text: Ernest Augustus was himself an heir to the British titles of Prince of Great Britain and Ireland, recognised "ad personam" for Ernst August's father as well as for him and his siblings by King George V of the United Kingdom on 17 June 1914, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Earl of Armagh, which however were all suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. In addition to being a German, he also held British nationality, after successfully claiming it under the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 in the case of "Attorney-General v. Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover". Nonetheless, a problem arose as foreign royal titles can't be entered into a British passport. Therefore, the titles "Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" could not be mentioned there, nor could the British titles due to the Titles Deprivation Act of 1917. The name which was finally entered into his British documents, was thus "Ernest Augustus Guelph", with the addition of "His Royal Highness". "Guelph" is thus also the British last name of his siblings and children, all styled "Royal Highnesses" in the United Kingdom.


title: Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)

text: In 1961 he sold his remaining properties at Herrenhausen Gardens, including the site of Herrenhausen Palace which had been destroyed by a British bombing raid in 1943. He kept however the "Princely House", a small palace built in 1720 by George I of Great Britain for his daughter Anna Louise. Ernest Augustus converted Marienburg Castle into a museum in 1954, after having moved to nearby Calenberg Demesne, which caused a row with his mother, who was forced to move out. He also sold the family's exile seat, "Cumberland Castle" at Gmunden, Austria, to the state of Upper Austria in 1979, but his family foundation based in Liechtenstein kept vast forests, a game park, a hunting lodge, "The Queen's Villa" and other property at Gmunden. The family property is now managed by his grandson Ernst August.


text: During the Second World War, specifically in 1941, his cousin Prince Hubertus of Prussia married the noted society beauty and aristocrat Baroness Maria Anna von Humboldt-Dachroeden (1916–2003). The couple, however, divorced in 1943, after her affair with her husband's cousin, Prince Ernst August of Hanover, resulted in the birth of a son, whose biological father was Prince Ernst August. Ernest Augustus however did not marry Maria Anna because his parents would not have approved, since she was considered of inadequate birth and was also a divorcée, and the marriage would have made his younger brother Prince George William heir to the headship of the House of Hanover. Thus the child, christened Christian Ernst August Hubertus, Freiherr von Humboldt-Dachroeden, was born in 1943 and currently is a bank consultant.


text: On 5 September 1951, Ernest Augustus married Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1925–1980). The wedding was attended by many important royal figures, including his sister Queen Frederica and her husband King Paul of Greece, and the heads of the houses of Saxony, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, and Baden. The wedding was followed with a reception in the Gallery Building at Herrenhausen Gardens, the only part of the House of Hanover's former summer palace still intact, as the palace itself had been burned down during World War II.


text: Ernest Augustus married again in 1981, Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach (1929–2015), daughter of Georg, 9th Count of Solms-Laubach, and Johanna, Princess of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich.


text: He died at Schulenburg, Pattensen, Lower Saxony, Germany, aged 73, and was buried next to his first wife on a round bastion of Marienburg Castle (Hanover).


text: Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations – which means that the "historically accurate" royal house of monarchs of the House of Hanover was the House of Lucca (or Este, or Welf).


text: This is the descent of the primary male heir. For the complete expanded family tree, see List of members of the House of Hanover.


title: Lucas Scaglia

text: Lucas Scagliari (born 6 May 1987) is a Argentine football coach and former footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the cousin-in-law of Lionel Messi.


title: Lucas Scaglia

text: Scagliari signed for North American Soccer League side Jacksonville Armada on 30 January 2015, leaving the club at the end of the 2016 season.


title: Lucas Scaglia

text: In 2017, Scagliari joined California United FC II where he was a key member of the team which captured both the 2017 Spring & Fall United Premier Soccer League National Championships.


title: Hal Williams

text: Halroy Candis Williams (born December 14, 1938) is an American actor, best known for his recurring roles as Police Officer Smith ("Smitty") on "Sanford and Son" (1972–1976), Harley Foster on "The Waltons" (1973-1980), and as the patriarch Lester Jenkins, the husband of Marla Gibbs's character, on the NBC sitcom "227" which originally aired from 1985 until 1990. His film credits include "Private Benjamin" (1980), "Guess Who" (2005), and "Flight" (2012).


title: Hal Williams

text: Born Halroy Candis Williams on December 14, 1938), Williams was raised in Columbus, Ohio. In the early 1960s, Williams began acting in community theater in Ohio. Williams worked as a postal worker and corrections officer before moving to Hollywood to pursue an acting career in 1968.


title: Hal Williams

text: Williams began pursuing his acting career full-time in 1970. Since then, Willams has appeared in movies such as Paul Schrader's "Hardcore", Howard Zieff's "Private Benjamin" (he also portrayed the role of Sgt L.C. "Ted" Ross in the television series of the same name), and Clint Eastwood's "The Rookie". In the early to mid-1990s, he starred in many of comic Sinbad's productions, including "The Sinbad Show" and "The Cherokee Kid". In one of his latest films, Williams portrayed the grandfather in the Bernie Mac film "Guess Who" which was released in 2005.


title: Hal Williams

text: Williams has been married twice and has three children. On April 11, 1975, Williams married Gay Anderson, they later divorced in November 1976.


title: Miss Israel

text: Miss Israel (, , ) is a national beauty pageant in Israel. The pageant was founded in 1950, where the winners were sent to Miss Universe. The pageant was also existing to send delegates to Miss World, Miss International, Miss Europe and Miss Asia Pacific International.


title: Miss Israel

text: In the late 1920s, a "Queen Esther Beauty Pageant" was held in Tel Aviv, centred on the holiday of Purim. The first Miss Israel took place in 1950, two years after Israel's independence.


title: Miss Israel

text: From then onwards, Miss Israel was the national franchise holder for Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss International. The pageant's official winner represented Israel at Miss Universe and the runners-up at Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Europe. The winner also occasionally competed at other international pageants, such as Miss World in 1953, 1968, 1992, 1996–1998; Miss International in 1963; Miss Asia Pacific International; and Miss Earth.


title: Miss Israel

text: All contestants were required to be female, 170 centimetres or taller, between 18 to 24 years old, never married, and with no children.


title: Miss Israel

text: On 20 July 2021, Miss Universe confirmed that the competition would be held in the Israeli city of Eilat in December 2021.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In the United States, a military brat (also known by various "brat" derivatives) is the child of a parent(s), adopted parent(s) or legal guardian(s) serving full-time in the United States Armed Forces, whether current or former. The term "military brat" can also refer to the subculture and lifestyle of such families.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The military brat lifestyle typically involves moving to new states or countries many times while growing up, as the child's military family is customarily transferred to new non-combat assignments; consequently, many military brats never have a home town. War-related family stresses are also a commonly occurring part of military brat life. There are also other aspects of military brat life that are significantly different in comparison to the civilian American population, often including living in foreign countries and or diverse regions within the U.S., exposure to foreign languages and cultures, and immersion in military culture.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The military brats subculture has emerged over the last 200 years. The age of the phenomenon has meant military brats have also been described by a number of researchers as one of America's oldest and yet least well-known and largely invisible subcultures. They have also been described as a "modern nomadic subculture".


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: "Military brat" is known in U.S. military culture as a term of endearment and respect. The term may also connote a military brat's experience of mobile upbringing, and may refer to a sense of worldliness. Research has shown that many current and former military brats like the term; however, outside of the military world, the term "military brat" can sometimes be misunderstood by the non-military population, where the word "brat" is often a pejorative term.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Studies show that this group is shaped by several forces. A major influence is the fact of frequent moves, as the family follows the military member-parent (or in some cases, both parents who are military members) who is transferred from military base to military base, each move usually being hundreds or thousands of miles in distance. Other shaping forces include a culture of resilience and adaptivity, constant loss of friendship ties, a facility or knack for making new friends, never having a hometown, and extensive exposure to foreign cultures and languages while living overseas or to a wide range of regional cultural differences due to living in a variety of different American regions. Additional influences include living in a series of military bases serving as community centers, the pervasive military culture on those bases, the absence of a parent due to deployments, the threat of parental loss in war, stresses associated with the psychological aftermath of war (living with war-affected returning veteran parents) and the militarization of the family unit (children being treated to some degree like soldiers and being subjected to military regimentation, inculcation into a warrior code of honor and service, frequent exposure to patriotic ideas and symbols, experience of free medical care, and military discipline). Military brats receive Tricare until they reach the age of 23 or age 25 (if Tricare Young Adult is purchased).


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: While some non-military families may share some of these same attributes and experiences, military culture has a much higher incidence and concentration of these issues and experiences in military families as compared to civilian populations, and by tightly-knit military communities that perceive these experiences as normal. Studies show that growing up immersed in military culture can have long-lasting effects on children, both in positive and also some negative ways.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military bases are often small cities, sometimes with 10,000 or more people, and are self-contained worlds where military culture is primary and civilian culture is secondary. Military families do not always live on base, but often do. Military towns, the areas immediately surrounding a base, are also often highly influenced by military culture. While the general public uses the term "base" to refer any military installation, within the US military the term "base" primarily applies to Air Force or Navy installations while Army installations are called "posts".


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military brats grow up moving from base to base as they follow their parent or parents to new assignments. Sometimes living on base, sometimes off, the base in both cases is often the center of military brat life, where shopping, recreation, schools and the military community form a string of temporary towns for military brats as they grow up.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Studies show that the culture on military bases is perceived by most current and former military brats as significantly different from civilian culture. It is widely experienced as being pervaded by military cultural norms and expectations, as well as the presence of military police or their other military security forces equivalents, armed guards, high security zones and some degree of surveillance. Some bases also contain unique features, such as air bases with numerous aircraft and attendant noise, or seaports with large numbers of naval vessels. Balancing this are extensive areas which are more relaxed in character, for on-base housing, shopping, dining, recreation, sports and entertainment, as well as base chapels which host diverse religious services. However, military regulations, laws and social codes of conduct are in force throughout the base, which can be very different from local, state or national laws, regulations and customs.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military language also has differences from standard American English and is often peppered with military slang and military acronyms. There are many words and phrases that are unique to the military world and which make up a part of everyday conversation on bases. For example, time is measured in 24-hour rather than 12-hour segments as in the civilian world, and distances, primarily on stateside Army posts or on many U.S. bases of all services overseas, often described in meters and kilometers (or "clicks" in military slang) instead of yards or miles. Consequently, many military brats report feelings of cultural identity that have a military flavor and a feeling of difference from local civilian culture, even on bases in the United States. These feelings of difference can also be made more complex by virtue of having absorbed varying degrees of overseas cultures and also different regional American cultures while living in different places as a part of the military brat lifestyle.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Bases do form communities, but due to most of them experiencing frequent 100% turnover in just a few years, an adult military brat can never return and find old friends, neighbors or even former teachers, on bases where they grew up. Base schools usually have an even higher turnover rate, reaching 100% turnover in as little as two years. Due to revocation of base privileges upon reaching the age of 21 (or 23 if one attends college), access to bases to reminisce or reconnect with one's places of growing up can also be difficult.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Although no exact figures are available, the U.S. Department of Defense estimates that approximately 15 million Americans are former or current military brats, including those who spent all or part of their childhood and/or adolescence in the lifestyle. This population includes an age range from less than 1 years old to over 90 years of age, since there have been military brats for generations. Many military brats spent all of their growing up years in the active lifestyle, some for only part, although military family issues, dynamics and influences may continue nevertheless. Also, not all military brats grow up moving all the time, although many do.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military brats have been studied extensively, both from the perspective of social psychology and as a distinct and unique American subculture, although less so in terms of long-term impact of the lifestyle. There are also some gaps in studies of more recent (post-Cold War-era) military brats. Collectively these studies paint a fairly consistent picture of how the lifestyle tends to influence the population (on average) in various aspects of life. These studies look at overall patterns and individual experiences may vary widely:


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Some strong positives that have been identified in studies of military brat populations are a high occurrence of very resilient personalities, exceptional social skills, a high level of multicultural or international awareness, proficiency in foreign languages, and a statistically very strong affinity for careers that entail service to others. Studies show that ex-military kids end up pursuing service-related careers in very high numbers: military service, teaching, counseling, police, nursing and foreign service work being highly represented in military brat career statistics (in comparison to statistics on non-military brat patterns of employment choices). Mary Edwards Wertsch also identified a pattern (for those military brats who do not choose military service) of work that is more independent (self-employment / avoidance of direct subservience to authority figures) and along those lines also favoring creative and artistic professions that offer more independence. She also reported that for those military brats who did choose military service there was a tendency to go through a phase of bucking or testing authority during military service, or a pattern of resenting authority, represented in her study population. However, military brats who become soldiers also tend to do well overall in the profession.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: As adults, military brats can share many of the same positive and negative traits identified in other populations that experienced very mobile childhoods. Having had the opportunity to live around the world, military brats can have a breadth of experiences unmatched by most teenagers. Regardless of race, religion, nationality, or gender, brats might identify more with other highly mobile children than with non-mobile ones. Military brats also graduate from college at a higher rate than the civilian population and divorce at a lower rate.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: On the negative side, studies show that some former military brats struggle to develop and maintain deep, lasting relationships, and can feel like outsiders to U.S. civilian culture. The transitory lifestyle can hinder potential for constructing concrete relationships with people and developing emotional attachments to specific places, as can the stresses of having a parent deployed to a war zone and also the psychological aftermath of war in dealing with returning veteran parents. In some cases there is also the loss of a parent in combat, or a drastic change in a parent due to a combat related disability. A military brat may personally know another child or teenager, or even a few other peers, whose parents have become war casualties (wounded or killed). A significant minority of ex-military brats may exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, avoidant personality disorder, separation anxiety disorder, etc.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Although neither a clearly negative or positive trait, studies also show that many adult military brats report difficulty settling down in one geographic location and also report a desire to move (relocate) every few years; many adult military brats call this "the itch". However, some adult military brats report the opposite tendency and relate refusing any and all pressures from spouses or employers to ever move again.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Many former military brats report struggling at some point in their lives with issues related to perfectionism and learning how to let go in areas of personal performance (perhaps due to the demanding nature of military culture). Paradoxically, a majority of those very same military brats who report having struggled with perfectionism and performance control issues also describe themselves as being successful in their lives, indicating a resilience that also surfaces in overcoming or learning to manage those issues in the long run.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Overall a majority of military brats report having developed a kind of extra-adaptability and assimilate into new situations quickly and well, as they have done with each move to a new military base, town or country. Yet paradoxically, long-term feelings of being an outsider in relation to civilian (non-military) culture are common to a majority of military brats.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: A significant percentage of military brats report difficulty in forming strong relations with people or places, but very often do form strong connections with (or in some cases aversion to) the notion of a military base and the communities in which they find themselves. This is because the knowledge, experience, values, ideas, attitudes, skills, tastes, and techniques that are associated with the military can sometimes differ from civilian culture. Military bases are miniature, self-contained, government-subsidized towns that promote conformity. Military families shop at some of the same stores, whose discounted merchandise is regulated to prevent unfair competition, so they can often end up with the same clothes and products. Male brats were, at one time, likely to get the same "military haircut" at the base barbershop, but this has changed over time. To a child growing up on a military base, in a homogeneous culture, the individuality of civilian life was once thought to be completely foreign. However, as the individual children have attended civilian schools near base and socialized with their peers, this perceived difference may have reduced to varying degrees.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Patriotism may come to mean different things for different ex-military brats, but nevertheless figures strongly in the upbringing, language and thinking of many who grew up in military families. The comfort, or sense of restriction, (or both) that can be found on military bases is not limited to the physical trappings, but can be fortified via some of the consistent rituals common to them. When moving around the world, these rituals can help brats feel at home in their new community. Even though the faces and geography change, the "base" can remain recognizable because the rituals are often uniform. The underlying principle of these rituals is consistent: to promote patriotism.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: It has been claimed by Samuel Britten on the basis of anecdotal evidence that life on military bases is associated with comparatively greater patriotic sentiments. For example, honoring the American flag is expected. At the end of the business day, on a military installation, the bugle call "To the Color" is played while the flag is lowered. While no longer universal, formerly anybody outside, even if participating in sports or driving a car, was expected to stop their activity and stand at attention. Uniformed personnel salute and non-uniformed people place their hand over their heart.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Until recently, the Pledge of Allegiance was recited every morning, and patriotic and militaristic songs may have been sung at Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) overseas and Department of Defense Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools (DDESS) within the United States. Patriotic ideals often form the basis for church sermons. Protestant and Catholic worship services may include militaristic hymns. Prior to movies at base theaters, patrons and staff stand for the National Anthem and often another patriotic song, such as "God Bless the USA".


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The military family knows that the service person may be killed in the line of duty, but may accept that risk because they understand the values of duty, honor, and country. The mission is one in which the brat shares by extension through his military parent.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military law requires commanding officers and those in authority to demonstrate virtue, honor, patriotism, and subordination in all that they do. In the 1990s, the army officially adopted what have come to be known as "The 7 Army Values", which are summarized with the acronym "LDRSHIP". LDRSHIP stands for Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. While this acronym is relatively new, the ideas it represents have been at the heart of military service for generations. Similarly, the motto "Duty, honor, country" is the standard of the U.S. military. Military brats are raised in a culture that stresses LDRSHIP, Duty, Honor, and Country. Their strict (outward) adherence to military values is what separates most from their civilian peers. Children of military personnel often mirror the values, ideals, and attitudes of their parents more than children of civilians. Marine General Peter Pace, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in a 2006 interview, "There's no way, in my mind, that you can be successful in the military and have a family unless that family does, in fact, appreciate your service to the country." Pace also wrote in an April 2006 letter honoring the Month of the Military Child: "You [military children] are American patriots and role models for us all."


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The stereotypical military family might have had a "duty roster" on the refrigerator, parent-conducted room inspections, and children who say "yes sir/ma'am" to adults. Eighty percent of Cold War-era brats described their father as "authoritarian" or desiring to exercise complete control over their lives. They described their military parent as rigid in discipline, inflexible, intolerant of dissent, disapproving of non-conforming behavior, insensitive to their emotions, and not accepting of personal privacy. A Cold War era military psychologist, publishing in the "American Journal of Psychology", reviewed the parents of patients who came to his clinic, and concluded that 93% of patients came from military families that were overly authoritarian.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Disciplinary expectations extend beyond the military family. Family members know that their actions and behavior can have a direct impact on the military service member's career. The consequences of misbehavior for a military brat are generally greater than for civilian children. A military person's career and social identity can be dashed in seconds by a willful or careless child. For example, when a military brat gets in trouble, the authorities may call the parent's Commanding Officer or the Base Commander before, or instead of, calling the brat's parents. If the commanding officer or base commander is contacted, the brat's behavior may become a part of the military member's record, and adversely affect his or her ability to be promoted or the duty assignments (particularly overseas) that lead to advancement.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Research into military brats has consistently shown them to be better behaved than their civilian counterparts. Sociologist Phoebe Price posed three possible hypotheses as to why brats are better behaved: firstly, military parents have a lower threshold for misbehavior in their children; secondly, the mobility of teenagers might make them less likely to attract attention to themselves, as many want to fit in and are less secure with their surroundings; and thirdly, normative constraints are greater, with brats knowing that their behavior is under scrutiny and can affect the military member's career.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Teenage years are typically a period when people establish independence by taking some risks away from their parents. When the teenager lives in a "fish-bowl community," a small self-contained community such as a base, challenging boundaries may be more difficult. Brats know that misbehavior or rebellious activity will be reported to their parents. Brats are sometimes under constant pressure to conform to what military culture expects; this means they are sometimes seen as being more mature in their youth than their peers. If they grow up overseas or on military bases, they might have limited opportunities to see a wide range of role models in different professions.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Strict discipline can have the opposite effect: brats may rebel or behave in adolescent manners well beyond what is normally considered acceptable. Others develop psychological problems due to the intense stress of always being on their best behavior.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military life is strictly segregated by rank; the facilities provided for officers and enlisted personnel differ dramatically. The officers' housing will generally be more accessible to base activities, larger in size, and better landscaped. On larger bases, the officers' housing may be broken down into different categories, with senior officers receiving larger and more opulent housing; sometimes, the highest-ranking officers live in a row of large houses often referred to as "Colonels'/Captains' Row" or "Generals'/Admirals' Row," as the case may be.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The Officer Clubs are more elegant than the Enlisted Clubs. Officers have cleaner, more elaborate recreational facilities than their enlisted counterparts. Historically, base chapels and movie theaters would have designated seating for officers and their families. For a part of the 20th century, some bases had two Boy Scout and two Girl Scout troops—one for officer children and one for enlisted children.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: These differences are not merely external, but a core aspect of military life. Children of enlisted personnel often believe that children of officers receive specialized treatment because non-officers are afraid to upset the officers. The physical separation and differences between available activities make it very difficult. Most military brats on a personal level do not let this affect their social interactions, and in most cases it is frowned upon to treat others by their parent's pay grade or rank.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The separation by rank has the intended purpose of maintaining military discipline among service members. According to the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice, it can be illegal for an officer to fraternize with an enlisted person because it would erode the military hierarchy. This is often conveyed to the children of military personnel. Two brats whose parents have a subordinate-supervisory relationship can cause problems for both their parents.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: To a lesser degree, military classism also includes the branch of service to which the military parent belongs. If asked to name "the best branch of service," military brats will almost invariably name the one to which their parent belonged. They will be able to articulate many reasons why "their" branch of the service is the best. These biases are maintained well past the time they cease to be military dependents. When brats grow up, these boundaries are replaced by a shared identity based upon that of being a military brat.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: While a class hierarchy is reflected in stratified housing structures, military classism differs from traditional class structures in some significant ways – namely, schooling and access to quality healthcare. Children of military personnel attend the same base schools regardless of rank, creating peer cultures that are usually not class-based, and providing equal access to educational resources. Similarly, all military personnel receive the same quality of healthcare by the same providers.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In 1948, nearly 20 years before the civil rights movement swept through the non-military segments of U.S. society, President Truman signed Executive Order 9981 integrating the military and mandating equality of treatment and opportunity. It outlawed segregation in the military and made it illegal, per military law, to make a racist remark. Fifteen years later, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara issued Department of Defense Directive 5120.36. "Every military commander," the Directive mandates, "has the responsibility to oppose discriminatory practices affecting his men and their dependents and to foster equal opportunity for them, not only in areas under his immediate control, but also in nearby communities where they may gather in off-duty hours." The directive was issued in 1963, but it was not until 1967 that the first non-military installation was declared off-limits to military personnel due to its discriminatory practices. While these directives did not eliminate all racism in the military, they continue to affect the culture in which children of military personnel grow up.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: When families go overseas, minority students rarely experience overt racism from their expatriate neighbors. This is also true on military bases within the U.S.; as the diverse and more integrated military base community is isolated from the off-base community, and seen as the primary community, outside communities being secondary, military dependents are less likely to resort to racist notions. The bonds of the military community are normally seen by military dependents as being stronger bonds than the differences of race.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Because military brats are constantly making new friends to replace the ones that they have lost, they are often more outgoing and independent. On the other hand, the experience of being a constant stranger can lead them to feel estranged everywhere, even if later in life they settle down in one place. According to the largest study conducted on nearly 700 TCKs, eighty percent claim that they can relate to anyone, regardless of differences such as race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: A typical military school can experience up to 50% turnover every year (25% graduate while a third of the remaining 75% of students move); social groups that existed one year cease to exist as new groups emerge. The brat learns to adapt quickly to fit into this ever-changing environment. Highly mobile children are more likely to reach out to a new student, because they know what it is like to be the new student.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Recent studies show that, although brats move on average every 3 years, they do not grow accustomed to moving. The constantly changing environment and openness to others has a price. Rather than develop problem-solving skills, there is a temptation to simply leave a problem without resolving it. If a person does not like somebody or gets into a fight, they know that in a few years somebody will move and the problem will disappear. On the other hand, when brats marry it is generally for life; over two thirds of brats over 40 are married to their first spouse. Studies show that many brats become very adaptable as a result of the mobile lifestyle, but there is also a higher than average incidence, among a minority of military brats, of avoidant personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Moving during the summer months can be challenging. Courses students have taken at their old schools may not fulfill the graduation requirements at their new school. Moving during the winter holidays or mid-year, however, has traditionally been viewed as the worst time to move. The student is forced to join classes that have already begun. Social groups become even more difficult to break into, and activities that the student enjoyed may be barred to him or her. For example, an athlete may not be able to join his or her sport because they missed tryouts and the season had already begun. A student who excelled at their old DoDDS or DDESS school suddenly feels inadequate at the larger school. Recent studies, however, show that mobility during the school year may be less traumatic than summertime moves.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: DoDDS schools overseas and DDESS schools in the United States tend to be smaller than many public schools. Students and teachers often interact in a more social manner with one another. When returning to civilian schools, the lack of camaraderie with the faculty can be an unexpected obstacle for many highly mobile families.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military brats have lower delinquency rates, higher achievement scores on standardized tests, and higher median IQs than their civilian counterparts. They are more likely to have a college degree (60% v 24%) and possess an advanced degree (29.1% v 5%). While these rates are higher than the general U.S. population, they are lower than those of other non-brat third culture kids (84–90% college degree and 40% graduate degree). United States military brats are the most mobile of the "third culture kids", moving on average every three years. Brats move frequently between bases in the United States and typically spend at least three years abroad.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Sociologist Morten Ender conducted the largest scientific study to date exclusively on career military brats (those who had at least one parent in the military from birth through high school). He interviewed and sent questionnaires to over 600 brats who belonged to various brat organizations and responded to his newspaper and internet ads. His study revealed that 97% lived in at least one foreign country, 63% in two, 31% in three. They averaged eight moves before graduating from high school and spent an average of seven years in foreign countries. Over 80% now speak at least one language other than English, and 14% speak three or more. Ann Cottrell's work with third culture kids, however, shows slightly lower results, but her results did not specify career brats. Sociologist Henry Watanabe showed that military and civilian teenagers share the same concerns and desires, but that growing up in a mobile community offers opportunities and experiences generally unavailable to geographically stable families. A sociological study of overseas American military communities in Cold War Germany also showed some transformational effects on those communities due to foreign exposure.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Two of the common themes in Wertsch's book are abuse and alcoholism. These are echoed in other literature of the Cold War, such as Pat Conroy's "The Great Santini". In the 1980s and 1990s the U.S. military focused on the issues of abuse and alcoholism. The impact on the military's efforts remains inconclusive. Some studies report higher rates of abuse in military families, while others report lower rates.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The studies that conclude abuse is a bigger problem in military families than civilian families attribute this to the long hours, frequent disruptions in lifestyles, and high degree of stress. They point out that military families may be more reluctant to report issues of abuse because of the potential impact on the service member's career. Other studies, however, argue that military families have a smaller problem than civilian families because military culture offers more accessible help for victims of abuse. Military families have health care, housing, and family support programs often unavailable to lower income civilian families. Abusive family members are more likely to be ordered (by their commanding officer or base commander) to obtain treatment, thus reducing reoccurrences of abuse.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In 2010, the U.S. Defense Department reported that there were currently 2 million American children and teenagers who have had at least one parent deployed in a war zone in the then-current Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. Over 900,000 have had a parent deployed multiple times.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Most of the research into military brats has been conducted on the long-term effects on adults who grew up during the Cold War and also during the Vietnam and Korean wars. As the Cold War came to an end, the role of the United States Armed Forces changed. The U.S. military realized that there was distinct correlation between the quality of life and retention and operational effectiveness. To this end, the military started to change the living standards that most Cold War brats grew up with. The demographics of the military changed. The modern military has a larger proportion of married military members. Since base housing is designed for fewer families, more families are forced to live off-base.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military personnel are now being supplemented by more civilians filling essential roles, and the introduction of large megabases that intermesh different service branches and their individual cultures has also affected the demographics. Finally, during the post-Cold War period, the United States has been involved in three extended military engagements (two in Iraq and one in Afghanistan). The long-term effects of these changes are unknown, but research has been conducted on short-term effects on post-Cold War-era brats.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Today's military brat faces some additional challenges. For example, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 military families have both parents serving in the armed forces; this creates the possibility that both parents may be deployed at the same time. Another significant difference is the speed of communication. With the advent of the Internet it is possible for family members to communicate with servicemen in combat zones. This allows brats to remain in closer contact with their military parent(s), but it also increases tension as more details reach the military families. Round-the-clock news agencies, such as CNN and Fox News, spread news faster than the military bureaucracy can process the details. This means that military families know that servicemen have died before official word reaches the family. Military psychiatrist Colonel Stephen Cozza says that a "sense of fear" accompanies news of the death of a service member until confirmation that the service member was not a loved one.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Wertsch has pointed out, however, that during the Vietnam War, televised news war coverage was also very intense and constant, and that similar issues of military family fear being intensified by television coverage were also present for military brats and spouses of that era with a family member in the war.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Despite these facts, studies show only a slight increase in immediate stressors among military brats whose parents serve in a combat zone, although no studies on the longer-term effects have ever been done. Boys and younger children do show the most risk when a parent is deployed, but rarely does this require clinical intervention. However, studies show that when a military member is deployed to a combat zone, the family cohesion is more disrupted than when service members are deployed to non-combat zones.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Military members can be deployed for days, months, or even years without their family. When a parent is stationed without their family, the children experience the same emotions as children of divorced parents. In addition to the effects of the divorce, military brats have additional concerns. When a military member is sent away, the family does not always know where they are going or when (or if) the service member will return. Studies show that there are three phases to deployment, and each phase has different impacts on the family. Military spouses reported the following when their spouse was deployed:


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: While separation produces stress, according to the US military it strengthens the children by forcing them to take on additional responsibilities when a parent is absent, encouraging independence.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: A Pentagon study released in June 2009 reported that children of combat troops show more fear, anxiety and behavioral problems. According to the study, spouses report that when the service member is sent to a combat zone, that their children start to experienced increased anxiety. One in four parents say their children respond poor or very poorly, and a third experienced academic problems. Another study done by the University of California Los Angeles indicated that a year after the parent returns, 30% of children "exhibited clinical levels of anxiety." The Pentagon Study found the effects most pronounced in children between the ages of 5-13, while the UCLA study found contrary evidence that the issues were the strongest in children under the age of 8.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: "Suddenly military" (reservist and National Guard) families face additional challenges, related to isolation from other military-family peers, and isolation within their home-town communities, not faced by traditional military families.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: With the increased demands on the U.S. military, reservists have been called to active duty. The children of these reservists, who are suddenly called to extended active duty, are technically military brats, but they may not identify with or share all of the characteristics of traditional brats (although in certain specific areas, such as war-related issues, they may share a great deal). In an effort to help integrate "suddenly military" brats, groups like "Operation: Military Kids" and "Our Military Kids" came into existence. Operation: Military Kids is a program designed to help "suddenly military" children understand the military culture to which they now belong, and Our Military Kids provides monetary grants that support tutoring, sports and other extracurricular activities of National Guard and Reserve children, whose parents sometimes incur a lapse in income upon being called to active duty.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: National Guard families are not as familiar with military culture. They are physically separated from other military families, meaning they may get less emotional support during wartime, and may not be as emotionally prepared for active-duty deployment. Both the formal and informal support structures available for the regular military families are not as readily available to reservist families. Operation: Military Kids teaches "suddenly military" brats about military culture and expectations.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Children of reservist soldiers also don't share the highly mobile aspect of "regular service" military brat life. They may, however, still develop feelings of difference or isolation in relation to non-military children or teenagers in their home towns, due to war-deployment related stresses and war-aftermath issues that their non-military peers may not be able to fully understand. Consequently, it may be harder for teachers and health care professionals to identify and address war-deployment-related child, adolescent or family problems, unless they are specifically screened for. Although the family may not be as fully immersed in military culture, individual reservist parents may still effect varying degrees of militarization of the family social environment and the child's upbringing. Some children born to no-longer active duty veterans may also experience a number of these issues.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The effect of having a parent killed during military operations has not been specifically studied. Limited studies on children who have lost a parent show that 10–15% experience depression and a few develop childhood traumatic grief (the inability to recall any positive memories of the deceased parent). Military psychiatrist Stephen Cozza speculates, based upon his experience, that the long-term effects of having a parent killed during war would be more traumatic and difficult to deal with than typical causes of parental death.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Training and preparing for war also involves significant dangers, as do other military duties. Consequently, many military brats live with the reality of risk to one or both parents even when there is no active war. Peacetime military accidents claim lives every year at a significantly higher rate than accidents for the civilian population; some service professions such as military pilots, paratroopers and other airborne soldiers, aircraft carrier flight deck workers, Coast Guard sea rescue, ordnance or munitions workers, Naval firefighters, as well as those training or drilling in live ammunition exercises, all experience higher annual death rates. Such casualties are difficult, if not impossible, to keep hidden from children or teenagers in small base communities.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The U.S. Department of Defense has designated April as "Month of the Military Child" with special programs, public educational and support activities coordinated during this time each year. The Department of Defense also uses the term "military brat" in some of its research and literature about military children.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The 2002 book "Military Brats and Other Global Nomads: Growing Up in Organization Families" writes of several reasons why some military brats, as adults, seek out brat organizations. Military brats can feel a "sense of euphoria" when they discover that other brats share the same feelings and emotions. According to the book, brats share a bond with one another through common experiences that transcends race, religion, and nationality. Another common theme behind their joining brat organizations is to stay connected or reconnect with their old friends.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: With all the focus on veterans, the children are left to grow up in sometimes harsh, usually very strict environments with no recognition and no help. With enormous differences between military children and civilian children, one might think that there would be inquiry into the effects, yet few can be found readily available. Mary Edwards Werstch writes about her experiences, as well as the experiences of those she has interviewed, in her book "Brats: Growing up inside the Fortress". Pat Conroy also sheds light on the difficult circumstances of growing up in his book (later a movie), "The Great Santini".


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The origin of the term "military brat" is unknown. There is some evidence that it dates back hundreds of years into the British Empire, and originally stood for "British Regiment Attached Traveler". However, acronyms are a product of the 20th century and all attempts to trace this theory have failed to find a legitimate source. There have been American military brats dating back nearly 250 years to the birth of the United States. Military spouses and their children have been following armies for thousands of years, perhaps for as long as there has been organized warfare. The term "Little Traveller", used to describe the travelling child of a soldier (following his or her father's army from place to place), also appears in literature as early as 1811.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, "brat" is defined as either "a child, so called in contempt" or "the progeny; the offspring". Examples are quoted from Spenser's "The Faerie Queene", published in 1590; "Coriolanus" and "The Winter's Tale" by Shakespeare (1564-1616); and two unidentified works by Swift (1667–1745).


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Noted military brat researcher Mary Edwards Wertsch polled 85 ex-military children as to whether or not they liked the term "military brat", and only five respondents (5.9% of the study group) objected to the term.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The term is now widely used by researchers and academicians and so is no longer merely a slang term, but a name clearly attached to a recognized and well-studied segment of U.S. culture: "Most of the professional research on growing up in military families has contributed to the perpetuation of the 'brat' label," sociologist and noted expert on the study of military brats Morten Ender wrote. "It is no wonder that the label endures and is as popular as ever."


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Linguistic reclamation is the appropriation of a pejorative epithet by its target, to turn an insult into a positive term and deny others the ability to define it; non-military personnel may find the term "brat" insulting if they do not understand the context. Sociologist Karen Williams used it reluctantly in her research, with the disclaimer, "to follow the wishes of the participants. It is a term that they use and feel comfortable with."


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: There is evidence that professional military culture has also reclaimed ownership of the term. Admiral Dennis C. Blair, former Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command, and former U.S. Director of National Intelligence, said, "There's a standard term for the military child: 'Brat.' While it sounds pejorative, it's actually a term of great affection." This trend is also visible among notable and influential civilians: Senator Ben Nelson, a member of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, wrote, "when the word 'brat' is used to describe someone it is not meant as a compliment, but when it is preceded by another word and becomes "military brat" it becomes a term of endearment." Congresswoman Carol Shea-Porter said, "I married what is affectionately known as an Army brat." Senator John Cornyn identifies himself as a military brat, and also identified Judge Janice Brown as one, during her confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Military culture has created numerous positive backronyms for "brat", such as "Born, Raised And Transferred" or "Brave, Resilient, Adaptable, and Trustworthy." While some may not like the origins of the term, most are comfortable with it.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In late 2014, two civilian children's book authors advocated the use of the acronym "CHAMPs" (Child Heroes Attached to Military Personnel) as a replacement for "brat". The adult military brat community soundly rejected the proposal.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In the 1970s, sociologist Ruth Hill Useem coined the term "third culture kids" (TCKs) for a child who follows their parents "into another culture." Useem used the term "third culture kids" because TCKs integrate aspects of their birth culture (the first culture) and the new culture (the second culture), creating a unique "third culture". Globally, offspring of military households comprise about 30% of all TCKs, but they are almost exclusively from the United States.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Systematic research on individuals in such environments has been conducted since the 1980s. Responding to social and psychological issues recorded in military families and communities, the U.S. Armed Forces sponsored research on the long-term impact of growing up as a military dependent. Outside of the U.S. there is no significant literature on the effects of growing up as a military dependent. Since the Department of Defense does not track or monitor former brats, any study on adult brats is based upon self-identification. Thus, even though the studies are performed using scientific sampling methods, they may contain bias because of the difficulty in conducting epidemiological studies across broad-based population samples. Some researchers used referrals, the Internet, and newspaper articles to identify military brats.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In 1991, Mary Edwards Wertsch "launched the movement for military brat cultural identity" with her book "Military Brats: Legacies of Childhood inside the Fortress". In researching her book, Wertsch identified common themes from interviews of over 80 offspring of military households. While this book does not purport to be a scientific study, subsequent research has validated many of her findings. In the introduction to the book, former military brat Pat Conroy, the author of "The Prince of Tides" and "The Great Santini," wrote,


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: In 2005 military brat and filmmaker Donna Musil released the first documentary ever made exclusively about military brats, "Brats: Our Journey Home". To date, the documentary has won six film awards. Musil furthers the premise that military brats form a distinct American subculture with a commonly held sense of identity that is actually a distinct American ethnicity. The documentary also draws on many studies interviews of researchers, counselors and psychologists, along with interviews of numerous former military brats.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: Musil's documentary also highlights the feeling among many military brats that the culture and lives of military brats are largely invisible to most Americans. Some sparse and superficial aspects of military brat life may be known, but a fuller sense of awareness of one of America's largest (and oldest) subcultures is largely non-existent. The documentary starts with country music singer and military brat Kris Kristofferson calling military brats "an invisible tribe" comprising 5% of the American population.


title: Military brat (U.S. subculture)

text: The documentary closes with another quote from former military brat and author Pat Conroy, who writes,


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The Ford Falcon (FG) is a full-sized car that was produced by Ford Australia from 2008 to 2014. It was the first iteration of the seventh and last generation of the Falcon. Its range no longer featured the Fairmont luxury badge, replaced instead by the G Series.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The FG series Falcon was first previewed at a press event on 17 February 2008 and sold until October 2014.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: To make a fresh start, Ford Australia decided to revolutionize the designation of all models within the range. In particular, the long-standing Futura, Fairmont, and Fairmont Ghia models were replaced by the more contemporary G6 and G6 E models, respectively. The FG moniker references the now discontinued Fairmont Ghia.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The standard FG Falcon engine is a 24-valve 4.0-Litre in-line six with VCT; which produces peak power of at 6000 rpm and peak torque of at 3250 rpm. From July 2010 all I6 engines (excluding E-Gas models) meet Euro 4 emission standards. The ZF six-speed auto is an optional extra, the XR6 series having a five-speed as standard. This combined with hardware updates has improved fuel consumption to for all entry level naturally aspirated petrol sedans and for the equivalent utility variants. The high-performance turbocharged version of the in-line-six produces at 5250 rpm and of torque from 1950 rpm; this engine is available in the XR6 Turbo and G6 E Turbo. The Turbo variant makes as much as of torque at just 1500 rpm.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: In 2011, Ford introduced a new LPG system to the Falcon, marketed as "EcoLPI" the system features liquid injection as opposed to the vapour set up used in the previous E-Gas system. The new injection set up is accompanied by new light weight pistons and rings, a higher compression ratio of 12.0:1 and other modifications that improve power and economy. The power has risen 27% from to at 5000 rpm and torque has risen 10% from to at 3250 rpm. These figures virtually match the petrol version for power and torque when running on 95 octane fuel. In addition to the power gains, fuel use has dropped by around 15% while moreover the peak power of is reached at just 5000rpm. In addition to the engine improvements, the new LPG system now features a 6-speed automatic as standard. The new system was available from July 2011 and was an option on models fitted with the naturally aspirated 6-cylinder engine.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: Ford introduced the 2.0L Ecoboost engine in 2012 which will reputedly use 20 percent less fuel and emit significantly less CO emissions than the current 4.0L engine. The engine will have at least and , peak torque will be available from 2,000 rpm all the way to 5,500 rpm. The fuel consumption is estimated at . The Falcon will be the first rear drive application using the Ecoboost engine, however, not capable of matching of torque available at as low as 1500 rpm on the 4.0L petrol version.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The FG range achieved an ANCAP five star safety rating, being the first Australian manufactured car to do so, achieving a score of 34.6 out of 37.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The specific models included the Falcon XT, the luxury G6, G6E, G6E Turbo, and the sports XR6, XR6 Turbo and XR8. The ute variants included the base Falcon Ute, R6, XR6, XR6 Turbo and XR8.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The XT is the base model of the FG Falcon range. The XT has a business class suspension tune: the rear suspension is Ford's Control Blade IRS, and the front suspension is virtual pivot link, the same architecture as found in the Territory. The brakes are carried over from the BF Falcon. The engine is the revised I6 Barra Engine which now produces at 6000 rpm and of torque.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The naturally aspirated XT engine specification is identical to the non-turbo XR6, G6, G6E and Utility vehicle variants powered by the 4.0L engine. At launch, the standard transmission was a new 5-speed auto, replacing the previous Australian designed and made 4-speed. The ZF 6-speed auto was optional from the launch in 2008. In July 2010, the 6-speed was made standard. Both the 5- and the 6- speed retain the 2.73:1 final open differential ratio with LSD optional on XR6 models.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The new styling is based around the kinetic design Ford Europe uses for their cars. The interior has been improved from the previous model. The centre console has been lifted to make for a more luxurious and spacious feeling. The interior is more roomy and has better entry and exit for front and rear passengers. The XT is now better equipped, it has a MP3 compatible CD player, auxiliary audio input jack, single zone automatic climate control, cruise control, 60/40 split fold-down rear seat back, front and rear power windows, four airbags, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) with Emergency Brake Assist and a driver fatigue warning system. From 1 September 2008, all XT models have been specified with alloy wheels as standard equipment, previously an extra-cost option This replaced the standard 16" x 6.5" steel wheels that used plastic wheel covers or center hub caps.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The base model in the XR range, which features the same 4.0L I6 engine found in the XT, G6 and G6E. It has the same features as the XT, plus a 6-Speed manual transmission, 17 x 8-inch 5-spoke alloy wheels; optional 18- and 19-inch are available, Sports Control Blade Independent Rear Suspension (IRS), Sports body kit with side skirts and rear bumper, rear spoiler, front fog lamps, leather-wrapped steering wheel with mounted audio controls, alloy pedal covers and cloth sports seats. It can also be had with an automatic transmission, with a choice of 5 or 6-speed. Both having slightly quicker acceleration than the manual variant. As of July 2010, the 5-speed automatic is no longer available.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The Turbo model of the XR6 comes with all of the features of the standard XR6 plus 18 x 8-inch five-spoke alloy wheels, limited slip differential, and upgraded front brakes (322mm rotors instead of the standard 298mm) without an option for 328mm x 26mm ventilated rear discs as found on BF Mk1 XR6T and XR8 models, losing on the braking capacity overall with 303mmx16mm solid rear discs, the same hardware found on the original BA XT from 2002. It uses the same 4.0L I6 Turbo engine that is found in the G6E Turbo. The six-speed automatic transmission used in turbocharged models is the "6HP26" which is rated to handle more torque than the "6HP21" used in non-turbo models. Performance wise, it is considered the fastest model in the FG Falcon range capable of 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 4.8s, excluding the Falcon-based FPV models from Ford Australia's performance vehicle partner Ford Performance Vehicles. The inline-six turbocharged engine has a maximum power of and maximum torque of . The I6 engine also has the ability to provide the driver with an "over-boost" feature which engages temporarily when the throttle is fully depressed at speed & correct atmospheric measures are met. Once correct condition's have been met, the engine will provide an increase in boost pressure of up to 12psi from a standard maximum of 10psi; which allows for power around the mark.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: Both the XR6 and XR6 Turbo can be optioned with the "XR Luxury Pack", which adds sports leather seats and black carbon look trim inserts, dual zone climate control, 19x8 inch alloy wheels, and premium sound. The "Tech pack" is also available and adds Bluetooth and iPod integration; both option packs add almost all the features from the G6E (minus reversing camera, curtain and side thorax airbags, an 8-way power adjustable driver's seat and memory mirrors, overhead sunglasses holder and mirror indicators)


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The XR8 had the same features that are found in the XR6 Turbo. The bulging hood and supporting emblems on the side skirts differentiated it from other XR models. The V8 was taken directly out of the previous model FPV GT with the BOSS290, with a maximum power of and a maximum torque of ; however its performance figures were somewhat less impressive than that of the XR6 Turbo despite having a advantage according to official figures; though it is widely known that the BOSS290 generates 311 kW and 545Nm at the flywheel vs the 295 kW/540Nm of the BA/BF BOSS260 figures. It was also subjectively less agile through corners due to a significantly heavier front end. Although slightly slower in some cases, less economical and more expensive than its XR6 Turbo counterpart, it was and still is considered more popular amongst the more traditional Falcon enthusiasts who prefer the sound, feel and vibe of a naturally aspirated V8 over the inline 6 Turbo, for its sound, off the line performance and overall wider performance envelope vs the Barra 270. However, the XR8 sold poorly compared to the XR6 Turbo with the majority of volume being in utility sales.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The Falcon XR8 was discontinued in June 2010 as a result of its 5.4-litre engine not complying with the Euro IV emissions standard adopted by Australia at that time. Although initially expected to be re-introduced with the 5.0-litre "Coyote" engine used in the Ford Mustang GT during 2011, the model was re-introduced in 2014 with the FG-X series Falcon, featuring the 5.0 litre motor.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: Up from the XT, this is the base model in the G Series. The G6 is the direct replacement for the Futura. It is powered by the same 4.0L engine and was originally mated to the five-speed automatic (upgraded to the ZF six-speed automatic in 2010). Besides the suspension, which is the sport-luxury tune found in the G6E, the drivetrain of the car is the same as the XT. Equipment levels are increased in the G6. It comes with front fog lights, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with mounted audio controls, rear parking sensors, sports body kit with side skirts and rear bumper, 17-inch alloy wheels.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: A G6 Limited Edition consisting of just 1500 units, based on the G6. It's unknown how many of these 1500 units were Ecoboost. The G6 Limited Edition added leather seats in Shadow, Bluetooth, iPod integration, sports leather-wrapped steering wheel, unique fog lamp bezels, unique front grill (upper and lower), a unique rear bumper insert, side curtain airbags and 18-inch alloy wheels (17-inch on the E-Gas model).


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The G6E is a step up from the G6, it is the replacement for the old Fairmont Ghia. It includes all of the features of the G6, plus a ZF six-speed automatic transmission, dual zone automatic climate control, a premium audio system, leather seats, Bluetooth mobile phone integration, reversing camera, curtain and side thorax airbags, an 8-way power adjustable driver's seat, 17 x 8-inch 10-spoke alloy wheels, front scuff plates and an overhead sunglass console. It also features Mercedes-Benz styled side indicators on the side mirrors, similar to that on premium European cars.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The G6E Turbo is the same as the G6E, except it has an I6 turbocharged engine, 18 x 8-inch 7-spoke alloy wheels, lower suspension, piano black centre console rather than silver, iPod integration, turbo decals and a boot mounted spoiler. The engine is the same as that found in the XR6 Turbo.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: From April 2009 production, an update was introduced. This involved an improvement in fuel consumption on six-cylinder models fitted with the optional six-speed automatic. It was also announced that the LPG E-Gas models, like the petrol-powered versions of the FG sedan range, had been awarded the full five-stars in the ANCAP crash safety test. The five-star rating, up from four, was not due to any structural changes to the FG, but by the introduction of electronic stability control (ESC) which was previously only fitted to petrol-powered FG sedans. ESC was also made standard on the E-Gas BF III Falcon wagons still in production (previously unavailable). ESC fitment was extended to the utility body styles from May 2009, excluding the base XL and R6 Ute, where it was optional. From June 2010, all sedan models received Bluetooth mobile phone integration and iPod integration as standard equipment.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: MkII, introduced in 2011, is the first major visual upgrade for the FG Falcon since its introduction in 2008. The MkII has a revised front fascia similar to that of the SZ Ford Territory, this includes a smaller upper grille and a larger octagonal lower grille, along with revised headlight and fog light assemblies, G6E and G6E turbo models come standard with LED running lights . All new specification levels (except XT and XL) get the new ICC (Interior Command Centre), the unit is an 8" touch screen with 2D and 3D maps, SUNA traffic updates overspeed and speed camera warnings, street house number display and is fully integrated.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: Improved safety features on the MkII include six airbags (dual front, side and curtains) will be standard on all sedan models, the 'Generation 9.0' Dynamic Stability Control system is standard across the range and rear parking sensors are now standard.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: The MkII was placed on sale in late 2011, with a turbocharged four-cylinder EcoBoost engine option becoming available in early 2012.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: As with the previous Falcon BA and BF series, Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV) produced high-performance versions of the Falcon FG. They included the F6 and V8-powered GT, GT-P and the GT E variants of the sedan the F6 Ute and V8-powered Pursuit and Super Pursuit models based on the Falcon Ute. The F6 models featured a 4.0L turbocharged DOHC 24-valve in-line six-cylinder engine, which produced a maximum power of at 5,500 rpm and maximum torque of across the range from 1,950 to 5,200 rpm. All other models were powered by a 5.4L Boss V8 engine, which produces at 6,500 rpm and of torque at 4,750 rpm. As of October 2009, FPV released a luxury F6-E model variant, which was equipped the same as a GT E but with an F6 engine. Also in October 2009, FPV released a GS model to commemorate the historic GS nameplate from the 1970s, which was sold in lieu of a Falcon XR8. It was limited to 250 sedans and 75 utes, and was powered by a detuned V8 from the GT. Its distinguishing exterior features included unique "GS" decals and dark argent wheels.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: In October 2010, FPV introduced a supercharged all-alloy DOHC 4 valves per cylinder Coyote "Miami" V8 engine to replace the older 5.4 L Boss unit. A version was introduced in the FPV GS model (which replaces the defunct XR8 model) and a version was developed for the FPV GT, GT E, and GT-P models.


title: Ford Falcon (FG)

text: Limited editions in this series included the GT "Black", GT "R-Spec" and, most importantly, the GT F "351". These cars had more powerful engines ( for the first two and at 6000 rpm and at 2500-5500 rpm of torque for the GT F) and both the "R-Spec" and "351" also featured an enhanced handling package highlighted by wider 9-inch rear wheels. Furthermore, the dyno testing shows that this engine makes significantly more power than the quoted 315, 335, 345 and 351 kW, figures in excess of 380-400 kW (510-535 hp) at the rear wheels or ~ 450-470 kW (600-630 hp) at the flywheel. They also introduced launch control and the "351" nomenclature of the GT F, which has become the "F"inal GT Falcon ever, represents both its engine output but also pays tribute to the original Falcon GT's cubic inch displacement.


title: 2012 in video games

text: Numerous video games were released in 2012. Many awards went to games such as "Borderlands 2", "Far Cry 3", "Journey", "Mass Effect 3", "Dishonored", "The Walking Dead" and "". The year began with the worldwide release of Sony's handheld game console, the PlayStation Vita, originally launched in Japan in December 2011. The end of the year marked the worldwide release of Nintendo's home game console, the Wii U.


title: 2012 in video games

text: The following were 2012's top ten highest-grossing video games in terms of worldwide revenue (including physical sales, digital purchases, subscriptions, microtransactions, free-to-play and pay-to-play) across all platforms (including mobile, PC and console platforms).


title: 2012 in video games

text: Series with new installments in 2012 include "Alan Wake", "Assassin's Creed", "Borderlands", "Call of Duty", "Counter-Strike", "Darksiders", "Dead or Alive", "Diablo", "Fable", "Far Cry", "Forza Motorsport", "Halo", "Hitman", "Mario Party", "Marvel vs. Capcom", "Mass Effect", "Max Payne", "Medal of Honor", "Modern Combat", "Need for Speed", "Ninja Gaiden", "PlanetSide", "Pokémon", "Prototype", "Resident Evil", "Silent Hill", "Sniper Elite", "Spec Ops", "Super Mario", "Tekken", "The Darkness", "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon", "", Trials, "X-COM" and "Yakuza."


title: 2012 in video games

text: In addition, 2012 saw the introduction of several new properties, including "Asura's Wrath", "Dishonored", "Journey", "Lollipop Chainsaw", "Sleeping Dogs" and "Forza Horizon".


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission is a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt 501(c) organization that accredits more than 22,000 US health care organizations and programs. The international branch accredits medical services from around the world. A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements.


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission was formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and previous to that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH).


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission was renamed The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in 1951, but it was not until 1965, when the federal government decided that a hospital meeting Joint Commission accreditation met the Medicare Conditions of Participation, that accreditation had any official impact. However, Section 125 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) removed the Joint Commission's statutorily-guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals, effective July 15, 2010. At that time, the Joint Commission's hospital accreditation program would be subject to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority. To avoid a lapse in accrediting authority, the Joint Commission would have to submit an application for hospital accrediting authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that would enable CMS to review and evaluate their submission. CMS would make the decision to grant deeming authority and determine the term.


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission's predecessor organization grew from the efforts of Ernest Codman to promote hospital reform based on outcomes management in patient care. Codman's efforts led to the founding of the American College of Surgeons Hospital Standardization Program. In 1951 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals was created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, and the Canadian Medical Association. In 1987 the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO, pronounced "Jay-co"). In 2007 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations underwent a major rebranding and simplified its name to The Joint Commission. The rebranding included the name, logo, and tag line change to "Helping Health Care Organizations Help Patients."


title: Joint Commission

text: The change was part of an effort to make the name more memorable and to assist the commission in its continued responsiveness to the needs of organizations seeking fee-based accreditation. The Joint Commission advocates the use of patient safety measures, the spread of information, the measurement of performance, and the introduction of public policy recommendations.


title: Joint Commission

text: Joint Commission International (JCI) was established in 1998 as a division of Joint Commission Resources, Inc. (JCR), a not-for-profit, private affiliate of the Joint Commission. Through international accreditation, consultation, publications, and education programs, JCI extends the Joint Commission's mission worldwide by helping to improve the quality of patient care; assisting international health care organizations, public health agencies, health ministries, and others in evaluating, improving, and demonstrating the quality of patient care; and enhancing patient safety in more than 60 countries. International hospitals may seek accreditation to demonstrate quality, and JCI accreditation may be considered a seal of approval by medical travelers from the U.S.


title: Joint Commission

text: All member health care organizations are subject to a three-year accreditation cycle, and laboratories are surveyed every two years. The organization does not make its hospital survey findings public. However, it does provide the organization's accreditation decision, the date that accreditation was awarded, and any standards that were cited for improvement. Organizations deemed to be in compliance with all or most of the applicable standards are awarded the decision of Accreditation.


title: Joint Commission

text: The unannounced full survey is a key component of The Joint Commission accreditation process. "Unannounced" means the organization does not receive advanced notice of its survey date. The Joint Commission began conducting unannounced surveys on January 1, 2006. Surveys occur 18 to 39 months after the organization's previous unannounced survey.


title: Joint Commission

text: There has been criticism in the past within the U.S. about how the Joint Commission operates. The Commission's practice had been to notify hospitals in advance of the timing of inspections. A 2005 article in "The Washington Post" noted that about 99% of inspected hospitals are accredited, and serious problems in the delivery of care are sometimes overlooked or missed. Similar concerns have been expressed by the "Boston Globe" who stated "The Joint Commission, whose governing board has long been dominated by representatives of the industries it inspects, has been the target of criticism about the validity of its evaluations." The Joint Commission over time has responded to these criticisms. However, when it comes to the international dimension, surveys undertaken by JCI still take place at a time known in advance by the hospitals being surveyed, often after considerable preparation by those hospitals.


title: Joint Commission

text: Preparing for a Joint Commission survey can be a challenging process for any healthcare provider. At a minimum, a hospital must be completely familiar with the current standards; examine current processes, policies, and procedures relative to the standards; and prepare to improve any areas that are not currently in compliance. The hospital must be in compliance with the standards for at least four months prior to the initial survey. The hospital should also be in compliance with applicable standards during the entire period of accreditation, which means that surveyors will look for a full three years of implementation for several standards-related issues.


title: Joint Commission

text: Behavioral health organizations looking to be accredited under the standards outlined in the Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Behavioral Health Care (CAMBHC) do not have the same requirements around compliance with applicable standards for any period of time leading up to an initial survey for accreditation. The Joint Commission also provides behavioral health organizations that are being surveyed for the first time with a 30-day notice of their survey date, however, future surveys are unannounced.


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission and JCI employ salaried individuals as surveyors who generally work or have worked within health care services but are able to devote half or less of their time for the accrediting organization. The surveyors travel to health care organizations to evaluate their operational practices and facilities against established Joint Commission standards and elements of performance.


title: Joint Commission

text: Substantial time and resources are devoted by health care organizations ranging from medical equipment suppliers and staffing firms to tertiary care academic medical centers to prepare for and undergo Joint Commission surveys. There is growing concern, however, over the lack of verifiable progress towards meeting the organization's stated goals. Although the Joint Commission increasingly cites and demands "evidence-based medicine" in its regulatory requirements, there is a relative paucity of evidence demonstrating any significant quality improvement due to its efforts, while there is a growing body of literature showing no improvement or actual deterioration in quality despite the increasingly stringent and expensive requirements.


title: Joint Commission

text: A facility requesting accreditation pays a substantial fee to the Joint Commission (the "accrediting" agency) and, upon receiving a "passing" grade, is able to purchase associated mementos of accomplishment to display to the public.


title: Joint Commission

text: The Joint Commission is not a complete monopoly, and while many states in the U.S. make use of their services, they are not used by all. Some states have set up their own alternative assessment procedures; the Joint Commission is not recognized for state licensure in the states of Oklahoma (except for hospital-based outpatient mental health services), Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. In California, The Joint Commission is part of a joint survey process with state authorities.


title: Joint Commission

text: There are also other healthcare accreditation organizations in the U.S. unrelated to the Joint Commission. These include Accreditation Commission for Health Care, Inc. (ACHC), the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF), the Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP), the "Exemplary Provider Program" of The Compliance Team, the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP), the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, Utilization Review Accreditation Commission (URAC), The National Dialysis Accreditation Commission and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation (HQAA) who are recognised in the state of Ohio.


title: Joint Commission

text: On September 26, 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) granted deeming authority for hospitals to DNV Healthcare Inc. (DNVHC), an operating company of Det Norske Veritas (DNV), a Norwegian international company that has been operating in the U.S. since 1898.


title: Joint Commission

text: The Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality (CIHQ), based in Round Rock, Texas, was granted deeming authority for hospitals by the CMS In July 2013.


title: Joint Commission

text: The stated mission of The Joint Commission is: "To continuously improve health care for the public, in collaboration with other stakeholders, by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value."


title: Joint Commission

text: The company updates its accreditation standards, expands patient safety goals on a yearly basis, and posts them on its web site for all interested persons to review making the information and process transparent to all stakeholders ranging from institutions and practitioners to patients and their advocates. Residential treatment centers and medical care facilities often share their accreditation status with their patients.


title: Joint Commission

text: The purpose of The Joint Commission's National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) is to promote specific improvements in patient safety. The NPSGs highlight problematic areas in health care and describe evidence and expert-based solutions to these problems. Recognizing that sound system design is intrinsic to the delivery of safe, high quality health care. The Goals focus on system-wide solutions, wherever possible.


title: Joint Commission

text: The NPSGs have become a critical method by which The Joint Commission promotes and enforces major changes in patient safety or thousands of participating health care organizations in the United States and around the world. The 2009 NPSGs included regulations targeting the spread of infection due to multidrug-resistant organisms, catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), and surgical site infections (SSI). The new regulations for CRBSI and SSI prevention apply not only to hospitals, but also to ambulatory care and ambulatory surgery centers. Engaging patients in patient safety efforts is also a major new component of the NPSGs. The Universal Protocol to reduce surgical errors and existing regulations on medication reconciliation have been modified for 2009, based on feedback received by The Joint Commission.


title: Joint Commission

text: Joint Commission International, or JCI is one group that provides international health care accreditation services to hospitals around the world and brings income into the U.S.-based parent organization. This not-for-profit tax-exempt private corporation (a 501(c) organization) currently accredits hospitals in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and South America and is seeking to expand its business further.


title: Joint Commission

text: The JCI has a small staff which includes principal consultants and a number of other consultants from around the world.


title: Joint Commission

text: JCI quotes an average fee of $46,000 per year to maintain accreditation, plus travel and other costs.


title: Joint Commission

text: For hospital to be successful in the accreditation process, there may be additional costs related to consultancy work prior to accreditation.


title: Joint Commission

text: A Harvard-led research study published in the BMJ found that US hospital accreditation by independent organizations was not associated with lower mortality or with reduced readmission rates for common medical conditions. The authors concluded that there was no advantage for patients to choose a hospital accredited by the Joint Commission over a hospital accredited by another independent accrediting organization. "The Wall Street Journal" suggested that the underlying reasons for this is the failure of the Joint Commission to revoke or modify the accreditation status of hospitals with major infractions considered to be so significant they caused, or were likely to cause, a risk of serious injury or death to patients.


title: Joint Commission

text: The nonprofit's revenue was $147M in 2013, and in that fiscal year, it paid its CEO more than $1M. Hospitals pay the Joint Commission up to $37,000 in fees annually to maintain their accreditation status. Inspections cost approximately $18,000 every three years.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Dunston Checks In is a 1996 Canadian-American children's comedy film directed by Ken Kwapis. The film stars Eric Lloyd, Graham Sack, Jason Alexander, Faye Dunaway, Rupert Everett, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Sam the Orangutan as Dunston. The film received negative reviews and was a box office bomb, only grossing $10 million against a budget of $16 million.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Lionel Spalding (Glenn Shadix) and his dog Neil arrive at the prestigious, five-star Majestic Hotel where, due to a prank by Kyle Grant (Eric Lloyd) and his older brother Brian (Graham Sack), an overflowing fountain accidentally drenches him, greatly frustrating the hotel manager and the boys' widowed father Robert (Jason Alexander). He is disappointed with the boys but they are guaranteed a vacation in Barbados afterward, only for the ruthless, haughty hotel owner, Elena Dubrow (Faye Dunaway), to force them to cancel the trip for a third time, due to the upcoming Crystal Ball where one of the guests is revealed to be a critic from the Le Monde Traveller Organization who they hope will reward the Majestic with a sixth star.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: At that moment, "Lord" Rutledge (Rupert Everett), a jewel thief whom Mrs. Dubrow believes is the critic, arrives with an orangutan named Dunston, intending to steal the guests' jewelry. Dunston and his deceased brother Samson were both trained in thievery their entire lives, and Dunston has been wanting to escape from Rutledge's poor treatment and life of crime ever since.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Meanwhile, Rutledge distracts and causes Kyle to accidentally set a sterling rope mini-pulley free from his hand where Brian falls down and out from a laundry chute. Dunston flees from Rutledge and is later found by Kyle, who befriends the poor orangutan and promises to keep him safe. However, Dunston soon begins causing disruption in the hotel such as ruining Spalding's workout and interfering with Mrs. Angela Dellacroce's massage. After realizing Dunston's presence, Robert calls for an animal control specialist named Buck LaFarge (Paul Reubens) to remove Dunston from the hotel.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Rutledge searches the hotel for Dunston, and after locating him, ties Kyle up and gags him. Dunston and Kyle escape to the ballroom where the Crystal Ball is taking place, obtaining a picture of Rutledge, Dunston, and Samson from Rutledge's room. Kyle and Brian show the picture to their dad, and Robert is infuriated when Kyle says Rutledge tied him up. Brian and Kyle search for Dunston, avoiding LaFarge and Mrs. Dubrow, while Robert and Rutledge fight in the kitchen. Mrs. Dubrow eventually corners Kyle, but Dunston hanging from a chandelier pushes her into the giant party cake. Robert eventually stands up to Mrs. Dubrow, but is fired in the process. However, it turns out that Spalding, who had been humiliated, injured, and inconvenienced by Dunston's antics, was the critic all along. As a result, Spalding declares Mrs. Dubrow managed to go from a five-star hotel to a one-star hotel before passing out from LaFarge's tranquilizer dart. Rutledge is been arrested by the police officers. Rutledge look at Dunston and Kyle, but the police officers are took him away. LaFarge apologizes to Dunston, who then slaps him.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: In the end, thanks to the more kind-hearted Mr. Victor Dubrow (Nathan Davis), Robert, Kyle, and Brian relocate to Bali to manage a Majestic Hotel there and have even managed to keep Dunston as a pet. They invite Spalding over with a complimentary room and meals to make up for all the trouble he experienced and assure him that nothing will go wrong this time. However, in the last scene, Dunston causes further trouble by dropping a large coconut which lands on Spalding's face.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics, and holds a 16% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews.


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Some contemporary reviews were more generous, however. Desson Howe and Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" referred to the film by saying "it ain't half bad", and a "plucky, prank-filled family farce" respectively. Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" stated that "Dunston Checks In" "is a delightful and funny family film of exceptional high style", "as light as a soufflé and just as delicious", and "plays like a tribute to the resourceful, unpretentious studio productions of the past". According to an article published in the "Chicago Tribune", "The cast is talented, the hide-and-seek action is silly (not killing), and the bond between a sweet little boy and the adorable ape is touching."


title: Dunston Checks In

text: Faye Dunaway's performance in the film and in "The Chamber" earned her a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress. The film was also nominated at the 18th Youth in Film Awards (Young Artist Awards) for Best Family Feature Film: Musical or Comedy, and Eric Lloyd for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Actor Age Ten or Under. The film was successful at the box office in India, where it was dubbed in Hindi and retitled "Ek Bandar Hotel Ke Andar" ().


title: Dunston Checks In

text: "Dunston Checks In" was much more successful in home video than in theaters. the studio had an estimated $41.6 million in video sales, receiving 75%, greatly exceeding box office gross. The film was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on VHS on May 27, 1996. It was released on DVD on May 28, 2002, and re-released on March 18, 2014.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: James McAhren (born 19 March 1984) is a British former professional wrestler best known under the ring name Jimmy Havoc. He is known for his work with Progress Wrestling, Defiant Wrestling, Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW), Major League Wrestling (MLW) and All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Between the five promotions Havoc is a former Progress World Champion.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: Jimmy Havoc trained at NWA UK Hammerlock under Andre Baker and Jon Ryan, alongside the likes of Zack Sabre Jr. and Fergal Devitt before making his debut in 2004. Wrestling exclusively under the Hammerlock banner until 2006, he made his first appearances outside of the promotion for Triple X Wrestling where he first started appearing as a "deathmatch" or hardcore wrestler. He quickly became known as one of the top deathmatch wrestlers in Europe, debuting for in 2008, Germany's Westside Xtreme Wrestling in 2009 and appearing on a joint show between wXw and U.S. hardcore promotion Combat Zone Wrestling in 2010. Havoc appeared in European versions of the CZW Tournament of Death in both 2010 and 2012. As of 2013, he has made appearances in other independent companies such as Mid-Atlantic Wrestling and Full Impact Pro.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: In February 2015, he captured the FPW Championship, adding the IPW:UK All-England Championship in March. In August 2015, he became IPW:UK World Heavyweight Champion after defeating Bad Bones in a TLC match.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: Also towards the end of February 2016, Havoc made special appearances for Melbourne City Wrestling. His first one was at MCW At Out Best where he faced Mikey Nicholls from TMDK. However, he got injured at the St Kilda Festival, and missed out on facing Mr Juicy at MCW Uncensored.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: On 4 October 2016, it was announced that Jimmy Havoc would be making his Canadian debut for Smash Wrestling on their 4th Anniversary Tour in November 2016.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: On 18 March 2017, he and Clint Margera wrestled as "Callous Hearts" in a losing effort against #CCK (Chris Brookes & Kid Lykos) in the Dream Tag Team Invitational qualifier match at Fight Club: Pro The First Female Of Fight Club.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: On 23 July 2017, Havoc defeated Carlito retaining the IPW:UK World Heavyweight Championship. On 6 July Havoc defeated Joseph Conners and Pete Dunne for the British Wrestling Revolution Heavyweight Championship.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: On 1 April 2012, Havoc made his debut for Insane Championship Wrestling, at 'So's Yer Maw' in The Garage, tagging with Iceman against Jack Jester & Chris Renfrew. Just a few months later, Havoc would face Renfrew again, in the first ever Scottish Rules match, with the final result coming to 1-1. One month later, he would compete as part of Team ICW in a Glasgow Street Fight, defeating The Official Community.


title: Jimmy Havoc

text: In 2013, Havoc would enter a rivalry with James Scott, who took exception to Jimmy's hardcore style of wrestling. This led to a 2 out of 3 falls match, which Havoc would go on to win. Shortly after this, Havoc was at odds with the New Age Kliq, first competing in tag team match alongside Jack Jester, that was deemed too violent to air on YouTube. As the rivalry continued, Jimmy defeated BT Gunn in ICW's first ever Thumbtack Kickpad match, for the right to face Rhyno at Fear & Loathing VI. After James Scott was later added to the match, Havoc defeated both Scott & Rhyno in a Three Way Dance at Fear & Loathing VI.