title: First Council of Constantinople

text: Traditionally, the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed has been associated with the Council of Constantinople (381). It is roughly theologically equivalent to the Nicene Creed, but includes two additional articles: an article on the Holy Spirit—describing Him as "the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceeds from the Father, Who with the Father and the Son is worshipped and glorified, and Who spoke through the prophets"—and an article about the church, baptism, and the resurrection of the dead. (For the full text of both creeds, see Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381.)


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: However, scholars are not agreed on the connection between the Council of Constantinople and the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed. Some modern scholars believe that this creed, or something close to it, was stated by the bishops at Constantinople, but not promulgated as an official act of the council. Scholars also dispute whether this creed was simply an expansion of the Creed of Nicaea, or whether it was an expansion of another traditional creed similar but not identical to the one from Nicaea. In 451, the Council of Chalcedon referred to this creed as "the creed ... of the 150 saintly fathers assembled in Constantinople", indicating that this creed was associated with Constantinople (381) no later than 451.


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: This council condemned Arianism which began to die out with further condemnations at a council of Aquileia by Ambrose of Milan in 381. With the discussion of Trinitarian doctrine now developed, the focus of discussion changed to Christology, which would be the topic of the Council of Ephesus of 431 and the Council of Chalcedon of 451.


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: David Eastman cites the First Council of Constantinople as another example of the waning influence of Rome over the East. He notes that all three of the presiding bishops came from the East. Damasus had considered both Meletius and Gregory to be illegitimate bishops of their respective sees and yet, as Eastman and others point out, the Eastern bishops paid no heed to his opinions in this regard.


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: The First Council of Constantinople (381) was the first appearance of the term 'New Rome' in connection to Constantinople. The term was employed as the grounds for giving the relatively young church of Constantinople precedence over Alexandria and Antioch ('because it is the New Rome').


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: The 150 individuals at the council are commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on February 17.


title: First Council of Constantinople

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church in some places (e.g. Russia) has a feast day for the Fathers of the First Six Ecumenical Councils on the Sunday nearest to July 13 and on May 22.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Mammy Two Shoes is a fictional character in MGM's "Tom and Jerry" cartoons. She is a heavy-set middle-aged African American woman who takes care of the house in which Tom and Jerry reside. Whether she is a housemaid or the owner of the house is never made clear, but the fact that she has her own bedroom in the short "Sleepy Tom" raises the possibility of her being the owner of the house, as no other human is present in the house in shorts she appears. She would scold and attack Tom whenever she believed he was misbehaving; Jerry would sometimes be the cause of Tom's getting in trouble.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: As a partially-seen character, her head was rarely seen, except in a few cartoons including "Part Time Pal" (1947), "A Mouse in the House" (1947), "Mouse Cleaning" (1948), and "Saturday Evening Puss" (1950).


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Mammy appeared in 19 cartoons, from "Puss Gets the Boot" (1940) to "Push-Button Kitty" (1952). Mammy's appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated in later television showings, since her character is an archetype now usually considered racist. Her creation points to the ubiquity of the "mammy" stereotype in American popular culture, and the character was removed from the series after 1953 due to protests from the NAACP.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Mammy's debut appearance was in "Puss Gets The Boot" (1940), while her last appearance was in "Push-Button Kitty" (1952). She was originally voiced by well-known African-American character actress Lillian Randolph. She was the second prominent black character of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, following Bosko. She appeared in 19 "Tom and Jerry" animated shorts between 1940 and 1952.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: One of Mammy's roles in the films was to set up the plot by warning Tom that she will toss him out of the house if he failed to act according to her wishes. She invariably catches Tom acting against her orders, and there are grave consequences. Naturally, it is Jerry that sabotages Tom to get him in trouble. She always called Tom by his full name "Thomas" (originally "Jasper"), and almost always used "is" in place of "are" and "am" ("is you" and "I is"). Her signature quotes are "Land Sakes!" and "What in the world is going on in here?", the latter of which is usually delivered upon rushing in to investigate the commotion being caused by Tom and Jerry.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: William Hanna and Joseph Barbera initially portrayed Mammy as the maid of the house, with the real owners unknown to audiences - at least, her apron suggests she is a maid. Later, Hanna and Barbera seemed to suggest, through dialogue and occasional behavior, that the house was Mammy's own. On one occasion, she goes to her bedroom. This suggests she owns the house and is its sole human occupant, though the cutting continuity filed with each short at the Library of Congress always referred to the character as "Maid."


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Mammy Two-Shoes was retired from the Tom & Jerry cartoons by Hanna and Barbera following several years of protests and condemnations from the NAACP. A 1949 reissue of the 1943 short "The Lonesome Mouse" prompted the start of the NAACP's campaign against "Tom & Jerry". In this short, Mammy is scared by Jerry onto a stool and shaken as a straight razor, dice, and other stereotypical props fall from beneath her dress.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: In response to the NAACP's campaign and angry about the potential loss of acting roles, Lillian Randolph questioned the authority of then-NAACP president Walter White, stating that the light-complexioned White was "only one-eighth Negro and not qualified to speak for Negroes." When Randolph departed from "Tom & Jerry" to appear on television, Hanna and Barbera declined to recast the voice role and Mammy ceased to appear in the cartoons.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Rembrandt Films produced 13 "Tom and Jerry" shorts and they were released from 1961 to 1962. Director Gene Deitch stated in an interview that he opted not to use Mammy's character in the 13 shorts, as he felt a "stereotypical black housekeep" character "didn't work in a modern context."


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: MGM Animation/Visual Arts, under the supervision of Chuck Jones, created replacement characters for Mammy in the "Tom and Jerry" cartoons featuring her for television. These versions used rotoscoping techniques to replace Mammy on-screen with a similarly stocky white woman (in most shorts) or a thin white woman (in "Saturday Evening Puss"); Randolph's voice on the soundtracks was replaced by an Irish-accented (or, in "Puss", generic young adult) voice performed by actress June Foray.


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: Three years after Turner Broadcasting System acquired "Tom & Jerry" from MGM, the cartoons featuring Mammy were edited again. This time, Lillian Randolph's voice was replaced with that of Thea Vidale, who re-recorded the dialogue to remove Mammy's use of potentially offensive dialect. These re-recorded versions of the cartoons would air on Turner's Cartoon Network-related cable channels, and have at times turned up on DVD as well. However, some European TV showings of these cartoons, especially the UK, as well as the US DVD release of "Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection", "Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection", and "" and the US DVD and Blu-ray releases of "Tom and Jerry Golden Collection", retain Randolph's original voice. The Region 2 "Complete Collectors Edition" DVD boxset has Vidale's voice on the first DVD and Randolph in a number of the episodes after that (such as "A Mouse in the House" and "Mouse Cleaning").


title: Mammy Two Shoes

text: A white woman named "Mrs. Two-Shoes" appeared in some episodes of "Tom and Jerry Tales". She had most aspects of Mammy Two Shoes's personality with a similar name, but without acts of animal cruelty.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Warriors of Future (), previously known as Virtus (), is a 2022 Hong Kong science fiction action film directed by visual effects artist Ng Yuen-fai in his directorial debut and starring Louis Koo, Sean Lau, and Carina Lau. Koo also serves as the film's producer, with the film being funded and distributed by his production company, One Cool Group Limited.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Having been in development for three years, the film began production on 12 February 2017 and was originally set for release in 2019. After a long delay, the film opened the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival on 15 August 2022


title: Warriors of Future

text: In 2055, wars have ravaged the Earth due to the prevalent use of advanced military robots, and global warming and pollution have destroyed the environment and ruined the atmosphere. As a result, many people are born with birth defects and die, and large domes known as Skynets are built to protect the surviving cities on Earth. During the construction of the Skynet over B-16 (a futuristic Hong Kong), a meteor lands in the city and a giant alien plant, later named Pandora, emerges and causes devastation to the area around it as it takes root. Pandora grows rapidly when there is rain, taking over more of the city every time it does so; however, it is discovered that the plant can also purify the polluted air. ASU's (a local military force) lead scientist, Dr Chan, finds a way to alter the plant's genome to stop Pandora from growing further while also letting it continue to repair the atmosphere.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Tyler and his friend Johnson Cheng, soldiers working for the ASU, are tasked with locating Pandora's pistil and delivering a "gene bullet" virus that will neutralize its growth. Colonel Tam is sent to oversee the operation, but she has a backup plan to bomb Pandora from the air, which would destroy the plant but could potentially kill a hundred and sixty thousand people in the surrounding area. Cheng heavily opposes the idea of sacrificing civilians and losing their best chance to fix the atmosphere, and launches the mission before two rainstorms hit the city. Privates Connor and Lincoln join Tyler on the mission as they escort the Orca transport aircraft carrying the gene bullet virus into the operation area. During the mission, Sean Li, the commander in chief of B-16 and the architect of the Skynet project, sabotages the Orca by remotely taking control of its complement of military robots as soon as the first storm hits, and it crashes into a building. Damaged by Pandora's tendrils, Tyler's aircraft crashes after locating the area where the pistil is, and Lincoln is left critically injured.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Connor and Tyler look for medical supplies at an abandoned hospital, where they are attacked by mantis-like creatures which kill Lincoln. Connor hides in the mortuary while Tyler retreats to an emergency room where he rescues an orphaned girl, Pansy, who reminds Tyler of his daughter Sissy, who had died of pollution-caused illness. Cheng, arriving in an armoured car driven by former-squad mate Skunk, uses a hatchet to kill most of the mantis-like creatures while Tyler rescues Connor. The survivors escape the hospital and head to the building where the Orca crashed, finding the last intact gene bullet capsule and evidence that Li had sabotaged the mission in order to allow Pandora to be destroyed and the construction of his Skynets to continue. The team contact Li, saying that they have the evidence of his sabotage, but Li proposes a challenge: to beat him, they will have to go against the military robots under his control.


title: Warriors of Future

text: As the team race towards the location of the pistil, Li sends several tank-like and humanoid robots after the armoured car. As Skunk drives on, Tyler, Connor and Cheng fight off the robots, and Cheng becomes separated from the group after being thrown out of the car. The others arrive at the location where the pistil is and encounter a large crab-like robot, with its pulse weapon destroying the armoured car. Connor, Skunk and Tyler fight off more humanoid robots and destroy the crab-like robot, and Cheng returns and saves Pansy. Cheng enters the pistil chamber just as Pandora begins to grow uncontrollably as the second storm hits. Cheng unleashes the gene bullet virus onto Pandora, stopping it from growing further. Colonel Tam suspends the backup plan after discovering Li's sabotage, and Li commits suicide before she can arrest him. Afterwards, with the state of the atmosphere greatly improving, Tyler accepts a mission on the moon while Skunk and Cheng finish rebuilding the armoured car.


title: Warriors of Future

text: The film was first announced in May 2015 under the title "Virtus" to be directed by Benny Chan and starring Louis Koo. Koo's film production company, One Cool Film Production worked on the film's visual effects, under a budget of HK$300 million. Although filming was set to begin in the end of 2015, a teaser trailer was released which featured Koo in a robot suit.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Production began on 12 February 2017 on a set in Shenzhen which took two months to build. The film is directed by visual effects artist Ng Yuen-fai, who worked on the special effects for "The Warlords", "Bodyguards and Assassins" and "The White Storm". Aside from Koo, the cast also includes Sean Lau and Philip Keung, alongside newcomer actors Kevin Chu, Ng Siu-hin and Tony Wu. In March 2017, One Cool Film Production released a making of featurette teaser displaying its new title, "Warriors of Future", and revealing the film's 36 month pre-production and its new budget of US$45 million. According to the teaser, production for the film is slated to take 4 months to complete while post-production will take 18 months. The film's four month shoot in Shenzhen completed in June 2017 and resumed its shoot in Hong Kong in August 2017. In March 2018, a new teaser trailer for the film was released. Aside from previous announced cast members, the trailer also featured new cast members such as Carina Lau, Nick Cheung and Tse Kwan-ho. On the same day, it was also reported that the film's production has increased to US$56 million. In March 2019, One Cool Film Production released a new trailer for the film.


title: Warriors of Future

text: "Warriors of Future" opened the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival along with the film, "Where the Wind Blows", on 15 August 2022 before its theatrical release on 25 August 2022 in Hong Kong in IMAX, 4DX and CFGS formats. The film was originally set for theatrical release in 2019, but its release was delayed for three years in order to allow time for post-production. On 10 December 2021, One Cool Pictures released a promotional clip featuring former TVB News anchor Vince Ng in a mock news clip reporting a meteorite is approaching the Earth and is projected to hit the Hong Kong at 8 PM on 17 December 2021, which was when a new trailer for the film premiered on billboard screens throughout Hong Kong before being available on the internet, displaying a slated release year of 2022.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Netflix acquired the global distribution rights for the film and released it for streaming on 2 December 2022.


title: Warriors of Future

text: "Warriors of Future" has grossed a total of US$111.2 million worldwide combining its box office gross from Hong Kong (US$10.5 million), and China (US$100.73 million).


title: Warriors of Future

text: "Warriors of Future" has grossed 310 million CNY (HK$356 million, US$45 million) in mainland China as of 14 August 2022, and HK$6.2 million in Hong Kong preview screenings between 19 and 21 August 2022. The film earned a three-day gross US$9.8 million during the weekend of 26–28 August 2022 and was placed at No. 7 at the global box office of the weekend. Some box office analysts estimated the film would need to make HK$1.2 billion (US$153 million) globally to break even.


title: Warriors of Future

text: In Hong Kong, the film debuted at No. 1 on its opening weekend with HK$19,703,177 (US$2,511,463) during its first four days of release and a total gross of HK$21,784,237 ($2,776,725) at the end of the week including preview showings. It also became the biggest opening for a local film at the Hong Kong box office since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The film remained at No. 1 in its second weekend grossing HK$22,266,042 (US$2,838,138) and have grossed a total of HK$44,069,479 (US$5,617,310) by then. The film moved down to No. 2 in its third weekend, grossing a HK$9,484,285 (US$1,208,374), and accumulating a total gross of HK$53,553,764 (US$6,823,179) by then. During its fourth weekend, the film grossed HK$6,823,127 (US$869,277) while remaining at No. 2, and have grossed a total of HK$60,376,891 (US$7,692,108) by then. The film stayed at No. 2 during its fifth weekend with a gross of HK$3,003,071 (US$382,586), and have accumulated a total gross of HK$63,379,962 (US$8,074,498) by then.


title: Warriors of Future

text: In six weeks since the opening of the film, the cumulative box office exceeded HK$66.84 million Hong Kong dollars, breaking the box office record of "Cold War II" of 66.82 million, becoming the No. 1 highest-grossing Chinese film in Hong Kong. During its eighth weekend, the film continued to remain at No. 2 with a gross of HK$3,338,619 (US$425,307), and accumulated a total gross of HK$68,856,200 (US$8,771,602) by then. The film continued to remain at No. 2 on its ninth weekend with an increased gross of HK$4,495,621 (US$572,691), and have grossed a total of HK$73,351,821 (US$9,344,181) so far, becoming the first domestic film to gross pass HK$70 million in Hong Kong.


title: Warriors of Future

text: The film dropped to No. 3 on its tenth weekend while still grossing a strong HK$3,115,109 (US$396,854), and have accumulated a total gross of HK$76,466,930 (US$9,741,630) by then. On its eleventh weekend, the film grossed HK$1,579,312 (US$201,222), coming in at No. 4, and have grossed a total of HK$78,046,242 (US$9,943,970) by then. The film remained at No. 4 in its twelfth with a gross of HK$1,412,898 (US$179,994), accumulating a total gross of HK$79,475,140 (US$10,124,609) by then. During its thirteenth weekend, the film grossed HK$805,648 (US$102,808) at No. 5, and have accumulated a total of gross HK$80,280,788 (US$10,244,600), becoming the first domestic film in Hong Kong to pass the HK$80 million The film remained at No. 5 in its fourteenth weekend with a gross of HK$754,115 (US$96,410), while having accumulated a total gross of HK$81,034,903 (US$10,360,002) by then. During its fifteenth weekend, the film dropped to No. 8 with a gross of HK$397,698 (US$50,899), and have accumulated a total gross of HK$81,432,601 (US$10,422,172) by then. The film came in at No. 10 in its sixteenth weekend with a gross of HK$273,422 (US$35,104), while having grossed a total of HK$81,706,023 (US$10,490,328) so far.


title: Warriors of Future

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 100% of five surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.5/10. Edmund Lee of the "South China Morning Post" gave the film a score of 3/5 stars and praises the film's visual effects as groundbreaking and a milestone in Hong Kong cinema while criticizing the film's lack of fresh ideas.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley State University (GVSU, GV, or Grand Valley) is a public university in Allendale, Michigan. It was established in 1960 as Grand Valley State College. Its main campus is situated on approximately west of Grand Rapids. The university also features campuses in Grand Rapids and Holland and regional centers in Battle Creek, Detroit, Muskegon, and Traverse City.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU enrolls more than 24,000 students as of fall 2021 from all 83 Michigan counties and dozens of other states and foreign countries. It employs more than 3,000 people, with about 1,780 academic faculty and 1,991 support staff. The university has alumni from 50 U.S. states, Canada, and 25 other countries.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU's NCAA Division II sports teams are the Lakers and they compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) in all 19 intercollegiate varsity sports. They have won 20 NCAA Division II National Championships since 2002 in seven different sports.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 1958 the Michigan Legislature commissioned a study that demonstrated a need for a four-year college in the Grand Rapids area, Michigan's second largest metropolitan region. Local businessman Bill Seidman created a committee to study the report and spearhead the planning and promotion to create such an institution. In the following year the Michigan Legislature established the college. A naming contest was held, and out of 2500 submissions, "Grand Valley State College" was chosen. Private donations, including $350,000 to purchase land and $1,000,000 for construction, were secured from 5,000 individuals, organizations, and business throughout West Michigan. In 1961, the Grand Valley State College Board of Control chose a site in Ottawa County near the Grand River for the new campus, and construction of academic buildings began the following year.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley State College accepted its first class of 225 students in 1963 and held its first graduation of 138 students on June 18, 1967. The middle-late 1960s saw the addition of the first dormitories and construction of new academic buildings, including the Zumberge Library, named for the university's first president, James Zumberge.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 1969, the "Grand Valley Lanthorn" printed an issue containing several vulgarities and obscenities. After complaints from some at Grand Valley State College and the surrounding communities, the Ottawa County, Michigan, sheriff arrested the editor, and the prosecutor closed down the newspaper office. The university, then a co-ed college, sued the sheriff and prosecutor for closing the Lanthorn offices. Eventually, Michigan's Attorney General settled the case out of court, siding with the college because the Lanthorn's content was considered covered by Freedom of Speech.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: During the 1970s Grand Valley organized its academic units into several colleges: College of Arts and Sciences, Thomas Jefferson College, William James College, Seidman College of Business, and College IV. Michigan Governor William Milliken signed the law changing the institution's name to Grand Valley State Colleges in 1973. However, the "s" was dropped and the name was reverted to Grand Valley State College in 1983 when the academic programs were reorganized into divisions.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 1987 the Michigan Legislature passed a law renaming the college to Grand Valley State University. The 1980s and 1990s saw addition of satellite campuses or centers in downtown Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Holland, and Traverse City. In 2004, the university's board reorganized the university structure again into a college system consisting of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, College of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Community and Public Service, College of Education, College of Health Professions, Kirkhof College of Nursing, Seidman College of Business, and Seymour and Esther Padnos College of Engineering and Computing. Grand Valley completed its first 50 years with a comprehensive campaign that raised almost $100 million from over 17,000 donors, making it the university's largest campaign to date. Money raised during the campaign has helped fund many construction projects on campus, including the Mary Idema Pew Library and the L. William Seidman Center.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 2012, GVSU announced several more construction projects and land purchases. Future buildings to be constructed include a new biology laboratory building and an addition and renovation to the Zumberge Library on the Allendale campus. Land purchases in 2012 included property in downtown Grand Rapids adjacent to the medical mile for healthcare program expansion. In 2013, GVSU announced it would add on to Au Sable Hall and construct a building to house the GVSU Laker Store (known as University Bookstore prior to April 2015), with expanded dining facilities.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley has three campuses: the main campus in Allendale and two satellite campuses in the surrounding area. Smaller centers in Muskegon, Detroit and Traverse City also exist.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Interurban Transit Partnership operates several "The Rapid" bus routes under contract with the university. The public can ride these buses by paying the fare, but rides are free to Grand Valley students, faculty and staff on all Rapid routes with a valid I.D. card.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The university's main and original campus in Allendale is the site of most of the university's programs. The Allendale campus is composed of 1,322 acres perched above the Grand River next to a system of ravines and is divided into two areas, north and south campus, separated by West Campus Drive. State highway M-45 links the campus in suburban Allendale to US Highway 31/Lake Michigan to the west and Grand Rapids, Michigan to the east. Lubbers Stadium, the GVSU Fieldhouse and all other athletic facilities for the school's 19 varsity sports are also on the Allendale campus. The campus is dotted with many sculptures, including works by Dale Eldred, Joseph Kinnebrew and James Clover. Academic facilities on the Allendale campus include 122 classrooms, 144 research laboratories, 20 lab prep rooms, 21 computer labs, and the Mary Idema Pew Library Learning and Information Commons. The Allendale campus is also home to the Kindschi Hall of Science, a science facility that opened in the fall of 2015.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Holton-Hooker Learning and Living Center, with space for 490 students, opened in August 2016. The building is LEED silver-certified.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Robert C. Pew Grand Rapids Campus is in the heart of downtown Grand Rapids and on the banks of the Grand River. It consists of 11 buildings and three leased spaces and includes the Richard DeVos Center, L.V. Eberhard Center, Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences, L. William Seidman Center, Beckering Family Carillon Tower, The Depot (houses the Michigan Small Business and Technology Development headquarters), Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Keller Engineering Laboratories, John C. Kennedy Hall of Engineering, Peter F. Secchia Hall (housing), Winter Hall (housing), and the Van Andel Global Trade Center. Winter Hall is typically occupied by graduate students and is fully furnished along with appliances. These facilities include 57 classrooms, 78 research laboratories, 23 lab prep rooms, 11 computer labs, and the Steelcase Library.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Health Campus is a part of the Grand Rapids Medical Mile area and houses many of GVSU's health programs. The Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences (CHS), which opened in 2003, reached capacity in 2011. To accommodate the growth in the health sciences, GVSU completed the $37.5 million Raleigh J. Finkelstein Hall north of the Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences, and in 2018 broke ground on the next phase, the Daniel and Pamella DeVos Center for Interprofessional Health, a $70 million building that is attached to the Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences and includes a parking structure shared with nearby Spectrum Health.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Meijer Campus, just outside downtown Holland, MI was opened in 1998 and was named for the Meijer Family for their generous donation of land. The campus houses continuing education programs in of building space and contains 12 classrooms, 2 conference rooms, 3 labs and 11 offices.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Traverse City Regional Center was established in the fall of 1995 and is at the NMC University Center in a partnership with Northwestern Michigan College. The center offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in education, social work, and liberal studies.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Detroit Center was established in 2012 when GVSU purchased the Barden Building adjacent to Comerica Park in downtown Detroit, Michigan to house its charter school offices. The center also houses the Southeast Michigan Region of the Michigan Small Business & Technology Development Center, of which GVSU is the supervisor.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley State University is governed by an eight-member board of trustees, whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan and confirmed by the Michigan Senate for terms of eight years. This setup is provided for by the constitution of the state of Michigan of 1963. Members of the board serve without compensation. The board appoints the president of the university, formulates university policies, controls university finances, and acts as the supreme governing body of the institution. The president of the university administers the policies of the board of trustees.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU's general fund budget is $351 million, of which $275 million is from tuition and $72 million is from state appropriations. As of 2019, Grand Valley's amount of university-based student financial aid was $289 million, including $90 million of that in scholarships and grants. During the 2013–2014 academic year, full-time dependent students received an average award of $13,276.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Grand Valley Police Department provides law enforcement services for the Allendale Campus. While the department is self-empowered to enforce its jurisdiction, officers are also deputized by the Ottawa County Sheriff's Department. Because Allendale doesn't have a police department, the Grand Valley State University Police can handle cases anywhere in Ottawa County, mainly in Allendale and the area surrounding the campus. The department handles other security issues, such as parking and driving violations, community policing, as well lost and found. Allendale Fire Department serves the campus. The Department of Public Safety also employs several students who assist the department by performing a variety of clerical and security based duties and services.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Pew Campus Security and Regional Centers is an entity distinct from the Department of Public safety, and handles security and public safety issues for the Grand Rapids Pew Campus and all Regional Centers including the Holland (MI) Meijer Campus, the Muskegon (MI) campus and the Traverse City (MI) campus. This department is not sworn or certified and relies on the Grand Rapids Police Department and other local law enforcement agencies for official law enforcement when necessary.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Student government at Grand Valley is formally known as Student Senate. There are 50 student senators that serve on one of seven different committees. Student Senate offices are in the Kirkhof Center on GVSU's Allendale campus.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley State University is a large, primarily residential comprehensive university that has a large undergraduate enrollment and emphasis. GVSU offers over 200 areas of study, including 82 undergraduate majors and 36 graduate programs that include 74 graduate emphases and certificate programs at the certificate, bachelor's, post-bachelor's, master's, post-master's, and doctoral levels. GVSU conferred 4,448 undergraduate degrees and 1,033 graduate degrees in 2012–2013.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley's student body consists of 21,636 undergraduates and 3,458 graduate students across all campuses and centers with the majority being on the Allendale campus (as of Fall 2014). The fall 2014 incoming freshman undergraduate class of 4,199 students, represented 80 Michigan counties, 23 states, and 20 countries. 86% of first year students live on campus: 3,591 freshman chose to live on-campus in fall 2014, while 608 chose to live off-campus. As of fall 2014, more than 400 international students were enrolled at the university representing 82 countries.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU's undergraduate admissions are classified as "more selective" by "U.S. News & World Report" as Grand Valley admitted 69% of applicants for the 2008–2009 school year. For the Class of 2025 (enrolling Fall 2021), GVSU received 17,163 applications and accepted 15,730 (91.7%), with 3,807 enrolling. The middle 50% range of SAT scores for enrolling freshmen was 1010-1230. The middle 50% ACT composite score range was 21-27.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU is also home to the Frederik Meijer Honors College, which is non-degree-granting but is meant to provide a more challenging interdisciplinary education in a learning-living environment. The honors college is in the Glenn A. Niemeyer Learning and Living Center on the south side of the Allendale campus.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Padnos International Center collaborates with students who wish to study abroad. Grand Valley has more than 4,000 study abroad programs, both affiliated with and independent from GVSU, from which students can choose.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 1995 Peimin Ni () established GVSU's Shanghai, China study abroad program, and by the 2000s he and Geling Shang () co-lead it. Word of mouth and announcements in classes were used to promote it. Daniel Golden, author of "", stated that the organizers initially had trouble finding interested students.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: "U.S. News & World Report" ranked Grand Valley third in the "Top Public Regional Universities in the Midwest" category and 26th in the "Regional Universities (Midwest) tier 1" category for 2014.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: "US News & World Report" noted in its "Best Colleges 2011" that 98 percent of Grand Valley graduates find employment or pursue advanced degrees after graduation.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: During the two years prior to October 2009 university researchers engaged in over 186 research projects funded by more than $32.7 million in grants. Grand Valley's Annis Water Resources Institute conducts research on water resources, including: ecosystem structure and function, contaminants and toxicology, hydrology, land use, watershed, stream, and wetland ecology, water quality, and basic and applied limnology. GVSU's Michigan Alternative and Renewable Energy Center (MAREC) recently received funding for its $3.7 million Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Assessment Project to test wind energy on Lake Michigan. The research should take three years as a floating buoy will be used and moved to collect data from different locations on the lake.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley as an institution is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Grand Valley also has baccalaureate program accreditation with AACSB, ABET, APTA, CSWE, NASAD, NASM, NCATE, and NLN.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Michigan State University College of Human Medicine maintains the Secchia Center, a medical campus in downtown Grand Rapids. Along with GVSU and two Grand Rapids hospitals, it is a founding member of the Grand Rapids Medical Education Partners. This partnership allows "educational opportunities for residents, fellows, practicing physicians, physician assistants, nurses and students in other health professions."


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Early Assurance Program reserves spaces in MSU's medical program for top-performing GVSU pre-medical graduates. One of the program's goals is to select first-generation college students, students from underprivileged areas, and students who have expressed a desire to work in high-demand medical specialties. Students entering the program must agree to work in under-served areas after they complete their medical degrees. The first group of six students entered this program during the fall 2010 semester.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The two universities have announced a joint program specializing in clinical trial management, aimed at providing the foundations for carrying out clinical drug trials in West Michigan. It is an online certificate program, and was started due to requests from local drug trial companies. The program was set to begin for the fall semester of 2011.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The mission of the Grand Valley State University libraries is to "enrich the educational mission of the university by advancing intellectual growth and discovery. Through the acquisition, application, dissemination, and preservation of knowledge we strive to serve the community, the state, the nation, and the world."


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Each library's collection is tailored to its location and the programs it serves, with daily deliveries between sites.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The university libraries offer opportunities for research, collaboration, and individual study. Collectively, the libraries subscribe to over 60,000 print and electronic journals. They also house more than 1,482,633 books including more than 829,463 electronic books.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley is a recipient of United States government documents and receives 44% of the documents distributed by the Federal Depository Library Program.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Curriculum Materials Library in the DeVos Center downtown houses instructional materials for preschool through grade twelve and provide spaces where education majors can preview resources, develop lesson plans, create media for the classroom, and try out teaching aides.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Seidman House on the Allendale Campus houses the University Archives, which include extensive collections of rare books and Michigan novels, the Harvey Lemmen Collection on Abraham Lincoln, the Young Lords project on line at Young Lords in Lincoln Park , the largest Latino oral history collection in the Mid-West by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, and the American Civil War, and the papers of acclaimed Michigan author Jim Harrison. There is also an Anthony Powell collection, consisting of the many editions of "Dance to the Music of Time", his other novels, a complete run of the Anthony Powell Society Newsletters and its journal, "Secret Harmonies".


title: Grand Valley State University

text: A collection of over 15,000 works of art features public sculpture, prints and drawings, American Impressionism, Aboriginal art, Indian art, world photography, contemporary art, and more. Artists represented in the collection range from GVSU faculty, students, and alumni; to regional Michigan artists; to nationally and internationally renowned artists. Most of the collection is on view and can be found throughout university buildings on campuses in Allendale, Grand Rapids, Holland, Muskegon, Traverse City, and Detroit.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Digital Collections database contains a selection of photographs, correspondence, diaries, interviews, and publications from the holdings of the Libraries' Special Collections & University Archives, and other University entities.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Dorothy A. Johnson Collection is a collection on philanthropy, volunteerism, and nonprofit leadership. It is considered to be one of the most comprehensive in the United States and is the only one of its kind in Michigan.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Construction of a new library on the Allendale campus began in May 2011 and finished in the Spring 2013. The $70 million, facility holds 150,000 books. It also has an automated storage and retrieval system that can handle 600,000 volumes. The library is named the Mary Idema Pew Library Learning and Information Commons, after the late Mary Idema Pew. The U.S. Department of Energy announced the library used part of the $21 million allocated for technical assistance projects to improve energy use in commercial buildings. The library was one of only 24 projects in the United States receiving the assistantships that was funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Grand Valley State Lakers are the intercollegiate athletic teams of Grand Valley State University. The GVSU Lakers compete at the NCAA Division II level and offer 20 varsity sports including 11 for women and 9 for men. The university participates in and is a founding member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC). Grand Valley's varsity athletic teams have won 15 national championships in seven sports and have been national runners-up thirteen times in eight sports. GVSU has also won the prestigious National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Directors' Cup for NCAA Division II schools thirteen times: in 2004 thru 2011, 2014 thru 2017 and 2019. The Lakers also have six second-place finishes in 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013 and 2018. The cup is awarded to the top athletic programs based on overall team national finishes. Grand Valley is the first college east of the Mississippi River to win the Director's Cup for NCAA Division II.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: "GVSU Victory!", which is sometimes referred to as "Grand Valley Victory", is the fight song for the Grand Valley State University Lakers.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU has a National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD) accredited art program, including emphases in illustration, graphic design, ceramics, printmaking, painting, visual studies, and sculpture. Art students attend classes at the Calder Art Center, named for contemporary artist Alexander Calder. The building includes exhibition space under the name of the Stuart & Barbara Padnos Art Gallery.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Admission into the GVSU art program requires an initial review of the potential student's work. Admitted students then undergo a series of foundation classes that properly introduce them to the formal basics of art. Passing the foundation review allows access to higher level art studies, and a choice of approaching an emphasis. Subsequent reviews may take place depending upon emphases, including both junior and senior level reviews.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The music program at Grand Valley State University offers various performing ensembles, including 3 performing bands, an orchestra, several small performance ensembles, and the 230-piece Laker Marching Band and adjunct athletic bands. The Performing Arts Center (PAC) houses numerous rehearsal spaces, classrooms, labs, offices, practice halls, two dance studios, a theatre workshop, and the Louis Armstrong Theatre, along with the new Sherman Van Solkema recital hall. This space is of use to music, dance, and theater majors at Grand Valley.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: In 2016, new renovations to the PAC were expected to begin, with construction scheduled to be finished in 2017. These include the addition of a small black box theater, new study spaces, rehearsal space, and labs, along with cosmetic renovations.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The New Music Ensemble (NME), directed by Bill Ryan, has released two critically acclaimed CDs, the first a recording of Steve Reich's Music for 18 Musicians, which appeared on the "Billboard" Classical Crossover chart, and the second entitled "In C Remixed", a remix project of Terry Riley's In C, which featured the work of some of the top electronic composers and DJs in the world, including Todd Reynolds, Michael Lowenstern, and Pulitzer prize winner David Lang. The NME performed at Le Poisson Rouge in New York City on November 2, 2009 and previously at the 2007 Bang on a Can festival.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Directed by Richard Stoelzel, Grand Valley's trumpet ensemble has been a top competitor in the National Trumpet Competition for nearly a decade, placing first in the ensemble division in 2006 and 2008. The ensemble has commissioned four pieces by composer Erik Morales since 2005, two of which went on to become the winning pieces, and one of which is still unpremiered. The trumpet ensemble has performed twice during the International Trumpet Guild's summer conferences in 2007 and 2009.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Office of Student Life at GVSU is in the Kirkhof Center near the center of the Allendale campus. Its offices are home to the Community Service Learning Center, Fraternity and Sorority Life, Laker Leadership Programs, Major Campus Events and Traditions, Student Organizations, and the Transitions Orientation Program.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU has 30 fraternities and sororities. As of the winter of 2016, the GVSU fraternity and sorority community consisted of 1600 undergraduate members, representing approximately 7.8% of the undergraduate population.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Sustainability is listed as the seventh of Grand Valley's core values. The institution's Office of Sustainability Practices provides best "practices in administration and campus operations, educational opportunities, student involvement, and community engagement." Notable programs include a community garden near the Allendale campus that also serves as a laboratory for interdisciplinary learning called the Sustainable Agriculture Project and the Sustainability Reinvestment Fund distributed in the form of mini-grants to students and staff with ideas that can improve the ecological footprint of the campus and community.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The university has created a formal climate action plan and set a goal to reduce its 2006 level of greenhouse gas emissions 20% by 2020. The university's sustainability efforts were awarded a "A−" by the Sustainable Endowments Institute for 2011. Grand Valley's overall sustainability grade is the highest amongst the nine Michigan universities that were surveyed and the 28th best in the nation. In other rankings GVSU was placed as high as 16th in the world and tenth in the United States for its sustainability efforts and environment-friendly university management by Universitas Indonesia GreenMetric World University Ranking for 2011.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The university is home to eleven Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) buildings or building additions. Several more buildings including the new Mary Idema Pew Library are in construction or planning stages to be LEED certified as well. All new construction and major renovations at GVSU must meet LEED standards required by the university. As of 2019 there have been 25 LEED certified projects completed at Grand Valley. $2.2 million is saved annually on Grand Valley's energy bill through a combination of energy conservation efforts and LEED construction projects.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The Student Environmental Coalition or SEC, is the student-run sustainability organization on campus. The mission of the group is "Helping to engage students at Grand Valley's campus to be conscious citizens by promotion of environmental awareness."


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Additionally there are several academic programs offering the study of sustainability. Those housed in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences include Geography and Sustainable Planning (major and minor) and Natural Resource Management (major and minor). Those housed in the Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies include the Liberal Studies major and the Environmental Studies minor.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley hosted meetings relating to sustainability, including a summit in which various sustainability issues were explored by university officials and local experts in April 2010, and a meeting of the Michigan Great Lakes Wind Council in July 2010 to discuss offshore wind energy generation.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: The "Grand Valley Lanthorn" is the student-run newspaper, published on Mondays and Thursdays during the academic year. Copies of the paper are free and available at both the Allendale and Grand Rapids campuses in designated newsstands and online. Until the fall of 2006, the paper was only published once per week. 8,000 copies of the paper are published per issue totaling 16,000 copies per week.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: GVSU has several electronic media outlets including three radio stations and three television stations. The university owns and operates its own Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Public television station WGVU-TV in Allendale, Michigan and WGVK-TV, its full-time satellite station in Kalamazoo, Michigan. In addition, GVSU also operates two National Public Radio (NPR) stations in WGVU (AM) and WGVU-FM with the same call letters, which feature a mixture of jazz, blues, and news, including local and NPR programming. WCKS ("The Whale") is the student-run radio station, broadcasting over the internet and Tunein. Grand Valley TV (GVTV) is the student-run television station on channel 46.1 on the university cable system, while uploading its content to YouTube.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: As of fall 2016, GVSU has over 486 student-run organizations. Student organizations include categories in, but are not limited to, Academic and Professional, Student Life Sports, Cultural, Honorary, Interfaith and Religious, Media, Performing Arts, Service and Advocacy, and Special Interests.


title: Grand Valley State University

text: Grand Valley State University is home to 29 living centers (residence halls) and three on-campus apartment complexes on its main Allendale campus, and two residence halls on its Pew Grand Rapids campus, totaling 6,068 beds. GVSU also has six individual dining halls on campus for students and faculty. These dining halls are housed in five facilities with five halls being on the Allendale campus and one on the Pew campus. GVSU also has many on campus job opportunities. In 2016–2017, 7280 students were employed on campus and averaged a wage of $2,261 that year.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: The 2021 Qatar Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Ooredoo Qatar Grand Prix 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on 21 November 2021 at the Losail International Circuit in Qatar. The inaugural Qatar Grand Prix, it was the 20th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton won the race ahead of Red Bull driver Max Verstappen, while Alpine's Fernando Alonso scored his first podium since the 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix, as well as his first podium with Team Enstone since the 2009 Singapore Grand Prix.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: As a result of Hamilton's victory, Losail became the 30th different circuit where he has won a Grand Prix.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: The Qatar Grand Prix did not feature on the original calendar, but was added in place of the Australian Grand Prix, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first Qatar Grand Prix, with a 10-year contract to host the Qatar Grand Prix from 2023 at a new purpose-built circuit; no Qatar Grand Prix is set for , as the country is due to host the FIFA World Cup.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: Heading into the race, Max Verstappen led the World Drivers' Standings with 332.5 points, 14 points ahead of second-placed Lewis Hamilton. Valtteri Bottas was in third on 203 points, too far behind Verstappen to be able to win the title but 25 points ahead of Sergio Pérez in fourth, with Lando Norris fifth on 151 points. In the World Constructors' Standings, Mercedes led with 521.5 points, 11 points ahead of second-placed Red Bull Racing. Ferrari were third with 287.5 points ahead of McLaren on 256. Alpine and AlphaTauri were fifth and sixth with 112 points each, with Alpine being ahead courtesy of a win, compared to no wins for AlphaTauri.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race or practice.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: Sole tyre supplier Pirelli allocated the C1, C2, and C3 compounds of tyre to be used during this Grand Prix weekend.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: The event held three practice sessions, each lasting one hour. The first two practice sessions were on Friday, 19 November at 13:30 and 17:00 local time () respectively. The first practice session ended with Max Verstappen fastest for Red Bull Racing, ahead of AlphaTauri driver Pierre Gasly and Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton. Second practice ended with Valtteri Bottas fastest, then Gasly and Verstappen. In the third practice session, held on Saturday from 14:00, Bottas was again fastest, with his teammate Hamilton second.


title: 2021 Qatar Grand Prix

text: The race began at 17:00 local time and was contested over 57 laps. The race was noted for four front-left tyre failures, as teams attempted to run one-stop strategies against Pirelli's advice.


title: Riele Downs

text: Riele Downs (born July 8, 2001) is a Canadian actress. She began her career as a child actress, playing Faith in the 2013 film "The Best Man Holiday". She went on to co-star as Charlotte on the Nickelodeon television series "Henry Danger" from 2014 to 2020. In 2022, she starred as Darby Harper in the Hulu film "Darby and the Dead".


title: Riele Downs

text: Downs started acting when she was 3 years old, and got her first role in the 2005 film "Four Brothers" playing the role of Amelia Mercer. She appeared in "A Russell Peters Christmas Special" in 2013. The same year, Downs played Faith Sullivan in the 2013 comedy-drama film "The Best Man Holiday". In 2014, she appeared in the television films "Fir Crazy" and "The Gabby Douglas Story".


title: Riele Downs

text: In 2014, Downs was cast in her first starring role, on the Nickelodeon television series "Henry Danger", playing the role of Charlotte, who is the best friend of the titular character. In 2017 she co-starred with Lizzy Greene in the Nickelodeon television film "Tiny Christmas". In 2022, Downs starred in the lead role of Darby Harper in the Hulu film "Darby and the Dead".


title: Madhusudhan Rao (actor)

text: Madhusudhan Rao (born 20 June 1950) is an Indian actor, who has appeared in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada language films. He has appeared in films including "Autonagar Surya" (2014), "Goli Soda" (2014), "Kathakali" (2016), "Kaashmora" (2016), "Adam Joan" (2017), "Kalakalappu 2" (2018), "Aranmanai 3" (2021),"Theerpugal Virkapadum" (2021) and "Taanakkaran" (2022).


title: Madhusudhan Rao (actor)

text: Madhusudhan Rao made a breakthrough as an actor after appearing as the local rogue, Naidu in "Goli Soda" (2014). He has since appeared as the antagonist in films such as "Vanmam" (2014) and "Massu Engira Masilamani" (2015), as well as in character roles in "Jeeva" (2014) and "Idhu Namma Aalu" (2016). He later starred in Sundar C.’s "Kalakalappu 2" (2018) and "Aranmanai 3" (2021).


title: Madhusudhan Rao (actor)

text: In 2019, he had five releases in Kannada as "", "Padde Huli", "Kempegowda 2", "Avane Srimannarayana" and "Odeya".


title: Razak Khan

text: Abdur Razzak Khan (28 March 1951 – 1 June 2016) was an Indian actor who has worked in Bollywood films. Khan was noted for supporting and comic roles. He was known for his comic role of Manikchand in the 1999 Abbas–Mustan directed film "Baadshah", as Ninja Chacha in the 1999 film "Hello Brother", and as Takkar Pehelwan in "Akhiyon Se Goli Maare". His noted last film, "Welcome M1LL10NS" was released in 2018.


title: Razak Khan

text: Khan began his onscreen journey with a small role in the television show, "Nukkad" (1986–87) as 'Ullasbhai', and made his Hindi film debut with "Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja" (1993), [Tohse Pyar Ba(2008)]. He acted in more than 100 films during his 23-year-long career. He was last seen in "Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3" (2016). His other noteworthy performances were in "Raja Hindustani" (1996), "Hello Brother" (1999), "Hera Pheri" (2000), "Partner" (2007) and "Action Jackson" (2014).


title: Razak Khan

text: Khan died around 12:30 AM on 1 June 2016, following a heart attack. He was rushed to the Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai in Bandra, where a doctor declared him dead on arrival. He was buried at Byculla on 2 June 2016.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal former Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican-based Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the "Vatican Bank", was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder. The Vatican Bank was also accused of funnelling covert United States funds to the Polish trade union Solidarity and to the Nicaraguan Contras through Banco Ambrosiano.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: The Banco Ambrosiano was founded in Milan in 1896 by Giuseppe Tovini, a Catholic advocate in Valle Camonica, and was named after Saint Ambrose, the fourth century archbishop of the city. Tovini's purpose was to create a Catholic bank as a counterbalance to Italy's "lay" banks, and its goals were "serving moral organisations, pious works, and religious bodies set up for charitable aims." The bank came to be known as the "priests' bank"; one chairman was Franco Ratti, nephew to Pope Pius XI. In the 1960s, the bank began to expand its business, opening a holding company in Luxembourg in 1963 which came to be known as Banco Ambrosiano Holding. This was under the direction of Carlo Canesi, then a senior manager, and from 1965 chairman. His deputy was Roberto Calvi.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: In 1971, Calvi became general manager, and in 1975 he was appointed chairman. Calvi expanded Ambrosiano's interests further; these included creating a number of off-shore companies in the Bahamas and South America; a controlling interest in the Banca Cattolica del Veneto; and funds for the publishing house Rizzoli to finance the "Corriere della Sera" newspaper (giving Calvi control behind the scenes for the benefit of his associates in the P2 masonic lodge). Calvi also involved the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, in his dealings, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. There are also rumours that it provided money for Solidarity in Poland. At Lugano, , which was founded in 1957 with Dr. August Gansser-Burckhardt as president, became Banco Ambrosiano's Swiss arm in 1963 with Swiss managers and a 45% stake indirectly through the Banco Ambrosiano Holding S. A., Luxembourg, which Banco Ambosiano held a 70% stake, and was the linchpin of Calvi's offshore system with branches established in Nassau (Bahamas) and Luxembourg in the 1970s and after its failure Sumitomo Bank obtained in 1984 and added the Monaco branch in 1994.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to secure massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Banca d'Italia (Bank of Italy) produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster and led to criminal investigations. However, soon afterward the investigating Milanese magistrate, Alessandrini, was killed by a left-wing terrorist group, while the Bank of Italy official who superintended the inspection, Mario Sarcinelli, found himself imprisoned on charges that were later dismissed.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: In 1981, police raided the office of Propaganda Due Masonic lodge to apprehend the Worshipful Master Licio Gelli and uncover further evidence against Roberto Calvi. Calvi was arrested, put on trial, and sentenced to four years in prison. However, he was released pending an appeal and retained his position at the bank. Other alarming developments followed: Carlo de Benedetti of Olivetti bought into the bank and became deputy chairman, only to leave two months later after receiving Mafia threats and lack of co-operation from Calvi. His replacement, a longtime employee named Roberto Rosone, was wounded in a Mafia shooting incident. The criminal organization responsible for this shooting was the "Banda della Magliana" (Magliana Gang) which had taken over Rome's underworld in the late 1970s, and has been related to various political events of the "anni di piombo" (years of lead).


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: In 1982, it was discovered that the bank was unable to account for $1.287 billion (equivalent to $ in present-day terms). Calvi fled the country on a false passport, and Rosone arranged for the Bank of Italy to take over. Calvi's personal secretary, Graziella Corrocher, left a note denouncing Calvi before leaping to her death from her office window. Calvi's body was found hanging from Blackfriars Bridge in London on June 18 (see Roberto Calvi#Death).


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: During July 1982, funds to the off-shore interests were cut off, leading to their collapse, and in August the bank was replaced by the Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano under Giovanni Bazoli. Pope John Paul II pledged full transparency regarding the bank's links to the Vatican and brought in lay bankers including German financial expert Hermann Abs, a move that was publicly criticized by Simon Wiesenthal, due to Abs' role as top banker to Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945. There was much argument over who should take responsibility for losses incurred by the Old Ambrosiano's off-shore companies, and the Holy See (Vatican) eventually agreed to pay out a substantial sum without accepting liability.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: In April 1992, Carlo De Benedetti, former deputy chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, and 32 other people were convicted of fraud by a Milan court in connection with the bank's collapse. Benedetti was sentenced to six years and four months in prison, but the sentence was overturned in April 1998 by the Court of Cassation.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: In 1994, former Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi was indicted in the Banco Ambrosiano case, along with Licio Gelli, head of Propaganda Due, and former Justice minister Claudio Martelli. In April 1998, the Court of Cassation confirmed a 12-year sentence for Licio Gelli for the Ambrosiano crash.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: Just before the media revealed the Ambrosiano scandal, Gérard Soisson, the manager of the transaction clearing company Clearstream, was found dead in Corsica, two months after Ernest Backes' dismissal from Clearstream in May 1983. Banco Ambrosiano was one of the many banks to have unpublished accounts in Clearstream. Backes, formerly the third-ranking officer of Clearstream and a primary source for Denis Robert's book on Clearstream's scandal, "Revelation$", claims he "was fired because (he) knew too much about the Ambrosiano scandal. When Soisson died, the Ambrosiano affair wasn't yet known as a scandal. (After it was revealed) I realized that Soisson and I had been at the crossroads. We moved all those transactions known later in the scandal to Lima and other branches. Nobody even knew there was a Banco Ambrosiano branch in Lima and other South American countries."


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: As of 2005, the Italian justice has opened up again the investigation concerning the murder of Roberto Calvi, Ambrosiano's chairman, but it asked the support of Ernest Backes and will investigate Gerard Soisson's death, according to Lucy Komisar. Licio Gelli, the headmaster of P2 Masonic Lodge, and the mafioso Giuseppe "Pippo" Calò are being prosecuted for the assassination of Roberto Calvi.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: France prohibited deliveries of Exocet AM39 missiles purchased by Peru to avoid the possibility of Peru giving them to Argentina, because they knew that payment would be made with a credit card from the Central Bank of Peru, but British intelligence had detected that the guarantee was a deposit of two hundred million dollars from the Banco Ambrosiano Andino, an owned subsidiary of the Banco Ambrosiano. An Italian investigation into Propaganda Due's involvement in the arms trade uncovered a contract for 52 Exocets signed by Carlos Alberto Corti, an Argentinian naval officer and member of P2.


title: Banco Ambrosiano

text: David Yallop believes that Calvi, with the assistance of P2, may have been responsible for the death of Albino Luciani who, as Pope John Paul I, was planning a reform of Vatican finances. This is one of many conspiracy theories about Luciani, who died of a heart attack. However, Calvi's family maintains that he was an honest man manipulated by others. According to the magistrates who indicted Licio Gelli, P2's "Venerable Master", and Giuseppe Calò for Calvi's murder, Gelli would have ordered his death to punish him for embezzlement of his and the mafia's money, while the mafia wanted to stop him from revealing the way Calvi helped it in money laundering.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: Derrick Labrent Jones Jr. (born February 15, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the UNLV Runnin' Rebels.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: Jones signed with the Phoenix Suns in September 2016 after going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft. He joined the Miami Heat in December 2017 and reached the NBA Finals with the team in 2020. In November 2020, he signed with the Portland Trail Blazers. Jones was traded to the Bulls in August 2021.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: As a senior at Archbishop John Carroll High School in 2014–15, he was named the Southeastern Pennsylvania Player of the Year, the Delaware County Player of the Year, was the PIAA Triple-A Player of the Year, and was selected first-team All-Catholic League. Under coach Paul Romanczuk, Archbishop Carroll went 23–7 overall in 2014–15, including a 12–3 mark in conference play. In the semifinals of the state tournament, he recorded 30 points, 18 rebounds and five blocked shots. For the season, he averaged 19.2 points, 10.1 rebounds and 2.3 blocks per game. During his high school career, he scored 1,645 points, collected 1,029 rebounds and blocked 268 shots, finishing as the highest scorer in school history.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: Jones joined the UNLV Runnin' Rebels for his freshman season in the 2015–16 NCAA season. Prior to the start of the season, the NCAA Eligibility Center requested that the ACT investigate test scores recorded by Jones and several other minority student-athletes from a particular testing site in Baltimore, Maryland. Despite this, Jones was cleared by the NCAA prior to UNLV's first game against Cal Poly in November. Jones was the Runnin' Rebels' second-leading scorer in 2015–16. He averaged 11.5 points on 58.9 percent shooting and 4.5 rebounds in 30 games. Jones recorded four double-doubles during the season, including a career-high 26 points to go with 10 rebounds against Chaminade at the Maui Invitational Tournament.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: On February 29, 2016, UNLV was notified by the ACT testing service that Jones' score had been cancelled. As a result, Jones was deemed ineligible to compete under NCAA rules and was forced to sit out the remaining three games of UNLV's season.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: On April 7, 2016, Jones declared for the 2016 NBA draft, but left open the possibility of returning to UNLV or going to another college program by not hiring an agent. Later that month, Jones hired an agent and remained in the draft.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: Jones ultimately went undrafted in the 2016 draft, and subsequently joined the Sacramento Kings for the 2016 NBA Summer League. However, due to a groin injury, he was unable to play for the Kings during the tournament.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: On September 25, 2016, Jones signed with the Phoenix Suns for training camp. Jones secured an opening-night roster spot after impressing the Suns during training camp and preseason. He made his NBA debut in his home state against the Philadelphia 76ers on November 19, 2016, and recorded his first field goal in the NBA to finish with three points in three minutes against the San Antonio Spurs on December 15, 2016. Despite spending much of the 2016–17 season in the NBA Development League with the Northern Arizona Suns, Jones was selected to compete in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He went on to make it through to the final round of the Slam Dunk Contest, where he ultimately lost to Glenn Robinson III. On February 28, 2017, he scored eight points in a 130–112 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. Two days later, he had another eight-point effort in a 123–103 win over the Charlotte Hornets. On March 11, 2017, in a 100–98 win over the Dallas Mavericks, Jones made his first start, logging two points, a season-high seven rebounds, and one assist. On March 28, 2017, he had his first double-digit scoring game of his career, scoring 13 points in a 95–91 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On April 9, 2017, he scored a career-high 15 points in a 124–111 win over the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: In July 2017, Jones joined the Suns for the 2017 NBA Summer League. In November 2017, he had multiple assignments to the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League. On December 7, 2017, he was waived by the Suns. Jones appeared in 38 games with Phoenix over two seasons, averaging 4.7 points and 2.2 rebounds in 15.2 minutes.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: On December 31, 2017, Jones signed a two-way contract with the Miami Heat. On a two-way contract, Jones split his playing time between the Heat and their NBA G League affiliate, the Sioux Falls Skyforce. He made his first start for the Heat on January 9, 2018 in just his third game, recording eight points, five rebounds, one assist and two blocks in 28 minutes against the Toronto Raptors. On July 1, 2018, Jones signed a 2-year, $3.2 million standard contract with the Heat.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: Jones won the Slam Dunk Contest over Aaron Gordon during the 2020 NBA All-Star Weekend. They both had perfect scores in their first two dunks in the second round, forcing an overtime round. After they both earned perfect scores on their initial dunks, Jones won by scoring a 48 after taking off just past the free throw line to complete a windmill dunk; Gordon received a 47 after dunking over Tacko Fall. The Heat reached the 2020 NBA Finals, but lost in 6 games to the Los Angeles Lakers.


title: Derrick Jones Jr.

text: On August 28, 2021, Jones was acquired, alongside a first and a second round pick, by the Chicago Bulls in a three-team sign-and-trade also involving the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 12, 2022, during a 112–138 loss to the Brooklyn Nets, Jones suffered a right knee injury. The next day, the Bulls announced that he had a bone bruise and would miss at least 4-to-6 weeks, although the timetable was later upgraded to 2-to-4 weeks. On January 26, the Bulls announced that Jones had fractured his right index finger during a workout and would miss an additional 6-to-8 weeks. On the same day, however, he was upgraded to a timetable of 1-to-2 weeks in order to determine if he could play with a splint.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: Daniella Karagach Pashkova (née Karagach) is an American dancer. Karagach and dance partner Leonid Juashkovsky are three-time United States junior I and II Latin champions. They were the 2007 junior II 10 dance champions. Abroad, they reached the finals in the Celtic Classic, Moscow Open and Barcelona Open. Karagach and Juashkovsky were the United States representatives to the World Championships in Latvia, Russia and Barcelona. They appeared on seasons 2 and 3 of "America's Ballroom Challenge" on PBS. She became a professional dancer on "Dancing with the Stars" in 2019, winning her first Mirrorball trophy in her third season with celebrity partner Iman Shumpert.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: Karagach began a dance partnership with Pasha Pashkov in January 2009. Together, they are seven-time United States 10-Dance Champions and Latin Champions. Karagach and Pashkov were selected to represent the U.S. at the 2009 World Games in Taiwan. They made the semifinal in the world championship, taking place in Spain. They represented the U.S. at the 10 Dance World Championship in Austria, the Ballroom World Championship in Germany in November 2010 and the World Cup in Korea.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: In 2011, they represented the U.S. at the World 10 Dance Cup in Szombathely, Hungary (June 2011), World Latin Championship in Singapore (September 2011), World Ballroom Championship in Moscow, Russia (Oct. 2011), as well as the Ten Dance World Championship in Shanghai, China (November 2011). In October 2011, they won the UK Open Ten Dance Championship, which took place in London.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: In 2012 they became the U.S. dance national Latin champions. In 2012, they made the semifinal of the Blackpool Dance Festival.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: In 2017, after turning professional in the Latin Dancesport division, Karagach and Pashkov won the Blackpool (British Open) Rising Star Professional championship, as well as the UK Open Rising Star Professional championship. In 2018, they won the U.S. Latin American Showdance Championship.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: Karagach became one of the professional ballroom dancers on the 28th season of "Dancing with the Stars", on ABC television, though she did not have a celebrity partner this season.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: On the 29th season of "Dancing with the Stars", Karagach was paired up with Grammy Award-winning rapper Nelly for her second season as a pro dancer. They made it to the finals and placed 3rd.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: On the 30th season of "Dancing with the Stars," Karagach was paired with professional basketball player Iman Shumpert. Shumpert is the only NBA player to make it to the "Dancing with the Stars" finals and win.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: On the 31st season of "Dancing with the Stars," Karagach was paired with actor, professional bodybuilder, and son of Arnold Schwarzenegger, Joseph Baena. They were eliminated 5th and placed in 11th of the competition.


title: Daniella Karagach

text: Daniella Brittany Karagach was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York by a single mother, Regina Yvette Karagach. Her parents were both born in the former Soviet Union Republic of Moldavia, now Moldova. Her parents divorced when she was one. Daniella began to take ballet lessons at the age of 3. She went on to study Latin dance at 6, and ballroom dance at 11. She attended public school and graduated from Franklin D. Roosevelt High School in Brooklyn, NY. She went on to study at the City University of New York at the Staten Island Campus. Daniella began dating her dance partner, Pasha Pashkov, around 2010. The two were married on July 18, 2014. In 2020, Karagach and Pashkov announced their plan to launch WeddingDance.School, a platform geared towards engaged couples looking to learn various wedding dances before their wedding. In November 2022, Karagach and Pashkov announced they were expecting a child in May 2023.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: Cadillac Ranch is a public art installation and sculpture in Amarillo, Texas, US. It was created in 1974 by Chip Lord, Hudson Marquez and Doug Michels, who were a part of the art group Ant Farm.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: The installation consists of ten Cadillacs (1949–1963) buried nose-first in the ground. Installed in 1974, the cars were either older running, used or junk cars — together spanning the successive generations of the car line — and the defining evolution of their tailfins. The cars are inclined at the same angle as the pyramids at Giza.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: Chip Lord and Doug Michels were architects; Marquez was an art student at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to Chip Lord, "Ant Farm was founded as an alternative architectural practice, kind of an experiment in an attempt to subvert normal corporate ways of doing architecture."


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: According to Marquez, "Chip and I were living in the mountains north of San Francisco, and there was a book meant for kids left in a bar near where we lived. It was called ‘The Look of Cars,’ and there was something on the rise and fall of the tail fin. I didn't have a lot to do, so I just sorta drew it up. I’ve always loved the Cadillacs."


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: The group claims to have been given a list of eccentric millionaires in 1972 in San Francisco, identifying Stanley Marsh 3 of Amarillo amongst those who might be able to fund one of their projects and submitted it to him. Marsh's response began "It's going to take me awhile to get used to the idea of the Cadillac Ranch. I'll answer you by April Fool's Day. It's such an irrelevant and silly proposition that I want to give it all my time and attention so I can make a casual judgment of it."


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: "Cadillac Ranch" was originally located in a wheat field, but in 1997, the installation was quietly moved by a local contractor to a location two miles (three kilometers) to the west, to a cow pasture along Interstate 40, in order to place it farther from the limits of the growing city. Both sites belonged to the local millionaire Stanley Marsh 3, the patron of the project. Marsh was well known in the city for his longtime patronage of artistic endeavors including the "Cadillac Ranch"; "Floating Mesa"; "Amarillo Ramp", a work by land artist Robert Smithson; and a series of fake traffic signs throughout the city known collectively as the "Dynamite Museum". As of 2013, Stanley Marsh 3 did not own the Cadillac Ranch; ownership appears to have been transferred to a family trust some time before his June 2014 death.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: "Cadillac Ranch" is visible from the highway, and though located on private land, visiting it (by driving along a frontage road and entering the pasture by walking through an unlocked gate) is tacitly encouraged. In addition, writing graffiti on or otherwise spray-painting the vehicles is now encouraged, and the vehicles, which have long since lost their original colors, are wildly decorated. Ant Farm artists have encouraged this kind of public interaction with the cars.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: The cars are periodically repainted various colors (once white for the filming of a television commercial, another time pink in honor of Stanley's wife Wendy's birthday, and again all 10 cars were painted flat black to mark the passing of Ant Farm artist Doug Michels, or simply to provide a fresh canvas for future visitors). In 2012 they were painted rainbow colors to commemorate gay pride day. The cars were briefly "restored" to their original colors by the motel chain Hampton Inn in a public relations-sponsored series of Route 66 landmark restoration projects. The new paint jobs and even the plaque commemorating the project lasted less than 24 hours without fresh graffiti. The cars were painted solid black with the words "Black Lives Matter" in June 2020 by activists protesting police brutality and the murder of George Floyd.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: "Cadillac Ranch" is the name of a Bruce Springsteen song on his 1980 album "The River", later covered by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Status Quo.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: The music video for the 1985 song "Living in America" by James Brown and the music video for the 2008 song "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked" by Cage the Elephant both feature imagery of the Cadillac Ranch. The Cadillac Ranch is also featured on the cover of singer/songwriter Russell Christian's first EP "Chassis".


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: In the 1990 book "12 Days on the Road: The Sex Pistols and America", the Sex Pistols pass by Cadillac Ranch on their way to New Mexico during their sole American tour. Johnny Rotten sneered and sarcastically claimed it "a stirring work."


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: The 1996 film "Cadillac Ranch" directed by Lisa Gottlieb and starring Christopher Lloyd and Suzy Amis is set in the Texas Panhandle around its namesake ranch.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: Pixar's 2006 animated film "Cars" depicts a "Cadillac Range" as a mountain formation; the film's credits directly acknowledge the Ant Farm collective and the "Cadillac Ranch". In a case of art-imitating-art-imitating-art, that image from the film "Cars" has been constructed as a centerpiece of Cars Land at Disney California Adventure.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: In the final scene of the "King of the Hill" episode "Hank Gets Dusted", Hank Hill has his father's Cadillac, which he cherished growing up, pushed front first into a hole along with other Cadillacs to reference the "Cadillac Ranch".


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: Cadillac Ranch serves as the setting for the video for the 2009 song "Honky Tonk Stomp" by country duo Brooks & Dunn, which was the duo's last video.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: In 1992 country music artist Chris LeDoux released a song titled "Cadillac Ranch", written by Chuck Jones and Chris Waters, on his album "Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy". It was a duet with Garth Brooks. The song reached #18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #16 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: Book cover artist David Pelham discusses "Jungian Zeitgeist" and other buried 1974 Cadillacs (his cover painting for JG Ballard's novel, "The Drought" (Penguin edition, 1974) and Neil Young's On the Beach album cover) in a 2012 interview.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: In May of 2019, photographer/artist George Edward Freeney Jr. photographed the “Cadillac Ranch” inspired by reflecting on his childhood experiences of extending the artistic approach by spray painting on them several times while evading local authorities and his mother in the 1980s, he made “West Texas Street Painter” and “West Texas Street Painted”, limited edition imagery.


title: Cadillac Ranch

text: In August 2020, singer Rihanna took an "art" selfie at the Cadillac Ranch, alongside a message on a car showing disapproval for Donald Trump.


title: Prosperity Party

text: The Prosperity Party (; ) is a political party in Ethiopia that was established on 1 December 2019 as a successor to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) by incumbent Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. The merger into a countrywide party is part of Abiy's general policy of distancing the country's politics from ethnic federalism. It ran for the first time in the 2021 general election.


title: Prosperity Party

text: The Prosperity Party was formed and formally recognised by the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) in December 2019 through the merging of three former EPRDF member parties, the Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). The Afar National Democratic Party (ANDP), the Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front (BGPDUF), the Ethiopian Somali People's Democratic Party (ESPDP), the Gambela People's Democratic Movement (GPDM) and the Hareri National League (HNL) were also included in the merger. The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), the only one not to join the new party, was critical of it upon its formation. The animosity between the two eventually escalated into the Tigray conflict in November 2020.


title: Prosperity Party

text: The program and by-laws of the party were first approved by the executive committee of the EPRDF. Abiy tweeted:


title: Prosperity Party

text: The Prosperity Party has been seen as supporters of Ethiopian civic nationalism due to the merger of the Oromo Democratic Party with the Amhara Democratic Party, Argoba People's Democratic Organization, Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front, Ethiopian Somali People's Democratic Party, Gambela People's Democratic Movement, Afar National Democratic Party, Hareri National League, and the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement ethnicity-based political parties into the new multi-ethnic party, thus moving these predecessor parties away from their ethnic nationalist and pro-ethnic federalism past into a party that promotes a unified Ethiopian national identity and non-ethnicity based federalism — all of which are seen by opponents as steps towards taking political powers based on group rights away from the various ethnic groups, while proponents see it as a way to move Ethiopian politics and governmental administration away from ethnicity-based identity politics, supporting the individual rights of each person, to mitigate the rise of ethnic nationalism, to foster national unity and solidarity, and to include in the democratic process political parties of several ethnic groups and regions that were once deemed too inferior by the Tigray People's Liberation Front-led Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front regime to fully join the one-party dominated coalition government or be full partakers in revolutionary democracy because of their largely pastoralist way of life.


title: Prosperity Party

text: The Prosperity Party (PP) exists along ethnic lines. There is an Amhara PP (APP), an Oromo PP (OPP), a Somali PP (SPP), a Sidama PP (SPP), and a Tigrayan PP, led by Nebiyou Shulmichael and of which Abraham Belay and Mulu Nega are prominent members. Many other ethnic groups have their own PP branch as well. There exists a substantial divide between the Oromo and Amhara wings of the party, with academic Tobias Hagmann noting that the two sides are largely kept together through opposition to the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).


title: Prosperity Party

text: The Tigrayan PP is in strong conflict with the TPLF as it is a supporter of Abiy Ahmed in the Tigray War (2020-2021). Due to this war, the Tigray PP has become isolated in Tigrayan public opinion to the point that one of the regional PP leaders, Abraham Belay, was forbidden by his own mother to visit her house and her neighbourhood. In March 2021, the Oromia Prosperity Party (OPP) and Amhara Prosperity Party (APP) came with opposite statements, each blaming the other for being the cause of violence and killings.


title: Prosperity Party

text: The party's logo consists of two black hands holding three human figures, one blue, one yellow, and one pink, with sun rays shooting outwards from the human figures.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The Luxor Obelisks (French: "Obélisques de Louxor") are a pair of Ancient Egyptian obelisks, over 3,000 years old, carved to stand either side of the portal of the Luxor Temple in the reign of Ramesses II (). The right-hand (western) stone, high, was moved in the 1830s to the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, while the left-hand (eastern) obelisk remains in its location in Egypt.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The Luxor Temple predated Ramesses II by about 150 years. During his reign, renovations were made that included the addition of the two obelisks.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The obelisks were each carved from a single piece of red granite, quarried about south of Luxor in Aswan, transported on a specially designed barge, and lowered into place with ropes and sand.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The two obelisks were slightly different heights, and the one remaining in Luxor is taller. The shorter obelisk was mounted on a taller pedestal and placed farther from the pylon than the other. To an advancing spectator the obelisks may have appeared to be the same height, and this design choice may have been highly deliberate.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The obelisk remaining in Luxor is leaning. The Paris obelisk has a fissure in the original stone that had been tended to in antiquity.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The eastern and western faces of each obelisk were slightly convex, the only two ancient obelisks with the feature, and the reason for this is not understood.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: Both obelisks are marked with hieroglyphics. In the 1800s François Chabas produced a full translation of the western (Paris) obelisk, which is about Ramesses II, Amun-Ra, and Horus, and can be read here.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The idea to transport the Luxor Obelisks to Paris appeared first during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt. On March 21, 1799, General Louis-Charles-Antoine Desaix wrote a letter to Napoleon informing him of the existence of two obelisks in Thebes which would constitute an extraordinary sight once brought to Paris. Similarly, Vivant Denon recalls in his 1802 "Voyage dans la basse et la Haute Égypte" the possibility to bring the obelisks to Paris as a trophy of French conquest. Finally, on October 8, 1800 Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle presented before the Institut d'Égypte in Cairo the first technical considerations on the transport and erection of one of the obelisks to the Place de la Concorde. With the eventual end of the French Campaign in Egypt, these plans, however, were never realized.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: Under Napoleon's successor, Louis XVIII, the French acquired rights to Cleopatra's Needle in Alexandria, though this obelisk was never moved to France and ended up in New York City in 1881.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: In the 1820s King Charles X opened an Egyptian Museum and sought an obelisk as a piece of Egyptian art. Around this time, Jean-François Champollion, who had recently achieved prominence for his decipherment of the Rosetta hieroglyphs, saw the Luxor obelisks for the first time and urged the French government to acquire them over any other obelisks.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: In November 1830, Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Ottoman Egypt, officially gave the Luxor obelisks to France. In so doing he reversed a previous gift of the two obelisks to the British: on a suggestion by France's Consul-General Mimault, himself inspired by Champollion, he instead gave the UK the obelisk of Hatshepsut in Karnak Temple, which was in fact impractical to extract from the surrounding stone structures as Champollion knew well; the British nevertheless accepted. Also, French diplomat Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor, Mimault's senior, finalized the terms of the gift despite having been mandated to do so by Charles X, who had been overthrown in the meantime by the July Revolution.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: In reciprocation for the gift, France gave the Ottomans a mechanical clock in the 1840s, today known as the Cairo Citadel Clock. The clock has rarely worked since its arrival in Cairo, but in 2021 the Supreme Council of Antiquities announced that "Egypt is seeking to repair the citadel clock, one of the oldest of its type in the world, so that it will work again."


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: In 1981, President François Mitterrand of France definitively renounced possession of the second obelisk, thus restoring its property to Egypt.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: It was decided that the western (shorter) obelisk would be moved first, and in 1831, it was taken down. It was transported by a ship custom-built for the transport, the "Luxor". It arrived in Paris in 1833 and was erected in 1836 at the centre of Place de la Concorde by King Louis-Phillipe. Champollion could not see the completion of his project, since he died on as the obelisk was still between Luxor and Alexandria.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The total cost of relocating the obelisk was estimated at 2.5 million francs (equivalent to an estimated €16 million or $19 million in 2020). The high cost may be why the second obelisk was never moved.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The choice of the Concorde was politically expedient, because that spot was iconioc and emotionally charged - not least for having been the main location of the guillotine during the French Revolution - and it was difficult to find a way to fill it in a way that would convey sufficient prestige but not inflame political passions. The obelisk matched these criteria perfectly, given its antiquity and lack of connection with French history. It won over alternative options including the Cour Carrée of the Louvre, which had been recommended by such luminaries as Edme-François Jomard and Vivant Denon, but would have been technically more difficult.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: In 1839, diagrams explaining the complex machinery that was used for the transportation were added to the pedestal.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: The original Egyptian pedestals involved sculptures of baboons with prominent male genitalia, raising their hands to the sun. A fragment of this original pedestal from the rear of the remaining obelisk was brought to Paris at the same time as the obelisk, intended to be displayed with it. Deemed too obscene for public exhibition, it was sent to the Egyptian section of the Louvre.


title: Luxor Obelisks

text: France added a gold-leafed pyramid cap to the top of the obelisk in 1998, with the costs covered by sponsorship from Yves Saint Laurent. It had long been suspected that the bare pyramidion had originally been covered with a bronze, gold, or electrum cap, speculated to have been stolen in the 500s BC.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate set of funerary practices that they believed were necessary to ensure their immortality after death. These rituals included mummifying the body, casting magic spells, and burials with specific grave goods thought to be needed in the afterlife.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: The ancient burial process evolved over time as old customs were discarded and new ones adopted, but several important elements of the process persisted. Although specific details changed over time, the preparation of the body, the magic rituals, and grave goods were all essential parts of a proper Egyptian funeral.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: Although no writing survived from the Predynastic period in Egypt (), scholars believe the importance of the physical body and its preservation originated during that time. This likely explains why people of that time did not follow the common practice of cremation among neighboring cultures, but rather buried the dead. Some of the scholars believe the Predynastic-era Egyptians may have feared the bodies would rise again if mistreated after death.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: Early burials were in simple, shallow oval pits, with a few burial goods. Sometimes multiple people and animals were placed in the same grave. Over time, graves became more complex. At one point, bodies were placed in a wicker basket, but eventually bodies were placed in wooden or terracotta coffins. The latest tombs Egyptians made were sarcophagi. These graves contained burial goods such as jewellery, food, games, and sharpened splint.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: From the Predynastic period through the final Ptolemaic dynasty, there was a constant cultural focus on eternal life and the certainty of personal existence beyond death. This belief in an afterlife is reflected in the burial of grave goods in tombs. The Egyptian beliefs in an afterlife became known throughout the ancient world by way of trade and cultural transmission and had an influence on other civilizations and religions. Notably, this belief became well known by way of the Silk Road. Egyptians believed that individuals were admitted into the afterlife on the basis of being able to serve a purpose there. For example, the king was thought to be allowed into the afterlife because of the role as a ruler of Ancient Egypt, which would be a purpose translated into qualification for admission to the afterlife.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: Human sacrifices found in early royal tombs reinforce the idea of serving a purpose in the afterlife. Those sacrificed were probably meant to serve the king in the afterlife. Eventually, figurines and wall paintings begin to replace human victims. Some of these figurines may have been created to resemble certain people, so they could follow the king after their own lives ended.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: Not only did the lower classes rely on the king's favor, but also the noble classes. They believed that upon death, kings became deities who could bestow upon certain individuals the ability to have an afterlife. This belief existed from the predynastic period through the Old Kingdom.


title: Ancient Egyptian funerary practices

text: Although many spells from the predeceasing texts were carried over, the new Coffin Texts also had new spells added, along with slight changes made to make the new funerary text more relatable to the nobility. In the First Intermediate period, however, the importance of the king declined. Funerary texts, previously restricted to royal use, became more widely available. The kings no longer were god-kings in the sense that admission to the next life was allowed in the next life only due to the royal status, the role of kings changed, becoming merely the rulers of the population who upon death, would be leveled down toward the plane of the mortals.