title: Polish Socialist Party

text: After the Revolution of 1905 in the Russian Empire, the party membership drastically increased from several hundred active members to a mass movement of about 60,000 members. Another split in the party occurred in 1906, with the Revolutionary Faction following Józef Piłsudski, who supported the nationalist and independence ideals, and the Left faction which allied itself with the SDKPiL. However, the Revolutionary Faction became dominant and renamed itself back again to the PPS, while the Left was eclipsed, and in 1918 merged with SDKPiL forming the Communist Party of Poland. In 1917-18 the party participated in the Central Council of Ukraine and the Government of Ukraine.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: During the Second Polish Republic the PPS at first supported Józef Piłsudski, including his May Coup, but later moved into the opposition to his authoritarian Sanacja regime by joining the democratic 'centrolew' (center-left) opposition movement. Many PPS leaders and members were put on trial by Piłsudski's regime and jailed in the infamous Bereza Kartuska prison.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: The party supported the Polish resistance during World War II as the underground Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence ("Polska Partia Socjalistyczna – Wolność, Równość, Niepodległość"). In 1948 it suffered a fatal split, as the Communists applied the salami tactics to dismember any opposition. One faction, which included Edward Osóbka-Morawski wanted to join forces with the Polish Peasant Party and form a united front against the Communists. Another faction, led by Józef Cyrankiewicz, argued that the Socialists should support the Communists in carrying through a socialist program while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and Stanisław Mikołajczyk, leader of the Peasant Party, would not agree to form a united front with the Socialists. The Communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: In 1948, Cyrankiewicz's faction of Socialists merged with the Communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) to form the Polish United Workers' Party ("Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza"; PZPR), the ruling party in the People's Republic of Poland; remnants of the other faction survived on emigration in the Polish government-in-exile and because of that Polish Socialist Party was still active on emigration. Cyrankiewicz's faction isn't really treated as proper PPS.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: A new party of the same name, which seeks to carry on the tradition of the original PPS, was established by left-wing opposition figures such as Jan Józef Lipski in 1987. However, the new PPS remains a marginal group within the political landscape of the Third Republic, having representation in the Sejm only between 1993 and 2001. However, in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election the PPS saw its leader Wojciech Konieczny elected to the Senate of Poland under the banner of The Left. Other members of the Sejm and the Senate later joined the PPS, which currently has two deputies and two senators.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: Its main propaganda outlet was the "Robotnik" ('The Worker') newspaper. The current party published the "Nowy Robotnik" ("The New Worker"), a continuation of the original publication, from 2003 to 2006.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: On 16 November 2020, the party founded its first foreign branch in the United Kingdom, in the city of Coventry, home to a British Polish population founded by Polish Army Exiles.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: On the 25 June 2022, the party formed an alliance with the Labour Union, Social Democracy of Poland and Freedom and Equality, to compete in the next Polish parliamentary election. The alliance also includes the Feminist Initiative, the Democratic Left Association (SLD), and the Working People's Movement.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: It historically advocated a mix of socialism and nationalism, and was considered to be on the left-wing on the political spectrum. They opposed Bolshevism, and more favored Mensheviks. Recently the party has self-declared itself as a democratic socialist force, and was described as a leftist party with a strong emphasis on democracy by their parliamentary leader Wojciech Konieczny.


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: Louis Johnson (April 13, 1955 – May 21, 2015) was an American bass guitarist. Johnson was best known for his work with the group the Brothers Johnson and his session playing on several hit albums of the 1970s and 1980s, including the best-selling album of all time, Michael Jackson's "Thriller".


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: His signature sound came from the Music Man StingRay bass guitar, which Leo Fender made for him, and from his slapping technique. He is ranked number 38 on "Bass Player" magazine's list of "the 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: His work appears on many well-known records by prominent artists. Johnson played on Michael Jackson's albums "Off the Wall", "Thriller" and "Dangerous", and hit songs "Billie Jean" and "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". He also played on George Benson's "Give Me the Night". He was one of three bassists on Herb Alpert's 1979 album "Rise", which included its top-10, Grammy-winning disco/jazz title-track. Due to his distinctive style, Johnson was nicknamed "Thunder-Thumbs". His slap bass playing arrived soon after Larry Graham brought it into the mainstream, and both are considered the "grandfathers" of slap-bass playing.


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: His slap bass lines figure prominently in his work with Stanley Clarke on the "Time Exposure" album, his work with Grover Washington, Jr. ("Hydra"), George Duke ("Guardian of the Light", "Thief in the Night"), Jeffrey Osborne ("Jeffrey Osborne", and "Stay with Me Tonight"). The bass line for Michael McDonald's "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)" has been sampled as a backing track for dozens of rap songs. An excellent example of his thumb playing can be heard on the Earl Klugh song "Kiko". Without any plucking at all, Johnson sets a complicated funky bass line using a combination of counterpoint slapping with right hand using right thumb, counterpoint with left hand middle finger as a mute tec., called a slap choke, thus creating a percussive sound like drums, adding to the bass notes. His style incorporated more funk plucks in combination with his thumping, which along with the Music Man StingRay sound gives a very funky, unique sound. He was the bassist on Earl Klugh's 1976 jazz/pop album "Living inside Your Love" and 1977 jazz/pop album "Finger Paintings", as well as Quincy Jones' 1975 "Mellow Madness".


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: Johnson also worked with Andrae Crouch, Angela Bofill, Anita Baker, Aretha Franklin, Billy Preston, Bill Withers, Björk, the Controllers, the Crusaders, Dave Grusin, David Diggs, Deniece Williams, Donna Summer, Donn Thomas, Gábor Szabó, Gene Van Buren, Harvey Mason, Herbie Hancock, Hiroshima, Irene Cara, the Jacksons, James Ingram, John Mellencamp, Karen Carpenter, Kent Jordan, Kenny Loggins, Lee Ritenour, Leon Haywood, Lesley Gore, Makoto Izumitani, Natalie Cole, Patti Austin, Paul McCartney, Peabo Bryson, Peggy Lee, Phil Collins, Pointer Sisters, Randy Badazz, Rene & Angela, the Ritz, Rufus, Sérgio Mendes, Side Effect, Sister Sledge, Stevie Nicks, Stevie Wonder, Sweet Comfort Band, Temptations, George Duke, Toshiki Kadomatsu and The Supremes.


title: Louis Johnson (bassist)

text: Louis Johnson died on May 21, 2015, at the age of 60. The cause of death was gastrointestinal bleeding of the esophagus.


title: Jack Shore

text: Jack Shore (born 6 February 1995) is a Welsh professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2016, he is the former Bantamweight champion in the Cage Warriors promotion. As of December 6, 2022, he is #14 in the UFC bantamweight rankings.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore started kickboxing at 6 years old, at the behest of his father. After doing that for 4 years, his father opened an MMA gym in 2007 and has trained Jack since.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore had an undefeated amateur tenure (12-0) concluded with a gold medal and four impressive triumphs in the men's lightweight division of the inaugural 2015 IMMAF European Open.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore made his debut as a featherweight against Tyler Thomas at Pain Pit Fight Night 15: Renegade on 5 March 2016, and won by a first-round submission. Three months later, he was scheduled to make his Cage Warriors debut against David Tonatiuh Crol at CWFC 76 on 4 June 2016. Shore made use of his superior grappling to take Crol down and submit him with a first-round rear-naked choke. Shore was next scheduled to face Eddie Pobivanez at CWFC 79 on 15 October 2016. Shore won the fight by a second-round technical knockout.


title: Jack Shore

text: For his third fight with the promotion, Shore moved away from the Cage Warriors flagship events. He was scheduled to fight the undefeated Alexandros Gerolimatos at Cage Warriors FC: Academy Wales on 4 March 2017. Shore needed a little over two minutes to submit Gerolimatos with a rear-naked choke.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore made his fourth appearance with Cage Warriors at CWFC 83 on 6 May 2017, against Konmon Deh. Shore won the fight by a first-round armbar submission. Shore then faced Mattia Galbiati at CWFC 87 on 14 October 2017. He won the fight by a third-round knockout. Shore was scheduled to face Ayton De Paepe at CWFC 89 on 25 November 2017. It was Shore's last appearance as a featherweight with Cage Warriors. Shore won the fight by a first-round submission.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore moved down in weight to bantamweight for his seventh appearance with Cage Warriors. He was scheduled to fight Vaughan Lee at CWFC 92: Super Saturday on 24 March 2018. Shore won the fight by unanimous decision. Shore extended his winning streak to nine fights with a first-round technical knockout of Weslley Maia at CWFC 97 on 29 September 2018.


title: Jack Shore

text: His nine-fight winning streak earned Shore the chance to challenge the reigning bantamweight champion Mike Ekundayo at CWFC 100 on 8 December 2018. Shore dominated his fellow undefeated prospect through takedowns and ground-and-pound, en route to a third-round technical knockout victory.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore was scheduled to make his first title defense against Scott Malone at CWFC 104 on 27 April 2019. Shore won the fight by a third-round rear-naked choke submission.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore made his promotional debut against Nohelin Hernandez at on 28 September 2019. He won the fight via third-round submission. The win earned him a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Jack Shore

text: He was then expected to make his sophomore appearance in the organization against Geraldo de Freitas at on 21 March 2020. However, the whole event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Jack Shore

text: He was scheduled to face Anderson dos Santos at on 16 July 2020. However, dos Santos tested positive for COVID-19 before departing Brazil and was replaced by Aaron Phillips. He won the fight in the second round via rear-naked choke.


title: Jack Shore

text: Next he was scheduled to face Khalid Taha on 7 November 2020 at . However, Shore was removed from the bout in late-October due to undisclosed reason and replaced by Raoni Barcelos.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore faced Hunter Azure at on 10 April 2021. He won the bout via split decision. 16 out of 16 media members scored the fight for Shore.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore was scheduled to face Said Nurmagomedov on 4 September 2021 at UFC Fight Night 191 However, Nurmagomedov was pulled from the event due to visa issues, and he was replaced by Zviad Lazishvili. In turn, Lazishvili pulled out from the bout due to injury and was replaced by Liudvik Sholinian. Shore won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore was scheduled to face Umar Nurmagomedov on 19 March 2022, at UFC Fight Night 204. However, Nurmagomedov was removed from the bout for unknown reason and he was replaced by Timur Valiev. Shore won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore faced Ricky Simón on 16 July 2022 at UFC on ABC 3. He lost the bout via arm-triangle choke in the second round.


title: Jack Shore

text: Shore was scheduled to face Kyler Phillips on November 19, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 215. However, Shore suffered "a serious knee injury" and is not expect to return to competition before the end of 2022.


title: Super Good Films

text: Super Good Films, also credited as Mega Super Good Films in Telugu cinema, is an Indian film production and distribution company in Tamil cinema. It was established in the 1980s by R. B. Choudary.


title: Super Good Films

text: R. B. Choudary hails from a Rajasthani family. He was into steel, exports and jewels business before entering film production. He started his career as a producer with Malayalam film industry first and produced a few films under "Super" banner. In 1989, he entered Tamil film industry and produced films on 'Super' banner in partnership with R. Mohan, who manufactured "Good Knight" mosquito mats. When they decided to part ways, Choudary borrowed good from 'Good Knight' and modified it as 'Super Good' films.


title: Super Good Films

text: Super Good Films was created by R. B. Choudary in the late 1980s and the producer continued to manage the film's activities for twenty years. Several successful directors in the Tamil film industry were given their first film by the studio, including K. S. Ravikumar ("Puriyaadha Pudhir"), Vikraman ("Pudhu Vasantham"), Sasi ("Sollamale"), Ezhil ("Thulladha Manamum Thullum") and N. Lingusamy ("Aanandham").


title: Super Good Films

text: In the studio's 50th venture, Choudary's youngest son Jiiva was cast in the debut lead role for the film "Aasai Aasaiyai" (2003) by Ravi Mariya. The Mohanlal-Vijay starrer, "Jilla" (2014) marked the studio's 85th film.


title: Super Good Films

text: In the 2010s, Choudary's son, actor Jithan Ramesh, took over co-managerial duties. The studio has often associated with actor Vijay, and Jiiva suggested that they planned to make their hundredth venture with the actor during an interview in January 2018.


title: Area codes 407 and 689

text: Area codes 407 and 689 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the area of and around the city of Orlando in the U.S. state of Florida. The numbering plan area (NPA) includes the counties Orange, Osceola, and Seminole, as well as small portions of Volusia and Lake counties.


title: Area codes 407 and 689

text: Area code 407 was created in 1988 in a split of area code 305, Florida's original area code of 1947. When assigned, 407 included not only most of Central Florida, but also the Palm Beaches and Treasure Coast. In 1996, Palm Beach, Martin, Indian River, and St. Lucie counties were split from the number plan area and received area code 561. The latter area code has since been split to form area code 772.


title: Area codes 407 and 689

text: In October 2000, Brevard County was split off with area code 321. At the same time, 321 was also overlaid on Orange, Osceola, and Seminole counties. The small portion of Volusia County that was located in 407 (the Deltona area) continued to use only 407. In 2003, it was announced that all new telephone numbers in the three counties would no longer be issued in 321, although 321 numbers in the Orlando metro area would keep that area code.


title: Area codes 407 and 689

text: In 2001, Deltona was switched to area code 386 when 386 was split from 904. All of 407 is now overlaid with 321 and 689.


title: Area codes 407 and 689

text: Area code 689 was assigned as an overlay of 407 (but not the standalone 321 area) in June 2019. Assignments in 321 remain frozen and primarily focused on Brevard County.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains (; , ; both translated as "Cursed Mountains"), also known as the Albanian Alps (), are a mountain group in the western part of the Balkans. It is the southernmost subrange of the Dinaric Alps range (Dinarides), extending from northern Albania to southern Kosovo and northeastern Montenegro. Maja Jezercë, standing at , is the highest point of the Accursed Mountains and of all Dinaric Alps, and the fifth highest peak in Albania. The highest peak in Montenegro, Zla Kolata at and the second-highest in Kosovo, Gjeravica at are also part of the range. One of the southernmost glacial masses in Europe was discovered in the Albanian part of the range in 2009.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Ptolemy mentioned , which has been connected to the Accursed Mountains. Bertiscus lives on artificially in the form "bertiscae" in the scientific names for endemic species that have their "locus classicus" in the mountains, such as "Valeriana bertiscae", "Crepis bertiscae" and "Iris bertiscae".


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Both in Serbo-Croatian () and in Albanian mean "the accursed (mountains)", possibly because they are perceived as insurmountable and wild. The mountain range is also known as the , meaning "Albanian Alps".


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains, the southernmost part of the Dinaric Alps, stretch more than from Lake Skadar along the Montenegrin–Albanian border in the southwest to Kosovo in the northeast. These points are at 42°45' and 42°15' N in the Mediterranean zone of the western Balkan Peninsula. The southern boundary of the Accursed Mountains is found at the river Drin and its tributary Valbona. In a broader sense the Accursed Mountains also include the mountain ranges to Mitrovica with the Hajla and Mokna massifs. Some authors, however, see the river Lim as the northern boundary of the Accursed Mountains in geological terms.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: From Lake Skadar, the mountains stretch northeast along the Cem river then curve slightly to the east in the direction of Gjervica summit above the western Kosovo (450m) basin. From here, the Accursed Mountains turn northwards over the Bogićevića massif and Čakor pass and continue with another row of mountains. The Accursed Mountains finish in the area of upper Ibar River valley near Mitrovica, just after the Suva Planina () massif that encircles Dukagjin basin from the north and northwest.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains are ethnographically and sociologically diverse with many tribes living in the region as sheep herders. Names of various Albanian tribes (Hoti, Gruda, Kelmendi, Kastrati, Dukagjini, Shkreli, Shala, Nikaj, Krasniqi, Gashi, Kuci and Rugova) refer to their geographical locations within the range.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains are a typical Dinaric karst high mountain range with a pronounced steep topography and glacial features. Maximum relief differences of are found in the Valbona, Grbaja and Ropojani and Cem valleys. Overhanging walls and ridges forming pointed peaks are typical of the western and central Accursed Mountains. The eastern mountains are less rugged with lower relief. The valleys show characteristic effects of Pleistocene glaciation. Most of the area was modified by glacial activity with karstic areas in the western parts.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The range was formed by the folding resulting from the collision of the African and Eurasian plates. Nowhere in the Balkans have glaciers left so much evidence of erosion. After the Alps, these mountains are the most glaciated in Europe south of the Scandinavian ice sheet. They have very steep limestone slopes with abundant karst features. The Accursed Mountains are a large, rugged, pathless range. It is one of the rare mountain ranges in Europe that has not been explored entirely.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: In some areas, the Accursed Mountains run almost parallel with the Šar Mountains in North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo. This tectonic crash produced the unusual zig-zag shape of the range and also their curving from the dominant Dinaric northwestern – southeastern direction toward the northeastern one. In the western and central parts of the range the composition of the mountains is of mainly uniform with Mesozoic limestones and dolomites of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. In the eastern Accursed Mountains in addition to the limestone and dolomite series, there are rocks from the late Palaeozoic and Triassic periods, medium-Triassic volcanic rocks and Jurassic metamorphic rocks.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Kalktafel is cut deeply with valleys in a variety of rock blocks of the mountains north of Përroi i Thatë, the Biga e Gimajive south of it, the Jezerca block between Shala and Valbona valley, the massif of the Maja e Hekurave, the plateau of the Maja e Kolats north of Valbona and Shkëlzen northeast of Valbona. The valleys were formed by glaciers which created very steep walls and hollows up to deep. The south wall of the Maja Harapit is high, making it the highest rock face on the Balkan Peninsula.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Although some scientific research gives the Accursed Mountains the status of a separate mountain chain, in most other ways this chain is still considered the highest of all Dinaric areas, connected with the Dinaric mountain chain in terms of geology, morphology, and ethnography.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains are made up of many large sections or mountain massifs/groups, all of which are connected to one another. These massifs include the Popluks group with a height of , the Shkurt group at , the Radohimës group at , the Zaborës e Krasniçës at , the Bjelic group at , the Karanfili-Brada group at , the Rabës group at , the Ershellit group at , the Kakinjes group at , the Shkëlzen group at , the Bogićevica group at , the Horolac group at , the Kershi Kocaj group at , the Maja e Zezë group at , the Lumbardhit group at , the Kopranik group at , the Strellc group at , the Gjeravica group at , the Junik group at , the Starac-Qokorr group , the Hajla group at , the Stedim-Ahmica group at , the Zleb-Rusulija group at , the Mokna group at and the Suva Planina group at .


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Erosion during glaciation left many telltale features behind. Deep river canyons and flat valleys wind around the ridges of the mountains. The largest canyon is Rugova Canyon. It is situated in Kosovo and is long from the border with Montenegro to Peja and is deep. It has very steep vertical mountain slopes on both sides. Valleys common at lower altitudes are found at the alpine level, creating mountain passes and valley troughs, such as Buni Jezerce in Albania. Buni Jezerce means "Valley of the Lakes" and it contains six small glacial lakes, the biggest being called the Big lake of Buni Jezerce.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains include many of the important rivers of the southeastern part of the Western Balkans. Rivers in this range fall roughly into two main categories, those that flow into the Lim and those that enter the White Drin and meet the Black Drin downstream at the Drin confluence. The southern and eastern slopes of the Accursed Mountains fall into the latter category. The Tara and Lim rivers, two major sources of the Dinaric river system, originate on the northern borders of the Accursed Mountains. The Vërmosh originates in the northwest mountainous part in Montenegro, close to the border with Albania. As a tributary of the Drina it drains into the Danube and then into the Black Sea. The Lim flows through the Plav lake. The Ibar, which originates on the slopes of the Hajla, takes a similar route into the Danube via the West Morava in Serbia.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: In the southern Accursed Mountains, the Drin dominates. It drains most of the ranges with its tributaries and when measured from the source of the White Drin in Radavc to the mouth of the Drin near Lezha, it is long. However, not all of the Drin flows near or parallel to the Accursed Mountains. One Drin tributary is the Valbona, which drains into the Adriatic Sea, and its eastern tributary the Gashi River. To the west of the mountains is the Cem, which drains the northwestern part of the Montenegrin-Albanian border area to the Adriatic. Water levels fluctuate because the karst topography drains the water underground. Some rivers or streams, such as Përroi i Thatë in Albania, dry out completely during the summer droughts. Although the Peja Bistrica in Kosovo is short, it is very powerful and carved the Rugova Canyon.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: There are about 20 small alpine lakes of glacial origin in the Accursed Mountains. Many lakes are in the Bogiçevica border area between Kosovo and Albania and the "Buni i Jezercë" trough near the Jezerca and Bojs peaks. Some lakes, such as Lake Liqenat in Kosovo and Hrid Lake in Montenegro, are tourist attractions. Hrid Lake is a clear example of a well-preserved glacial relief. In the Pleistocene period this was a collection area for ice that fell down over steps of rock from surrounding peaks, dragging with it heterogeneous material. Precipitation washed away smaller rocks, but larger ones remain on the southwestern and western lake shore. The lake is long, wide and about deep on average. In addition to precipitation, it receives water from sources near its shores. The largest lake is Lake Plav in Montenegro. The lake lies at an altitude of above sea level in the Plav valley, nestled between the Accursed Mountains and the Visitor range.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Waterfalls are found in some parts of the range. The White Drin Waterfall in Kosovo reaches a height of . Because it is not far from Peja, it is easily accessible and frequented by many visitors. The Grunas Waterfall in Albania is high and is in the Theth National Park. The Ali Pasha natural springs in Montenegro near Gusinje are the premium attraction for the town.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains are on the whole the wettest area of Europe. In the village of Boga in the valley, precipitation is per year, and otherwise per year is normal. At higher elevations snow is found even in summer, except in very dry years.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: There are at least five active glaciers that probably formed during the late Holocene period, and some inactive glaciers between 1,980 and 2,420 meters high. The trough valleys of Ropojani, Grbaja and Valbona were carved by kilometres of glaciers during the last ice age. Detailed geomorphological mapping was used to reconstruct the positions of former glaciers. The longest glacier of Ropojana had a length of and a surface area of ; others include Valbona glacier at and , Grbaja Glacier at and and Bogićevića Glacier at and. In addition about 20 small lakes of glacial origin are found as described above, among them the lake group Buni i Jezerce to the north side of Jezerca, the Ridsko Lake, Lake Bukumisko and Rikavacko Lake.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: A recent report from geographers at the University of Manchester details the discovery of four previously unknown glaciers in the Albanian part of the mountain range at 1980–2100 m high, found in the area close to Maja e Jezerces. The glaciers, the largest of which is currently the size of six football pitches, vary in size every year according to the amount of winter snowfall and temperatures during the following summer. Their average total surface area is . Glacier-climate modeling suggests that these glaciers require annual accumulation of between (rainfall equivalent) to balance melting, which would correspond to between of snow. A significant proportion of this accumulation is likely to be sourced from windblown snow and, in particular, avalanching snow. It is estimated that the total accumulation needed to balance melting is potentially up to twice the amount accumulated from direct precipitation. The presence of these glaciers, the southernmost in Europe, at altitudes well below the regional snow line highlights the importance of local controls on glacier development. The geographers think at least eight glaciers were present in neighbouring mountains during the 19th century, correlating with the culmination of the Little Ice Age in the European Alps.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The vegetation of the Accursed Mountains is among the richest on the Balkan Peninsula and one of the main central European regions for flora. To date, 1,611 wild plants have been described in the Albanian part alone. 50 flora species are endemic, sub-endemic and endangered plant species. The southern edge of mountains have a sub-Mediterranean character. Various evergreen bushes are found in the deepest valleys of the canyons and sunny slopes, and in the higher valleys deciduous Shibljak shrubs are common. In the mountains over 100 medicinal herbs are found, including species of the genus Primula, Satureja and Sideritis. Because of its altitude and its favored habitat, the range is one of the centers of arcto-alpine relict flora of the Balkan Peninsula. Out of 77 arcto-alpine species of former glacial flora on the Balkan Peninsula, a little over 50 species can be found in the Accursed Mountains.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The levels of vegetation in the Accursed Mountains meet the alpine level, from upland valleys through the montane mountain stage on forest-free alpine and subalpine mats and subnivale tundra caused by permafrost in vast heaps of rubble with raw soils. A real snow level is not widely spread, although in the high altitudes snow and fern fields can also keep during the summer on four very small glaciers at high altitudes, the highest one found in the shade of Jezerca.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Beech, fir and silicate spruce forests dominate the mountain areas. Rarely, however, the Northern Europe species are found, typically the Scots pine ("Pinus sylvestris"). The drought-resistant Mediterranean-sized black pine ("Pinus nigra") is also common. Aspens ("Populus tremula") grow in damp sites alongside mountain maple ("Acer pseudoplatanus") and Norway spruce ("Picea abies"). The Accursed Mountains are one of the southernmost areas where spruce grow in Europe. The "combat zones" of the forest are formed with dense thickets of mountain pine ("Pinus mugos)". Conifers like the snakeskin pine ("Pinus heldreichii") are on carbonate rocks and the Macedonian pine ("Pinus peuce") of silicates are typical elements of the endemic Balkan flora.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: A cushion-sedge and blue grass lawn of ("Seslerion juncifoliae") grows in alpine areas and, on shallow limestone soils, "Oxytropidion dinaricae", to which the alpine grass krumm grows as in the Alps. Other plants include Alpine aster "Aster alpinus", edelweiss "Leontopodium alpinum" and white mountain avens "Dryas octopetala". These plants are atypical alpine plants specially adapted to the short growing season, UV radiation, cold and thin soils.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The flora in the rocky areas of the Accursed Mountains are particularly noteworthy, because they are rare rich and endemic species, including the Tertiary relic "Amphoricarpos neumayeri". Many species of flora are either endemic or are mainly found in the Accursed Mountains. A plantain plant "Plantaginaceae" is found in the central Accursed Mountains as a variant of the alpine Wulfenie, but 700 km away it does not grow. "Petasites doerfleri" is only found on the Jezerca peaks, and the Albanian lily "Lilium albanicum" and "Viola ducagjinica" are only found at the top of the Maja Radohimës slope. Also noteworthy is the "Viola vilaensis Hayek". "Viola chelmea" belong to a violet species that occur on the Montenegrin-Albanian border area, especially at the lake Bukumirsko Jezero at 2,100 meters, and are only found on Asia Minor and the Balkans where they can grow due to woody, robust rhizome, cleistogamous flowers, and a lack of foothills. The Accursed Mountains are also the only European area where the Tertiary relic "Forsythia europaea" grow.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Large mammal species that have long been extinct in other regions are found here, such as the Eurasian brown bear, grey wolf, red fox, European wildcat, roe deer, fallow deer, red deer, wild boar and European otter. The highly endangered Balkan lynx, a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx, is mainly found in the Theth National Park where about roughly 20–50 individuals still roam, though poaching is still a large threat. Chamois are found throughout the high altitudes; about 720 chamois live between the borders of Kosovo and Montenegro. There is speculation that the mouflon roamed the Accursed Mountains until World War I, when it disappeared.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Bird species include the golden eagle, snake eagle, honey buzzard, peregrine falcon, capercaillie, rock partridge, scops owl, Eurasian eagle owl and the snow finch. So far 140 species of butterflies have been found, which makes the Accursed Mountains the richest area in Europe for butterflies.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The rivers are home to a growing number of marble trout. Among the amphibians are the alpine salamander (southernmost habitat), fire salamander, yellow-bellied toad and fire-bellied toad . The rich herpetofauna include the fence lizard, green lizard, Greek tortoise and snakes such as the true vipers, including the venomous horned viper and adder. The Accursed Mountains have one endemic species of lizard, the Prokletije rock lizard or "Dinarolacerta montenegrina", named after the range.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: British climbers Sleeman, Elmalie and Ellwood were the first to reach the summit of Maja Jezercë on 26 July 1929. Years later Austrian mountaineers also scaled the summit. Many explorers and scientists have visited the Accursed Mountains, collecting rocks and samples to display in museums. Before any of these expeditions, the highest peak of the range was believed to be Shkëlzen at high, followed by Maja Radohimës at . By early summer 1929 all the summits were measured by Italian geodetes.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: There are four national parks in the Accursed Mountains — one each in Montenegro and Kosovo, and two in Albania. The Theth National Park in Albania was designated in 1966 and covers an area of along the Thethi River. The main attraction in the park is the Grunas Waterfall. The Valbona Valley National Park in Albania was also designated in 1996 and covers including the Valbona Valley and the Valbona River. This park is also referred to as the Gem of Albania. Kosovo, Albania, and Montenegro are planning to create another tri-state park in the area, that will be called the Balkans Peace Park.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: There are plans to create the enlarged Albanian Alps National Park in Albania, which would include areas of Vermosh, Thethi, Valbona and Gashi River in a massive area of . The park on the Kosovar side was established in 2012 with an area of , covering the high alpine areas as well as the Rugova Canyon and important rivers. The Montenegrin part of the mountain range was declared a national park in 2009, comprising an area of .


title: Accursed Mountains

text: A part of Maja e Ropës mountain was declared a floral mountain reserve in 1955, covering an area of of mainly Macedonian pine, pine and beech. In the same year the Kozhnjar area was declared a fauna reserve in particular to protect the chamois, covering an area of .


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Illegal deforestation is a major problem. To some extent even the national parks are affected. In dry summers forest fires are common. All the large mammals including wolves, chamois, foxes, badgers and wild boar are hunted without regard to national park boundaries.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: The Accursed Mountains are home to Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Bosniaks, but they are only very sparsely populated. At the edges there are some settlements: the Albanian Koplik and the Montenegrin Tuzi in the west near the Skadar Lake; Plav and Gusinje in of the northern valley of the upper Lim river in Montenegro and Bajram Curri, the main town of the district Tropoja, in the eastern part of the mountain range. Even the somewhat more distant, larger cities of Shkodra, Podgorica, Gjakova and Peja create their sphere of influence and are frequently visited by inhabitants of the highlands for errands, administrative procedures and market sales.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: In the mountains, villages only have up to a few hundred inhabitants. They are often scattered settlements without a clear core. Among the biggest are Tamara and Selca, both in the valley of the Cem and belonging to the community of the Kelmend. The community of eight villages – including Vermosh – comprises 6,600 inhabitants. Tamara is currently the only place in the central mountains with infrastructure such as a secondary school. Tamara and Vermosh share a maternity hospital. Until the collapse of communism there were such facilities, for example, in the Shala Valley. Many residents of the villages in the interior such as Boga, Theth or Valbona live there only in the summer months, as the villages are cut off for many weeks during winter.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: In addition to the seasonal migration, the whole mountain area is suffering from a severe "brain drain", as its income from agriculture is low. Many leave to seek work and a little more comfort in the region of Shkodra and Koplik, Tirana or abroad. As the year-round population dwindles as the terrain becomes less accessible, there are few state or local government employees such as teachers. Local income comes from agriculture, semi-illegal forestry and tourism.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: In a few places like Theth tourism has been revitalized by recreational hiking. With the help of GTZ, 40 private houses (also referred to as guest houses, or "han" in Albanian) have been transformed into tourist accommodations or B&Bs. In 2010 there were 130 beds available in total – 100 more than in 2007. Additionally, hiking trails have been marked and trails maps and travel guides published. In the period from 2006 to 2009, the number of tourists rose from 300 to around 7,500 per year. Unlike in the rest of Albania, the increase was due to foreign tourists. Lakes such as Plav and Hrid also receive many tourists during the summer months. In many villages there are small hydroelectric power plants that supply the village with electricity.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Many villages were already settled by the 15th century, and some valleys have been inhabited since the Stone Age. At the end of communism, however, several thousand people emigrated and depopulated the area.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: SH20 road crosses the Accursed Mountains in the Kelmend region of northwestern Albania, stretching from the eastern shore of Lake Scutari at the Han i Hotit border crossing with Montenegro, to the first pass into the valley of Cem. It then leads to the source elevation of the Qafa e Predelecit after Vermosh, followed by another border crossing, ending at Gusinje. the SH20 stretch between Hani Hotit and Tamare has been paved and upgraded to European standards.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: From west to east, there is only the SH21 road recently paved from Koplik to Boga. The road from Qafa Thores leading to Theth has been recently paved with crash barriers and guard rails added, but is still steep, winding and narrow in places. From Theth, there is a bad track down to the Shala Valley Church and only a walking path along the river leads to Shkodra. SH22 road over the Qafa e Morinës at Bajram Curri after Gjakova has been reconstructed. In the past, the only route for crossing the border between Montenegro and Kosovo was via Rugova Canyon, which was very dangerous and steep. With the construction of the Peja–Rožaje highway the situation has greatly improved. In addition, SH42 road leading to Razem from SH21 has also been recently reconstructed.


title: Accursed Mountains

text: Historically, a caravan route between Podgorica and Plav crossed the mountains along the Lim and Cem rivers.


title: Fellow traveller

text: The term fellow traveller (also fellow traveler) identifies a person who is intellectually sympathetic to the ideology of a political organization, and who co-operates in the organization's politics, without being a formal member of that organization. In the early history of the Soviet Union, the Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet statesman Anatoly Lunacharsky coined the term "poputchik" ('one who travels the same path') and later it was popularized by Leon Trotsky to identify the vacillating intellectual supporters of the Bolshevik government. It was the political characterisation of the Russian "intelligentsiya" (writers, academics, and artists) who were philosophically sympathetic to the political, social, and economic goals of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but who did not join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The usage of the term "poputchik" disappeared from political discourse in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist régime, but the Western world adopted the English term "fellow traveller" to identify people who sympathised with the Soviets and with Communism.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In U.S. politics, during the 1940s and the 1950s, the term "fellow traveler" was a pejorative term for a person who was philosophically sympathetic to Communism, yet was not a formal, "card-carrying member" of the Communist Party USA. In political discourse, the term "fellow traveler" was applied to intellectuals, academics, and politicians who lent their names and prestige to Communist front organizations.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In European politics, the equivalent terms for "fellow traveller" are: "Compagnon de route" and "sympathisant" in France; "Weggenosse", "Sympathisant" (neutral) or "Mitläufer" (negative connotation) in Germany; and "compagno di strada" in Italy.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks applied the term Poputchik ("one who travels the same path") to Russian writers who accepted the revolution, but who were not active revolutionaries. In the book "Literature and Revolution" (1923), Leon Trotsky popularized the usage of "Poputchik" as a political descriptor attributed to the pre-Revolutionary Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (the Social Democrats) to identify a vacillating political sympathizer. In Chapter 2, "The Literary 'Fellow-Travellers' of the Revolution", Trotsky said: Between bourgeois Art, which is wasting away either in repetitions or in silences, and the new art which is as yet unborn, there is being created a transitional art, which is more or less organically connected with the Revolution, but which is not, at the same time, the Art of the Revolution. Boris Pilnyak, Vsevolod Ivanov, Nicolai Tikhonov, the Serapion Fraternity, Yesenin and his group of Imagists and, to some extent, Kliuev – all of them were impossible without the Revolution, either as a group or separately. ... They are not the artists of the proletarian Revolution, but her artist "fellow-travellers", in the sense in which this word was used by the old Socialists... As regards a "fellow-traveller", the question always comes up – How far will he go? This question cannot be answered in advance, not even approximately. The solution of it depends, not so much on the personal qualities of this or that "fellow-traveller", but mainly on the objective trend of things during the coming decade.Victor Suvorov in his "Soviet military intelligence" (1984) referred to a less respectable term "shit-eaters" (Russian: "говноед") used by the GRU handlers when talking about the category of agents of influence who were conscious sympathisers of the Soviet movement:


title: Fellow traveller

text: In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Russian term "poputchik" (fellow traveller) was translated to the German as "Mitläufer", to identify a person who, although not formally charged with participation in war crimes, was sufficiently involved with the Nazi régime to the extent that the Allied authorities responsible for the denazification of Germany could not legally exonerate them from association with the war crimes of the Wehrmacht.


title: Fellow traveller

text: For the term "fellow traveller", the reactionary Régime of the Colonels (1967–74) used the Greek word "Synodiporia" ("The ones walking the street together") as an umbrella term that described domestic Greek Leftists and democratic opponents of the military dictatorship; likewise, the military government used term "Diethnis" ("international "Synodiporia"") to identify the foreign supporters of the domestic anti-fascist Greeks.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In the U.S., the European term "fellow-traveller" was adapted to describe persons politically sympathetic to, but not members of, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), who shared the political perspectives of Communism. In the 1920s and 1930s, the political, social, and economic problems in the U.S. and throughout the world, caused partly by the Great Depression, motivated idealistic young people, artists, and intellectuals to become sympathetic to the Communist cause, in hope they could overthrow capitalism. To that end, black Americans joined the CPUSA (1919) because some of their politically liberal stances (e.g. legal racial equality) corresponded to the political struggles of black people for civil rights and social justice, in the time when Jim Crow laws established and maintained racial segregation throughout the United States. Moreover, the American League for Peace and Democracy (ALPD) was the principal socio-political group who actively worked by anti-fascism rather than by pacifism; as such, the ALPD was the most important organization within the Popular Front, a pro-Soviet coalition of anti-fascist political organizations.


title: Fellow traveller

text: As in Europe, in the 1920s and 1930s, the intellectuals of the U.S. either sympathized with or joined the U.S. Communist Party, to oppose the economic excesses of capitalism and fascism, which they perceived as its political form. In 1936, the newspaper columnist Max Lerner included the term "fellow traveler" in the article "Mr. Roosevelt and His Fellow Travelers" ("The Nation").


title: Fellow traveller

text: In 1938, Joseph Brown Matthews Sr. featured the term in the title of his political biography "Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler" (1938); later, J. B. Matthews was the chief investigator for the anti-Communist activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Robert E. Stripling also credited Matthews: "J.B. Matthews, a former Communist fellow traveler (and, incidentally, the originator of that apt tag)..."


title: Fellow traveller

text: Among the writers and intellectuals known as fellow travelers were Ernest Hemingway and Theodore Dreiser novelists whose works of fiction occasionally were critical of capitalism and its excesses, whilst John Dos Passos, a known left-winger, moved to the right-wing and became a staunch anti-Communist.


title: Fellow traveller

text: Likewise, the editor of "The New Republic" magazine, Malcolm Cowley had been a fellow traveler during the 1930s, but broke from the Communist Party, because of the ideological contradictions inherent to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 23 August 1939). The novelist and critic Waldo Frank was a fellow traveler during the mid-1930s, and was the chairman of the League of American Writers, in 1935, but was ousted as such, in 1937, when he called for an enquiry to the reasons for Joseph Stalin's purges (1936–38) of Russian society.


title: Fellow traveller

text: From 1934 to 1939, the historian Richard Hofstadter briefly was a member of the Young Communist League USA. Despite disillusionment because of the non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and Communist Russia and the ideological rigidity of the Communist party-line, Hofstadter remained a fellow traveler until the 1940s. In "Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World" (2003), Eric Foner said that Hofstatdter continued thinking of himself as a political radical, because his opposition to capitalism was the reason he had joined the CPUSA.


title: Fellow traveller

text: Moreover, in the elegiac article "The Revolt of the Intellectuals" ("Time" 6 Jan. 1941), the ex-Communist Whittaker Chambers satirically used the term "fellow traveler":


title: Fellow traveller

text: In the late 1930s, most fellow-travelers broke with the Communist party-line of Moscow when Stalin and Adolf Hitler signed the German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact (August 1939), which allowed the Occupation of Poland (1939–45) for partitioning between the U.S.S.R. and Nazi Germany. In the U.S., the American Communist Party abided Stalin's official party-line, and denounced the Allies, rather than the Germans, as war mongers. In June 1941, when the Nazis launched "Operation Barbarossa", to annihilate the U.S.S.R., again, the American Communist Party abided Stalin's party-line, and became war hawks for American intervention to the European war in aid of Russia, and becoming an ally of the Soviet Union.


title: Fellow traveller

text: At War's end, the Russo–American Cold War emerged in the 1946–48 period, and American Communists found themselves at the political margins of U.S. society – such as being forced out of the leadership of trade unions; in turn, membership to the Communist Party of the U.S.A. declined. Yet, in 1948, American Communists did campaign for the presidential run of Henry A. Wallace, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's vice-president. In February 1956, to the 20th congress of the C.P.S.U., Nikita Khrushchev delivered the secret speech, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", denouncing Stalinism and the cult of personality for Josef Stalin; those political revelations ended the ideological relationship between many fellow-travelers in the West and the Soviet version of Communism.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In 1945, the anti-Communist congressional House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) became a permanent committee of the U.S. Congress; and, in 1953, after Senator Joseph McCarthy became chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, they attempted to determine the extent of Soviet influence in the U.S. government, and in the social, cultural, and political institutions of American society.


title: Fellow traveller

text: That seven-year period (1950–56) of moral panic and political witch hunts was the McCarthy Era, characterized by right-wing political orthodoxy. Some targets of investigation were created by way of anonymous and unfounded accusations of treason and subversion, during which time the term "fellow traveler" was applied as a political pejorative against many American citizens who did not outright condemn Communism. Modern critics of HUAC claim that any citizen who did not fit or abide the HUAC's ideologically narrow definition of "American" was so labeled – which, they claimed, contradicted, flouted, and voided the political rights provided for every citizen in the U.S. Constitution.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In the course of his political career, the Republican Sen. McCarthy claimed at various times that there were many American citizens (secretly and publicly) sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union who worked in the State Department and in the U.S. Army, in positions of trust incompatible with such beliefs. In response to such ideological threats to the national security of the U.S., some American citizens with Communist pasts were suspected of being "un-American" and thus secretly and anonymously registered to a blacklist (particularly in the arts) by their peers, and so denied employment and the opportunity to earn a living, despite many such acknowledged ex-communists moving on from the "fellow traveler" stage of their political lives, such as the Hollywood blacklist.


title: Fellow traveller

text: In "Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It" (1958), FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, defined five types of "fellow traveler", as politically subversive persons who he believed meant to promote the Communist deposition of the U.S. government:


title: Fellow traveller

text: "The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought" (1999), defines the term "fellow-traveller" as a post-revolutionary political term derived from the Russian word "poputchik", with which the Bolsheviks described political sympathizers who hesitated to publicly support the Bolshevik Party and Communism in Russia, after the Revolution of 1917.


title: Fellow traveller

text: "The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary" (1993) defines the term "fellow-traveller" as "a non-Communist who sympathizes with the aims and general policies of the Communist Party"; and, by transference, as a "person who sympathizes with, but is not a member of another party or movement".


title: Fellow traveller

text: "Safire's Political Dictionary" (1978), defines the term "fellow traveller" as a man or a woman "who accepted most Communist doctrine, but was not a member of the Communist party"; and, in contemporary usage, defines the term "fellow traveller" as a person "who agrees with a philosophy or group, but does not publicly work for it."


title: Joachim Sauer

text: Joachim Sauer (; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: Joachim Sauer was born in Hosena, a small town in the marshy Lusatian countryside between Dresden and Cottbus. He grew up with his twin sister and an elder brother. His father, Richard Sauer, had trained as a confectioner, but worked as an insurance representative. Sauer excelled at school.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: Sauer studied chemistry from 1967 to 1972 at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977, when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany)


title: Joachim Sauer

text: For a brief time during and after the German reunification (1990–1991) he was the deputy technical director (catalysis and sorption) for BIOSYM Technologies in San Diego, California (now BIOVIA). He remained an advisor for BIOSYM until 2002.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: In 1992, he joined the Max Planck Society as head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin. In 1993, he became full professor of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He retired from his chair in October 2017 and was succeeded by Martin Schütz, who died the following year. Sauer remains affiliated with the university as a senior research fellow.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: He is an active research scientist in quantum chemistry and computational chemistry. His computational studies have allowed for a better understanding of the structures and activities of some catalysts such as zeolites, specifically their acid sites, as well as the interpretation of solid state NMR spectra of nucleus Si-29, and quadrupolar nuclei such as Na-23, Al-27 and O-17.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: From his previous marriage to a fellow chemist, Sauer has two sons: Daniel and Adrian. On 30 December 1998, he married Angela Merkel (herself a doctor of physics who had once worked in quantum chemistry research), who later became the chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union. Due to the fact that Merkel became the first female chancellor of Germany on 22 November 2005, Sauer also assumed a role in diplomatic protocol as third-highest ranking spouse. In German order of precedence, the chancellor is the third-highest ranking office behind the President of Germany and the President of the Bundestag.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: Because of his wife's political career, Sauer has received far more media attention than is usual for a research scientist. On several occasions, he has stated that he is not fond of this publicity.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: During the 2005 election campaign Sauer kept a very low profile, declining to give any interviews not related to his scientific work. He attended the Bayreuth Festival, an opera festival and a highly visible social event in Germany, with his wife. Sauer is known as a great lover of Wagner's music.


title: Joachim Sauer

text: Even during his wife's election in the Bundestag, her inauguration, and later her taking the oath of office, Sauer was not present but reportedly briefly followed the event on TV from his university chemistry lab.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Ellen Louise Wilson (née Axson; May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914) was the first wife of President Woodrow Wilson and the mother of their three daughters. Like her husband, she was a Southerner, as well as the daughter of a clergyman. She was born in Savannah, Georgia, but raised in Rome, Georgia. Having an artistic bent, she studied at the Art Students League of New York before her marriage, and continued to produce art in later life.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: She was the first lady of the United States from Wilson's inauguration in 1913 until her death. During that period, she arranged White House weddings for two of their daughters. She was the third First Lady, and the most recent, to die during her tenancy.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Ellen Louise Axson, born in Savannah, Georgia, the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson, Ellen became a woman of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music, and literature. When she was eleven years old, she began studying art at Rome Female College in Rome, Georgia. After her graduation in 1876, Ellen's drawing titled "School Scene" was submitted to the Paris International Exposition. where it won a bronze medal for excellence.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: In April 1883, she met Woodrow Wilson when he was visiting his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia, on family business. At that time, she was keeping house for her widowed father. Woodrow Wilson thought of Ellen, "What splendid laughing eyes!" They were engaged 5 months later, but postponed the wedding while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father. Ellen's father committed suicide while hospitalized for depression, after which she went North to study at the Art Students League of New York.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Wilson, who was 28 years of age, married Ellen, age 25, on June 24, 1885, at her paternal grandparents' home in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: That same year, Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania offered Dr. Wilson a teaching position at an annual salary of $1,500. He and his bride lived near the campus, keeping her little brother with them.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Insisting that her children must not be born as Yankees, Ellen went to stay with relatives in Gainesville, Georgia for Margaret's birth in 1886 and Jessie's in 1887. But Eleanor was born in Connecticut in 1889, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Wilson's career at Princeton University began in 1890, bringing Ellen new social responsibilities. She took refuge from such demands in her art. As First Lady, she drew sketches and painted in a studio set up on the third floor of the White House. She donated much of her work to charity. She arranged the White House weddings of two of her daughters.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: After Wilson was elected as president in 1912, the Wilsons preferred to begin the administration without an inaugural ball. The First Lady's entertainments were simple, but her unaffected cordiality made her parties successful. In their first year, she convinced her scrupulous husband that it would be perfectly proper to invite influential legislators to a private dinner.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: Wilson had grown up in a slave-owning family. As First Lady, she devoted much effort to the cause of improving housing in the national capital's largely black slums. She visited dilapidated alleys and brought them to the attention of debutantes and Congressmen.


title: Ellen Axson Wilson

text: She died of Bright's disease at the White House on August 6, 1914. She was buried in Rome, Georgia among her family at Myrtle Hill Cemetery.


title: Spanish amphibious assault ship Juan Carlos I

text: Juan Carlos I is a multi-purpose amphibious assault ship-aircraft carrier in the Spanish Navy ("Armada Española"). Similar in role to many aircraft carriers, the amphibious landing ship has a ski jump for STOVL operations, and is equipped with the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft or the new Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II fighter aircraft. The vessel is named in honour of Juan Carlos I, the former King of Spain.


text: The new vessel plays an important role in the fleet, as a platform that not only replaces the LSTs and for supporting the mobility of the Marines and the strategic transport of other ground forces, but also acts as a platform for carrier-based aviation replacing the now withdrawn aircraft carrier .


text: The design for the "Buque de Proyección Estratégica" (Strategic Projection Vessel), as it was initially known, was approved in September 2003.


text: The vessel has a flight deck of , with a ski-jump ramp. The ship's flight deck has eight landing spots for Harrier, F-35 Lightning II or medium-sized helicopters, four spots for heavy helicopters of the CH-47 Chinook or V-22 Osprey size. The ship can carry either 30 helicopters or 10/12 McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II or Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and 10/12 helicopters, using the light vehicles bay as an additional storage zone.


text: The ship uses diesel-electric propulsion, simultaneously connecting both diesels and the new technology gas turbine powerplant to a pair of azimuthal pods, for the first time in the Spanish Navy.


text: The complement of the ship is approximately 900 naval personnel, with equipment and support elements for 1,200 soldiers. Multi-functional garage and hangar space on two levels covers , with capacity for 6,000 tonnes load on each level. A stern well deck measuring can accommodate four LCM-1E landing craft which can beach-deliver non-swimming ground vehicles like tanks and four RHIBs, or one Landing Craft Air Cushion plus Assault Amphibious Vehicles.


text: Construction of the , 27,000-tonne ship started in May 2005 simultaneously at the Navantia Shipyards in Ferrol, Galicia (with the cut of the first plate corresponding to Block 320) and in Fene, Galicia (with the cut of the first plate corresponding to Block 330). The ship, that supposes a service load of 3,100,000 hours of production and 775,000 hours of engineering, was launched 10 March 2008, and was commissioned 30 September 2010. The original budget was €360 million but the ship cost €462 million (US$600 million) in the end.


text: On 20 June 2007, following a lengthy contest that pitted it against the similar but smaller French , the Australian government announced that it would build under licence two ships of the same design, known as the . Navantia was responsible for the ships' construction from the keel to the flight deck in Spain, after which the hulls were transported to Australia for completion by BAE Systems Australia. The first of these ships, , was commissioned on 28 November 2014; the second ship, , was commissioned on 4 December 2015.


text: In September 2009, Russia invited Navantia to take part in the competition to supply the Russian Navy with the new generation of amphibious assault ships to compete against the French "Mistral"-class ships. In January 2011 Russia chose the "Mistral" proposal over the Spanish concept.


text: Navantia will provide design, technology transfer, equipment and technical assistance to Turkey's Sedef Shipyard for the design and production of , a modified Turkish derivative of the "Juan Carlos"-class, classified as a "Light Aircraft Carrier" by Turkish Lloyd. It will feature local command and control systems, the combat system will be integrated by ASELSAN and HAVELSAN. In December 2013, the Turkish Navy's amphibious assault ship program was estimated to cost €375 million (US$500 million). Originally, the Turkish Navy wanted a slightly shorter flight deck without the forward ski-jump ramp, optimized for helicopter-only use. The service later opted for a fully equipped flight deck with the ski-jump after deciding to purchase Lockheed Martin F-35B STOVL aircraft. Turkey was a Level 3 partner in the Joint Strike Fighter program and the Turkish Air Force was to get the F-35A CTOL version. On 17 July 2019, the US removed Turkey from the F-35 program for purchasing the Russian S-400 missile system.


text: The Turkish version will be capable of operating up to 14 helicopters in "light aircraft carrier" configuration. The final design's dimensions are: (length), (beam), (draught), and (height). Its displacement will be 24,660 tons (in "light aircraft carrier" mission configuration) or 27,079 tons (in "amphibious landing ship" mission configuration). Its maximum speed will be (in "light aircraft carrier" configuration) or (in "amphibious landing ship" configuration); while its maximum range will be at economical speed. It will have a flight deck and a aviation hangar which can accommodate either twelve medium-sized helicopters or eight CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift helicopters. When the aviation hangar and the light cargo garage are unified, up to 25 medium-sized helicopters can be carried, or up to twelve helicopters and twelve F-35 fighters. Six more helicopters can be hosted on the flight deck. Additionally, the ship will have a light cargo garage for TEU containers and 27 Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAV); a dock which can host four Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) or two Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), or two Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP); and a garage for heavy loads, which can host 29 Main Battle Tanks (MBT), Amphibious Assault Vehicles and TEU containers. The crew will consist of 261 personnel: 30 officers, 49 NCOs, 59 leading seamen and 123 ratings.


text: The final contract for the ship's construction was signed with the Navantia-Sedef consortium on 7 May 2015. While the commissioning of the ship was scheduled for 2021 in the beginning, it was later revised to the end of 2022. The estimated cost according to the final specifications is $1 billion in 2015. Construction began on 30 April 2016 at the shipyard of Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. in Istanbul.


title: Freiherr

text: ' (; male, abbreviated as ), ' (; his wife, abbreviated as , literally "free lord" or "free lady") and ' (, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire and in its various successor states, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, etc. Traditionally, it denotes the titled rank within the nobility above ' (knight) and ' (nobility without a specific title) and below ' (count, earl). The title superseded the earlier medieval form, ".


title: Freiherr

text: It corresponds approximately to the English "baron" in rank. The Duden orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of "Baron", deriving from the latin-germanic combination "liber baro" (which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that "Baron" is a corresponding salutation for a "Freiherr".


title: Freiherr

text: The title ' derives from the historical situation in which an owner held free (allodial) title to his land, as opposed "unmittelbar" ("unintermediated"), or held without any intermediate feudal tenure; or unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight (') in vassalage to a higher lord or sovereign, and unlike medieval German ministerials, who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord. A ' sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the liege lord, who might be the duke (') or count (").


title: Freiherr

text: The German-language title of "" is rendered in English as "Baron", although the title was derived separately in the two languages.


title: Freiherr

text: Even in German, a "" is often styled as and addressed by the more elegant, Latin equivalent "Baron" in social circumstances, although not the official title.


title: Freiherr

text: Separately, in the 19th century some families of the Baltic German nobility who had historically carried the title of ' were recognized by the Tsardom of Russia as noble in the form of ukases additionally awarding the equivalent Russian title of '. When in 1919 privileges to members of dynastic and noble families were abolished by the constitution of the Weimar Republic and hence titles became part of the last name some members of the affected families chose to be officially named ' while others preferred ' to emphasize their Baltic-German heritage. This is why members of the same family can have different official last names.


title: Freiherr

text: The original distinction from other barons was that a "s landed property was allodial instead of a fief.


title: Freiherr

text: Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" ('), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply '. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, ' did not belong to the noble hierarchy of any realm, but by a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility, including ' (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of ennoblement). Some of the older baronial families began to use " in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman Emperors, and this usage is far from obsolete.


title: Freiherr

text: As with most titles and designations within the nobility in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the rank was normally hereditary and would generally be used together with the nobiliary particle of ' or ' (sometimes both: ") before a family name.


title: Freiherr

text: The inheritance of titles of nobility in most German-speaking areas was not restricted by primogeniture as is the baronial title in Britain. Hence, the titles applied equally to all male-line descendants of the original grantee in perpetuity: All legitimate sons of a ' shared his title and rank, and could be referred to as '. The wife of a ' is titled ' (literally "free lady"), and the daughter of a ' is called ' (short for "). Both titles are translated in English as "Baroness".


title: Freiherr

text: In Prussia and some other countries in northern Europe, the title of Freiherr was, as long as the monarchy existed, usually used "preceding" a person's given name (e.g. '). In Austria-Hungary and Bavaria, however, it would be inserted between the given name and the family name (e.g. ').


title: Freiherr

text: After the First World War, the monarchies were abolished in most German-speaking areas of Europe, and the nobility lost recognition as a legal class in the newly created republics of Germany and Austria.


title: Freiherr

text: The Republic of Austria abolished hereditary noble titles for its citizens by the ' of 3 April 1919 and the corresponding decree of the state government. The public use of such titles was and still is prohibited, and violations could be fined. ', as an Austrian citizen, therefore lost his title of ' and would simply be named as ' in his Austrian passport.


title: Freiherr

text: In practice, however, former noble titles are still used socially in Austria; some people consider it a matter of courtesy to use them. The late , in his childhood Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was styled ' in his post-1919 Austrian passport, and ' in his German passport (he was a Member of the European Parliament for Germany).


title: Freiherr

text: In 2003, the Constitutional Court (') ruled that an Austrian woman having been adopted by a German carrying an aristocratic title as part of his name is not allowed to carry this title in her name. The Federal Administrative Court (') in a similar case asked the European Court of Justice whether this Austrian regulation would violate the right of the European Union; the European Court of Justice did not object to the Austrian decision not to accept the words "" as part of an Austrian woman's name.


title: Freiherr

text: The German republic, under Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919, legally transformed all hereditary noble titles into dependent parts of the legal surname. The former title thus became a part of the family name, and moved in front of the family name. ', as a German citizen, therefore became '. As dependent parts of the surnames ("""") they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is a possible nobiliary particle, such as ', and might or might not be used by those bearing them. Female forms of titles have been legally accepted as a variation in the surname after 1919 by a still valid decision of the former German High Court ('). The distinguishing main surname is the name, following the Freiherr, Freifrau or Freiin and, where applicable, the nobiliary particle – in the preceding example, the main surname is "" and so alphabetically is listed under ""S"".


title: Freiherr

text: Similar titles have been seen in parts of Europe that have historically been dominated by Germany (in the cultural sense): the Baltic States, Austria–Hungary, Sweden, Finland and to some extent in Denmark–Norway.


title: Freiherr

text: From the Middle Ages onward, each head of a Swedish noble house was entitled to vote in any provincial council when held, as in the Realm's ', later '. In 1561, King Eric XIV began to grant some noblemen the titles of count (') or baron ('). The family members of a "" were entitled to the same title, which in time became Baron or Baronessa colloquially: thus a person who formally is a now might use the title of "Baron" before his name, and he might also be spoken of as "a baron".


title: Freiherr

text: However, after the change of constitution in 1809, newly created baronships in principle conferred the dignity only in primogeniture. In the now valid Swedish Instrument of Government (1974), the possibility to create nobility is completely eliminated; and since the beginning of the twenty-first century, noble dignities have passed from the official sphere to the private.


title: Freiherr

text: In Denmark and Norway, the title of ' was of equal rank to that of Baron, which has gradually replaced it. It was instituted on 25 May 1671 with Christian V's ' privileges. Today only a few Danish noble families use the title of ' and most of those are based in Sweden, where that version of the title is still more commonly used; a Danish ' generally is addressed as "Baron". The wife of a Danish or Norwegian ' is titled ', and the daughters are formally addressed as ". With the first free Constitution of Denmark of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Today titles are only of ceremonial interest in the circles around the Monarchy of Denmark


title: Freiherr

text: In 1561, the Swedish king Eric XIV conferred the hereditary titles of count and ' ("baron") on some persons, not all of them nobles. This prerogative was confirmed in the constitutional arrangements of 1625. All family members of ' (baronial) families were entitled to that same title, which in practice, came to mean that they were addressed as ' or '. The Finnish nobility shares most of its origins with Swedish nobility. In the beginning, they were all without honorific titulature, and known just as "lords". In subsequent centuries, while Finland remained an autonomous grand duchy, many families were raised in rank as counts, 's, or as untitled nobles. Theoretically, all created ' families were given a barony (with some rights of taxation and jurisprudence), but such fiefs were only granted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thereafter the "barony" was titular, usually in chief of some already-owned property, and sometimes that property was established as a ". Their property tax exemption continued into the 20th century, being, however, diminished substantially by reforms of the 19th century.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Marcedes Alexis Lewis (born May 19, 1984) is an American football tight end for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCLA, earning consensus All-American honors. He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Lewis was born in Los Alamitos, California. He graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School in Long Beach, California, where he played high school football for the Long Beach Poly Jackrabbits. In 2001, he competed in a nationally televised game against De La Salle of Concord, California. As a senior, Lewis was named as a "Parade" magazine high school All-American and was considered a top prospect by all major recruiting services.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Lewis attended UCLA, and played for the UCLA Bruins football team from 2002 to 2005. In 49 games with the Bruins, he started 32 times. He ranks ninth on the school's overall career-record receiving list and first among tight ends with 126 receptions, holding the UCLA tight end all-time records with 1,571 yards receiving and 21 touchdowns. As a senior in 2005, Lewis was a first-team All-Pacific-10 selection, a consensus first-team All-American, and won the John Mackey Award, given annually to the top tight end in college football.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Lewis was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 28th overall pick in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football with running back Maurice Jones-Drew at UCLA who was also selected on the first day by the Jaguars. In July 2006, Lewis signed a five-year, $7.5 million contract that included $4.9 million guaranteed.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Lewis made his NFL debut in Week 1 of the 2006 season against the Pittsburgh Steelers in a 9–0 victory. He scored his first professional touchdown on a one-yard reception from David Garrard in Week 12 against the Buffalo Bills. He finished his rookie season with three starts in 15 appearances. He totaled 13 receptions for 126 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. His role expanded in the 2007 season with 37 receptions for 391 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. He started all 16 games in his second year. In 2008, Lewis started all 16 games once again and recorded 41 receptions for 489 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns, which came in consecutive games in Week 5 and Week 6. In the 2009 season, he started all 16 games and recorded 32 receptions for 518 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: In the 2010 season, Lewis matched the Jaguars single-season touchdown receptions record with a total of 10 and was selected to his first Pro Bowl. He had previously been named as an alternate for the 2009 Pro Bowl. He started all 16 games and had three games with multiple receiving touchdowns.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Due in part to the 2011 NFL lockout, the Jaguars placed the franchise tag on Lewis on February 24, 2011. On August 5, 2011, after a short training camp hold out, Lewis signed a five-year contract reportedly worth about $35 million ($17 million guaranteed). In the 2011 season, he started in and appeared in 15 games and totaled 39 receptions for 460 receiving yards. For the first time in his professional career, he did not have a touchdown. In the final game of the 2012 regular season against the Tennessee Titans, Lewis had seven receptions for 103 receiving yards for his first game going over the 100-yard mark. He totaled 52 receptions for 540 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns on the season. In the 2013 season, he totaled 25 receptions for 359 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns in 11 games. The four receiving touchdowns all came in four consecutive games from Week 13 to Week 16. In the 2014 season, he totaled 18 receptions for 206 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. Lewis continued his constant production in the 2015 season with 16 receptions for 226 receiving yards in 16 games, all starts.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: On March 9, 2016, Lewis re-signed a three-year, $12 million contract to remain with the Jaguars. He was placed on injured reserve on November 21, 2016, after suffering a calf injury in Week 11 against the Detroit Lions. He totaled 20 receptions for 169 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in ten starting appearances. In Week 3 of the 2017 season, he recorded four receptions for 62 receiving yards and a career-high three receiving touchdowns in a 44–7 victory over the Baltimore Ravens. He finished with 24 receptions for 318 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns in 16 starts. In the loss to the New England Patriots, Lewis recorded his first postseason touchdown on a four-yard reception from Blake Bortles.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: On May 24, 2018, the Green Bay Packers signed Lewis to a one-year, $2.1 million contract that included a $500,000 signing bonus. Lewis caught his first pass as a Packer on November 4, 2018, during a Week 9 loss to the New England Patriots. He finished the 2018 season with three catches for 39 yards.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: On March 18, 2019, Lewis re-signed with the Packers on a one-year, $2.1 million dollar contract. Lewis caught his first touchdown as a Packer, a one-yard reception from Aaron Rodgers, on December 1, 2019, during a Week 13 victory over the New York Giants. He finished the 2019 season with 15 receptions for 156 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. The Packers advanced to the playoffs as the NFC's 2 seed, losing in the to the San Francisco 49ers.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: On March 24, 2020, Lewis re-signed with the Packers on a one-year contract. Lewis started 15 games, catching ten passes for 107 yards and three touchdowns. The Packers advanced to the playoffs as the top seed in the NFC, but again lost in the to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: On March 30, 2021, Packers re-signed Lewis to a two-year, $8 million contract. In a Week 15, 31–30 victory against the Baltimore Ravens, Lewis surpassed 5,000 career receiving yards. He started all 17 games in the 2021 season and finished with 23 receptions for 214 receiving yards. The Packers again clinched home-field advantage as the NFC's top seed for the 2021 playoffs.


title: Marcedes Lewis

text: Lewis has been active in his hometown of Long Beach, California, holding football camps that combine sports development with academics.


title: Serene (yacht)

text: Built by Italian shipyard Fincantieri with interior design by Reymond Langton Design, "Serene" was delivered to her owner in August 2011. At delivery, she was one of the 10 largest yachts in the world with an overall length of and a beam of .


title: Serene (yacht)

text: The ship was built for Russian vodka tycoon Yuri Shefler for $330m. In the summer of 2014, Bill Gates leased the yacht for US$5 million per week.


title: Serene (yacht)

text: In 2014, while vacationing in the south of France, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia bought the vessel from Yuri Shefler for approximately €500 million.


title: Serene (yacht)

text: In August 2017, "Serene" ran aground on a shallow rock reef in the Red Sea, off the coast of Sharm El Sheikh. She sustained significant damage to her hull at the bow. The cause was reported to be a combination of navigational error and propulsion failure.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: "P.I.M.P." is a song by American rapper 50 Cent, from his debut studio album "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" (2003). The song features production from Mr. Porter of D12 and was mixed by Dr. Dre.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: A remixed version of the song, featuring fellow rappers Snoop Dogg, Lloyd Banks and Young Buck, was released as the album's fourth official single on August 12, 2003, although the remix was not initially part of the track listing; it was later added as a bonus track to some digital editions of the album.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: Upon its release, "P.I.M.P." was a significant commercial success, especially in the United States, where it peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached the Top 10 of many national charts worldwide. The song was later certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000+ copies.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: Musically, the song is based on a highly steelpan prominent production from Mr. Porter from D12, and although it is predominantly a rap song, features elements of other genres, especially reggae, or music similar to that of the Caribbean. Lyrically, the song glorifies 50 Cent's supposed involvement in the 'pimp' lifestyle.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: The music video features the four rappers rapping with topless women. The video comes in two slightly different versions: one with the topless women and a "clean" version without. On July 15, 2003, the video debuted on MTV's "Total Request Live" at number nine and stayed on the chart for fifty days. At the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, it was nominated for Best Rap Video, but lost to Jay-Z's "99 Problems".


title: P.I.M.P.

text: The video had 50 Cent trying to audition to become a member of the P.I.M.P. Legion of Doom that is led by Snoop Dogg's character. When asked why they should let him join the P.I.M.P. Legion of Doom as he doesn't have a Cadillac and/or a perm, 50 Cent ends up winning their favor by showing off his Magic Stick.


title: P.I.M.P.

text: In 2008, the Bacao Rhythm & Steel Band released a cover version of "P.I.M.P." from their album "Look-A Py Py". This was such a faithful version that many people incorrectly said that it was the source of the steel drum tune used in the 50 Cent single. This, of course, is not possible since the Bacao single was released five years after 50 Cent had released "P.I.M.P.".


title: P.I.M.P.

text: Additional covers of the song included those on "Hip Hop Baby" (a 2004 compilation album of kid-friendly tunes from the group Tunes for Baby That Won't Drive You Crazy), and "P.I.N.T.", a parody version by British rapper 50 Pence (from his 2004 album, "50 Pence Presents").


title: P.I.M.P.

text: In June 2016, producer Brandon Parrott sued almost everyone involved with the 50 Cent record "Get Rich or Die Tryin"', claiming that he was tricked into licensing the use of a beat from his track "BAMBA". Aftermath Records & Universal requested that the case be dismissed on the grounds that Parrott had already been compensated in an earlier settlement. Judge S. James Otero dismissed the complaint without leave to amend in November 2016.


title: Grey Poupon

text: The U.S. rights to the brand were acquired by the Heublein Company, later passing on to Kraft Foods. Grey Poupon became popular in the United States in the late 1970s and 1980s as American tastes broadened from conventional American yellow mustards, aided in large part by a memorable advertising campaign emphasizing the product's association with luxury.


title: Grey Poupon

text: Like other Dijon mustards, Grey Poupon contains a small amount of white wine. The American version is made with brown mustard seed grown in Canada.


title: Grey Poupon

text: Maurice Grey (b. Urcy, France, 1816; d. 1897), who was winning medals for his Dijon mustard machine in 1855, in 1860 was awarded a Royal Appointment for developing a machine that dramatically increased the speed of production of mustard. However, needing financing, which he obtained in 1866 from Auguste Poupon, another Dijon mustard manufacturer, the Grey–Poupon partnership produced their first mustard around 1866 in Dijon, France.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In 1970, the directors of Grey Poupon and of another Dijon mustard firm, André Ricard, having earlier bought the popular Maille-label, formed a conglomerate called S.E.G.M.A. Maille. Soon afterwards, the new company decided to phase out the Grey Poupon label in France.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In America, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company acquired Heublein in 1982 and merged it with Nabisco in 1985 to form RJR Nabisco. In 1999, Kraft Foods acquired Nabisco, including the Grey Poupon brand.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In 2000, Amora-Maille was acquired by Unilever and UK trademark rights to Grey Poupon were assumed by it until 2005 when the rights were sold to G Costa & Company Limited, a subsidiary of Associated British Foods. In 2008, Associated British Foods folded G Costa into AB World Foods.


title: Grey Poupon

text: Grey Poupon Dijon and wholegrain mustard are still produced in France for the European markets. Production of Grey Poupon for the American market moved to Holland, Michigan, from Pennsylvania following Kraft Heinz's expansion of its 120-year-old Holland production facility.


title: Grey Poupon

text: Heublein increased the visibility and name recognition of their mustard brand with a 1980s commercial pointing out that "one can enjoy the finer things of life with white wine mustard without paying high prices", in which a Rolls-Royce pulls up alongside another Rolls-Royce, and a passenger in one asks "Pardon me, would you have any Grey Poupon?" The other responds, "But of course!" The closing shot is of the Grey Poupon jar being passed between the vehicles. In one variation, the characters are on the Orient Express.


title: Grey Poupon

text: The commercial spawned a number of variations, often comedic; a 1991 version features Ian Richardson asking Paul Eddington if he has any Grey Poupon, to which Eddington replies, "But of course", then motions for his driver to speed away. It is implied that they are playing the roles of the fictitious British Prime Ministers Francis Urquhart (from "House of Cards") and Jim Hacker (from "Yes, Prime Minister"), respectively. Another commercial included the introduction of a plastic squeeze bottle, wherein the bottle makes a flatulent noise, much to the mortification of the driver.


title: Grey Poupon

text: The advertising campaign helped solidify Grey Poupon's status as a product associated with the wealthy; in 1992, Grey Poupon had the strongest correlation between a person's income and whether or not they used the product.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In 2013, Grey Poupon created a new advertisement, playing upon the 1980s commercial, displaying a duel between the driver who took the Grey Poupon jar (played by British actor Frazer Douglas) being chased down by the mustard's original owner (played by American actor Rod McCary). The spot was nominated for an Emmy for best commercial.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In 2007, Kraft introduced three new specialty mustards under the Grey Poupon brand: a coarse-ground mustard with whole mustard seeds, a spicy brown mustard with diced yellow onions, and a honey mustard with clover honey and spices. Only the coarse ground version remains in production.


title: Grey Poupon

text: The "Pardon me, would you have any Grey Poupon?" commercials have been parodied in many films and TV shows, including "Wayne's World" (1992), "Married... with Children"s "Old Insurance Dodge", "WWE SmackDown" and Family Guy's "Blue Harvest" (September 23, 2007). The question was asked by Michael J. Fox's character, while preparing to eat a frog dog in the film "The Hard Way" (1991), by Little Richard in The Naked Truth, and by the Dutch character (Joost Michael de Witt) in Emilio Estevez's film "The Way" (2010). The line was also mentioned in a deleted scene from "The Office", said by character Andy Bernard.


title: Grey Poupon

text: In her semi-autobiographical 1983 novel "Heartburn", Nora Ephron's protagonist describes the recipe for an ideal vinaigrette as "mix two tablespoons of Grey Poupon mustard with two tablespoons good redwine vinegar. Then, whisking constantly with a fork, slowly add six tablespoons olive oil, until the vinaigrette is thick and creamy; this makes a very strong vinaigrette that is perfect for salad greens like arugula and watercress and endive."


title: Grey Poupon

text: The Grey Poupon name has appeared frequently in hip-hop and rap lyrics since 1992, when Das EFX mentioned the brand on their song "East Coast". Artists such as MF DOOM, Kanye West, Big Sean, Jay Z, Kendrick Lamar, and T-Pain have all referenced Grey Poupon in their song lyrics. According to rapper Open Mike Eagle, the prevalence of these references is attributable to how convenient it is to create a rhyme with the brand name as well as how strongly the product is associated with class, style, and luxury.


title: Mirkwood

text: Mirkwood is a name used for a great dark fictional forest in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century. The critic Tom Shippey explains that the name evoked the excitement of the wildness of Europe's ancient North.


title: Mirkwood

text: At least two distinct Middle-earth forests are named Mirkwood in Tolkien's legendarium. One is in the First Age, when the highlands of Dorthonion north of Beleriand became known as Mirkwood after falling under Morgoth's control. The more famous Mirkwood was in Wilderland, east of the river Anduin. It had acquired the name Mirkwood after it fell under the influence of the Necromancer; before that it had been known as Greenwood the Great. This Mirkwood features significantly in "The Hobbit" and in the film "".


title: Mirkwood

text: The term "Mirkwood" derives from the forest "Myrkviðr" of Norse mythology; that forest has been identified by scholars as representing a wooded region of Ukraine at the time of the wars between the Goths and the Huns in the fourth century. A Mirkwood was used by the novelist Sir Walter Scott in his 1814 novel "Waverley", and then by William Morris in his 1889 fantasy novel "The House of the Wolfings". Forests play a major role in the invented history of Tolkien's Middle-earth and are important in the heroic quests of his characters. The forest device is used as a mysterious transition from one part of the story to another.


title: Mirkwood

text: William Morris used Mirkwood in his fantasy novels. His 1889 "The Roots of the Mountains" is set in such a forest, while the forest setting in his "The House of the Wolfings", also first published in 1889, is actually named "Mirkwood". The book begins by describing the wood:


title: Mirkwood

text: A Mirkwood appears in several places in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, among several forests that play important roles in his storytelling. Projected into Old English, it appears as "Myrcwudu" in his "The Lost Road", as a poem sung by Ælfwine. He used the name Mirkwood in another unfinished work, "The Fall of Arthur". But the name is best known and most prominent in his Middle-earth legendarium, where it appears as two distinct forests, one in the First Age in Beleriand, as described in "The Silmarillion", the other in the Third Age in Rhovanion, as described in both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings".


title: Mirkwood

text: In "The Silmarillion", the forested highlands of Dorthonion in the north of Beleriand (in the northwest of Middle-earth) eventually fell under Morgoth's control and was subjugated by creatures of Sauron, then Lord of Werewolves. Accordingly, the forest was renamed "Taur-nu-Fuin" in Sindarin, "Forest of Darkness", or "Forest of Nightshade"; Tolkien chose to use the English form "Mirkwood". Beren becomes the sole survivor of the men who once lived there as subjects of the Noldor King Finrod of Nargothrond. Beren ultimately escapes the terrible forest that even the Orcs fear to spend time in. Beleg pursues the captors of Túrin through this forest in the several accounts of Túrin's tale. Along with the rest of Beleriand, this forest was lost in the cataclysm of the War of Wrath at the end of the First Age.


title: Mirkwood

text: Mirkwood is a vast temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in the Middle-earth region of Rhovanion (Wilderland), east of the great river Anduin. In "The Hobbit", the wizard Gandalf calls it "the greatest forest of the Northern world." Before it was darkened by evil, it had been called Greenwood the Great.


title: Mirkwood

text: After the publication of the maps in "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien wrote a correction stating "Mirkwood is too small on map it must be 300 miles across" from east to west, but the maps were never altered to reflect this. On the published maps Mirkwood was up to 200 miles (320 km) across; from north to south it stretched about 420 miles (675 km). The "J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" states that it is 400-500 miles (640-800 km) long and 200 miles (320 km) wide.


title: Mirkwood

text: The trees were large and densely packed. In the north they were mainly oaks, although beeches predominated in the areas favoured by Elves. Higher elevations in southern Mirkwood were "clad in a forest of dark fir". Pockets of the forest were dominated by dangerous giant spiders. Animals within the forest were described as inedible. The elves of the forest, too, are "black" and hostile, drawing a comparison with "Svartalfheim" ("Black elf home") in Snorri Sturluson's Old Norse "Edda", quite unlike the friendly elves of Rivendell.