title: Obscene gesture

text: An obscene gesture is a movement or position of the body, especially of the hands or arms, that is considered exceedingly offensive or vulgar in some particular cultures. Such gestures are often sexually suggestive.


title: Obscene gesture

text: Although "the finger" has been called "the universal sign of disrespect", it is not truly universal. For example, in Japanese Sign Language, when the palm is facing out, it is recognized as the character せ . Many other gestures are used in addition to, or in lieu of, the finger in various parts of the world to express the same sentiment. In some parts of the world, "the finger" does not have any meaning at all.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka the social circles exposed to the western cultures use the middle finger gesture in the same sense that it is used in those cultures. The same is true for most South Asian countries.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In Russia, the middle finger is used to simply point (usually at the speaker themselves) and to communicate emphasis.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In the Commonwealth of Nations countries (except Canada), the V sign as an insult (the middle and index fingers raised, and given with back of the hand towards the recipient) serves a similar purpose to the finger. The V sign with palm face outwards is used to signify victory or as a peace sign.


title: Obscene gesture

text: More commonly in Russian-influenced areas, the dulya (also known as "fig sign" or "shysh"). This gesture is most commonly used to refuse giving of aid or to disagree with the target of gesture. Usually it is connected with requests for a financial loan or assistance with performing physical work. The gesture is typically made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers. This gesture is also used similarly in Indonesia, Turkey, Korea, China, Mongolia, Hungary (called "fityisz"), South Slavic countries (shipak/šipak) and Romania ("ciuciu"). In parts of the United States, the dulya is often used after grabbing a young child's nose in order to make it appear that it has been removed from their face, often accompanied by the phrase, "I've got your nose."


title: Obscene gesture

text: The sign of the horns, or "corna" in Italian ("horns"), is a gesture with various meanings depending on culture, context, or the placement or movement of the gesture. It is especially common in Italy and the Mediterranean region, where it generally takes on two different meanings depending on context and positioning of the hand. The first, more innocuous usage of the gesture in Italy and the Mediterranean is deployed for apotropaic or superstitious purposes, as a way to ward off bad luck or the "evil eye". This usage of the gesture may also be employed when confronted with unfortunate events or even when such events are mentioned, and it is usually performed with the fingers pointed downward (or simply not directed towards someone) to distinguish the apotropaic usage of the gesture from the obscene usage of the gesture.


title: Obscene gesture

text: The second usage of the gesture, also found in Italy and other Mediterranean and Latin countries (including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, France, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Uruguay) is instead obscene, disrespectful, and insulting. Unlike the first usage of the gesture, this obscene usage of the gesture involves pointing the two fingers upward or directing the gesture towards someone and swiveling the hand back and forth. This usage of the gesture implies cuckoldry in the person it is directed towards. The common words for "cuckolded" in Italian, Greek and Spanish are , () and respectively, literally "horned".


title: Obscene gesture

text: In Greece, the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards someone in a gesture known as the Moutza. The middle finger is still used though, and it is considered more insulting. Another variation of the middle finger is used, where all the fingers but the middle one are spread wide while moving the hand back and forth in the axis the middle finger creates. In this gesture, the thumb sometimes touches the middle finger. The insult of this is equivalent to the finger.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In Iranian culture, a similar gesture is used to represent "Dirt on your head", a verbal insult that is often used, suggesting the death and subsequent burial of the receiver.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In some African and Caribbean countries, a similarly obscene gesture is extending all five digits with the palm facing forward, meaning "you have five fathers" (thus calling someone a bastard).


title: Obscene gesture

text: In Iraqi and Assyrian culture, abruptly thrusting the palm of the hand to someone means they are worthy of shame and are dishonourable.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In former Persia, mainly Iran and Iraq, a gesture involving exposing only the thumb in a vertical orientation—a thumbs up—is used instead of the finger to express roughly the same sentiment – roughly equivalent in meaning to "shove it up your ass/arse," "up yours," or "go fuck yourself."


title: Obscene gesture

text: In some Arab countries, especially Egypt, the middle finger is lowered towards the palm and pointed towards someone, while all other fingers are kept straight. It could be considered the opposite movement of the tradition middle finger gesture, but it serves the same purpose and meaning.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In Elizabethan England this gesture was performed by placing the tip of the thumb behind the front teeth and flicking it forward. It can be interpreted as being equivalent to giving someone the middle finger or challenging to a fight. This version is still in use in some countries.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet", Capulet's servant Sampson starts a fight by "biting his thumb" at Abram, Montague's servant.


title: Obscene gesture

text: While widespread use of the OK gesture has granted it an international connotation of assent, it also bears negative, vulgar, or offensive meanings in parts of the Middle East and the Mediterranean regions. In contrast to Japan's use of the expression to represent coins and wealth, the gesture's "O" shape stands for "zero" meaning "worth nothing" in France, Belgium, and Tunisia.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In many Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Tunisia, and Greece, as well as in the Middle East, parts of Germany, and several South American countries, the gesture may be interpreted as a vulgar expression resembling a human anus, either as an insult ("You are an asshole"), or an offensive, homophobic reference to homosexuality and the act of sodomy. In Brazil it can be synonymous with giving someone the middle finger.


title: Obscene gesture

text: In the Arab world, this sign represents the evil eye, and is used as a curse, sometimes in conjunction with verbal condemnation.


title: Sidhu Moose Wala discography

text: Sidhu Moose Wala was an Indian Punjabi singer, rapper, lyricist, songwriter and actor associated with Punjabi music and films, who has released three studio albums, one extended play and sixty-three singles as Albums Chart]]. Six of his singles have featured on the global YouTube music charts, while ten have featured on the UK Asian music chart published by Official Charts Company.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Westland Wessex is a British-built turbine-powered development of the Sikorsky H-34 (in US service known as Choctaw). It was developed and produced under licence by Westland Aircraft (later Westland Helicopters). One of the main changes from Sikorsky's H-34 was the replacement of the piston-engine powerplant with a turboshaft engine. Early models were powered by a single Napier Gazelle engine, while later builds used a pair of de Havilland Gnome engines.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex was initially produced for the Royal Navy (RN) and later for the Royal Air Force (RAF); a limited number of civilian aircraft were also produced, as well as some export sales. The Wessex operated as an anti-submarine warfare and utility helicopter; it is perhaps best recognised for its use as a search and rescue (SAR) helicopter. The type entered operational service in 1961, and had a service life in excess of 40 years before being retired in Britain.


title: Westland Wessex

text: In 1956, an American-built S-58 was shipped to Britain for Westland to use as a pattern aircraft. Initially assembled with its Wright Cyclone, it was demonstrated to the British armed services leading to a preliminary order for the Royal Navy. For British production, it was re-engined with a single Napier Gazelle turboshaft engine, first flying in that configuration on 17 May 1957. The lighter (by 600 lb) Gazelle engine required some redistribution of weight. The first Westland-built Wessex serial "XL727", designated a "Wessex HAS.1", first flew on 20 June 1958. The first production Wessex HAS1 were delivered to Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in early 1960; the Wessex was the first helicopter operated by the FAA to be purpose-designed from scratch as an anti-submarine platform.


title: Westland Wessex

text: In service, the Wessex was found to be a major improvement over the older Westland Whirlwind. The decision made by Westland to install a modern gas-turbine powerplant gave the Wessex a greater load capacity, was quieter and generated less vibration, the latter quality being highly beneficial when treating casualties during flight. The Gazelle engine allowed for rapid starting and thus faster response times. The Wessex could also operate in a wide range of weather conditions as well as at night, partly due to its use of an automatic pilot. These same qualities that made the Wessex well-suited to the anti-submarine role also lent themselves to the search and rescue (SAR) mission, which the type would become heavily used for.


title: Westland Wessex

text: An improved variant, the Wessex HAS.3, succeeded the HAS.1 in the anti-submarine role; it had a more capable radar and better avionics, greater engine power, improved navigational features and a more advanced weapon system; the original HAS.1 were re-tasked for SAR duties. A commando assault variant, the Wessex HU.5, was also developed as a battlefield transportation helicopter; it was deployed on the navy's amphibious assault ships, such as the commando carrier , and used to transport Royal Marines. The Wessex HU.5 was powered by coupled de Havilland Gnome engines, which provided nearly double the power of the original HAS.1 model and significantly extended its range. This enabled it to operate in a wider range of conditions; during the 1970s, the HU.5 also started to be used for the SAR mission.


title: Westland Wessex

text: As an anti-submarine helicopter, the Wessex could be either equipped with a dipping sonar to detect and track submarines or be armed with either depth charges or torpedoes; a single Wessex could not search for and attack submarines as this was beyond its carrying capability. It was this limitation that soon led the Royal Navy to search for a more capable helicopter that could provide this capability. This ultimately resulted in Westland proceeding with the adaptation and production of another Sikorsky-designed helicopter in the form of the Westland Sea King.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex was also used as a general-purpose helicopter for the RAF, for troop-carrying, air ambulance and ground support roles. The Wessex was the first of the RAF's helicopters in which instrument flying, and thus night operations, were possible. Unlike the Navy's Wessex fleet, which was largely composed of early single-engine models, the RAF mandated that its Wessex helicopters should be all twin-engined; this was a major factor in the RAF's decision to reject the adoption of ex-FAA Wessex helicopters as the Navy migrated to the newer Sea King.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex was first used by the Royal Navy, which introduced the Wessex "HAS.1" to operational service in 1961. Having been satisfied by the favourable initial performance of the Wessex but seeking to improve its avionics and equipment, the Navy soon pressed for the development of the improved "HAS.3", which came into service in 1967. Operationally, younger models would be assigned to perform the key anti-submarine warfare and commando transport missions, while older and less capable models would be typically be assigned to land bases for search and rescue (SAR).


title: Westland Wessex

text: The RAF became an operator of the Wessex in 1962; those helicopters used for air-sea or mountain rescue duties helped make the Wessex a particularly well known aircraft of the service and contributed to the saving of many lives during its time in service. As one of the RAF's standing duties, multiple Wessex helicopters were permanently kept on standby to respond to an emergency located anywhere within 40 miles of the British coastline within 15 minutes during daytime, at night hours this response time was decreased to 60 minutes. SAR-tasked Wessex helicopters were also stationed abroad, such as at Cyprus. The qualities of the Wessex were described as being "ideal for mountain flying".


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex often found itself being used on the battlefield as a utility transport; as well as delivering supplies and equipment, the Wessex could also transport small groups of troops. Operationally, the Wessex could lift less than the RAF's Bristol Belvedere helicopters, but was more robust and required less maintenance; thus, when the Belvedere was retired at the end of the 1960s, Wessex squadrons were often tasked with their former duties in support of the British Army on an ad-hoc basis. In large-scale helicopter assault operations, the type could be escorted by the RAF's Hawker Siddeley Harriers. The HC.4 variant of the Westland Sea King began to replace the Wessex in this capacity from the late 1970s onwards, although troop-carrying missions would continue into the late 1990s.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex's service career featured long-term deployments to both Hong Kong and Northern Ireland to support internal security operations, performing transport and surveillance missions. In Northern Ireland, the use of helicopters for supply missions proved a viable alternative to vulnerable road convoys; operations in this theatre led to the employment of various defensive equipment and countermeasures against the threat posed by small arms and man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS).


title: Westland Wessex

text: Wessex helicopters were also used by the Queen's Flight of the RAF to transport VIPs including members of the British Royal Family; in this role, the helicopters were designated "HCC.4" and were essentially similar to the "HC.2", differences included an upgraded interior, additional navigation equipment and enhanced maintenance programmes. Both Prince Philip and Prince Charles were trained Wessex pilots; occasionally they would perform as flying crew members in addition to being passengers on board the VIP services. The Wessex was replaced in this role by a privately leased Sikorsky S-76 in 1998.


title: Westland Wessex

text: In 1962, an international crisis arose as Indonesia threatened confrontation over the issue of Brunei, which was not in the newly formed Federation of Malaya. By February 1964, a large number of RAF and RN helicopters, including Westland Wessex, were operating from bases in Sarawak and Sabah to assist Army and Marine detachments fighting guerilla forces infiltrated by Indonesia over its one thousand mile frontier with Malaysia. Having removed much of the anti-submarine equipment to lighten the aircraft, during the campaign in Borneo the Wessex was typically operated as a transport helicopter, capable of ferrying up to 16 troops or a 4,000-pound payload of supplies directly to the front lines. Alongside the Westland Scout, the Wessex emerged as one of the main workhorses of the campaign, roughly half were operated directly from land bases and would regularly rotate with those stationed on RN vessels stationed off shore. From these operations the Commando Helicopter Force gets its nickname of the "Junglies".


title: Westland Wessex

text: Around 55 Westland Wessex HU.5s participated in the Falklands War, fighting in the South Atlantic in 1982. On 21 May 1982, 845 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s supported British landings on East Falkland. The type was heavily used throughout the conflict for the transportation and insertion of British special forces, including members of the Special Air Service (SAS) and the Special Boat Service (SBS). A total of nine Wessex (eight HU.5s and one HAS.3) were lost during the Falklands campaign. Two HU.5s of 845 Squadron crashed on the Fortuna Glacier in South Georgia during an attempt to extract members of the SAS during a snow storm, six of 848 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s were lost when the container ship "Atlantic Conveyor" was sunk and the HAS.3 aboard HMS "Glamorgan" was destroyed when the ship was struck by an Exocet missile.


title: Westland Wessex

text: A civilian version of the helicopter, the Wessex 60, was also manufactured and supplied to a number of civilian operators, including Bristow Helicopters, one of the biggest rotary-wing operators in the world. Bristow flew them from various UK airfields and helicopter pads to support the growing North Sea Oil industry until they were withdrawn in 1982.


title: Westland Wessex

text: In April 1961, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) announced that they had selected the Westland Wessex to become the standard service helicopter from their ships and its intention to purchase roughly 30 for anti-submarine patrols, casualty evacuations, and fleet communications duties. The RAN formally accepted the first two of 27 Wessex helicopters in September 1963; 817 Squadron was the first to operate the type; the Wessex and its dunking sonar array quickly proved to be the most effective anti-submarine platform as yet seen in the RAN.


title: Westland Wessex

text: The Wessex was a major operational shift for the Fleet Air Arm, enabling the RAN to proceed with the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS "Melbourne" as an anti-submarine platform. In typical carrier operations, a Wessex would be deployed during the launch and recovery of fixed-wing aircraft as a guard helicopter; during anti-submarine patrols, routine procedure was to have one Wessex airborne to actively screen the ship while a second would be fully armed and prepared for operations, such an arrangement was used during troop transport deployments by HMAS "Sydney" to Vietnam during the 1960s. Performing search and rescue sorties became another valued role of the type; in 1974, multiple Wessex helicopters participated in the relief effort in Darwin in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy.


title: Westland Wessex

text: While the Wessex proved to be too large to reasonably operate from most of the RAN's destroyers, it was found to be well suited as a troop-transport helicopter from heavy landing ships and larger vessels. By 1980, the Wessex was no longer being used for anti-submarine operations, having been replaced by the more advanced and capable Westland Sea King in this capacity. Instead, remaining Wessex helicopters were retained to perform its secondary roles as a plane guard, search and rescue platform, and as a utility transport helicopter. The type was withdrawn from service in 1989.


title: Westland Wessex

text: Wessexes portrayed the visually similar CH-34 Choctaws in Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket". The helicopters used were Wessex 60s, a civilian version of the Wessex HC.2. These are powered by the coupled-twin de Havilland Gnome with a distinctive long nose and single large turbine exhaust on each side, distinguishing them from the CH-34. XT761 was featured in season 4 of "The Crown" depicting Tom Byrne as Prince Andrew visiting the Queen.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: 'Why This Kolaveri Di' () is a song from the soundtrack of the 2012 Tamil psychological thriller film "3", starring Dhanush and Shruthi Hassan. The song is written and sung by Dhanush, and composed by Anirudh Ravichander. It became one of the most streamed songs of all-time.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The song was officially released on 16 November 2011 and instantly became popular on social networking sites for its quirky "Tanglish" (portmanteau word of Tamil and English) lyrics. Soon, the song became the most searched YouTube video in India and an internet phenomenon across Asia. Within a few weeks, YouTube honoured the video with a '"Recently Most Popular" "Gold Medal " award and "Trending" "silver medal " award for receiving many hits in a short time. Following its huge success and nationwide popularity, Dhanush, the singer of the original track, was invited by then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as a "Guest of Honour".


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: According to composer Anirudh Ravichander, the film's director Aishwarya R. Dhanush wanted a light-hearted song about love failure. Ravichander quickly composed the tune in about 10 minutes. Dhanush then began working on the lyrics, which he completed in about 20 minutes of brainstorming. The first line he sang was "Why This Kolaveri?" which means "Why do you have this murderous rage against me girl?" The question, however, is not intended seriously.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: In a party to "The Times of India", Dhanush said: "When I was writing down the lyrics, I kept in mind all the English words that are used in the Tamil vocabulary. Words like I, you, me, how, why, cow. I just framed them into sentences and thats how I came up with the song." Dhanush sang the song in broken English, as a Tamil person might if his knowledge of English was limited. The song is also called a 'Soup' song, where 'Soup' (as in 'crying in [same]') is a colloquial Tamil word which refers to young men experiencing depression after love failure in a love relationship.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The song was recorded at A. R. Rahman's AM Studios in Chennai. The Sound Engineer for this song is Siva Kumar S (Chief Audio Engineer), Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios. The song was officially released after it was known to become popular after an accidental release on to the internet.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: A downtempo song, "Why This Kolaveri Di" has been built around an ancient south Indian folk rhythm using ancient folk instruments. He used the nadaswaram, shehnai, saxophone urumee and thavil drums, acoustic guitar, keyboards mixed with electronic synths and scratches. The instruments utilize the singing style of Tamil folk culture. The composer added a crescendo to make the instrumentation become more layered.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The words of the song are in a simple form of Tanglish, a mixture of Tamil and English. The song creates an imagery of an Indian boy who has gone through love failure. While singing, Dhanush creates a tone of being drunk, when he repeatedly asks why she (refers to Shruti Haasan's character) hurt him. The words have been described as "nonsensical" by some and an evocation of "Tamil street humour". Dhanush has stated that the choice of words allows it to be a very relatable song.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The music video features Dhanush singing the song at AM studios, accompanied by Anirudh on a keyboard. His co-star Shruti Haasan and the director of "3", Aishwarya Rajinikanth are seen listening in the background. The video was recorded by Abinandhan Ramanujam


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The video of the song in the film, "3", was filmed in a set made to replicate the crowded shopping street of Chennai's Marina Beach. The video featured Dhanush and Sunder Ramu along with other extras singing the song, while Shruti Haasan makes an appearance towards the end of the video.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Upon release, the hashtag "#kolaveri" topped the Indian trends in Twitter on the evening of 21 November 2011 and was trended for three consecutive days. Within a week of the official release of the video, it received more than 3.5 million views on YouTube, more than 1 million shares on Facebook, while trending in India on Twitter the whole time. The song is also a hit among non-Tamils, apparently due to the Tanglish lyrics. Soon after its release, the song was played on US radio station KZYX FM by Mister X, on his show, "Music Out of Bounds". By 30 November 2011, it had more than 10.5 million YouTube views. By the start of 2012, it had crossed 30 million YouTube views. The song and versions of it account for more than 200 million of YouTube's total views. The song became the top downloaded song on mobile with 4,100,000 downloads within the first 18 days of release. On 24 November 2011, this song became the first Tamil film song to premier on MTV India. The video was shared by 1.4 million people, liked by 1.8 million people and received more than 1.1 million comments. As of November 2020, the song has 235 million views on YouTube, becoming the second most viewed Tamil song on YouTube only bested by "Rowdy Baby" from "Maari 2", another Dhanush-starrer.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Imitations and parodies of this song have been created, including versions in different Indian languages, a female version, and versions about current events at that time. Its rapid spread to nightclubs and discos in Tokyo, Japan were reported soon after release, and a viral video of Japanese women dancing to it spread soon afterwards. Police officers in India used versions of the song and its title to combat road rage and encourage bike riders to wear helmets. The popularity of the song was also reported by international media like BBC and "Time" magazine, who attributed its major crossover world appeal to its universal theme, catchy tune and unique lyrics. Top business schools like Indian Institutes of Management conducted studies to figure out the popularity of this song. The song has inspired flash mobs in Chennai, Mumbai, Groningen and Auckland.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The song was performed live by Dhanush in his first-ever live performance at the 2011 BIG Star Entertainment Awards.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh invited Dhanush for the dinner party along with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in his New Delhi residence, India. The political parties Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress used variants of the song in their campaigns for 2012 assembly elections.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: "Why This Kolaveri Di" also echoed at Beating, the Retreat ceremony (a ceremony which is a part of Republic Day celebrations in India).


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Javed Akhtar, a poet, lyricist and scriptwriter slammed the song for its insult to sensibility. In April 2012, a petition was filed in the Kerala High Court seeking a ban on the song citing negative influence on children, claiming to inciting violence and aggression. The excessive use of "Tanglish" in the song, symbolic of the degradation of the Tamil Language caused Sri Lankan singer S.J. (Jerry) Stalin to riposte with "Yarlpanathilirunthu Kolaverida" (). The lyrics, which featured the line "Why this bloodlust toward my Tamil language?" end with "Jaffna: that place noted for its classical Tamil/ Tamil, your duty is to protect our Tamil mother-tongue".


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: "Why This Kolaveri Di" popularised the soup-song genre, which resulted in many filmmakers and actors having such sequences and songs in their films. This resulted in severe criticism with many cinephiles and critics time and again, due to this culture. In December 2015, Anirudh worked with Silambarasan for the "Beep Song". Following the song leak, both of them were criticised widely from several women organisations, including Maadhar Sangam, as the song featured lyrics that found to be explicit and derogative against women. A police complaint was filed against Simbu and Anirudh by the All India Democratic Women's Association from the Coimbatore wing, taking offence over the objectionable and sexist lyrics. Anirudh however denied its connection with the song.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Following the Swathi murder case, the debate over alleged misogyny used in the song was revived, after several notions expressed about the portrayal of women and romance in Tamil cinema found to be "unrealistic" and "dangerous to the lives of women". Several film celebrities including Dhanush (the songwriter), Silambarasan and Sivakarthikeyan were criticised for the portrayal and normalization of unrequited love, stalking and misogyny in films. Dhanush, in a 2017 interview with film critic Baradwaj Rangan, said that the dialogues, songs and characters in his films "may remain in a space that is positive and healthy", in response to the public outrage against portrayal of stalking and misogyny in Tamil films and songs.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: An R&B version by London-based artist Arjun was uploaded on YouTube 10 December 2011 and received 1.5 million views within a week.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: A "milk version" of the song by Sonu Nigam's son became popular on YouTube, and was acknowledged by actor Dhanush, who stated "I'm in love with Nevaan Nigam's version of Kolaveri Di. Great idea Sonu Nigam". A feature of this version was to replace the word 'scotch' with 'milk'.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: The song ""Where is Democracy Di"" was aired by Geo TV on its popular programme "Hum Sub Umeed Se Hain", a popular satire in Pakistan on Geo TV which is aimed at exposing the wrongdoing of the government in a lighter vein was based on "Why This Kolaveri Di".


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Abeer Vajpayee, a journalist turned Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) worker, wrote, composed and sung a parody of the Kolaveri Di targeting the corruption and gross financial mismanagement under the United Progressive Alliance regime. This song called 'Why This Hera Pheri Ji' became an instant hit on YouTube as it featured mimicry of leaders like Manmohan Singh, Sonia Gandhi, Anna Hazare, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Amar Singh and Akshay Kumar. All male voices were done by Vajpayee himself and effect of only female voice of Sonia Gandhi was by his wife Ruchi.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Vishnu Wagh, veteran poet who joined BJP, penned the lyrics which have been fitted in the "Kolaveri di" tune. The song has been changed from "Kolaveri di" to "Kamlawari di" to include the party's election symbol lotus. The recorded version is meant for 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election and 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Turkish pop music singer Sertab Erener covered the song as "Söz" () for her "Sade" album in 2013, with lyrics written by Nil Karaibrahimgil. She released the music video for the song in 2014.


title: Why This Kolaveri Di

text: Turkish arabesque music singer Özcan Deniz and pop music singer Sıla covered the song as "Aç Bir Coca-Cola" for Coca-Cola commercial in 2015. The commercial also resembles the scenes from the film "3".


title: Kuttram 23

text: Kuttram 23 () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Arivazhagan. Themed on medical crimes, the film stars Arun Vijay and Mahima Nambiar, with Vamsi Krishna, Aravind Akash, Amit Bhargav, Abhinaya, and Thambi Ramaiah, amongst others, in supporting roles. Produced by Inder Kumar along with Arun Vijay, the soundtrack album and background score for the film is composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar. The film was released worldwide on 3 March 2017 and was a super hit at the box office.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Jessica arrives at the St. Thomas Church in Villivakkam, outskirts of Chennai where she confess her sins to a priest. The priest is murdered, but Jessica is abducted.


title: Kuttram 23

text: In Chennai, ACP Vetrimaaran IPS is celebrating his elder brother Aravind and sister-in-law Abhinaya's wedding anniversary. Everyone in the family is happy except for Vetri's mother, who berates Abhinaya for not bearing her a grandchild despite many years of marriage life. However, after undergoing treatment by a famous fertility specialist, Dr. Tulsi, Abhinaya finally becomes pregnant. While the rest of his family is in a celebratory mode, Vetri notices Abhinaya being moody most of the time.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Meanwhile, Vetri is put in charge of Jessica's abduction case assisted by Thirupathi where he suspects that there is a connection between the priest's murder and Jessica's disappearance. Vetri and Thirupathi visit Thendral, a teacher at the local pre-school who was the first witness to the corpse of the dead priest. Thendral's family moves out of the city's outskirts and unknowingly into the apartment right opposite Vetri's home. Only then does Vetri realize that her family is finding a groom for her, and people will start questioning her morals if the police keeps on visiting her.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Eventually, Thendral reveals that she saw 2 cars that day outside the church; one belonging to Jessica and another black minivan driven by a group of mysterious young men. Thendral is attacked by a group of thugs driving a similar minivan. She is saved by Vetri. After this incident, Vetri and Thendral start dating and fall for each other. At around the same time, Jessica's body is found at a landfill site, and it is revealed that she was pregnant at the time of her murder. Her husband, the director of a leading TV channel, simply claims that they have only recently tried to conceive.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Vetri's investigation soon leads them to a petrol bunk close to the church. The CCTV captured the men in the black minivan. At the same time, Thendral notices that the men are outside her apartment. She phones Vetri, who instructs her to shut all the doors and stay indoors. When Vetri shows up, the men have gone. When he goes home, he finds that Abhinaya has hanged herself to death. The police concludes that Abhinaya committed suicide, since there was no sign of intrusion. At her funeral, Abhinaya's mother reveals that few days ago, Abhinaya had asked her father for .


title: Kuttram 23

text: Thendral reveals that one of her doctor friends treated Aravind and Abhinaya and that Aravind is infertile, leading Thendral to theorize that Abhinaya might have been unfaithful. While going through Abhinaya's postmortem report, Vetri realizes that her body contained traces of clomiphene, similar to Jessica's body. After talking to the coroner, Vetri learns that there is a third young woman who matches this pattern. Realizing that Aravind might be hiding something, Vetri confronts him, when he and Abhinaya had opted for an artificial insemination using his own sperm.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Vetri visits Tulsi at her hospital and sees that on inquiry, he realizes that she is hiding something. He requests for all the files on patients who have undergone artificial insemination at the hospital. He also notices that Kousalya, a famous TV artist, gets treated successfully in that hospital. While studying the files, Vetri realizes that the documents on artificial insemination patients had an unusual watermark with the number 23 on them. The following day, Vetri visits Kousalya and her husband to question them on whether they have been blackmailed recently.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Although the couple denies everything, Vetri asks his team to tap their phones, especially incoming calls. True enough, Kousalya receives a call instructing her to pay a huge sum of money in exchange for not revealing information that might destroy her career. Vetri and his team shadow the young couple the next day. Kousalya and her husband are seen withdrawing money from a bank and driving through a busy street. Just then, a young man covering his face forcefully enters their car and takes the money. By the time Vetri catches up with them, the man has escaped. However, Vetri's men had placed a tracker on the bag containing the money.


title: Kuttram 23

text: Vetri easily tracks the person to his apartment and manages to overpower him for interrogation. The person reveals himself as Gaurav and is part of a gang that has been blackmailing several women in the city who have legally undergone artificial insemination at Tulsi's hospital. One of their first victims was Jessica, who is an ardent cricket fan. She had hired Gaurav's gang to get hold of her favorite cricket player's sperm in order to conceive his child. However, she soon felt guilty. Feeling that they might get caught, Gaurav killed her and the priest who heard her confession.


title: Kuttram 23

text: The next woman was the politician's daughter-in-law, who slit her own wrists at her baby shower. Her father in law wanted his grandson to be a politician like him. So, he arranged for her to be inseminated with his own sperm. Finally, there was Abhinaya, who learned from Gaurav's partner John Matthew that Tulsi lied about using Aravind's sperm and instead inseminated her with someone else's sperm. John then blackmails Abhinaya for , or else he will expose the truth and bring shame upon her family. Abhinaya finally goes back to Tulsi to get an abortion. When Gaurav's gang learns about this, they came to Vetri's house that day when Thendral saw them. They then killed Abhinaya and arranged for it to look like a suicide. After the confession, Vetri kills him in a fit of anger.


title: Kuttram 23

text: As Vetri and his men head over to the hospital to arrest Tulsi, he suddenly remembers that few years ago, a man named John Matthew reported that his wife had gone missing. John was upset that his wife did not want to bear his children and instead wanted an artificial insemination with a much more superior male. A few days later, she was found dead. Since then, John had gone missing. Vetri had one of his men look into John's disappearance. Meanwhile, John Matthew is shown to be working as a lab assistant at Tulsi's sperm bank and was the one who had been manipulating the donor's records and passing on the information to Gaurav.


title: Kuttram 23

text: When Tulsi and her husband threaten to have him exposed, he swiftly kills them and leaves. Later that night, Vetri gets a call from John, who has abducted Thendral. Vetri manages to track John down and save Thendral. However, John is a trained fighter and beats up Vetri. John reveals that he arranged for Abhinaya to be inseminated with his own sperm. When he learned that she was planning an abortion, he could not accept it and had Gaurav kill her. While John is ranting, Vetri manages to overpower and then kill him. The next day, Vetri and Thendral discuss about the misuse of medical advancements in people and the importance of adopting orphans in the media.


title: Kuttram 23

text: In January 2016, Arun Vijay and director Arivazhagan announced that they would collaborate to work on a "high-octane action thriller" with a medical backdrop, which would begin in the following months. The script was developed in early 2016, with the story being inspired by a novel by writer Rajesh Kumar, which in turn was based on real events. Arivazhagan developed Rajesh Kumar's novel into a screenplay within 15 days of gaining approval from the writer to use the story. A formal launch event was held in March 2016, with Arun Vijay announced that the venture will be produced by his friend, Inder Kumar, under Redhan The Cinema People banner. Due to Arivazhagan's regular collaborator S. Thaman was busy with other commitments and unable to collaborate with him again at that time, Vishal Chandrasekhar was instead signed as the music composer. During April 2016, the team shot scenes in the dumpyard of Pallikaranai with Arun Vijay reportedly working for 36 hours in a single stretch. Following the completion of the schedule, 30% of the film was revealed to be over. Actress Mahima Nambiar joined the cast to play the lead female role, while Vamsi Krishna and Amit Bhargav were selected for further supporting roles. The shoot continued throughout mid-2016, with the team filming climax scenes during nighttime in the Padur region of Chennai. The team finished further sequences in July 2016, while taking a day off to give technicians the opportunity to watch the Rajinikanth-starrer "Kabali" (2016) on the day of the release. The shoot finished thereafter, taking 45 days from start to finish and costing 3.5 crore rupees, and a theatrical trailer was released during September 2016.


title: Kuttram 23

text: The music and film score was composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar, working with director Arivazhagan for the first time. The audio launch of "Kuttram 23" was held on 1 September 2016 at Satyam Cinemas in Chennai, with the event being attended by several film personalities from the Tamil film industry.


title: Kuttram 23

text: The producers initially announced a release date of 14 January 2017 but later opted out as they failed to get as many screens as they had desired, owing to the proposed release of several films, including "Bairavaa" (2017). Prior to the official release, a premiere was held for media personalities, and the film drew positive reviews. "Kuttram 23" was subsequently released on 3 March 2017 and won critical acclaim. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Tamil. The Hindustan Times noted, "it is brilliantly scripted and directed – and of course ably acted out by especially Vijay". The Deccan Chronicle noted it was "a welcomed relief from the recent drab of Kollywood", while The New Indian Express stated it had a "coherent screenplay which could have been better". Sify.com's reviewer wrote the film was "a good example of an entertaining cop thriller" adding "this sharply written slick investigative thriller, comes as a huge relief at a time where Tamil audiences are bombarded with several middling movies of big stars" and that "the film is also a perfect case study on how good writing and a technically sound team can offer quality entertainment, which is a rarity in Kollywood". Likewise, Sreedhar Pillai of FirstPost wrote ""Kuttram 23" has a compelling story and is packaged in an entertaining format by Arivazhagan" and that "it is one of the better movies in recent times". Following the release of the film, several Tamil film personalities including Rajinikanth and Shankar publicly appreciated the film.


title: Kuttram 23

text: The film gained more screens following positive reviews, and it subsequently went on to become Arun Vijay's most profitable film till date.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav I Igorevich (; ; ; ; (943 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars (Hungarians).


title: Sviatoslav I

text: His decade-long reign over the Kievan Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital in 969 from Kiev (modern-day Ukraine) to Pereyaslavets (identified as the modern village of Nufăru, Romania) on the Danube.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush, his conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his three sons, resulting in two of them being killed.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: The "Primary Chronicle" records Sviatoslav as the first ruler of the Kievan Rus' with a name of Slavic origin, as opposed to his predecessors, whose names had Old Norse forms. Some scholars see the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", as an artificial derivation combining the names of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik, but modern researchers question the possibility of such a translation of names from one language to another. Sveinald or Sveneld is identical to Sviatoslav, as the Norse rendition of the Slavic name.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In 10th-century Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII in Greek-language work "De Administrando Imperio" ("On the Governance of the Empire") records his name as "Σφενδοσθλάβος" ("Sfendostlabos").


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Virtually nothing is known about Sviatoslav's childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 945, and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). Sviatoslav was tutored by a Varangian named Asmud. The tradition of employing Varangian tutors for the sons of ruling princes survived well into the 11th century. Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his "druzhina" (roughly, "company") in permanent warfare against neighboring states.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: According to the Primary Chronicle, he carried neither wagons nor kettles on his expeditions, and he boiled no meat, rather cutting off small strips of horseflesh, game, or beef to eat after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he have a tent, rather spreading out a horse-blanket under him and setting his saddle under his head, and all his retinue did likewise.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav's appearance has been described very clearly by Leo the Deacon, who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with John I Tzimiskes. Following Deacon's memories, Sviatoslav was a bright-eyed man of average height but of stalwart build, much more sturdy than Tzimiskes. He had a bald head and a wispy beard and wore a bushy mustache and a sidelock as a sign of his nobility. He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men, although he had a lot in common with his warriors. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a carbuncle and two pearls.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav's mother, Olga, converted to Orthodox Christianity at the court of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 957, at the approximate age of 67. Sviatoslav remained a pagan all of his life. In the treaty of 971 between Sviatoslav and the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes, the Rus' swore by the gods Perun and Veles. According to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors (druzhina) would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian. The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that he was not the only (or the eldest) son of his parents. The Rus'-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. The fact that Predslava was Oleg's mother is presented by Vasily Tatishchev. He also speculated that Predslava came from the Hungarian nobility. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. Another chronicle told that Oleg (? - 977?) was the eldest son of Igor. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child, and he was raised by his mother or under her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg. By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins, Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus' to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning to expand Rus' control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region. His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe. The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav began by rallying the East Slavic vassal tribes of the Khazars to his cause. Those who would not join him, such as the Vyatichs, were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus' rather than to the Khazars. According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic ) This phrase is used in modern Russian and Ukrainian (usually misquoted as ) to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions. Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers, he attacked Volga Bulgaria. He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the superior cavalry of the Khazars and Bulgars.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, possibly sacking (but not occupying) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea as well. At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel"). He subsequently destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch." The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Although Ibn Haukal reports the sack of Samandar by Sviatoslav, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience. Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region. The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north–south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944. Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In 967 or 968, Nikephoros sent his agent, Kalokyros, to persuade Sviatoslav to assist the Byzantines in a war against Bulgaria. Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir. The siege was relieved by the "druzhina" of Pretich, and immediately following the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and his mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus' furs, wax, honey, and slaves".


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating Thrace, capturing the city of Philippopolis, and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav to leave Bulgaria, but he was unsuccessful. Challenging Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople, causing panic in the streets of Constantinople in summer 970. Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt brought by Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Skleros, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis. Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus' were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon, which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty-five days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea, and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, according to the Primary Chronicle, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna. While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian state and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in "De Administrando Imperio" of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs. According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper rapids, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortytsia early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions among his sons grew. A war broke out between his legitimate sons, Oleg and Yaropolk, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg's fate and went to Scandinavia, where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980. Yaropolk was killed, and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constantinople. Russia's southward expansion and the imperialistic ventures of Catherine II in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Among the works created during the war was Yakov Knyazhnin's tragedy "Olga" (1772). The Russian playwright chose to introduce Sviatoslav as his protagonist, although his active participation in the events following Igor's death is out of sync with the traditional chronology. Knyazhnin's rival Nikolai Nikolev (1758–1815) also wrote a play on the subject of Sviatoslav's life. Ivan Akimov's painting "Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to Kiev" (1773) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment. It is a vivid example of Poussinesque rendering of early medieval subject matter.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Interest in Sviatoslav's career increased in the 19th century. Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with Emperor John in his well-known painting, while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century. Sviatoslav appears in the 1913 poem of Velimir Khlebnikov "Written before the war" (#70. Написанное до войны) as an epitome of militant Slavdom:


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav is the villain of the novel "The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars", by Samuel Gordon, a fictionalised account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book "Istoricheskie povesti".


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David and Kolovrat. This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism. The Press Centre of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions." When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: Sviatoslav is the main character of the books "Knyaz" () and "The Hero" (), written by Russian writer Alexander Mazin. Sviatoslav plays a major role in the Soviet historical anthology film "The Legend of Princess Olga", which tells the story of his mother, Olga. Sviatoslav appears in various segments, both as a child as an adult. The adult prince Sviatoslav is played by Les Serdyuk.


title: Sviatoslav I

text: In November 2011, a Ukrainian fisherman found a one metre long sword in the waters of the Dnieper on Khortytsia, near where Sviatoslav is believed to have been killed in 972. The handle is made out of four different metals including gold and silver, and could possibly have belonged to Sviatoslav himself, but this is speculation—the sword could have belonged to any nobleman from that period.


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man (Randolph "Ralph" Dibny) is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. His first appearance was in "The Flash" #112 (February 25, 1960).


title: Elongated Man

text: The character made his live-action debut in the fourth season of The CW's live-action Arrowverse television series "The Flash", portrayed by Hartley Sawyer. In June 2020, Sawyer was fired ahead of the series' seventh season after social media posts with racist and misogynistic references resurfaced.


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man was created by writer John Broome and penciler Carmine Infantino, with significant input from editor Julius Schwartz, who wanted a new supporting character for the Flash. Julius Schwartz has noted that Elongated Man was only created because he had not realized that Plastic Man was available due to DC obtaining the rights to him in 1956 alongside other Quality Comics properties. However, Infantino and inker Murphy Anderson stated that he never used him as a reference for anything.


title: Elongated Man

text: In his 2000 autobiography, "The Amazing World of Carmine Infantino", the artist wrote, "I really liked Elongated Man because it was comical and I enjoyed drawing comedy. It was also one of my favorite strips, because it was as close to animation as I could do in a comic book. I liked being able to test the limits of the comic book form and this strip allowed me to do that."


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man received a solo backup feature in "Detective Comics", where he was redefined as a detective who loves odd mysteries and travels the United States in a convertible with his wife, searching for them. Sometimes they would travel the world or meet other DC superheroes like Batman, Green Lantern, the Atom and Zatanna. This feature became sporadic during the late '60s and throughout the '70s. However, in 1973, he became a member of the Justice League of America, and he is mostly seen in that title from 1973 to 1995.


title: Elongated Man

text: As a teenager, Ralph Dibny was fascinated by contortionists, or people who displayed feats of agility and suppleness. He learned that all of the body-benders he spoke with drank a popular soda called "Gingold". Ralph set to work learning chemistry and developed a super-concentrated extract of the rare "gingo" fruit of the Yucatán, which gave him his elasticity. In his first appearance, the Flash suspects Elongated Man is behind several crimes, but he helps capture the criminals, who reveal they used a helicopter to frame him.


title: Elongated Man

text: Ralph Dibny was one of the earliest Silver Age DC heroes to reveal his secret identity to the public, and also one of the first to marry his love interest. After teaming up with several other superheroes like Batman, Green Lantern, the Atom, Zatanna and the Justice League of America, he became a member of the team. Eventually, his wife became a member as well. The couple was also notable in having a stable, happy, and relatively trouble-free marriage—an anomaly in the soap operatic annals of superhero comic books.


title: Elongated Man

text: Ralph Dibny played a central role in the events of "Identity Crisis", with the main arc of the series revolving around Sue Dibny being murdered. The healthy, stable relationship between Ralph and Sue, and the events that led to and resulted from her death, were used as primary narrative devices throughout the series for examining the respective personal relationships of other JLA and JSA members (and to a lesser extent, members of the supervillain community).


title: Elongated Man

text: The effect of Sue's death on Ralph (compounded by the fact that Sue was apparently pregnant at the time of her death) would come to shape his character significantly in the events following "Identity Crisis", eventually culminating at the end of the weekly series "52".


title: Elongated Man

text: Ralph and Sue appeared as members of the Justice League offshoot the Super Buddies in the miniseries "Formerly Known as the Justice League" and its sequel story arc "I Can't Believe It's Not The Justice League" published in "JLA: Classified" #4-9. The latter arc was produced before "Identity Crisis", but published afterwards. A running joke in "I Can't Believe It's Not The Justice League" involves the possibility of Sue's pregnancy.


title: Elongated Man

text: In the 2006 weekly series "52", a grief-stricken Ralph Dibny is contemplating suicide when he is informed that Sue's gravestone has been vandalized with an inverted version of Superman's 'S' symbol—the Kryptonian symbol for resurrection. He confronts Cassie Sandsmark, and she tells Dibny that she is in a cult that believes that Superboy can be resurrected. She steals Ralph's wedding ring after the cult members try to drown Ralph.


title: Elongated Man

text: During Week 11, after scaring some cult members and chasing them off, he gets a report that someone broke into a storage container in Opal City and stole Sue's clothes. In Week 12, Ralph finds Wonder Girl and she tells him they stole the clothes and ring to make a Sue dummy. She invites him to the ceremony.


title: Elongated Man

text: During Week 13, Ralph goes to the ceremony. Metamorpho, the Green Arrow, Zauriel, and Hal Jordan come with him. Despite his initial agreement, Dibny and his friends disrupt the ceremony, but the effigy of Sue crawls to Dibny and calls out to him as it burns; Dibny suffers a nervous breakdown as a result.


title: Elongated Man

text: During Week 18, other members of the Croatoan Society (Detective Chimp, Terri Thirteen, and Edogawa Sangaku) find Tim Trench dead with the helmet of Doctor Fate, Nabu. Ralph comes to investigate and asks for help from the Shadowpact, Detective Chimp's other group. A voice from within the helm of Doctor Fate, unheard by the other members of the group, speaks to Dibny and promises to fulfill his desires if he makes certain sacrifices. Dibny journeys with the helm through the afterlives of several cultures, where he is cautioned about the use of magic.


title: Elongated Man

text: During Week 27, the Spectre promises to resurrect Sue in exchange for Dibny's taking vengeance on Jean Loring, but Dibny is unable to do so.


title: Elongated Man

text: During Week 32, Ralph ventures to Nanda Parbat and gets into a fight with the Yeti. The Perfect Accomplished Physician comes to the rescue. Both he and the Yeti are members of the Great Ten, defenders of China. At Nanda Parbat, Rama Kushna tells Dibny, "The end is already written".


title: Elongated Man

text: During week 42, Dibny is in Dr. Fate's tower. He begins the spell to resurrect Sue, puts on the helmet of Fate, and shoots it, revealing Felix Faust, who was posing as Nabu. Faust planned to trade Dibny's soul to Neron in exchange for his own freedom. Ralph reveals that he was aware of Faust's identity for some time, and that the binding spell surrounding the tower is designed to imprison Faust, not to counter any negative effects of the spell. Neron appears and kills Dibny, only to realize too late that the binding spell responds only to Dibny's commands: through his death, Ralph has trapped Faust and Neron in the tower, seemingly for all eternity, though his methods of doing so are unknown. His spirit is later seen reunited with his wife. However, Neron is able to escape almost immediately. During the "Black Adam: The Dark Ages" miniseries, Faust is shown to escape with the help of Black Adam and a resurrected Isis, who is under Faust's mental control. These events take place just prior to "Countdown", indicating that Faust had only been there for a few weeks.


title: Elongated Man

text: At the end of Week 52, it is revealed that Dibny's magical, wish-granting gun (a souvenir from "the Anselmo Case", a reference to "The Life Story of the Flash") worked——Ralph's last wish was to be reunited with his wife, even in death——and that Ralph and Sue are now reunited as ghost detectives, investigating a school where a paranormal phenomenon has just occurred.


title: Elongated Man

text: In "Blue Beetle" #16, Traci 13 mentioned that she had been taken in by Ralph and Sue after her mother died.


title: Elongated Man

text: In the 2007-08 "Black Adam" miniseries "Dark Ages", it is shown that Ralph's remains are still inside Fate's Tower when Teth-Adam asks Faust if his deal to trick Dibny had worked. Ralph's skeleton is used by Faust to create the illusion that Adam's attempt at resurrecting Isis had failed.


title: Elongated Man

text: In "Batman and the Outsiders" (vol. 2) #5, it is revealed (after appearing unknown in the previous two issues) that Ralph and Sue have gained or discovered the ability to possess human bodies, like the ability of Boston Brand, a.k.a. Deadman.


title: Elongated Man

text: Ralph and Sue, in their ghostly forms, appear before Doctor Occult with news of the war brewing in Hell. Sent by Giovanni "John" Zatara who, as a member of the Hell Resistance Movement, hopes to take advantage of the war, they ask Doctor Occult to aid him in his plan. They then dissipate and leave him to make his decision.


title: Elongated Man

text: In "Blackest Night" #0, Ralph and Sue Dibny's graves are shown during Black Hand's chant. At the end of the issue (in the promotional profile image of the Black Lantern Corps) his hand is easily identifiable as popping out of its grave. Ralph and Sue's corpses are revealed as having been reanimated as Black Lanterns, attacking Hawkman and Hawkgirl; Ralph beating Hawkman with his mace before ripping out Hawkman's heart. Next, they are seen in Gotham City with the Black Lanterns the Martian Manhunter, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, and Firestorm preparing to kill the Flash and Green Lantern. He and Sue are both turned to ashes when the Indigo Tribe destroys their rings. In the final battle, the Flash looks around to see if Ralph and Sue were among those resurrected by the White Entity, only to be told by Green Lantern they were not coming back.


title: Elongated Man

text: In September 2011, "The New 52" rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Ralph Dibny is apparently a rogue member of the Secret Six, under the alias of Damon Wells a.k.a. Big Shot, reporting to the Riddler who in this incarnation of the team serves as "Mockingbird." After having reunited with his wife, Dibny makes his return as the costumed Elongated Man in "Secret Six" #12.


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man gained his abilities by drinking a refined version of a soft drink named Gingold that contains the extract of a (fictional) fruit called gingo. It was revealed in "Invasion" #3 that he is a metahuman, and the Gingoid elixir interacted with his latent genes. An ordinary human would not develop such powers through ingesting the extract. In fact, most people are extremely allergic to highly concentrated Gingold. The only other hero in the DCU who uses Gingold is Stretch, a member of Hero Hotline who has been using the compound since the 1940s.


title: Elongated Man

text: As his name suggests, Elongated Man can stretch his limbs and body to super-human lengths and sizes. These stretching powers grant him heightened agility enabling flexibility and coordination that is beyond the natural limits of the human body. He can contort his body into various positions and sizes impossible for ordinary humans, such as being entirely flat so that he can slip under a door, or using his fingers to pick conventional locks. He can also use it for disguise by changing the shape of his face, although this is painful and difficult for him. Ralph's physiology has greater physical limitations than Plastic Man; there is a limit to how far he can stretch his finite bodily mass, and he cannot open holes in his body as Plastic Man can.


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man's powers also greatly augment his durability. He is largely able to withstand corrosives, punctures and concussions without sustaining injury. It has been demonstrated that he is resistant to high velocities that would kill an ordinary person and that he is also more resistant to blasts from energy weapons that would kill ordinary humans. His physiology is more like that of an ordinary human than Plastic Man and, as a result, he does not share Plastic Man's nigh-invulnerability.


title: Elongated Man

text: In addition to his stretching abilities, Elongated Man is a professional detective and highly skilled in deductive reasoning. Often considered one of the most brilliant detectives in the DC Universe, comparable to Batman. He is a talented amateur chemist as well. A meta-side effect of his powers coupled with his detective skills is enhanced olfactory sense, allowing him to "smell" when something is "not right", or if a clue or mystery is at hand. This results in a rubbery "nose twitch".


title: Elongated Man

text: In "Kingdom Come", when Superman comes out of retirement and re-establishes the Justice League, Batman recruits Ralph Dibny to become part of his faction. They infiltrate Lex Luthor's Mankind Liberation Front and once they discover that Luthor is brainwashing Captain Marvel, they attack and incarcerate the MLF members.


title: Elongated Man

text: In Frank Miller's "The Dark Knight Strikes Again", Dibny is mentioned as a man in a bar who was reminiscing about the Silver Age and when he heard mention of Batman, his face sagged and his jaw dropped to the floor. Later Dibny is seen hawking a "male enhancement" drink "Gingold" in a TV infomercial. He is then recruited to aid Batman in his attack against the American government (taken over by Lex Luthor).


title: Elongated Man

text: Elongated Man appears in "JLA/Avengers" #3, replacing Plastic Man after the merging of the DC and Marvel Universes.


title: Elongated Man

text: Recently the Ralph Dibny of Earth-51, where secret identities are no longer needed by superheroes, has been seen in "Countdown to Final Crisis". He is subsequently killed by the Monitor of New Earth, Bob.


title: Elongated Man

text: An evil future version of Elongated Man called Elongated Maniac appears in "The Flash" #53. He appears in Commander Cold's flashbacks to an encounter where he faces off against Commander Cold after killing hostages.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Meyaadha Maan () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Rathna Kumar in his directorial debut. Produced by Karthik Subbaraj's Stone Bench Creations. The film stars Vaibhav and Priya Bhavani Shankar in the lead, the latter in her film debut with Vivek Prasanna, Indhuja Ravichandran, Arun Prasath and Amrutha Srinivasan in supporting roles. It is an adaptation of Kumar's own short film "Madhu", which he had directed for the Stone Bench Creation's anthology film "Bench Talkies".


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film focuses on 'Idhayam' Murali, a happy-go-lucky light music singer, and his relationships with his longtime, one-sided love interest Madhumitha, his sister Sudarvizhi and his best friend Vinoth. Kumar was asked by Subbaraj to adapt his short film "Madhu" into a feature-length film due to its commercial nature. Except for Vivek Prasanna, the lead cast members of the film were replaced by Vaibhav and Priya for this film. Production was completed silently and the venture was first reported by the media during June 2017, with the film being shot primarily in Royapuram, Chennai.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film's music is jointly composed by Santhosh Narayanan and Pradeep Kumar, with the latter making his composing debut in Tamil cinema, whose soundtrack album received positive response. The film features cinematography handled by Vidhu Ayyanna and editing done by Shafiq Muhammed Ali.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: It was released on 18 October 2017, coinciding with Diwali, and received positive reviews from critics praising the performances of the cast, particularly that of Indhuja and Vivek, and the major technical aspects. The film was a sleeper hit at the box office. Indhuja received a win for Best Supporting Actress at the 11th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards, while Vivek Prasanna received an award for Best Supporting Actor at the 10th Vijay Awards.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Murali, also known as 'Idhayam' Murali by his friends as he is like the emotional lead character from the film, "Idhayam" (1990), rings his friends, Vinoth and Kishore informing them that he is going to commit suicide, as he is not able to bear the engagement of his college mate, Madhu, whom Murali has feelings of one-sided love. In an attempt to stop his suicide, Vinoth and Kishore request Madhu to speak badly about Murali, which Madhu does hesitantly. On hearing this, Murali feels outraged and cancels his suicide attempt. He also believes that Madhu is ill-mannered. However, he blabbers about Madhu and how he loved her which slightly moves Madhu. The marriage is postponed by a year.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: One year later, life moves on and Kishore invites Vinoth and Murali for his wedding. However, Vinoth is injured in an accident, so, Murali attends the marriage and also performs with his music crew, "Meyadha Maan". Murali meets Madhu and they pick up a quarrel over a room allotment. Murali walks out of the marriage after understanding that both Vinoth and Kishore are hell bent in ensuring that he does not torture Madhu during the marriage. Madhu is pained to hear that Murali still does not know about the drama on that suicide night.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Meanwhile, Sudarvizhi, Murali's sister learns about her brother's one side love with Madhu and falls in love with Vinoth. She ensures a fall out with Vinoth as he refuses to see her other than a sister. Murali learns that Sudarvizhi is in love with Vinoth and happily assures her that he will ensure that she is married to Vinoth. Vinoth does not know about Sudarvizhi's love and feels that she had quarrelled with him as she was suffering from trauma due to a fever and a headache.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: One day, Vinoth meets Madhu and thanks her for her noble gesture. Suddenly Madhu falls down unconscious. Vinoth admits her in a hospital and is rushing to fetch money for her treatment. Murali is suspicious that Vinoth has fallen in love with someone and follows him to the hospital. Murali gets upset when he sees his friend aid the treatment of Madhu, who he believes is his sworn enemy. Subsequently, Murali learns about the drama played by Vinoth and attacks him furiously for making him believe that Madhu is an ill-mannered person. In a jiffy, he starts rejoicing as he realises that Madhu is not ill-mannered and is still not married.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Few days later, Murali finds Madhu falling unconscious and brings her home safely. Soon, Madhu and Murali bury the past and develop a friendship which enrages Madhu's father. Madhu's brother invites Murali for a family function to show him his place. Murali gleefully accepts the invitation. While he enthralls Madhumitha and children by his presence, Madhu's parents are irritated by his presence. Madhu comes to Murali's home the next day to shout at him for accepting the veiled invitation from his family. However she bonds with Sudarvizhi easily and has a good time at Murali's house. Suddenly, Vinoth brings in a marriage alliance for Sudarvizhi. Murali rejects the alliance saying that he has decided to marry his sister to Vinoth. This shocks Vinoth and he is even shocked to see Madhu in Murali's house. Vinoth walks away angrily from Murali's house.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Madhu persuades Murali to talk with Vinoth and gives an idea to unite Vinoth and Sudarvizhi. The idea works well and Vinoth reciprocates Sudarvizhi's love. Eventually Madhu informs Murali that she is in love with Murali. Madhu's father finds them as a pair and he hastens Madhu's arranged marriage ceremony with a different groom. Murali and Madhu plan to stop the marriage by having premarital intercourse, but they both pick up a quarrel while executing their plan in midway and part ways. Madhu gets ready for marriage, while Murali vows to complete Sudarvizhi's marriage before her marriage. After a few interesting twists and turns, Vinoth marries Sudarvizhi and Madhu reveals that she got pregnant by Murali through the earlier plan of stopping the arranged marriage ceremony. Madhu later ends up attempting to commit suicide as Murali refuses to marry her. As the credits roll, Madhu and Murali sign the marriage papers in the register office and the movie ends with Murali singing on stage with his wife Madhu recording his performance.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Karthik Subbaraj insisted Rathna Kumar to develop his short film "Madhu" into a feature-length film for his production studio Stone Bench Creations. The short featuring actors Sananth, Roshni Abraham and Vivek Prasanna, was earlier included as one of the six stories in Stone Bench Creations' anthology film "Bench Talkies – The First Bench", which had a theatrical release in March 2015. Rathna Kumar initially had no intentions of making "Madhu" into a feature film and had developed it only for his portfolio, but obliged to Subbaraj's request as producers were not keen on listening to his other scripts and also due to the commercial nature of the short. Rathna Kumar set the film in North Chennai as he was inspired by the creative talents of people in the Royapuram and Kasimedu area, where he found several singers, lyric writers and percussionists during his visits to the areas. The film's lead character runs a light music troupe, making the setting of Royapuram apt for the script. The character's shyness to talk to his lover, meant that Rathna Kumar chose to give the character the name of 'Idhayam' Murali, derived from the timid character made famous by actor Murali in Kathir's romantic drama "Idhayam" (1991).


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Rathna Kumar wrote the first draft of the feature film keeping Sananth, who had starred in the short film, in mind. However, the producers opted against signing a relative newcomer and chose Vaibhav to portray the lead role. To prepare for his role, Vaibhav observed the emotions and body language of real stage singers by watching videos. As Roshni Abraham, who is currently a corporate employee had chosen not to become a feature film actress, Rathna Kumar then discussed the leading female role with Sai Pallavi, who opted against signing the film. He subsequently announced a casting call online, following which television actress Priya Bhavani Shankar got in touch. Following a successful audition, she was selected to play the leading role of Madhumitha, with Rathna Kumar stating that her on-screen "image" worked for the film. Priya later revealed that she was keen to do the film as it had the backing of Karthik Subbaraj, whose work she liked. Indhuja Ravichandran was selected to be a part of the film after impressing the director with her work in other short films, and was initially worried about her future work and image if she portrayed the sister of Vaibhav's character, before agreeing to star in the film. Vivek Prasanna was the only lead actor to retain his role from the short film. The film's composer Santhosh Narayanan was keen to allow his long-time collaborator Pradeep Kumar to also work on the film as a co-composer, and played a role in bringing him into the project.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film's shoot progressed silently in Royapuram, Chennai and was first revealed to the media only after ninety percent of the shoot was completed. Stone Bench Productions had made the film alongside their commitments for another film directed by Karthik Subbaraj, titled "Mercury" (2018) starring Prabhu Deva. Shooting of the film completed in late June 2017, with subsequently post-production activities for the film took place.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film's soundtrack album featured seven songs which were jointly composed by Santhosh Narayanan and Pradeep Kumar, with the latter making his debut as a composer in Tamil films. Santhosh also composed the background music for the film, apart from contributing five songs to the soundtrack whereas Pradeep worked on two songs. Besides composing the latter had also penned lyrics for one song, with Rathna Kumar penning two songs and Vivek writing four songs for the soundtrack; radio personality Mirchi Vijay (in his first stint as lyricist) penned one song for this film. All songs in the album consisted of varied genres.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The "Thangachi Song" is a dance number picturised on Vaibhav and Indhuja Ravichandran, which was sung by Anthony Daasan. It was released as a single to coincide with the Hindu festival of Raksha Bandhan on 7 August 2017. The song gained popularity among the film audiences, for the catchy tune and quirky lyrics, with "The Indian Express" stated "the song perfectly captures the naughtiness and love that siblings share". Another single titled "Enna Naan Seiven" sung by Pradeep Kumar and Kalyani Nair released on 25 August 2017, coinciding with Ganesh Chathurthi. The third single "Address Song" sung by Santhosh Narayanan was released on 13 September 2017. Being one of the typical soup-song genre, Rathna Kumar wanted this song to end the entire genre of bar songs that lambaste women. The album which was marketed by Think Music was released at a promotional launch event held at Loyola College in Chennai on 27 September 2017, with the film's cast and crew and other celebrities in attendance.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film's initial theatrical release of 17 November 2017, came as a result of the strike announced by Tamil Film Producers Council over the additional local body tax levied by the Tamil Nadu state government, due to which some of the Tamil films which were scheduled for Diwali release excluding the high-profile release "Mersal" (2017), got delayed. The producers and distributors felt that moving the release forward to coincide with the festival would garner larger audiences and also the spillover audiences from "Mersal" would instead choose to see "Meyaadha Maan". After the strike came to an end on 12 October, the producers announced for a theatrical release on 18 October 2017.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film opened to 100 screens across Tamil Nadu, but with the positive feedback from critics and audiences, it resulted in a steady growth in the number of screens across Tamil Nadu, Malaysia and Singapore within days of the film's release. Some of the trade analysts believed that the film has benefited not only from the word-of-mouth but also due to the unique promotional ways initiated by producers which resulted in the good exposure among audiences.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film saw a re-release on 7 March 2018, due to the standoff between film producers and digital service providers on the increase of Virtual Print Fee charges which resulted in the stalling of Tamil film releases. It opened in more than 75 theatres which is the highest for a re-release film.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The teaser trailer of the film was released by actor Dhanush through his Twitter handle in late July 2017. As a part of the film's promotions, the makers dubbed the film as "Royapurathu La La Land" ("La La Land" in Royapuram) and released posters and captions on the trailer to depict the film in that particular way. Critics believed that the promotion is a result of the film which explored the similar themes comparing with the 2016 Hollywood film of the same name, as both films are of musical romantic genre.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film’s distribution rights of "Meyaadha Maan" have been acquired by Rockfort Entertainment which previously did the same for Hiphop Tamizha Adhi’s debut film as a lead actor in the film "Meesaya Murukku ".


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Tamil, and its television premiere took place on 22 July 2018.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film opened to positive response from critics and audiences. M. Suganth of "The Times of India" criticised the lengthy plotline of the film adding that "many scenes go on far longer than they should and make us wish they had been tightly written and edited", but also stated that "since he (Rathna Kumar) has also gotten us invested in these interesting characters, we overlook this flaw and take it as a reason to be with these characters for some more time". S. Srivatsan of "India Today" assigned a score of three-and-a-half out of five saying "the film may appear to be this really intense and emotionally draining film that is usually associated with Karthik Subbaraj. But, it has musical bits, lots of humour and a not-bad romance."


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: Srinivasa Ramanujam of "The Hindu" stated that "Director Rathna Kumar’s slumberous style of storytelling is both a curse and a blessing". Baradwaj Rangan, in his review for "Film Companion South", reviewed "Rathna Kumar puts together what could be called a “"rooted" romcom”. The typical romcom is just fluff, the cinematic equivalent of cotton candy — but "Meyaadha Maan" sets its sights higher. On some level, it's still your typical Kollywood fantasy about a boy and a way-out-of-his-league girl. But you can see the director striving to make each similar-sounding scene look and feel different."


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: "Indiaglitz" wrote in its review that "Debutante Rathna Kumar has shown good command over extracting performances from his cast and narration and shows great promise for the future". A critic from "Sify" gave three out of five saying "a well-written rom-com that works because of the brilliant performance of the lead actors". Ashameera Aiyyapan in her review for "The Indian Express" wrote "Meyaadha Maan characters speak a language of raw, imperfect honesty that is endearing and delightful", but criticising the second half of the film, the review further stated "It could have a been slightly tauter towards the end. But the transgressions are too mild for a film that works on many counts." Arunkumar Shekhar of "The New Indian Express" wrote "Quirky twists and splendid music elevate this film from being your regular romance".


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: "Behindwoods" gave three out of five stars, in its review, stating the film as "a feel good love story that rides high on humour and performances".


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film had an average opening of 1 week in Chennai and collected totally over Rs. 35,24,248. "Meyadha Maan" ran over 8 theatres with 54 shows and has garnered over Rs.16,46,158. The film has also raked in Rs.25,83,154 from 18 October 2017 to 22 October.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film, worldwide, has collected overall over Rs 92 lakes in its opening day and Rs.4.27 crores in its opening weekend. In its opening week it collected over Rs.6.15 crore and collected over Rs 11 crore in its overall domestic collection.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: The film has grossed over Rs 2 crore in the first five-day weekend. The film has also emerged victorious and has withstood Vijay’s film starrer "Mersal" storm at the box office which has also already grossed over Rs 100 crore and is expected to gross Rs 150 crore-mark in its first week.


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: There was a video circulating on the Internet that Indhuja Ravichandran who made her debut in this film as Vaibhav’s sister has been bagged in the lead of her next film "Billa Pandi". After reacting to the video, the actress took to her social media where she called the first ever controversy. There were sources stating that " Billa Pandi" was her second Tamil film, which she corrected and told that "Mercury" was, in fact, her second Tamil film and she too plays the female lead in that film. Indhuja stated in her social media page, saying that:


title: Meyaadha Maan

text: In the 2019 Tamil film "Petta", which was a Rajinikanth starrer, Vaibhav makes a cameo appearance in that film's song, Aaha Kalyanam reprising his role as 'Idhayam' Murali.


title: Coase theorem

text: In law and economics, the Coase theorem () describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities. The theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are sufficiently low transaction costs, bargaining will lead to a Pareto efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property. In practice, obstacles to bargaining or poorly defined property rights can prevent Coasean bargaining. This 'theorem' is commonly attributed to Nobel Prize laureate Ronald Coase.


title: Coase theorem

text: This 1960 paper, along with his 1937 paper on the nature of the firm (which also emphasizes the role of transaction costs), earned Ronald Coase the 1991 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In this 1960 paper, Coase argued that real-world transaction costs are rarely low enough to allow for efficient bargaining and hence the theorem is almost always inapplicable to economic reality.


title: Coase theorem

text: In his later writings, Coase expressed frustration that his theorem was often misunderstood. Although some have used Coase's analysis to argue that because transaction costs are never zero it is always appropriate for a government to intervene and regulate, Coase believed that economists and politicians "tended to over-estimate the advantages which come from governmental regulation." Some mistakenly understood the theorem to mean that markets would always achieve efficient results when transaction costs were low, when in reality his point was almost the exact opposite: because transaction costs are never zero, it cannot be assumed that any institutional arrangement will necessarily be efficient. Therefore, Coase argued that it is important to always compare alternative institutional arrangements to see which would come closest to "the unattainable ideal of the (mythical) world of zero transaction costs."


title: Coase theorem

text: Nevertheless, the Coase theorem is considered an important basis for most modern economic analyses of government regulation, especially in the case of externalities, and it has been used by jurists and legal scholars to analyse and resolve legal disputes. George Stigler summarized the resolution of the externality problem in the absence of transaction costs in a 1966 economics textbook in terms of private and social cost, and for the first time called it a "theorem." Since the 1960s, a voluminous amount of literature on the Coase theorem and its various interpretations, proofs, and criticism has developed and continues to grow.


title: Coase theorem

text: Coase developed his theorem when considering the regulation of radio frequencies. Competing radio stations could use the same frequencies and would therefore interfere with each other's broadcasts. The problem faced by regulators was how to eliminate interference and allocate frequencies to radio stations efficiently. What Coase proposed in 1959 was that as long as property rights in these frequencies were well defined, it ultimately did not matter if adjacent radio stations interfered with each other by broadcasting in the same frequency band. Furthermore, it did not matter to whom the property rights were granted. His reasoning was that the station able to reap the higher economic gain from broadcasting would have an incentive to pay the other station not to interfere.


title: Coase theorem

text: In the absence of transaction costs, both stations would strike a mutually advantageous deal. It would not matter which station had the initial right to broadcast; eventually, the right to broadcast would end up with the party that was able to put it to the most highly valued use. Of course, the parties themselves would care who was granted the rights initially because this allocation would impact their wealth, but the result of who broadcasts would not change because the parties would trade to the outcome that was overall most efficient. This counterintuitive insight—that the initial imposition of legal entitlement is irrelevant because the parties will eventually reach the same result—is Coase's invariance thesis.


title: Coase theorem

text: Coase's main point, clarified in his article 'The Problem of Social Cost,' published in 1960 and cited when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1991, was that transaction costs, however, could not be neglected, and therefore, the initial allocation of property rights often mattered. As a result, one normative conclusion sometimes drawn from the Coase theorem is that liability should initially be assigned to the actors for whom avoiding the costs associated with the externality problem are the lowest. The problem in real life is that nobody knows ex ante the most valued use of a resource, and also that there exist costs involving the reallocation of resources by government. Another, more refined, normative conclusion also often discussed in law and economics is that government should create institutions that minimize transaction costs, so as to allow misallocations of resources to be corrected as cheaply as possible.


title: Coase theorem

text: (1) In the case of zero transaction costs, no matter how the rights are initially allocated, negotiations between the parties will lead to the Pareto optimal allocation of resources;


title: Coase theorem

text: (2) In the case of non-zero transaction costs, different rights allocation definitions will lead to different resource allocations;


title: Coase theorem

text: (3) Because of the existence of transaction costs, different rights definitions and allocations will bring about resource allocation with different benefits. Therefore, the establishment of the property rights system is the basis for optimizing resource allocation (to Pareto optimal).


title: Coase theorem

text: When faced with an externality, the same efficient outcome can be reached without any government intervention as long as the following assumptions hold:


title: Coase theorem

text: The Coase Theorem shows that the essence of the market is not price, but property rights. As long as there are property rights, people will naturally "negotiate" a reasonable price.