title: Frazer Hines

text: Hines was born in Horsforth, a north-west suburb of Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the third son of Bill and Molly Hines. His mother was Scottish and came from Port Glasgow. Shortly after Hines was born, the family moved to Harrogate where his mother ran a boarding house. As a child, Hines went to the Western Board Primary School and then Norwood College. Through his parents attending a local amateur dramatics group and regularly visiting the cinema, Hines discovered a love for performing and began attending the Margery Newbury School of Dancing every Saturday morning. It was here that during a performance aged seven at the Royal Hall in Harrogate that Hines sang the song "Louise" while doing an impersonation of Maurice Chevalier which generated newspaper headlines reading "A young star is born here tonight at the Royal Hall Harrogate".


title: Frazer Hines

text: Because of this success, Hines began attending Corona Theatre School in London where his fellow classmates included Richard O'Sullivan, Dennis Waterman, Jeremy Bulloch and Francesca Annis. Making his debut in the film "John and Julie" (1955) as an extra in a crowd scene, Hines went on to have minor roles in a number of films including "One Good Turn" (1955) and "The Woman for Joe" (1955) before playing speaking parts in "Moby Dick", "The Weapon" and "X the Unknown" (all 1956). Hines' breakthrough role however was in 1957 where he performed the role of Napoleon in a six-part television adaptation of John Buchan's 1922 novel "Huntingtower". That same year, Hines appeared alongside Charlie Chaplin in the film "A King in New York". From 1957 and throughout the 1960s, he performed a steady stream of roles in various television series, such as Jan in "The Silver Sword" (1957–58), Tim Birch in "Emergency – Ward 10" (1963–64), and Roger Wain in "Coronation Street" (1965). He appeared in a 1964 serial, "Smuggler's Bay", with Patrick Troughton. With a well-established career in television, Hines appeared in feature films less frequently, however he did appear in "Tunes of Glory" (1960) with Alec Guinness, "I Could Go On Singing" (1963) with Judy Garland and the James Bond film "You Only Live Twice" (1967).


title: Frazer Hines

text: Hines' "Doctor Who" debut came in the same year, when he was cast to play the part of Jamie McCrimmon, the companion of the Second Doctor (played by Patrick Troughton). Originally intended as a one-off guest character, Jamie joined the regular cast and appeared in the series from 1966 to 1969. Hines reprised the role in a cameo in the 20th anniversary serial "The Five Doctors" (1983) and as a guest star in "The Two Doctors" (1985). Hines appeared in 117 episodes of "Doctor Who" in all—more than any other "companion" actor in the history of the series. The only actors appearing in more episodes are those who played the first four Doctors. Many of the episodes featuring Jamie no longer exist in the BBC's collection.


title: Frazer Hines

text: In 1968, during his third year on the show, Hines released with Major Minor Records the novelty record "Who's Dr. Who?" Esteemed songwriters Barry Mason and Les Reed composed the music and lyrics, but the record was a commercial failure. Hines later called it the only flop Mason and Reed ever wrote.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Hines and his fellow lead actors Patrick Troughton and Wendy Padbury (who played the Doctor's other companion Zoe Heriot) decided collectively that the workload of "Doctor Who" was exhausting them. Frazer was the first of the three to announce his intention to leave. Troughton asked him to stay a few more months, to the end of the sixth series, as this was when Troughton planned to relinquish his role. The three actors remained with the show until the conclusion of the final Season 6 serial "The War Games" (1969). In a documentary about Patrick Troughton, Hines reported that they all left with smiles on their faces, feeling that their job was done and that it was well done. Frazer attested that he remained in contact with Troughton afterward.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Author Diana Gabaldon credits watching Frazer Hines in the "Doctor Who" serial "The War Games" (and finding him attractive in a kilt) as the inspiration for her first novel, "Outlander", a time travel story set in 18th century Scotland. Consequently, she named the novel's male protagonist Jamie. She says that the character's surname, Fraser, is a coincidence, as the PBS station on which she watched "Doctor Who" habitually cut off the episode's credits. She did not learn Hines' name until several years after "Outlander" was published.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Up until 2007, Hines was the only surviving Second Doctor companion actor not to have acted in a Big Finish Productions "Doctor Who" audio play. (The others have played characters other than their television roles.) In November 2007, he starred as Jamie in "Helicon Prime", the second instalment in Season 2 of Big Finish's Companion Chronicles. Since then he has appeared in many more Companion Chronicles, where his uncanny ability to mimic Patrick Troughton's Second Doctor has been welcomed by fans of the show. Hines has also recorded linking narration for many Second Doctor serials which no longer exist in video form; the soundtracks, along with Hines' narration, have been released on CD by BBC Audio. He also appeared in an audio trilogy with Colin Baker's Sixth Doctor as an older Jamie. In 2013, Hines portrayed both Jamie and the Second Doctor in the Big Finish audio play "The Light at the End", produced to celebrate the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Who".


title: Frazer Hines

text: After his tenure as Jamie in "Doctor Who", Hines resumed the life of a jobbing actor, appearing in several films such as "The Last Valley" and "Zeppelin" (both 1971), until 1972 when he was cast in the soap opera "Emmerdale Farm" as Joe Sugden, a role he played until 1994. In between making episodes of "Emmerdale", as it was renamed in 1989, he has continued a career in the theatre and made occasional appearances in other TV shows. Hines was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1992 after Michael Aspel surprised him during the filming of "Emmerdale". He stated in a 2019 interview, “I left Emmerdale because I got sick of going to work when it was dark and coming home when it was dark. I’d just got married and owned a stud farm, and so I said I would leave." He stated he was asked back to the show the following year but refused and was later killed off. Hines confirmed that he would like to return to the soap despite his off-screen death.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Straight out of "Emmerdale", in 1995 Hines toured the UK in a production of "Doctor in the House" with Vicki Michelle, Robin Askwith and Windsor Davies. In 1998, he starred as Inspector Lord in a touring production of "Spider's Web". Hines guest starred in an episode of "Dalziel and Pascoe" in 2006 and appeared with Kate O'Mara in a tour of "The Hollow" later that year. Hines appeared in Peter Kay's "Comic Relief" video of 2007, as one of the many guests dancing to the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" by the Proclaimers. In 2011, he toured in the play "Five Blue Haired Ladies Sitting on a Green Park Bench" with Shirley Anne Field and Anita Harris. He appeared in the film "A Voice to Die For" in 2013. In 2014, Hines appeared in the film "Two Days in the Smoke". He also appeared as Daddy Warbucks in the stage musical "Annie" in 2014.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Hines was cast in a 2015 episode of the television adaptation of "Outlander", which he had helped to inspire. In the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison", Hines portrayed Sir Fletcher Gordon, an English prison warden. From 2016 to 2017, Hines starred as Albert Blunderstone in the tour of the play "Seriously Dead".


title: Frazer Hines

text: In 2018, Hines starred in the award winning short film "Sundown" which was directed by Ryan Hendrick and also appeared in the sci-fi western film "Blood Corral". In 2019, he starred in an audio film of "Up Pompeii!", celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the series, appearing alongside original cast members including Madeline Smith and Tim Brooke-Taylor. Hines appeared as Sonny Troughton, a former criminal, in two episodes of "Doctors" in 2020 and starred in the romantic-comedy film "Lost at Christmas" set in the Scottish Highlands later that same year.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Hines has dated Jill Haworth, Pamela Franklin, Susan George, Liza Goddard and Deborah Watling. He also had a three-year relationship with Michael Caine's daughter Dominique. Hines has been twice married, first to Irish actress Gemma Craven from 1981 to 1984, and second to waterskiing champion Liz Hobbs (with whom he lived in Coddington, Nottinghamshire) from 1994 to 2003.


title: Frazer Hines

text: Boxtree, an imprint of Macmillan Publishers, published Hines' autobiography in 1996. This work, titled "Films, Farms and Fillies", first appeared in a paperback edition. Thirteen years later, in December 2009, Telos Publishing released a revised hardcover edition, titled "Hines Sight".


title: Frazer Hines

text: In July 2010, Hines disclosed that he suffered from colorectal cancer for eleven years, explaining that he kept his illness a secret for fear of professional alienation. Since his recovery, Hines has openly promoted cancer awareness through Cancer Research and the Bobby Moore Cancer Foundation. His older brother Roy Hines (1942–1982) was also an actor and died of cancer aged 40.


title: Pragathi

text: Pragathi Mahavadi (born April 17, 1975) is Indian film and television actress who has acted in Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam languages.


title: Pragathi

text: Pragathi started her career as a model for Mysore Silk Palace. Later, she was introduced by Bhagyaraj as a lead actress in "Veetla Visheshanga". At the time, she acted in seven Tamil films and one Malayalam film. She got married and three years after she returned to act in television serials.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman Shanmugaratnam (Tamil: தர்மன் சண்முகரத்தினம்; born 25 February 1957) is a Singaporean politician and economist who has been serving as Senior Minister of Singapore since 2019 alongside Teo Chee Hean, and has also been Coordinating Minister for Social Policies since 2015 and Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore since 2011. A member of the governing People's Action Party, he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Taman Jurong division of Jurong GRC since 2001. He has also been serving as Deputy Chairman of GIC.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: An economist by profession, Tharman had worked in both the public and private sectors, both domestic and abroad. He has spent most of his working life in public service, in roles principally related to economic and social policies.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman previously led the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance and had chaired the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the International Monetary Fund's key policy forum, for four years, becoming the first Asian chair.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman co-chaired the G20 High Level Independent Panel on Global Financing for Pandemic Preparedness and Response alongside fellow economists Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers since January 2021. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed a member of the United Nations' High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: He is also the chair of the Group of Thirty, a global council of economic and financial leaders from the public and private sectors and academia. In addition, he co-chairs the Global Education Forum, and the Advisory Board for the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR), and is a member of the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Board of Trustees.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: He had served as Deputy Prime Minister between 2011 and 2019, Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies between 2015 and 2019, Minister for Finance between 2007 and 2015 and Minister for Education between 2003 and 2008.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman made his political debut in the 2001 general election, and has been re-elected four times at subsequent general elections in 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2020.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Born in Singapore, Tharman attended the Anglo-Chinese School before graduating from the London School of Economics (LSE) with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics. LSE later recognised him with an Honorary Fellowship in 2011.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: He subsequently obtained a Master of Philosophy degree in economics from the University of Cambridge, and a Master in Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he received a Lucius N. Littauer Fellow award for his outstanding performance and potential.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman was a student activist while studying in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. He originally held socialist beliefs, but his views on economics changed to the right over the course of his working career.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman was first elected a Member of Parliament following the 2001 general election for Jurong GRC, having won 79.75% of the votes. Shortly after the 2001 elections, Tharman was appointed Senior Minister of State at the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Education. He then served as the Minister for Education from 2003 to 2008.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: After being re-elected at the 2006 general election, Tharman was also appointed Second Minister for Finance before becoming Minister for Finance on 1 December 2007.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Following the 2011 general election, Tharman was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, while remaining as Minister for Finance. He served concurrently as the Minister for Manpower between May 2011 to July 2012. He stepped down as Minister for Finance in September 2015 after 9 years.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: At the 2015 general election, Jurong GRC, helmed by Tharman, garnered a vote share of 79.3% against a Singaporeans First (SingFirst) team. Tharman has been elected to the Central Executive Committee of the People's Action Party since Dec 2002, and was appointed 2nd Assistant Secretary-General in May 2011. After the election, Tharman remained Deputy Prime Minister and was also appointed as Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies in October 2015.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: In May 2017, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) conferred on Tharman the Medal of Honour, the highest of its May Day Awards. NTUC cited amongst other things "his deep commitment to building an inclusive society".


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: On 23 April 2019, the Prime Minister Office's cabinet reshuffle announced that Tharman, alongside Teo Chee Hean, would be relinquishing their respective Deputy Prime Minister portfolios, and appointed Senior Ministers effective from 1 May onwards. Tharman would also be Coordinating Minister for Social Policies and advise the Prime Minister on economic policies.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman was re-elected at the 2020 general election, winning 74.62% of the votes in his GRC against Red Dot United.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Prior to entering politics, Tharman started his career at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), where he became its chief economist. He later joined the Singapore Administrative Service and served in the Ministry of Education as Senior Deputy Secretary for Policy, before returning to the MAS where he eventually became its Managing Director. He resigned from this position to contest in the 2001 general election as a candidate for the People's Action Party.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: While serving as director of the Economics Department of the MAS in 1992, Tharman was one of five persons charged under the Official Secrets Act (OSA) in a case involving the publication of Singapore's 1992 second-quarter flash GDP growth projections in the Business Times newspaper. The others included the editor, Patrick Daniel, of the "Business Times".


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: The OSA case, which stretched over more than a year, was reported extensively in the Singapore press. Tharman contested and was eventually acquitted of the charge of communicating the GDP growth flash projections. The District Court then introduced a lesser charge of negligence, as the prosecution's case had been that the figures were seen on a document that he had with him on a table during his meeting with private sector economists together with one of his colleagues. Tharman also contested this lesser charge of negligence, and defended himself on the witness stand for a few days.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: The Court nevertheless convicted him together with all the others in the case. Tharman was fined S$1,500, and the others S$2,000. As there was no finding that he communicated any classified information, the case did not pose any hurdle to his subsequent appointment as the Managing Director of the MAS, nor to his subsequent larger national responsibilities.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman has been the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) since May 2011. He is appointed as the Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) as of May 2019, and chairs its Investment Strategy Committee.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman led the SkillsFuture programme, launched in 2014 with the aim of developing skills of the future, and opportunities for life-long learning and job upskilling among Singaporeans. He subsequently chaired the tripartite Council for Skills, Innovation and Productivity (CSIP) until May 2017.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: He currently also chairs the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council, and the International Academic Advisory Panel that advises the Government on strategies for the university sector.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: In April 2017, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to chair a G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance. In Oct 2018, the Group proposed reforms for a more effective system of global development finance and for financial stability. Tharman also succeeded Jean-Claude Trichet as Chairman of the Group of Thirty, an independent global council of leading economic and financial policy-makers from January 1, 2017.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman had previously been appointed by his international peers as Chairman of the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the key policy forum of the IMF, for an extended period of four years from 2011; he was its first Asian chair. In announcing Tharman's selection, the IMF said that his "broad experience, deep knowledge of economic and financial issues, and active engagement with global policy makers will be highly valuable to the IMFC".


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Since 2019, Tharman has been the co-chair of the Advisory Board for UN's Human Development Report. He co-chaired with Thomas Piketty in 2019 and Michael Spence for the 2020 edition, and is co-chairing the Advisory Board for the 2021/22 edition with Michele Lamont.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Among his other roles, he chairs the Board of Trustees of the Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), which seeks to uplift educational performance and aspirations in the Indian Singapore community. He also chairs the Ong Teng Cheong Labour Leadership Institute.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: In January 2021, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to co-chair the G20 High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, together with Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed as a member of the United Nations’ High Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: More recently, he chaired the National Jobs Council aimed at rebuilding skills and jobs for Singaporeans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman is a Singaporean of Sri Lankan Tamil ancestry. One of three children, he is the son of Emeritus Professor K. Shanmugaratnam, a medical scientist known as the "father of pathology in Singapore", who founded the Singapore Cancer Registry and led a number of international organisations related to cancer research and pathology.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman is married to Jane Yumiko Ittogi, a lawyer of Chinese-Japanese descent. She is actively engaged in social enterprise and the non-profit arts sector. The couple have one daughter and three sons.


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: Tharman was an active sportsman in his youth, and has highlighted the way sports instils lessons for life. He spoke about sports as a form of education in "Game for Life: 25 Journeys""," published by the Singapore Sports Council in 2013, as "a huge deal for character... Children learn the value of teams. They learn the discipline of repeated practice, and how there is no other way to develop expertise. Plus, the ability to fall or lose in competition and pick oneself up… with humility."


title: Tharman Shanmugaratnam

text: In Singaporean Chinese-language media, Tharman is usually referred to as (), an approximate transliteration of Tharman Shanmugaratnam. It was given to him by a leading Chinese language specialist in 1995.


title: Gallery of passport stamps by country or territory

text: The gallery of passport stamps by country or territory contains an alphabetical list of sovereign states or dependent territories with images of their passport stamps including visas. All Schengen countries, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania use the same format for their stamps, and stamps are not issued while traveling from one Schengen country to another.


title: Jokerit

text: Helsingin Jokerit (English: Jokers or Jesters) are a professional ice hockey team based in Helsinki, Finland. The team won six league championships as a member of the Finnish SM-liiga (1973, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, and 2002). Jokerit plays its home games at Helsinki Halli. The team was a part of the Bobrov Division of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) Western Conference from the 2014–15 season, making Finland the first Nordic country to have a team in the league.


title: Jokerit

text: On February 24, 2022, Jokerit announced it would withdraw from the 2022 KHL playoffs due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Multiple team sponsors including the arena's title sponsor Hartwall announced intentions to end their agreements. On April 5, 2022, Jokerit subsequently announced ending their participation in the KHL completely. And on April 20, 2022, they announced that they are seeking to return to SM-liiga for the 2023–24 season.


title: Jokerit

text: Jokerit would not have existed without the debt-incumbent ice hockey branch of Töölön Vesa amateur sports club, who were faced with having to discontinue their resource-demanding ice hockey activities in 1967. Master-builder Aimo Mäkinen seized the opportunity to establish a semi-professional sports club of his own, and for the price of half of Vesa's ice hockey debts the new ice hockey club inherited everything, including junior players and the vacant position in second highest Finnish series, Suomi-sarja.


title: Jokerit

text: Officially, Jokerit were established on 27 October 1967, at their constitutional meeting. The club's sole owner Mäkinen chose to wield sovereign power, becoming in practice also the board and managing director. The insignia, a winking jester, was adapted from jokers of various card decks and drawn by graphic designer Jorma Hinkka. Their home venue was Helsinki Ice Hall.


title: Jokerit

text: Mäkinen did not intend his new club to loiter in the lower series. Even though dramatic changes in the line-up did not appear directly, only a few players from Töölön Vesa saw prolonged employment: Timo Turunen would be the most distinguished, remaining even today as the club's all-time goal scoring leader. With him, Pentti Hiiros and Timo Kyntölä would form "nallipyssyketju" ("cap gun line", referring to their lack of height – Hiiros was the tallest at 172 cm) until 1975, when the latter retired.


title: Jokerit

text: Promotion to the highest level, SM-sarja, took place two years later. Immediately after the promotion was secured, Mäkinen began an aggressive acquisition of star players. Among them were the national team regulars defenceman Ilpo Koskela with forwards Henry Leppä and Timo Sutinen, whose relationship with the club lasted long.


title: Jokerit

text: Other, later reinforcements worthy of a mention were forward Jouko Öystilä and defenceman Timo Saari, and finally, head coach Matti Lampainen. In 1969, the IIHF had loosened amateur rules by permitting bodychecking anywhere in the rink (old rules allowed bodychecking only in defensive end). SM-sarja underwent a tactical revolution as physical, mean play became a means to success. Lampainen, however, reckoned physical play unsuitable for the line-up at hand (consider nallipyssyketju). He guided the team, with success, towards a play that demanded technique and clever tactics. This became the trademark of Jokerit that stuck all the way to the late 1990s and resulted in the way Jokerit played as being branded as "neitikiekko", which roughly translates as "playing like women".


title: Jokerit

text: To his credit, Mäkinen also enhanced the club's junior organization by launching a competition of their own, called "Kanada-sarja", with 500 participating junior players, a figure that cumulatively tripled in a few years. Kanada-sarja didn't survive the 1970s, but Jokerit benefited from it through a steady flow of emerging talent including Jari Kurri, and by gaining a strong popular base in the outer urban zones of Helsinki.


title: Jokerit

text: Despite winning Finnish championship silver in 1971 and gold in 1973, Jokerit didn't manage to be financially profitable during Mäkinen's period in charge. He started downsizing the team's budget by methodically replacing departing stars with junior players. Success slowly declined and Jokerit only just managed to avoid relegation from the Finnish elite-level league several times. This, combined with Mäkinen's controversial manner of management – the emphasis being place on non-physical play – led to the club facing an uncertain and turbulent future.


title: Jokerit

text: When a replacement candidate turned up in 1980, Mäkinen retired from the ownership, though he went on in the club's junior organization up to the 1990s. New owners, "Jokeriklubin Tuki Ry", were a conventional association supervised by its board.


title: Jokerit

text: Under new management, the club didn't instantly shake off its wobbliness, but then they peaked for one season. Having signed mainly outcasts of other clubs, they suddenly hit jackpot: for the 1982–1983 season, the club signed Soviet Union's national team defenceman Nikolai Makarov. As a result, Jokerit had a near-perfect season and advanced all the way to the SM-Liiga finals, where they were comprehensively beaten by local rival HIFK.


title: Jokerit

text: However, the management ran into unexpected financial problems, and the brief success soon withered. Only a few years later, they had to avert bankruptcy twice, which struck a blow to their credibility, as a mass desertion of the players ensued. The first line was a shambles as wing Risto Kerminen departed and center Jari Lindroos almost did, but though he had signed elsewhere, the contract was illegitimately nullified. Few others, apart from the longtime goaltender Rauli Sohlman, remained. Jokerit faced the imminent relegation in 1987.


title: Jokerit

text: In the middle of the bleakest hour of their history, with Jokeriklubin Tuki Ry seeking to discontinue their association, new blood was rushed into Jokerit. In 1988, their 20-year-olds won the Finnish junior championship with several prospective stars: defenceman Waltteri Immonen would be captain of the team 1991–1999; Mika Strömberg the club's all-time best-scoring defenceman; Ari Sulander the main goaltender 1993–1998; forward Keijo Säilynoja a goal scorer and a penalty-shot specialist; and Teemu Selänne the NHL record-breaker.


title: Jokerit

text: Now that the club was spiced with such promising, new willing owners turned up to save them. They established "Jokeri-Hockey Oy" and became the first limited company based sports club in Finland. Kalervo Kummola, who played the leading role assembling the company, sat in its board up to 2002.


title: Jokerit

text: The team, reinforced with the junior champions, orchestrated a quick promotion back to the top level, now called SM-liiga. But once again, despite the phenomenal boost in popularity supported by the prominent scorer Selänne and other young star players, the owners ran into severe financial problems, caused by incompetent management and disagreements within the board.


title: Jokerit

text: In 1991, an investor withdrew and board member Harry "Hjallis" Harkimo got credentials to a double majority of shares. He appointed himself the chairman of the board, discontinued all managerial positions and nominated his wife Leena Harkimo the managing director (who held the task up to her election to the Parliament of Finland in 1999). This proved to be the final stroke of luck the club needed: the disagreements vanished once and for all and Harry Harkimo established himself as an efficient businessman, being able to conduct a rapid recovery of the economy. In a few years, Jokerit were the wealthiest Finnish sports club.


title: Jokerit

text: Thus, they were able to reinforce the team with first class talent. Several successful acquisitions were signed, most memorably Otakar Janecký, who manned the first line center for several seasons, becoming the club's all-time best point scorer; Petri Varis, who became the club's best goal scorer of the 1990s; and forward Antti Törmänen. Together with the above-mentioned junior champions they formed a core of a dynasty of thriving times: Jokerit won the Finnish championship in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1997, the European Cup in 1995 and 1996, plus Finnish silver once and European bronze once.


title: Jokerit

text: Harkimo further converted the club from semi-professionalism towards his ideal of professional sports entertainment, which was unmistakably adopted from the NHL. His efforts yielded Jokerit their own home venue, Hartwall Arena, in 1997 – first such privately owned in Europe. Ownership was reformed into "Jokerit HC Oyj", a public limited company. They focused on the new European Hockey League expecting it to evolve into a competition more money-making than SM-Liiga, and sought various other ways to expand. Most of these plans did not meet with success, but the new venue turned out to be a gold-mine for the club's business. Meanwhile, Harry Harkimo tried to create an elite team to the British Ice Hockey Superleague, the Newcastle Jesters, but the team was not as successful as hoped, so he sold the franchise back to the League.


title: Jokerit

text: As they set foot at Hartwall Arena, the club signed several star reinforcements seen to be required to win the two professional leagues and to replace the now slightly aged core. However, despite having sparkling line-ups, their performance fluctuated, ending up winning "only" Finnish bronze in 1998. To make matters worse, their closest rival, HIFK won the SM-Liiga title in 1998, the first year that Jokerit had occupied the new Hartwall Arena. The club went on to making a losing appearance in the finals in 2000, and repeatedly failed to achieve success in the European Hockey League (which turned out as a major flop in itself).


title: Jokerit

text: In the 2000s, the management have regained what the supporters consider more reasonable an attitude by concentrating back on SM-Liiga, but the line-ups have had a notable turnover rate between seasons – a distinct core has not developed or been preserved.


title: Jokerit

text: For the 1999–2000 season, Jokerit had a good team. The team featured good players like German international Jan Benda, Russian Dmitri Kvartalnov, Czech Miroslav Hlinka, longtime Jokerit alumni Petri Varis, Finnish top players Antti-Jussi Niemi, Tom Koivisto and Pasi Nurminen on goal. The team was soon joined by former NHL'ers Tuomas Grönman and the 5 time Stanley Cup champion Esa Tikkanen. The team was strong and reached the finals, but lost to TPS three games to one.


title: Jokerit

text: Jokerit did not have much success in the following season although they had players like Jukka Hentunen and Antti Törmänen to strengthen the team.


title: Jokerit

text: In 2001–02, the team featured players like Pavel Rosa, Frank Banham, and 1995 world champion Ville Peltonen. With Kari Lehtonen's terrific form between the pipes and the arrival of Vladimir Machulda from SaiPa, Jokerit won their sixth Finnish championship in 2002.


title: Jokerit

text: Kari Lehtonen, the starting goaltender for the Dallas Stars (NHL), played for Jokerit in 2001. At 21 years old, he was the youngest goaltender to play in SM-liiga.


title: Jokerit

text: The 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons yielded no medals for Jokerit. In the spring of 2003, Jokerit acquired forward Glen Metropolit from the Washington Capitals (NHL) organization; despite his unimpressive NHL record, Metropolit became the scoring leader for Jokerit in both the 2003–04 regular season and playoffs, as well as the 2004–05 regular season. Metropolit became a firm fan favorite, and many were sorry to see him leave the Finnish league after the 2004–05 season. Another important Jokerit acquisition was goalie Tim Thomas from the Boston Bruins (NHL) organization. Thomas played in every game of the season bar two with a save percentage of 94.59% and a record-breaking 15 shutouts, for which he won the Kultainen kypärä award.


title: Jokerit

text: As the 2004–05 NHL lockout was extended, Jokerit hired Brian Campbell, and Ossi Väänänen returned to his hometown team from the Colorado Avalanche in December. Teemu Selänne officially joined the Jokerit lineup in December, but he spent the spring rehabbing his injured knee and was unable to play any games for the team. With a strong team, Jokerit looked set to win the regular season and take the championship when an inexplicable late-season collapse allowed Kärpät to take and keep the regular season lead. The two teams faced off in the finals, with Jokerit losing three games to one and having to settle for the silver.


title: Jokerit

text: When the NHL lockout ended in 2005, many players were lost to NHL teams and to other teams in Europe: Campbell, Väänänen, Selänne, Metropolit, Pasi Häkkinen, Valtteri Filppula and Tomi Mäki. The last departure occurred just one day before regular season play started, when goaltender Tim Thomas signed with the Boston Bruins. Jokerit tried to replace the loss of Thomas with goalkeeper Karl Goehring but Goehring was released soon and replaced by ex-NHL'er Steve Passmore. Passmore was paired mid-season with HIFK's Tom Askey but none of the three was able to fill the empty spot of Tim Thomas. Jokerit also had players like Eric Beaudoin and Justin Mapletoft but neither of them made a positive impact during the season. The spree of departures, combined with rookie coach Waltteri Immonen's coaching debut, led Jokerit to an abysmal early season, with a win–loss–tie record of 5–11–4 after 20 games. Immonen, a long-time Jokerit player but a rookie head coach, was moved from the job in November and Curt Lindström was hired to salvage the team. Mr. Lindström could not change the course of the team and for the first time in 16 years, Jokerit did not qualify for the playoffs.


title: Jokerit

text: After their worst season ranking in decades, Jokerit acquired the services of HIFK head coach and former NHL'er Doug Shedden. Shedden brought in a key player from HIFK, Kim Hirschovits, who had gained responsibility under Shedden in his former team. The refreshed team also featured Jyrki Louhi from the 2005–06 champions HPK and Juuso Riksman from Ässät, the second placed team of 2006. Jokerit acquired some scoring talent in the form of Tim Stapleton and some NHL-experience as Shedden's former protege from Toronto-era Clarke Wilm moved to Jokerit mid-season. Shedden's first Jokerit season was good as the team returned to the play-offs and infamously defeated the reigning champions HPK in the semi-finals to advance to the finals against Kärpät. Although Jokerit lost to Kärpät in the finals, the 2006–07 season was a good start for Shedden in Jokerit. During the 2007–08 season, Jokerit celebrated their 40th anniversary and on 27 October, Jokerit retired the jersey of former alumni Jari Kurri. Jokerit strengthened their goaltending department by acquiring former NHL and Finnish national team goaltender Jussi Markkanen to replace Scott Langkow before the season and added more NHL experience by contracting former Atlanta Thrashers and Vancouver Canucks center Tommi Santala after the season had started. During the 2007–2008 SM-Liiga season, Doug Shedden announced that he had been contracted to the Swiss team EV Zug and was leaving Jokerit after the season. After a while, it was announced that Shedden's job as the head coach of the team would be taken over by ex-NHL head coach Glen Hanlon after Shedden's contract was to expire. Shedden's last season as the head coach of Jokerit ended worse than expected. Although Jokerit were predicted to be championship contenders, they lost a 3–1 lead in the series against Espoo Blues and lost the series 3 games to 4. Jokerit was dropped to the bronze medal game where they lost to Tappara, thus finishing fourth in SM-liiga for the 2007–08 season. Along with Shedden, Jokerit also lost the services of assistant coach Waltteri Immonen as he followed Shedden to EV Zug.


title: Jokerit

text: The former head coach of the Belarus national team and the Washington Capitals, Glen Hanlon, followed Doug Shedden as the head coach for Jokerit at the start of the 2008–09 season. Although fresh from the SM-liiga playoffs, Jokerit announced several signings for the season. Jokerit contracted former Jokerit and Dallas Stars-player Juha Lind, former AHL'ers Janne Lahti along with Tomi Mäki and enforcer and fighter Pasi Nielikäinen. Former Jokerit and Frölunda HC defenseman Tom Koivisto was signed to add some offensive touch to the Jokerit defence and Antti Hulkkonen was signed for his experience. The goalkeeper Juuso Riksman returned to Jokerit after a one-year visit to North America and the AHL, replacing Jussi Markkanen who joined HC CSKA Moscow of the RSL.


title: Jokerit

text: The team organization of Jokerit also had some changes after 2007–08 season. The team's general manager Matti Virmanen was moved to work as the director of sports activities for Jokerit, and was replaced as the general manager by former Jokerit-alumni and Finnish international player, Keijo Säilynoja, who started as the GM for Jokerit on 15 June 2008. Jokerit lost their 2008 preseason game against the NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins by a 4–1 score. This was the second time Jokerit had faced an NHL-team, the first being the 2003–04 game against the Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: Jokerit

text: Jokerit announced that Hanlon would not be coaching the team, but a former Jokerit head coach from 1993 to 1996, Hannu Aravirta, took over again. The season started badly and they were placed last for some time. Pretty quickly after season start, Jokerit started the 2009–10 season by acquiring Fredrik Bremberg, Alex Brooks, Michael Nylander and Bates Battaglia. On 25 November, Aravirta was sacked and replaced by Hannu Jortikka, who had coached the team in 2003–05. Jortikka also failed and Jokerit was the last team to qualify for the playoffs' wild card -round. Jokerit's season ended rapidly losing the wild card series 1–2 to Tappara.


title: Jokerit

text: On 28 June 2013, Harkimo arranged a press conference, where he stated that he had sold Hartwall Arena, the home rink of Jokerit to Finnish-Russian businessmen Gennady Timchenko (president of HC SKA), Arkady Rotenberg (chairman of HC Dynamo Moscow) and Boris Rotenberg (co-owner of SKA), along with an option to buy a share of the team after the 2013–2014 season. Timchenko, along with the Rotenbergs, are dual Finnish-Russian citizens. Also it was announced that Jokerit will leave the SM-Liiga after the 2013–2014 season and start in the KHL for the 2014–2015 season. Harkimo would remain majority owner and manager of the team. Jari Kurri was named as the team's new general manager.


title: Jokerit

text: In the 2016–17 KHL season, Jokerit drew an average home attendance of 9,610, the highest of all Nordic ice hockey clubs.


title: Jokerit

text: In May 2019 General Manager Jari Kurri became the sole owner of the team. Before that, former majority owner Harry Harkimo had bought all the shares from minor owners Gennadi Timchenko and the Rotenbergs, which along his previously owned shares he sold to Kurri.


title: Jokerit

text: In the 2017–18 KHL season, Jokerit and HIFK arranged an outdoor event, called the Helsinki Ice Challenge, where Jokerit met SKA Saint Petersburg at Kaisaniemi Park in Helsinki, Finland on 2 December 2017. SKA won the game 4–3, but Jokerit set a new KHL single game attendance record with 17,645 fans attending the game. On 22 March 2018, in a playoff game against CSKA Moscow, Jokerit was involved in the longest game in KHL history, finally prevailing 2–1 with the winning goal being scored at 2:09 of the 5th overtime period, after 142:09 of play.


title: Jokerit

text: On February 25, 2022, Jokerit announced they would forgo the KHL playoffs due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. After Russia invaded Ukraine, many sponsors left the team and fans in Finland demanded Jokerit leave the KHL league and return to play in Finland. There have been boycotts towards the team's home arena. Also Jokerit began to offer players to Finnish league teams, and soon the team's head coach moved to Oulun Kärpät. On April 5, 2022, Jokerit officially announced that they are withdrawing from the league and will no longer continue playing for the KHL. Jokerit said team president Jari Kurri had left his post on the KHL board and the team would announce future plans for competition “as soon as possible.”


title: Jokerit

text: On April 20, 2022, Jokerit announced that they are seeking to return to SM-liiga for the 2023-24 season.


title: Jokerit

text: "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, OTW = Overtime or shootout wins, OTL = Overtime or shootout losses, L = Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"


title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clay is a type of hardenable modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It typically contains no clay minerals, but like mineral clay a liquid is added to dry particles until it achieves gel-like working properties, and similarly, the part is put into an oven to harden, hence its colloquial designation as clay. Polymer clay is generally used for making arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial applications to make decorative parts. Art made from polymer clay can now be found in major museums.


title: Polymer clay

text: Bakelite, an early plastic, was popular with designers and was an early form of polymer clay, but the phenol base of uncured Bakelite was flammable and was eventually discontinued. Polymer clays were first formulated as a possible replacement for Bakelite. One of these formulations was brought to the attention of German doll maker Käthe Kruse in 1939. While it was not suitable for use in her factory, Kruse gave some to her daughter Sophie, who was known in the family as "Fifi", who successfully used it as modeling clay. The formulation was later sold to Eberhard Faber and marketed under the name "FIMO" (FIfi's MOdeling compound).


title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clays contain a basis of PVC resin and a liquid plasticizer, making it a plastisol. Polymer clay plastisol is also categorized as a plastigel because of its rheological properties. It is a high yield thixotropic material: when a sufficient force is applied, the material yields, flowing like a viscous liquid until that force is removed, whereupon it returns to being a solid. This plasticity is what makes it useful as modeling clay as opposed to putty or paste. Plastigels retain their shape even when heat is applied, which is why polymer clay does not melt or droop when oven cured. Various gelling agents are added to give it this property, such as aminated bentonite, metallic soaps, or fumed silica.


title: Polymer clay

text: The base resin can be modified in various ways. Mineral oil, lecithin, and odorless mineral spirits can be added to reduce its viscosity or alter its working properties. Small amounts of zinc oxide, kaolin, or other fillers are sometimes added to increase opacity, elastic modulus, or compression strength. Polymer clay is available in many colors, which can be mixed to create a wide range of colors or gradient blends. Special-effect colors and composites include translucent, fluorescent, phosphorescent, and faux "pearls", "metallics", and "stone."


title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clay remains workable until cured. Curing occurs at temperatures from to sustained for 15 minutes per of thickness. This temperature is significantly less than for mineral clays and can be achieved using a home oven. Professional polymer clay brands shrink very little when cured Brands of polymer clay include Cernit, Oytra, Fimo, Kato Polyclay, Sculpey, PVClay Brasil and Crafty Argentina.


title: Polymer clay

text: A home pasta-making machine is a popular multi-purpose tool for polymer clay artists. It is used to create sheets of uniform thickness, to mix colors or create variegated sheets, and to condition (soften) the clay. Polymer clay generally needs to be conditioned before use. This involves kneading the clay by hand, passing it between two rollers, or using a low-shear mixer to break up any resin particle adhesions. Once conditioned, the clay will remain pliable until the particles eventually re-adhere.


title: Polymer clay

text: Oven-hardenable PVC plastisol, "liquid polymer clay," is a complement to polymer clay that can be used as an adhesive to combine pieces, or to create various effects. Pigments, chalk pastel, and regular polymer clay can be added to make colored liquid clay. The liquid can also be poured into molds to produce cast parts.


title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clay safety is the subject of concern specifically regarding the long-term effects of exposure to certain phthalate plasticizers that have been classified as endocrine disruptors. When used as a toy or child care item, it should not contain more than 0.1% of any of the six phthalates restricted or banned by the safety regulatory boards. These six phthalates are: DEHP (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), DBP (Dibutyl phthalate), BBP (Benzyl butyl phthalate), DINP (Di-isononyl phthalate), DIDP (Di-isodecyl phthalate), and DnOP (Di-n-octyl phthalate, according to the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA).


title: Polymer clay

text: If the instructions on the package are followed (i.e. low temperatures and brief baking times) one will not burn the clay. If the clay does burn because of a mistake or if the oven malfunctions, a small amount of hydrogen chloride gas could be released, which may cause odor and some eye or nose irritation. The amount of hydrogen chloride gas released from the clay could cause a health problem.


title: Polymer clay

text: Due to the testing requirements and regulations, clay products that would be used to hold or serve food or beverages are not recommended or intended for these applications. All polymer clay products are NOT labeled as "food safe".


title: Polymer clay

text: Plasticizers remain in the cured product and can leach out, making it a potential health hazard for both the modeler and end user. Restrictions on use of certain phthalates took effect in 2009 in both the European Union and United States. Not all phthalates pose a health hazard and some are approved for medical applications.


title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clay can be used to make a variety of folk-crafts and jewelry. Air dry formulations, sometimes referred to as self-hardening polymer clay (such as Deco, cold porcelain, etc.), contain no polymers.


title: Unseen character

text: An unseen character in theatre, comics, film, or television, or silent character in radio or literature, is a character that is mentioned but not directly known to the audience, but who advances the action of the plot in a significant way, and whose absence enhances their effect on the plot.


title: Unseen character

text: Unseen characters have been used since the beginning of theatre with the ancient Greek tragedians, such as Laius in Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" and Jason's bride in Euripides' "Medea", and continued into Elizabethan theatre with examples such as Rosaline in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet". However, it was the early twentieth-century European playwrights Strindberg, Ibsen, and Chekhov who fully developed the dramatic potential of the unseen character. Eugene O'Neill was influenced by his European contemporaries and established the absent character as an aspect of character, narrative, and stagecraft in American theatre.


title: Unseen character

text: Unseen characters are causal figures included in dramatic works to motivate the onstage characters to a certain course of action and advance the plot, but their presence is unnecessary. Indeed, their absence makes them appear more powerful because they are only known by inference. The use of an unseen character "take[s] advantage of one of the simplest but most powerful theatrical devices: the manner in which verbal references can make an offstage character extraordinarily real [...] to an audience," exploiting the audience's tendency to create visual images of imaginary characters in their mind.


title: Unseen character

text: In a study of 18th-century French comedy, F. C. Green suggests that an "invisible character" can be defined as one who, though not seen, "influences the action of the play". This definition, according to Green, would rule out a character like Laurent (Lawrence), "Tartuffe's" unseen valet, whose sole function is merely to give the playwright an opportunity to introduce Tartuffe.


title: Unseen character

text: Unseen characters can develop organically even when their creators initially did not expect to keep them as unseen, especially in episodic works like television series. For instance, the producers of "Frasier" initially did not want to make the character Niles Crane's wife Maris an unseen character because they did not want to draw parallels to Vera, Norm Peterson's wife on "Cheers", of which "Frasier" was a spin off. They originally intended that Maris would appear after several episodes, but were enjoying writing excuses for her absence so eventually it was decided she would remain unseen, and after the increasingly eccentric characteristics ascribed to her, no real actress could portray her.


title: Unseen character

text: Unseen characters occur elsewhere in drama, including the plays of Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Edward Albee. Author Marie A. Wellington notes that in the 18th-century, Voltaire included unseen characters in a few of his plays, including "Le Duc d’Alençon" and "L’Orphelin de la Chine".


title: The King's Woman

text: The King's Woman () is a 2017 Chinese television series starring Dilraba Dilmurat and Vin Zhang. It is adapted from the novel "The Legend of Qin: Li Ji Story" (秦时明月之丽姬传). The series aired on Zhejiang TV every Monday to Wednesday, from 14 August to 4 October 2017.


title: The King's Woman

text: Gongsun Li is the granddaughter and disciple of military commander Gongsun Yu. When she was young, she met and rescued Ying Zheng, who then fell in love with her at first sight. When the Qin troops were attacked, Gongsun Li's childhood lover, Jing Ke was poisoned while protecting her. In order to attain the antidote for Jing Ke, Gongsun Li agreed to marry Ying Zheng.


title: The King's Woman

text: However, she found out that she was already pregnant with Jing Ke's child. Ying Zheng decides to hide the truth for Gongsun Li, treating the child, Tianming, as his own. Gongsun Li was deeply touched by Ying Zheng's actions. At the same time, Han Shen (Sun Li and Jing Ke's senior) entered the palace to save her and stayed on in the palace as an imperial guard


title: The King's Woman

text: The producing team of "The King's Woman" included Chen Minzheng, the fashion designer for "Empresses in the Palace" and the creative director for "Nirvana in Fire" and "The Disguiser", Zhao Changyong.


title: The King's Woman

text: To immerse in the role, Vin Zhang prepared a month long beforehand to learn about the related history and the background of Qin Shi Huang. During this period, Zhang also learnt horse riding for the scenes required by the series. "The King's Woman" is Dilraba Dilmurat's fourth collaboration with Vin Zhang after "V Love", "Eternal Love", and "Pretty Li Hui Zhen".


title: The King's Woman

text: The drama garnered over 1.5 billion viewers in total on Youku. The series placed first in television ratings and became one of the most searched and discussed topic online during its broadcast with around 1.2 billion readers on Weibo and shares over 5 million.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: An autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) is an ocean-going vessel derived from a deck barge, outfitted with station-keeping engines and a large landing platform and is autonomously controlled when on station for a landing. Construction of such ships was commissioned by aerospace company SpaceX to allow recovery of launch vehicle first stages at sea for missions that do not carry enough fuel to return to the launch site after boosting spacecraft onto an orbital or interplanetary trajectory.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: SpaceX has three operational drone ships: "Just Read the Instructions (II)" (JRTI) and "A Shortfall of Gravitas" (ASOG), operating in the Atlantic for launches from Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, and "Of Course I Still Love You" (OCISLY), operating in the Pacific for supporting missions from Vandenberg Space Force Base. JRTI operated in the Pacific Ocean for Vandenberg Air Force Base launches from 2016 to 2019 before leaving the Port of Los Angeles in August 2019.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The ASDS are a key early operational component in the SpaceX objective to significantly lower the price of space launch services through "full and rapid reusability" and were developed as part of the multi-year reusable rocket development program SpaceX undertook to engineer the technology.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: SpaceX offers three options, depending on launch requirements, landing on land, landing at sea or expending the first stage, in order of increased performance and cost. Any Falcon flights going to geostationary orbit or exceeding escape velocity require landing at sea, or expending the first stage.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: Less demanding launches from Florida can return to Landing Zones 1 and 2 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Around three quarters of recovered Falcon boosters land at sea .


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: In 2009, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk articulated ambitions for "creating a paradigm shift in the traditional approach for reusing rocket hardware". In October 2014, SpaceX publicly announced that they had contracted with a Louisiana shipyard to build a floating landing platform for reusable orbital launch vehicles. Early information indicated that the platform would carry an approximately landing pad and would be capable of precision positioning so that the platform could hold its position for launch vehicle landing. On 22 November 2014, Musk released a photograph of the "autonomous spaceport drone ship" along with additional details of its construction and size.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: As of December 2014, the first drone ship used, the McDonough Marine Service's "Marmac 300" barge, was based in Jacksonville, Florida, at the northern tip of the JAXPORT Cruise Terminal, where SpaceX built a stand to secure the Falcon stage during post-landing operations. The stand consisted of four , tall and wide pedestal structures bolted to a concrete base. A mobile crane would have lifted the stage from the ship and placed it on the stand. Tasks such as removing or folding back the landing legs prior to placing the stage in a horizontal position for trucking would have been undertaken while the booster was on the stand.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The ASDS landing location for the first landing test was in the Atlantic approximately northeast of the launch location at Cape Canaveral, and southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: On 23 January 2015, during repairs to the ship following the unsuccessful first test, Musk announced that the ship was to be named "Just Read the Instructions", with a sister ship planned for West Coast launches to be named "Of Course I Still Love You" (OCISLY). On 29 January 2015, SpaceX released a manipulated photo of the ship with the name illustrating how it would look once painted.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The first "Just Read the Instructions" was retired in May 2015 after approximately six months of service in the Atlantic Ocean, and its duties were assumed by "Of Course I Still Love You". The former ASDS was modified by removing the wing extensions that had extended the barge surface and the equipment (thrusters, cameras, and communications gear) that had been added to refit it as an ASDS; these items were saved for future reuse.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: In 2018, Elon Musk announced plans for an additional barge, "A Shortfall of Gravitas" ("ASOG"), to support East Coast operations but the build of the droneship was delayed, and instead "JRTI" was moved to the East Coast and began operations in June 2020. "ASOG" was completed in July 2021.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: By June 2020, SpaceX had received the ability to use "its own private Automatic Identification System (AIS) aids to navigation (ATON) to mark the temporary exclusion areas it uses during rocket launches [from] Cape Canaveral, Florida", the first such use of dynamic restricted area ever approved by the U.S. Coast Guard.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: Since early 2016, SpaceX has operated two leased deck barges — "Marmac 303" and "Marmac 304" – which have been converted to become autonomous-operation-capable ASDS ships. These constituted the active ASDS fleet until July 2021, when "A Shortfall of Gravitas" – "Marmac 302" – joined the fleet.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The second ASDS barge, "Of Course I Still Love You" ("OCISLY"), had been under construction in a Louisiana shipyard since early 2015 using a different hull – "Marmac 304" – in order to service launches on the East Coast of the United States. It was converted as a replacement for the first "Just Read the Instructions" and entered operational service for Falcon 9 Flight 19 in late June 2015. As of June 2015, its home port was Port of Jacksonville, Florida, but after December 2015, it was transferred further south, at Port Canaveral.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: While the dimensions of the ship are nearly identical to the first ASDS, several enhancements were made including a steel blast wall erected between the aft containers and the landing deck. The ship was in place for a first-stage landing test on the SpaceX CRS-7 mission, which failed on launch on 28 June 2015.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: On 8 April 2016, the first stage, which launched the Dragon SpaceX CRS-8 spacecraft, successfully landed for the first time ever on "OCISLY", which is also the first ever drone ship landing.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: In February 2018, the central core of Falcon Heavy Test Flight exploded near "OCISLY", which damaged two of the four thrusters on the drone ship. Two thrusters were removed from the "Marmac 303" barge in order to repair "OCISLY".


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: On 30 May 2020, the first stage of the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission landed on "OCISLY", with the Crew Demo-2 mission marking both the first launch of American astronauts, from American soil, on an American launch vehicle since the final flight of the Space Shuttle (STS-135) in 2011, and the first launch of astronauts aboard a SpaceX launch vehicle. This marked the first time in history that the first stage of a rocket launched a crew into space and then landed itself safely.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: "OCISLY" is currently based at the Port of Long Beach to support West Coast launches from Vandenberg.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: SpaceX first launch vehicle landing barge ("Marmac 300"), and also its third ("Marmac 303"), were both named "Just Read the Instructions" ("JRTI"). In fact, some of the parts from the original hull/barge were used to build the "Marmac 303" ASDS. The original, "Marmac 300", was scrapped after the SpaceX CRS-6 landing failure on 14 April 2015.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The second JRTI vessel, using the "Marmac 303" barge hull, was converted during 2015 in a Louisiana shipyard. When the refit as an ASDS was complete, the barge transited the Panama Canal in June 2015, carrying its wing extensions – the same ones originally built for the first ASDS built, JRTI on "Marmac 330") – as cargo on the deck because the ASDS, when complete, would be too wide to pass through the canal. The ship underwent a major refit in September 2019 to May 2020, first in Louisiana, and finished at Port Canaveral, including four new, much larger, positioning thrusters.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The home port for the "Marmac 303" was initially the Port of Los Angeles (until in August 2019) at the Altana Sea marine research and business campus in San Pedro, California's outer harbor. The landing platform and tender vessels began docking there in July 2015 in advance of the main construction of the AltaSea facilities.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: SpaceX announced that the "Marmac 303" would be the second ASDS to be named "Just Read the Instructions" in January 2016, shortly before its first use as a landing platform for Falcon 9 Flight 21.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: On 17 January 2016, "JRTI" was put to first use in an attempt to recover a Falcon 9 first-stage booster from the Jason-3 mission from Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4. The booster successfully landed on the deck; however, a lockout collet failed to engage on one of the legs, causing the first stage to tip over, exploding on impact with the deck. On 14 January 2017, SpaceX launched Falcon 9 flight 29 from Vandenberg Air Force Base and landed the first stage on the "JRTI", which was located about downrange in the Pacific Ocean, making it the first successful landing in the Pacific.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: In August 2019, "JRTI" left the Port of Los Angeles to be towed to the Gulf of Mexico; it transited through the Panama Canal. "JRTI" arrived in Morgan City, Louisiana in late August 2019 and stayed there until December 2019 then moved to Port Canaveral.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: "JRTI" is currently based at Port Canaveral and began operations in the Atlantic in June 2020, supporting the first time a Falcon 9 would land after a 5th use.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: A fourth ASDS, "A Shortfall of Gravitas" ("ASOG"), was announced in February 2018 and was originally planned to enter service in mid-2019. In October 2020, Elon Musk re-affirmed plans to build a ship of this name. In January 2021, "Marmac 302" was spotted at Bollinger Fourchon site. On 6 April 2021, "NASASpaceFlight.com" spotted the Octagrabber presumed to be for "A Shortfall of Gravitas" at the Cidco Road facility in Cocoa Beach, Florida. It may have originated as an upgraded Octagrabber for "Just Read The Instructions". By mid April 2021, "Marmac 302" had scaffolding to prepare for construction, which was confirmed on 9 May 2021. It joined the East Coast fleet in July, after sending "OCISLY" to the West Coast in July 2021.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: On 9 July 2021, Elon Musk tweeted aerial footage of the completed drone ship in the Gulf of Mexico while undergoing its first sea-trials. According to him, this drone ship will not require a tug boat to be towed to the landing area. "ASOG" is used to support rocket launches from a base at Port Canaveral. After completing a sea trial in Port Fourchon, transiting over the Gulf of Mexico while being towed by Finn Falgout from its construction port, Port Fourchon to its recovery base, Port Canaveral, arriving at 16:47 UTC on 15 July 2021, and completing a number of sea trials, it successfully completed its first booster landing attempt for a Falcon 9 first-stage booster B1061.4 being used in CRS-23 mission at 300 km downrange in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first ASDS to land a first stage booster in its maiden landing attempt.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The ASDS are autonomous vessels capable of precision positioning, originally stated to be within even under storm conditions, using GPS position information and four diesel-powered azimuth thrusters. In addition to the autonomous operating mode, the ships may also be telerobotically controlled.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The azimuth thrusters are hydraulic propulsion outdrive units with modular diesel-hydraulic-drive power units manufactured by Thrustmaster, a marine equipment manufacturer in Texas. The returning first stage must not only land within the confines of the deck surface, but must also deal with ocean swells and GPS errors.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: SpaceX equips the ships with a variety of sensor and measurement technology to gather data on the booster returns and landing attempts, including commercial off the shelf GoPro cameras.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: At the center of the ASDS landing pads is a circle that encloses the SpaceX stylized "X" in an X-marks-the-spot landing point.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The ASDS have names that are the same as or similar to spaceships that appear in the Culture series of science fiction novels by Iain M. Banks.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The landing platform of the upper deck of the first barge named "Just Read the Instructions" was , while the span of the Falcon 9 v1.1 landing legs was .


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: "Of Course I Still Love You" was built as a refit of the barge "Marmac 304" for landings in the Atlantic Ocean. Its homeport was Port Canaveral, Florida, from December 2015 to June 2021, after being ported for a year at the Port of Jacksonville during most of 2015. "Of Course I Still Love You" worked successfully as a landing platform after the Falcon 9 rocket brought astronauts to space on the crewed mission Demo-2 on 30 May 2020. In June 2021, OCISLY was transported to the Port of Long Beach to begin supporting launches on the west coast. On 8 July 2021, "OCISLY" was docked in Long Beach after transiting the Panama Canal.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: "Just Read the Instructions", the second barge with that name, was built as a refit of the barge "Marmac 303" in 2015 for landings in the Pacific Ocean. Its homeport was in the Port of Los Angeles, California from 2015 to 2019 but in August 2019 it was moved to the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The fourth ASDS, named "A Shortfall of Gravitas", was mentioned by SpaceX in February 2018 and again in October 2020 to help support East Coast launches. In May 2021, conversion of "Marmac 302" into "ASOG" began and was expected to move to the East Coast for operation in the following months. "A Shortfall of Gravitas" underwent its first sea trials on 9 July 2021, and a short video of the ship underway was shared on Twitter by Elon Musk. After completing the sea trials, it was towed by Finn Falgout from its construction port, Port Fourchon, to its recovery base, Port Canaveral, arriving 15 July 2021.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: A tug is used to bring the ASDS to its oceanic position, and a support ship stands by some distance away from the crewless ASDS. The vessels initially used on the East Coast were "Elsbeth III" (tug) and "GO Quest" (support). Following landing, technicians and engineers typically board the landing platform and secure the rocket's landing legs to lock the vehicle in place for transport back to port. The first stage is secured to the deck of the drone ship with steel hold-downs welded on to the feet of the landing legs. In June 2017, "OCISLY" started being deployed with a robot that drives under the rocket and grabs onto the hold-down clamps located on the outside of the Falcon 9's structure after landing. Fans call the robot "Optimus Prime" or "Roomba", the latter of which has been turned into a backronym for "remotely operated orientation and mass balance adjustment".


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: Starting with the "A Shortfall of Gravitas" and "Just Read The Instructions" after it, these drone ships will not need to use a tug to bring the ASDS to the Falcon 9 landing zone, as they will now be fully autonomous. Later, A Shortfall of Gravitas droneship became the first ASDS that has an Automatic identification system (AIS) tracker, followed by another AIS tracker for Just Read The Instructions. This helps to track its voyage during recovery operations and especially when it becomes a fully autonomous droneship.


title: Autonomous spaceport drone ship

text: The first flight test was 10 January 2015, when SpaceX conducted a controlled-descent flight test to land the first stage of Falcon 9 Flight 14 on a solid surface after it was used to loft a contracted payload toward Earth orbit. SpaceX projected prior to the first landing attempt that the likelihood of successfully landing on the platform would be 50% or less. The landings went from being landing tests towards being routine parts of missions.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Magical Mystery Tour is a 1967 British made-for-television musical film directed by and starring the Beatles. It is the third film that starred the band and depicts a group of people on a coach tour who experience strange happenings caused by magicians. The premise was inspired by Ken Kesey's "Furthur" adventures with the Merry Pranksters and the then-popular coach trips from Liverpool to see the Blackpool Lights. Paul McCartney is credited with conceptualising and leading the project.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Much of "Magical Mystery Tour" was shot in and around RAF West Malling, a decommissioned military airfield in Kent, and the script was largely improvised. Shooting proceeded on the basis of a mostly handwritten collection of ideas, sketches and situations. The film is interspersed with musical interludes, which include the Beatles performing "I Am the Walrus" wearing animal masks and the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band performing Vivian Stanshall and Neil Innes' "Death Cab for Cutie".


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The film originally aired on BBC1, in black-and-white, on Boxing Day, 26 December 1967. A colour transmission followed on BBC2 on 5 January 1968. It was poorly received by critics and audiences, although its accompanying soundtrack was a commercial and critical success. The film received an American theatrical release in 1974 by New Line Cinema, and in select theatres worldwide in 2012 by Apple Films.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The film was an attempt to combine the free-wheeling fun of Ken Kesey's 1964 cross-country American bus tour aboard "Furthur" with the Merry Pranksters, and the then-popular coach (bus) trips from Liverpool to see the Blackpool Lights. John Lennon stated that "if stage shows were to be out, we wanted something to replace them. Television was the obvious answer." Most of the band members have said that the initial idea was Paul McCartney's, although he stated, "I’m not sure whose idea "Magical Mystery Tour" was. It could have been mine, but I’m not sure whether I want to take the blame for it! We were all agreed on it – but a lot of the material at that time could have been my idea." According to McCartney, he had been creating home movies and this was a source of inspiration for "Magical Mystery Tour".


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The script of "Magical Mystery Tour" was largely improvised. The Beatles gathered together a group of people for the cast and camera crew, and told them to "be on the coach on Monday morning". Ringo Starr recalled: "Paul had a great piece of paper – just a blank piece of white paper with a circle on it. The plan was: 'We start here, and we’ve got to do something here …' We filled it in as we went along."


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The situation is that of a group of people on a British mystery tour in a 1967 coach, focusing mostly on Richard B. Starkey (Ringo Starr) and his recently widowed Auntie Jessie (Jessie Robins). Other group members on the bus include the tour director, Jolly Jimmy Johnson (Derek Royle); the tour hostess, Miss Wendy Winters (Miranda Forbes, credited as Mandy Weet); the conductor, Buster Bloodvessel (Ivor Cutler); and the other Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison).


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: During the course of the tour, "strange things begin to happen" at the whim of "four or five magicians", four of whom are played by the Beatles themselves and the fifth by the band's long-time road manager Mal Evans.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: During the journey, Starkey and his Aunt Jessie argue continually. Aunt Jessie begins to have daydreams of falling in love with Buster Bloodvessel, who displays increasingly eccentric and disturbing behaviour. The tour involves several strange activities, such as an impromptu race in which each of the passengers employs a different mode of transportation (some run, a few jump into cars, a group of people pedal a long bike, while Starkey ends up beating them all with the bus). In one scene, the tour group walk through what appears to be a British Army recruitment office and are greeted by the army drill sergeant (Victor Spinetti). (Paul McCartney appears briefly as "Major McCartney", on whose desk rests a sign reading "I you WAS".) The sergeant, shouting incomprehensibly, appears to instruct the assembled onlookers on how to attack a stuffed cow.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The tour group also crawl into a tiny tent in a field, inside which is a projection theatre. A scene in a restaurant shows a waiter, named "Pirandello" (played by Lennon), continuously shoveling spaghetti onto the table in front of Aunt Jessie, while arriving guests step out from a lift and walk across the dining tables. The film continues with the tour's male passengers watching a strip show (Jan Carson of the Raymond Revuebar). The film ends with the Beatles dressed in white tuxedos, highlighting a glamorous old-style dance crowd scene, accompanied by the song "Your Mother Should Know".


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The film is interspersed with musical interludes, which include the Beatles performing "I Am the Walrus" wearing animal masks, Harrison singing "Blue Jay Way" while waiting on Blue Jay Way Road, and the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band performing Vivian Stanshall and Neil Innes' "Death Cab for Cutie" sung by Stanshall.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Shooting proceeded on the basis of a mostly handwritten collection of ideas, sketches and situations, which McCartney called the "Scrupt". "Magical Mystery Tour" was ultimately the shortest of all Beatles films, although almost ten hours of footage was shot over a two-week period. The core of the film was shot between 11 September and 25 September 1967.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Lennon recalled in a later interview, "We knew most of the scenes we wanted to include, but we bent our ideas to fit the people concerned, once we got to know our cast. If somebody wanted to do something we hadn’t planned, they went ahead. If it worked, we kept it in." At one point, Lennon had a dream in which he was a waiter piling spaghetti on a woman's plate, so the sequence was filmed and included in the movie. Some of the older actors, such as Nat Jackley, were not familiar with productions without a script and were disappointed by the lack of one.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Much of "Magical Mystery Tour" was shot in and around RAF West Malling, a decommissioned military airfield in Kent, as it was not possible to book any London film studio at short notice. Many of the interior scenes, such as the ballroom sequence for "Your Mother Should Know", were filmed in the disused aircraft hangars. The exteriors, such as the "I Am the Walrus" sequence and the impromptu race, were shot on the runways and taxi aprons. RAF Air Training Corps cadets can be seen marching in some scenes, and during "I Am the Walrus" a RAF Avro Shackleton is seen flying above the group. Some scenes were also shot in the nearby town of West Malling.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The mystery tour itself was shot throughout the West Country of England, including Devon and Cornwall, including three days filming women in bikinis at the Atlantic Hotel, Newquay. Most of the footage was not used in the finished film. The striptease sequence was shot at Paul Raymond's Raymond Revuebar in London's Soho district, and the sequence for "The Fool on the Hill" was shot around Nice, in the south of France.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The coach used in the film, a Plaxton-bodied Bedford VAL, carried the registration number URO 913E. The vehicle was new to coach company Fox of Hayes in 1967. The Hard Rock Cafe acquired the coach in 1988, and the vehicle is now completely refurbished. In the race, Starr himself drives the bus around the airfield racetrack. During the filming, an ever greater number of cars followed the colourful, hand-lettered bus hoping to see what its passengers were up to, until a running traffic jam developed. The spectacle ended after Lennon angrily tore the lettering off the sides of the bus.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The eleven weeks that followed shooting were mostly spent on editing the film from ten hours to 52 minutes. Scenes that were filmed but not included in the final cut include:


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: For the psychedelic visual sequence during the song "Flying", some of the flying footage from Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film "Dr. Strangelove" was re-used. As told by editor Roy Benson in the BBC Radio Documentary "Celluloid Beatles", the film lacked footage to cover the sequence for the song "Flying". Benson had access to the aerial footage filmed for the "Dr. Strangelove" B52 sequences, which was stored at Shepperton Studios. The use of the footage prompted Kubrick to call Benson to complain.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: "Magical Mystery Tour" was broadcast in the UK on 26 December on BBC1, which at the time only broadcast in black and white for technical reasons. George Martin, the band's producer, later said: "When it came out originally on British television, it was a colour film but shown in black and white, because they didn’t have colour on BBC1 in those days. So it looked awful and was a disaster." Lennon later said: "What the BBC – stupid idiots – did, they showed it in black and white first. Can you imagine, around Christmas? And then they [the critics] reviewed it in black and white. It's like reviewing a mono version of a stereo record." It was the Beatles' first critical failure. The film had a repeated showing on 5 January 1968, this time broadcast in colour, on BBC2, but there were only about 200,000 colour TV receivers in the UK at the time. As a result of the unfavourable reviews, networks in the US declined to show the film there. Beatles aide Peter Brown blamed McCartney for its failure. Brown said that during a private screening for NEMS management staff, the reaction had been "unanimous ... it was awful", yet McCartney was convinced that the film would be warmly received, and ignored Brown's advice to scrap the project and save the band from embarrassment.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: On 27 December, McCartney appeared on ITV's "The David Frost Programme" to defend the film. He was introduced by David Frost as the "man most responsible" for "Magical Mystery Tour". Hunter Davies, the Beatles' official biographer at the time, said: "It was the first time in memory that any artist felt obliged to make a public apology for his work." McCartney later spoke to the press, saying: "We don't say it was a good film. It was our first attempt. If we goofed, then we goofed. It was a challenge and it didn't come off. We'll know better next time." He also said, "I mean, you couldn't call the Queen's speech a gas, either, could you?" Writing in 1981, sociomusicologist Simon Frith said that the film was symptomatic of the transformation of "pop" into "rock", the latter being concerned with art and self-expression over mass entertainment. He described "Magical Mystery Tour" as "a willfully inexplicable TV special which put most of the audience to sleep" and added: "The Beatles were no longer in control of their time. Whereas they had once been able to seize on any idea and 'Beatlefy' it, make it common currency, they were now running vainly after a trend that was determined to leave the common audience behind."


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: "Magical Mystery Tour" had its first US presentation at the Fillmore East in New York City on 11 August 1968, shown at 8 and 10 pm, as part of a fundraiser for the Liberation News Service. It was not seen in commercial theatres in the US until 1974, when New Line Cinema acquired the rights for limited theatrical and non-theatrical distribution.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: McCartney later said of the film: "Looking back on it, I thought it was all right. I think we were quite pleased with it." He also commented in "The Beatles Anthology" DVD that the film features the band's only video performance of "I Am the Walrus". In a 1993 interview, Harrison said the negative response from the press was "understandable too because it wasn’t a brilliant scripted thing that was executed well. It was like a little home movie, really. An elaborate home movie." As of 2019, the film carries a 64% approval rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews from professional critics, with an average rating of 5.3/10.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: In "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test", Tom Wolfe comments on the similarity between "Magical Mystery Tour" and the exploits of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters. In 1978, the film was parodied by the Rutles in their "Tragical History Tour", "a self-indulgent TV movie about four Oxford history professors on a tour around Rutland tea-shops". In his "Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years", Michael Palin said that the Monty Python team had considered showing the film, which by then had become commercially forgotten, as a curtain-raiser to their own 1975 comedy film "Monty Python and the Holy Grail". They received permission from all four Beatles to view the film again, and did so at the Apple offices on 10 January 1975. Although the Pythons were interested, the idea did not go ahead.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: Following the January 1968 colour screening, the film was not televised in the UK until 21 December 1979, when it opened BBC2's "The Beatles at Christmas" season. Its next UK broadcast took place on 1 November 1993 as part of MTV Europe's "Beatles Day".


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: A comic strip adaptation of the film's plot was drawn by British caricaturist Bob Gibson and printed in the sleeve of the "Magical Mystery Tour" soundtrack album.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: A tourist bus tour of Liverpool, marketed as the "Magical Mystery Tour", has operated since 1983. The tour takes place on a replica of the Magical Mystery Tour bus and visits places around the city that are associated with the Beatles and their songs, such as their childhood homes, the Cavern Club, Strawberry Field and Penny Lane. The tour was originally operated by a Bedford VAL coach as in the film, but more modern vehicles are now used.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The critical reception in 1967 had been so poor that no one had bothered to properly archive a negative, and later re-release versions had to be copied from poor-quality prints. By the end of the 1980s, MPI Media Group, through rights holder Apple Corps, had released the movie on video, and a DVD release followed many years later. It was also released in the VHS format.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: A digitally restored version of the film was broadcast in the UK on BBC Two and BBC HD on 6 October 2012, following an "Arena" documentary on its making. Both were shown in the United States as part of "Great Performances" on PBS ten weeks later on 14 December.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: On 22 August 2012, Apple Corps (via Apple Films) announced a re-release of the film on DVD and Blu-ray along with a limited theatrical release, remastered with 5.1 surround sound. The DVD/Blu-ray was released on 8 October worldwide, with the exception of North America (9 October). The new release included an audio commentary from McCartney and special features including interviews (from former Beatles and others involved with the project) and never-before-seen footage. Also released is a deluxe edition "collectors box" featuring the film on both DVD and Blu-ray, in addition to a 60-page book, and a reproduction of the original mono UK double 7" vinyl EP.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The 2012 remastered "Magical Mystery Tour" DVD entered the "Billboard" Top Music Video chart at number 1 for the week ending 27 October 2012.


title: Magical Mystery Tour (film)

text: The songs in order of their use in the movie, written by Lennon-McCartney unless otherwise indicated:


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: A Sub Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrate (also known as Assistant Commissioner or Sub Divisional Officer) is a central civil service officer of the Indian Administrative Service cadre or a state civil service officer of the "State Administrative Service cadre" responsible for "land revenue collection", "canal revenue collection" and "law and order maintenance" in a particular "sub-district" , depending on a country's government structure. Additionally, Indian Administrative Service officers selected from UPSC or State Public Services Commission also serve as AC&SDM in their training period. They are also known as Assistant Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrate or Assistant Commissioner or Sub Divisional Officer (Civil) or Revenue Divisional Officer several Indian states. Each district is divided into revenue sub-districts. It is empowered by Collector cum District Magistrate. All revenue sub divisions or revenue divisions are under the charge of Sub Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrate.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: In India, a assistant collector cum sub divisional magistrate has several executive magisterial roles to play under Criminal Procedure Code 1973.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: It involves maintenance of land records, conduct of revenue cases, carrying out of demarcation and mutations, settlement operations and functioning as custodian of public land. They are primarily responsible for day to day revenue management (land and canal). The subordinate revenue staff consisting of "revenue assistants (land & canal)" supervised by "revenue inspectors (land and canal)" who are in turn supervised by "revenue circle officers (land and canal)" who are involved in field level revenue activities and mutations. They are also empowered to issue various kinds of statutory certificates including SC/ST and OBC, Domicile, Nationality etc. Registration of Property documents, sale deeds, power of attorneys, share certificates and all other documents which need to be compulsorily registered as per law is made at Sub Registrar's Office which are nine in numbers. Deputy Commissioners are Registrars for their respective districts and exercise supervisory control over the Sub Registrars.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: Assistant Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrates exercise powers of Executive Magistrates. In this role they are responsible for operating preventive Sections of Code of Criminal Procedure. They also carry out enquiries in cases of unnatural deaths of women within seven years of marriage and issue directions to the Police for registration of case, if required.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: Sub Divisional Magistrates are empowered to conduct enquiries into custodial deaths including deaths in Police Lock Up, Jails, Women Homes etc. The Officers of this Department are also expected to act as eyes and ears of the Government and conduct enquiries into all major accidents including major fires incidents, riots and natural calamities etc.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: This department is given the primary responsibility for relief and rehabilitation operations in any calamity whether natural or man-made. It is also responsible for coordinating and implementing disaster management plan for natural and chemical disasters and awareness generation programme on disaster preparedness is being carried out with the assistance of United Nations Development


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: In Kerala and also Tamilnadu, this post is known as Sub Collector. When IAS officers become the officer-in-charge of a Revenue Division, they are generally called as Sub Collectors. They also have the role and powers of a Sub Divisional Magistrate in the sub-division. However they are generally known as Sub Collector.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: When a state cadre or Kerala Administrative Service (KAS) officer is the officer in charge of a revenue division, the same post is also called Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). RDO has the same function, role and responsibilities as SDM.


title: Sub-Divisional Magistrate

text: In North Eastern States, especially Mizoram this post is known as Sub Divisional Officer (Civil), and also Haryana, West Bengal the post is known as Sub Divisional Officer (SDO). They are also head of a revenue sub division and the sub divisional magistrate.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: Aspergillus fumigatus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus", and is one of the most common "Aspergillus" species to cause disease in individuals with an immunodeficiency.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: "Aspergillus fumigatus", a saprotroph widespread in nature, is typically found in soil and decaying organic matter, such as compost heaps, where it plays an essential role in carbon and nitrogen recycling. Colonies of the fungus produce from conidiophores; thousands of minute grey-green conidia (2–3 μm) which readily become airborne. For many years, "A. fumigatus" was thought to only reproduce asexually, as neither mating nor meiosis had ever been observed. In 2008, "A. fumigatus" was shown to possess a fully functional sexual reproductive cycle, 145 years after its original description by Fresenius. Although "A. fumigatus" occurs in areas with widely different climates and environments, it displays low genetic variation and a lack of population genetic differentiation on a global scale. Thus, the capability for sex is maintained, though little genetic variation is produced.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: The fungus is capable of growth at (normal human body temperature), and can grow at temperatures up to , with conidia surviving at —conditions it regularly encounters in self-heating compost heaps. Its spores are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and everybody inhales an estimated several hundred spores each day; typically, these are quickly eliminated by the immune system in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and people with AIDS or leukemia, the fungus is more likely to become pathogenic, over-running the host's weakened defenses and causing a range of diseases generally termed aspergillosis. Due to the recent increase in the use of immunosuppressants to treat human illnesses, it is estimated that A. fumigatus may be responsible for over 600,000 deaths annually with a mortality rate between 25 and 90%. Several virulence factors have been postulated to explain this opportunistic behaviour.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: When the fermentation broth of "A. fumigatus" was screened, a number of indolic alkaloids with antimitotic properties were discovered. The compounds of interest have been of a class known as tryprostatins, with spirotryprostatin B being of special interest as an anticancer drug.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: "Aspergillus fumigatus" grown on certain building materials can produce genotoxic and cytotoxic mycotoxins, such as gliotoxin.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: "Aspergillus fumigatus" has a stable haploid genome of 29.4 million base pairs. The genome sequences of three "Aspergillus" species—"Aspergillus fumigatus", "Aspergillus nidulans", and "Aspergillus oryzae"—were published in "Nature" in December 2005.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: "Aspergillus fumigatus" is the most frequent cause of invasive fungal infection in immunosuppressed individuals, which include patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or neoplastic disease, organ transplant recipients, and AIDS patients. "A. fumigatus" primarily causes invasive infection in the lung and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Additionally, "A. fumigatus" can cause chronic pulmonary infections, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, or allergic disease in immunocompetent hosts.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: Inhalational exposure to airborne conidia is continuous due to their ubiquitous distribution in the environment. However, in healthy individuals, the innate immune system is an efficacious barrier to "A. fumigatus" infection. A large portion of inhaled conidia are cleared by the mucociliary action of the respiratory epithelium. Due to the small size of conidia, many of them deposit in alveoli, where they interact with epithelial and innate effector cells. Alveolar macrophages phagocytize and destroy conidia within their phagosomes. Epithelial cells, specifically type II pneumocytes, also internalize conidia which traffic to the lysosome where ingested conidia are destroyed. First line immune cells also serve to recruit neutrophils and other inflammatory cells through release of cytokines and chemokines induced by ligation of specific fungal motifs to pathogen recognition receptors. Neutrophils are essential for aspergillosis resistance, as demonstrated in neutropenic individuals, and are capable of sequestering both conidia and hyphae through distinct, non-phagocytic mechanisms. Hyphae are too large for cell-mediated internalization, and thus neutrophil-mediated NADPH-oxidase induced damage represents the dominant host defense against hyphae. In addition to these cell-mediated mechanisms of elimination, antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelium contribute to host defense. The fungus and its polysaccharides have ability to regulate the functions of dendritic cells by


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: Immunosuppressed individuals are susceptible to invasive "A. fumigatus" infection, which most commonly manifests as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Inhaled conidia that evade host immune destruction are the progenitors of invasive disease. These conidia emerge from dormancy and make a morphological switch to hyphae by germinating in the warm, moist, nutrient-rich environment of the pulmonary alveoli. Germination occurs both extracellularly or in type II pneumocyte endosomes containing conidia. Following germination, filamentous hyphal growth results in epithelial penetration and subsequent penetration of the vascular endothelium. The process of angioinvasion causes endothelial damage and induces a proinflammatory response, tissue factor expression and activation of the coagulation cascade. This results in intravascular thrombosis and localized tissue infarction, however, dissemination of hyphal fragments is usually limited. Dissemination through the blood stream only occurs in severely immunocompromised individuals.


title: Aspergillus fumigatus

text: As is common with tumor cells and other pathogens, the invasive hyphae of A. fumigatus encounters hypoxic (low oxygen levels, ≤ 1%) micro-environments at the site of infection in the host organism. Current research suggests that upon infection, necrosis and inflammation cause tissue damage which decreases available oxygen concentrations due to a local reduction in perfusion, the passaging of fluids to organs. In A. fumigatus specifically, secondary metabolites have been found to inhibit the development of new blood vessels leading to tissue damage, the inhibition of tissue repair, and ultimately localized hypoxic micro-environments. The exact implications of hypoxia on fungal pathogenesis is currently unknown, however these low oxygen environments have long been associated with negative clinical outcomes. Due to the significant correlations identified between hypoxia, fungal infections, and negative clinical outcomes, the mechanisms by which A. fumigatus adapts in hypoxia is a growing area of focus for novel drug targets.