title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran is a strong supporter of the construction of the Keystone XL oil pipeline. During the consideration of the Keystone XL pipeline legislation, he introduced an amendment to remove the lesser prairie chicken from the list of threatened species. The amendment failed on a 54–44 vote, having failed to get the required 60 votes.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran is "one of the most active members of Congress when it comes to reaching out to Silicon Valley." In 2014, Consumer Electronics Association President and CEO Gary J. Shapiro dubbed Moran "Mr. Innovation" and described him as "one of the biggest tech entrepreneurship leaders in the U.S. Senate." Moran is the lead sponsor of Startup Act 3.0 legislation, which includes several provisions that would reform the American visa system for high-skilled, American-educated, and entrepreneurial immigrants. Moran also sponsored the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, also known as the JOBS Act, legislation to expand crowdfunding options for startups. Since its 2012 passage, he has criticized the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's JOBS Act rule-making as drawn out and potentially counterproductive to the legislation's intent. Moran is an advocate of increased engagement between Washington and the Startup community and has spoken on the issue at events like South by Southwest (SXSW) and the Consumer Electronics Show (CES).


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran opposed the Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA). In November 2011, Moran, Senators Rand Paul, Ron Wyden and Maria Cantwell sent a letter to Senate leadership indicating they would place a Senate hold on PIPA, citing the threats PIPA (and SOPA) posed to liberty and innovation.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In 2017, Moran voted to repeal FCC Internet privacy rules that blocked internet providers from sharing or selling data on customers' private data (such as browsing history) without the customer's permission.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran opposes abortion. He has cosponsored legislation to ban abortions after the 20th week of pregnancy. He voted in favor of making harming a fetus a crime. Moran supported the 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade", agreeing that the Constitution does not ensure right to an abortion.


title: Jerry Moran

text: The Human Rights Campaign has rated his voting record on LGBT rights as zero in five separate scorecards.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In September 2018, Moran voted for a package of 70 Senate bills that cost $8.4 billion and altered programs across multiple agencies, as part of a bipartisan effort to prevent opioids from being shipped through the U.S. Postal Service and to grant doctors the ability to prescribe medications designed to wean opioid addictions.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In February 2022, on a "Nightline" program about criticisms of the United States Center for SafeSport titled "Sports misconduct watchdog faces crisis of confidence", Moran said that every athlete-victim he visited with "had little or no confidence in SafeSport." He and Senator Richard Blumenthal said that they believe that more transparency is required from SafeSport, which does not make public its investigative findings or arbitration decisions, to protect young athletes, and that SafeSport must make its work public.


title: Jerry Moran

text: On May 28, 2021, Moran voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran lived in Hays for most of his political career. In 2012, he moved to Manhattan to be closer to a major airport in order to cut down on his drive time back to Kansas each weekend. The nearest airport to Hays is Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, three hours southeast; Manhattan is two hours from Wichita and Kansas City. Additionally, Manhattan Regional Airport has direct jet service daily to and from Chicago and Dallas.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran volunteers his time with several community organizations. He is a former trustee of the Eisenhower Foundation, serves on the board of trustees of the Fort Hays State University Endowment Association, and serves on the Executive Committee of the Coronado Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. He was also the 2008 Honorary Chair of the Law Enforcement Torch Run of the Kansas Special Olympics. Moran and his wife, Robba, have two daughters, Kelsey and Alex. Kelsey graduated from Kansas State University in 2010 and from Georgetown University Law Center in 2015. She is an attorney at Hogan Lovells. Alex studied at Kansas State University and graduated from Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine in 2016.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In the first half of the 116th Congress, Moran received a score of 71 from the American Conservative Union, with an overall lifetime rating of nearly 86. Americans for Democratic Action gave Moran a score of 15% for the same period.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The phonology of Portuguese varies among dialects, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in intelligibility. Portuguese is a pluricentric language and has some of the most diverse sound variations in any language. This article on phonology focuses on the pronunciations that are generally regarded as standard. Since Portuguese is a pluricentric language—and differences between European Portuguese (EP), Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and Angolan Portuguese (AP) can be considerable—varieties are distinguished whenever necessary.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: One of the most salient differences between the European and Brazilian dialects is their prosody. European Portuguese is a stress-timed language, with reduction, devoicing or even deletion of unstressed vowels, and a general tolerance of syllable-final consonants. Brazilian Portuguese, on the other hand, is of mixed characteristics, and varies according to the speech rate, dialect, and gender of the speaker.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Brazilian Portuguese disallows some closed syllables: coda nasals are deleted with concomitant nasalization of the preceding vowel, even in learned words; coda becomes , except for conservative velarization at the extreme south and rhotacism in remote rural areas in the center of the country; the coda rhotic is usually deleted entirely when word-final, especially in verbs in the infinitive form; and /i/ can be epenthesized after almost all other coda-final consonants. This tends to produce words almost entirely composed of open syllables, e.g., "magma" . In European Portuguese, similarly, epenthesis may occur with [ɨ], as in "magma" and "afta" .


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative. The medieval Galician-Portuguese system of seven sibilants (, , , and apicoalveolar ) is still distinguished in spelling (intervocalic "c/ç z x g/j ch ss -s-" respectively), but is reduced to the four fricatives by the merger of into and apicoalveolar into either or (depending on dialect and syllable position), except in parts of northern Portugal (most notably in the Trás-os-Montes region). These changes are known as deaffrication. Other than this, there have been no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since Old Portuguese. However, several consonant phonemes have special allophones at syllable boundaries (often varying quite significantly between European and Brazilian Portuguese), and a few also undergo allophonic changes at word boundaries. Henceforward, the phrase "at the end of a syllable" can be understood as referring to a position before a consonant or at the end of a word.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There is a variation in the pronunciation of the first consonant of certain clusters, most commonly C or P in "cç", "ct", "pç" and "pt". These consonants may be variably elided or conserved. For some words, this variation may exist inside a country, sometimes in all of them; for others, the variation is dialectal, with the consonant being always pronounced in one country and always elided in the other. This variation affects 0.5% of the language's vocabulary, or 575 words out of 110,000. In most cases, Brazilians variably conserve the consonant while speakers elsewhere have invariably ceased to pronounce it (for example, "detector" in Brazil versus "detetor" in Portugal). The inverse situation is rarer, occurring in words such as "fa(c)to" and "conta(c)to" (consonants never pronounced in Brazil, pronounced elsewhere). Until 2009, this reality could not be apprehended from the spelling: while Brazilians did not write consonants that were no longer pronounced, the spelling of the other countries retained them in many words as silent letters, usually when there was still a vestige of their presence in the pronunciation of the preceding vowel. This could give the false impression that European Portuguese was phonologically more conservative in this aspect, when in fact it was Brazilian Portuguese that retained more consonants in pronunciation.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Syllables have the maximal structure of (C)(C)V(C). The only possible codas in European Portuguese are , and and in Brazilian Portuguese and .


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The two rhotic phonemes and contrast only between oral vowels, similar to Spanish. Elsewhere, their occurrence is predictable by context, with dialectal variations in realization. The rhotic is "hard" (i.e., ) in the following circumstances:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: It is "soft" (i.e., ) when it occurs in syllable onset clusters (e.g., "atributo"), and written as a single 'r' between vowels (e.g., "dirigir" 'to drive')


title: Portuguese phonology

text: This restricted variation has prompted several authors to postulate a single rhotic phoneme. and see the soft as the unmarked realization and that instances of intervocalic result from gemination and a subsequent deletion rule (i.e., "carro" > > ). Similarly, argue that the hard is the unmarked realization.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: In addition to the phonemic variation between and between vowels, up to four allophones of the "merged" phoneme /R/ are found in other positions:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The default hard allophone is some sort of voiceless fricative in most dialects, e.g., , although other variants are also found. For example, a trill is found in certain conservative dialects down São Paulo, of Italian-speaking, Spanish-speaking, Arabic-speaking, or Slavic-speaking influence. The other trill is found in areas of German-speaking, French-speaking, and Portuguese-descended influence throughout coastal Brazil down Espírito Santo, most prominently Rio de Janeiro.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Throughout Brazil, deletion of the word-final rhotic is common, regardless of the "normal" pronunciation of the syllable-final allophone. This pronunciation is particularly common in lower registers, although found in most registers in some areas, e.g., Northeast Brazil, and in the more formal and standard sociolect. It occurs especially in verbs, which always end in R in their infinitive form; in words other than verbs, the deletion is rarer and seems not to occur in monosyllabic non-verb words, such as "mar". Evidence of this allophone is often encountered in writing that attempts to approximate the speech of communities with this pronunciation, e.g., the rhymes in the popular poetry (cordel literature) of the Northeast and phonetic spellings (e.g., "amá, sofrê" in place of "amar, sofrer") in Jorge Amado's novels (set in the Northeast) and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri's play "Eles não usam black tie" (about favela dwellers in Rio de Janeiro).


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The soft realization is often maintained across word boundaries in close syntactic contexts (e.g., "mar azul" 'blue sea').


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Portuguese has one of the richest vowel phonologies of all Romance languages, having both oral and nasal vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs. A phonemic distinction is made between close-mid vowels and the open-mid vowels , as in Italian, Catalan and French, though there is a certain amount of vowel alternation. European Portuguese has also two central vowels, one of which tends to be elided like the "e caduc" of French.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The central closed vowel only occurs in European Portuguese when "e" is unstressed, e.g. "presidente" , as well as in Angola; which unlike Portugal, it only occurs at last syllables, e.g. "presidente" . However, does not exist in Brazil, e.g. "presidente" .


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Portuguese uses vowel height to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables; the vowels (in last syllables: ) tend to be raised to in EP (in last syllables: ), in BP (in last syllables: ) and in AP (in last syllables: ) when they are unstressed (see below for details). The dialects of Portugal are characterized by reducing vowels to a greater extent than others. Falling diphthongs are composed of a vowel followed by one of the high vowels or ; although rising diphthongs occur in the language as well, they can be interpreted as hiatuses.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The exact realization of the varies somewhat amongst dialects. In Brazil, the vowel can be as high as in any environment. It is typically closer in stressed syllables before intervocalic nasals than word-finally, reaching as open a position as in the latter case, and open-mid before nasals, where can be nasalized. In European Portuguese, the general situation is similar, except that in some regions the two vowels form minimal pairs in some European dialects. In central European Portuguese this contrast occurs in a limited morphological context, namely in verbs conjugation between the first person plural present and past perfect indicative forms of verbs such as "pensamos" ('we think') and "pensámos" ('we thought'; spelled in Brazil). Spahr proposes that it is a kind of crasis rather than phonemic distinction of and . It means that in "falamos" 'we speak' there is the expected prenasal -raising: , while in "falámos" 'we spoke' there are phonologically two in crasis: (but in Brazil both merge, "falamos" ). Close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels ( and ) contrast only when they are stressed. In unstressed syllables, they occur in complementary distribution. In Brazilian Portuguese, they are raised to a high or near-high vowel ( and , respectively) after a stressed syllable, or in some accents and in general casual speech, also before it.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: According to Mateus and d'Andrade (2000:19), in European Portuguese, the stressed only occurs in the following three contexts:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: English loanwords containing stressed or are usually associated with pre-nasal as in "rush", or are influenced by orthography as in "clube" (club), or both, as in "surf/surfe".


title: Portuguese phonology

text: European Portuguese possesses a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, transcribed in this article. It occurs in unstressed syllables such as in "pegar" ('to grip').


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There are very few minimal pairs for this sound: some examples include "pregar" ('to nail') vs. "pregar" ('to preach'; the latter stemming from earlier "preegar" < Latin "praedicāre"), "sê" ('be!') vs. "sé" ('see/cathedral') vs. "se" ('if'), and "pêlo" ('hair') vs. "pélo" ('I peel off') vs. "pelo" ('for the'), after orthographic changes, all these three words are now spelled "pelo".


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Diphthongs are not considered independent phonemes in Portuguese, but knowing them can help with spelling and pronunciation.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There are also some words with two vowels occurring next to each other like in "iate" and "sábio" may be pronounced both as rising diphthongs or hiatus. In these and other cases, other diphthongs, diphthong-hiatus or hiatus-diphthong combinations might exist depending on speaker, such as or even for "suo" ('I sweat') and or even for "fatie" ('slice it').


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Portuguese also has a series of nasalized vowels. analyzes European Portuguese with five monophthongs and five diphthongs, all phonemic: . Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words (or followed by a final sibilant), and in a few compounds.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: As in French, the nasal consonants represented by the letters ⟨m n⟩ are deleted in coda position, and in that case the preceding vowel becomes phonemically nasal, e.g. in "genro" ('son-in-law'). But a nasal consonant subsists when it is followed by a plosive, e.g. in "cantar" ('to sing'). Vowel nasalization has also been observed non-phonemically as result of coarticulation, before heterosyllabic nasal consonants, e.g. in "soma" ('sum'). Hence, one speaks discriminatingly of "nasal" vowels (i.e. phonemically so) and "nasalized" vowels. Additionally, a nasal monophthong written ⟨ã⟩ exists independently of these processes, e.g. in "romã" ('pomegranate'). Brazilian Portuguese is seen as being more nasal than European Portuguese due to the presence of these nasalized vowels. Some linguists consider them to be a result of external influences, including the common language spoken at Brazil's coast at time of discovery, Tupi.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The and distinction does not happen in nasal vowels; ⟨em om⟩ are pronounced as close-mid. In BP, the vowel (which the letter ⟨a⟩ otherwise represents) is sometimes phonemically raised to when it is nasal, and also in stressed syllables before heterosyllabic nasal consonants (even if the speaker does not nasalize vowels in this position): compare for instance "dama sã" (PT) or (BR) ('healthy lady') and "dá maçã" (PT) or (BR) ('it gives apples'). may also be raised slightly in word-final unstressed syllables.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Nasalization and height increase noticeably with time during the production of a single nasal vowel in BP in those cases that are written with nasal consonants ⟨m n⟩, so that may be realized as or . This creates a significant difference between the realizations of ⟨am⟩ and ⟨ã⟩ for some speakers: compare for instance "ranço real" (PT) or (BR) ('royal rancidness') and "rã surreal" (PT) or (BR) ('surreal frog'). (Here means a velar nasal approximant.) At the end of a word ⟨em⟩ is always pronounced with a clear nasal palatal approximant (see below). Whenever a nasal vowel is pronounced with a nasal coda (approximant or occlusive) the (phonetic) nasalization of the vowel itself is optional.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: It follows from these observations that the vowels of BP can be described simply in the following way.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: With this description, the examples from before are simply . But there is no commonly accepted transcription for Brazilian Portuguese phonology.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Vowel nasalization in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is very different from that of French, for example. In French, the nasalization extends uniformly through the entire vowel, whereas in the Southern-Southeastern dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the nasalization begins almost imperceptibly and then becomes stronger toward the end of the vowel. In this respect it is more similar to the nasalization of Hindi-Urdu (see Anusvara). In some cases, the nasal archiphoneme even entails the insertion of a nasal consonant such as (compare ), as in the following examples:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The stressed relatively open vowels contrast with the stressed relatively close vowels in several kinds of grammatically meaningful alternation:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There are also pairs of unrelated words that differ in the height of these vowels, such as "besta" ('beast') and "besta" ('crossbow'); "mexo" ('I move') and "mecho" ('I highlight [hair]'); "molho" ('sauce') and "molho" ('bunch'); "corte" ('cut') and "corte" ('court'); "meta" ('I put' subjunctive) and "meta" ('goal'); and (especially in Portugal) "para" ('for') and "para" ('he stops'); "forma" ('mold') and "forma" ('shape').


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There are several minimal pairs in which a clitic containing the vowel contrasts with a monosyllabic stressed word containing : "da" vs. "dá", "mas" vs. "más", "a" vs. "à" , etc. In BP, however, these words may be pronounced with in some environments.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Some isolated vowels (meaning those that are neither nasal nor part of a diphthong) tend to change quality in a fairly predictable way when they become unstressed. In the examples below, the stressed syllable of each word is in boldface. The term "final" should be interpreted here as at the end of a word or before word-final "-s".


title: Portuguese phonology

text: With a few exceptions mentioned in the previous sections, the vowels and occur in complementary distribution when stressed, the latter before nasal consonants followed by a vowel, and the former elsewhere.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: In Brazilian Portuguese, the general pattern in the southern and western accents is that the stressed vowels , , neutralize to , , , respectively, in unstressed syllables, as is common in Romance languages. In final unstressed syllables, however, they are raised to , , . In casual BP (as well as in the "fluminense" dialect), unstressed and may be raised to , on "any" unstressed syllable, as long as it has no coda. However, in the dialects of Northeastern Brazilian (as spoken in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco), non-final unstressed vowels are often open-mid , , , independent of vowel harmony with surrounding lower vowels.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: European Portuguese has taken this process one step further, raising , , to , , in almost all unstressed syllables. The vowels and are also more centralized than their Brazilian counterparts. The three unstressed vowels are reduced and often voiceless or elided in fast speech. If is elided, which mostly it is in the beginning of a word and word finally, the previous consonant becomes aspirated like in "ponte" (bridge) , or if it is is labializes the previous consonant like in "grosso" (thick) .


title: Portuguese phonology

text: However, Angolan Portuguese has been more conservative, raising , , to , , in unstressed syllables; and to , , in final unstressed syllables. Which makes it almost similar to Brazilian Portuguese (except by final , which is inherited from European Portuguese).


title: Portuguese phonology

text: There are some exceptions to the rules above. For example, occurs instead of unstressed or , word-initially or before another vowel in hiatus ("teatro", "reúne", "peão"). is often deleted entirely word-initially in the combination becoming . Also, , or appear in some unstressed syllables in EP, being marked in the lexicon, like "espetáculo" (spectacle) ; these occur from deletion of the final consonant in a closed syllable and from crasis. And there is some dialectal variation in the unstressed sounds: the northern and eastern accents of BP have low vowels in unstressed syllables, , instead of the high vowels . However, the Brazilian media tends to prefer the southern pronunciation. In any event, the general paradigm is a useful guide for pronunciation and spelling.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Nasal vowels, vowels that belong to falling diphthongs, and the high vowels and are not affected by this process, nor is the vowel when written as the digraph (pronounced in conservative EP). Nevertheless, casual BP may raise unstressed nasal vowels , to , , too.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: In BP, an epenthetic vowel is sometimes inserted between consonants, to break up consonant clusters that are not native to Portuguese, in learned words and in borrowings. This also happens at the ends of words after consonants that cannot occur word-finally (e.g., , , ). For example, "psicologia" ('psychology') may be pronounced ; "adverso" ('adverse') may be pronounced ; "McDonald's" may be pronounced . In northern Portugal, an epenthetic may be used instead, , , but in southern Portugal there is often no epenthesis, , . Epenthesis at the end of a word does not normally occur in Portugal.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: The native Portuguese consonant clusters, where there is not epenthesis, are sequences of a non-sibilant oral consonant followed by the liquids or , and the complex consonants . Some examples: flagrante" , "complexo" , "fixo" (but not "ficção" ), "latex , quatro" , guaxinim" ,


title: Portuguese phonology

text: When two words belonging to the same phrase are pronounced together, or two morphemes are joined in a word, the last sound in the first may be affected by the first sound of the next (sandhi), either coalescing with it, or becoming shorter (a semivowel), or being deleted. This affects especially the sibilant consonants , , , , and the unstressed final vowels , , .


title: Portuguese phonology

text: As was mentioned above, the dialects of Portuguese can be divided into two groups, according to whether syllable-final sibilants are pronounced as postalveolar consonants , or as alveolar , . At the end of words, the default pronunciation for a sibilant is voiceless, , but in connected speech the sibilant is treated as though it were within a word (assimilation):


title: Portuguese phonology

text: When two identical sibilants appear in sequence within a word, they reduce to a single consonant. For example, "nascer", "desço", "excesso", "exsudar" are pronounced with by speakers who use alveolar sibilants at the end of syllables, and "disjuntor" is pronounced with by speakers who use postalveolars. But if the two sibilants are different they may be pronounced separately, depending on the dialect. Thus, the former speakers will pronounce the last example with , whereas the latter speakers will pronounce the first examples with if they are from Brazil or if from Portugal (although in relaxed pronunciation the first sibilant in each pair may be dropped). This applies also to words that are pronounced together in connected speech:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Normally, only the three vowels , (in BP) or (in EP), and occur in unstressed final position. If the next word begins with a similar vowel, they merge with it in connected speech, producing a single vowel, possibly long (crasis). Here, "similar" means that nasalization can be disregarded, and that the two central vowels can be identified with each other. Thus,


title: Portuguese phonology

text: If the next word begins with a dissimilar vowel, then and become approximants in Brazilian Portuguese (synaeresis):


title: Portuguese phonology

text: In careful speech and in with certain function words, or in some phrase stress conditions (see Mateus and d'Andrade, for details), European Portuguese has a similar process:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: But in other prosodic conditions, and in relaxed pronunciation, EP simply drops final unstressed and (elision)(significant dialectal variation):


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Aside from historical set contractions formed by prepositions plus determiners or pronouns, like "à/dà, ao/do", "nesse", "dele", etc., on one hand and combined clitic pronouns such as "mo/ma/mos/mas" (it/him/her/them to/for me), and so on, on the other, Portuguese spelling does not reflect vowel sandhi. In poetry, however, an apostrophe may be used to show elision such as in "d'água".


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Primary stress may fall on any of the three final syllables of a word, but mostly on the last two. There is a partial correlation between the position of the stress and the final vowel; for example, the final syllable is usually stressed when it contains a nasal phoneme, a diphthong, or a close vowel. The orthography of Portuguese takes advantage of this correlation to minimize the number of diacritics.


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Practically, for the main stress pattern, words that end with: "a(s)", "e(s)", "o(s)", "em(ens)" and "am" are stressed in the penultimate syllable, and those that don't carry these endings are stressed in the last syllable. In the case a word doesn't follow this pattern, it takes an accent according to Portuguese's accentuation rules (these rules might not be followed everytime when concerning personal names and non-integrated loanwords).


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Because of the phonetic changes that often affect unstressed vowels, pure lexical stress is less common in Portuguese than in related languages, but there is still a significant number of examples of it:


title: Portuguese phonology

text: Tone is not lexically significant in Portuguese, but phrase- and sentence-level tones are important. As in most Romance languages, interrogation on yes-no questions is expressed mainly by sharply raising the tone at the end of the sentence. An exception to this is the word "oi" that is subject to meaning changes: an exclamation tone means 'hi/hello', and in an interrogative tone it means 'I didn't understand'.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Underworld is a 1997 novel by American writer Don DeLillo. The novel is centered on the efforts of Nick Shay, a waste management executive who grew up in the Bronx, to trace the history of the baseball that won the New York Giants the pennant in 1951, and encompasses numerous subplots drawn from American history in the second half of the twentieth century. Described as both postmodernist and a reaction to postmodernism, it examines themes of nuclear proliferation, waste, and the contribution of individual lives to the course of history.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: A best-seller that was nominated for the National Book Award and shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize, "Underworld" is often regarded as DeLillo's supreme achievement. In 2006, a survey of eminent authors and critics conducted by "The New York Times" named "Underworld " as the runner-up for the best work of American fiction of the past 25 years, behind only Toni Morrison's "Beloved".


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Following the publication of the well-regarded novels "White Noise" (1985), "Libra" (1988), and "Mao II" (1991), DeLillo made few public appearances and published little for several years while writing "Underworld", besides the folio short story "Pafko at the Wall" which was incorporated into the prologue of "Underworld" with minor changes.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: According to DeLillo, the novel's title came to him as he thought about radioactive waste buried deep underground and about Pluto, the god of death. DeLillo has said that the front page of "The New York Times" on October 4, 1951, inspired "Underworld".


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The prologue is a fictionalized account of The Shot Heard 'Round the World, a home run by Bobby Thomson on October 3, 1951, that won the National League pennant for the New York Giants against their cross-town rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers. In DeLillo's account, the game-winning ball is caught by a young black fan named Cotter Martin, while J. Edgar Hoover, watching in the stands, is informed in the middle of the game of the first Soviet test of the hydrogen bomb.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The remainder of the novel, comprising six parts and an epilogue, is a reverse chronological account of the life of Nick Shay, the man who ultimately ends up with the baseball, from his undirected existence as an executive of a waste management company in Arizona in the 1990s back to his childhood in the Bronx in the 1950s, though the non-linear narrative includes a large number of digressions and ancillary subplots.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Part 1 takes place in 1992. Nick Shay lives in Arizona with his wife, Marian, who is having an affair with his colleague, Brian Glassic. Nick visits an art installation of painted B-52 aircraft in the desert by Klara Sax, with whom Nick is later revealed to have had an affair forty years earlier. It is revealed that Nick killed a man when he was a teenager, and that Nick's father disappeared when Nick was a child after going out to get a pack of Lucky Strikes. Nick prefers to imagine that he was killed by the Mafia. In a flashback to 1951, Cotter Martin's father takes the baseball from his son with the intention of selling it.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: In Part 2, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Marian begins her affair with Brian, while Nick acquires the baseball from an avid baseball memorabilia collector named Marvin Lundy after Brian meets Lundy on a trip to New York City to see the Fresh Kills Landfill. Elsewhere, in the Bronx, a pessimistic, germophobic nun named Sister Edgar, who was Nick Shay's Catholic school teacher in the 1950s, works among the unbelieving poor and sick. A videotape of a serial killer nicknamed the Texas Highway Killer is described.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: In Part 3, in the spring of 1978, Nick attends a waste management conference in the Mojave Desert and meets a swinger named Donna, while Marvin Lundy traces the baseball to San Francisco.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Part 4, in the summer of 1974, mainly concerns Klara Sax, who is working as an artist in New York City, and Matt Shay, Nick's brother, a former chess prodigy, who is a scientist in the nuclear weapons program in New Mexico.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Part 5 encompasses the 1950s and 1960s, beginning with Nick Shay in juvenile detention, following Nick's relationship with a woman named Amy and later with his future wife Marian, and Matt's courtship of his wife Janet. Lenny Bruce's comedy routines on the Cuban Missile Crisis are mentioned several times. In another flashback, Cotter Martin's father sells his baseball to Charles Wainright, a white fan standing in line with his son outside of Yankee Stadium.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Part 6, from the fall of 1951 to the summer of 1952, relates how Nick Shay, running loose after his father left his family, accidentally kills his friend George Manza.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: In the epilogue, Nick and Brian travel to Kazakhstan to watch a demo of a new waste disposal system that incinerates the waste with a nuclear explosion. Nick confronts Brian about his affair with Marian, but decides to stay with Marian. Esmeralda, a feral girl in the Bronx whom the Catholic nuns were trying to save, is raped and murdered. Her image then miraculously appears on a billboard. Sister Edgar dies shortly after witnessing the miracle.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: "Underworld" received high acclaim from literary critics, particularly for DeLillo's prose and ambition. David Wiegand of the "San Francisco Chronicle" declaring it DeLillo's "best novel and perhaps that most elusive of creatures, a Great American Novel." Many have described the book as emotionally powerful. David Foster Wallace wrote DeLillo a letter in 1997, praising the novel and DeLillo's talent. He described "the book as an organic thing" and stated that This novel is (1) a great and significant piece of art fiction; (1a) not like any novel I've read; (2) your best work ever, so far; (3) a huge reward for someone who's read all your previous stuff because it seems to be at once a synthesis and a transfiguration – a transcendence – of your previous stuff; (4) a book in which nothing is skimped or shirked or tossed off or played for the easy laugh, and where (it seems to me) you've taken some truly ballsy personal risks and exposed parts of yourself and hit a level of emotion you've never even tried for elsewhere (at least as I've read your work).He also remarked on the phonetics of the novel, telling Delillo "you use these Saxonic devices heavily and over and over and yet the prose never seems heavy or straining; in fact just the opposite: it always seems exquisitely controlled, sober, poised rather than lunging."


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Other critics, however, praised DeLillo's prose but found the novel overlong and argued it could have benefited from more editing. On Salon.com, Laura Miller wrote that "Nick's secret, the one that supposedly provides the book's suspense, proves anticlimactic."


title: Underworld (novel)

text: In May 2006, "The New York Times Book Review" named "Underworld" as a runner up for the best work of American fiction of the previous 25 years. It garnered 11 of 125 votes, losing to Toni Morrison's "Beloved" by four votes.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The literary critic Harold Bloom, although also expressing reservations about the book's length, has said "Underworld" is "the culmination of what [DeLillo] can do" and one of the few contemporary American works of fiction that "touched what I would call the sublime," along with works by Cormac McCarthy ("Blood Meridian"), Philip Roth ("American Pastoral" and "Sabbath's Theater"), and Thomas Pynchon ("Mason & Dixon", "Gravity's Rainbow" and "The Crying of Lot 49").


title: Underworld (novel)

text: "Underworld" was a finalist for the 1997 National Book Award, as well as for the 1998 Pulitzer Prize. The novel won the 2000 William Dean Howells Medal.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The novel has J. Edgar Hoover utterly intrigued by "The Triumph of Death", a painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Hoover first sees the painting while at the baseball game; the painting was reproduced in "Life" and pieces of it fall on him when someone in the stands above tears up the magazine and tosses the pieces. Later in the book he obtains a print of the painting.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Several segments of the novel are named in homage to other works. "Das Kapital" is Karl Marx's magnum opus, "Long Tall Sally" is a song by Little Richard also famous as a cover by The Beatles, and "Cocksucker Blues" is an infamous unreleased Rolling Stones song and film. "Better Things for Better Living Through Chemistry" was an advertising slogan for DuPont, while "The Cloud of Unknowing" is an anonymous work of Christian mysticism written in Middle English in the latter half of the 14th century. The section titled "Arrangement in Grey and Black" refers to a James McNeill Whistler painting better known as Whistler's Mother.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The novel incorporates a number of historical events. The prologue is about "The Shot Heard 'Round the World" and the whereabouts of the ball hit by Thomson are a recurrent element of the book. The book also employs Lenny Bruce’s reaction to the Cuban Missile Crisis and Soviet Union's atomic weapons program (including their testing grounds in Kazakhstan). The novel also describes a commercial screening of the Zapruder film. Numerous characters attend Truman Capote's famous Black and White Ball. The main character also finds himself walking through New York during a power outage amid the Northeast blackout of 1965.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: Other references include a historical and biographical account of the building of the Watts Towers. There are also frequent references to "The Honeymooners".


title: Underworld (novel)

text: The novel was at one point optioned by producer Scott Rudin for a film adaptation before it lapsed. In 2002, Robert Greenwald held the rights and was in discussions for turning it into a television miniseries.


title: Underworld (novel)

text: In 2020, Uri Singer acquired the rights to the novel. In September 2021, it was announced that Netflix will be adapting the novel into a feature film with Theodore Melfi as writer and director and Singer as producer.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: <section begin=summary/>The Model 680A was announced at the 2011 NBAA convention, the prototype first flew on 18 February 2014, it achieved FAA certification on June 5, 2015, and first deliveries began on August 27.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: It keeps the Model 680 Sovereign wing, twin P&WC PW306D turbofans and cruciform tail and adds a new stand-up circular fuselage with a flat floor, which was kept in the stretched, re-winged, and re-engined Cessna Citation Longitude.<section end=summary/>


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: The $14.9 million Citation Latitude was announced by Cessna at the annual NBAA convention in October 2011, between the $12.6 million Citation XLS+ and the $17.5 million Citation Sovereign.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: It keeps the Citation Sovereign wing, twin Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306D turbofans and cruciform tail.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: Typical missions are 2.0–2.7 hours and with block speeds and most operators can fly 5–6 hours at Mach 0.72–0.76 for a 2,000–2,400 nmi range, with short takeoff requirements and good hot and high performance.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: A first hour fuel burn of followed by the second hour and fuel burn can reach for a 2-hour trip with favorable conditions.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: It lists for $17.5–18 million typically equipped, the same as the Embraer Legacy 450 with a similar flat floor cabin for club four plus two chairs and over 200 miles more range, higher cruise and fly-by-wire controls.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: Embraer is firm on list price while Textron discounts the Latitude by up to 20% for $13.5–14 million to sell three times as many aircraft.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: Deliveries to customers began in the third quarter of 2015 and sixteen had been handed over by the end of the year.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: By May 2018, almost three years since introduction, 124 were delivered and logged 80,000 flight hours.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: In June 2018, of 129 delivered, 104 were in the US, three in Mexico, two each are based in China, France and Turkey, and there was one each in Chile, Paraguay, the Philippines, Poland, Scotland and Switzerland.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: It is used by medium-size corporations, typically flying 200–300 hours per year, and large fleet operators, the largest being NetJets which booked 25 firm orders and 125 options in 2012 and received 44 aircraft for its U.S. operations and 10 for Europe by June 2018, flying theirs over 1,000 hours per year.


title: Cessna Citation Latitude

text: By mid-September, the 136 delivered have logged 115,000 flight hours, and Textron claims it outsells the competition by four to one.


title: Brian Tochi

text: Brian Tochi (born Brian Keith Tochihara; May 2, 1959) is an American actor. During the late 1960s through much of the 1970s, he was one of the most widely seen East Asian child actors working in U.S. television, appearing in various TV series and nearly a hundred advertisements. He is best known for his characters Toshiro Takashi from the "Revenge of the Nerds" film franchise, Cadet (later Lieutenant) Tomoko Nogata from the and films in the "Police Academy" film series, and as the voice of Leonardo in the first three live-action "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" movies. He is also known as Brian Keith Tochi.


title: Brian Tochi

text: A beginning role for Tochi was a guest-starring appearance in the short-lived television series "He & She" (1967–68, with Richard Benjamin and Paula Prentiss) as their newly adopted son. Produced by Leonard Stern and cowritten by Chris Hayward and Allan Burns, it also starred Jack Cassidy as an egomaniacal actor, Kenneth Mars, and Hamilton Camp. That same year saw Tochi appearing in "And the Children Shall Lead", a third-season episode of "". Other roles followed, including guest appearances on such popular shows as "The Brady Bunch", "The Partridge Family" and "Adam-12".


title: Brian Tochi

text: Tochi's debut as a series regular was as Yul Brynner's oldest son and heir Crown Prince Chulalongkorn in "Anna and the King" on CBS. It was based on the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I" and also starred Samantha Eggar and Keye Luke. Although the series was short-lived, Tochi and Brynner remained friends until Brynner's death in 1985. Concurrent with the series, Tochi was cast with fellow actor Luke in his first animated television series "The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan"; also in the series was a young Jodie Foster, who voiced one of the Chan sisters.


title: Brian Tochi

text: After both series ended, guest-starring roles followed, including "The Streets of San Francisco" with Karl Malden and Michael Douglas; and "Kung Fu", with David Carradine, who made his directing debut on the episode, "The Demon God" (which was Tochi's largest guest role of three "Kung Fu" episodes he appeared in). Tochi also played an undercover informant who was beaten and killed in a gritty two-part episode of "Police Story" on NBC. He played another character that nearly died on the Robert Young medical drama "Marcus Welby, M.D.".


title: Brian Tochi

text: During the mid-1970s, Tochi spent time in the theatre, this time reprising his role as Crown Prince Chulalongkorn in the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera's revival of the musical "The King and I" at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. There he co-starred with actor Ricardo Montalbán, as the King of Siam, to which they would later accompany the show as it went on tour.


title: Brian Tochi

text: Tochi returned to star in another TV series "Space Academy" (1977–1979) with veteran actor Jonathan Harris (best remembered as Dr. Smith from "Lost in Space"). Up until that time, "Space Academy" was the most expensive Saturday morning television series in broadcast history. His character, Tee Gar Soom, had super-strength and continued the martial arts traditions of his Asian ancestors. During hiatus of the show, Tochi was asked to shoot a 20-minute promotional "behind-the-scenes" visit to the Space Academy for a popular daytime series, "Razzmatazz", on CBS. "Razzmatazz" was a highly regarded news magazine show created by "60 Minutes" wizard Don Hewitt and produced by Joel Heller with the same production team as CBS's "In The News" the long-running Saturday morning news programs for children. "Razzmatazz" originally starred Barry Bostwick, who opted to leave the show for a career in features, to capitalize on his recently released cult classic "The Rocky Horror Picture Show". Searching for a new host, the television network persuaded Tochi to accept their offer of his own daytime show, which aired on the network for 4 more years into the early 1980s.


title: Brian Tochi

text: Other appearances include a guest stint on "Wonder Woman", a recurring character in the tropically set "Hawaii Five-O", starring actor Jack Lord, a two-hour TV movie "We're Fighting Back" (with Ellen Barkin and Stephen Lang), and regular television roles in the TV dramas "St. Elsewhere" and "Santa Barbara". He later played a featured character in the "" episode "" (making him one of only a handful of living actors to have appeared on the original "" series and a subsequent spin-off). Tochi also appeared as the titular character in "Wong's Lost and Found Emporium," the ninth episode from the first season of the television series "The Twilight Zone". The episode is based on the short story "Wong's Lost and Found Emporium" by William F. Wu, first published in "Amazing Stories" in 1983. This episode was stretched into a half-hour run time for syndication, as recently shown on the Chiller TV network.


title: Brian Tochi

text: In the short lived ABC TV series "The Renegades," he starred with his friend, Patrick Swayze, as the martial arts expert and former gang leader known as Dragon. Then, exercising his journalistic prowess, Tochi later became part of the core team that created and developed the cutting edge educational news program "Channel One News." During his two-and-a-half-year association, his responsibilities grew to include Hosting and Narrating duties, utilizing his talents as a writer, producer and segment director. He was later named Chief Foreign correspondent for the show.


title: Brian Tochi

text: In 2004, Tochi co-wrote, produced and directed "Tales of a Fly on the Wall", a scripted, live-action comedy, casting several of his friends in lead roles; it included fellow actors Roscoe Lee Browne, his "Revenge of the Nerds" co-star Curtis Armstrong and his "" co-star Leslie Easterbrook. In 2005, he was one of the winners of the Hollywood Film Festival's Hollywood Screenplay Awards, taking home top honors for co-writing the screenplay "In the Heat of the Light". He continues with his directing, producing, and screenwriting careers.


title: Brian Tochi

text: Tochi has also provided voices for numerous animated films, computer games and animated cartoon series, including the "Bionic Six" (all 65 episodes), "Challenge of the GoBots", "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo", "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", "The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest", and "" (as its main star Liu Kang). He performed the voice of Leonardo in the first three "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" films in the early 1990s. He also is the voice of the Chinese soldier who runs the Great Wall in Disney's "Mulan", and had recurring roles in "Batman Beyond", "As Told by Ginger", "Kim Possible", "Johnny Bravo", "Static Shock", "Family Guy" and "".


title: Turok (video game)

text: Turok is a first-person shooter video game developed by Propaganda Games, and published by Disney Interactive Studios (through its Touchstone Games banner) for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in February 2008, later ported on to Microsoft Windows in April. This is the only game produced under the Touchstone Games label. The game is loosely based on the comic book series of the same title and is a reboot of previous "Turok" video games. Players assume the role of Native American space marine Joseph Turok, who is part of a team sent to a remote planet to apprehend General Roland Kane, Turok's former commanding officer, who is now a wanted war criminal. After crash landing, Turok discovers that the planet is home to all manner of dinosaurs, and must fight both the predatory creatures and Kane's private army on his mission to take down his former mentor.


title: Turok (video game)

text: The game received mixed reviews from critics. A planned sequel to "Turok" was cancelled following the closure of Propaganda Games.


title: Turok (video game)

text: The gameplay of "Turok" is similar to that of most first-person shooters, with a strong focus on survival in dangerous natural environments. The human enemies, under the leadership of Kane, are the main threat to the player, although dinosaurs may often be found wandering throughout the game. The dinosaurs act as a neutral force and, if the player chooses, can be used as a tool to attack enemy soldiers. This may be done by attracting roaming dinosaurs to a firefight (via: flares, gunshots, etc.) to aid the player and help dispatch the enemy, with possible other ways depending on the situation. The dinosaurs' intelligence are much alike the Earth dinosaurs, so other dinosaurs and all humans, including the player's allies and enemies, may be attacked. The game does not utilize an aim-assist feature.


title: Turok (video game)

text: The developer Propaganda Games has included an additional, stealth mechanic in the game. Because "Turok" takes place mostly in jungle environments with a focus on ambiance, the player may kill enemies with a bow or knife without being heard or use dinosaurs to attract the attention of other enemies and slip by unnoticed. A famed new feature into this game is the Silent Kill, which is done by drawing the knife, then attacking a human or unaware dinosaur from behind. The kill can be utilized against dinosaurs and humans alike as a finishing blow, and can be executed from any side. The knife is also utilized as a self-defense weapon during phases known as "mauls", where the player is attacked by a dinosaur or bug, and must hammer on the according buttons in order to counter-attack or fend off the attack.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Online multiplayer support is also available. There is a (Team) Deathmatch, Capture the Flag, Wargames, and Assault Capture the Flag. Multiplayer supports up to 16 people, and 4 players for three co-op missions. A feature in the multiplayer—randomly spawning computer-controlled dinosaurs and insects that appear in various locations in levels—adds a new factor to the gameplay. While players must worry about the opposing enemies, they must now also worry about the hostile dinosaurs that will be attempting to kill them. There can be up to 4 A.I controlled dinosaurs or insects on any map at one time. Splitscreen multiplayer, however, is not supported in any form.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Originally, the Xbox 360 version of "Turok" was set to feature an achievement called "Grab Bag", which required players to kill at least one enemy, one dinosaur, one teammate, and themselves, all in the same match. This caused controversy on the Internet as the achievement essentially rewarded players for team killing. Josh Holmes, a representative of Propaganda Games, described the creation of the Achievement by saying: "What we found was that players playing their first match in "Turok" – almost every player – was (accidentally) killing himself, a team mate and an enemy with a grenade or a Stick [sic] Bomb gun and so we thought 'hey, we should give them an achievement for that', as kind of a joke". He went on to say that developers were planning to release a patch removing Grab Bag if excessive team killing became a problem after launch. In the launch version of the game, the achievement removed the requirement of killing a teammate, and is awarded after the player kills an enemy, a dinosaur, and themselves in the same match. A Map pack called the ""Velociraptor" Pack" was later released, containing two new multiplayer maps, one new Co-op map, and 2 refurbished maps, which now take place at night.


title: Turok (video game)

text: The online multiplayer for the PlayStation 3 version has been permanently shutdown since February 2011.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Kiowa Corporal Joseph Turok (Gregory Cruz), alongside fellow members of Whiskey Company, is tasked with apprehending war criminal General Roland Kane (Powers Boothe), who has resurfaced on a backwater planet after disappearing for several years. Unbeknownst to Whiskey Company, the planet is controlled by the Mendel-Grumman (M-G) Corporation, with Kane commanding an army of M-G soldiers. Kane is also the former leader of Wolf Pack, an elite specialized black ops detachment. Turok was a member of this unit but left over its ideals during a mission in Colombia. Whiskey Company member Slade (Ron Perlman) holds a grudge against Turok because his brother, also a member of Wolf Pack, was killed during that mission.


title: Turok (video game)

text: On approach, Whiskey Company is shot down and crash lands on the terraformed planet, scattering the group. The land is populated by genetically-engineered dinosaurs created by M-G to use as weapons. Turok finds senior NCO Sergeant Henderson (Steve Van Wormer), who is killed by a Utahraptor, and then Slade; the two reunite with sniper Reese (Gideon Emery).


title: Turok (video game)

text: Reaching the crash site, the survivors locate more of Whiskey Company: leader Cole, second-in-command Lewis, Chief Engineer Carter (Jason Harris), heavy weapons trooper Jericho (Christopher Judge), weapons specialist Logan (William Fichtner), Whiskey Company's medic Parker (Joshua Gomez), technician and pilot Shepard (Donnie Wahlberg), and soldiers Foster (Jon Curry) and Gonzales (Lombardo Boyar). Tasked with finding the ship's comm unit, Turok encounters John Grimes (Sean Donnellan), Kane's second-in-command, and later another survivor, Cowboy (Timothy Olyphant), who is shot by Grimes. Whiskey Company comes to Cowboy's aid, and Turok resumes his search with Foster and Gonzales. After Foster is killed by a M-G sniper, Turok and Gonzales recover the comm unit. Gonzales is snatched by a large "T. Rex". Turok injures the T. Rex, but is knocked unconscious.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Turok wakes and makes his way back to camp with the comm unit, where Slade accuses him of again betraying his comrades. Cole (Mark Rolston) is killed in a surprise attack by Grimes, and M-G troops storm the area. Whiskey Company fends off the attack, but Parker and Lewis are killed and the comm unit is destroyed. Logan assumes command; he orders Turok, Slade, and Carter to investigate some distant searchlights.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Reaching an abandoned outpost, the trio find that Kane has derived a potent neurotoxin taken from scorpion-like creatures, as well as the location of a ship in a substation near the M-G base. The scorpion-like creatures attack them, killing Carter, while Turok and Slade fall into a cave system. Turok saves Slade from a large tenatacled creature, earning Slade's respect. They escape the caves and link up with the remainder of Whiskey Company.


title: Turok (video game)

text: An approaching M-G patrol causes Logan to accuse Turok of betraying Whiskey Company, but Slade defends Turok. The patrol inadvertently discovers them and Logan is killed. The group fight their way to the substation and Jericho sacrifices himself to allow them access. They find the ship derelict, and travel to the M-G base in search of another. At the entrance, Reese is killed by Grimes from afar. Making their way inside, indirectly helped by the T. Rex that Turok had fought earlier, the group further learn that Kane has developed a lethal nerve gas from the scorpion creatures. To prevent the bio-weapon from leaving the planet, Turok sets explosive charges on the base's generators. Kane captures them and kills Cowboy for speaking out, but Turok detonates the charges, resulting in the death of Grimes.


title: Turok (video game)

text: Turok, Shepard, and Slade flee from the collapsing base. They reach another ship but Turok refuses to leave until Kane is dead. Turok shoots down Kane's ship, and they engage in a knife fight, ending in Turok killing Kane. The T. Rex confronts Turok, who pushes a grenade into her ruptured eye which explodes, killing her. Turok is picked up by Shepard and Slade in their ship, and they set a course back to Earth.


title: Turok (video game)

text: "GameTrailers", which gave the game 8.3/10, highlighted the game's use of the Unreal Engine 3, believing it to be "the best use of the tech outside of Epic's own efforts" and praising the modeling and animation of the dinosaurs in particular. "1UP.com" gave the game a score of C+, specifically complaining about its stealth mechanics, the use of camera shaking, and occasional graphical glitches in the PlayStation 3 version. "Hyper"'s Yuri Spadeface commended the game for its "solid frame rate" but he criticised the "frustrating level design and average execution". "Turok" received 3/5 from "X-Play", who commented on its aim-assist being woefully inadequate both in multiplayer and singleplayer, but praised its graphics and "outlook".


title: Turok (video game)

text: "Turok" was a commercial success, shifting over 1 million units in its first two months of sales. The game was popular enough for Propaganda Games to begin working on a sequel for the Xbox 360 before the developer was shuttered.


title: Osteoclast

text: An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as "bone resorption". This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium.


title: Osteoclast

text: Osteoclasts are found on those surfaces of bone that are undergoing resorption. On such surfaces, the osteoclasts are seen to be located in shallow depressions called "resorption bays (Howship's lacunae)". The resorption bays are created by the erosive action of osteoclasts on the underlying bone. The border of the lower part of an osteoclast exhibits finger-like processes due to the presence of deep infoldings of the cell membrane; this border is called "ruffled border". The ruffled border lies in contact with the bone surface within a resorption bay. The periphery of the ruffled border is surrounded by a ring-like zone of cytoplasm which is devoid of cell organelles but is rich in actin filaments. This zone is called "clear zone" or "sealing zone". The actin filaments enable the cell membrane surrounding the sealing zone to be anchored firmly to the bony wall of Howship's lacunae. In this way, a closed subosteoclastic compartment is created between the ruffled border and the bone that is undergoing resorption. The osteoclasts secrete hydrogen ions, collagenase, cathepsin K and hydrolytic enzymes into this compartment. Resorption of bone matrix by the osteoclasts involves two steps: (1) dissolution of inorganic components (minerals), and (2) digestion of organic component of the bone matrix. The osteoclasts pump hydrogen ions into "subosteoclastic compartment" and thus create an acidic microenvironment, which increases solubility of bone mineral, resulting in the release and re-entry of bone minerals into the cytoplasm of osteoclasts to be delivered to nearby capillaries. After the removal of minerals, collagenase and gelatinase are secreted into the subosteoclastic compartment. These enzymes digest and degrade collagen and other organic components of decalcified bone matrix. The degradation products are phagocytosed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border. Because of their phagocytic properties, osteoclasts are considered to be a component of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). The activity of osteoclasts is controlled by hormones and cytokines. Calcitonin, a hormone of thyroid gland, suppresses the osteoclastic activity. The osteoclasts do not have receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, PTH stimulates the osteoblasts to secrete the cytokine called osteoclast-stimulating factor, which is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastic activity.


title: Osteoclast

text: An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth.


title: Osteoclast

text: An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have five nuclei and are 150–200 µm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 µm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major osteoclast proteins but have significant differences from cells in living bone because of the not-natural substrate. The size of the multinucleated assembled osteoclast allows it to focus the ion transport, protein secretory and vesicular transport capabilities of many macrophages on a localized area of bone.


title: Osteoclast

text: In bone, osteoclasts are found in pits in the bone surface which are called resorption bays, or Howship's lacunae. Osteoclasts are characterized by a cytoplasm with a homogeneous, "foamy" appearance. This appearance is due to a high concentration of vesicles and vacuoles. These vacuoles include lysosomes filled with acid phosphatase. This permits characterization of osteoclasts by their staining for high expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K. Osteoclast rough endoplasmic reticulum is sparse, and the Golgi complex is extensive.


title: Osteoclast

text: At a site of active bone resorption, the osteoclast forms a specialized cell membrane, the "ruffled border", that opposes the surface of the bone tissue. This extensively folded or ruffled border facilitates bone removal by dramatically increasing the cell surface for secretion and uptake of the resorption compartment contents and is a morphologic characteristic of an osteoclast that is actively resorbing bone.


title: Osteoclast

text: Since their discovery in 1873 there has been considerable debate about their origin. Three theories were dominant: from 1949 to 1970 the connective tissue origin was popular, which stated that osteoclasts and osteoblasts are of the same lineage, and osteoblasts fuse together to form osteoclasts. After years of controversy it is now clear that these cells develop from the self fusion of macrophages. It was in the beginning of 1980 that the monocyte phagocytic system was recognized as precursor of osteoclasts. Osteoclast formation requires the presence of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand) and M-CSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor). These membrane-bound proteins are produced by neighbouring stromal cells and osteoblasts, thus requiring direct contact between these cells and osteoclast precursors.


title: Osteoclast

text: M-CSF acts through its receptor on the osteoclast, c-fms (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase-receptor, leading to secondary messenger activation of tyrosine kinase Src. Both of these molecules are necessary for osteoclastogenesis and are widely involved in the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage derived cells.


title: Osteoclast

text: RANKL is a member of the tumour necrosis family (TNF), and is essential in osteoclastogenesis. RANKL knockout mice exhibit a phenotype of osteopetrosis and defects of tooth eruption, along with an absence or deficiency of osteoclasts. RANKL activates NF-κβ (nuclear factor-κβ) and NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated t cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1) through RANK. NF-κβ activation is stimulated almost immediately after RANKL-RANK interaction occurs and is not upregulated. NFATc1 stimulation, however, begins ~24–48 hours after binding occurs and its expression has been shown to be RANKL dependent.


title: Osteoclast

text: Osteoclast differentiation is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is produced by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL thereby preventing interaction with RANK. It may be important to note that while osteoclasts are derived from the hematopoietic lineage, osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells.


title: Osteoclast

text: Once activated, osteoclasts move to areas of microfracture in the bone by chemotaxis. Osteoclasts lie in small cavities called Howship's lacunae, formed from the digestion of the underlying bone. The sealing zone is the attachment of the osteoclast's plasma membrane to the underlying bone. Sealing zones are bounded by belts of specialized adhesion structures called podosomes. Attachment to the bone matrix is facilitated by integrin receptors, such as αvβ3, via the specific amino acid motif Arg-Gly-Asp in bone matrix proteins, such as osteopontin. The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (HO + CO → HCO + H) through the "ruffled border" into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca, HPO, HCO, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been documented to cause some forms of osteopetrosis. Hydrogen ions are pumped against a high concentration gradient by proton pumps, specifically a unique vacuolar-ATPase. This enzyme has been targeted in the prevention of osteoporosis. In addition, several hydrolytic enzymes, such as members of the cathepsin and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) groups, are released to digest the organic components of the matrix. These enzymes are released into the compartment by lysosomes. Of these hydrolytic enzymes, cathepsin K is of most importance.


title: Osteoclast

text: Cathepsin K is a collagenolytic papain-like cysteine protease that is mainly expressed in osteoclasts, and is secreted into the resorptive pit. Cathepsin K is the major protease involved in the degradation of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Mutations in the cathepsin K gene are associated with pycnodysostosis, a hereditary osteopetrotic disease, characterised by a lack of functional cathepsin K expression. Knockout studies of cathepsin K in mice lead to an osteopetrotic phenotype, which, is partially compensated by increased expression of proteases other that cathepsin K and enhanced osteoclastogenesis.


title: Osteoclast

text: Cathepsin K has an optimal enzymatic activity in acidic conditions. It is synthesized as a proenzyme with a molecular weight of 37kDa, and upon activation by autocatalytic cleavage, is transformed into the mature, active form with a molecular weight of ~27kDa.


title: Osteoclast

text: Upon polarization of the osteoclast over the site of resorption, cathepsin K is secreted from the ruffled border into the resorptive pit. Cathepsin K transmigrates across the ruffled border by intercellular vesicles and is then released by the functional secretory domain. Within these intercellular vesicles, cathepsin K, along with reactive oxygen species generated by TRAP, further degrades the bone extracellular matrix.


title: Osteoclast

text: Several other cathepsins are expressed in osteoclasts including cathepsins B, C, D, E, G, and L. The function of these cysteine and aspartic proteases is generally unknown within bone, and they are expressed at much lower levels than cathepsin K.


title: Osteoclast

text: Studies on cathepsin L knockout mice have been mixed, with a report of reduced trabecular bone in homozygous and heterozygous cathepsin L knockout mice compared to wild-type and another report finding no skeletal abnormalities.


title: Osteoclast

text: The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) comprise a family of more than 20 zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in osteoclast biology is ill-defined, but in other tissue they have been linked with tumor promoting activities, such as activation of growth factors and are required for tumor metastasis and angiogenesis.


title: Osteoclast

text: MMP9 is associated with the bone microenvironment. It is expressed by osteoclasts, and is known to be required for osteoclast migration and is a powerful gelatinase. Transgenic mice lacking MMP-9 develop defects in bone development, intraosseous angiogenesis, and fracture repair.


title: Osteoclast

text: MMP-13 is believed to be involved in bone resorption and in osteoclast differentiation, as knockout mice revealed decreased osteoclast numbers, osteopetrosis, and decreased bone resorption.


title: Osteoclast

text: MMPs expressed by the osteoclast include MMP-9, -10, -12, and -14. apart from MMP-9, little is known about their relevance to the osteoclast, however, high levels of MMP-14 are found at the sealing zone.


title: Osteoclast

text: In the 1980s and 90s the physiology of typical osteoclasts was studied in detail. With the isolation of the ruffled border, ion transport across it was studied directly in biochemical detail. Energy-dependent acid transport was verified and the postulated proton pump purified. With the successful culture of osteoclasts, it became apparent that they are organized to support the massive transport of protons for acidification of the resorption compartment and solubilization of the bone mineral. This includes ruffled border Cl permeability to control membrane potential and basolateral Cl/HCO exchange to maintain cytosolic pH in physiologically acceptable ranges.


title: Osteoclast

text: The effectiveness of its ion secretion depends upon the osteoclast forming an effective seal around the resorption compartment. The positioning of this "sealing zone" appears to be mediated by integrins expressed on the osteoclast surface. With the sealing zone in place, the multinucleated osteoclast reorganizes itself. Developing the highly invaginated ruffled membrane apposing the resorption compartment allows massive secretory activity. In addition, it permits the vesicular transcytosis of the mineral and degraded collagen from the ruffled border to the free membrane of the cell, and its release into the extracellular compartment. This activity completes the bone resorption, and both the mineral components and collagen fragments are released to the general circulation.


title: Osteoclast

text: Osteoclasts are regulated by several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland, calcitonin from the thyroid gland, and growth factor interleukin 6 (IL-6). This last hormone, IL-6, is one of the factors in the disease osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between the bone resorption activities of osteoclasts and the bone formation activities of osteoblasts.


title: Osteoclast

text: Osteoclast activity is also mediated by the interaction of two molecules produced by osteoblasts, namely osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand. Note that these molecules also regulate differentiation of the osteoclast.


title: Osteoclast

text: An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth.


title: Osteoclast

text: An osteoclast can also be an instrument used to fracture and reset bones (the origin is Greek "osteon": bone and "klastos": broken). To avoid confusion, the cell was originally termed osotoclast. When the surgical instrument went out of use, the cell became known by its present name.


title: Osteoclast

text: Giant osteoclasts can occur in some diseases, including Paget's disease of bone and bisphosphonate toxicity.


title: Osteoclast

text: In cats, abnormal odontoclast activity can cause feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions, necessitating extraction of the affected teeth.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Josef Nicolai Newgarden (born December 22, 1990) is an American race car driver who competes in the IndyCar Series full-time for Team Penske. He is the 2017 and 2019 IndyCar Series Champion and 2011 Indy Lights champion.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden's first race vehicle was a motorized scooter purchased at a skate shop in Hendersonville, Tennessee. In 2001, Newgarden competed in events across the country. After a year of this, his father purchased a kart.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: When he was 13, he and his family ventured outside of Tennessee to find a competitive kart racing environment. This led Newgarden to a kart racing facility in New Castle, Indiana that had recently been launched by IndyCar driver Mark Dismore. In an order to stay efficient with funding, Newgarden focused on local and regional championships rather than competing nationally.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: In his first year of karting (2005), Newgarden finished 2nd and 3rd in the Kart Racers of America (KRA) Junior Can Championship. He also competed in the TAG world championships that year in the junior division, securing the title.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: 2006 was his most successful year in karting; he secured two championships in the KRA Junior Can division and repeated as the TAG World Champion in the junior division.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: He went on to compete in junior car racing in 2007 but returned to karting several times, racing in the highly competitive Robo-Pong 200 at New Castle Motorsports Park multiple times over the next few years. He won the 200-mile endurance race twice, with both successes coming with members of the Dismore family as his teammates (Mark Dismore Sr in 2011 and Mark Dismore Jr in 2013).


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden started his open-wheel car career in the Skip Barber Racing School series in 2006. He finished as runner-up in the Southern Regional Series with three wins and another seven podium places. He next competed in the 2007 BFGoodrich / Skip Barber National Presented by Mazda championship, finishing sixth with two wins. Newgarden remained in the series for 2008 and improved to second place, with three wins.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: After the 2008 season, Newgarden was selected for the Team USA scholarship to compete at the Formula Ford Festival and Walter Hayes Trophy. He would secure the Formula Ford Festival title, becoming the only American to ever do so.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: At the Walter Hayes Trophy event, Newgarden would win all of the qualifying races leading to the main event. He would also start the event from the pole position. Unfortunately, mid-way through a rain-stricken race, Newgarden crashed from the lead, finishing 6th place.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: In 2009, he would move to England to compete in the British Formula Ford Championship and start his European career. He would finish runner-up in 2009, leading the series in total race wins and amassing 550 points.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden competed in the opening round of the 2009 Formula Palmer Audi season at Brands Hatch, taking two wins and a fourth in the third race.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: In 2010, Newgarden competed in the newly formed 2010 GP3 Series with Carlin Motorsport. 2010 would end in Josef's most disappointing championship position of his young career, finishing 18th in the points. The season was highlighted by a pole position at Hockenheimring and a best finish of fifth at the season finale at Monza.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: At the start of 2011, Newgarden would return home to the United States to compete in the Indy Lights Series with Sam Schmidt Motorsports. He won his first Indy Lights race in the season opener on the Streets of St. Petersburg. He followed his opening win in St. Petersburg with four more wins and ten podium finishes out of thirteen races in 2011, clinching him the points championship with one race to go. In New Hampshire, the 11th race of 2011, Newgarden lapped the entire field and went on to win. He was the first Indy Lights driver to do this since Thiago Medeiros in March 2004. Josef, as a rookie, would also lead the series with the most number of wins for the 2011 season.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: On December 7, 2011, Newgarden was announced as the driver for Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing. It is quite rare in IndyCar for a rookie driver to be offered a multi-year contract but Fisher and her team saw promise in Newgarden; SFH was viewed as the smallest outfit in the series and Newgarden was certainly headed for a significant challenge in his first entry into professional motorsport. He competed in IndyCar from 2012 to 2014 with Fisher's team, steadily progressing and improving with each weekend. He would earn his first podium at the 2013 race in Baltimore. 2014 would be his standout year with SFHR, he would very nearly secure wins at both Long Beach and Mid-Ohio, and would stand on his second career podium at Iowa Speedway.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: During his fourth full season in IndyCar, Newgarden raced under the merged team of Sarah Fisher and Ed Carpenter. Under this new team banner Newgarden started 2015 strong, finishing in 12th position at St. Petersburg and improving his position with each race.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: During the fourth race weekend in the 2015 season at Barber Motorsports Park, Newgarden earned his first Indycar Series victory at the 2015 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama, moving from 5th to 2nd on the first lap of the race, and leading the most laps on the way to a 2.2-second win.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Proving that his win wasn't luck he would win again later in the season at the 2015 Honda Indy Toronto and finished the 2015 season 7th in the standings with 431 points, a personal best in IndyCar.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Sarah Fisher ended her participation in IndyCar after the 2015 season, leaving Newgarden to drive for the reformed Ed Carpenter Racing.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden started the 2016 season strong with a podium at the 2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama at Barber Motorsports Park. He barely missed pole position during qualifying for the 2016 Indy 500 and started in the middle of the front row. He finished the 100th running of the Indy 500 in a strong 3rd.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: At the 2016 Firestone 600 at Texas Motor Speedway Newgarden crashed hard into the wall, breaking both his hand and clavicle. Remarkably, he returned to the car two weeks later, working his way to a top 10 spot at the 2016 Kohler Grand Prix at Road America.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Only 28 days after his crash at Texas, Newgarden won the 2016 Iowa Corn 300 in dominating fashion, leading 282 of 300 laps. A remarkable achievement with a broken hand and shoulder.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: At IndyCar's return to Watkins Glen International, the 2016 Grand Prix at the Glen, Newgarden claimed another podium, finishing 2nd. After a 6th-place finish at the 2016 GoPro Grand Prix of Sonoma, he finished the season in fourth place overall in the season standings. In a testament to their hard work and success, Newgarden and ECR would finish the season as the highest non-Team Penske car in the series, a considerable feat for a small team.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: On September 29, 2016, ECR owner Ed Carpenter confirmed that Newgarden would not be back with the team in 2017. Newgarden moved to Team Penske for the 2017 season, with the team making an official announcement on October 5.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden won his first race with Team Penske during round 3 of the 2017 season at Barber Motorsports Park; clinching the victory after a duel with Scott Dixon in the final laps. Newgarden moved into the IndyCar points lead following back to back victories at Toronto and Mid Ohio.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: At Gateway, Newgarden held off his teammates and Scott Dixon to clinch his fourth series victory of the season but not without controversy as late in the race, Newgarden went under teammate Simon Pagenaud very late going into Turn 1. After bumping tires, both continued but, as Pagenaud nearly hit the wall, he was not pleased with his teammate's move. The following week at Watkins Glen, Newgarden had a sizable cushion in the points over second-place Dixon. Coming back onto the track after a pit stop under green on cold tires, he lost control of the car as Sébastien Bourdais made contact with him damaging the suspension. Newgarden ended up leaving the Glen with a three-point lead, later a four-point lead as he won the pole for Sonoma, setting a track record. Newgarden needed to finish 4th or higher regardless of Pagenaud's result and he finished 2nd to clinch his first title. Newgarden became the first American born driver to win the Astor Cup since Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2012.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden won the opening race of the 2019 season at St. Petersburg and followed that up with wins at Detroit, Texas and Iowa. He led the points standings after every race except the Indy 500 where Team Penske teammate Simon Pagenaud led from the pole position. Newgarden won his second IndyCar title at Laguna Seca by only 25 points.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden started his second title defense slowly in 2020, a season shorted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although he finished third at the opener in Texas he found himself in an early-season slump that put him in a hole to rival Scott Dixon. By mid-season and toward the final stretch he produced a series of wins and podium finishes that set him up for a title-deciding showdown with Dixon at the final round in St. Petersburg. Newgarden could only win the championship if he won the race and Dixon either retired or finished no better than ninth. During the race, Newgarden overtook Pato O'Ward in the closing laps after a restart and held onto the lead for his second consecutive win in St. Petersburg but ultimately failed to defend his title when Dixon finished third.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: 2021 would be an up-and-down year for Newgarden and Team Penske. Despite earning a season leading four pole positions, he would not pick up a win until the tenth round of the season at Mid Ohio. The win was Newgarden's nineteenth in IndyCar, making him the most successful American driver currently active in the series. Newgarden picked up a second win at Gateway. Heading into the final race of the season at Long Beach, Newgarden was one of only three drivers mathematically in contention for the title alongside Alex Palou and Pato O'Ward. Newgarden finished second in the race, giving him a second-place finish in the championship for the second consecutive year.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden would be an at times dominant and at times inconsistent force in 2022. He set a career high in wins in a season with five; winning Texas, Long Beach, Road America, Iowa, and Gateway. This would be the most wins by an IndyCar driver in one season since 2016, when former teammate Simon Pagenaud won five races. Newgarden's best finish on the season outside of his five wins was a fourth place at Detroit, putting him in a deficit for the championship heading into the season finale. At the second race in Iowa Newgarden suffered a massive crash due to a mechanical failure while leading the race. Although he was able to exit the car on his own power and walked away he collapsed shortly afterward in the driver's motorhome lot, after which he was airlifted to a hospital in Des Moines for further evaluation. Newgarden was later cleared to race in the following weekend's Gallagher Grand Prix. Heading into the season finale at Laguna Seca Newgarden was one of five drivers in contention for the series title alongside his Penske teammates Will Power and Scott McLaughlin along with Scott Dixon and Marcus Ericsson. Although Newgarden mounted a furious charge from 25th to 2nd at Laguna Seca he was ultimately unsuccessful at clinching his third championship, finishing second in the standings to Will Power.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Josef participated in the 2018 Race of Champions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and the 2019 Race of Champions at Autodromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, Mexico, both times for Team USA.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: On February 23, 2022, it was announced that Josef would be a guest driver in Tony Stewart's Superstar Racing Experience at the Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway, in Josef's hometown of Nashville.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: On December 5, 2022 Newgarden announced that he would be teaming up with fellow Team Penske IndyCar driver Scott McLaughlin and Indy NXT driver Kyffin Simpson would be entering the 2023 24 Hours of Daytona with an LMP2 entry.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden was born in Nashville, Tennessee to Joey and Tina Newgarden, who had moved from New York in the 1980s with the family photography business. Josef is half Danish via his mother. He credits watching racing on TV at an early age with his father, who was an avid fan of NASCAR, IndyCar and Formula 1, as what got him into the sport.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden grew up in Hendersonville, Tennessee and attended Pope John Paul II High School, where he was friends with and a former classmate of NFL Pro Bowl wide receiver Golden Tate. Additionally, he was a former classmate of NASCAR driver Josh Berry in the 7th and 8th grades.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: On October 7, 2018, Newgarden announced that he and his longtime girlfriend, Ashley Welch, had gotten engaged while on a trip to Japan. They were married in the fall of 2019 in Nashville.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Along with fellow racers Tony Kanaan and Helio Castroneves, he competed in the Indianapolis round of season 8 of American Ninja Warrior in 2016.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden is the driver ambassador for the SeriousFun Children's Network, a charity started by actor and race team owner Paul Newman. Newgarden is also a talented ping-pong player. He hosts an annual celebrity tournament during May that raises funds for the Serious Fun Children's Network. In 2019, the tournament raised over $100,000 for the charity.


title: Josef Newgarden

text: Newgarden is an avid gamer and is currently a Brand Ambassador for the Microsoft title Forza Motorsport. His voice is featured in the game and he is frequently featured in Forza content.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician. During Bill Clinton's first term as president, he served as the 63rd United States Secretary of State.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Born in Scranton, North Dakota, Christopher clerked for Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas after graduating from Stanford Law School. He became a partner in the firm of O'Melveny & Myers and served as Deputy Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 under President Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as Deputy Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter, holding that position from 1977 to 1981. In 1991, he chaired the Christopher Commission, which investigated the Los Angeles Police Department in the wake of the Rodney King incident.


title: Warren Christopher

text: During the 1992 presidential election, Christopher headed Bill Clinton's search for a running mate, and Clinton chose Senator Al Gore. After Clinton won the 1992 election, Christopher led the Clinton administration's transition process, and he took office as Secretary of State in 1993. As Secretary of State, Christopher sought to expand NATO, broker peace in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and pressure China regarding its human rights practices. He also helped negotiate the Dayton Agreement, which ended the Bosnian War. He left office in 1997, and was succeeded by Madeleine Albright.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher oversaw the Gore campaign's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed 2000 presidential election. At the time of his death in 2011, he was a senior partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor at the University of California at Los Angeles.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Warren Minor Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota, the son of Catherine Anne (née Lemen) and Ernest William Christopher, a bank manager. He was of part Norwegian descent.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher graduated from Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of Redlands, before transferring to the University of Southern California (USC). He was a member of the college fraternity Kappa Sigma Sigma. He graduated "magna cum laude" from USC in February 1945. From July 1943 to September 1946, he served in the United States Naval Reserve, with active duty as an ensign in the Pacific Theater. He entered Stanford Law School in September 1946, where he founded and became the first editor of the new "Stanford Law Review." While there, he was also elected to the Order of the Coif.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher became the first graduate of Stanford Law School to become a U.S. Supreme Court law clerk when he clerked for Justice William O. Douglas from October 1949 to September 1950. He practiced law with the firm of O'Melveny & Myers from October 1950 to June 1967, becoming a partner in 1958 and serving as special counsel to Governor Pat Brown. Christopher served as United States Deputy Attorney General from June 1967 until January 20, 1969, after which he rejoined O'Melveny & Myers. President Lyndon B. Johnson selected him to assist federal efforts to combat the urban riots in Detroit during July 1967 and in Chicago during April 1968. In 1974, Christopher served as the president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. Attorney General Elliot Richardson considered appointing Christopher as the special counsel to investigate the Watergate scandal, but he declined.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher was sworn in on February 26, 1977, as the Deputy Secretary of State and served in that position until January 20, 1981. As Deputy Secretary, he was involved in the successful Iran hostage crisis negotiations, and the resulting Algiers Accords securing the safe release of 52 American hostages in Iran. He also spearheaded the Sino-American relations with the People's Republic of China, helped to win ratification of the Panama Canal treaties, and headed the first interagency group on human rights. President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, on January 16, 1981.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher's professional activities included service as president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association, 1974–1975; chairman of the Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary of the American Bar Association, 1975–1976; member of the board of governors of the State Bar of California 1975–1976; and special counsel to California governor Edmund G. Brown in 1959.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Christopher's civic activities included the following: member and president of the board of trustees of Stanford University; chairman, Carnegie Corporation of New York board of trustees; director and vice chairman, Council on Foreign Relations; director, Trilateral Commission, Bilderberg Group, Los Angeles World Affairs Council; vice chairman of the Governor's Commission on the Watts riots (The McCone Commission) in 1965–1966; president, Coordinating Council for Higher Education in the State of California; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member of the American Philosophical Society; and chairman emeritus, Pacific Council on International Policy.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In 1981, Christopher received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In 1991, Christopher served as chairman of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, which came to be known as the Christopher Commission. The Commission proposed significant reforms of the Los Angeles Police Department in the aftermath of the Rodney King incident (see 1992 Los Angeles riots), which were approved overwhelmingly at the ballot box. In 1992, Christopher headed the vice presidential search for Governor Bill Clinton's presidential campaign and served as the Director of his presidential Transition.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Serving as Secretary of State from January 20, 1993 until January 17, 1997, Christopher's main goals were the enlargement of NATO, establishing peace between Israel and its neighbors, and using economic pressure to force China's hand on human rights practices. The major events transpiring during his tenure included the Oslo Accords, the Dayton Agreement, normalization of United States–Vietnam relations, the Rwandan genocide, Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, and the Khobar Towers bombing.


title: Warren Christopher

text: On April 13, 1993, eleven Iraqi Intelligence Service agents smuggled a car bomb into Kuwait City in an attempt to assassinate former President George H. W. Bush as he spoke at Kuwait University. Secretary Christopher, among others, urged President Clinton to make a retaliatory strike against Iraq. On June 26, 1993, the United States launched 23 Tomahawk missiles against the Baghdad intelligence headquarters.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In August 1993, Israeli and Palestinian negotiators meeting in Norway drew up the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian Authority in exchange for Palestinian recognition of Israel's right to exist. Secretary Christopher accepted Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres's offer to host the signing ceremony. The ceremony took place in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with Mahmoud Abbas signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization, Peres signing for the State of Israel, Secretary Christopher signing for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev signing for Russia, in the presence of President Clinton. Christopher was one of the main visionaries and proponent of an integrated Middle East.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In order to initiate further enlargement of NATO with minimal backlash from Russia, Secretary Christopher promoted the Partnership for Peace program as a stepping-stone into full NATO membership. This was against protests from the Pentagon.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In what has been considered a terrible failure of the international community, the US and UN failed to intervene to stop the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Over the course of a hundred days, some 800,000 Tutsis were massacred by Hutu militia.


title: Warren Christopher

text: During the 1992 presidential campaign, then-candidate Clinton blasted President George H. W. Bush for giving China low-tariff trading privileges despite its human rights abuses. Secretary Christopher agreed with this view and believed that the US should use economic pressure to force China to improve its human rights record. However, on May 26, 1994, President Clinton renewed China's low-tariff trading privileges, effectively delinking the human rights issue from China's trade relations with the US. U.S.-Sino relations improved as a result, with President Jiang Zemin visiting the U.S. in November 1997 and President Clinton visiting China in June 1998.


title: Warren Christopher

text: On September 19, 1994, a US-led coalition returned Haiti's popularly elected President Jean-Bertrande Aristide to power after a 1991 coup by the Haitian Armed Forces under Raoul Cédras had unseated him. The US military effort, known as Operation Uphold Democracy, was largely the product of Colin Powell's diplomatic efforts, with little role played by Christopher.


title: Warren Christopher

text: In the wake of the 1993 Oslo Accords, Secretary Christopher encouraged Jordan's King Hussein to make a peace treaty with Israel. Christopher eventually offered Hussein $200 million in military equipment and $700 million in debt forgiveness to sweeten the deal. On October 27, 1994, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin and Jordanian Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali signed the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. The signing was witnessed by President Clinton and Secretary Christopher. Christopher sought to obtain a similar treaty between Rabin and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, but to no avail.


title: Warren Christopher

text: Working with Senator John McCain, in 1994, Secretary Christopher began actively promoting the normalization of United States–Vietnam relations. At the time, the U.S. had not had an embassy in Vietnam since 1975. The main obstacle to normalization came from Vietnam veterans and POW/MIA support groups who were convinced that Hanoi was not fully cooperating in the search for the remains of US soldiers in Vietnam. However, after Secretary Christopher convinced President Clinton that the Vietnamese government was fully cooperating in these searches, the President announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995.