadline to deliver their next album, and the band's strained internal relationships leaving them short on material, a call was placed to DeGarmo to see if he would be interested in contributing songs to the project. After a meeting with Tate, he agreed and took part in the sessions for "Tribe", contributing the music to the songs "Falling Behind", "Doin' Fine" and "Art of Life", and co-writing the music to "Desert Dance" and "Open".


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo had also written both the music and lyrics to the song "Justified", but it was not included on the album since he prematurely left the recording sessions. The song would later be included on the collector's edition of their 2007 greatest hits album, "". It is generally assumed that similar interpersonal problems as in 1997 are the cause for his second departure.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: After his departure from the band, DeGarmo rarely makes public appearances, but he has always remained friends with Queensrÿche, and especially his high-school friend Wilton. Because he remains highly regarded in the eyes of Queensrÿche's fan base, both he and the other band members are frequently asked if he is ever to rejoin Queensrÿche. Wilton answered that question in June 2013 as follows: "if there is a chance of collaboration, well, we'll just keep that a secret." In 2011, DeGarmo commented:


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: Well, I'll never say never. I don't know how likely it is though. I'm still on good terms with everyone. We're still connected and communicating. We have the chemistry, that's not an issue.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: The most profound line-up change for Queensrÿche since DeGarmo's departure in 1997, was when remaining founding members Rockenfield, Wilton and Jackson fired Tate in June 2012, leading to a court case that has temporarily allowed both parties to use the band's name and has caused a division among the fans. Although DeGarmo has refrained from publicly commenting on any of this, both sides have talked with restraint about DeGarmo's opinion regarding the current band situation, and they suggest that he has remained friends with both parties. Tate said about his relationship with DeGarmo: "We're friends. We see each other probably once a month—play golf, have lunch." Wilton commented:


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: Chris and I have always been good friends. I mean, we grew up together, we were high school buddies and we're still friends. I golf with him all the time. Our families are friends. And, yes, he's aware of what's going on. I'm not going to speak for him, but I can say that he supports everything that we're doing and it's great that Chris and I have a connection. You know, he's got a lot of things in the fire that he wants to do and he's a true connoisseur of great songwriting. That's basically all I can really tell you. Definitely, he's around, we talk a lot, but I really can't say anything.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: In 2013, DeGarmo and Rockenfield celebrated their 50th birthdays together, as their birthdays are only one day apart. Other members of Queensrÿche were also present.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: After leaving Queensrÿche, DeGarmo began a full-time career as a professional business jet pilot. He holds an Airline Transport Pilot Licence, which he acquired during Queensrÿche's most commercially successful years. as well as CL-30 (Challenger 300), LR-JET (Learjet), IA-Jet (Westwind) and LR-45 (Learjet 45) type ratings from the FAA. In 2013, Rockenfield said that "he [DeGarmo] is very successful at it".


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo's post-Queensrÿche musical career includes collaborations with guitarist Jerry Cantrell (as a touring guitarist in 1998, and an appearance on the 2002 "Degradation Trip" studio album playing slide guitar on the track "Anger Rising"), and with singer Vinnie Dombroski from Sponge, Alice in Chains bassist Mike Inez and drummer Sean Kinney in the short-lived project Spys4Darwin, which DeGarmo co-founded with Kinney in 1999 after they toured as part of Jerry Cantrell's band on his "Boggy Depot" tour. The group released one EP in 2001, "Microfish", and made their live debut at the Endfest in Seattle on August 4, 2001.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: On February 18, 2005, DeGarmo joined the remaining members of the popular rock band Alice in Chains and other Seattle area artists for the "Tsunami Continued Care Relief Concert". He assisted the rock band Dredg with the production and arrangement of their 2005 studio album "Catch Without Arms", and he has written a few film score songs with Dredg's frontman Gavin Hayes.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: DeGarmo lives in the Seattle area with his wife and children. He has been working on a project called The Rue with his daughter Rylie DeGarmo since 2009. In 2013, Rockenfield said: "His daughter is a singer and he helps her a little bit on the songs. Otherwise, he mostly does music on the side. Chris recently told me, that he is absolutely happy with his life the way it is." In 2015, The Rue released their self-titled six-song debut EP.


title: Chris DeGarmo

text: In 2018, DeGarmo played acoustic guitar on the track "Drone" from Alice in Chains' sixth album, "Rainier Fog". While the band was recording at Studio X in the summer of 2017, Jerry Cantrell was struggling with the acoustic part that he described as a "spider-chord, weird plucking thing". DeGarmo was at the studio around that time, so Cantrell decided to let him play the acoustic guitar instead.


title: Beena Banerjee

text: Beena Banerjee (born 19 February 1943), also known as Beena or Bina, is an Indian actress in Bengali and Hindi films and television.


title: Beena Banerjee

text: Beena Banerjee was born as Beena Batabyal on 19 February 1943, the daughter of film actor Pradeep Kumar (originally Pradeep Batabyal, also, Pradeep Bannerjee) (1925–2001). She married Ajoy Biswas, an actor and film director, but they separated. She has a son, Siddharth Banerjee, who has worked as assistant director to Sajid Khan in two films, namely "Housefull 2" (2012) and "Himmatwala" (2013).


title: Burnt ends

text: When brisket muscles are separated, the lean "first cut" or "flat cut" is the deep pectoral, while the fattier "point", also known as the "second cut", "fat end", or "triangular cut", is the superficial pectoral. A traditional part of Kansas City-style barbecue, burnt ends are considered a delicacy in barbecue cooking. Either the entire brisket is cooked whole, then the point end removed and cooked further, or the point and flat are separated prior to cooking. Due to the higher fat content of the brisket point, it takes longer to fully cook to tender and render out fat and collagen. This longer cooking gave rise to the name "burnt ends". Sometimes when the flat is done, the point is returned to the smoker for further cooking. Some cooks re-season the point at this time.


title: Burnt ends

text: Kansas City style burnt ends are usually served chopped with sauce either on top or on the side. A "proper" burnt end should display a modest amount of "bark" or char on at least one side. Burnt ends can be served alone (sometimes smothered in barbecue sauce) or in sandwiches, as well as in a variety of other dishes, including baked beans and French fries.


title: Burnt ends

text: Kansas City native Calvin Trillin is often credited with popularizing burnt ends. In a 1972 article he wrote for "Playboy" about Arthur Bryant's restaurant in Kansas City, he wrote: "The main course at Bryant's, as far as I'm concerned, is something that is given away free – the burned edges of the brisket. The counterman just pushes them over to the side and anyone who wants them helps himself. I dream of those burned edges. Sometimes, when I’m in some awful, overpriced restaurant in some strange town, trying to choke down some three-dollar hamburger that tastes like a burned sponge, a blank look comes over me: I have just realized that at that very moment, someone in Kansas City is being given those burned edges for "free".”


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The White Lantern Corps is a fictional organization appearing in comics published by DC Comics, related to the emotional spectrum.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The White Lantern Corps first appeared in "Blackest Night" #7 and was created by Geoff Johns and Ivan Reis.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The first White Lantern Corps member was Sinestro of Korugar when he bonded with the Life Entity, the embodiment of life itself. However, the Entity is removed from Sinestro by Nekron, and then claimed by Hal Jordan who, joined by the Flash, use its power to rescue Superman, Superboy, Wonder Woman, Donna Troy, Ice, Animal Man, Kid Flash, and Green Arrow, who had all been turned into Black Lanterns by Nekron, as well as the Anti-Monitor. Jordan then used the power of the Entity to sever Nekron's tether to the living world, Black Hand. The revived Black Hand regurgitated twelve white rings that destroyed Nekron's body, and revived the Martian Manhunter, Aquaman, Deadman, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Jade, Firestorm (Ronnie Raymond), Osiris, Hawk, Maxwell Lord, Captain Boomerang, and Professor Zoom.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: After the defeat of Nekron, all heroes that had been turned into White Lanterns are discharged from the Corps, save for Deadman, who is shown to be the only resurrected character retaining a white power ring as of "Brightest Day" #0.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The Entity tells Deadman that it is dying, and that he needs to find the "chosen one" to replace it; this becomes Deadman's assigned task. Deadman considers Hal Jordan to be the perfect candidate, and tells the Entity to take him to him. Instead of taking him to Hal Jordan, the White Lantern Ring takes Deadman and Dove to Aquaman and Mera. Aquaman explains what the White Lantern has told him: to find Jackson Hyde. Deadman questions why the Lantern has taken him to Aquaman when he should be searching for the Entity's replacement, and the ring replies that to find the new Entity, Deadman must help all the other resurrected complete their tasks. Aquaman understands what is at hand and explains to Deadman that for him to succeed, he must find and help others and explain to them what needs to happen.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Meanwhile, the White Lantern is acquired by Deathstorm (the Black Lantern version of Firestorm) who, by infecting it with his essence, is able to generate Black Lantern duplicates of the twelve heroes and villains resurrected by the Entity, apparently with the goal of preventing the resurrected from completing their tasks.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: When his white ring reaches 100%, Deadman approaches Hawkman and Hawkgirl after their mission on Hawkworld. As a secondary labor, the Entity has asked them to live separate lives so that they may strengthen their existence, but they object. Hawkman tries to remove the White Power Ring from Deadman by force, but the Entity reduces them to white dust in front of Deadman's eyes. Meanwhile, Deathstorm and the Black Lanterns are shown delivering the White Battery to someone on Qward.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Deadman commands the ring to resurrect the two heroes, but the ring refuses, saying that this is part of the Entity's plan. It is revealed that when Nekron attacked the Earth, not only was the Entity mortally wounded, but the contamination of the planet was also heightened. Furthermore, the corruption will rise up in the form of another "dark avatar" of the darkness who will try to destroy the Star City forest, which is the key to save Earth's soul. The Entity resurrects the twelve characters with different purposes. Some of them, like Hawk, Maxwell Lord and Jade, are supposed to prevent further disasters and give Deadman and the Entity more time. But five of them (Aquaman, Firestorm, Martian Manhunter, Hawkman and Hawkgirl) are resurrected in order to overcome what held them back in life (what the Hawks already did by destroying the curse that haunted them) and by completing their tasks. Thus, their life force is purified and the ring takes their essences back because they are essential in saving Earth. Deadman also has a secondary purpose: to supply the white ring with power by embracing life.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Later, the ring takes Deadman to the beach where Aquaman and Aqualad are battling Black Manta and Siren. There, the Entity reveals to Deadman that it was the Entity that freed the Xebel soldiers from the Bermuda Triangle in order for Aquaman learn the truth about Mera. Aquaman's alliance sends the soldiers of Xebel back to the Bermuda Triangle, therefore completing Aquaman's task, but the Entity reduces Aquaman to water, to Mera's sorrow.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: As Martian Manhunter completes his task, he is approached by the Entity, who tells him to choose between Mars and Earth. Martian Manhunter chooses Earth, and as he returns to the planet and reaches the forest in Star City he is again approached by Deadman. Deadman pleads for forgiveness, and the Martian Manhunter says he understands because it is "part of the plan"; the Entity then merges the Martian Manhunter's essence with the planet Earth. Meanwhile, Firestorm discovers that the Anti-Monitor seeks to harvest the life energy within the White Lantern in order to grow stronger. Firestorm takes the Lantern and attempts to fight the Anti-Monitor, but is defeated. Deathstorm then brings Professor Stein out of his Matrix to taunt the two. Deathstorm attempts to turn Ronnie to salt, but the Professor takes the brunt of the attack. Angered, Ronnie decides to truly work together with Jason to avenge the Professor. The Entity then declares that Ronnie has accomplished his mission, returning life to him in a burst of white energy that obliterates the Black Lanterns, returns Jason's father to his home, and deposits Firestorm in the Star City forest. Ronnie angrily attempts to make the Entity resurrect the Professor, but is refused. Deadman then arrives demanding that he be given the White Lantern.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: When the "Dark Avatar" makes his presence known, Deadman is forced to collect Ronnie's essence, turning Firestorm into one of the Elementals. The life forces of Aquaman, Martian Manhunter, Hawkman and Hawkgirl are also revealed to be part of the Elementals, which guard the forest located in Star City. They have been transformed by the Entity to represent the elements of Water (Aquaman), Fire (Firestorm), Earth (Martian Manhunter), and Wind (Hawkman and Hawkgirl). These elements protect the Star City Forest from the "Dark Avatar", which is revealed to be the Swamp Thing corrupted into a Black Lantern.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The Entity reveals that Alec Holland perished in an explosion in his lab, and that the present Swamp Thing is not actually Holland but rather an elemental being that thinks it is Holland as a result of absorbing his memories. The Elementals end up fighting Swamp Thing, and the Entity explains that Alec Holland must become the new Swamp Thing. While the Entity tries to familiarize itself with Alec Holland, Captain Boomerang arrives to take part in his labor; it is revealed that Captain Boomerang's mission was to free Hawk as an Avatar of War from the Lords of Chaos, because his act of saving Dove would have broken their hold on him to be his own self. However, he fails to catch the boomerang he threw and instead it is caught by Boston Brand. Because of this, Boston Brand dies and uses his final act to transfer his white power ring to Alec Holland and bring him back to life, allowing him to become the new Swamp Thing and cleanse "the Green" from Nekron's influence by destroying the corrupted Swamp Thing. As Swamp Thing, Alec Holland restores life to natural areas around the world and declares that those who hurt "the Green" will face his wrath. He also restores Aquaman, Firestorm, Hawkman, and Martian Manhunter to normal.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: In the aftermath, Aquaman and Mera are reunited and are seen examining the Xebel technology, which turns out to be made from Atlantean technology. Ronald Raymond and Jason Rusch must find a way to contain their Firestorm matrix from the explosion less than ninety days hence. Hawkman discovers that Hawkgirl has not been restored to normal and goes off to look for her. Doctor Erdel's daughter Melissa begins to lose her mind, and the Martian Manhunter helps remove a piece of debris from her head. The book ends with Swamp Thing killing several businessmen who have engaged in polluting activities.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, the events of the "Rise of the Third Army" storyline has Kyle Rayner unite the powers of all seven Corps to stop the latest threat, despite Kyle's uncertainty about his ability to channel the powers. After Kyle has mastered the seven powers of the emotional spectrum, he is transformed into a White Lantern with the ability to destroy some members of the Third Army, and now will apparently be able to stop the threat of the Guardians of the Universe. Later, Kyle and Carol Ferris arrive at the destroyed planet Korugar. Sinestro attacks them both, blaming them that his home planet is destroyed by the villainous First Lantern. He notices that Kyle has become a White Lantern and demanded that Korugar be restored, but Kyle fails to resurrect Korugar. Sinestro struggles with Kyle for the white ring, attempting to become a White Lantern himself, but the ring rejects him. The white ring then comes into the possession of Simon Baz, but he is rejected as well. The white ring then returns to Kyle's ownership.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: After he absorbs the power of the Life Equation when passing through the Source Wall to defeat Relic, Kyle realizes that his power has grown too great for him to keep it all under control and that he would die very soon because of it, caused him to create the 'Oblivion' entity to destroy himself so that he cannot endanger anyone else. However, various other ring-wielders (including Carol and the repowered Saint Walker) band together and convince him to have hope, resulting in Kyle working with the Templar Guardians to split his ring into seven rings, each finding a new wearer who will wield some of the power of the Life Equation without risking them to be corrupted by that power (with the option of recombining into one ring in a time of great crisis).


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Subsequently, in "DC Rebirth", Ganthet and Sayd call Kyle Rayner to test his White Lantern power which they believed can bring back the Blue Lantern Corps, however when Saint Walker attempts a psionic link to Kyle's ring, an unknown presence prevented Kyle from channeling his power to that extent, resulting in his ring to 'downgrading' back to a conventional Green Lantern ring.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Each White Lantern possesses a power ring that lets the user create white energy constructs powered by life itself. The original wielder of the Entity, Sinestro, displays the ability to eradicate swarms of Black Lanterns effortlessly and is described as "godlike". He also appears to survive a seemingly fatal wound from which he recovers within minutes. When Hal Jordan wields the power, he demonstrates the ability to create additional rings and restore heroes claimed by Nekron to life.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: When Deadman possesses a white ring, he demonstrates the ability to resurrect a dead bird. He is also able to transform the area of land devastated by Prometheus into a lush forest. However, this seems to be the work of the Entity, as Deadman had been unable to access the ring's powers himself.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Similar to black rings, white rings initially have no charge. As the wearer embraces life, the ring rises in power level. What happens when a white ring reaches one hundred percent charge remains unknown. The only thing known is that the ring as it charged itself gave Deadman the sensation that someone would die. As the ring reached 100%, it forced Deadman to meet the Hawks where the ring tasked them with a second labor: to live separate from each other in order to grow stronger. However, when Carter and Shiera refused to obey, both lovers were reduced to white dust in the process.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: A green ring can be altered to function like a white ring if the user can master the emotional spectrum. This version of the ring is similar to a much more powerful version of the standard green ring, and ignores the Third Army's resistance to Lantern constructs, but displays no other special properties thus far. This white ring was unable to perform the resurrection of a planet's worth of beings that had died all at once, but it has not yet been tested on an individual basis to determine if this is a limitation of function or simply scope; Kyle claimed that he can only heal rather than raise the dead, but this may be an assumption rather than a fact. He was later able to help Hal Jordan return to life after he was 'overloaded' trying to confront the Sinestro Corps with his new power ring, but it is unclear if Hal was explicitly dead at that point or just on the verge of death.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: When Kyle Rayner is in possession of the white ring (and of his modified Green Lantern ring), he is able to utilize the abilities and functions of the other seven colored rings: the red plasma of the Red Lantern ring, humanoid and independent construct generation from the Orange Lantern ring, constructs based on the fears of a target from the Sinestro Corps ring, intricate and complex constructs hailing from the Green Lantern ring, constructs that raises its targets hopes and heals wounds, illnesses, and ailments from a Blue Lantern ring, teleportation from an Indigo Tribe ring, and Star Sapphire crystals that can control targets and force them to feel love from the Star Sapphire ring. He cannot channel the abilities of a black ring.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: As the sole White Lantern, Kyle Rayner briefly had the Life Equation within his ring and could use the power of the entire spectrum. Eventually, he had to split the Life Equation into seven parts and placed into Kyle's and six newly created permanent White Power rings and sent the rings out to choose their new bearers. These seven rings can be brought together to restore the Life Equation if needed but until that time the White Lantern Corps will guard the equation. When Kyle built the rings he felt they should come with an "instruction manual". Each wearer of these new rings will innately understand how to use the ring. The ring will not instruct the bearer on what to do but it will tell the bearer on how to do it.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Nekron unearths a creature referred to as the "Trespasser". Like Nekron, the White Lantern Entity does not belong to the emotional spectrum, but instead is the embodiment of the white light that creates life. It assumes the shape of a massive winged humanoid creature. There is no telling if the birth of the Entity was by accident or with purpose. As the light fought against darkness, stars and planets were born including a planet at the very spot the Entity entered – Earth. As the Entity's influence spread, life was created and, with life, emotions. As emotions began to manifest, so did the seven emotional embodiments.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: It appears that the Entity resided inside the White Power Battery that landed in Silver City, New Mexico and communicated with Deadman through his white ring. The Entity reveals that it is dying and that the twelve heroes and villains were resurrected with the express purpose to complete a task before they can truly live again.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: The Entity also allowed itself to be corrupted by Deathstorm, the Black Lantern version of Firestorm, and brought back the Black Lantern versions of the twelve resurrected heroes and villains. It was later moved to Qward in the Anti-matter universe only to take some kind of information from the Anti-Monitor. The White Power Battery has since been returned to Earth and after locating the Chosen One, the Entity and the White Power Battery left for parts unknown.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, the Life Entity, as well as all the emotional entities, are revealed to be dying due to unknown causes. Relic, a scientist from a previous version of the DC Universe, is reintroduced when he is released from his prison unwittingly by Kyle Rayner and Star Sapphire (Carol Ferris). The Templar Guardians reveals that the light manipulated by the various Lanterns, referred to as "lightsmiths" by Relic, is not infinite in supply, and draws from a source beyond his knowledge. He seeks to locate the supposed reservoir and destroy all of the Lantern Corps in order to prevent the end of another universe. Relic succeeds in ending the Blue Lantern Corps and destroying the Green Lantern Central Power Battery, and the planet Oa. After Oa's destruction, the Entity, Ophidian, Ion (who had been released from the Green Lantern Central Power Battery), Adara (who fled the Blue Lantern Central Power Battery prior to its destruction), Proselyte and the Predator seek out Kyle Rayner, whom they believe can locate both Relic and the reservoir in order to save the universe, even if it means sacrificing themselves. The entities take Kyle Rayner's body and flee to Ysmault where they free the Butcher from Atrocitus. The only Entity who remained unaware of their plans is Parallax, who was currently being controlled by Sinestro during the Forever Evil story arc (which was running concurrently with Lights Out).


title: White Lantern Corps

text: Relic identifies the reservoir of the emotional spectrum as being inside the Source Wall, and heads there along with his captured light from the destroyed Corps and Batteries. Kyle manages to overcome the influence of the various entities, subduing them inside his body but not driving them out. He and the Templar Guardians find Relic at the Source Wall, and come to the same conclusion that the light used profusely was a finite resource; the only question was how to replenish it. Relic seeks to experiment on the entities inside of Kyle, with the intention of using them to replenish the source, but is stopped by a contingency of Green, Red, and Indigo Lanterns, who mean to stop Relic from going any further. Hal Jordan, John Stewart, Guy Gardner, who is now a Red Lantern, and Kyle Rayner, execute a plan to drive Relic into the Source Wall where he will be trapped forever. Kyle pushes them away and breaks through the Source Wall, which had become significantly weaker with the draining of the light source, and releases the entities inside of him, who sacrifice themselves and seemingly Kyle himself, to replenish the light source and defeat Relic.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: With the revelation that the entire Multiverse was created by Perpetua, it can be assumed that the Life Entity is actually the primordial energy source of the Life Force itself, one of the seven hidden forces of reality which Perpetua wielded and used to allow life to flourish.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: In the alternate timeline of the "Flashpoint" event, the Entity slumbers deep beneath the Earth's surface. Concerned for its safety, the Guardians of the Universe order Abin Sur to locate it in order to retrieve it and bring it back to Oa before Earth is destroyed. When Abin Sur arrives on Earth, he refuses to look for the Entity until after he helps Earth's superhumans stop the Atlantis/Amazon war. The Guardians grow impatient with Abin and discharge him from the Corps. During the final battle of the Atlantis/Amazon War, a device triggered by the Atlanteans triggers an earthquake. Abin leaps into a crevice in an attempt to stop the destruction only for his ring to run out of power. The Entity then awakens and joins with Abin, turning him into the White Lantern and giving him the power to restore the Earth before he flies out into space.


title: White Lantern Corps

text: In the six-part comics miniseries produced jointly by IDW Publishing and DC Comics, Star Trek—Green Lantern: The Spectrum War, it is revealed that Nekron was reborn at some future point in the DC Universe, eliminating Kyle Rayner to prevent the White Entity being summoned again before unleashing an army of the dead on the universe. When only a few survivors are left, Ganthet triggers the 'Last Light' protocol to transfer all remaining ring-wielders to another universe- specifically, the alternate "Star Trek" universe created by Nero- but Nekron follows them through. In a confrontation on the 'reborn' Vulcan, Captain James T. Kirk is inspired by Hal Jordan's story to have Spock wield various excess rings transferred through with Ganthet, correctly guessing that Spock has the necessary willpower and emotional control to wield all seven rings himself, allowing him to unleash the White Entity of Life and defeat Nekron once again. As well as this temporary restoration of the White Entity, Montgomery Scott is able to analyse the various spare rings and replicate his own version of the White ring; although this version is basically just a finger-mounted phaser with a force field, it notably turns Hikaru Sulu's uniform white when he first dons it.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, the directive of the European Union 2010/40/EU, made on July 7, 2010, defined ITS as systems in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport. ITS may be used to improve the efficiency and safety of transport in a number of situations, i.e. road transport, traffic management, mobility, etc. ITS technology is being adopted across the world to increase capacity of busy roads and reduce journey times.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Governmental activity in the area of ITS is further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security. Many of the proposed ITS systems also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland security organisations or with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass evacuation of people in urban centers after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security systems.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: In the developing world, the migration from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed differently. Many areas of the developing world have urbanised without significant motorisation and the formation of suburbs. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but the automobiles greatly increase congestion in these multimodal transportation systems. They also produce considerable air pollution, pose a significant safety risk, and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the society. High population density could be supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles, buses, and trains.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Other parts of the developing world, such as China, India and Brazil remain largely rural but are rapidly urbanising and industrialising. In these areas a motorised infrastructure is being developed alongside motorisation of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorise, and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorised transportation system for the rich.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, such as security CCTV systems, and automatic incident detection or stopped vehicle detection systems; to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; weather information; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these technologies are described in the following sections.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Radio modem communication on UHF and VHF frequencies are widely used for short and long range communication within ITS.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Short-range communications of 350 m can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically 802.11p (WAVE) or the dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) 802.11bd standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of these protocols can be extended using mobile ad hoc networks or mesh networking.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Longer range communications use infrastructure networks such as 5G. Long-range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move towards fewer, more capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller/programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time operating systems. The current trend is toward fewer, more costly microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and real-time operating systems. The new embedded system platforms allow for more sophisticated software applications to be implemented, including model-based process control, artificial intelligence, and ubiquitous computing. Perhaps the most important of these for intelligent transportation systems is artificial intelligence.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: "Floating car" or "probe" data collected other transport routes. Broadly speaking, four methods have been used to obtain the raw data:


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: In metropolitan areas, the distance between antennas is shorter and in theory accuracy increases. An advantage of this method is that no infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile phone network is leveraged. But in practice the triangulation method can be complicated, especially in areas where the same mobile phone towers serve two or more parallel routes (such as a motorway (freeway) with a frontage road, a motorway (freeway) and a commuter rail line, two or more parallel streets, or a street that is also a bus line). By the early 2010s, the popularity of the triangulation method was declining.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology, coupled with ultramodern/state-of-the-art microchip, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and inexpensive intelligent beacon sensing technologies, have enhanced the technical capabilities that will facilitate motorist safety benefits for intelligent transportation systems globally. Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle- and infrastructure-based networked systems, i.e., intelligent vehicle technologies. Infrastructure sensors are indestructible (such as in-road reflectors) devices that are installed or embedded in the road or surrounding the road (e.g., on buildings, posts, and signs), as required, and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment. Vehicle-sensing systems include deployment of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure electronic beacons for identification communications and may also employ video automatic number plate recognition or vehicle magnetic signature detection technologies at desired intervals to increase sustained monitoring of vehicles operating in critical zones of world.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass through the loop's magnetic field. The simplest detectors simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds in the United States) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate the speed, length, and class of vehicles and the distance between them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high speed.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Traffic-flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video cameras is another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such as those used in automatic number plate recognition do not involve installing any components directly into the road surface or roadbed, this type of system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from cameras is fed into processors that analyse the changing characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known measurements such as the distance between lane lines or the height of the camera above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model. The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts, and lane occupancy readings. Some systems provide additional outputs including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle alarms.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Bluetooth is an accurate and inexpensive way to transmit position from a vehicle in motion. Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles are detected by sensing devices along the road. If these sensors are interconnected they are able to calculate travel time and provide data for origin and destination matrices.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Since Bluetooth devices become more prevalent on board vehicles and with more portable electronics broadcasting, the amount of data collected over time becomes more accurate and valuable for travel time and estimation purposes, more information can be found in.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: It is also possible to measure traffic density on a road using the audio signal that consists of the cumulative sound from tire noise, engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and air turbulence noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up the audio that comprises the various vehicle noise and audio signal processing techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Radars are mounted on the side of the road to measure traffic flow and for stopped and stranded vehicle detection purposes. Like video systems, radar learns its environment during set up so can distinguish between vehicles and other objects. It can also operate in conditions of low visibility.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Traffic flow radar uses a "side-fire" technique to look across all traffic lanes in a narrow band to count the number of passing vehicles and estimate traffic density.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: For stopped vehicle detection (SVD) and automatic incident detection, 360 degree radar systems are used as they scan all lanes along large stretches of road. Radar is reported to have better performance over longer ranges than other technologies. SVD radar will be installed on all Smart motorways in the UK.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: The data from the different sensing technologies can be combined in intelligent ways to determine the traffic state accurately. A data fusion based approach that utilizes the road side collected acoustic, image and sensor data has been shown to combine the advantages of the different individual methods.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: In 2015, the EU passed a law required automobile manufacturers to equip all new cars with eCall, a European initiative that assists motorists in the case of a collision. The in-vehicle eCall is generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point (normally the nearest E1-1-2 public safety answering point, PSAP). The voice call enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained eCall operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall operator receiving the voice call.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification. The pan-European eCall aims to be operative for all new type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending on the manufacturer of the eCall system, it could be mobile phone based (Bluetooth connection to an in-vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a broader system like navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. eCall is expected to be offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and commitment from large EU member states such as France and the United Kingdom.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: The EC funded project SafeTRIP is developing an open ITS system that will improve road safety and provide a resilient communication through the use of S-band satellite communication. Such platform will allow for greater coverage of the Emergency Call Service within the EU.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include:


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Recently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits that change with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed limits only change to decline during poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones. One example is on Britain's M25 motorway, which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily traveled section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made permanent in 1997. Further trials on the M25 have been thus far proven inconclusive.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Communication cooperation on the road includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and vice versa. Data available from vehicles are acquired and transmitted to a server for central fusion and processing. These data can be used to detect events such as rain (wiper activity) and congestion (frequent braking activities). The server processes a driving recommendation dedicated to a single or a specific group of drivers and transmits it wirelessly to vehicles. The goal of cooperative systems is to use and plan communication and sensor infrastructure to increase road safety.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS World Congress) is an annual trade show to promote ITS technologies. ERTICO– ITS Europe, ITS America and ITS AsiaPacific sponsor the annual ITS World Congress and exhibition. Each year the event takes place in a different region (Europe, Americas or Asia-Pacific). The first ITS World Congress was held in Paris in 1994.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: New mobility and smart transportation models are emerging globally. Bike sharing, car sharing and scooter sharing schemes like Lime or Bird are continuing to gain popularity; electric vehicle charging schemes are taking off in many cities; the connected car is a growing market segment; while new, smart parking solutions are being used by commuters and shoppers all over the world. All these new models provide opportunities for solving last mile issues in urban areas.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: Mobile operators are becoming a significant player in these value chains (beyond providing just connectivity). Dedicated apps can be used to take mobile payments, provide data insights and navigation tools, offer incentives and discounts, and act as a digital commerce medium.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: These new mobility models call for high monetization agility and partner management capabilities. A flexible settlements and billing platform enables revenues to be shared quickly and easily and provides an overall better customer experience. As well as a better service, users can also be rewarded by discounts, loyalty points and rewards, and engaged via direct marketing.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: The Network of National ITS Associations is a grouping of national ITS interests. It was officially announced 7 October 2004 in London. The secretariat is at ERTICO – ITS Europe.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: ERTICO – ITS Europe is a public/private partnership promoting the development and deployment of ITS. They connect public authorities, industry players, infrastructure operators, users, national ITS associations and other organisations together. The ERTICO work programme focuses on initiatives to improve transport safety, security and network efficiency whilst taking into account measures to reduce environmental impact.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: In the United States, each state has an ITS chapter that holds a yearly conference to promote and showcase ITS technologies and ideas. Representatives from each Department of Transportation (state, cities, towns, and counties) within the state attend this conference.


title: Intelligent transportation system

text: In the intermediate cities of Colombia, where the Strategic Public Transportation Systems are implemented, the urban transportation networks must operate under parameters that improve the quality of service provision. Several of the challenges faced by the transportation systems in these cities are aimed at increasing the number of passengers transported in the system and the technological adoption that must be integrated for the management and control of public transportation fleets. Achieving this requires strategic systems to integrate solutions based on intelligent transportation systems and information and communication technologies to optimize fleet control and management, electronic fare collection, road safety, and the delivery of information to users. The functionalities to be covered by the technology in these transportation systems include: fleet scheduling; vehicle location and traceability; cloud storage of operational data; interoperability with other information systems; centralization of operations; passenger counting; data control and visualization.


title: Baek Jong-won

text: Baek Jong-won (born September 4, 1966), sometimes spelled Paik Jong-won"," is a South Korean chef. He is the main host of the SBS' cooking television series "Baek Jong-won's Top 3 Chef King", "Baek Jong-won's Food Truck," and "Baek Jong-won's Alley Restaurant".


title: Baek Jong-won

text: Baek Jong-won was born on September 4, 1966, in Yesan, Chungnam, South Korea. He was interested in food since he was a child. When he was an elementary school student, he was given some biscuits, but he had to fry them with butter and sprinkle them with sugar. He claims his father was also a picky eater, which made him more interested in cooking. When he was a student, his father would buy ten hamburgers at a time on his way home after a business trip. Baek Jong-won would try different recipes to make the hamburgers taste better. It was from then that he started to cook.


title: Baek Jong-won

text: Baek married actress So Yoo-jin on January 19, 2013. Their first child, a son, was born on April 9, 2014. Their second child, a daughter, was born on September 21, 2015. Their third child, a daughter, was born on February 8, 2018.


title: Baek Jong-won

text: Baek has hosted a number of cooking television shows, including "Baek Jong-won's Top 3 Chef King", "Baek Jong-won's Food Truck," and "Baek Jong-won's Alley Restaurant." In 2021, he produced his own original series, titled "Baek Spirit," with Netflix.


title: Baek Jong-won

text: He is also the CEO of Theborn Korea Inc, 26 restaurant franchises with 1,299 branches across the country including Saemaul Sikdang, Baek's Coffee and Baek's Bibim.


title: Ops

text: In ancient Roman religion, Ops or Opis (Latin: "Plenty") was a fertility deity and earth goddess of Sabine origin. Her equivalent in Greek mythology was Rhea.


title: Ops

text: In Ops' statues and coins, she is figured sitting down, as Chthonian deities normally are, and generally holds a scepter, or a corn spray and cornucopia. In Roman mythology the husband of Ops was Saturn. Ops is identified as Rhea in Greek mythology, whose husband was Cronus, the bountiful monarch of the golden age; Cronus was Rhea's brother.


title: Ops

text: In Latin writings of the time, the singular nominative ("Ops") is not attested; only the form "Opis" is used by classical authors. According to Festus (203:19), ""Ops is said to be the wife of Saturn and the daughter of Caelus. By her they designated the earth, because the earth distributes all goods to the human genus"" ("").


title: Ops

text: The Latin word "ops" means "riches, goods, abundance, gifts, munificence, plenty". The word is also related to "opus", which means "work", particularly in the sense of "working the earth, ploughing, sowing". This activity was deemed sacred, and was often attended by religious rites intended to obtain the good will of chthonic deities such as Ops and Consus. "Ops" is also related to the Sanskrit word "ápnas" ("goods, property").


title: Ops

text: According to Roman tradition, the cult of Opis was instituted by Titus Tatius, one of the Sabine kings of Rome. Opis soon became the matron of riches, abundance, and prosperity. Opis had a famous temple in the Capitolium. Originally, a festival took place in Opis' honor on August 10. Additionally, on December 19 (some say December 9), the Opalia was celebrated. On August 25, the Opiconsivia was held. Opiconsivia was another name used for Opis, indicating when the earth was sown. These festivals also included activities that were called Consualia, in honor of Consus, her consort.


title: Ops

text: Opis, when syncretized with Greek mythology, was not only the wife of Saturn, she was his sister and the daughter of Caelus (as Uranus) and Tellus. Her children were Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres, and Vesta. Opis was accorded queenly status and was reputed to be an eminent goddess. Temples, priests, and sacrifices were granted her by public law.


title: Ops

text: When Saturn (as Cronus) learned of a prophecy that his children by Opis would overthrow him, he ate his children one by one as they were born. Opis could not just stand, so instead of giving Saturn their final child, Jupiter, she wrapped a rock in swaddling clothes, and fed the stone to Saturn instead of Jupiter. Opis then went on to raise Jupiter in secret, and then helped him free his siblings from their father's stomach.


title: Ops

text: She is remembered in "De Mulieribus Claris", a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 1361–1362. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.


title: Low church

text: In Anglican Christianity, low church refers to those who give little emphasis to ritual. The term is most often used in a liturgical sense, denoting a Protestant emphasis, whereas "high church" denotes an emphasis on ritual, often Anglo-Catholic.


title: Low church

text: The term was initially pejorative. During the series of doctrinal and ecclesiastic challenges to the established church in the 17th century, commentators and others—who favoured the theology, worship, and hierarchical structure of Anglicanism (such as the episcopate) as the true form of Christianity—began referring to that outlook (and the related practices) as "high church", and by the early 18th century those theologians and politicians who sought more reform in the English church and a greater liberalisation of church structure, were in contrast called "low church".


title: Low church

text: The term "low church" was used in the early part of the 18th century as the equivalent of the term "Latitudinarian" in that it was used to refer to values that provided much latitude in matters of discipline and faith. The term was in contradistinction to the term "high church", or high churchmen, which applied to those who valued the exclusive authority of the Established Church, the episcopacy and the sacramental system.