title: Black Skinhead

text: "Black Skinhead" features production by French duo Daft Punk (Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter) the album's major producers, who had worked with West on "On Sight", "I Am a God" and "Send It Up". West first became involved with the duo when he sampled their track "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" in 2007 for his chart-topping single "Stronger". Bangalter revealed in an April 2013 interview discussing their album "Random Access Memories" that they had found time during the recording sessions in Paris to work with West on material for his next album. The duo laid down a combination of live and programmed drums over West's initial vocals. Bangalter described the process as "very raw." He later said Daft Punk "were the first people that Kanye came to" for his album. "Black Skinhead" was the first song recorded by the duo for "Yeezus". The drums originated from unused material that had been recorded for "Random Access Memories". Daft Punk described using the drums as "a great twist of pushing the envelope." Before the album's liner notes confirmed otherwise, many speculated that the song's beat was sampled from "The Beautiful People" by American rock band Marilyn Manson.


title: Black Skinhead

text: The song's title uses "skinhead", which originated as a description of a 1960s British working-class male subculture whose members often had closely cropped hair. It revolved around fashion and music and went on to inspire the punk rock scene. Despite attracting young males across the political spectrum, the term had come to be popularly associated with neo-Nazis at the time of single's release. Travis Scott said of his initial reaction to the song: "I jumped off the stairs onto the couch. I was going HAM. That was when I heard the 'na na na na' part for the first time, I lost my fucking mind. That's some soccer anthem-type shit." According to co-producer Mike Dean, the song was almost left off "Yeezus" for sounding "too much like a soccer song." In November 2013, co-writer Lupe Fiasco still felt unsure what the song was supposed to be about. He described it as "a lot of emotional, a lot of this, a lot of cliché, a lot of kinda stuff balled in together, and it's just supposed to be presented as a package and you digest it."


title: Black Skinhead

text: West and Miley Cyrus skipped the after party for the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25, 2013, to record her remix of the song. The pair also worked on other tracks during the recording session—possibly for use on her then-upcoming album "Bangerz". Producer Mike Will Made It took part in the session, having added some production to the remix of "Black Skinhead". The remix leaked on January 21, 2016, and was revealed to feature Lupe Fiasco and Travis Scott as well as Miley Cyrus. The track heavily samples Tears for Fears' 1985 song, "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" from their album "Songs from the Big Chair" and features Cyrus singing a rendition of the hook. West uploaded a slightly different version of "Black Skinhead" exclusively on Apple Music in April 2016. The song's opening lines were changed to retain more distorted vocals.


title: Black Skinhead

text: "Black Skinhead" has an industrial-sounding beat, and is part of the Yeezus character's opening segment of gnarled electro and pounding industrial rap. West begins the song with the lines: "For my theme song/My leather black jeans on/My by-any-means on" a reference to "Good Morning", the opening track of his third studio album "Graduation". These lines use a "simple aesthetic touch"—leather black jeans—to envelope Yeezus, the character West portrays, in black, rugged gear. This reflects his awareness, expressed on his 2005 single "Diamonds from Sierra Leone", that money and possessions are often equated with self-worth by young black men. The old West is gone. "Black Skinhead" is "now his theme music. This grimy, grungy tone that doesn't require just any jeans, but leather black jeans." The song's lyrics do not mention Malcolm X or the Civil Rights Movement. "But when we make the connections between 'by any means necessary' (Malcolm’s famous phrase) and the jeans call-back to "Good Morning," and the reference to a cultural movement associated with rebellion, the ghost of Malcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement of the ’50s and ’60s comes alive." Yeezus views himself as not only a political leader for the Black community, but a superhero. West raps: "Pardon, I'm getting my scream on" in the fourth line and screams in frustration throughout the song. The rest of song sees Yeezus discussing "racial tensions and his own crumbling mental state." The "manic repetition" of "Black" shows there is "so much more at stake" for him. West ends the song by repeating "God!" in an exasperated way. Yeezus is a "leader frustrated by the inaction of his people: 'These niggas ain't doin' shit'." He "mutates the external idea of God into an internal one", which leads into the next track "I Am a God" where he "hypes himself up."


title: Black Skinhead

text: Before the album's release, West performed "Black Skinhead" on the May 18, 2013, broadcast of the American sketch comedy television series "Saturday Night Live", where he also performed "New Slaves". He performed the song in front of a projected backdrop, which alternated between abstractly disturbing black-and-white imagery with colorful vintage price tags and the declaration "Not for sale." His performance was met with positive critical reviews. Chris Martins of "Spin" described it as providing "the sort of aplomb and production value that the show hasn't felt since ... well, probably the last time West visited", noting "Black Skinhead' documents Ye's dynamic transition from rap champ to rock star." "Stereogum"s Liz Pelly branded the song an "aggressive new track" and claimed that "West's stage presence on "SNL" was full of rage." Philip Cosores of "Paste" commented on the performance, writing: "The song comes from somewhere usually only seen in small clubs or basements, and the images of vicious dogs adds to the focal point, the angriest dog in a sense." After the performance, Daft Punk were revealed as the song's composers and West shared a photo of the handwritten lyrics via Twitter. Although West initially said no singles would be released from the album, "Black Skinhead" was released on June 18, 2013. It is the second track on West's sixth studio album "Yeezus", and was sent to UK contemporary hit radio stations on June 19. West had previously spoken about avoiding a full-court press roll-out for his album, saying at a listening session in New York: "I have this new strategy, it's called no strategy." On June 28, 2013, Def Jam Recordings confirmed the song would be serviced to US radio stations as the first single from "Yeezus" at the same time as a clean version was released to DJs. The label also revealed that a music video for the song was in production. Following the announcement, "Black Skinhead" was released officially on July 2 to US urban contemporary radio stations. West was set to perform the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25, 2013, but ended up performing "Blood on the Leaves" instead.


title: Black Skinhead

text: "Black Skinhead" received universal acclaim from music critics. Ray Rahman of "Entertainment Weekly" cited it as one of the album's best songs, describing it as "a galloping punk-rap manifesto". The staff of "Popdust" rated the song five out of five, describing it as what "would've sounded at home on Top 40 in the late-'00s, at least if you stripped away all the growling bass and the background yelps and turned the drums down in the mix considerably". "The Guardian"s Alexis Petridis pointed out "the battering bovver-glam drum and sampled screaming of 'Black Skinhead'" is an example on the album where, "West appears to be operating under the influence of industrial music". This song and "Hold My Liquor" were classified by Phil Witmer of "Noisey" as "rock anthems from the 25th century" not rap. He described "Black Skinhead" as "soundtracking a mosh pit of cyborgs". Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" described West as "angry" as he snarls "over a track that switches between a blunt glam-rock drumbeat and a distorted synthesizer line." "Digital Spy"s Robert Copsey felt with "Black Skinhead" West is "erratically accusing middle America of racism ('You see a black man with a white woman at the top floor/ they gon' come to kill King Kong') over a rumbling tribal beat". Copsey claims this is an example of how "Yeezus"s lyrics range from "insightful [and] irritatingly arrogant, to the plain bonkers."


title: Black Skinhead

text: "Rolling Stone" named "Black Skinhead" the third-best song of 2013, saying: "'Ye rapping rabid over an industrial glitter-rock stomp pumped with heavy breathing and Tarzan screams. Next time someone says America is post-race, play 'em this, and watch their head explode." It was chosen as "Billboard" sixth-best song of the year, with the staff describing it as "raw, unadulterated and unstoppable." "NME" named it the tenth-best song of 2013, writing: "There isn't a more fascinating pop star in the world than Kanye West right now. 'Black Skinhead' was a microcosm of why that's the case: three breathless and almost-punk minutes that covered the central complexes – ego, messiah and persecution – of his dark and twisted psyche." Ranked 43rd by "Spin," their staff said that "Our Lord and Savior Yeezus Christ blacks out about mass incarceration and never-not-mutating racism atop a vaporous mountain of Louis Vuitton pipedreams." The song earned a nomination at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards for Impact Track, and World's Best Song at the 2013 World Music Awards.


title: Black Skinhead

text: For the five months leading up to the single's announcement, West worked on a music video for "Black Skinhead" with photographer Nick Knight. The music video was leaked to the Internet on July 8, 2013. Shortly afterwards, West stated via Twitter that the leaked version of the video was incomplete and released without his approval; the song's title was stylized as "BLKKK SKKKN HD" in the tweet. On July 21, 2013, the final version was officially released as an interactive video on West's website. Its interactive portion allows users to control the video's speed down to almost one-sixteenth the normal rate, as well as take screenshots for use on social media platforms. The user's cursor changes to that of a black hand giving the finger when interacting with the video. Pitchfork Media noted that apart from interactivity, the video itself is identical to the version that was leaked ahead of the single's release.


title: Black Skinhead

text: The video opens with three figures wearing black conical hoods, reminiscent of those worn by the Ku Klux Klan; the hoods form a black border that envelops most of the screen, while the silhouettes of the outlying cones stay on each end. The music video has a blurred black-and-white background within it. The primary action takes place in the middle portion of the screen occupied by a shirtless, computer-generated version of West, wearing a long chain and leather pants It raps the song's lyrics and dances. West appears in various forms: a rough, spiky animatic; a silhouetted model; one whose upper torso save the face is covered in talc; a heavily muscled version; and a nude version with rows of subdermal implants on the shoulders and chest. Interspersed with his figure are several brief flashes of snarling dobermanns and other predatory animals.


title: Black Skinhead

text: The music video for "Black Skinhead" received praise from critics. Harriet Gibsone of "The Guardian" described it as "demand[ing] your attention, and so it should", calling it "a startling vision of West's most ferocious track". Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" viewed the music video as something that "looks pretty awesome", writing: "It's impressive, though honestly it's not nearly as good a promotional clip for 'Black Skinhead' as the trailer for "The Wolf of Wall Street"."


title: Black Skinhead

text: "Consequence of Sound" placed it 11th on its list of the 25 best music videos of 2013. "Rolling Stone" named it the ninth best music video of 2013.


title: Black Skinhead

text: At the 2013 Antville Music Video Awards, it was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video. It was also a nominee for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Black Skinhead

text: After its release as a single in the United States, "Black Skinhead" entered charts in North America. The track debuted at number 69 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. In the same week as its Hot 100 debut, the track also entered at number 21 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On the Canadian Hot 100, the song reached number 66.


title: Black Skinhead

text: The track charted in several countries worldwide. After being released as a single in the United Kingdom on June 19, 2013, "Black Skinhead" debuted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart and eventually peaked at number 34. It remained there for a total of 16 weeks and ranked as the 197th best-selling single of 2013 in the United Kingdom. In Scotland, the track also reached the top 40, charting at number 31 on the Scottish Singles Chart. The track reached number 55 on the Irish Singles Chart and charted at number 58 and 59 on the ARIA Singles Chart and the Belgium Ultratip Flanders chart respectively. Its lowest chart position was in France at number 105 on the SNEP chart.


title: Black Skinhead

text: On October 17, 2014, "Black Skinhead" was certified Platinum in Denmark, and in the United States by the RIAA on October 13, 2015. "Black Skinhead" went Platinum in the United Kingdom on November 23, 2018.


title: Black Skinhead

text: In addition to his pre-release performance on "Saturday Night Live" on May 18, 2013, West performed a version live in black-and-white, with a new intro and outro, on the French TV show "Le Grand Journal" on September 23. It ended with West collapsing on stage. Canadian rapper Drake brought West out at the fourth annual OVO Fest, where he performed the song while Drake stood beside him and waved his arm. As the opener for his set at the 2014 Wireless Festival, West ended the performance lying on his back. He also performed it in a surprise live gig at KOKO in March 2015. At the 2015 "Billboard" Music Awards, West segued into "Black Skinhead" from a performance of "All Day". He was censored at intervals during his performance, with lyrics such as "My leather black jeans on" muted. West was audible to home viewers for only four minutes and 16 seconds of his five-minute, 18 second performance. During his headline set at the 2015 Glastonbury Festival, his performance was restarted after it was interrupted by comedian Lee Nelson wearing a "Leezus" T-shirt. West performed the song live on the opening show of his Saint Pablo Tour in Indianapolis on August 25, 2016. He would perform it again with added instrumentation from an electric guitar for the "Free Larry Hoover" benefit concert at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on December 9, 2021.


title: Black Skinhead

text: Since its release, "Black Skinhead" has appeared in various media. The song was first featured in a trailer for the 2013 crime film "The Wolf of Wall Street". A mashup of it with "The Beautiful People" by Marilyn Manson was played by American DJ Girl Talk at a North Carolina show in July 2013. American rapper Angel Haze freestyled over the song in October 2013 as part of their 30 Gold series. In June 2014, a cover version was performed by American singer Jack White as the opener to his live concert in Dublin, Ireland. A mashup of "Black Skinhead" and "Shoot the Runner" by Kasabian was performed by indie rock band Catfish and the Bottlemen on the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge in February 2015. The song was used in a 2015 television advert for Sky Bet. It was used in the opening scene for the 2016 period drama TV series "Underground", and a cover by Jacques Slade, THURZ & El Prez was featured in the 2016 American comedy film "". The song was used in the 2016 American superhero film "Suicide Squad", and in the trailer for the 2017 American action thriller spy film "Atomic Blonde" as part of a mashup with "Personal Jesus" by English electronic band Depeche Mode. The track is part of the soundtrack for the 2017 video game "WWE 2K18". Jaden Smith sampled the song on "Watch Me" from his debut album "Syre" (2017). The track appeared in a 2018 car commercial for the Toyota Camry. The song was used in a trailer for the Android smartphone Motorola Moto X in 2013. "Black Skinhead" is one of the penalty kill songs that NHL team Colorado Avalanche use. The Toronto Marlies of the AHL has used it as its goal song since the 2015 - 2016 season. Billie Eilish revealed that "Black Skinhead" inspired her single "Bury a Friend". In 2020, Bono included the song on a list of 60 songs that "saved his life". Why Don't We sampled "Black Skinhead" in their 2020 single "Fallin' (Adrenaline)".


title: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan

text: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (born 4 July 1979) is a Turkish businessman, the owner of MB Denizcilik, and the eldest son of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey.


title: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan

text: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan was born in Istanbul on 4 July 1979, the son of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his wife Emine Erdoğan, and educated at İmam Hatip school. He has a bachelor's degree from Istanbul Bilgi University. As with all his siblings, his higher education was paid for by Remzi Gür, a Turkish textile entrepreneur and friend of the Erdoğan family. In 1998, the Turkish classical music singer Sevim Tanürek died in Istanbul after a period in intensive care after being hit by a car driven by Erdoğan, who reportedly did not have a driving licence and fled the scene. Erdoğan ultimately received no punishment. Following the accident involving Tanürek, he left Turkey to study economics in London.


title: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan

text: He bought a shipping company together with Mustafa Erdoğan and Ziya İlgen in 2006 and they named it Bumerz. In 2007 Erdoğan co-founded the shipping company MB Denizcilik together with Mecit Çetinkaya, who as well owns the sea freight company Manta Denizcilik. In November 2013, MB bought a sixth ship, "Pretty", built in China for over $20 million and with a capacity of 91,000 tons, to add to the existing five ships, "Safran 1", "Sakarya", "G. İnebolu", "Cihan" and "Bosna" that it owns. The acquisition of "Pretty" almost doubled the company's shipping capacity. In 2013, "Ynetnews" reported that one of MB's ships, 95-metre "Safran-1" had travelled several times between Turkish and Israeli ports despite the poor relations between the two countries, and that in the Turkish Parliament, opposition MPs had asked his father: "Has your son been exempted from the trade embargo against Israel? Is it ethical? What share of the volume of trade with Israel did the ship owned by your son take?" "Ynetnews" noted that no formal trade embargo had existed at the time, except for arms sales.


title: Ahmet Burak Erdoğan

text: In 2015, "Aydınlık" reported that Erdoğan now owned 99% of MB (with Çetinkaya owning the other 1%) and that MB owned tankers worth US$80 million.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Troop Beverly Hills is a 1989 American comedy film. It is produced by the Weintraub Entertainment Group and directed by Jeff Kanew, starring Shelley Long, Craig T. Nelson, Betty Thomas, Mary Gross, Stephanie Beacham and introducing Jenny Lewis as Hannah Nefler. The film features a host of young actors, including Carla Gugino, Kellie Martin, Emily Schulman, Ami Foster, and Tori Spelling.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: The film follows Beverly Hills housewife Phyllis Nefler (Shelley Long) as she decides to become a leader of a local troop of Wilderness Girls to prove to her husband she can finish anything she sets her mind to. Phyllis becomes an unlikely den mother to the girls, who aren’t taken seriously by other troops. When Phyllis falls afoul of a rival troop leader, the girls face the possibility of having their group dissolved—unless they can prove their wilderness skills at the annual jamboree.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Though the film was not a financial success during its release, it has since acquired a cult following as a 1980s kids’ movie with a feminist message. In 2020, a sequel was announced to be in development.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Phyllis Nefler is a socialite wife recently separated from her husband Freddy, a wealthy owner of an auto shop chain. In an attempt to maintain the relationship with her daughter Hannah during the contentious divorce, Phyllis becomes the den mother of Hannah's unruly, leaderless local girl scout troop of Wilderness Girls.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Their first campout results in the troop getting caught in a rain squall, prompting Phyllis to take the girls to “camp out” at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Despite her lack of wilderness skills, Phyllis demonstrates an unwavering commitment to the girls' well-being and becomes a surrogate mother to the troop. She resolves to teach the girls how to survive in "the wilds of Beverly Hills", even customizing new merit badges for her troop.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Phyllis' unorthodox methods run afoul of another scout leader, Velda Plendor, a mean-spirited, retired army nurse who runs the Culver City "Red Feathers", of which her own daughter Cleo is a member of. Because Velda has considerable influence at the regional council level, she declares Phyllis' customized merit badges ineligible. Velda sends her assistant troop leader Annie Herman to infiltrate Troop Beverly Hills and sabotage them. Velda and Annie’s attempts at sabotage prove unsuccessful, as Velda’s boss and regional council leader Frances Temple states that while Phyllis may have unusual methods, she has taken an active interest in these girls and is trying to help them learn to survive their personal environment.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Troop Beverly Hills can gain recognition from the regional council by passing a series of tests at an upcoming Jamboree. In order to qualify, the troop needs to sell 1,000 boxes of cookies. To prevent this, Velda one-ups Troop Beverly Hills by selling cookies in their own neighborhood. Annie breaks ties with Velda and sides with Phyllis. The Troop ends up selling over 4,000 boxes of cookies, more than enough to qualify for the Jamboree. At a party for the Troop, Velda takes her anger out on Annie, who snaps back, standing up to her superior for the first time.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Meanwhile, Phyllis reconnects with Freddy, who tells her he is proud she has accomplished something. However, Phyllis soon learns that Freddy still wants to proceed with the divorce, including seeking joint custody of Hannah, which devastates Phyllis. She decides to disband the troop, but Hannah and the other girls change her mind, telling Phyllis she has given them a new sense of self-esteem.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: During the Jamboree, the Red Feathers trick Troop Beverly Hills during the competition by misdirecting them into a snake-infested swamp. Luckily, a skunk scares them into running through a shortcut, making them first in the qualifying event. The next day, Velda cheats again by cutting a rope bridge after her troop crosses and by leading them into a restricted area used only for hunting. However, Velda falls and breaks her ankle. The Red Feathers, now led by Cleo, abandon Velda for the sake of winning. Troop Beverly Hills repairs the bridge and finds Velda. Tessa diagnoses her broken ankle (and a severe personality disorder). The girls reluctantly carry her to the finish line after Phyllis reminds them that they have to be considerate to those in need — especially a fellow Wilderness Girl.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Though the Red Feathers cross the finish line first, they are disqualified because council law stipulates the leader must be with the troop. Troop Beverly Hills is declared the winners of the Jamboree and are recognized as Wilderness Girls. Frances fires Velda for cheating and for placing the Troop Beverly Hills girls in jeopardy. Freddy, intrigued by Phyllis's complete turnaround, shows interest in calling off the divorce and they reconcile.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: The next year, Troop Beverly Hills is the designated Poster Troop. Velda is forced to take a job at Kmart after her actions made her virtually unemployable, and a final scene shows her making a store-wide announcement about cookies.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Writer and producer Ava Ostern Fries’ experience as a Girl Scout troop leader in Beverly Hills provided the inspiration for the film.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Many landmarks in Beverly Hills are seen throughout the film, including the Beverly Hills Hotel, Cristophe Salon, Jane Fonda's "Workout", Wolfgang Puck's Spago, and Rodeo Drive. Various celebrities, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Cheech Marin, also make cameo appearances in the film.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: "Troop Beverly Hills" was poorly received by critics during its release. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a rating of 14% based on 28 reviews. Roger Ebert criticized the film for not being the “merciless evisceration of the lifestyles of the rich” that he expected, but instead more of a morality story arc for Shelley Long’s character.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: While some reviews lambasted the script for its formulaic underdog story, others chided the film for its attempt to portray Beverly Hills youth as underdogs, with "The Washington Post"’s Rita Kempley writing, “Pity the poor little Beverlies: Children from lower income groups laugh at their Giorgio boutique backpacks. Then Velda strips the girls of the badges they've earned for facials and pricing jewelry. She further derides them for holding their camp-out at the Beverly Hills Hotel, where they tell horror stories about bad haircuts.”


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: Some critics called attention to Long’s comedic performance as one of the film’s strengths. Janet Maslin of "The" "New York Times" wrote, “‘"Troop Beverly Hills"’ is a one-idea movie, and the idea isn't new. But it isn't threadbare either, thanks to the indefatigable pluck of Shelley Long, who plays a spiritual sister to Private Benjamin”.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: In the years since its release, the film has become a cult classic for its subtle feminist message and being illustrative of the 1980s, having gained newer audiences through repeat airings on Disney Channel in the 1990s. Writing for "Elle" in 2014"," Elissa Strauss contended the film’s sympathy for its young protagonists, its refusal “to reduce the characters and setting down to a punch line,” and an “unrestrained celebration of girliness, glorious girliness” are precisely what has helped the film endure as a classic.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: In a retrospective piece for "Birth.Movies.Death", Ashlee Blackwell wrote, In the end, it's the troop’s persistence and support of each other, even in moments of doubt, that carries them to a win at the climatic Wilderness Jamboree competition…"Troop Beverly Hills" thoughtfully exposes the complexities of divorce, social/class culture and personal growth in a light comedy very much loyal to its time. The film tampers with audience expectations of people with money, blurring the lines of good/bad, rich/not rich. "Troop Beverly Hills" dared to tell young girls (and women) to never compromise the best of yourself for people or things…Even with its blemishes, "Troop Beverly Hills"’ heart was always in the right place. What a thrill.


title: Troop Beverly Hills

text: In the music video for her song "She's Not Me", Jenny Lewis, who played Hannah in the film, referenced the movie as part of her roles as a child actor. In the video, Lewis and actors Zosia Mamet, Vanessa Bayer, and Leo Fitzpatrick wear the "Troop Beverly Hills" uniforms.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Learjet 45 (LJ45) aircraft is a mid-size business jet aircraft produced by the Learjet Division of Bombardier Aerospace.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 was the first all-new design since the original Learjet, and significantly altered the Learjet line. Through its four primary variants – the original Model 45, the Model 45XR, Model 40 and Model 40XR – it was the Learjet Division's principal product from the 1990s until the introduction of the Model 75 variant in 2012.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 was developed in the 1990s as a competitor in the "super-light" business jet category, a rival to the popular Cessna Citation Excel / XLS – but sacrificing the Cessna's stand-up room for the Learjet family's traditional high-speed performance.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 was Learjet's first completely new ("clean sheet") design since the company's first aircraft (all other models having been evolved from the original 1963 Learjet design, the Model 23). The Model 45 was developed to make Learjets fundamentally more competitive against newer designs from competing manufacturers. But, as a clean-sheet design (starting from scratch), being built to more rigorous (FAR Part 25) rules than previous Learjets, the aircraft's development took substantially longer than that of previous Learjet models.


title: Learjet 45

text: The development of the LJ45 began in 1989, but was not announced by Bombardier until September, 1992. First flight of the prototype aircraft took place on October 7, 1995 – the 32nd anniversary of the first flight of the original Learjet 23. FAA certification was delayed, and finally granted in September 1997, with the first customer aircraft subsequently delivered in mid-1998. The aviation magazine "Flying" reported that the Lear 45 was first certified under FAR Part 25 (transport category rules) in 1998.


title: Learjet 45

text: Initially, delays in production resulted in frustrated customers and lost or delayed revenues. Some customers' orders were delayed more than two years.


title: Learjet 45

text: By late 2006, Learjet had delivered over 300 Model 45s (40 of which were its improved version, the Model 45XR). By November 2010, over 500 of the Model 45 and 45XR had been delivered.


title: Learjet 45

text: Initially, numerous mechanical and electrical problems began appearing in the aircraft after delivery – including cracked windshields, problems with pressurization, fried power distribution panels, and inappropriate alarms. These and other problems commonly forced Model 45 operators to ground their aircraft about once a month, limiting their use.


title: Learjet 45

text: Problems came to a head in August 2003, when the FAA discovered a defective fastener for the Model 45's horizontal stabilizer could break, sending the airplane into a fatal dive. The FAA grounded all Learjet 45s, across the nation, and they all sat on the ground for a month, while the manufacturer struggled to develop a fix and get it to aircraft in the field.


title: Learjet 45

text: By 2007, Model 45 operators were said to have a "love-hate" relationship with the aircraft – appreciating its exceptional combination of performance, payload and economics, but frustrated by frequent maintenance problems, often grounding the aircraft, and difficulty getting prompt and adequate product support and parts. However, 10 years later, a 2017 "Used Aircraft Report" by "Business & Commercial Aviation" magazine indicated that owners now regard the aircraft as "gas-and-go airplane" and credit it "with great reliability," and the article's author, B/CA senior editor Fred George, describes it as "a rock-solid reliable workhorse."


title: Learjet 45

text: In size, the LJ45 and LJ45XR fit between the smaller Learjet 31 and Learjet 40, at the low end, and the larger Learjet 60 at the top of the Learjet product line. It offers the operating economics typical of a "light" business jet, but the performance and comfort of a "mid-size" business jet.


title: Learjet 45

text: The plane was designed around a flat-floor cabin, with a non-circular cross-section for additional headroom. Typical interior configuration is eight passenger seats, in a double-club seating arrangement, and a fully enclosed toilet (usable as a 9th seat) and an adjoining 15-cubic-foot baggage area. An external 50-cubic-foot baggage area is also provided.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 was Learjet's first "clean-sheet" (all-new) design since the development of the original Model 23. (All previous models had been derivatives of the Model 23, with the wide-fuselage Model 55 and Model 60 utilizing the basic wing design originating in the Model 23, but with extensions and winglets; some, however, view the Model 55 as a "clean sheet" design, also.)


title: Learjet 45

text: Previous Learjet designs had used rigorous, extensive "fail-safe" structures in the wing and tail assemblies, with numerous wing spars providing a highly reinforced structure (derived from the Swiss-designed P-16 prototype fighter that was the original basis for the first Learjet) – but the Model 45, instead, used a lighter, less-robust structure, affording less cost in manufacture and lower aircraft empty weights, resulting in improved capacity, efficiency and some performance enhancement (for a given amount of engine power), at a competitive price.


title: Learjet 45

text: Outwardly, however, the Model 45 retained the traditional Learjet appearance, with its semi-swept wing, T-tail, sharp nose, and wrap-around windshield – while using engines and avionics similar to those in the Model 60.


title: Learjet 45

text: It also incorporated two conspicuous modifications pioneered on earlier Learjets: the "delta fins" (twin ventral fins, positioned to help stabilize the aircraft in flight, and help right the aircraft in a deep aerodynamic stall) – and winglets (upturned wingtips to reduce induced drag and improve stability). Among other characteristics, the design has reportedly yielded the most benign stall characteristics of any "light" business jet to date (as of 2017).


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 cockpit is equipped with a four-screen Honeywell Primus 1000 EFIS avionics system, but it uses obsolete CRT screens, rather than modern LCD screens, in resulting substantial maintenance costs (though a $300,000 LCD-display upgrade is available).


title: Learjet 45

text: The aircraft is powered by two DEEC-controlled Honeywell TFE731-20-AR turbofan engines, rated at 3,500 pounds thrust, each, in sea-level temperatures up to 88 °F – a fuel-efficient, "understressed," derated version of the 4,435 lb thrust TFE731-40 – developed specifically for the Learjet 45. Recommended engine TBO (time between overhauls) is 5,000 hours.


title: Learjet 45

text: At normal atmospheric conditions, zero-wind takeoff runway requirements range from 4,200 feet (for a stripped, basic plane with a basic operating weight of 11,700 pounds) to 5,040 feet for a fully equipped model, with auxiliary power unit and other upgrades (14,200 lbs).


title: Learjet 45

text: However, the engine exhibits poor performance in high-density altitude situations (such as takeoff from hot, humid or high-elevation airports), often resulting in long runway requirements. (Engine power deficiency in high-density altitudes was largely resolved by the engine upgrade to the -20BR engine variant in the Learjet 45XR variant of the Learjet 45 – an engine upgrade which is also available as a retrofit to the older Learjet 45, and widely recommended.)


title: Learjet 45

text: An internal auxiliary power unit, for ground use, provides electrical and pneumatic power, permits easy starts, without ground power units, and enables aircraft cooling or heating while on the ground, without the engines operating. However, the auxiliary power unit was initially optional, rather than standard, equipment.


title: Learjet 45

text: The wing has 13 degrees of wing sweep with a supercritical airfoil optimized for cruise flight at Mach 0.78. Though there are no leading-edge slats or wing fences, the wing has vortilons on the leading edge, to avoid spanwise flow, and small metal triangles on the leading edge to minimize airflow separation during flight at a high angle of attack.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Lear 45 was certified under FAR Part 25 (transport category rules), rather than FAR Part 23 (often used in earlier business jets). The stricter Part 25 certification requires greater system redundancy, and requires that the airplane reliably meets the performance numbers published in the aircraft's FAA-approved Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH).


title: Learjet 45

text: Dual-wheel, trailing link, main landing gear is provided, with digital nosewheel steering facilitating tight turns. Single-point pressure refueling is also provided, expediting turnarounds.


title: Learjet 45

text: De Havilland Canada builds the LJ45's wings, and Bombardier subsidiary Short Brothers of Belfast, Northern Ireland, builds the fuselage and empennage.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Learjet 45XR is an upgraded version of the Model 45, introduced in June 2004, offering substantially higher takeoff weights, faster cruise speeds and faster time-to-climb rates than the Model 45, chiefly through modifications to the engine.


title: Learjet 45

text: The XR allowed a gross weight 1,000 pounds greater than the original Model 45, greatly increasing payload and fuel/range options. The aircraft also has exceptionally short runway requirements for mid-size bizjets, capable of loaded flights from 4,000-foot runways.


title: Learjet 45

text: The 45XR's performance and specifications increases are due to the upgrading of the engines to the TFE731-20BR configuration, flat-rated to 3,500 pounds thrust, even at 104 degrees Fahrenheit, well above the 88-degree mark for that power from the original Model 45's TFE731-20 engines.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 45 cockpit is equipped with a four-screen Honeywell Primus 1000 EFIS avionics system, with TCAS and EGPWS.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 40, first delivered in 2003, is a two-foot (24.5 inches) shorter variant of the Model 45, with less passenger room, but otherwise comparable characteristics and performance data. The model 40 also lacked an auxiliary power unit.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 40XR, introduced in 2004, is a higher-performance variant of the Model 40, with the same modifications as used to convert the Model 45 into the Model 45XR.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Learjet Model 75 variant, first delivered in 2012, is essentially a Model 45XR with more modern engines, engine systems, and Garmin 5000 avionics, and more efficient winglets.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 75's Honeywell TFE731-40BR engines yield 10% more takeoff thrust (3,850 pounds) than the -20BR engines powering the Model 45XR, cutting required runway length 12%, allowing a sea-level, standard-day takeoff within 4,440 ft., (versus the Model 45XR's fully equipped need for 5,040 ft). In these conditions, the Model 75 can take off from a 4,500-foot runway, with a full load of passengers and fuel, and fly 1,800 nautical miles (2,070 statute miles).


title: Learjet 45

text: As with the original Model 45, the Model 75 was initially delivered in a stripped-down form, with many features only offered as options, rather than as standard equipment). However, the aircraft does come equipped with an auxiliary power unit, and thrust reversers (rare in light business jets). Early units had minor quality problems and defects.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 75 was first FAA-certified in 2013, and took the place of the Model 45XR, becoming the division's principal product. Since 2015 (as of 2017), it is the division's only product.


title: Learjet 45

text: The Model 70, introduced in 2013, is a shortened variant of the Model 75 – alternatively described as an upgraded Model 40XR, with the same modifications as used to convert the Model 45XR into the Model 75. It was far less popular than the Model 75, and was dropped from the Learjet line in 2015.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Dina Vadimovna Belenkaya (Russian: Дина Вадимовна Беленькая; born 22 December 1993) is a Russian-Israeli chess player, commentator, Twitch streamer, and YouTuber who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She is a four-time St. Petersburg women's champion, and has represented St. Petersburg at the Russian Women's Team Championship and the European Club Cup for Women. She has a peak FIDE rating of 2364.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya was taught how to play chess at age three by her mother, a local children's chess coach. Despite limited achievements at the junior level, Belenkaya has had more success in adult competitions, beginning with her victory in the Russian Women's Championship First League in 2011 at age 17. She earned the Woman Grandmaster title in 2016 after achieving norms at open tournaments in France in three successive years beginning in 2014. She exceeded the score requirement for all three of her WGM norms, and earned International Master (IM) norms at each of these tournaments as well. Having obtained all three of the IM norms that are required, she only needs to reach the rating threshold of 2400 to be awarded the IM title. Belenkaya's best tournament performance was at the 2014 Open International d'Echecs d'Avoine, where she earned WGM and IM norms with a bronze medal finish and a performance rating of 2557. She was a participant at the 2021 Women's Chess World Cup, having qualified through her result at the 2019 European Individual Women's Chess Championship. Belenkaya switched federations from Russia to Israel in March 2022.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya and her sister Asya have Twitch and YouTube channels named "TheBelenkaya" that were launched in 2020. Belenkaya is also a regular commentator for online and over-the-board chess events.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Dina Vadimovna Belenkaya was born on 22 December 1993 in St. Petersburg. Her mother Asya Kovalyova has been a children's chess coach for over 30 years and notably was the first coach of Anish Giri, who has since become a Grandmaster (GM) and has been ranked as high as No. 3 in the world. Belenkaya learned how to play chess from her mother at age three and began competing at age five. When she was 10 years old, she began working with Andrey Praslov, a FIDE Master (FM) who was a coach at the same chess club as her mother.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya earned her first FIDE rating in April 2007 at age 13, starting out at 1872 after participating in the Winter on Petrograd Side Open in January. The next month, she played the St. Petersburg Women's Championship for the first time. Belenkaya reached a rating of 2000 in October 2008 at age 14 after a good performance in the Lyudmila Rudenko Memorial Women's Open where she scored an even 4/8 against opponents with a much higher average rating of 2242. At the end of the year, she finished in joint first at the under-18 girls' St. Petersburg Championships with a score of 6½/9.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya first reached a rating of 2100 in 2010 and a rating of 2200 at the end of 2011. She was awarded the Woman FIDE Master (WFM) title in 2010. Her best result of 2011 came in February when she won the Russian Women's Championship First League in Ivanovo at age 17. She scored 8/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2192. She compiled a performance rating of 2543 and had three wins against players rated above 2300, namely Maria Fominykh, Inna Ivakhinova, and Daria Charochkina. This was the last edition of the First League. During 2012, Belenkaya finished in joint fourth with a score of 5½/9 at the Cup of Russia women's second stage, behind Olga Girya, Aleksandra Goryachkina, and Ekaterina Timofeeva, all of whom were much higher rated.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya continued to maintain a rating in the low 2200s through mid-2014. Early in 2013, she defeated Igor Shvyrjov, an Estonian Grandmaster rated 2470, in the IM group of the Paul Keres Memorial Festival. After a bronze medal in the Russian girls' under-21 junior championship, she participated in the European Individual Women's Chess Championship for the first time. With the tournament in Belgrade, she scored 5/11, highlighted by an opening round win against Elisabeth Pähtz, a German International Master (IM) rated 2454. Belenkaya had her first significant rating increase since 2011 during the August 2014 rating period when she gained over 100 rating points from two tournaments to rise to 2329, above the threshold of 2300 needed for the Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title. First, she gained 30 rating points at the European Individual Women's Chess Championship with an even score of 5½/11 against opponents with an average rating of 2321. She followed up this result by winning the bronze medal at the Open International d'Echecs d'Avoine in France behind two Grandmasters, Maxime Lagarde and Alon Greenfeld. She scored 7/9 with a performance rating of 2557, highlighted by victories over four International Masters. Her only loss was to the tournament winner Lagarde. Overall, she gained 76 rating points. She also earned her first WGM norm by scoring well above the 5½ points that were required, and also earned her first IM norm.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: For much of her career as an adult, Belenkaya has kept her rating in-between 2250 and 2350. Amidst a series of poor results in the first half of 2015 that led her rating to drop as low as 2213, she had a good result in March when she won the St. Petersburg Women's Championship for the first time. She scored 7½/9, a ½ point ahead of runner-up Alina Balaian. In the second half of the year, Belenkaya regained all of the rating points she had lost and reached a new peak rating of 2352. Her biggest rating increase was again in August, when she gained 30 points in the Russian Women's Championship Higher League and 62 points at the Festival International de Condom in France. The latter tournament was a ten-player round-robin. Despite being the lowest-rated player, she scored 6/9 to finish runner-up to Serghei Vedmediuc, a Moldovan IM. She earned both her second WGM norm and her second IM norm, the former of which with a ½ point more than what was needed.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya was awarded the Woman Grandmaster title in 2016. For the second consecutive year, she earned both a WGM norm and an IM norm at the Festival International de Condom, thereby clinching the WGM title. As the second-lowest rated player, she finished in joint first with three other players a score of 6/9, but came in fourth because of the tiebreak criteria. Her score was 1 point higher than the required score for the WGM norm. During 2017, Belenkaya won the bronze medal at the Moscow Open B, the women's division of the tournament, behind Oksana Gritsayeva and Alina Kashlinskaya. At the end of the year, she won another bronze medal by reaching the semifinals of the Russian Cup for Women. She knocked out Alexandra Makarenko in the first round before losing to Elena Tomilova.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Early in 2018, Belenkaya defeated Luke McShane, an English Grandmaster, at the Bunratty Masters, a six-round unrated Swiss tournament in Ireland. With a rating of 2643 at the time, McShane is the highest-rated player she has defeated. Belenkaya's best tournament performances in 2018 included winning the St. Petersburg Women's Championship for the second time and gaining 42 rating points in the Serbian Women's League. She reached a peak rating of 2364 early the following year in February 2019. One of her best results in 2019 was at the European Individual Women's Chess Championship in Antalya, where she scored 7/11 to finish in 22nd place and earn the 14th and final qualification spot for the inaugural Women's World Cup. She defeated three International Masters during the event, namely Nataliya Buksa, Evgenija Ovod, and Sophie Milliet, the last two of which in the final two rounds.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya won the St. Petersburg Women's Championship for a third and a fourth time in 2020 and 2021 to give her the sixth most tournament wins among women in the city's history. At the inaugural Women's World Cup in 2021, Belenkaya was the 66th seed out of 103 competitors. She was eliminated in the first round by 63rd seed Teodora Injac, losing both classical games. Belenkaya changed her federation to Israel in March 2022.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: In December 2022, Belenkaya competed against Andrea Botez in the Mogul Chessboxing Championship; hosted by Ludwig Ahgren. The fight consisted of 7 rounds alternating of chess and boxing, until a player/fighter got a TKO or was checkmated. As Belenkaya could checkmate in one move, Botez was successful in stalling to run down time for a final round of boxing to get a TKO. During the final round of boxing, Belenkaya seemed to escape a TKO and go back to chess. With only 6 seconds remaining, Botez resigned instead of allowing checkmate and Belenkaya was announced the winner. The win became controversial, as viewers noticed that Botez had actually received a TKO that was not noticed by officials, and the referee for the match was criticised for the way the TKO was managed. The organizer's Twitter account "Mogul Moves" announced an updated result after a review of the fight "...[Botez] should have been awarded a TKO after the referee initiated the fourth standing count of the fight". The update resulted in both Belenkaya and Botez being winners. Botez's sister criticised the ref immediately after the match, while Botez criticised the ref on her Twitch stream and recalled that the ref apologised to her for the TKO mistake. Belenkaya suggested a rematch in Russia to follow the Rocky saga; referencing Rocky IV. After criticism due to the Russian invasion of the Ukraine, she clarified, ""I choose Russia to follow the rules of the Rocky saga, not as a political move/view of any sort.""


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya has competed in the Russian Women's Team Championship six times since 2015. Representing the St. Petersburg team SDYUSSHOR SHSH (Specialized Children and Youth Olympic Reserve School Chess and Checkers) in 2015, she won a silver medal in the 2015 ten-team tournament together with Anastasia Bodnaruk, Evgenija Ovod, and Alina Balaian. This result also earned them a place in the European Club Cup later that year. Individually, Belenkaya did not fare well, scoring 3/7 and losing 9 rating points. Belenkaya fared better at her following appearances in the event, gaining rating points at her next five Russian Women's Team Championships. The team won the silver medal again in 2016 with a similar set of players, only moving Balaian to the reserve board and replacing her with Anna Styazhkina. Belenkaya scored 5/8 and gained 10 rating points. While the team only won the bronze medal in 2017 and 2018, Belenkaya scored 5/7 and 6/8 those years, gaining 16 and 11 rating points respectively. The team won the silver medal again in 2019. Although they did not win a medal in 2021, Belenkaya had a performance rating of 2434, her best at the event, and gained 37 rating points.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya also played on the same SDYUSSHOR SHSH team for the European Club Cup for Women. At the 2015 event, SDYUSSHOR SHSH finished in seventh place out of twelve teams. They finished in seventh place again the following year in 2016, this time out of fourteen teams. Like the national competition, Belenkaya had a better result in her second appearance, scoring 4½/7 and gaining rating points in 2016 compared to a score of 3½/7 in 2015 that lost her rating points. Belenkaya's best team result was in 2018 when the competition was divided into a two-group six-team round-robin stage and a three-group four-team two-round knockout stage in which the groups were determined by the round-robin placings. SDYUSSHOR SHSH qualified for the top knockout group and finished in fourth place. Although Belenkaya lost rating points in both 2018 and 2019, her victories against higher-rated players Stavroula Tsolakidou and Zhansaya Abdumalik helped her team earn opening-round draws in both instances.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya has competed in the Women's Bundesliga in Germany since 2015. She has played for Bad Königshofen since 2016 after her original team, SF 1891 Friedberg, dissolved after her first year. With Belenkaya playing for the club, Bad Königshofen won the league in back-to-back editions in 2018–19 and 2019–21. Belenkaya had excellent results in both championship seasons. She scored 8½/9 during the 2018–19 season, defeating all of her opponents except Karina Ambartsumova, a Woman Grandmaster rated 2396. Her overall performance rating was 2537. The following season, Bad Königshofen entered the final round needing a draw against second-place SK Schwäbisch Hall to clinch the title. In the final match, Belenkaya defeated Irina Bulmaga, an International Master rated 2396, to help her team draw the match and win the league. Overall, Belenkaya had a score of 6½/8, corresponding to a performance rating of 2453 and also highlighted by a win against Zhansaya Abdumalik, who was rated 2471 at the time.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya has also competed in leagues in France and Serbia. In late 2019, Belenkaya defeated Momchil Nikolov, a Grandmaster rated 2557, in the French league. Belenkaya played on the top board for the Sahmatni Kruzok team based in Novi Sad for the 2019 Serbian Women's League.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 (the King's Pawn Game) with the white pieces over any other first moves. With the black pieces, she commonly defends against 1.e4 with the Caro–Kann Defence (1.e4 c6) and commonly defends against 1.d4 (the Queen's Pawn Game) with the Queen's Gambit Accepted (1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4).


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya began streaming chess on Twitch in April 2020 towards the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic after being invited by Alexandra Botez to compete in the Isolated Queens women's online chess tournament that she was organizing. Belenkaya used the fact that only competitors who streamed their participation were eligible for prizes as motivation to figure out how to stream and launch a channel. She signed to stream for Chess.com early that April and collaborates with other streamers who are part of their platform. Her sister Asya, an artist and a beginner-level chess player, later joined the channel around July 2020, adding more variety. Around the same that Belenkaya started streaming on Twitch, she also launched a YouTube channel with similar types of content. Both the Twitch and YouTube channels are eponymously named "TheBelenkaya" in reference to the two sisters.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya has served as a commentator both for over-the-board and online events. She was an official commentator for the 2021 World Cup with Aleksandr Shimanov, a Russian Grandmaster. She conducted the official post-game interviews at the 2022 FIDE Grand Prix. For Chess.com, she has commentated for a variety of their online events including the weekly Titled Tuesdays and the Speed Chess Championship.


title: Dina Belenkaya

text: Belenkaya graduated from St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University in 2018 with a degree in applied linguistics. She is trilingual with fluency in English, Russian, and French, having learned the latter in part through spending two semesters in France. Belenkaya is a Master of Sports of Russia.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The Social Democratic Party of India, popularly known as SDPI, is an Indian political party which was founded on 21 June 2009 in New Delhi. The party is considered the political wing of the banned Islamic organization Popular Front of India (PFI). It was registered with the Election Commission of India on 13 April 2010. M. K. Faizy is the party's national president.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The 2016 Jisha murder case spawned agitation throughout Kerala for speedier justice. The SDPI stopped Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy, who had come to Perumbavur to meet with relatives of the slain woman. After his visit, Chandy said that the investigations were being conducted efficiently.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In line with the Right to Education Act, the SDPI sought to reserve 25 percent of private-school seats in Tamil Nadu's Tirunelveli district for the 2015 academic year. Its petition to the district collector also asked for transparency in school admissions and fees.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI held protests across India against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), and burned copies of the bill. In Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, members of SDPI hoisted national flags at their homes and shops. Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan accused the party of using the CAA protests to create division.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI supported protesting farmers in Delhi, and conducted statewide protests in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. On 26 January 26 2021 in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, party members carried a coffin made from banana leaves, bamboo trees, and vegetables to demonstrate that the farm laws do not safeguard the farmers' interests. In Karnataka, SDPI members and others rallied in Belthangady to support the farmers' protest.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In April 2015, the party protested a fatal police encounter with 20 workers from Tamil Nadu who were working in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The SDPI accused AP police of cloaking their attack as self-defence and demanded that the government lodge a criminal case against the police officers responsible for the killings.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In February 2016, around 30 SDPI members attempted to hold a "sleeping protest" in front of the Divisional Office of the Department of Highways, demanding the repair of the Palayamkottai–Papanasam road in Tamil Nadu. Other political parties and the public had repeatedly appealed to the Department of Highways to have the stretch of road re-laid. Officials had ignored the demands, wanting to re-lay only the stretches used by ministers and other VIPs during Tamil Nadu Governor Konijeti Rosaiah's visit to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In December 2016, the SDPI organized a nationwide campaign demanding the reconstruction of Babri Masjid on its original site; the mosque had been demolished in December 1992. During the campaign, the Dakshina Kannada SDPI district president was arrested for inciting communal hatred with a skit about the demolition. Protests were held in Tamil Nadu, Delhi, and Karnataka.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In March 2016, "Mathrubhumi" reprinted an offensive comment about Muhammad which had been initially posted on Facebook. The newspaper was forced to apologise after the party and other organizations protested outside "Mathrubhumi" offices, saying that the post "hurt the sentiments of the community".


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: On 28 April 2020, the Tamil Nadu SDPI filed public interest litigation (PIL) in the Madras High Court requesting the transport home of Tabligh Jamaat attendees from the state who were stranded in Delhi and other states. On 13 May 2020, the court directed the Tamil Nadu government to arrange transport and a quarantine facility for attendees stranded in Delhi.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The party also filed PIL in Madras High Court on 16 April 2020 alleging media bias in coronavirus news, seeking adherence with the Supreme Court's order to publish official information on the pandemic.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: Nine PFI and SDPI activists were found guilty of killing a Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) worker in 2008. SDPI activists were found guilty of murdering a Muslim Youth League worker in Kozhikode. SDPI members were arrested for the murder of a Congress worker in Chavakkad. Several SDPI offices have been raided by the Kerala Police. Suspected weapons-training camps and arms stockpiles were seized in Narath, Kannur district from the offices and other centres of the PFI and SDPI. Although the party denied any involvement, the charge sheet filed by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) blamed the PFI and the SDPI for conducting arms-training camps across Kerala as health-awareness camps and yoga classes. According to the FIR, the 24 people accused in the case were members of the PFI and the SDPI. Cases were registered under sections 143, 147, 153(B), R/W 149 of the IPC, section 5(1)(a) r/w 25(1)(a) of Arms Act, section 4 of the Explosives Act and section 18 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: Four SDPI activists were arrested for an attack on two CPI(M) members in Mangalam, Tirur on 29 January 2014. The SDPI accepted responsibility after a video of the violent attack was aired by major television channels. The party justified the attacks, however, saying that it needed to safeguard its members. According to the SDPI district president, the attack was an emotional reaction by its members to a CPM attack on one of its members that morning.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: A 23-year-old RSS worker was hacked to death in February 2021, allegedly by SDPI workers. The BJP observed a hartal to protest the killing. In December of that year, SDPI state secretary K. S. Shan was hacked to death by a group affiliated with RSS. According to the police, Shan's death was in retaliation to the February murder of the RSS' Nandu by SDPI workers. BJP OBC leader Ranjith Sneenivasan was then murdered in his home; police speculated that Sneenivasan's murder was connected to the previous two. SDPI leaders were arrested during the following days.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: A police investigation found that Kerala Muslims were involved in Mangaluru anti-CAA violence. Police alleged that provocative messages were shared by groups related to the PFI and the SDPI. Two people were arrested in connection with the violence and notices were issued to 30 others, including members of the PFI and SDPI.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: A private school in Karicode, Kerala, removed "Vande Mataram" from their 2014 Independence Day programme after SDPI workers threatened to disrupt the programme; some of the song's words, they said, opposed Muslim religious beliefs. Fearing trouble, school authorities dropped the national song and a "namaste" gesture from a dance number. The issue sparked protests from the youth organisations of several parties. The SDPI justified the changes to the programme, saying that the party approached the school after several parents complained that some words in "Vande Mataram" and the "namaste" gesture opposed their religious beliefs.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: On the night of 11 August 2020, violent clashes took place in the city of Bangalore, Karnataka. Provoked by an inflammatory Facebook post about Muhammad which was shared by the nephew of Indian National Congress state legislator Akhanda Srinivas Murthy, a crowd of Muslims arrived at his house for a protest which turned violent. Clashes between police and the crowd spread to the KG Halli and DJ Halli police stations. A curfew was imposed, and three people were killed after police opened fire on the crowd. Dozens of police officers and several journalists were injured by armed assailants, and Murthy's property was torched during the violence. The following day, over 100 people were arrested. Some protesters were reportedly led by SDPI members, and several party leaders were arrested.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: On 31 December 2020, SDPI workers reportedly caught shouted "Pakistan Zindabad" slogans in Karnataka; sedition charges were filed against them. The SDPI denied the allegations.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: Hijabs were brought to the attention of Karnataka media by Ansar Ahmed, district president of Karnataka Rakshana Vedike. The Campus Front of India (CFI), the student wing of the PFI, threatened a protest; this prompted the junior college to request a police presence. The SDPI also reportedly threatened to protest. College authorities met with the parents, and remained firm in their resolution not to allow religious attire.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI Is represented in 16 Indian states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Delhi, Rajasthan, Haryana and Manipur. The party has state- and district-level committees in most of the states, and has been a presence in recent elections. The party won 14 seats in four municipalities in a 2010 local election in Kerala. It received over 24,000 votes in the Jangipur parliamentary election in Bengal, and won a seat in Goa.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI did not win a seat in Karnataka, but the state party president noted its alliances with the Bahujan Samaj Party, Janata Dal (United) and the Lok Janshakti Party.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI fielded 29 candidates in six states. The party's 2014 Election Manifesto raised several issues about domestic and foreign policies, including popular needs, democratic rights, eradication of corruption, SCs/STs, minorities, a new national water policy, implementation of Ranganath Mishra Commission and Sachar Committee reports, and full literacy by 2020.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In Kerala, the party ran candidates in Ponnani and Malappuram. In Karnataka, the SDPIsupported by Janata Dal (Secular)contested in Dakshin Kannada. The JD-S extended its support "on the principles and ideologies laid by the party at the time of its (SDPI's) birth". Of the parties who contested the 2014 Indian general election in Kerala, the SDPI had the highest number of candidates (14 out of 20) with criminal charges. In the 16th Lok Sabha election, the party received 0.07 percent of the vote and did not win any seats.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The party contested for 15 seats in six states (Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Delhi) in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections. In Andhra Pradesh, the SDPI contested for one Lok Sabha seat and fielded two candidates in the Legislative Assembly elections. In Karnataka's Dakshina Kannada constituency, the SDPI received 46,839 votes (3.48 per cent of the vote). In Tamil Nadu, the SDPI allied with T. T. V. Dhinakaran's AMMK party in the Central Chennai constituency. SDPI national vice president KKSM Dehlan Baqavi received 23,741 votes (3.02 per cent).


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: In the May 2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, the SDPI contested for 24 seats; seven were in Dakshina Kannada district, and five were in Bangalore. Party state president Abdul Majeed stood against three-time legislator and former minister Tanveer Sait in Narasimharaja, a constituency dominated by Muslims. Majeed lost the election by 8,370 votes, finishing second.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI contested independently for 30 seats in the May 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election with a gas-cylinder party symbol. The party received 65,978 votes (0.15 per cent), and did not win any seats.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election was held on 16 May to elect representatives of 140 constituencies. The SDPI fielded candidates independently in 89 constituencies; it received 0.61 per cent of the vote, and did not win any seats.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI declared Abdul Majeed its candidate from the Narasimharaja constituency in the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, but Majeed failed to win.


title: Social Democratic Party of India

text: The SDPI contested the 2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections, and won one ward in the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation election.


title: City proper

text: A city proper is the geographical area contained within city limits. The term "proper" is not exclusive to cities; it can describe the geographical area within the boundaries of any given locality. The United Nations defines the term as "the single political jurisdiction which contains the historical city centre."


title: City proper

text: City proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. The other two are urban agglomeration, and the metropolitan area. In some countries, city limits that act as the demarcation for the city proper are drawn very wide, in some very narrow. This can be cause for recurring controversy.


title: City proper

text: In its strict sense, city proper is used as a technical term in demography, the statistical study of human populations. Under the title "World Urbanization Prospects", the United Nations issues every two years estimates and projections of the urban and rural populations of all countries of the world. The book defines the population of a city proper as "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city." The book continues to say that "city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives."


title: City proper

text: In demography, city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. The other two are urban agglomeration, and the metropolitan area. In addition, there are Census Statistical Areas and permutations thereof.


title: City proper

text: A United Nations University working paper titled "Urban Settlement" reviews the most commonly used data sources, and highlights the difficulties inherent in defining and measuring the size of urban versus rural populations. It says: "The city proper is determined by legal and administrative criteria, and typically comprises only those geographical areas that are part of a legally defined, and often historically-established administrative unit. However, many urban areas have grown far beyond the limits of the city proper, necessitating other measures. An urban agglomeration is the de facto population contained within the contours of a contiguous territory inhabited at urban density levels without regard to administrative boundaries’. Urban agglomerations are thus determined by density: the agglomeration ends where the density of settlement drops below some critical threshold. A still more comprehensive concept is the metropolitan area."


title: City proper

text: In short, there is no "right" manner to define a city or municipality; city proper is just one manner.


title: City proper

text: The term is a combination of "city" in the sense of "an incorporated administrative district", and "proper" in the sense of "strictly limited to a specified thing, place, or idea" or "strictly accurate". In encyclopedias, the term "city proper" is often used as an example to illustrate the meaning of the word "proper" in the sense of "tightly defined".


title: City proper

text: Especially when translated from the English or back, "city proper" sometimes takes on different meanings in different parts of the world. Some languages have no equivalent.


title: City proper

text: The United Nations Demographic Yearbook is compiled using questionnaires dispatched annually to more than 230 national statistical offices. These questionnaires ask for the country-specific definition of urban areas, rural areas and city proper. In its glossary, the Yearbook defines "city proper" as "a locality defined according to legal/political boundaries and an administratively recognized urban status that is usually characterized by some form of local government". In its data however, the United Nations Demographic Yearbook affords the individual countries considerable leeway over the definition of "city proper". The table titled "Population of capital cities and cities of 100 000 or more inhabitants" provides several country-specific definitions for "city proper" that diverge from the provided definition:


title: City proper

text: These definitions are those given for the purpose of the United Nations Demographic Yearbook. One should not assume that these necessarily are the prevailing definitions in their respective countries.


title: City proper

text: In some countries, city limits that act as the demarcation for the city proper are drawn very wide, or very narrow. This can be a recurring cause for controversy.


title: City proper

text: "List of cities by surface area" lists little known cities that are larger than many countries. By area, the city of Altamira, Brazil (population 84,000) is bigger than Greece. The City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder (population 32,000) covers more area than Hungary, Portugal, Austria, or Ireland. While these examples cause limited debate, cities in China are a source of continuing contention.


title: City proper

text: The Chinese city of Hulunbuir in Inner Mongolia was recognized as the largest city in the world by area until 2018 (see image caption above). According to the "Urban Settlement" working paper, in 1986, to cope with growing administrative demands at the local level, China essentially reclassified counties as cities in order to allow local city governments to control the surrounding areas". The authors state that "the Chinese city of Chongqing is another case in point. Even though the municipal district of Chongqing has a total population of more than 30 million inhabitants, fewer than 6 million actually live in Chongqing city proper. Depending on which classification is used, Chongqing is sometimes listed as the world's largest city and, in other cases, does not even appear in the top rung of urban population rankings".


title: City proper

text: On the other side of the extreme is Metropolitan Lagos. This city has a population of nearly 8 million according to the latest census, which is debated. Official data by the Lagos State estimate the population of Metropolitan Lagos at more than 14 million. However, there is no Metropolitan Government. The Municipality of Lagos was disbanded in 1976 and divided into several Local Government Areas. As a result, the most populous city in Africa, and one of the most populous and fastest growing cities in the world can be missing from lists of cities proper. A similar situation exists in Australia, where large cities are divided into much smaller Local Government Areas, with the exception of Queensland.


title: City proper

text: Wellington is also regarded as a confusing case; unlike Auckland, which is governed by a single city council, Wellington is subdivided and governed by at least four. These are Wellington City, Porirua, Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, with the Kapiti Coast often included. While all of these areas are contiguous and are considered to be integral parts of Wellington as a whole, they are legally distinct, thus giving Wellington a statistical population of 215,000 rather than the "de facto" 439,200 (measured as its metro area) or 497,200 (including the Kapiti Coast). This makes Wellington technically the third-largest city in New Zealand, rather than the second.


title: City proper

text: London may also be considered as a confusing case. The City of London could arguably be considered the "city proper" of London but has a population of only about 9400. Some lists instead state that the population of London is that of Greater London which is about 9 million. It is disputable whether Greater London is a city or a region, and also why similar treatment is not given to Manchester as distinct from Greater Manchester or Birmingham as distinct from the West Midlands metropolitan area.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Boyce–Codd normal form (or BCNF or 3.5NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. It is a slightly stronger version of the third normal form (3NF). BCNF was developed in 1974 by Raymond F. Boyce and Edgar F. Codd to address certain types of anomalies not dealt with by 3NF as originally defined.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: If a relational schema is in BCNF then all redundancy based on functional dependency has been removed, although other types of redundancy may still exist. A relational schema "R" is in Boyce–Codd normal form if and only if for every one of its dependencies "X → Y", at least one of the following conditions hold:


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Only in rare cases does a 3NF table not meet the requirements of BCNF. A 3NF table that does not have multiple overlapping candidate keys is guaranteed to be in BCNF. Depending on what its functional dependencies are, a 3NF table with two or more overlapping candidate keys may or may not be in BCNF.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Note that even though in the above table "Start time" and "End time" attributes have no duplicate values for each of them, we still have to admit that in some other days two different bookings on court 1 and court 2 could "start at the same time" or "end at the same time". This is the reason why {Start time} and {End time} cannot be considered as the table's superkeys.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: However, only S, S, S and S are candidate keys (that is, minimal superkeys for that relation) because e.g. S ⊂ S, so S cannot be a candidate key.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Recall that 2NF prohibits partial functional dependencies of non-prime attributes (i.e., an attribute that does not occur in "any" candidate key. See "candidate keys") and that 3NF prohibits transitive functional dependencies of non-prime attributes on candidate keys.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: In Today's court bookings table, there are no non-prime attributes: that is, all attributes belong to some candidate key. Therefore the table adheres to both 2NF and 3NF.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: The table does not adhere to BCNF. This is because of the dependency Rate type → Court in which the determining attribute Rate type – on which Court depends – (1) is neither a candidate key nor a superset of a candidate key and (2) Court is no subset of Rate type.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Dependency Rate type → Court is respected, since a Rate type should only ever apply to a single Court.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: The candidate keys for the Rate types table are {Rate type} and {Court, Member flag}; the candidate keys for the Today's bookings table are {Court, Start time} and {Court, End time}. Both tables are in BCNF. When {Rate type} is a key in the Rate types table, having one Rate type associated with two different Courts is impossible, so by using {Rate type} as a key in the Rate types table, the anomaly affecting the original table has been eliminated.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: In some cases, a non-BCNF table cannot be decomposed into tables that satisfy BCNF and preserve the dependencies that held in the original table. Beeri and Bernstein showed in 1979 that, for example, a set of functional dependencies {AB → C, C → B} cannot be represented by a BCNF schema.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Consider the following non-BCNF table whose functional dependencies follow the {AB → C, C → B} pattern:


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: For each Person / Shop type combination, the table tells us which shop of this type is geographically nearest to the person's home. We assume for simplicity that a single shop cannot be of more than one type.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Because all three attributes are prime attributes (i.e. belong to candidate keys), the table is in 3NF. The table is not in BCNF, however, as the Shop type attribute is functionally dependent on a non-superkey: Nearest shop.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: The violation of BCNF means that the table is subject to anomalies. For example, Eagle Eye might have its Shop type changed to "Optometrist" on its "Fuller" record while retaining the Shop type "Optician" on its "Davidson" record. This would imply contradictory answers to the question: "What is Eagle Eye's Shop Type?" Holding each shop's Shop type only once would seem preferable, as doing so would prevent such anomalies from occurring:


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: In this revised design, the "Shop near person" table has a candidate key of {Person, Shop}, and the "Shop" table has a candidate key of {Shop}. Unfortunately, although this design adheres to BCNF, it is unacceptable on different grounds: it allows us to record multiple shops of the same type against the same person. In other words, its candidate keys do not guarantee that the functional dependency {Person, Shop type} → {Shop} will be respected.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: A design that eliminates all of these anomalies (but does not conform to BCNF) is possible. This design introduces a new normal form, known as Elementary Key Normal Form. This design consists of the original "Nearest shops" table supplemented by the "Shop" table described above. The table structure generated by Bernstein's schema generation algorithm is actually EKNF, although that enhancement to 3NF had not been recognized at the time the algorithm was designed:


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: If a referential integrity constraint is defined to the effect that {Shop type, Nearest shop} from the first table must refer to a {Shop type, Shop} from the second table, then the data anomalies described previously are prevented.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: It is NP-complete, given a database schema in third normal form, to determine whether it violates Boyce–Codd normal form.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Chris Date has pointed out that a definition of what we now know as BCNF appeared in a paper by Ian Heath in 1971. Date writes:


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Since that definition predated Boyce and Codd's own definition by some three years, it seems to me that BCNF ought by rights to be called "Heath" normal form. But it isn't.


title: Boyce–Codd normal form

text: Edgar F. Codd released his original article "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Databanks" in June 1970. This was the first time the notion of a relational database was published. All work after this, including the Boyce–Codd normal form method was based on this relational model.


title: A. J. Francis

text: Anthony Joseph Francis (born May 7, 1990) is an American professional wrestler, musician and former American football player. He is currently signed to WWE where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Top Dolla and is a member of the stable, Hit Row. He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2013. Francis played college football at Maryland. Francis also played for the Seattle Seahawks and Washington Redskins. He was the host of "WWE's Most Wanted Treasures".


title: A. J. Francis

text: After going un-drafted in the 2013 NFL Draft, Francis signed with the Miami Dolphins on April 30, 2013.


title: A. J. Francis

text: The New England Patriots claimed Francis off waivers on September 1, 2013. He was released on September 7, only to be signed to the team's practice squad three days later. Francis remained on the practice squad until being re-signed by the Dolphins in November.


title: A. J. Francis

text: Francis was put on injured reserve on August 27, 2014. On November 14, 2015, he was waived by the Dolphins.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On November 16, 2015, Francis was acquired off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks. On November 24, he was released by the team, but signed to the practice squad two days later. On November 30, 2015, he chose to be promoted to the active roster in Seattle over resigning with the Dolphins to their active roster. On March 8, 2016, Francis signed his one-year exclusive-rights tender deal to return to Seattle.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On May 17, 2016 Francis signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was waived by the Buccaneers on September 3, 2016.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On October 12, 2016 Francis signed with the Washington Redskins. He was promoted to the active roster on November 29, 2016. He was waived on December 10, 2016, and was re-signed back to the practice squad. Francis signed a futures contract with the Redskins on January 2, 2017.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On September 2, 2017, Francis was waived by the Redskins. He was re-signed to their practice squad on October 18, 2017, and was promoted to the active roster the next day. He was waived on October 25, 2017. He was re-signed on November 21, 2017.


title: A. J. Francis

text: Francis was waived on April 30, 2018. After his release, Francis publicly stated he was grateful that he was no longer a part of team due to the organization's lack of appreciation for him and adding his view that the team's mascot was racist.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On May 2, 2018, Francis signed with the New York Giants. He was released on September 1, 2018 and not signed by any other teams in the 2018–2019 season.


title: A. J. Francis

text: Francis signed with WWE in January 2020. Francis then made his wrestling television debut on the May 4, 2021, episode of NXT where he aligned himself with Isaiah "Swerve" Scott by helping him defeat Leon Ruff in a Falls Count Anywhere match, establishing himself as a heel in the process. The following week, Francis was introduced as Top Dolla and formed a new stable, Hit Row with Scott, Ashante "Thee" Adonis, and B-Fab. Despite Top Dolla being drafted to the SmackDown brand along with the rest of Hit Row as a part of the 2021 Draft, B-Fab was released on November 4, and the rest were released 15 days later.


title: A. J. Francis

text: On the August 12, 2022, episode of "SmackDown", Francis made his unannounced return to WWE under the Top Dolla name, where he and Ashante "Thee" Adonis defeated two local competitors.


title: A. J. Francis

text: In April 2021, Francis began starring in the A&E series "WWE's Most Wanted Treasures" as the historical expert where he travels with WWE Legends as they search for lost memorabilia from private collectors, museums and occasionally other WWE Legends.


title: A. J. Francis

text: In April 2015, Francis went viral for signing up to be an Uber driver in the off-season, while playing for the Miami Dolphins.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: "Runaway" is a number-one "Billboard" Hot 100 song made famous by Del Shannon in 1961. It was written by Shannon and keyboardist Max Crook, and became a major international hit. It was No. 472 on the 2010 version of "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and No. 466 on the 2004 version.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Singer-guitarist Charles Westover and keyboard player Max Crook performed together as members of "Charlie Johnson and the Big Little Show Band" in Battle Creek, Michigan, before their group won a recording contract in 1960. Westover took the new stage name "Del Shannon", and Crook, who had invented his own clavioline-based electric keyboard called a Musitron, became "Maximilian".


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: After their first recording session for Big Top Records in New York City had ended in failure, their manager Ollie McLaughlin persuaded them to rewrite and re-record an earlier song they had written, "Little Runaway", to highlight Crook's unique instrumental sound. On January 21, 1961, they recorded "Runaway" at Bell Sound Studios in New York City, with Harry Balk as producer, Fred Weinberg as audio engineer and also session musicians on several sections: session musician Al Caiola on guitar, Moe Wechsler on piano, and Crook playing the central Musitron break. Other musicians on the record included Al Casamenti and Bucky Pizzarelli on guitar, Milt Hinton on bass, and Joe Marshall on drums. Bill Ramall, who was the arranger for the session, also played baritone sax. After recording in A minor, producer Balk sped up the recording to pitch just below a B-flat minor. "Runaway" was released in February 1961 and was immediately successful. On April 10 of that year, Shannon appeared on Dick Clark's "American Bandstand", helping to catapult it to the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it remained for four weeks. Two months later, it reached number one on the UK's "Record Retailer" chart, spending three weeks in that position. On "Billboard"s Hot R&B Sides, "Runaway" peaked at number three.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: The song was ranked No. 5 on "Billboard"s end of year "Hot 100 for 1961 – Top Sides of the Year" and No. 9 on "Cash Box"s "Top 100 Chart Hits of 1961".


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Del Shannon re-recorded "Runaway" in 1967. This version was issued as a single, and reached No. 122 on "Billboard"s Bubbling Under the Hot 100.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Shannon re-recorded the song a second time in 1986, this time as the theme music for the NBC television series "Crime Story", which starred Dennis Farina and was set in the early 1960s. This version featured new lyrics to make the song more fitting for a crime drama.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Shannon appeared on "Late Night With David Letterman" on February 10, 1987, performing "Runaway" with Paul Shaffer and the World's Most Dangerous Band. Letterman introduced Shannon as having sold as many as 80,000 singles of "Runaway" per day at its peak in popularity.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: The best-known original version is in mono. However, in subsequent compilations a different take from the same recording sessions is available in stereo.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: The song is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend has left him. She is mostly referred to in the third person, but she is briefly addressed in the second person in the lyric "wishin' you were here by me".


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: The song was used in the 1973 movie "American Graffiti", "Crime Story (American TV series)" 1986 TV series as opening theme, the 2020 film "Siberia", and multiple times in the Showtime miniseries "", including .


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Tom Petty mentions the song in his 1989 song "Runnin' Down a Dream". Similarly, Barenaked Ladies mention "Runaway" in their song "When You Dream", from the 1998 album "Stunt".


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Genesis included the lyric "my little runaway", sung to the same melody as in Shannon's song, in their song "In the Cage", from the album "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway". It is one of many references to hit songs from the 1960s on the album.


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: Echo & the Bunnymen quote the lyrics "I'm walking in the rain, to end this misery", sung to the same melody as in Shannon's song, in their song "Over The Wall", from the album "Heaven Up Here".


title: Runaway (Del Shannon song)

text: The song can also be heard playing in the background of the mechanic shop on Goodwill Hunting. Also in the car ride in a scene in Eddie and the Cruisers


title: Lili Marleen

text: "Lili Marleen" (also spelled "Lili Marlen'", "Lilli Marlene", "Lily Marlene", "Lili Marlène" among others; ) is a German love song that became popular during World War II throughout Europe and the Mediterranean among both Axis and Allied troops. Written in 1915 as a poem, the song was published in 1937 and was first recorded by Lale Andersen in 1939 as "Das Mädchen unter der Laterne" ("The Girl under the Lantern"). The song is perhaps best known as performed by Lale Andersen.


title: Lili Marleen

text: In 2005, Bear Family Records released a 7-CD set "Lili Marleen an allen Fronten" ("Lili Marleen on all Fronts"), including nearly 200 versions of "Lili Marleen" with a 180-page booklet. ().


title: Lili Marleen

text: The words were written in 1915 as a poem of three verses by Hans Leip (1893–1983), a school teacher from Hamburg who had been conscripted into the Imperial German Army. Leip reportedly combined the nickname of his friend's girlfriend, Lili, with the name of another friend, Marleen, who was a nurse. The poem was later published in 1937 as "Das Lied eines jungen Soldaten auf der Wacht" ("The Song of a Young Soldier on Watch"), with two further verses added.


title: Lili Marleen

text: It was set to music by Norbert Schultze in 1938 and recorded by Lale Andersen for the first time in 1939. In early 1942 she recorded the song in English, the lyrics translated by Norman Baillie-Stewart, a former British army officer working for German propaganda.


title: Lili Marleen

text: Songwriter Tommie Connor also wrote English lyrics with the title "Lily of the Lamplight" in 1944. Another English translation was done by Dr. Theodore Stephanides during World War II and published in his memoir "Climax in Crete" in 1946.


title: Lili Marleen

text: After the occupation of Belgrade in 1941, Radio Belgrade became the German forces' radio station under the name of "Soldatensender Belgrad" (Soldiers' Radio Belgrade), with transmissions heard throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.


title: Lili Marleen

text: While on leave in Vienna, a lieutenant working at the station was asked to collect a pile of second-hand records from the Reich radio station. Among them was "Lili Marleen" sung by Lale Andersen, which up till then had sold around 700 copies. Karl-Heinz Reintgen, the German officer in charge of the station, began playing the song on the air. For lack of other recordings, Radio Belgrade played the song frequently.


title: Lili Marleen

text: The song was published in South Africa, in a wartime leaflet, with an anonymous English translation, as "Lili Marleen: The Theme Song of the Eighth Army and the 6th Armoured Division".


title: Lili Marleen

text: Lale Andersen was awarded a gold disc for over one million sales (HMV - EG 6993). It is thought she was awarded her copy after hostilities ended. HMV's copy was discarded during renovations to their Oxford Street store in the 1960s, but the disc was recovered and is now in a private collection.


title: Lili Marleen

text: Many Allied soldiers made a point of listening to the song at the end of the day. For example, in his memoir "Eastern Approaches", Fitzroy Maclean describes the song's effect in early 1942 during the Western Desert Campaign: "Husky, sensuous, nostalgic, sugar-sweet, her voice seemed to reach out to you, as she lingered over the catchy tune, the sickly sentimental words. Belgrade... The continent of Europe seemed a long way away. I wondered when I would see it again and what it would be like by the time we got there."


title: Lili Marleen

text: The next year, parachuted into the Yugoslav guerrilla war, Maclean wrote: "Sometimes at night, before going to sleep, we would turn on our receiving set and listen to Radio Belgrade. For months now, the flower of the Afrika Korps had been languishing behind the barbed wire of Allied prison camps. But still, punctually at ten o'clock, came Lale Andersen singing their special song, with the same unvarying, heart-rending sweetness that we knew so well from the desert. [...] Belgrade was still remote. But, now [...] it had become our ultimate goal, which Lili Marlene and her nostalgic little tune seemed somehow to symbolise."


title: Lili Marleen

text: In late 1944, the liberation of Belgrade seemed not far away. "Then, at ten o'clock, loud and clear, Radio Belgrade; Lili Marlene, sweet, insidious, melancholy. 'Not much longer now,' we would say, as we switched it off." As the Red Army was advancing on Belgrade, he reflected again on the song. "At Valjevo, as at so many other places [...] we would tune our wireless sets in the evening to Radio Belgrade, and night after night, always at the same time, would come, throbbing lingeringly over the ether, the cheap, sugary and almost painfully nostalgic melody, the sex-laden, intimate, heart-rending accents of Lili Marlene. 'Not gone yet,' we would say to each other. 'I wonder if we'll find her when we get there.' Then one evening at the accustomed time there was silence. 'Gone away,' we said."


title: Lili Marleen

text: Allied soldiers in Italy later adapted the tune to their own lyrics, creating the "D-Day Dodgers" song. A cartoon by Bill Mauldin in the American army newspaper "Stars and Stripes" shows two soldiers in a foxhole, one playing a harmonica, while the other comments, "The krauts ain't following ya too good on 'Lili Marlene' tonight, Joe. Think somethin' happened to their tenor?"


title: Lili Marleen

text: In 1944, the Morale Operations Branch of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) initiated the Muzak Project, musical propaganda broadcasts designed to demoralize enemy soldiers. Marlene Dietrich, the only performer who was told her recordings would be for OSS use, recorded several songs in German for the project, including "Lili Marleen".


title: Lili Marleen

text: Dietrich also performed "Lili Marlene", as well as many other songs, live in Europe for Allied troops, often on rickety, makeshift stages.


title: Lili Marleen

text: "Lili Marleen" became the theme song on the German language OSS MO radio station "Soldatensender". After its warm reception by the troops in Europe, the song was re-recorded and released, with the spelling "Lili Marlene" after her name, "Marlene", with Charles Magnante on the accordion, citing him as the "orchestra director" for both it and the single's B-side, "Symphonie", sung in French. The single was released by Decca Records in 1945. The original OSS recording of "Lili Marleen" remains unissued.


title: Lili Marleen

text: In 1961, Dietrich starred in the film "Judgment at Nuremberg", a dramatization of the war trials. In one scene she walks down a rubbled street, ravaged by Allied attacks, with Spencer Tracy's character. As they approach a bar they hear men inside singing "Lili Marleen" in German. Dietrich begins to sing along with the song, translating a few lyrics for Tracy, referring to the German lyrics as "much sadder" than the English.


title: Lili Marleen

text: While she was touring the world in live one-woman cabaret shows from 1953 to 1975, the song was part of Dietrich's usual line-up, usually following "Falling in Love Again". She always introduced her signature song with some variation of this quote, from a 1960s concert, somewhere in Europe: