title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: The 2024–25 UEFA Nations League may be partially linked with European qualification for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, as was done with the 2020–21 Nations League. However, no decision has yet been made.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: All 55 UEFA national teams are eligible to enter the competition. The teams which finished bottom of their group in Leagues A and B, as well as the losers from the relegation play-outs of League C, from the 2022–23 season will move down a league, while the group winners of Leagues B, C and D will move up. The remaining teams will stay in their respective leagues.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: In an interview with Polish website "meczyki.pl", UEFA vice-president Zbigniew Boniek said that all ten teams from CONMEBOL, South America's football federation, may join the UEFA Nations League from the 2024–25 edition of the competition. The plans, which would act as a response to FIFA's biennial World Cup plans, are part of enhanced cooperation between the two organisations following the signing of a memorandum of understanding and the opening of a joint office in London. The proposal would see the six highest-ranked South American teams joining League A, with the remaining four joining League B. However, as CONMEBOL will maintain the round-robin qualification format for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, the possibility of adding South American teams is unlikely.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza (born 7 September 1985), commonly known as Rafinha (; "Little Rafa"), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for São Paulo. He is known as a skilled defender with good passing skills, quick pace, agility and a strong shot. He has earned four caps with the Brazil national team.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Rafinha began his football career at the age of seven, playing for Gremio Londrinense, a futsal team from his home town of Londrina, Paraná. By age 12, he had begun training with PSTC, a local football club, before signing for Londrina Esporte Clube in 2000 at the age of 15. At the end of his second year with Londrina, Rafinha was signed by Coritiba. This meant moving hundreds of kilometers from his home town, but it also allowed Rafinha to display his talents on the national stage. For Coritiba, Rafinha made 23 appearances in the 2004 season and scored three goals in 13 appearances in the 2005 season.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: At Coritiba, Rafinha eventually found his way into the Brazil under-20 national team and played in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands. During the tournament, he scored two goals and played an integral part in Brazil's progress to the bronze medal. Rafinha's performance at the tournament alerted numerous European teams to his ability, with German club Schalke 04 ultimately signing the right-back from Coritiba for an estimated €5 million on a four-year contract. At Schalke, he made 42 appearances in 2005–06 season, two goals in 35 appearances in the 2006–07 season, five goals in 46 appearances in the 2007–08 season, two goals in 40 appearances in the 2008–09 season, and two goals in 35 appearances in the 2009–10 season.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: On 4 August 2010, it was confirmed that Rafinha moved from Schalke to Italian side Genoa. The transfer had cost Genoa €8 million. He scored two goals in 34 appearances in his only Serie A season. After Genoa had failed to pay the transfer fee in time, however, Rafinha's former club Schalke sued Genoa through the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: On 1 June 2011, Bayern Munich confirmed Rafinha's transfer from Genoa on the same day that they signed his former Schalke teammate Manuel Neuer. Rafinha signed a three-year contract, and reports say Bayern paid €5.75 million for him. He scored his first goal for Bayern against Villarreal, as a substitute in a 2–0 UEFA Champions League win on 14 September 2011. He finished the 2011–12 season with a goal in 35 appearances. Entering as an 83rd-minute substitute on 20 October 2012 during an away match against Fortuna Düsseldorf, he scored his first Bundesliga goal for Bayern in a 5–0 win. He played a total of 13 Bundesliga games throughout the season, adding another goal on 13 April in a 4–0 win over 1. FC Nürnberg. He finished the 2012–13 season with two goals in 17 appearances.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: During the 2013–14 season, after fellow right back Philipp Lahm was moved to defensive midfield, Rafinha found more opportunities to play regularly. He made 46 appearances across all competitions, including the entire DFB-Pokal Final in which Bayern secured a second consecutive double after defeating Borussia Dortmund.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: He started the 2015–16 season by coming in as a substitute for Robert Lewandowski in the 72nd minute of the German Super Cup. He finished the 2015–16 season with 34 appearances.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: He started the 2016–17 season by coming in as a substitute for Thomas Müller in the 87th minute of the German Super Cup. He finished the 2016–17 season with a goal in 28 appearances.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: He started the 2017–18 season by starting in the German Super Cup. He finished the 2017–18 season with a goal in 39 appearances.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Rafinha was an unused substitute in the German Super Cup. He made his first appearance of the 2018–19 season in the German Cup. He started the match and played the full 90 minutes. He finished the 2018–19 season with a goal in 26 appearances.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: On 9 June 2019, Flamengo confirmed Rafinha's transfer from Bayern Munich. Rafinha signed a two-year contract.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: On 23 August 2020, Rafinha joined Olympiacos after signing a one-plus-one-year contract. He was officially released on 2 February 2021, as he was no longer in the plans of manager Pedro Martins, especially after signing right full-back Kenny Lala as a free transfer a few days earlier. Although, before the mutual termination of his contract, he won the Greek Cup and alongside, Olympiacos set an agreement that, after winning that season's Super League Greece, Rafinha will get a commemorative medal for that title.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: In the summer of 2008, Rafinha was involved in a dispute with his club about his participation for Brazil at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Schalke 04 (to send Rafinha) along with Werder Bremen (Diego) and Barcelona (Lionel Messi) did not want to release their players for the Olympic games so that they could help them in their domestic and European competitions. The case was taken to FIFA, which ruled that all clubs should release their players aged under 23 for the Games.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Schalke, Werder Bremen and Barcelona, however, took their case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) who eventually ruled in the clubs' favour, stating, "The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has upheld the appeals filed by FC Schalke 04, SV Werder Bremen and FC Barcelona against the decision issued on 30 July 2008 by the Single Judge of the FIFA's Players' Status Committee that consequently has been set aside in its entirety."


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Schalke continued its bar on Rafinha from attending the Olympics. Despite his club's wishes, however, he ultimately did compete for the Brazil squad, which won bronze.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: Rafinha made his senior debut for Brazil on 26 March 2008 in a friendly match against Sweden. He then went through a six-year absence from the national team, making his second appearance in a friendly against South Africa on 5 March 2014. In May 2014, he was named by Brazil head coach Luiz Felipe Scolari as a standby player for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Rafinha (footballer, born 1985)

text: On 17 September 2015, Rafinha was called up by head coach Dunga for two qualifying fixtures for the 2018 World Cup, but five days later turned it down, while also denying claims of rejecting the call-up to represent his adopted homeland Germany.


title: Steve Bacic

text: Steve Bacic ( ; ; born March 13, 1965) is a Canadian actor. He is known for playing the characters Gaheris and Telemachus Rhade on the Sci-Fi series "Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda". After guest starring in seasons 1-3 as both characters, he joined the cast early in season four as Telemachus. In total, he was in 44 of the 110 "Andromeda" episodes.


title: Steve Bacic

text: Beginning in 2013, he co-starred as "Jason" in Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel Garage Sale Mysteries series of TV films.


title: Steve Bacic

text: Bacic was born in , a village in Croatia (then Yugoslavia) and raised in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He has stated that acting was really his second choice - he really wanted to be a professional athlete and become either a coach or a physical therapist. After graduating from university with an honours degree in kinesiology, he spent some time at a factory job and, at one point, had his own auto refurbishing business and owned two houses.


title: Steve Bacic

text: In his mid-twenties, a road trip with friends led to settling into Vancouver, British Columbia, where, intrigued by all the television and film production going on there, he decided to stay and took acting classes. He read for a bit part in the 5th season of "21 Jump Street" but instead landed the lead guest-starring role.


title: Steve Bacic

text: His television roles have included appearances on "Street Justice", "The Outer Limits", "", "Stargate SG-1", "Smallville", "ER", "Republic of Doyle" and "The X-Files" where he played a SWAT officer who douses himself with gasoline in a memorable episode. His film appearances include "The 6th Day", "Threshold", "X2" and the Hallmark Channel film "The Colt", and "Deck the Halls", "Safe Harbor" and "She Made Them Do It" on Lifetime.


title: Steve Bacic

text: Bacic also played Prince Barin in the 2007 "Flash Gordon" TV series. His TV series "The Guard" premiered January 22, 2008 on "Global Television Network" in Canada. He plays Miro Da Silva, one of the four leads. The series is a drama series about the Canadian Coast Guard. He has been cast as "Dark Archer" in the ninth season of "Smallville" in episode 10 called "Disciple". He played Goran on the HBO series "Big Love", season 4. He also plays the character Trevor Wilson (formerly Bobby) in season one of ‘’Julie and the Phantoms’’.


title: Tim McCarver

text: James Timothy McCarver (born October 16, 1941) is an American former professional baseball player and television sports commentator. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from to , most prominently as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals where, he was a two-time All-Star player and a member of two World Series winning teams.


title: Tim McCarver

text: Later in his career while playing for the Philadelphia Phillies, McCarver became known as the regular catcher for Hall of Fame pitcher, Steve Carlton. One of the few major league players to have appeared in four different decades, he finished second in voting for the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award. McCarver also played for the Montreal Expos and the Boston Red Sox.


title: Tim McCarver

text: After his playing career, he became a three-time Emmy Award winning television color commentator, most notably for Fox Sports. McCarver called a then-record 23 World Series and 20 All-Star Games. In 2012, McCarver was named the recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasting and, in 2016 he was inducted into the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame. In 2017 he was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver was born in Memphis, Tennessee. McCarver, following his years with Memphis' Christian Brothers High School, was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1959. Playing with the Cardinals' minor league teams of Keokuk and Rochester, McCarver reached the MLB level for the first time at the age of only 17.


title: Tim McCarver

text: He spent the 1960, 1961, and 1962 seasons shuttling between St. Louis and the minor league teams of Memphis, Charleston (West Virginia), and Atlanta. In 1963, he was called up to the majors for good.


title: Tim McCarver

text: In 1964, his tiebreaking home run in the 10th inning won Game 5 of the World Series. In 1966, McCarver was named to the All-Star Team, scored the winning run in the 10th inning of that 1966 All-Star Game, and became the first catcher to lead the National League in triples, with 13. In 1967, he finished second to teammate Orlando Cepeda for the National League Most Valuable Player award. McCarver was a member of two World Series championships during his time in St. Louis. He was the favorite catcher of the notoriously temperamental Bob Gibson, and fostered a relationship with young pitcher Steve Carlton that would keep him in the major leagues later in his career. In 1968, he was the Cardinals catcher as they took the NL pennant but lost to the Detroit Tigers in a seven-game World Series.


title: Tim McCarver

text: After a trade to the Philadelphia Phillies involving, among others, his teammate Curt Flood (which led to Flood's lawsuit over baseball's reserve clause) before the 1970 season, McCarver played for the Phillies, Expos, Red Sox, and another brief stint with the Cardinals (he was replaced on the roster by the rookie Keith Hernandez). McCarver's career might have taken a different turn in 1975, when, according to Peter Gammons, McCarver (then 33 and Boston's third-string catcher) was rumored as a potential managerial replacement for struggling skipper Darrell Johnson. McCarver, however, was released (to return to the Phillies), and Johnson led the Red Sox to the '75 AL pennant.


title: Tim McCarver

text: During his first stint with the Phillies, McCarver caught Rick Wise's no-hitter on June 23, 1971. At the end of the season, the Phillies traded Wise to the Cardinals for Steve Carlton, the deal reuniting McCarver with Carlton. During the 1972 season, the Phillies traded McCarver to the Montreal Expos where, on October 2, he caught the second of Bill Stoneman's two career no-hitters.


title: Tim McCarver

text: On July 4, 1976, McCarver hit what is known as a "Grand Slam Single" when, after hitting a grand slam, he passed his teammate Garry Maddox on the basepath. While hosting the HBO special "The Not-so-Great Moments in Sports", McCarver later claimed to have said to the umpire, "I didn't pass him, he lapped me." Asked how Maddox could have done that, McCarver replied, "Sheer speed." The event was commemorated in the book "The Baseball Hall of Shame 3" as "Tim McCarver's Grand Sob."


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver finished his career as the personal catcher for Steve Carlton for the Phillies in the late 1970s. Carlton preferred McCarver to Phillies regular Bob Boone. McCarver has often quipped during broadcasts that when Carlton and he eventually died, they would be buried 60 feet, 6 inches apart.


title: Tim McCarver

text: He retired after the 1979 season to begin a broadcasting career. McCarver briefly returned to duty in September 1980, thus becoming one of only 29 players in baseball history to date to appear in Major League games in four different decades (1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). He caught 121 shutouts during his career, ranking him 9th all-time among major league catchers.


title: Tim McCarver

text: As a broadcaster, McCarver has enjoyed prominence as a color commentator on the network level. He has won three Emmy Awards for Sports Event Analyst.


title: Tim McCarver

text: He began his broadcasting career at WPHL-TV (Channel 17) in Philadelphia, where he was teamed with Richie Ashburn and Harry Kalas for Phillies games, before co-hosting HBO's "Race for the Pennant" in 1978 and working as a backup "Game of the Week" commentator for NBC in 1980.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver has called baseball for all four major U.S. television networks. His work at NBC was followed by stints with ABC (where he teamed with Don Drysdale on backup "Monday Night Baseball" games in 1984 and Al Michaels and Jim Palmer from 1985 to 1989 and again from 1994 to 1995 under the "Baseball Network" umbrella) and CBS (where he teamed with Jack Buck from 1990 to 1991 and Sean McDonough from 1992 to 1993). McCarver was paired with Joe Buck on the Fox network's MLB telecasts, a role he held from 1996 to 2013.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver called his first World Series in for ABC as a last minute replacement for Howard Cosell. Cosell had been removed from the broadcasts altogether after excerpts from his controversial book "I Never Played the Game" (which was critical of Cosell's co-workers at ABC Sports) appeared in "TV Guide". Perhaps McCarver's most notable assignment for ABC prior to the 1985 World Series was as a field reporter for the 1984 National League Championship Series.


title: Tim McCarver

text: Also while at ABC, he also served as a correspondent and play-by-play announcer for Freestyle skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. McCarver also co-hosted the prime time coverage of 1992 Winter Olympics with Paula Zahn for CBS.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver called games for local sports networks carrying the Phillies from 1980 to 1982, Mets from 1983 to 1998, Yankees from 1999 to 2001, and Giants in 2002. He is one of three sportscasters to have covered the Mets and the Yankees, along with Fran Healy and Tom Seaver, and one of three sportscasters to have covered both the Mets and the Phillies, along with Todd Kalas and Tom McCarthy.


title: Tim McCarver

text: With one out in the bottom half of the ninth inning of the seventh game of the 2001 World Series, the Arizona Diamondbacks had the bases loaded with the score tied against the New York Yankees' Mariano Rivera. McCarver commented that the Yankees' Rivera pitched inside to left handed hitters, often giving up a lot of broken bat hits to shallow outfield, and that it was dangerous to bring the infield in, in such circumstances. On the next pitch, the Diamondbacks' Luis Gonzalez hit a blooper just a few feet into the outfield grass behind the drawn in infielders, winning the World Series for the Diamondbacks.


title: Tim McCarver

text: In 2003, McCarver set a record by broadcasting his 13th World Series on national television (surpassing Curt Gowdy); in all, he called 24 Fall Classics for ABC, CBS, and Fox. Also, from 1984 (when he served as a field reporter for ABC's NLCS coverage) to 2013 (when he served as color analyst for Fox's coverage of the ALCS), McCarver never missed commentating on at least one League Championship Series per year.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver announced March 27, 2013 that he would leave Fox after the 2013 season. His final Fox broadcast was October 30, 2013, as the Boston Red Sox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 6 to win the 2013 World Series. On December 8, 2013 he was hired to be a part-time analyst for the Cardinals on Fox Sports Midwest. He teamed with Dan McLaughlin to call 30 games in the 2014 season.


title: Tim McCarver

text: His first game called for the Cardinals was on April 28, 2014, when they hosted the Milwaukee Brewers. At the conclusion of the season, McCarver stated that he had not yet decided whether to come back to the Cardinals' booth in 2015. However, McCarver returned to the Cardinals booth for 40 games in 2015, and continued to call a select number of games each year through 2019. In July 2020, it was announced that McCarver would not be working any telecasts during the team's shortened 2020 season, citing his doctor's recommendations due to health concerns related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2022, McCarver officially announced his retirement from broadcasting.


title: Tim McCarver

text: McCarver also hosted a nationally syndicated sports interview program, The Tim McCarver Show, from 2000 until 2017 when it was replaced by "The James Brown Show".


title: Tim McCarver

text: During the 1992 National League Championship Series, he criticized Deion Sanders, who also had become an NFL star, for playing both sports on the same day. For his criticism, Sanders dumped a bucket of water on McCarver three times while he was covering the National League pennant winning Atlanta Braves' clubhouse celebration for CBS. After being doused with the water, McCarver shouted at Sanders, "You are a real man, Deion. I'll say that." Also during the 1992 post-season (when McCarver worked for CBS), Norman Chad criticized McCarver in "Sports Illustrated" by saying that he's someone who "when you ask him the time, will tell you how a watch works", a reference to McCarver's habit of over-analyzing.


title: Tim McCarver

text: In October 2008, just before the 2008 NLCS, McCarver made public his feelings about Manny Ramirez, calling him "despicable" and criticizing Ramirez for his perceived sloppy, lazy play in Boston and how he had suddenly turned it around in Los Angeles. Ramirez declined comment.


title: Tim McCarver

text: In 2010, he compared the New York Yankees treatment of former manager Joe Torre to the treatment meted out by Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia to generals who fell out of favour with their leaders. After receiving negative comments on his position, McCarver apologized.


title: Tim McCarver

text: On October 9, 2009, McCarver released a cover album of jazz standards entitled "Tim McCarver Sings Songs from the Great American Songbook".


title: Tim McCarver

text: The minor league baseball stadium in Memphis was christened Tim McCarver Stadium in 1978; it was replaced by a new downtown stadium (named AutoZone Park in a naming rights arrangement) in 2000.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: Eric D. Thomas (born September 3, 1970) is an American motivational speaker, author, consultant, and minister. Speeches by Thomas are popular on YouTube.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: Thomas was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He was born to a single, teenage mother. After various arguments with his parents and aunts, he dropped out of high school and lived homeless on the streets of Detroit for two years.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: While he was homeless, he met a preacher who inspired him to go back to school and eventually change lives. He also took a job at an Olive Garden on the westside of Detroit. Around this time, Thomas met his wife, De-De Mosley, at the Detroit Center Seventh-day Adventist Church. They then moved to Huntsville, Alabama, attended Oakwood University, and they were married as college students.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: Thomas spent twelve years working toward an undergraduate degree at Oakwood and graduated in 2001. While in Huntsville, Thomas preached and set up a program to help underprivileged youth.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: In 2003, Thomas took a job with Michigan State University (MSU) along with a fellowship to attend MSU to complete his master's degree in K-12 Administration with an emphasis in Educational Leadership. He worked as an academic advisor to disadvantaged students at MSU. At MSU, he helped develop an undergraduate retention program called The Advantage with fellow academic advisor and motivational speaker DeAndre Carter which targeted academically high-risk Black and Latino students. He also served as senior pastor at A Place of Change Ministries (APOC Ministries) in Lansing, Michigan. Thomas attained a master's degree from MSU in 2005, and a PhD in Education Administration in 2015.


title: Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)

text: After becoming known as a preacher and motivational speaker, Thomas founded a company to offer education consulting, executive coaching and athletic development. Thomas has given motivational talks to collegiate and professional athletes. Thomas has appeared on Fox News to discuss his work, and portions of his sermons can be heard on the track "Intro" of deep house producers Disclosure's 2013 debut album, Settle, Hip-hop/R&B artist Foster's track "Hard Times" in 2016, and on the intro track "Wins and Losses" to rapper Meek Mill's 2017 album of the same name. In 2020, he reunited with Disclosure to speak on the song "Energy", which was released as the lead track from their third album "Energy".


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: In the United Kingdom, and the former kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Great Britain, the monarch is the only authority capable of awarding titles of nobility, unlike the position elsewhere. There are currently 35 such marquessates.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The first marquess in England was Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford, who was appointed the Marquess of Dublin by King Richard II of England on 1 December 1385. On 13 October 1386, the patent of this marquessate was recalled, and Robert de Vere was raised to the rank of the Duke of Ireland. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the second illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, was raised to the second marquessate as the Marquess of Dorset in September 1397. In 1399, he was disgraced, and the king revoked his marquessate. The House of Commons of England later petitioned King Henry IV for his restoration, but the King objected stating ""the name of marquess is a strange name in this realm"". From that period the title appears to have been dormant until it was revived by Henry VI in 1442. The only woman to be appointed as a marquess in her own right was Anne Boleyn, who was created Marchioness of Pembroke in preparation for her marriage to Henry VIII. The investiture ceremony was held at Windsor Castle on 1 September 1532.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The Marquess of Winchester (created in 1551) is the oldest surviving English or British marquessate, and as a result the holder of the title is considered the "Premier Marquess of England". Since marquessates in England created after 1707 became marquessates of Great Britain and, from 1801, of the United Kingdom, he is now the only English marquess with no higher rank. All other marquesses in the Peerage of England are also dukes and use their title of Marquess as a subsidiary title.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The first marquesses () in the Peerage of Ireland were Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim (1645) and Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (1646), both titles created during the Irish Confederate Wars. (The above-mentioned Robert de Vere was created Marquess of Dublin and Duke of Ireland, but both of these were titles in the Peerage of England, not Ireland.)


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The Marquess of Waterford (created 1791) is the oldest surviving Irish marquessate, currently held by Henry Beresford, 9th Marquess of Waterford.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The title Marquess was always higher than that of an Earl. In the late 19th and the 20th century many Viceroys of India were appointed as marquesses after their term of office. (It is indicative of the importance of the Indian Empire in British national life that retiring Viceroys were offered marquessates while retiring prime ministers were offered only earldoms). Some of the German relations of King George V were made marquesses in the Peerage of the United Kingdom after renouncing their German princely titles in 1917. Prince Louis of Battenberg, the princely head of the Battenberg family and the maternal grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, became the first Marquess of Milford Haven.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The last marquess created by the British crown was the Marquess of Willingdon in 1936. The creation of new hereditary titles is today confined almost exclusively to members of the royal family, but the creation of new marquessates appears to have ceased entirely. When new Royal Dukes are created (such as the Duke of Cambridge in 2011), the preferred next-highest subsidiary title appears to be that of an earldom. No explanation for this apparent policy of omitting marquessates has been forthcoming.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: An English or British marquess is formally styled "The Most Honourable The Marquess of [X]" and less formally styled "Lord [X]', and his wife "Lady [X]". As with dukes, all sons of a marquess have the courtesy style of "the Lord Forename [Surname]" and all daughters have the courtesy style of "the Lady Forename [Surname]". The style for the eldest son, however, is often trumped by a subsidiary title of his father, such as earl or viscount, which is used instead. Especially for signing documents, the signature being only the name of the title, [X]). This form of signature is true for all peers, including peers by courtesy. For example, The Marquess of Salisbury would sign his name merely "Salisbury".


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: A marquess by courtesy, however (who would always be the heir to a dukedom, since the courtesy title of an heir must always be at least one rank below that of the peer), does not enjoy the style of "Most Honourable", but is merely Marquess of [X], without the definite article. The genuine marquess as a peer, however, is always "The Most Honourable The Marquess of [X]", to differentiate a marquess by courtesy ("i.e.", the heir to a dukedom) from a marquess in his own right.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: The spelling of the title in a few older Scottish cases is "Marquis", particularly when the title was created prior to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.


title: Marquesses in the United Kingdom

text: A British marquess is entitled to a coronet bearing four strawberry leaves (three visible) and four silver balls (or pearls) around the rim (two visible). The actual coronet is worn mostly on certain ceremonial occasions, but a marquess can bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms above the shield.


title: Osteospermum

text: Osteospermum , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.


title: Osteospermum

text: "Osteospermum" used to belong to the genus "Dimorphotheca", but only the annual species remain in that genus; the perennials belong to "Osteospermum". The genus "Osteospermum" is also closely related to the small genus "Chrysanthemoides", such as "C. incana" and " C. monilifera".


title: Osteospermum

text: The scientific name is derived from the Greek "osteon" (bone) and Latin "spermum" (seed). It has been given several common names: African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.


title: Osteospermum

text: Their alternate (rarely opposite) leaves are green, but some variegated forms exist. The leaf form is lanceolate. The leaf margin is entire, but hardy types are toothed.


title: Osteospermum

text: The daisy-like composite flower consists of disc florets and ray florets, growing singly at the end of branches or sometimes in inflorescences of terminal corymbose cymes. The disc florets are pseudo-bisexual and come in several colors such as blue, yellow and purple. The hardy types usually show a dark blue center in the disc until the yellow pollen is shed. The ray florets are female and are found diverse colors such as white, cream, pink, purple, mauve to yellow. Some cultivars have "spooned" petals such as "Pink Whirls". Many species flower a second time late summer, stimulated by the cooler night temperatures. Hardy types show profuse flowering in the spring, but they do not get a second flush of flowers.


title: Osteospermum

text: "Osteospermum" are popular in cultivation, where they are frequently used in summer bedding schemes in parks and gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been grown with a wide range of tropical colors. Yellow cultivars tend to have a yellow center (sometimes off-white).


title: Osteospermum

text: Plants prefer a warm and sunny position and rich soil, although they tolerate poor soil, salt or drought well. Modern cultivars flower continuously when watered and fertilised well, and dead-heading is not necessary, because they do not set seed easily.


title: Osteospermum

text: If planted in a container, soil should be prevented from drying out completely. If they do, the plants will go into "sleep mode" and survive the period of drought, but they will abort their flower buds and not easily come back into flower. Moreover, roots are relatively susceptible to rotting if watered too profusely after the dry period.


title: Osteospermum

text: Most widely sold cultivars are grown as annuals, are mainly hybrids of "O. jucundum", "O. ecklonis" and "O. grandiflorum" and can be hardy to -2 °C (30 °F). If hardy, they can be grown as perennials or as shrubs.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In the United States, the school-to-prison pipeline (SPP), also known as the school-to-prison link, school–prison nexus, or schoolhouse-to-jailhouse track, is the disproportionate tendency of minors and young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds to become incarcerated because of increasingly harsh school and municipal policies. Additionally, this is due to educational inequality in the US. Many experts have credited factors such as school disturbance laws, zero-tolerance policies and practices, and an increase in police in schools in creating the "pipeline". This has become a hot topic of debate in discussions surrounding educational disciplinary policies as media coverage of youth violence and mass incarceration has grown during the early 21st century.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In recent years, many have started using the term "school–prison nexus" in place of "school-to-prison pipeline" to challenge the idea of a unidirectional pipeline that begins in schools in order to show that schools work within a web of institutions, policies, and practices that funnel youth into prisons. Moreover, it may no longer operate as a "pathway" to prison but instead as a "de facto" prison.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: The current climate of mass incarceration in the US increases the contact the incarceration system has with the US education system. More specifically, these patterns of criminalization translate into the school context. Specific practices implemented in US schools over the past 10 years to reduce violence in schools, including zero-tolerance policies and an increase in school resource officers (SROs), have created the environment for criminalization of youth in schools. This results from patterns of discipline in schools mirroring law-enforcement models.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: The disciplinary policies and practices that create an environment for the US SPP to occur disproportionately affect disabled, Latino, and Black students, which is later reflected in the rates of incarceration. Between 1999 and 2007, the percentage of Black students being suspended has increased by 12 percent, while the percentage of white students being suspended has declined since the implementation of zero-tolerance policies. Of the total incarcerated population in the US, 61 percent are Black or Latino.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: For the half-century prior to 1975, the incarceration rate in the US was fairly constant at roughly 0.1 percent of the population, as indicated in the accompanying figure. The overall incarceration rate in the US has grown rapidly and steadily since 1972, rising by six to eight percent per year until 2000. Growth rates declined in the first decade of the 2000s and peaked at 506 per 100,000 in 2007 and 2008. From its peak in 2009 and 2010, the population of state and federal prisoners decreased slightly in 2011 and 2012. However, the incarceration rate, including those in jail, in 2012 was 707 per 100,000 people, which was more than four times the rate in 1972.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Exclusionary disciplinary policies, specifically zero-tolerance policies, that remove students from the school environment increase the probability of a youth coming into contact with the incarceration system. Zero-tolerance policies have led to the mistreatment of students' situations and strict disciplinary action which greatly impact the students' future, causing them to go to juvenile detention centers or prison.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Approximately 3.3 million suspensions and over 100,000 expulsions occur each year. This number has nearly doubled since 1974, with rates escalating in the mid-1990s as zero-tolerance policies began to be widely adopted. Rising rates of the use of expulsion and suspension are not connected to higher rates of misbehaviors. Risky behaviors is something suspended students will most likely engage in. Zero-tolerance disciplinary policies have been adopted across the country.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Research is increasingly examining the connections between school failure and later contact with the criminal justice system for minorities. Once a child drops out, they are eight times more likely to be incarcerated than youth who graduate from high school. Studies have found that 68 percent of all males in state and federal prison do not have a high school diploma. Suspensions and expulsions have been shown to correlate with a young person's probability of dropping out and becoming involved with the criminal justice system. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, "Students suspended or expelled for a discretionary violation are nearly 3 times more likely to be in contact with the juvenile justice system the following year." However, it is unclear if the factors determining the risk of dropping out are not wholly or partially the same as the factors determining the risk of incarceration as an individual likely to enter the criminal justice system is also likely to encounter difficulties within the education system.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: From 1980 to 2008, the number of people incarcerated in the US quadrupled from roughly 500,000 to 2.3 million people. The graphic to the right shows the uniqueness of this practice in comparison to other countries across the globe, with the US incarcerating a larger portion of its population than any other country in 2008. The US holds 25 percent of the world's prisoners but only has five percent of the world's population.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: School disciplinary policies disproportionately affect Black and Latino youth in the education system. Ultimately, this means that they are more likely to be suspended, expelled, or arrested; a practice known as the discipline gap. This discipline gap is also connected to the achievement gap. The US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights issued a brief in 2014 outlining the current disparities. Black students are suspended and expelled at a rate three times greater than white students. The Advancement Project found that "In the 2006-2007 school year, there was no state in which African-American students were not suspended more often than white students." On average, five percent of white students are suspended, compared to 16 percent of Black students. Black students represent 16 percent of student enrollment, 27 percent of students referred to law enforcement, and 31 percent of students subjected to a school-related arrest. Combined, 70 percent of students involved in "In-School arrests or referred to law enforcement are Black or Latino." The majority of these arrests are under zero-tolerance policies.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Disparities were found in the implementation of zero-tolerance policies in relation to minor offenses. In 2010 in North Carolina, Black students were punished for the same minor offenses, specifically cell phone, dress code, disruptive behavior, and display of affection by more than 15 percent for each category of offense than white students. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, "'Zero-tolerance' policies criminalize minor infractions of school rules, while cops in school lead to students being criminalized for behavior that should be handled inside the school. Students of color are especially vulnerable to push-out trends and the discriminatory application of discipline." Additionally, "The Council of State Governments Report found that black students were more likely to be disciplined for less serious 'discretionary' offenses, and that when other factors were controlled for, higher percentages of White students were disciplined on more serious non-discretionary grounds, such as possessing drugs or carrying a weapon."


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: A 2009 study reported that the racial disparity in rates of school suspensions could not be explained solely by racial differences in rates of delinquent behavior and that this disparity in turn was "strongly associated with similar levels of disproportion in juvenile court referrals". Similarly, a 2010 study found that Black students were more likely to be referred to the office than students of other races and that this disparity could be partly, but not completely, explained by student behavior and school-level factors. According to Fordham Law Review Online, "In the juvenile justice system, black girls are the fastest growing demographic when it comes to arrest and incarceration." A 2014 study found that, although Black students were more likely to be suspended, this disparity "was completely accounted for by a measure of the prior problem behavior of the student" and concluded that "the use of suspensions by teachers and administrators may not have been as racially biased as some scholars have argued". Another 2015 study using a national high school dataset concluded that "misconduct and deviant attitudes were important factors in predicting the receipt of out-of-school suspensions though results indicated that Black students did not generally misbehave or endorse deviant attitudes more than White students did".


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: These interdisciplinary policies and practices disproportionately impact students from historically disadvantaged backgrounds such as, Latino and Black. It also been noted that students of minority groups were vulnerable to expulsions and that Black girls are also highly criminalized for being absent from a schooling context. Dorothy E. Hines and Dorinda J. Carter Andrews have argued that increasing rates criminalization of Black girls, disciplinary enforcements such as harsh policies, and bans against "various student offenses" can be illuminated through (a) zero-tolerance policies including various forms of surveillance measures, (b) policing of their bodies as criminals, and (c) penalizing "bad" girl attitudes."


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Schools with a higher percentage of Black students are more likely to implement zero-tolerance policies and to use extremely punitive discipline, supporting the racial threat hypothesis.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In November 2003, at Stratford High School in Goose Creek, South Carolina, police pointed their guns at students even though the students had not done anything wrong. The police also handcuffed the students and forced them to kneel while facing the wall. The police claimed they were looking for illegal drugs but did not actually find any. The police were also accused of racial profiling, due to the disproportionate number of Black students whom they searched.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Zero-tolerance policies are school disciplinary policies that set predetermined consequences or punishments for specific offenses. By nature, zero-tolerance policies, as any policy that is "unreasonable rule or policy that is the same for everyone but has an unfair effect on people who share a particular attribute", often become discriminatory. The zero-tolerance approach was first introduced in the 1980s to reduce drug use in schools. The use of zero-tolerance policies spread more widely in the 1990s. To reduce gun violence, the Gun Free Schools Act of 1994 (GFSA) required that schools receiving federal funding "must 1) have policies to expel for a calendar year any student who brings a firearm to school or to school zone, and 2) report that student to local law enforcement, thereby blurring any distinction between disciplinary infractions at school and the law". During the 1996–1997 schoolyear, 94 percent of schools had zero-tolerance policies for firearms, 87 percent for alcohol, and 79 percent for violence.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Over the past decade, zero-tolerance policies have expanded to predetermined punishments for a wide degree of rule violations. Zero-tolerance policies do not distinguish between serious and nonserious offenses. All students who commit a given offense receive the same treatment. Behaviors punished by zero-tolerance policies are most often nonserious offense and are punished on the same terms as a student would be for bringing a gun or drugs to school. In 2006, 95 percent of out-of-school suspensions were for nonviolent, minor disruptions such as tardiness. In 2006–2007, "out-of-school suspensions for non-serious, non-violent offenses accounted for 37.2% of suspensions in Maryland, whereas only 6.7% of suspensions were issued for dangerous behaviors". In Chicago, the widespread adoption of zero-tolerance policies in 1994 resulted in a 51 percent increase in student suspensions for the next four years and a 3,000 percent increase in expulsions.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: The most direct way these policies increase the probability of a youth coming into contact with the incarceration system is through their exclusionary methods. Suspension, expulsion, and an increased risk of dropping out all contribute to a youth's increased chances of becoming involved with the incarceration system. Suspension removes students from the structure and supervision provided through schooling, providing opportunities for youth to engage in criminal activities while not in the school environment. Other factors may include "increased exposure to peers involved in antisocial behavior, as well as effects on school performance and completion and student attitudes toward antisocial behavior". Suspension can lead to feelings of alienation from the school setting that can lead to students to feel rejected, increasing chances of relationships with antisocial peers. Relationships with peers have strong impacts on student behavior, demonstrated through differential association theory. Students are more than twice as likely to be arrested during months in which they are forcibly removed from school. Students who have been suspended are three times more likely to drop out by the 10th grade than students who have never been suspended. Dropping out makes that student three times more likely to be incarcerated.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Zero tolerance policies increase the number of SROs in schools, which increases the contact a student has with the criminal justice system. Students may be referred by teachers or other administrators but most often zero-tolerance policies are directly enforced by police or SROs. The practice of increasing the number of police in schools contributes to patterns of criminalization. This increase in SROs has led to contemporary school discipline beginning to mirror approaches used in legal and law enforcement. Zero-tolerance policies increase the use of profiling, a very common practice used in law enforcement. This practice is able to identify students who may engage in misbehavior, but the use of profiling is unreliable in ensuring school safety, as this practice over identifies students from minority populations. There were no students involved in the 1990s shootings who were Black or Latino and the 1990s school shootings were the main basis for the increase in presence of police in schools. Data shows that people of color with disabilities are the most affected by the SPP.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: A Justice Policy Institute report (2011) found a 38-percent increase in the number of SROs between 1997 and 2007 as a result of the growing implementation of zero-tolerance policies. In 1999, 54 percent of students surveyed reported seeing a security guard or police officer in their school; by 2005, this number increased to 68 percent. The education system has seen a huge increase in the number of students referred to law enforcement. In one city in Georgia, when police officers were introduced into the schools, "school-based referrals to juvenile court in the county increased 600% over a three year period". There was no increase in the number of serious offenses or safety violations during this three-year period. In 2012, 41 states required schools to report students to law enforcement for various misbehaviors on school grounds. This practice increases the use of law enforcement professionals in handling student behavior and decreases the use of in-classroom (nonexclusionary) management of behaviors.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Committee expressed concern with increasing criminalization of students in response to school disciplinary problems and recommended that the US government "promote the use of alternatives to the application of criminal law" to address such issues. The committee also noted its concern with the use of corporal punishment in schools in the US. In the second Universal Periodic Review of the US's human rights record, the government avowed taking "effective measures to help ensure non-discrimination in school discipline policies and practices".


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In March 2010, at the Carver Primary School in the lower South Side, Chicago, several first-grade students were handcuffed, and told that they were going to prison and would never see their parents again, after they talked in class.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In November 2011, at Orange River Elementary School in Florida, an assistant principal called the police after a girl kissed a boy.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In February 2010, the principal of a junior high school in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, called police after a 12-year-old student used a green magic marker to write, "I love my friends Abby and Faith. Lex was here 2/1/10 :)" on a desk. A police officer handcuffed the girl and took her to the police station.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In October 2010, at Southern Lee High School in Lee County, North Carolina, a 12th grade honors student, who was taking college-level classes, was charged with misdemeanor possession of a weapon on school grounds and suspended for the rest of the school year, after she brought a paring knife to school. The student had mistakenly taken her father's lunch box to school, which looked the same as her own lunch box. The school found the knife while searching the lunch box for illegal drugs, which the student did not have.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In 2014, in Lynchburg, Virginia, an 11-year-old Black autistic boy was charged with a misdemeanor disorderly contact for kicking a trash can. Some time later, this same kid was walking to join other students, and the same officer that reprimanded him for the trash can grabbed him, pushed him to the floor, and arrested him. As a result, the officer charged him with felony assault on a police officer.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In Rosemont, Pennsylvania, Harriton High School lent students laptop computers by way of their One-to-One initiative program. Over 2,000 students were given these laptops for school and home usage. Unbeknownst to the students and parents, the school district had webcams installed on each computer that were utilized to take images of students' activities while on the computer. The school district used these photos to attempt to incriminate students. In November 2009, the school's assistant principal falsely accused a student of selling illegal drugs after a school employee saw the student holding Mike and Ike candy while the student was at home.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In early 2018, a 14-year-old Black boy came to school with a new haircut. The haircut featured a design made with a razor. The student was pulled out of class one day at Tenaya Middle School in Fresno, California, because of his haircut, which the school claimed violated their dress code. The child's mother claimed, "The vice principal told my son that he needed to cut his hair because it was distracting and violated the dress code." The child's mother claims she agreed to get her son a new haircut; she also said she was unable to immediately get an appointment due to a lack of Black barbers in her area. When her son arrived at school the next day, according to the child's mother, the school explained to her that he would face in-school suspension after returning with his haircut. The mother claims, "I requested that my son is issued a warning, to allow time to grow out his hair."


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In early 2018, a Black male student at Apache Junction High School in Arizona wore a blue bandana to school, which violated the dress code. His teacher called the police on him for not removing his bandana. He was then arrested and suspended for nine days.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In mid-2018, an 11-year-old Black girl, Faith Fennidy, was sent home from a private Roman Catholic school in Louisiana because she had hair extensions. The young girl had been wearing extensions to school for two years before a new policy was added. The policy prohibits extensions, clip-ins, and/or weaves. The child would have to adhere to the policy to attend school. The family chose to withdraw the student from the school; the student was not suspended or expelled.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In 2012, at Creekside Elementary School in Milledgeville, Georgia, a six-year-old student, Salecia Johnson, was crying and flailing on the floor of her principal's office. The principal said she was inconsolable, had thrown various items, and had damaged school property during a tantrum. Salecia was handcuffed and transported to a police station. The child was initially charged as a juvenile with simple battery of a school teacher and criminal damage to property, but it was later decided the girl would not be charged because of her age.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 disease a global pandemic, resulting in school shutdowns across multiple countries, including the US. Based on a report by UNICEF, approximately 94 percent of all countries enacted forms of remote learning to continue education for children in response to government closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, as a result of the pandemic, in the US, state and federal legislation either closed public schools and transferred to virtual instruction or offered hybrid learning, a mixture of face-to-face instruction and online learning. As school districts in the US encountered difficulty navigating requirements to provide education in remote settings, disciplinary practices continued to reflect aspects of the SPP with zero-tolerance policies just as harmful as those before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the nation's transition to remote learning, punishments including out-of-school suspension, juvenile detention, and police involvement have been enacted for minor infractions that have occurred in virtual learning environments.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: As before the pandemic, the "virtual" SPP continues to disproportionately impact racial minorities, predominantly African-American and Hispanic students from low-income backgrounds, and students with disabilities. There are more than 48,000 youth confined in facilities in the US on any given day. According to a report by the NAACP, , "African American children represent 32% of children who are arrested, 42% of children who are detained, and 52% of children whose cases are judicially waived to criminal court." Additionally, students with disabilities account for 8.6 percent of the student population in the US but represent 36 percent of incarcerated youth. Because students of color and students with disabilities are disproportionately incarcerated, they represent a large number of youth at risk for contracting COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. On that note, infectious diseases are severely concentrated in both adult and juvenile correctional facilities. The Marshall Project reported that most juvenile prison facilities have more than 80-percent infection rates. Moreover, approximately "15% of jail inmates and 22% of prisoners—compared to 5% of the general population—are reported having tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS, or other STDs."


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: In 2014, the Obama administration issued guidance that urged schools to reduce the number of suspensions and expulsions, especially of minority students, thereby stemming the school-to-prison pipeline. During the Trump administration, in December 2018, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos rescinded these guidelines. In doing so, she cited research by John Paul Wright and four coauthors that purported to show that the disparate rates of suspensions and expulsions were due not to racism but rather to prior poor behavior by Black students.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Lead author John Paul Wright has advocated for the fringe view that Black people evolved to be genetically inferior to white people. In the study cited by DeVos, Wright "et al." assumed that teachers' reporting of behavior was accurate and unbiased. They concluded that "the racial gap in suspensions was completely accounted for by a measure of the prior problem behavior of the student—a finding never before reported in the literature". However, other scholars have found implicit bias and racial discrimination in teachers' interpretation of behavior of Black students as more threatening than similar behavior by white students.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Education researcher Francis Huang found other methodological flaws in the study by Wright "et al.", such as sample bias (comparison between a sample of 4,101 students and a reduced sample of 2,737 students who were not representative of the earlier sample) and their use of the Social Skills Rating Scale as a proxy for evaluating prior behavior. Correcting for sample bias in the study by Wright "et al." led Huang to conclude that their data confirmed what earlier researchers had found regarding racial disparities in punishment that could not be accounted for by actual differences in behavior.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: The use of restorative justice in schools began in the early 1990s with initiatives in Australia. Restorative justice models are used globally and have recently been introduced to school disciplinary policies in the US as an alternative approach to current punitive models, such as zero tolerance. The focus is on ensuring that students understand and learn from their behavior as well as take responsibility for their actions and participate in steps that aim to repair the harm done to relationships between the student and the school environment. Programs, such as restorative circles, restorative meetings, restorative youth courts, and peer mediation, are being used as alternatives to zero-tolerance policies and harsh disciplinary practices. The idea behind these programs is that students should be encouraged to participate in their punishments and school administration should refrain from using suspensions and expulsions for minor offenses. The goal of restorative programs is to keep students in school and to stop the flow of students from schools to the criminal justice system.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Some challenges to the use of restorative justice in schools are lack of time and community support. It requires balancing the time needed for mediation with the other demands of education in one school day. Scholars acknowledge that, to achieve proper, unbiased mediation, it will require training, support, and review. It is also crucial that an entire community—students, parents, teachers, staff, coaches, etc.—are convinced it is a better alternative and willing to work together.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Steven Teske, a juvenile court judge in Clayton County, Georgia, created the School-Justice Partnership model in 2003, known as the "Clayton County Model" or, informally, "The Teske Model", to reduce the arrests of students involving minor offenses by using a collaborative agreement between schools, law enforcement, and the courts. The model has three main components: identifying minor offenses not subject to referral to the court, defining the roles of school police and school administrators to avoid using police as disciplinarians, and creating restorative practices and education programs in lieu of arrests. It took aim at zero-tolerance policies which do not consider situational context or individual circumstances. The model's application in his county resulted in a 67-percent decline in referrals to juvenile court. Despite concerns by some that a softer approach would yield school safety issues, the data shows an increase in graduation rates of approximately 20 percent and an eight-percent decline in suspensions. The method has spread across the US with some notable cities such as Birmingham, Alabama, and Wichita, Kansas, seeing similar improvements.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Beginning especially in the 1970s, the mainstream commercial media in the US increased coverage of the police blotter, while reducing coverage of investigative journalism.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Advertising rates are set based on the audience. Because "if it bleeds, it leads", the media were able to accomplish this change without losing its audience.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Beyond this, the growth of private prisons increased the pool of major advertisers who could be offended by honest reporting on incarcerations and the SPP: it makes financial sense to report on this only to the extent that such reporting is needed to maintain an audience.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Media constructions have contributed to hysteria over youth violence and mass incarcerations. TV overrepresents violent crime and people of color as offenders. This creates a "culture of fear" and "mean world syndrome" that particularly works against Black or Latino males.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Where there are undetected and untreated child mental health concerns, this can lead to unwanted suspensions and expulsions. When teachers include strategies to address the concerns found in students, it leads to students wanting to pursue their own academic achievement and success.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Students with diagnosable mental health problems suffer under zero-tolerance policies. Such policies aim to create safer classrooms by removing potential disruptions, but many in mental health, social services, courts, or other related fields believe they fail in this goal and may result in less safe schools and communities. School is considered a protective factor against "delinquent conduct" and removing students from such an environment harms their ability to succeed.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: An American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force report found that "students with disabilities, especially those with emotional and behavioral disorders, appear to be suspended and expelled at rates disproportionate to the representation in the population".


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: Zero-tolerance policies also fail to account for neurological development in youths. Studies show that the brain is still "under construction" until about age 21. Youth are more likely to take risks, act impulsively, and exercise poor judgment. When these actions result in their involvement with the criminal justice system, they are punished rather than taught how to develop.


title: School-to-prison pipeline

text: One issue in improving mental health services in school and interrupting the SPP is that schools are unequipped to identify disorders and provide help for them.


title: Ahna Capri

text: Anna Marie Nanasi (July 6, 1944 – August 19, 2010), better known by her professional name Ahna Capri (also as "Anna Capri"), was an American film and television actress best known for her role as Tania (secretary of Han) in the martial-arts film "Enter the Dragon".


title: Ahna Capri

text: She was born to Hungarian parents in Budapest and arrived in the United States with her family as a refugee in 1950. Her younger brother, Louis, who used the stage name Peter Robbins, was the voice of Charlie Brown in the "Peanuts" animated specials.


title: Ahna Capri

text: Capri started her career as a child actress, appearing on such series as "Father Knows Best", "The Danny Thomas Show," "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin", "Leave It To Beaver" --- in the role of Cindy Andrews in "Eddie's Sweater" (1963) & Cinda Dunsworth in "Lumpy's Scholarship" (1963)--- as Anna Capri, and a recurring role as Edie Westrope on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show in 1958. She made her film debut at the age of thirteen in "Outlaw's Son." She appeared thereafter in more films and television series, including roles in two CBS westerns in 1959, as Dolly Cleary in "The Littlest Client" on "", starring Steve McQueen, and as Debbie McCallin in "McCallin's Daughter" on "Trackdown", with Robert Culp.


title: Ahna Capri

text: In 1962, Capri was cast in a recurring role as Mary Rose in the ABC/Warner Bros Television sitcom, "Room for One More". She appeared on other ABC/WB series, including "Maverick", "Sugarfoot", "Cheyenne", "Bronco", "77 Sunset Strip".


title: Ahna Capri

text: In 1967, Capri appeared as Cpl. Terry Cahill in Season 3, Episode 17 "The Hunters and the Killers" of "Twelve O'Clock High".


title: Ahna Capri

text: Later, Capri appeared in "Branded", "The Monroes", "The Iron Horse", "The Guns of Will Sonnett", "Laredo", "The Wild Wild West", "Run for Your Life", "The F.B.I.", "Banyon", "Baretta", "Banacek", "Mannix", "The Mod Squad", "Ironside," "Cannon," "The Invaders," "The Man From U.N.C.L.E.," "Adam-12," "The Name of the Game," "Police Story", "Search", and "Kojak".


title: Ahna Capri

text: In 1971, Capri played Linda Perry in two episodes of ABC's crime drama "Dan August", starring Burt Reynolds. In 1972, she was cast in the film "Payday", with Rip Torn in the lead role as a country music singer in Alabama. Beginning in the 1970s, she used the spelling "Ahna Capri" in order to reflect the correct pronunciation of her first name.


title: Ahna Capri

text: On August 9, 2010, Capri was in a car accident in which a 5-ton truck collided with her car. After 10 days in a coma and on life support, she died on August 19 at age 66.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Safety is a 2020 American biographical sports drama family film based on the story of Ray McElrathbey, a football player who battled family adversity to join the Clemson Tigers. Directed by Reginald Hudlin, produced by Mark Ciardi, and written by Nick Santora, the film features Jay Reeves in the lead role. The feature film, a Walt Disney Pictures production, was made available to stream on Disney+ from December 11, 2020. It received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Set in South Carolina in the 2000s, Ray McElrathbey is a freshman at Clemson University, having been accepted on a football scholarship for their team, the Tigers. He is quickly thrust into campus life as he tries to balance his school work and football career. He begins to receive numerous phone calls from his younger brother Fahmarr, but tries to ignore him to study. He quickly takes an interest in sports journalist student Kaycee Stone while also butting heads with football captain Keller. One day, Ray learns that Fahmarr is not at home with their mom, Tonya, and races back home over the weekend to find that their mother has relapsed and Fahmarr has been staying with a former acquaintance, presumed to be a dealer. Ray takes Fahmarr to child services and, faced with the prospect of losing Fahmarr to the system, decides to take him in, albeit temporarily so that Tonya can recover in a month.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Ray hides Fahmarr in his dorm with his roommate Daniel Morelli discovering him. He promises to keep him a secret while also helping him out. Ray soon becomes close with Kaycee though she begins to suspect that he is hiding something from her. Fahmarr also gets enrolled in a new school, though the different environment becomes slightly alienating for him. Eventually, studying, practice and caring for Fahmarr begin to take its toll on Ray and Daniel brings in the rest of the freshman squad to help with keeping Fahmarr out of trouble. Unfortunately, team captain Keller discovers Fahmarr and forces Ray to come clean about it. Coach Bowden and Simmons reprimand him and Ray tells Fahmarr that he must leave as Tonya's program is almost over.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Tonya informs the boys that she will be staying in the program much longer, meaning that Fahmarr must go into the system. Ray becomes depressed and tells Kaycee about why he has been acting so strange. After some encouragement, Ray speaks with Simmons about Fahmarr and he helps him go out and retrieve him. They must live off campus while Ray holds side jobs to keep themselves afloat. Fahmarr goes back to school and begins crushing on a girl named Shannon. Ray's relationship with Keller and Kaycee improve and becomes a better player. Fahmarr sits-in in one of their classes and helps the team with one of their games. Kaycee, impressed with the changes, offers to print Ray's story in the paper, despite him not wanting to come off as a charity case. Soon, everyone in the community begins offering help to the McElrathbeys as their relationships improve.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Shortly before the Bowden Bowl, Ray is informed that the NCAA is investigating his situation as they believe that he is receiving irregular benefits. Despite the support of Bowden and Simmons, they are informed that it seems impossible that they will be waived. Ray begins to prevent any more charity to himself or Fahmarr and shuts himself off from everyone. He soon discovers that Fahmarr has run away and everyone goes searching for him; eventually finding him at a diner. Ray promises that he will continue to look after him no matter what and he reluctantly forces Tonya to hand full custody of Fahmarr over to him. Ray and Fahmarr head to the hearing at the NCAA, along with his coaches, his team, Kaycee and the community. After giving a heartfelt speech, the board ultimately decide to allow Ray and Fahmarr all the necessary benefits needed. Fahmarr is seen with the rest of the Tigers and is given his own jersey as he joins his brother on the field to prepare for the big game.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: During the credits, it is revealed that Ray successfully graduated as he and Fahmarr reunited with their completely sober mother. Real footage is played of their appearance on "Oprah" as well as Ray playing football.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: The real Ray McElrathbey cameos as another football player named Raheem. Former University of Alabama quarterback Blake Sims also appears, in his acting debut, as a quarterback for FAU.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: In July 2019, it was announced that Reginald Hudlin was directing the film, which would stream on Disney+.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Filming began in September that year in South Carolina, with Jay Reeves, Thaddeus J. Mixon, Corinne Foxx, Luke Tennie, Matthew Glave, Miles Burris, and Hunter Sansone. Filming also took place in Atlanta, and wrapped in mid-November.


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Fans of uplifting sports dramas will find "Safety" in this skillfully told fact-based story about an athlete overcoming adversity." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on nine critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Kyle Turner of "The New York Times" praised Reginald Hudlin's direction and found some of the scenes amusing, writing, ""Safety" is, for better, neither a strict sports movie nor a rigid tale of adversity. Banal time management scenes are enlivened by the director Reginald Hudlin’s fun camera swooping and rollicking tumbles as Ray’s life grows dizzyingly busy. Some of the earlier moments in the film, like when Fahmarr hides in increasingly ludicrous spots, have the humor of a heist comedy. And Hudlin intermittently blends in sharp visual gags." Jennifer Green of "Common Sense Media" rated the movie 4 out of 5 stars, praised the presence of positive messages and role models, saying, ""Safety" handles mature topics, including drug addiction and unreliable parents, but is ultimately very inspiring and appropriate for older tweens.[...] The film shows the devastating impact of poverty and drugs, and there's some emotional intensity." Mae Abdulbaki of "Screen Rant" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating, ""Safety’s" message is ultimately that no one accomplishes anything on an individual level and that everyone needs to be supported and cared for to focus and succeed. Ray still overcomes adversity, but writers Rick Santora and Randy McKinnon sidestep the stereotypes that so often plague sports films to do so, making it one of the better sports films to be released in some time."


title: Safety (2020 film)

text: Nick Allen of "RogerEbert.com" gave the movie 2,5 out of 4 stars, writing, "Here is a good movie, with a good heart, even though you don’t trust the screenplay. For the incredible set-up at the center, it’s told with a lot of cliches, so much that it dilutes their overall impact even if it gives writer Nick Santora's script all sorts of ups and downs. Josh Spiegel of "Slashfilm" rated the film 5 out of 10, claiming, "Safety feels like the kind of movie that we might see more of, not just from Disney+ but other studios looking for something heartwarming in a world that gets colder each day. [...] It's a good thing that Ray McElrathbey was able to fight through impossible adversity and get the NCAA to waver on its cruel measures towards its own players. And the cast of Safety is as convincing as possible. Disney knows how to make blandly effective sports dramas. But some stories are less inspiring than they seem."


title: DSM (company)

text: Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM), is a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials. Headquartered in Heerlen, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018 and €9.204 billion in 2021.


title: DSM (company)

text: DSM was formed by the Dutch state in 1902 to mine coal reserves in southern Limburg and although the company had diversified into commodity chemicals and petrochemicals by 1973 when the last mine closed, DSM retains a link to its origins by continuing to use the initials, originally an abbreviation for Dutch State Mines, to this day.


title: DSM (company)

text: During World War II researchers worked on penicillin. The code name Bacinol was used to keep the research secret from the Germans. The research was done at the company Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek, Dutch Yeast and Spirits Factory, later becoming DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, in Delft.


title: DSM (company)

text: In 1989 the government floated 70% of its shares in the company on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam) with the remaining 30% floated in 1996, thereby completing DSM's privatization. The 21st century has seen DSM follow successive five-year strategic periods of portfolio transformation and internationalization involving acquisitions, divestments and partnerships. In 2001 48% of DSM's workforce was based in the Netherlands; in 2017 this was 18%.


title: DSM (company)

text: DSM has stated that these partnerships have been created with a view to the company's ultimate exit from the businesses concerned.


title: DSM (company)

text: DSM's five business groups are clustered according to product and market combinations, with the business group directors reporting directly to the Managing Board. Since 2015, DSM's activities have been grouped into three clusters: Nutrition, Materials and Innovation Center.


title: DSM (company)

text: The Nutrition cluster is made up of DSM Nutritional Products and DSM Food Specialties. DSM Nutritional Products produces essential nutrients such as synthetic vitamins, carotenoids, human milk oligosaccharides, nutritional lipids and other ingredients for the feed, food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries. DSM Food Specialties manufactures food enzymes, cultures, yeast extracts, savory flavors, hydrocolloids and other specialty ingredients for the dairy, baking, beverage and savory segments. DSM also manufacturers a novel cattle feed additive (Bovaer) to reduce methane production from dairy production. In 2021, DSM was ranked 6th on FoodTalks' list of Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies.


title: DSM (company)

text: The Materials cluster is made up of DSM Engineering Materials, DSM Protective Materials and DSM Resins & Functional Materials. DSM Engineering Materials’ specialty plastics are used in components for the electrical and electronics, automotive, flexible food packaging and consumer goods industries. DSM Protective Materials is the inventor, manufacturer and marketer of Dyneema. DSM Resins & Functional Materials manufacture resins solutions for paints, inks, stereolithography, and industrial and optical fiber coatings.


title: DSM (company)

text: In addition to the role of supporting innovation in the businesses and DSM's venturing activities, the Innovation Center is responsible for the company's ‘Emerging Business Areas’; DSM Biomedical (biomaterials and regenerative medical devices), DSM Bio-based Products & Services (biomass-conversion technology) and DSM Advanced Solar (AR-coatings and Photovoltaic-films for solar modules).


title: DSM (company)

text: In November 2015 DSM announced that up to 2018 it was targeting a high single-digit annual percentage increase in EBITDA and a high double-digit annual basis point increase in Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). It will focus on organic sales growth, reducing costs and strict capital allocation and does not expect to engage in large acquisitions in the near future.


title: DSM (company)

text: Within its corporate strategy the company also defines long-term sustainability aspirations, which include targets to improve the eco-efficiency of its operations. In November 2015 DSM set the following environmental reduction targets:


title: DSM (company)

text: Since 2010, the Short- and Long-Term Incentive elements of the remuneration of DSM's Managing Board and executive bonuses relate to the company's financial and environmental performance in equal measure. Since 2004 DSM has been either the Materials industry group leader, (7 years) or among the leaders in the annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index.


title: DSM (company)

text: DSM is listed on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. Options on DSM shares are traded on the European Option Exchange in Amsterdam. In the US, a sponsored unlisted American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programme is provided by Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Americas. These ADR's are listed on the OTCQX International Premier Marketplace.


title: Neil LaBute

text: Neil N. LaBute (born March 19, 1963) is an American playwright, film director, screenwriter, and actor. He is best-known for a play that he wrote and later adapted for film, "In the Company of Men" (1997), which won awards from the Sundance Film Festival, the Independent Spirit Awards, and the New York Film Critics Circle. He wrote and directed the films "Your Friends & Neighbors" (1998), "Possession" (2002) (based on the A. S. Byatt novel), "The Shape of Things" (2003) (based on his play of the same name), "The Wicker Man" (2006), "Some Velvet Morning" (2013), and "Dirty Weekend" (2015). He directed the films "Nurse Betty" (2000), "Lakeview Terrace" (2008), and the American adaptation of "Death at a Funeral" (2010). LaBute created the TV series "Billy & Billie", writing and directing all of the episodes. He is also the creator of the TV series "Van Helsing". Recently, he executive produced, co-directed and co-wrote Netflix's "The I-Land". He also directed several episodes for shows such as "Hell on Wheels" and "Billions".


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Marian, a hospital receptionist, and Richard LaBute, a long-haul truck driver. LaBute is of French Canadian, English, and Irish ancestry, and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He studied theater at Brigham Young University (BYU), where he joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. At BYU he also met actor Aaron Eckhart, who would later play leading roles in several of his films. He produced a number of plays that pushed the envelope of what was acceptable at the conservative religious university, some of which were shut down after their premieres. However, he also was honored as one of the "most promising undergraduate playwrights" at the BYU theater department's annual awards. LaBute did graduate study at the University of Kansas, New York University, and the Royal Academy of London, and he participated in a writing workshop at London's Royal Court Theatre.


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute burst onto the theater scene in 1989 with his controversial debut "Filthy Talk for Troubled Times". His interest in the film industry came with a viewing of "The Soft Skin" ("La Peau Douce" 1964), said the director to Robert K. Elder in a 2011 interview for "The Film That Changed My Life".


title: Neil LaBute

text: It exposed me, probably in the earliest way, to "Hey, I could do that." I've never been one to love the camera or even to be as drawn to it as I am to the human aspect of it, and I think it was a film that speaks in a very simple way of here's a way that you can tell a story on film in human terms. It was the kind of film that made me go, "I could do this; I want to tell stories that are like this and told in this way." And so it was altering for me in that way, in its simplicity or deceptive simplicity.


title: Neil LaBute

text: In 1993, he returned to Brigham Young University to premiere his play "In the Company of Men", for which he received an award from the Association for Mormon Letters. He taught drama and film at IPFW in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the early 1990s where he adapted and filmed the play, shot over two weeks and costing $25,000, beginning his career as a film director. The film won the Filmmakers Trophy at the Sundance Film Festival, and major awards and nominations at the Deauville Film Festival, the Independent Spirit Awards, the Thessaloniki Film Festival, the Society of Texas Film Critics Awards and the New York Film Critics Circle.


title: Neil LaBute

text: "In the Company of Men" portrays two businessmen (one played by Eckhart) cruelly plotting to romance and emotionally destroy a deaf woman. His next film "Your Friends & Neighbors" (1998), with an ensemble cast including Eckhart and Ben Stiller, earned an R-rating for its portrayal of the sex lives of three yuppie couples in the big city.


title: Neil LaBute

text: His play "" is a set of three short plays ("Iphigenia in Orem", "A Gaggle of Saints", and "Medea Redux") depicting essentially good Latter-day Saints doing disturbing and violent things. It ran Off-Broadway at the Douglas Fairbanks Theatre in 1999. "Medea Redux" is a one-person performance by Calista Flockhart. This play resulted in his being disfellowshipped from the LDS Church (i.e., losing some privileges of church membership without being excommunicated). He has since formally left the LDS Church.


title: Neil LaBute

text: In 2001, LaBute wrote and directed the play "The Shape of Things", which premièred in London, featuring film actors Paul Rudd and Rachel Weisz. It was turned into a film in 2003 with the same cast and director. Set in a small university town in the American Midwest, it focuses on four young students who become emotionally and romantically involved with each other, questioning the nature of art and the lengths to which people will go for love. Weisz's character manipulates Rudd's character into changing everything about himself and discarding his friends in order to become more attractive to her. She even pretends to fall in love with him, prompting an offer of marriage, whereupon she cruelly exposes and humiliates him before an audience, announcing that he has simply been an "art project" for her MFA thesis.


title: Neil LaBute

text: In 2001, LaBute and producer Gail Mutrux founded the Pretty Pictures firm, with a first-look deal at USA Films.


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute's 2002 play "The Mercy Seat" was a theatrical response to the September 11, 2001, attacks. Set on September 12, it concerns a man who worked at the World Trade Center but was away from the office during the infamous 2001 terrorist attack – with his mistress. Expecting that his family believes that he was killed in the towers' collapse, he contemplates using the tragedy to run away and start a new life with his lover. Starring Liev Schreiber and Sigourney Weaver, the play was a commercial and critical success. While hesitant to term "The Mercy Seat" "political theater", Labute said, "I refer to this play in the printed introduction as a kind of emotional terrorism that we wage on those we profess to love." He dedicated this edition to David Hare, in response to Hare's "straightforward, thoughtful, probing work".


title: Neil LaBute

text: His next play, "Reasons to Be Pretty", played Off-Broadway from May 14 to July 5, 2008, in a production by MCC Theater at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. It went on Broadway in 2009, with previews at the Lyceum Theatre beginning March 13, and its opening on April 2. The play was nominated for three 2009 Tony Awards, including Best Play, Best Leading Actor in a Play (Thomas Sadoski), and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Marin Ireland), but did not win in any category. The production's final performance was on June 14. In March 2013, the play was mounted at the San Francisco Playhouse.


title: Neil LaBute

text: In 2010, LaBute directed "Death at a Funeral", a remake of a 2007 British film of the same name. It was written by Dean Craig (who also wrote the original screenplay) and starred Chris Rock. Throughout the decade, various productions of his existing works were mounted as he continued to produce new material. He wrote new scenes and an introduction for the Chicago Shakespeare Theater production of "The Taming of the Shrew" by William Shakespeare which ran from April 7 to June 6, 2010. LaBute framed the classic play in overtly metatheatrical terms, adding a lesbian romance subplot. His short play, "The Unimaginable", premiered as part of the Terror 2010 season at the Southwark Playhouse in London, October 12–31, 2010.


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute's first produced play, "Filthy Talk for Troubled Times" (1989), which was a series of biting exchanges between two "everyman" characters in a bar, was staged from June 3–5, 2010, by MCC Theater as a benefit for MCC's Playwrights' Coalition and their commitment to developing new work. LaBute also directed the reading. Originally when it premiered in New York City at the Westside Dance Project, "[legend] has it ... that one unimpressed member of the audience shouted: "Kill the playwright!""


title: Neil LaBute

text: "The Break of Noon" premiered Off-Broadway at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in an MCC Theater production on October 28, 2010 (previews), running to December 22, 2010. The play then opened in 2011 in Los Angeles at the Geffen Theater, again directed by Jo Bonney, with January 25 preview and opening on February 2. It ran through March 6. It featured Tracee Chimo, David Duchovny, John Earl Jelks, and Amanda Peet.


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute took part in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project "Sixty Six Books", for which he wrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible. In 2012, he joined the Chicago-based storefront theatre company, "Profiles Theatre" as a Resident Artist. "The Way We Get By" opened Off-Broadway at the Second Stage Theatre on May 19, 2015, starring Amanda Seyfried and Thomas Sadoski, with direction by Leigh Silverman.


title: Neil LaBute

text: The LaBute New Theater Festival is a festival of world premiere one-act plays that is produced by William Roth and St. Louis Actors' Studio each summer at their Gaslight Theater and each winter at 59E59 street theaters in New York. In 2013, "Some Girl(s)" was directed by Daisy von Scherler Mayer, with the screenplay adapted by Labute's from his 2005 play. In an interview with Screen Comment's Sam Weisberg, he said: "I have had a lot of people direct my material for the theater, but I haven't had anyone do my work on film. I was excited by what would be brought to it. It was great to have someone else in there that you could trust visually and intellectually and emotionally to make something that was respectful of the material but also creative."


title: Neil LaBute

text: In August 2016, the Utah Shakespeare Festival produced a preview of LaBute's play "How to Fight Loneliness" in Cedar City, Utah, and announced its intention to stage the play during its 2017 summer season. In February 2018, MCC Theater terminated its relationship with him ending his place as their playwright-in-residence and their plans to produce his next play "Reasons to Be Pretty Happy" in the summer. Blake West, MCC Theater's executive director, said, “We’re committed to creating and maintaining a respectful and professional work environment for everyone we work with.” In September 2018, it was announced that Netflix had given order for the production of the science fiction miniseries "The I-Land". LaBute is credited as the showrunner and executive producer of the miniseries. The miniseries premiered on September 12, 2019.


title: Neil LaBute

text: Critics have responded to his plays as having a misanthropic tone. Rob Weinert-Kendt in "The Village Voice" referred to LaBute as "American theater's reigning misanthrope". "The New York Times" said that critics labeled him a misanthrope on the release of his film "Your Friends & Neighbors" because of the film's strong misanthropic plot and characters. Britain's "Independent" newspaper in May 2008 dubbed him "America's misanthrope par excellence". Citing the misanthropic tone of the plot in the films "In the Company of Men", "Your Friends & Neighbors" and "The Shape of Things", film critic Daniel Kimmel identified a pattern running through LaBute's work of being that the unlikeable, main antagonists of those three films end up getting away with their lying, scheming and mis-deeds, coming out on top of all the other characters as the real winners of those stories by quoting: "Neil LaBute is a misanthrope who assumes that only callous and evil people, who use and abuse others, can survive in this world." Critics labeled him a misogynist after the release of "In the Company of Men".


title: Neil LaBute

text: In 2013, LaBute was named one of the winners of the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Arts and Letters Awards in Literature.


title: Neil LaBute

text: LaBute's style is very language-oriented. His work is terse, rhythmic, and highly colloquial. His style bears similarity to one of his favorite playwrights, David Mamet. LaBute even shares some similar themes with Mamet including gender relations, political correctness, and masculinity.


title: Spider wasp

text: Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps, spider-hunting wasps, or pompilid wasps. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. Nearly all species are solitary (with the exception of some group-nesting Ageniellini), and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders.


title: Spider wasp

text: In South America, species may be referred to colloquially as or , though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps. Furthermore, in some parts of Venezuela and Colombia, it is called , or "horse killers", while in Brazil some particular bigger and brighter species of the general kind might be called /, or "throat locker".


title: Spider wasp

text: Like other strong fliers, pompilids have a thorax modified for efficient flight. The metathorax is solidly fused to the pronotum and mesothorax; moreover, the prothorax is best developed in Pompilidae and Scoliidae because wasps in these families use their forelegs to dig.


title: Spider wasp

text: Pompilids typically have long, spiny legs; the hind femur is often long enough to reach past the tip of the abdomen. The tibiae of the rear legs usually have a conspicuous spine at their distal end. The first two segments of the abdomen are narrow, giving the body a slender look. The pompilid body is typically dark (black or blue, sometimes with metallic reflections), but many brightly colored species exist. From a lateral view, its pronotum looks rectangular and it extends back to the tegulae, near the base of the wings. Most species are macropterous (having long wings), but a few brachypterous (short-winged) and apterous (no wings) species are known.


title: Spider wasp

text: Spider wasps are best distinguished from other vespoid wasps in having (in most species) a transverse groove bisecting the mesopleuron (the mesepisternal sclerite, a region on the side of middle segment of the thorax above the point where the legs join). Like other Vespoidea, they have antennae with 10 flagellomeres in the female and 11 in the male. Most Pompilidae have straight inner eye margins. The hind wings do not have a distinct claval lobe, but they have a distinctive jugal lobe. The hind leg has a tibial spur with a tuft or row of fine hairs. The legs are long and slender with the tips of the tibia (metatibia) long enough to extend beyond the tip of the abdomen (metasoma). Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced, although females are often larger than the males. Coloration and wing appearance vary greatly among the many species. General coloration is aposematic (warning off predators), generally based on black, often with markings of orange, red, yellow, or white. Larvae can also be identified by physical examination.


title: Spider wasp

text: The Pompilidae have in the past been split into either 4 or 6 subfamilies. However, Pitts, Wasbauer & Von Dohlen (2005) found that Notocyphinae was nested within the Pompilinae, while Epipompilinae was nested within the Ctenocerinae. This left 4 subfamilies as monophyletic clades, with Ceropalinae being the most basal subfamily and Pepsinae being the sister clade to the more derived Ctenocerinae and Pompilinae. Waichert et al (2015) resurrected the Notocyphinae as a subfamily, to have 5 subfamilies within Pompilidae. In this classification Ctenocerinae were found to be the basal group; Pepsinae and Notocyphinae were sister taxa, as were Pepsinae and Pompilinae. They placed the genus "Epipompilus" in the Pepsinae.


title: Spider wasp

text: The oldest fossil currently known is an indeterminate fossil from the Early Eocene (Ypresian) Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington State, USA. Other fossil species are known from Dominican and Baltic ambers, the Florissant Formation and various other localities in Germany, France and Spain. "Bryopompilus" described from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber was initially thought to belong to this family, however it was subsequently placed in its own family, the Bryopompilidae.


title: Spider wasp

text: Unlike many other families in the Aculeata, essentially all wasps in this family are solitary (nests made by a single female).


title: Spider wasp

text: Adult pompilids are nectar-feeding insects and feed on a variety of plants. Depending on genus and species, pompilids capture a variety of spiders for their larvae to feed on, covering nearly all free-living spider families, including tarantulas, wolf spiders (Lycosidae), huntsman spiders (Sparassidae), jumping spiders (Salticidae) and baboon spiders (Harpactirinae), though any given pompilid tends to attack only a limited diversity of spiders.


title: Spider wasp

text: A female wasp searches the ground and/or vegetation for a spider, and upon finding one, stings it, paralyzing the spider. The targeted spider is typically unable to kill the wasp, because the wasp can just fly out of reach, so at best the spider fights fiercely to escape. Tarantula hawks (Pepsini) do not attack when adult tarantulas are close to or in their burrows. Instead, the wasps seek out adult males who have left their burrows in search of females to mate with. In the open the wasp first uses its wings to beat air over the tarantula, deceiving the tarantula into thinking that it is being targeted by a large bird so the tarantula reacts by curling up to appear smaller and less noticeable, which in turn makes the tarantula defenseless against the wasp's attack. However, Brazilian Wandering spiders ("Phoneutria") and their predators have a different interaction dynamic, and the spiders often manage to defeat the hunting wasp.