title: Fever 333

text: They are heavily inspired by the anti-racist, anti-imperialist and anti-fascist views of the Black Panther Party in addition to political activists such as Mahatma Gandhi, Angela Davis, James Baldwin and Ta-Nehisi Coates. In a 2019 interview for Kerrang!, Butler stated that they perceive that "[they are] speaking with the people, not for them".


title: Fever 333

text: They have also expressed disdain for the American electoral system, with Butler specifically stating that he doesn't believe the majority of politicians to stand for the betterment of the people in general, with voters generally only considered the effects their vote would have on themselves and disregarding those often less fortunate than them.


title: Fever 333

text: The group perceive their status as a band provides them with a platform to support to project their views to a wider audience and combat social injustice, citing that they are "trying to write the soundtrack to the revolution that we know is about to happen". In an article for Kerrang!, Butler said that:


title: Fever 333

text: "Long Live the Innocent" was a live streamed demonstration and performance by the band on June 3, 2020. It was a response to the murder of George Floyd by police on May 25 of the same year and represented the band's condemnation of both his specific killers, as well as police brutality and institutional racism in general. All proceeds were donated to the Minnesota Freedom Fund and Black Lives Matter. NME described the event a representation of solidarity with the communities also protesting Floyd's murder. In one speech that Butler gave during the event, he stated that:


title: Fever 333

text: Butler also criticised a number of high profile record labels and streaming services, including Atlantic Records, Sony Music, Spotify, Def Jam Recordings, Amazon and Apple Music, for not using their money to support the black community during this time, despite profiting off of black culture and music.


title: Fever 333

text: The band's logo is a homage to the logo of the Black Panther Party, an American anti-racism and revolutionary socialist organisation that Butler has likened the band's practices to, as "black panthers do not strike unless they are pushed into a corner to where they have no way out". The homage was approved by the designer of the Black Panther's logo and their Minister of Culture Emory Douglas.


title: Fever 333

text: While performing live, Butler often wears a bulletproof vest with "333" across its chest. According to an article by Kerrang!, this is intended to present the American police force's increasing militarisation. Butler also often performs in a boilersuit, also featuring the groups iconography, along with a bag over his head, representing the human rights abuses in prisons such as Guantanamo Bay detention camp and Abu Ghraib prison.


title: Redemption Song

text: "Redemption Song" is a song by Jamaican singer Bob Marley. It is the final track on Bob Marley and the Wailers' twelfth album, "Uprising", produced by Chris Blackwell and released by Island Records. The song is considered one of Marley's greatest works. Some key lyrics derived from a speech given by the Pan-Africanist orator Marcus Garvey titled "The Work That Has Been Done."


title: Redemption Song

text: At the time he wrote the song, circa 1979, Bob Marley had been diagnosed with the cancer in his toe that took his life a couple of years later. According to Rita Marley, "...he was already secretly in a lot of pain and dealt with his own mortality, a feature that is clearly apparent in the album, particularly in this song."


title: Redemption Song

text: Unlike most of Bob Marley's other tracks, it is strictly a solo acoustic recording, consisting of his singing and playing an acoustic guitar, without accompaniment. The song is in the key of G major.


title: Redemption Song

text: "Redemption Song" was released as a single in the UK and France in October 1980 and included a full band rendering of the song. This version has since been included as a bonus track on the 2001 reissue of "Uprising", as well as on the 2001 compilation "". Although in live performances the full band was used for the song, the solo recorded performance remains the take most familiar to listeners.


title: Redemption Song

text: In 2004, "Rolling Stone" placed the song at #66 among "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2010, the "New Statesman" listed it as one of the Top 20 Political Songs.


title: Redemption Song

text: On 5 February 2020 (on the eve of what would have been his 75th birthday), Marley's estate released an official animated video for the song. This also commemorated the 40th anniversary of the song's release.


title: Redemption Song

text: The song urges listeners to "Emancipate yourself from mental slavery," because "None but ourselves can free our minds." These lines were taken from a speech given by Marcus Garvey at Menelik Hall in Sydney, Nova Scotia, during October 1937 and published in his "Black Man" magazine:


title: Redemption Song

text: In 2009, Jamaican poet and broadcaster Mutabaruka chose "Redemption Song" as the most influential recording in Jamaican music history.


title: Redemption Song

text: In 2017, "Redemption Song" was featured in series 25 of BBC Radio 4's "Soul Music", a documentary series exploring famous pieces of music and their emotional appeal, with contributors including Marley's art director Neville Garrick, Jamaican Poet Laureate Lorna Goodison, Grammy Award-winning artist John Legend, and Wailers guitarist Don Kinsey.


title: Redemption Song

text: In American Songwriter's 2019 appreciation of the song, Jim Beviglia analyzed the song as being a "departure" from his regular music:Marley was too much a force of nature to lose his personality just because he was in a new setting. The rhythmic ingenuity that marked his career can be heard in the little instrumental breakdown between verses. His vocal also drips with idiosyncratic power, from the way he hiccups his way through some of the lines to give them some extra flavor to his brilliant phrasing of the word “triumphantly.” Other songwriters might have crammed in a few other words just to fit the meter a bit more snugly, but Marley’s choice gives that word added meaning.


title: Redemption Song

text: Stevie Wonder recorded a cover of the song that was released in 1996 on the album "Get on the Bus" of the feature film with the same name. It was also released in 1996 on Stevie Wonder compilation album "".


title: Redemption Song

text: Joe Strummer of The Clash recorded a cover of this song that was released posthumously on the album "Streetcore" in 2003, which featured his backing band at the time, The Mescaleros. Strummer also covered the song as a duet with Johnny Cash during the later's sessions for the "" album, this version being released later in the box set "Unearthed".


title: Redemption Song

text: Bono of U2 sung Redemption Song solo acoustic at 16 Zoo TV shows between 1992 and 1993, and him and The Edge have sung it at different events and impromptu performances since then.


title: Redemption Song

text: Manfred Mann's Earth Band adapted the song on their album "Somewhere in Afrika" released in 1982. A shorter version had previously been released as a single. Both arrangements were subtitled "No Kwazulu" and combined Marley's original song with Zulu and Xhosa chants in order to protest Apartheid. The album version also includes a song written by Manfred Mann over the same changes called "Brothers and Sisters of Africa". For live performances, the band opted for an arrangement much closer to Marley's original, as can be heard on the "Budapest Live" and "Mann Alive" albums.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: YouTubers vs. TikTokers, billed as Battle of the Platforms was a amateur boxing event which featured YouTubers and TikTokers. The main event was between American YouTuber Austin McBroom and American TikToker Bryce Hall. The undercard included a exhibition bout between YouTuber AnEsonGib and TikToker Tayler Holder. It was held on June 12, 2021 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: In the main event, Austin McBroom defeated Bryce Hall in three rounds with a technical knockout. In the penultimate event, AnEsonGib defeated Tayler Holder in a unanimous decision. Overall, Team YouTube defeated Team TikTok 6-1.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: The event was promoted as the Battle of the Platforms by Social Gloves. The first two undercard matches were broadcast free of charge on social-media sites, and the pay-per-view was broadcast on LiveXLive.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: Sports journalist Emily Austin was the correspondent for the Battle of the Platforms hosted by LiveXLive media.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: McBroom feuded on Twitter with TikToker Bryce Hall in early March 2021, and a match was booked between them. On March 18, LiveXLive announced a full card of YouTubers vs. TikTokers in which YouTuber Tanner Fox was scheduled to face Nick Austin and YouTuber FaZe Jarvis was scheduled to face TikToker Micheal Le. The third fight was between YouTuber and rapper DDG and TikToker Nate Wyatt. In the third fight, TikToker Tayler Holder was scheduled to face a YouTuber chosen by fans; YouTuber Danny Duncan was also scheduled to face a random TikToker chosen by fans for the fourth fight. The semi-main event was between British YouTuber Deji and TikToker Vinnie Hacker. A majority of fans chose AnEsonGib in the fight against Tayler Holder. TikToker Nick Austin later left the event, and was replaced by Ryland Storms. YouTuber Danny Duncan also left, and was replaced by Ryan Johnston. TikToker Cale Saurage was added to the card.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: The YouTube and TikTok boxers had their first press conference on May 18, which was hosted by YouTubers Keemstar and FouseyTube. Near the end of the press conference, a fight between McBroom and Hall broke out on stage.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: Before the weigh-in began, there was an altercation backstage between Fousey and Deji, who was noticeably unfit in comparison to the other fighters. The weigh-in, also hosted by Keemstar and Fousey, was held on June 11 in Miami. Austin McBroom weighed 172 lb (78 kg), and Bryce Hall


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: weighed 165.4 lb (75 kg). For the co-main event, AnEsonGib weighed 179 lb (81 kg); Tayler Holder weighed 175 lb (79 kg).


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: The event was a pay-per-view broadcast on LiveXLive. Fousey was the ring announcer for the fights, except for the main event. It featured performances by DJ Khaled, Lil Baby, Migos and Trippie Redd. The first two fights on the undercard, Ryan Johnston vs. Cale Saurage and Landon McBroom vs Ben Azelart, were broadcast free of charge on YouTube. A pay-per-view image would show in the screen, blocking the person watching the main card for free.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: After Tanner Fox and Ryland Storms had their weigh-in one day before the fight, Storms claimed that Fox pulled out of the match because of their weight difference. On the Social Gloves live stream, it was announced that Fox had pulled out. At ringside, ring announcer Fousey interviewed Fox. Fox criticized Storms and said that he was willing to fight, but the commission would not allow it.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: After AnEsonGib and Tayler Holder's bout, Fousey announced that the match was a majority draw; the official scorecard was 49-46, 49-46 and 50-46. Based on the scorecard, it could only have been a unanimous or split decision in favour of one of the fighters. Although Fousey was blamed by many, he disagreed with the results and said that AnEsonGib should have won. Based on the punch statistics, AnEsonGib fared substantially better and led many fans to wonder if there was a mistake or the fight was rigged. During the post-fight interview, AnEsonGib said that he was "robbed"; Holder also disagreed with the result, saying that he should have won. According to Holder, AnEsonGib weighed more than the agreed-upon limit; this forced Holder to artificially inflate his weight, presumably with weights in his pocket.


title: YouTubers vs. TikTokers

text: On June 14, ISKA director Tom Sconzo released a statement overturning the result and giving the victory to AnEsonGib by unanimous decision. According to Sconzo, the mistake was a "plain simple human error".


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic (), colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece (), is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The officeholder's official seat (but not residence) is the Maximos Mansion in the centre of Athens. The office is described in the Constitution either as Prime Minister or President of the Government (Πρόεδρος της Κυβερνήσεως). This is the reason why the prime minister is also addressed as "Mr/Madam President".


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: According to Article 37 of the Greek Constitution, the president of the Hellenic Republic shall appoint the leader of the political party with the absolute majority of seats in the parliament as prime minister. If no party has the absolute majority, the president shall give the leader of the party with a relative majority (plurality) an exploratory mandate in order to ascertain the possibility of forming a government enjoying the confidence of parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: If this possibility cannot be ascertained, the president shall give the exploratory mandate to the leader of the second largest party in Parliament, and if this proves to be unsuccessful, to the leader of the third largest party in parliament. Each exploratory mandate shall be in force for three days.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: If all exploratory mandates prove to be unsuccessful, the president summons all party leaders, and if the impossibility to form a cabinet enjoying the confidence of the parliament is confirmed, the president shall attempt to form a cabinet composed of all parties in parliament for the purpose of holding parliamentary elections. If this fails, the president shall entrust the president of the Supreme Administrative Court or of the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court or of the Court of Auditors to form a cabinet as widely accepted as possible to carry out elections after the president dissolves Parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: Therefore, the election of members of a certain party to parliament is the equivalent to a vote for that party's leader for prime minister.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: Before taking office, the prime minister is sworn in at a religious ceremony inside the Presidential Mansion. Prime ministers are sworn in by the archbishop of Athens who is the head of the Church of Greece. The archbishop begins with a few prayers and the Kyrie Eleison, and then the prime minister-elect places his hand on the Bible placed in between two lit candles, all on a table between him and the archbishop. Following after the archbishop, the prime minister-elect then recites the oath:


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The archbishop then recites a few more blessings, and the participants make the sign of the cross three times. The archbishop then congratulates the new prime minister, who then shakes hands with the president before the pertinent documents are signed.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: In 2015 Alexis Tsipras, a self-proclaimed atheist, became the first prime minister to opt for a secular affirmation instead of the traditional religious oath. He was sworn in by President Karolos Papoulias instead of the archbishop of Athens, and, in place of the above oath, recited the affirmation:


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: He then shook hands with the president, who congratulated him, before proceeding to sign the official documents as normal.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: When Tsipras assumed the premiership again, on 21 September 2015, President Prokopis Pavlopoulos decided that the affirmation had to be more formal, as it follows:


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The Maximos Mansion (Greek: Μέγαρο Μαξίμου) has been the official seat of the prime minister of Greece since 1982. It is located in central Athens, near Syntagma Square. Although the building contains the offices of the head of the Greek Government, it is not used as the residence of the prime minister.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: During the Greek War of Independence, different regions of Greece that were free of Ottoman control began establishing democratic systems for self-government, such as the Peloponnesian Senate. Meanwhile, a series of overarching National Assemblies, such as the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, met from time-to-time to provide overall coordination. The First Assembly elected a 5-member executive council, which was headed by Alexandros Mavrokordatos.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The Executive continued to govern Greece until 1828, when Ioannis Kapodistrias assumed the governance of the state as "Governor of Greece"—simultaneously head of state and of the government. Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831 and his government, presided over by his brother Augustinos, collapsed the following year. It was replaced by a series of collective governmental councils, which lasted until 1833, when Greece became a monarchy.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: In 1832, Greece's nascent experiment with democracy was ended and a monarchy was established with the underage Bavarian Prince Otto as king. Initially the government was led by a regency council made up of Bavarians. The president of this council, Count Josef Ludwig von Armansperg was the "de facto" head of government under Otto. Later Otto dismissed his Bavarian advisers and wielded power as an absolute monarch, effectively as head of state and his own head of government.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: King Otto's reign as an absolute monarch came to an end when agitators for a constitution (as had been promised when the monarchy was established) rose up in the 3 September Revolution in 1843. Otto was forced to grant a constitution and Andreas Metaxas took power; he is credited with being the first Greek to formally serve as "Prime Minister."


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: Once the office of prime minister was established, the responsibility for self-government again fell to the Greek people. However, two factors maintained significant power for the crown: the Greek party structure was weak and client-based and the monarch was free to select any member of parliament to form a government.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: In 1862, Otto was finally deposed and the Greek people chose a new monarch in the person of King George I of Greece. In the next 15 years, the party structures began to evolve into more modern ideological parties with the Nationalist Party led by Alexandros Koumoundouros on the right and the more liberal New Party led by Charilaos Trikoupis. Trikoupis was successful after the election of 1874 in forcing the king to accept the "dedilomeni principle" ()--that the leader of the majority in parliament must be selected as prime minister by the king.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The Nationalists were later led by Theodoros Deligiannis who famously said "was against everything Trikoupis was for." This two-party system existed until 1910, even as Georgios Theotokis took over the New Party after the death of Trikoupis in 1895 and the assassination of Deligiannis in 1905 which led to a splintering of parties on the conservative and nationalist side.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: In 1910, military officers sparked the fall of civilian government when they issued the Goudi Pronunciamento. This event led to the arrival in Greece of the Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos. His followers gathered in the Liberal Party, which, despite Venizelos' dominant status, constituted the first true party in the modern sense, in that it was formed around a progressive, liberal and pro-republican political agenda.


title: Prime Minister of Greece

text: The Liberal Party was eventually opposed by the more conservative and pro-royalist People's Party, initially led by Dimitrios Gounaris. The antagonism between the two parties, and the supporters of monarchy and republicanism, would dominate the political landscape until after the Second World War.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: Dino Jelusić (born 4 June 1992), also known by his stage name Dino Jelusick, is a Croatian rock singer, musician, and songwriter. He is the founder, principal songwriter, and lead singer of progressive rock band Animal Drive, which was formed in 2012, and since 2017 has been signed to Frontiers Records. Besides working on several hard rock and metal projects, since 2016, Jelusick has been a touring member for American rock band Trans-Siberian Orchestra. He was the winner of the inaugural edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in .


title: Dino Jelusick

text: Jelusick was born Dino Jelusić on 4 June 1992 in Požega, Croatia. He lived most of his life in the capital city of Zagreb. He earned a master's degree from the Academy of Music, University of Zagreb, in 2020.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: As his parents also played musical instruments, Jelusick was introduced to music and singing at the age of three, and started performing at the age of five by appearing on television, on stages, and festivals.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: Jelusick wrote his first song in English at the age of seven. In 2003, he participated in the first Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in Denmark with a song he wrote at the age of ten, "Ti si moja prva ljubav", and won with 134 points. Jelusick released his debut solo album, "No. 1", in 2003, and an English version in 2004. He toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Australia until 2005, and the tour included four large concerts in Denmark with a total audience of 100,000 people. The same year, Jelusick became the youngest nominee of the Croatian music award Porin, at the age of twelve. In 2005, he was one of the three main acts at the Langeland festival in Denmark, along with UB40 and Ronan Keating.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: Around 2007, as part of adolescence, Jelusick's voice changed and lost part of its upper register. Jelusick had grown up listening to King's X, Slash, Whitesnake, Dream Theater, and Toto, among others, he decided to change his musical direction to hard rock and metal.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In 2009, Jelusick began recording a new studio album in Melbourne, Australia, with producer Mark Berry, but finalized it with Swedish producer in Malmö. The album, released in August 2011, was titled "Living My Own Life". However, as he did not write any of the songs on the album, Jelusick does not perform them live.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: Between 2012 and 2013, Jelusick was hired to take part in an international project in South Africa called "Synkropation". The project consisted of an album featuring the collaboration of different artists, including Mandoza and Dilana. Though the album was never released, Jelusick was featured on several songs, and played to an audience of 50,000 people.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In 2014, Jelusick was awarded second place at the international festival Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk in Belarus. Afterward, he began experiencing problems with his voice. In September, he underwent surgery for Reinke's edema. After the surgery, he recorded another album, this one entirely composed by him. A concept album titled "Prošao sam sve" (), it was released in November 2014. The album is based on the autobiographical novel "260 days" by Marijan Gubina, about a 10-year-old boy who survives 260 days of imprisonment in a war camp during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995).


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In 2015, American drummer John Macaluso was looking for a singer and keyboardist for his new American-Croatian band Stone Leaders. Jelusick joined and helped record their self-titled album, which was eventually released in March 2019. During this time, Jelusick was also a member of Croatian metal band The Ralph, with whom he released the album "Enter Escape" in February 2017.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: The same year, Jelusick won four awards at the Discovery festival in Bulgaria, one of which was for his song "Father". In 2016, he won at New Wave in Sochi, Russia, the largest singing contest for young performers in the world.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: February 2016 was a turning point in Jelusick's music career. He later commented that until the mid–2010s, he had faced numerous difficulties within the Croatian music industry. Due to these problems, he considered ending his musical career. Reportedly, his live performance of Queen's "The Show Must Go On" was noticed by American rock band Trans-Siberian Orchestra, who were searching for two male touring vocalists. After auditioning and meeting with producer Paul O'Neill, Jelusick was chosen to join the group. He took part in their 2016 winter tour. During the 2017 winter tour, the band, with Kayla Reeves on the East, and Jelusick on the West lineup, honored O'Neill while playing "The Safest Way into Tomorrow".


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In the meantime, Jelusick's main project was working with the progressive hard rock band Animal Drive, founded in 2012. Their final lineup came together in 2015. Initially, this was his solo band, and he is the project's main songwriter. The group's biggest influence is the British hard rock band Whitesnake. Their live performances feature Whitesnake's 2004 cover version of Deep Purple's "Burn", as well as songs by Skid Row and Dream Theater. Before Jelusick joined TSO's tour, Animal Drive recorded a few songs, and on the recommendation of TSO's vocalist Jeff Scott Soto, the record label Frontiers Records listened to their work, and decided to sign a record deal with the band in 2017. They are the first Croatian rock band to sign with such a major record label and have an album published worldwide. Their debut studio album, "Bite!", was released in February 2018 to critical acclaim. In April 2019, they released a covers EP titled "Back to the Roots". It included a rendition of Skid Row's "Monkey Business" as its first single, and Roxette's "The Look" (with guest vocalist Rosa Laricchiuta) as its second single, in May 2019. The album received very good reviews.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In 2018 and 2019, Jelusick performed in several episodes of the entertainment and music program "A-strana" of Hrvatska Radiotelevizija, and was the youngest mentor in the Croatian version of the BBC show "Just the Two of Us". His appearance with partner and actress Tara Thaller managed to win the competition.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In May 2019, Lords of Black's Tony Hernando released a self-titled album with his solo project Restless Spirits. Jelusick sang on two of the album's tracks, "Cause I Know You're the One" and "Lost Time (Not to Be Found Again)". The record also included guest artists including Deen Castronovo, Johnny Gioeli, and Alessandro Del Vecchio. In late 2018, Jelusick recorded vocals and keyboards for a George Lynch project titled Dirty Shirley, which also featured Will Hunt on drums and Trevor Roxx on bass. The self-titled album was released in January 2020, to positive reviews.


title: Dino Jelusick

text: In March 2022, Jelusick joined Michael Romeo performing all vocals on Romeo's solo album War of the Worlds, Pt. 2. Matthias Mineur of the German edition of "Metal Hammer" said Jelusick "lifts" the album "to an even higher level" than that of its predecessor and finished his review saying that the release "inspires on two levels, so that the listener can hardly decide which of them is the more important.""


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Sean Sexton Cunningham (born December 1941) is an American filmmaker, director, producer, and writer. He is best known for directing and producing several horror films, beginning in the early 1970s.


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Raised in Connecticut, Cunningham graduated from Franklin & Marshall College before earning an MFA from Stanford University. After completing his education, he worked as a manager for various theater companies, including New York City's Lincoln Center and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. While working for a documentary company in New York, Cunningham made his feature film directorial debut with "The Art of Marriage" (1970). While editing his second film, he met Wes Craven, with whom he collaborated as a producer of Craven's exploitation horror film "The Last House on the Left" (1972).


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Cunningham went on to co-create and direct the slasher film "Friday the 13th" (1980), which was a major box-office success. He produced several horror films throughout the 1980s, including "House" (1986) and its sequel "" (1988).


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Cunningham was born in New York City and raised in Connecticut. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Franklin & Marshall College and later earned an MFA from Stanford University.


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Cunningham's first jobs after graduating from Stanford included managing theater companies such as New York's Lincoln Center, the Mineola Theater on Long Island, as well as the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, the latter of where he briefly studied. He is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Directors Guild of America.


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: While working for a documentary company in New York City in the late 1960s, Cunningham made his directorial debut with "The Art of Marriage" (1970). While editing "Together", he met Wes Craven, who was working as an editor at the time. The two collaborated on Craven's directorial debut, the exploitation film "The Last House on the Left" (1972), which Cunningham produced.


title: Sean S. Cunningham

text: Cunningham is best known for his involvement of multiple films in the "Friday the 13th" franchise, which introduced the fictional mass murderer Jason Voorhees. Of the 12 films in the series, the ones that had Cunningham's involvement were the original, "", "Jason X", "Freddy vs. Jason", and the 2009 reboot. He has also produced many horror films, such as the "House" series and Wes Craven's debut feature, "The Last House on the Left". He is the founder and CEO of Crystal Lake Entertainment. Cunningham was set to produce the CW series adaption of "Friday the 13th" before that project fell through, and served as a producer of "".


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Martin Hewitt (born February 19, 1958) is an American businessman and former actor. He is best known for his film debut as David Axelrod in Franco Zeffirelli's "Endless Love" (1981). His last role was a 2003 episode of "ER".


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Martin Hewitt was born on February 19, 1958 in San Jose, California. He is the second oldest of six children to Peter and Heather Hewitt. Peter Hewitt is a retired owner of a medical-equipment manufacturing firm. Hewitt's early years were spent in California, England, Belgium, and Michigan.


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Hewitt attended Claremont High School. Hewitt first acted at age 14 in a school production of "The King and I". He studied business at a community college before switching to theater. After receiving an AA degree in Theater Arts, Hewitt studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, in Pasadena, California.


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: While enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena, CA and working as bartender and valet car park/parking lot attendant, Hewitt saw an ad for an open call for a film directed by Franco Zeffirelli and beat out 5,000 actors, including Tom Cruise and Timothy Hutton, for the male lead. Hewitt had originally envisioned a Shakespearean career, but suddenly he was starring opposite Brooke Shields in Franco Zeffirelli's "Endless Love", a 1981 forbidden teen romance film. According to Hewitt, "Some people actually wrote that I was "discovered" in a parking lot."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: "Of course, my head swelled up like crazy," he says. "Franco, who is very paternal, fed my ego so that I would be very confident." Hewitt spoke highly of his co-star, Brooke Shields. "She treated me like a friend," he says. During filming in New York City, she invited Hewitt to spend the weekend at her house in New Jersey, where they played board games.


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Hewitt garnered mostly neutral reviews for his portrayal of David Axelrod. Variety commented that "Since he’s center stage most of the time, it’s fortunate that newcomer Martin Hewitt registers so strongly. Zeffirelli has dressed and photographed his find almost in the style of some of his mentor Luchino Visconti’s neo-realist heroes, with two-day beard growths and anachronistic Clark Gable undershirts." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that Hewitt "has neither the resources nor the opportunity to convey much about how David's mind works, even though this is what the story hinges on." Nevertheless, Hewitt said, "I don't care what anyone says; I am proud of that film."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: "I started at the top. My first professional acting role was in a starring role in a Universal Studios film," he said. "I didn't even get the chance to get my feet wet. So after that film, it was sort of a downward path."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: After appearing in his second film, "Yellowbeard" (1983), in which he portrayed the son of Graham Chapman's character, Hewitt spent the 1980s appearing in forgettable B movies and doing the occasional TV guest spot. Of the films he appeared in during the '80s included: "April Fool", later to be titled "Killer Party" (1986); "The Falling" (1987); and "Two Moon Junction" (1988). In the latter film, he portrayed Chad, the fiance of Sherilyn Fenn's character. Hewitt previously worked with Fenn in "Out Of Control" (1985). Hewitt had also done straight-to-video flicks including "Crime Lords" (1991), "Carnal Crimes" (1991) and "Night Rhythms" (1992). He retired from acting in 2003.


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: "I was kind of surprised that I didn't hear his name much after that," says "Yellowbeard" director Melvin Damski. "He was a talented kid."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Branching out into home inspection to help pay the bills, he opened his own company in 1993. "Any time my agent would call and say, 'We want you to read for this,'" he says, "I'd go, 'Man, I've got an inspection.'" As of 2015, Hewitt still owns his home inspection service in San Luis Obispo, California.


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: "I really don't miss it," he says of his brief Hollywood heyday. "I've got my own company. I live in a great area. I have great kids. I surf every other day. I've got it all as far as I'm concerned." Still, he hasn't quite shaken the acting bug. According to "People", Hewitt learned of an industry ad asking if anyone knew where he was. Some filmmakers, it turned out, thought he would be perfect for a lead role in a movie about drugged-out gay prostitutes in West Hollywood. "It wasn't for me", he says with a laugh. "I politely declined."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: Hewitt has confirmed that he and Brooke Shields were never romantically involved, stating that they "became good friends, but we're not close." Shields later vouched for this in her 2014 memoir, "There Was a Little Girl: The Real Story of My Mother and Me". "Martin and I got along well and enjoyed working with one another. We neither fell in love nor hated each other...All we were required to do was "convince" people we were in love. This approach freed us both up to become actual friends."


title: Martin Hewitt (actor)

text: While Hewitt was filming "Crime Lords" in South Africa in 1989, he met German-born flight attendant Kerstin Gneiting, whom he married in 1990. They divorced in 2015. Their two children are daughter Guinevere and son Cailean.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Will Hutchins (born Marshall Lowell Hutchason; May 5, 1930) is an American actor most noted for playing the lead role of the young lawyer Tom Brewster, in the Western television series "Sugarfoot", which aired on ABC from 1957 to 1961 for 69 episodes.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Hutchins was born in the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles. As a child, he visited the location filming of "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break" and made his first appearance as an extra in a crowd.


title: Will Hutchins

text: He attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, where he majored in Greek drama. He also studied at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he enrolled in cinema classes.


title: Will Hutchins

text: During the Korean War, he served for two years in the United States Army Signal Corps as a cryptographer in Paris, serving as a Corporal with SHAPE. Following his enlistment he enrolled as a graduate student at UCLA in their Cinema Arts department on the G. I. Bill.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Hutchins was discovered by a talent scout for Warner Bros., who changed his name from Marshall Lowell Hutchason to Will Hutchins. The young actor's easygoing manner was compared to Will Rogers, the Oklahoma humorist.


title: Will Hutchins

text: His contract led him to guest appearances in Warner Bros. Television programs, such as "Conflict", in which he appeared in three hour-long episodes, including his screen debut as Ed Masters in "The Magic Brew" on October 16, 1956.


title: Will Hutchins

text: He had small roles in the Warners movies "Bombers B-52" (1957), "Lafayette Escadrille" (1958), and "No Time for Sergeants" (1958) where he screen tested for the lead of Will Stockdale with James Garner playing the psychiatrist.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Hutchins leapt to national fame in the lead of "Sugarfoot", in which he played a frontier lawyer with intermittent comedic overtones.


title: Will Hutchins

text: During the series' run he guest-starred on other Warner Bros shows such as "The Roaring 20's", "Bronco", and "Surfside 6". He was the lead guest star in an episode of "Maverick" entitled "Bolt from the Blue" written and directed by Robert Altman and starring Roger Moore as Beau Maverick.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Warners tried him in the lead of a feature, "Young and Eager" (1961) aka "Claudelle Inglish" with Diane McBain.


title: Will Hutchins

text: He tried another pilot for a series, "Howie", that was not picked up and appeared with Jeff Chandler in the Warners war film "Merrill's Marauders" (1962), a picture filmed in the Philippine Islands and Chandler's last acting role.


title: Will Hutchins

text: While appearing in a play in Chicago in late 1963, he was flown to Los Angeles to shoot a television pilot for MGM, Bert I. Gordon's "Take Me to Your Leader", in which Hutchins played a Martian salesman who came to Earth. Though the pilot was not picked up, it led MGM to sign him for "Spinout", in which he co-starred as Lt. Tracy Richards ("Dick Tracy" transposed) alongside Elvis Presley.


title: Will Hutchins

text: Also in 1963, he appeared on an episode of Gunsmoke. In S8/Ep24, "Blind Man's Bluff", his character was Billy Poe.


title: Will Hutchins

text: In 1966, he made a guest appearance on the CBS courtroom drama series "Perry Mason" as murderer Don Hobart in "The Case of the Scarlet Scandal". (He also appeared as Dan Haynes in "The New Perry Mason" in 1973 in the episode, "The Case of the Deadly Deeds". Actress Jodie Foster was in this same episode.)


title: Will Hutchins

text: In 1966–1967, he co-starred with Sandy Baron in "Hey, Landlord", set in a New York City apartment building. The program followed "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color", but it failed to attract a sustaining audience against CBS's "The Ed Sullivan Show" and ABC's "The F.B.I." with Efrem Zimbalist Jr., his former Warner Brothers colleague.


title: Will Hutchins

text: In 1968–1969, Hutchins starred as Dagwood Bumstead in a CBS television version of the comic strip "Blondie".


title: Will Hutchins

text: Back in the United States, Hutchins guest-starred on "Love, American Style", "Emergency!", "Chase", "Movin' On", "The Streets of San Francisco", and "The Quest". He was in "The Horror at 37,000 Feet" (1973), "Slumber Party '57" (1976), and "The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington" (1977).


History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent can be traced to the Indus Valley civilization or earlier. Indians have mainly worn clothing made up of locally grown cotton. India was one of the first places where cotton was cultivated and used even as early as 2500 BCE during the Harappan era. The remnants of the ancient Indian clothing can be found in the figurines discovered from the sites near the Indus Valley civilisation, the rock-cut sculptures, the cave paintings, and human art forms found in temples and monuments. These scriptures view the figures of human wearing clothes which can be wrapped around the body. Taking the instances of the sari to that of turban and the dhoti, the traditional Indian wears were mostly tied around the body in various ways.


title: History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent

text: Evidence for textiles in Indus Valley civilisation are not available from preserved textiles but from impressions made into clay and from preserved pseudomorphs. The only evidence found for clothing is from iconography and some unearthed Harappan figurines which are usually unclothed. These little depictions show that usually men wore a long cloth wrapped over their waist and fastened it at the back (just like a close clinging dhoti). Turban was also in custom in some communities as shown by some of the male figurines. Evidence also shows that there was a tradition of wearing a long robe over the left shoulder in higher class society to show their opulence. The normal attire of the women at that time was a very scanty skirt up to knee length leaving the waist bare. Cotton made headdresses were also worn by the women. Women also wore long skirt, stitched tight tunic on their upper body and trousers as well. Inferences from mother goddess statue from Delhi National Museum suggests female wearing a short tunic with a short skirt and trousers. There also evidences of men wearing trousers, conical gown/tunic with an upper waist band. The mother goddess statues show women also wearing heavy earrings which were also pretty common in the historic period of India and also depict with heavy necklaces with overhanging medallion with holes in them for gemstones. Female statues and terracotta arts and figurines like a dancing girl also depict long hairs probably braided and draped in cloth.


text: Fibre for clothing generally used were cotton, flax, silk, wool, linen, leather, etc. One fragment of colored cloth is available in pieces of evidence which are dyed with red madder show that people in Harappan civilisation dyed their cotton clothes with a range of colors.


text: One thing was common in both the sexes that both men and women were fond of jewelry. The ornaments include necklaces, bracelets, earrings, anklet, rings, bangles, pectorals, etc. which were generally made of gold, silver, copper, stones like lapis lazuli, turquoise, amazonite, quartz, etc. Many of the male figurines also reveal the fact that men at that time were interested in dressing their hair in various styles like the hair woven into a booty, hair coiled in a ring on the top of the head, beards were usually trimmed. Indus Valley Civilization men are frequently depicted wearing headbands especially to contain hair bun at the back. People have been shown wearing elaborate headdresses like turban, conical hats, pakol hats.


text: Dressing of Indus valley civilization people show presence of multi-ethnic people of diverse backgrounds for instance people have been depicted wearing Pashtun style pakol hat with a chocker like neck ornament as well as Punjabi style pagri and Rajasthani style bangles and necklaces and many other styles prominent in neighbouring regions of the Indian subcontinent.


text: Some scholars, such as Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, have argued that headdress from the royal cemetery of Ur is an import from Indus Valley Civilization since similar headdresses have been found to have been depicted in many of its "Mother Goddess" figurines and actual ones discovered from sites such as Kunal and the floral depiction in gold leaves of species native to Indian subcontinent such as "Dalbergia sissoo" or pipal, and since no such ornamentation has been shown in Mesopotamian art itself.


text: The Vedic period was the time duration between 1500 and 500 BCE. The garments worn in the Vedic period mainly included a single cloth wrapped around the whole body and draped over the shoulder. People used to wear the lower garment called "paridhana" which was pleated in front and used to tie with a belt called "mekhala" and an upper garment called uttariya (covered like a shawl) which they used to remove during summers. "Orthodox males and females usually wore the "uttariya" by throwing it over the left shoulder only, in the style called "upavita"". There was another garment called "pravara" that they used to wear in cold. This was the general garb of both the sexes but the difference existed only in size of cloth and manner of wearing. Sometimes the poor people used to wear the lower garment as a loincloth only while the wealthy would wear it extending to the feet as a sign of prestige.


text: In the Rig Veda, mainly three terms were described like Adhivastra, Kurlra, and Andpratidhi for garments which correspondingly denotes the outer cover (veil), a head-ornament or head-dress (turban) and part of woman's dress. Many pieces of evidence are found for ornaments like Niska, Rukma were used to wear in the ear and neck; there was a great use of gold beads in necklaces which show that gold was mainly used in jewellery. Rajata-Hiranya (white gold), also known as silver was not in that much of use as no evidence of silver is figured out in the Rig Veda.


text: In the Atharva Veda, garments began to be made of the inner cover, an outer cover, and a chest-cover. Besides Kurlra and Andpratidhi (which already mentioned in the Rig Veda), there are other parts like as Nivi, Vavri, Upavasana, Kumba, Usnlsa, and Tirlta also appeared in Atharva Veda, which correspondingly denotes underwear, upper garment, veil and the last three denoting some kinds of head-dress (head-ornament). There were also mentioned Updnaha (Footwear) and Kambala (blanket), Mani (jewel) is also mentioned for making ornaments in this Vedic text.


text: Even though scholars have debated the archaeological evidence from the pre-Mauryan era, a lot of terracotta artifacts by various scholars have been dated to the pre-Mauryan era which shows continuity of the dressing styles leading up to the Mauryan period. The terracotta also contain naturalistic style of depicting human faces just like Mauryan periods. The pre-Mauryan periods have been marked by the continuation of Indus arts and depict elaborate headdresses, conical hats with heavy earring. Bronze rattling mirror excavated from Pazyryk dated to the 4th century BC also depict Indians wearing typical Indian classical clothing such as dhoti wrap and tight-fitting half sleeved stitched shirts like kurta. Another pre-Mauryan archaeological evidence of Indian dressing comes from Saurashtra janapada coins which are one of the earliest representations of Indian pre-Mauryan arts. The coins are dated between 450 and 300 BCE and have been repeatedly over struck just like punch-marked coins.


text: During the Mauryan dynasty (322–185 BC) the earliest evidence of stitched female clothing is available from the statue of a woman(from Mathura, 3rd century BCE). Ladies in the Mauryan Empire often used to wear an embroidered fabric waistband with drum-headed knots at the ends. As an upper garment, people's main garment was uttariya, a long scarf. The difference existed only in the manner of wearing. Sometimes, its one end is thrown over one shoulder and sometimes it is draped over both shoulders.


text: In textiles, mainly cotton, silk, linen, wool, muslin, etc. are used as fibers. Ornaments latched on to a special place in this era also. Some of the jewelry had their specific names also. Satlari, chaulari, paklari were some of the necklaces.


text: Men wore Antariya (knee-length, worn in kachcha style with the fluted end tucked in at center front) and Tunic (one of the earliest depictions of the cut and sewn garment; it has short sleeves and a round neck, full front opening with ties at the neck and waist, and is hip length). A statue of a warrior shows Boots (fitting to the knees cap) and a band (tied at the back over short hair). A broad flat sword with cross straps on the sheath is suspended from the left shoulder.


text: Early classical period has ample evidence of dresses worn by ancient Indians in several relief sculptures which depict not only the dressing styles, but also architecture and lifestyle of the period. Buddhist reliefs from Amravathi, Gandhara, Mathura, and many other sites contain carved reliefs from Jataka tales and exhibit the fashion of the period between the 2nd century BCE to Gupta periods.


text: The Gupta period lasted from 320 CE to 550 CE. Chandragupta I was the founder of this empire. Stitched garments became very popular in this period. Stitched garments became a sign of royalty.


text: The antariya worn by the women turned into "gagri", which has many swirling effects exalted by its many folds. Hence dancers used to wear it a lot. As it is evident from many Ajanta paintings, women used to wear only the lower garment in those times, leaving the bust part bare but these depictions may be a stylistic representation of mother goddess cult since Indus Valley Civilization. Whereas women with stitched upper body garment or tunic have been shown from pre-Mauryan period as early as 400 BCE in a folk art depicted on Pazyryk rattling mirrors. Ujjain coin from 200 BCE depicts a man wearing achkan. Depictions from terracotta clay tablets from Chandraketugarh show women wearing clothes made of muslin. Various kinds of blouses (cholis) evolved. Some of them had strings attached leaving the back open while others were used to tie from the front side, exposing the midriff.


text: Clothing in the Gupta period was mainly cut and sewn garments. A long sleeved brocaded tunic became the main costume for privileged people like the nobles and courtiers. The main costume for the king was most often a blue closely woven silk antariya, perhaps with a block printed pattern. In order to tighten the antariya, a plain belt took the position of kayabandh.


text: Mukatavati (necklace which has a string with pearls), kayura (armband), kundala (earring), kinkini (small anklet with bells), mekhala (pendant hung at the centre, also known as katisutra), nupura (anklet made of beads) were some of the ornaments made of gold, used in that time. There was extensive use of ivory during that period for jewellery and ornaments.


text: During the Gupta period, men used to have long hair along with beautiful curls and this style was popularly known as gurna kuntala style. In order to decorate their hair, they sometimes put headgear, a band of fabric around their hairs. On the other hand, women used to decorate their hair with luxuriant ringlets or a jewelled band or a chaplet of flowers. They often used to make a bun on the top of the head or sometimes low on the neck, surrounded by flowers or ratnajali (bejewelled net) or muktajala (net of pearls).


text: Chalukyas of vatapi have unique clothing, they wore veshti in different styles sometimes veshti goes under knees. The uniqueness of jewelleries is the presence of thigh band.


text: From post-Gupta period, there is plentiful evidence of Indian clothing from paintings such as in Alchi monastery, Bagan temples, Pala miniature paintings, Jain miniature paintings, Ellora caves paintings and Indian sculptures. Ancient Indians wearing kurta and baggy pants like shalwar have been depicted in 8-10th century CE ivory sculpture of an elephant chess piece from Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France. From the Late medieval period, there are increased evidences of pajamas and shalwar becoming common in Indian attire while unstitched dhoti keeps its prominence as well. From Al-Biruni's Tarikh ul Hind. The kurtas, which are called Kurtakas in Sanskrit, are half sleeved shirts with slits of both sides are described along with other clothing such as Kurpasaka which is a type of jacket similar to kurta, he also mentions that some Indians preferred dhoti while others dressed more by wearing baggy trousers similar to shalwar. The Alchi painting also shows evidence of modern sari draping and Bagan temple paintings frequently depict Indians with long beards wearing big earring. Paintings from regions of the Indian subcontinent, including Bihar, Bengal, Indus Valley and Nepal depict various clothing attires of eastern Indian states including modern styles of wearing dupatta.


text: The Mughal dynasty included luxury clothes that complemented interest in art and poetry. Both men and women were fond of jewellery. Clothing fibers generally included muslins of three types: "Ab-e-Rawan" (running water), "Baft Hawa" (woven air) and "Shabnam" (evening dew) and the other fibers were silks, velvets and brocades. Mughal royal dresses consisted of many parts as listed below. Mughal women wore a large variety of ornaments from head to toe. Their costumes generally included Pajama, Churidar, Shalwar, Garara and the Farshi , they all included head ornaments, anklets, and necklaces. This was done as a distinctive mark of their prosperity and their rank in society.


text: tradition of wearing embroidered footwear, With ornamented leather and decorated with the art of Aughi. Lucknow footwear was generally favoured by nobles and kings.


text: Rajputs emerged in the 7th and 8th century as a community of Ancient Kshatriya people. Rajputs followed a traditional lifestyle for living which shows their martial spirit, ethnicity, and chivalric grandeur.


text: Rajput's main costumes were the aristocratic dresses (court-dress) which includes angarkhi, pagdi, chudidar pyjama and a cummerbund (belt). Angarkhi (short jacket) is long upper part of garments which they used to wear over a sleeveless close-fitting cloth. Nobles of Rajputs generally attired themselves in the Jama, Shervani as an upper garment and Salvar, Churidar-Pyjama (a pair of shaped trousers) as lower garments. The Dhoti was also in tradition in that time but styles were different to wear it. Tevata style of dhoti was prominent in the desert region and Tilangi style in the other regions.


text: "To capture the sensuality of the female figures in Rajput paintings, women were depicted wearing transparent fabrics draped around their bodies". Rajput women's main attire was the Sari (wrapped over whole body and one of the ends thrown on the right shoulder) or Lengha related with the Rajasthani traditional dress. On the occasion (marriage) women preferred Angia. After marriage of Kanchli, Kurti, and angia were the main garb of women. The young girls used to wear the Puthia as an upper garment made of pure cotton fabric and the Sulhanki as lower garments (loose pajama). Widows and unmarried women clothed themselves with Polka (half sleeved which ends at the waist) and Ghaghra as a voluminous gored skirt made of line satin, organza or silk. Another important part of clothing is Odhna of women which are worked in silk.


text: Jewellery preferred by women were exquisite in the style or design. One of the most jewellery called Rakhdi (head ornament), Machi-suliya (ears) and Tevata, Pattia, and the aad (all is necklace). Rakhdi, nath and chuda show the married woman's status. The footwear is the same for men and women and named Juti made of leather.


text: Sikhism was founded in the 15th century. In 1699, the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh mandated Khalsa Sikh men to have uncut hair for their lives, which they wear into a turban or dastar. The dastar has since then been an integral part of the Sikh culture.


text: During the British Colonial period, Indian clothing, especially among the nobles and educated upper classes, began to reflect a clear European influence. The sherwani evolved as a fusion of the British frock coat and an achkan.


text: Clothes went many changes during the colonial period in India. This led to transformation and also conflicts of caste among peoples. This happened when the Western-style dress came into effect in India. The hat was also worn by the people of several religions. This was not because of protection from the sun but sign of respect. Some Indians wore western dresses when they used to go out and changed at home with their traditional dresses.


text: Western clothing has gained increasing popularity, especially in the metropolitan cities. This has also led to the development of the Indo-Western style. Bollywood has also been a major influence in fashion around the subcontinent, especially in Indian fashion.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) is a vehicle that operates while in contact with the ground and without an onboard human presence. UGVs can be used for many applications where it may be inconvenient, dangerous, or impossible to have a human operator present. Generally, the vehicle will have a set of sensors to observe the environment, and will either autonomously make decisions about its behavior or pass the information to a human operator at a different location who will control the vehicle through teleoperation.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The UGV is the land-based counterpart to unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned underwater vehicles. Unmanned robotics are being actively developed for both civilian and military use to perform a variety of dull, dirty, and dangerous activities.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: A working remote controlled car was reported in the October 1921 issue of RCA's "World Wide Wireless" magazine. The car was unmanned and controlled wirelessly via radio; it was thought the technology could someday be adapted to tanks. In the 1930s, the USSR developed Teletanks, a machine gun-armed tank remotely controlled by radio from another tank. These were used in the Winter War (1939–1940 ) against Finland and at the start of the Eastern Front after Germany invaded the USSR in 1941.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: During World War II, the British developed a radio control version of their Matilda II infantry tank in 1941. Known as "Black Prince", it would have been used for drawing the fire of concealed anti-tank guns, or for demolition missions. Due to the costs of converting the transmission system of the tank to Wilson type gearboxes, an order for 60 tanks was cancelled.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: From 1942, the Germans used the Goliath tracked mine for remote demolition work. The Goliath was a small tracked vehicle carrying 60 kg of explosive charge directed through a control cable. Their inspiration was a miniature French tracked vehicle found after France was defeated in 1940. The combination of cost, low speed, reliance on a cable for control, and poor protection against weapons meant it was not considered a success.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The first major mobile robot development effort named Shakey was created during the 1960s as a research study for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Shakey was a wheeled platform that had a TV camera, sensors, and a computer to help guide its navigational tasks of picking up wooden blocks and placing them in certain areas based on commands. DARPA subsequently developed a series of autonomous and semi-autonomous ground robots, often in conjunction with the U.S. Army. As part of the Strategic Computing Initiative, DARPA demonstrated the Autonomous Land Vehicle, the first UGV that could navigate completely autonomously on and off roads at useful speeds.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Based on its application, unmanned ground vehicles will generally include the following components: platform, sensors, control systems, guidance interface, communication links, and systems integration features.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The platform can be based on an all-terrain vehicle design and includes the locomotive apparatus, sensors, and power source. Tracks, wheels, and legs are the common forms of locomotion. In addition, the platform may include an articulated body and some are made to join with other units.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: A primary purpose of UGV sensors is navigation, another is environment detection. Sensors can include compasses, odometers, inclinometers, gyroscopes, cameras for triangulation, laser and ultrasound range finders, and infrared technology.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Unmanned ground vehicles are generally considered Remote-Operated and Autonomous, although Supervisory Control is also used to refer to situations where there is a combination of decision making from internal UGV systems and the remote human operator.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: A remote-operated UGV is a vehicle that is controlled by a human operator via interface. All actions are determined by the operator based upon either direct visual observation or remote use of sensors such as digital video cameras. A basic example of the principles of remote operation would be a remote controlled toy car.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: An autonomous UGV (AGV) is essentially an autonomous robot that operates without the need for a human controller on the basis of artificial intelligence technologies. The vehicle uses its sensors to develop some limited understanding of the environment, which is then used by control algorithms to determine the next action to take in the context of a human provided mission goal. This fully eliminates the need for any human to watch over the menial tasks that the AGV is completing.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: One of the most crucial aspects to consider when developing armed autonomous machines is the distinction between combatants and civilians. If done incorrectly, robot deployment can be detrimental. This is particularly true in the modern era, when combatants often intentionally disguise themselves as civilians to avoid detection. Even if a robot maintained 99% accuracy, the number of civilian lives lost can still be catastrophic. Due to this, it is unlikely that any fully autonomous machines will be sent into battle armed, at least until a satisfactory solution can be developed.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Depending on the type of control system, the interface between machine and human operator can include joystick, computer programs, or voice command.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Communication between UGV and control station can be done via radio control or fiber optics. It may also include communication with other machines and robots involved in the operation.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Systems architecture integrates the interplay between hardware and software and determines UGV success and autonomy.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: There are a wide variety of UGVs in use today. Predominantly these vehicles are used to replace humans in hazardous situations, such as handling explosives and in bomb disabling vehicles, where additional strength or smaller size is needed, or where humans cannot easily go. Military applications include surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition. They are also used in industries such as agriculture, mining and construction. UGVs are highly effective in naval operations, they have great importance in the help of Marine Corps combat; they can additionally avail in logistics operations on to the land and afloat.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: UGVs are also being developed for peacekeeping operations, ground surveillance, gatekeeper/checkpoint operations, urban street presence and to enhance police and military raids in urban settings. UGVs can "draw first fire" from insurgents—reducing military and police casualties. Furthermore, UGVs are now being used in rescue and recovery mission and were first used to find survivors following 9/11 at Ground Zero.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: NASA's Mars Exploration Rover project included two UGVs, Spirit and Opportunity, that performed beyond the original design parameters. This is attributed to redundant systems, careful handling, and long-term interface decision making. Opportunity (rover) and its twin, Spirit (rover), six-wheeled, solar powered ground vehicles, were launched in July 2003 and landed on opposite sides of Mars in January 2004. The Spirit rover operated nominally until it became trapped in deep sand in April 2009, lasting more than 20 times longer than expected. Opportunity, by comparison, was operational for more than 14 years beyond its intended lifespan of three months. Curiosity (rover) landed on Mars in September 2011, and its original two-year mission has since been extended indefinitely.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Multiple civilian applications of UGVs are being implemented to automatic processes in manufacturing and production environments. They have also been developed as autonomous tour guides for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: UGVs are one type of agricultural robot. Unmanned harvesting tractors can be operated around the clock making it possible to handle short windows for harvesting. UGVs are also used for spraying and thinning. They can also be used to monitor the health of crops and livestock.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: In the manufacturing environment, UGVs are used for transporting materials. They are often automated and referred to as AGVs. Aerospace companies use these vehicles for precision positioning and transporting heavy, bulky pieces between manufacturing stations, which are less time-consuming than using large cranes and can keep people from engaging with dangerous areas.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: UGVs can be used to traverse and map mine tunnels. Combining radar, laser, and visual sensors, UGVs are in development to map 3D rock surfaces in open pit mines.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: In the warehouse management system, UGVs have multiple uses from transferring goods with autonomous forklifts and conveyors to stock scanning and taking inventory. Automated Guided Vehicles are extensively used in warehouses that deal with goods that are dangerous to humans (e.g corrosive and flammable goods) or need special handling like passing through freezers.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: UGVs are used in many emergency situations including Urban search and rescue, fire fighting, and nuclear response. Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, UGVs were used in Japan for mapping and structural assessment in areas with too much radiation to warrant a human presence.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: UGV use by the military has saved many lives. Applications include explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) such as landmines, loading heavy items, and repairing ground conditions under enemy fire. The number of robots used in Iraq increased from 150 in 2004 to 5000 in 2005 and they disarmed over 1000 roadside bombs in Iraq at the end of 2005 (Carafano & Gudgel, 2007). By 2013, the U.S. Army had purchased 7,000 such machines and 750 had been destroyed.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The military is using UGV technology to develop robots outfitted with machine guns and grenade launchers that may replace soldiers.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: SARGE is based on a 4-wheel drive all terrain vehicle; the frame of the Yamaha Breeze. Currently, the objective is to provide each infantry battalion with up to eight SARGE units (Singer, 2009b). The SARGE robot is primarily used for remote surveillance; sent ahead of the infantry to investigate potential ambushes.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Built by General Dynamics Land Systems, the Mult-Utility Tactical Transport ("MUTT") comes in 4-, 6- and 8-wheeled variants. It is currently being trialled by the US military.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: X-2 is medium-sized tracked UGV built by Digital Concepts Engineering. It is based on a previous autonomous robotic system designed for use in EOD, search and rescue (SAR), perimeter patrol, communications relay, mine detection and clearing, and as light weapons platform. It measures 1.31 m in length, weighs 300 kg and can reach speeds of 5 km/h. It will also traverse slopes up to 45' steep and cross deep mud. The vehicle is controlled using the Marionette system which is also used on Wheelbarrow EOD robots.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: A new model of the PackBot was also produced, known as the Warrior. It is over five times the size of a PackBot, can travel at speeds of up to 15 mph, and is the first variation of a PackBot capable of carrying a weapon (Singer, 2009a). Like the Packbot, they play a key role in checking for explosives. They are capable of carrying 68 kilograms, and travelling at 8 MPH. The Warrior is priced at nearly 400,000 and more than 5000 units have already been delivered worldwide.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The TerraMax UVG package is designed to be integrated into any tactical wheeled vehicle, and is fully incorporated into the brakes, steering, engine and transmission. Fitted vehicles retain the ability to be driver-operated. Vehicles manufactured by Oshkosh Defense and fitted with the package have competed in the DARPA Grand Challenges of 2004 and 2005, and the DARPA Urban Challenge of 2007. The Marine Corps Warfighting Lab selected TerraMax-equipped MTVRs for the Cargo UGV project initiated in 2010, culminating in a technology concept demonstration for the Office of Naval Research in 2015. Demonstrated uses for the upgraded vehicles include unmanned route clearance (with a mine roller) and reducing personnel required for transportation convoys.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The THeMIS (Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System), unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), is a ground-based armed drone vehicle designed largely for military applications, and is built by Milrem Robotics in Estonia. The vehicle is intended to provide support for dismounted troops by serving as a transport platform, remote weapon station, IED detection and disposal unit etc. The vehicle’s open architecture gives it multi-missions capability. The main purpose of the THeMIS Transport is to support onbase logistics and provide last mile resupply for fighting units on the front line. It supports infantry units by reducing their physical and cognitive load, increasing stand-off distance, force protection and survivability. THeMIS Combat UGVs provide direct fire support for manoeuvre forces acting as a force multiplier. With an integrated self-stabilizing remote-controlled weapon system, they provide high precision over wide areas, day and night, increasing stand-off distance, force protection and survivability. Combat UGVs can be equipped with light or heavy machine guns, 40 mm grenade launchers, 30mm autocannons and Anti-Tank Missile Systems. THeMIS ISR UGVs have advanced multi-sensor intelligence gathering capabilities. Their main purpose is to increase situational awareness, provide improved intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance over wide areas and battle damage assessment capability. The system can effectively enhance the work of dismounted infantry units, border guard and law enforcement agencies to collect and process raw information and decrease the reaction time for commanders. THeMIS is capable of firing conventional machine gun ammunition or missile rounds.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The Type-X is a 12-tonne tracked and armored robotic combat vehicle designed and produced by Milrem Robotics in Estonia. It can be fitted with either autocannon turrets up to 50mm or various other weapons systems, such as ATGMs, SAMs, radars, mortars etc.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The Talon is primarily used for bomb disposal, and was incorporated with the ability to be waterproof at 100 ft so that it can search the seas for explosives as well. The Talon was first used in 2000, and over 3,000 units have been distributed worldwide. By 2004, The Talon had been used in over 20,000 separate missions. These missions largely consisted of situations were considered to be too dangerous for humans (Carafano & Gudgel, 2007). These can include entering booby-trapped caves, searching for IEDs, or simply scouting a red combat zone. The Talon is one of the fastest Unmanned Ground Vehicles on the market, easily keeping pace with a running soldier. It can operate for 7 days off of one charge, and is even capable of climbing stairs. This robot was used at Ground Zero during the recovery mission. Like its peers, the Talon was designed to be incredibly durable. According to reports, one unit fell off of a bridge into a river and the soldiers simply turned on the control unit and drove it out of the river.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Shortly after the release of the Warrior, the SWORDS robot was designed and deployed. It is a Talon robot with an attached weapon system. SWORDS is capable of mounting any weapon weighing less than 300 pounds. In a matter of seconds, the user can fit weapons such as a grenade launcher, rocket launcher, or 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) machine gun. Moreover, the SWORDS can use their weapons with extreme precision, hitting the bull's-eye of a target 70/70 times. These robots are capable of withstanding a lot of damage, including multiple 0.50 inch bullets, or a fall from a helicopter onto concrete. In addition, the SWORDS robot is even capable of making its way through virtually any terrain, including underwater. In 2004, only four SWORDS units were in existence although 18 were requested for service overseas. It was named as one of the world's most amazing inventions by "Time Magazine" in 2004. The US Army deployed three to Iraq in 2007 but then cancelled support of the project.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The SUMET system is a platform and hardware independent, low-cost electro-optical perception, localization, and autonomy package developed to convert a traditional vehicle into a UGV. It performs various autonomous logistics maneuvers in austere/harsh off-road environments, without dependence on a human operator or on GPS. The SUMET system has been deployed on several different tactical and commercial platforms and is open, modular, scalable and extensible.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The ASSCM is a civilian unmanned ground vehicle developed in Yuzuncu Yil University by scientific project granted by TUBITAK (Project code 110M396). The vehicle is a low cost small scale construction machine which can grade soft soil. The machine is capable of autonomously grading the earth within a polygon once the border of the polygon is defined. The machine determines its position by CP-DGPS and direction by consecutive position measurements. Currently the machine can autonomously grade simple polygons.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: In April 2014, the Russian Army unveiled the Taifun-M UGV as a remote sentry to guard RS-24 Yars and RT-2PM2 Topol-M missile sites. The Taifun-M features laser targeting and a cannon to carry out reconnaissance and patrol missions, detect and destroy stationary or moving targets, and provide fire support for security personnel at guarded facilities. They are currently remotely operated but future plans are to include an autonomous artificial intelligence system.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Turkey's unmanned ground vehicle Weapon Platform (UKAP), developed by defense contractors Katmerciler and ASELSAN. The first concept of the vehicle is equipped with the 12.7-mm SARP remote-controlled stabilized weapon systems.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The Ripsaw is a developmental unmanned ground combat vehicle designed and built by Howe & Howe Technologies for evaluation by the United States Army.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: Vehicles that carry, but are not operated by a human, are not technically unmanned ground vehicles, however, the technology for development is similar.


title: Unmanned ground vehicle

text: The coModule electric bicycle is fully controllable via smartphone, with users able to accelerate, turn and brake the bike by tilting their device. The bike can also drive completely autonomously in a closed environment.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The British Rail Class 802 is a type of high speed bi-mode multiple-unit passenger train designed and produced by the Japanese manufacturer Hitachi. It has been operated by Great Western Railway, TransPennine Express, and Hull Trains; each of these train operating companies have given its own units a unique brand; Great Western Railway's units are branded Intercity Express Trains (IETs), TransPennine Express units are branded Nova 1s and Hull Trains' units are branded Paragons.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The Class 802 is based on the design of the Hitachi A-train, being a member of the Hitachi AT300 product family. It is broadly similar to the preceding Class 800, the primary difference between the two being the installation of more powerful engines and enlarged fuel tanks on the Class 802 to mitigate for their intended usage on lengthier unelectrified stretches of railway. Their introduction by the Great Western Railway facilitated not only the replacement of aging Intercity 125 high speed trains, but also enabled a reduction of journey times.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: Various enhancement and modification schemes have been both implemented and proposed. Both Great Western Railway and TransPennine Express have agreed to participate in trials of battery train technology that, dependent on results, may see fleetwide adoption. In the event of largescale electrification being funded and implemented during the train's service life, it is practical for some of the engines to be removed from Class 802 sets if rendered surplus, which would reduce their overall weight by 15% and thus raise operational efficiency. Furthermore, while the Class 802s presently have an initial maximum speed of 125 mph, if infrastructure upgrades were to permit greater speeds at a future date, they have the capability of being modified for operating at 140 mph.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During mid-2015, the train operator Great Western Railway (GWR) announced that it had arranged to procure 173 new rail vehicles from Hitachi Rail, along with options for an additional 150. At the time, GWR was in the early stages of introducing a new fleet of intercity trains as part of the Department for Transport's Intercity Express Programme.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: This project involved the procurement of both wholly electric units (Class 801), and "bi-mode" trains (Class 800), powered by electric traction motors capable of running from overhead electric wires or on-board diesel generators. These trains were intended to replace the existing High Speed Trains following the electrification of the Great Western Main Line. However, electrification will only go as far as Cardiff Central, while the route beyond Cardiff continued to require diesel traction (hence the need to procure trains capable of operating without overhead wires).


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The purchase of 173 additional vehicles was with the intention that these new bi-mode trains, similar to the Class 800s, would be used on services into Devon and Cornwall. These trains would consist of 22 five-car and 7 nine-car units. The option for a further 150 vehicles would be formed into another 30 five-car units.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: Initially, because Hitachi's facility at Newton Aycliffe in County Durham was at capacity, the intention was to build the trains at the Kasado factory in Kudamatsu in Japan. However, following Hitachi's purchase of the Italian train manufacturer AnsaldoBreda, construction was moved to Hitachi's newly-acquired Pistoia plant, from which the first unit was reportedly completed in February 2018.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The trains were scheduled to enter service with GWR from 2018. One of the stated aims of the procurement was the reduction of journey times, such as between London and Exeter by up to five minutes, London and Plymouth by up to six minutes, and London and Penzance by up to 14 minutes.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The Class 802s are broadly identical to the bi-mode trains produced for the Intercity Express Programme, and have been operated in a similar manner; they are run as electric trains wherever possible, and are equipped with the identical diesel generator units as to those on the Class 800. However, they are furnished with engines that have a higher operating power – per engine as opposed to – along with the addition of larger fuel tanks; these enable the Class 802 to better handle the steeper gradients and extended running in diesel mode that has been anticipated on the lengthy unelectrified stretches on which they are typically operated.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During 2017, GWR took delivery of 36 sets; a further 22 five-car and 14 nine-car sets arrived in the following year. This was an increase from the 29 sets that had been initially ordered in 2015. In August 2017, main-line testing of the Class 802 commenced in Somerset. They were due to be introduced on 16 July 2018. On 17 August 2018, a demonstration run for invited guests from Penzance to Exeter St Davids was conducted.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During the following day, the first two units (802 006 and 802 007) entered traffic, conducting a Bristol Temple Meads to Swansea service. The same units were first used in passenger service in Cornwall on 20 August 2018, on a service from London Paddington to and return. By May 2019, all 36 of the sets had entered service, which allowed them to finish replacing the remaining InterCity 125 sets, alongside the Class 800 units.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: In December 2020, it was announced that Hitachi and the Eversholt Rail Group would replace one under-floor diesel engine on each of the 22 five-car 802/0 sets with a battery, converting the units to a tri-mode multiple unit. As a result, pollution and noise levels will be reduced and fuel savings of up to 20% are expected to be achieved. In April 2022, measures to better facilitate the operation of GWR's nine-car Class 802 sets to Cornwall were announced.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During November 2016, the open-access operator Hull Trains announced the signing of a £60m deal to procure five five-car AT300 sets, which it would to replace its existing fleet of Alstom-built Class 180 diesel multiple units on its Hull to London service. The first Class 802 body shell was completed at the Kasado plant in August 2018. During August 2019, the company's drivers commenced training using trains already delivered to TransPennine Express. In the same month, Hull Trains announced that its new train would be known as the "Paragon", named after .


title: British Rail Class 802

text: On 7 November 2019, Hull Trains took delivery of its first Class 802 set (802301). This unit participated in the official launch of the "Paragon" fleet on 25 November, at which the full livery was unveiled at Hull station. On 5 December 2019, the first Class 802 officially entered service, working the 10:33 Hull to London King's Cross along with the 13:48 return.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: Following the introduction of the Class 802 units, the surplus Class 180 units were transferred in stages to East Midlands Railway to replace EMR's three six-carriage HSTs inherited from Grand Central. Hull Trains have configured their Class 802s so that Coach A contains standard seating with wheelchair accommodation, Coach B and Coach C are both standard seating, Coach D is both standard- and first-class seating and Coach E is completely first-class seating with wheelchair accommodation. As a reported result of customer requests, the Class 802s do not have a cafe bar, unlike their Class 180 predecessors.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: In March 2016, the train operator First TransPennine Express announced the awarding of a contract to Hitachi Rail Europe and leasing company Angel Trains for the supply of 19 five-car Class 802 sets, which would be primarily operated on the North Transpennine route between Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh. It had been ordered as one part of ambitious plans to bolster route capacity by 80%. According to Robin Davis, TPE's Head of New Trains, a major rationale behind the Nova 1 fleet was its bi-mode capability, noting that electrification ambitions often had much uncertainty, while a bi-mode fleet eliminated the operational risk to such uncertainty.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: While these trains were initially given the "Class 803" designation, they were officially redesignated as 802/2s prior to the delivery of the first unit. During December 2017, it was announced that production of the first unit for the operator had begun. In July 2018, testing of the type commenced on the East Coast Main Line. TransPennine Express has branded its new overall fleet "Nova", each of the new types being designated either '1', '2' or '3' - the Class 802s being called "Nova 1".


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During July 2019, TransPennine Express formally accepted the first of its Class 802 trainset. As per the original schedule, the fleet was due to enter service from summer 2019. On 28 September 2019, the first "Nova 1" entered revenue-earning service; unit 802201 worked the 06:03 from Newcastle to Liverpool Lime Street as well as the return 09:25 service. Clearance for the service had only been received the evening beforehand. Regular scheduled working commenced shortly thereafter.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: During October 2021, it was announced that TransPennine Express, Hitachi, and Angel Trains had agreed to convert one of the former's "Nova 1" trainsets into a battery hybrid train on a trial basis with the aim of supporting the technology's further development. If successful, Hitachi and Angel Trains have proposed the retrofitting of the entire fleet. In January 2022, reports emerged that the Nova 1 fleet was operating under diesel power even when operating on entirely electrified sections of the East Coast Main Line on account of the insufficient power supplies present along the line; national railway infrastructure owner Network Rail is reportedly set to complete upgrades to the power supplies within two years.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: The fleet is also set to benefit from the rollout of electrification under the Transpennine route upgrade scheme. The company's management has noted that, in the event of largescale electrification being funded and implemented, the Class 802s could have some of their engines removed to reduce roughly 15% of their weight and thus raise their efficiency. Furthermore, Leo Goodwin, TPE's managing director, has observed that while the Class 802s have an initial maximum speed of , they have the capability of being modified for operating at if infrastructure upgrades were to permit such speeds at a future date.


title: British Rail Class 802

text: Great Western Railway's Intercity Express Trains are being named after "inspirational people" who have influenced the regions that the company serves.


title: Mildred Natwick

text: Mildred Natwick (June 19, 1905 – October 25, 1994) was an American actress. She won a Primetime Emmy Award and was nominated for an Academy Award and two Tony Awards.


title: Mildred Natwick

text: Natwick was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Mildred Marion (née Dawes) and Joseph Natwick. Her grandfather, Ole Natwick, was one of the earliest Norwegian immigrants to the United States, arriving in Wisconsin in 1847. Her first cousin was animator and cartoonist Grim Natwick. Natwick attended the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore and later graduated from Bennett College.


title: Mildred Natwick

text: Natwick began performing on the stage at age 21 with "The Vagabonds", a non-professional theatre group in Baltimore. She soon joined the University Players on Cape Cod. Natwick made her Broadway debut in 1932 playing Mrs. Noble in Frank McGrath’s play "Carry Nation", about the famous temperance crusader Carrie Nation. Throughout the 1930s she starred in a number of plays, frequently collaborating with friend and actor-director-playwright Joshua Logan. On Broadway, she played "Prossy" in Katharine Cornell's production of "Candida". She made her film debut in John Ford's "The Long Voyage Home" as a Cockney slattern, and portrayed the landlady in "The Enchanted Cottage" (1945).


title: Mildred Natwick

text: Natwick is remembered for small but memorable roles in several John Ford film classics, including "3 Godfathers" (1948), "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" (1949), and "The Quiet Man" (1952). She played Miss Ivy Gravely, in Alfred Hitchcock's "The Trouble with Harry" (1955), and a sorceress in "The Court Jester" (1956).


title: Mildred Natwick

text: She continued to appear onstage, and made regular guest appearances in television series. On May 30, 1950, she starred in "Listen, Listen" on "Suspense".


title: Mildred Natwick

text: She was twice nominated for Tony Awards: in 1957 for "The Waltz of the Toreadors", the same year she also starred in "Tammy and the Bachelor" with Debbie Reynolds and Leslie Nielsen and in 1972 for the musical "70 Girls 70". She returned to film in "Barefoot in the Park" (1967) as the mother of the character played by Jane Fonda. The role earned Natwick her only Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting actress. One of Natwick's memorable roles was in "The House Without a Christmas Tree" (1972), which starred Jason Robards and Lisa Lucas. The program's success spawned three sequels: "The Thanksgiving Treasure", "The Easter Promise", and "Addie and The King of Hearts".


title: Mildred Natwick

text: In 1971, Natwick co-starred with Helen Hayes in the "ABC Movie of the Week", "Do Not Fold, Spindle, or Mutilate", in which their characters worked together as amateur sleuths. The success of that telefilm resulted in a similar team-up the next year, portraying two mystery-writing and solving sisters; this spawned the 1973-74 series "The Snoop Sisters", which was part of "The NBC Wednesday Mystery Movie". For her performance, Natwick won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. In 1981, Natwick joined Hayes as the first members of the Board of Advisors to the Riverside Shakespeare Company. Both attended and supported several fund raisers for that off-Broadway theatre company.


title: Mildred Natwick

text: She guest-starred on such television series as "McMillan & Wife", "Family", "Alice", "The Love Boat", "Hawaii Five-O", "The Bob Newhart Show" and "Murder, She Wrote". She made her final film appearance at age 83 in the historical drama "Dangerous Liaisons" (1988).


title: Mildred Natwick

text: Natwick, who never married or had children, lived in a duplex on Park Avenue in Manhattan for the majority of her life. She was a devout Christian Scientist. A Republican, she supported Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.


title: Mildred Natwick

text: On October 25, 1994, Natwick died of cancer at her home in Manhattan at age 89. She is interred at Lorraine Park Cemetery in Baltimore.


title: Karen Witter

text: Karen Lorre (born December 13, 1961, in Long Beach, California), widely known by her maiden name, Karen Witter, is an American actress, model, and writer.


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre was a pre-med psycho-physiology major at the University of California, Irvine. She studied the biochemical origins of mental illness while there. To raise money for tuition, she worked as a model and appeared in commercials.


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its March 1982 issue, and her centerfold was photographed by Arny Freytag. Witter later appeared on the cover of the March 1983 issue with fellow Playmates Kimberly McArthur and Kelly Tough. She was also featured in the December 1991 issue.


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre soon made the transition to acting, working mostly on television on series as diverse as "Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer" (1984), the syndicated version of "Sale of the Century" (1985–86), "Cheers" (1988), "The Vineyard" (1989), "The X-Files" (1995), Witter later appeared as Nemesis in "", in the seventh episode "Pride Comes Before a Brawl" (1995). "Sliders" (1996), "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" (1998), "NYPD Blue" (2000), "Dharma & Greg" (2000), and "Malcolm in the Middle" (2001).


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre was cast in the role of Tina Lord, previously played by Andrea Evans, on the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live",


title: Karen Witter

text: after "one of the most expansive [searches] in soap history", beating out over 300 other hopefuls for the role.


title: Karen Witter

text: Connie Passalacqua of "Soap Scoop" praised her casting in the role, saying it "added an actress with considerable dimension to the soap opera scene".


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre retired from acting, and became a life coach & a spiritual healer. She has written three books on spiritual healing.


title: Karen Witter

text: Lorre was married to television writer and producer Chuck Lorre in 2001, changing her name from Karen Witter to Karen Lorre. They divorced in 2010, and she kept Lorre's last name.


title: Rumple Minze

text: Rumple Minze is a German-style liqueur brand, best known for peppermint schnapps. The brand is owned by the holding company Diageo, based in London.


title: Rumple Minze

text: The Rumple Minze peppermint liquor has a strong peppermint smell and taste, and it has a high alcohol content at 50% alcohol by volume, (100 proof), compared to the 40% (or 80 proof) of most liquors. It is commonly served chilled, straight up (in some cases as a digestif) or it can also be mixed to form various cocktails.


title: Rumple Minze

text: Rumple Minze was rated a 95 (out of a possible 100) by the Beverage Tasting Institute. The United States is the top market for this product. With immense popularity in the hip culture of Portland, OR, Rumple Minze has staked claim to Oregon's state spirit of choice. The success of their peppermint schnapps has led Rumple Minze to release two new flavors which include a berry-flavored liqueur and a lime-flavored liqueur, both of which are also 100 proof.


title: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan

text: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan () is an Indian historical drama broadcast on Star Plus. It was produced by Sagars which is based on "Prithviraj Raso", a Brajbhasha poem by Chand Bardai which portrays the life of Prithviraj Chauhan, a 12th-century Rajput emperor in India. Rajat Tokas played the younger Prithviraj Chauhan and Anas Rashid played adult Prithviraj Chauhan.


title: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan

text: The drama is based on Prithviraj Chauhan, a ruler of the Chauhan dynasty. Proficient in military skills, he took the throne of Ajmer at age 13 after his father died in battle. His maternal grandfather, Anangpal Tomar, ruler of Delhi, declared Prithviraj Chauhan his heir after discovering his courage and bravery. This antagonizes King Jaichand (Jaichand of Kannauj) who was expecting to be declared the heir. Chauhan falls in love with Sanyogita (Samyukta), the daughter of his enemy, Jaichand and elopes with her at her "swayamvara" ceremony.


title: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan

text: The serial is based on the tales of the three most powerful ruling Rajput families of that time: those of Ajmer, Kannauj and Delhi. Roopsundari and Kamlavati are daughters of the King of Delhi, Anangpal I. Kamlavati is married to Someshwar Chauhan of Ajmer and Roopsundari to Vijaypal of Kannauj. Someshwar and Kamlavati are worried about not having an heir. They offer prayers and seek blessings from the God for a child. Someshwar thanks Vijaypal and Roopsundari for supporting them. Kamlavati suggests Someshwar marry another woman so that the dynasty will have an heir, but he dismisses that suggestion. Finally, Someshwar is happy to know that Kamlavati will soon conceive, and proclaims it. After some time, Kamlavati and Someshwar pray to God and are blessed with a son they name Prithviraj Chauhan III. Prithvi is sent to Gurukul to study and gain martial skill. A brilliant student, Prithvi attends the Vansaj of Eklavya who can hit targets with a bow and arrow by merely hearing them which is also known as Shabd Bhedi Baan Vidya.


title: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan

text: The series was filmed at sets created in Sagar Sun City in Baroda with ₹4 and half crore spent for erecting the sets of palace which also consisted of a desert and a lake and with a budget of ₹20 crores .


title: Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan

text: In November 2008, the shootings and telecast of all the Hindi television series including this series and films were stalled on 8 November 2008 due to dispute by the technician workers of FWICE (Federation of Western India Cine Employees) for increasing the wages, better work conditions and more breaks between shootings. FWICE first took a strike on 1 October 2008 when they addressed their problems with the producers and production was stalled. A contract was signed after four days discussions and shooting were happening only for two hours content in a day then after which differences increased between them while channels gave them time until 30 October 2008 to sort it out. Failing to do so lead to protests again from 10 November 2008 to 19 November 2008 during which channels blacked out new broadcasts and repeat telecasts were shown from 10 November 2008. On 19 November 2008, the strike was called off after settling the disputes and the production resumed. The new episodes started to telecast from 1 December 2008.