title: Italian wolf

text: The Italian wolf was first given legal protection on 23 July 1971, with a nationwide population census being taken in 1973. This census was funded by the Italian branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature as part of a conservation plan dubbed "Operazione San Francesco” (Operation Saint Francis, linked to the traditional legend of peace set by the saint between wolf and men of Gubbio in Umbria region). The census revealed that the Italian wolf population consisted of 100–110 individuals distributed throughout a fragmented range in the main mountainous areas of south-central Italy, from the Sibillini to La Sila. In 1983, the population had reached 200–220 individuals inhabiting two unconnected areas in central and southern Italy. By the late 1990s, the Italian wolf population had increased to an estimated 400–500 individuals with a continuous distribution along the entire Apennines, from Aspromonte to the Maritime Alps, with some isolated populations in Tuscany and Lazio. In 2008, a wolf carcass was discovered in the Fiemme Valley in Trentino, and by 2010, 45–55 wolves were estimated to have recolonised Piedmont.


title: Italian wolf

text: IUCN assessment information about peninsular population is as follows: “The Italian wolf population is estimated to be 500-800 individuals distributed along the Apennines. The shape of the range is narrow and elongated, restricted to the Apennines. The population has limited exchanges with the population of the Western Alps and recent genetic evidence indicates a flux of genes only in the direction toward the Alps. In spite of the recent increase in numbers and range, the Italian wolf population is still highly vulnerable to local extermination from human pressures (poison, shooting, car accidents) and the stochastic nature of these events suggest to maintain a cautionary assessment. The population does not qualify for the category Endangered, but it may easily reverse its current favorable status.”


title: Italian wolf

text: In the early 1990s Italian wolves began to cross from Italy into France, where they have become established in approximately one third of its contintental territories, particularly in the French Alps and Provence, but also throughout the Massif Central. Even before the presence of wolves was publicly reported in France, some farmers around the Mercantour National Park had reported unusual stock depredation which was at the time attributed by authorities to uncontrolled domestic dogs. Wolves are protected in France; in order to protect the livelihoods of farmers from wolf predation, from the late 1990s the French government has subsidised various methods of protecting flocks from depredation, including electrified pasture fencing, secured electrified night pens, hiring of additional farm hands, and the purchase, training and upkeep of livestock guardian dogs.


title: Italian wolf

text: The Italian wolf was first sighted in southwestern France in 1992. In the two decades following its initial recolonisation, the wolf has expanded its range at the west of the Rhône, in the Massif Central, the eastern Pyrenees, and the Jura and Vosges Mountains. At least 13 transient Italian wolves (12 males and a female) were counted in Catalonia between 2000 and 2011, a century after the local Iberian wolf ("C. l. signatus") was extirpated from the area. One of these was reported in the media to have been killed on the road and identified in Baix Empordà, Catalonia in 2018. Technicians and veterinarians of the Torreferrussa Wildlife Center identified the body as being of the subspecies "Canis lupus italicus".


title: Italian wolf

text: The first evidence of grey wolf expansion into Switzerland occurred in 1995–1996 in the southern Canton of Valais, where around 100 sheep were killed. In 1998–1999, 40 sheep were killed and two wolves were found dead from poaching and car collisions. Italian, French and Swiss wolves share the same mtDNA haplotype, a haplotype that has never been found in any other wolf population worldwide, which corroborate the scenario of a natural expansion of wolves from the Italian source population.


title: Italian wolf

text: The animal features prominently in pre-Roman, Roman, and later Italian cultures. In Roman mythology, the wolf played a role in the founding of Rome by suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. According to Terry Jones, "The Romans did not see [the tale of Romulus, Remus and the she-wolf] as a charming story; they meant to show that they had imbibed wolfish appetites and ferocity with their mother's milk". The wolf was also considered sacred to Mars, and to see a wolf before going into battle was considered a good omen. The origin of the myth can be traced back to a wolf cult among the neighbouring Sabines. The Sabines had two words for wolf: "hirpus" (used in religious contexts) and "lupus", the latter of which was incorporated into Latin.


title: Italian wolf

text: Although the Romans did not worship wolves, killing them was likely considered taboo; unlike the Etruscans, the Romans very rarely sacrificed wolves in rituals, and no records have been found of wolves being used in the amphitheatres, despite being more numerous and easily accessible compared to other, more exotic animals used. The use of wolves in Roman folk medicine, while attested by Pliny the Elder, was minimal compared to other animals such as snakes or bears and, contrary to popular imagery, Roman standard bearers did not wear wolf skins, with the only units attested to have worn them being the velites, who were the poorest and youngest warriors using the wolf skins to distinguish themselves. Wolves entering cities or temples were usually only killed when the animal had no means of escape, unlike the case with wasps, oxen, and owls, which were quickly eliminated if they entered sacred areas. Negative attitudes towards wolves in Italy largely began with the invasion of the Lombards, who zoomorphically described their raids and invasions as wolf raids, bringing wolves into disrepute. The belief in werewolves was still widespread in Italy during the early 1920s, and covering their faces when resting outside at night was once traditional among rural people, as sleeping whilst facing the full moon was thought to transform the sleeper into a wolf. The wolf also featured prominently in Italian folk medicine. Baby colic was treated by tying a sack filled with a piece of wolf gut around the child's neck, while miscarriages were prevented by tying a wolf's intestine around the mother's abdomen. Rheumatism and tonsillitis were treated with wolf fat, while a tooth or tuft of fur was worn as a talisman against the evil eye.


title: Italian wolf

text: The Romans apparently did not consider wolves overly dangerous to people, with the only references to them attacking people being proverbial or mythological. Although Italy has no records of wolf attacks on humans after World War II and the eradication of rabies in the 1960s, historians examining church and administrative records from northern Italy's central Po Valley region (which includes a part of modern-day Switzerland) found 440 cases of wolves attacking people between the 15th and 19th centuries. The 19th-century records show that from 1801 to 1825, 112 attacks occurred, 77 of which resulted in death. Of these cases, only five were attributed to rabid animals.


title: Jeremy Sarmiento

text: Jeremy Leonel Sarmiento Morante (born 16 June 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion and the Ecuador national team. Born in Spain to Ecuadorian parents, he represented England at youth international level before making his senior Ecuador debut in October 2021.


title: Jeremy Sarmiento

text: A youth product of Charlton Athletic and Benfica, Sarmiento signed for the academy of Premier League side Brighton & Hove Albion on 2 July 2021. He made his professional career debut on 22 September, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute for injured Alexis Mac Allister in the 2–0 home victory over Swansea City in the third round of the EFL Cup. Sarmiento made a Premier League matchday squad for the first time on 2 October, remaining as an unused substitute in the 0–0 home draw against Arsenal. Sarmiento made his first start for "The Seagulls" on 27 October, playing 69 minutes of the eventual penalty shootout loss away at Leicester City in the EFL Cup. He made his Premier League debut on 27 November, coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute replacing Jakub Moder in the goalless draw at home against Leeds United. Sarmiento made his first Premier League start four days later, where he ultimately played just 13 minutes due to an injury in which he was replaced, in the eventual 1–1 away draw at West Ham. It was revealed his injury, which was to the hamstring, would require an operation with Brighton boss Graham Potter hinting he'll be back towards the end of February 2022. On 31 January 2022, he signed a new contract, committing a long-term future with Brighton signing on until June 2026. Sarmiento made his return to the matchday squad remaining as an unused substitute in the 2–0 home loss against Tottenham Hotspur on 16 March. He made his first appearance since his injury on 2 April, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute in the 0–0 home draw against bottom side Norwich City. Sarmiento replaced Moder who was subbed on five minutes previously but picked up an injury himself. At "Albions"' end of season awards in May, Sarmiento won the Young Player of the Season thanking everyone for his support adding, "My first season and making my Premier League debut were really special and I am honoured to win this award."


title: Jeremy Sarmiento

text: Sarmiento was born in Spain to Ecuadorian parents, and moved to England at the age of 7. He is a youth international for England and represented them at the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In October 2019 Sarmiento scored the winning goal for England under-18 in a 3–2 victory away to Austria.


title: Jeremy Sarmiento

text: Sarmiento was called up for the Ecuador national team for the first time in October 2021 for 2022 World Cup qualifiers against Bolivia, Venezuela and Colombia. He debuted in a 3–0 win over Bolivia on 7 October 2021.


title: Jeremy Sarmiento

text: On 14 November, Sarmiento was named in Ecuador's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup alongside Brighton teammates Pervis Estupiñán and Moisés Caicedo.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: Auntie Anne's is an American franchised chain of pretzel shops founded by Anne F. Beiler and her husband, Jonas, in 1988. Auntie Anne's serves products such as pretzels, dips, and beverages. They also offer Pretzels & More Homemade Baking Mix for those who want to make their pretzels at home. The chain has more than 1,200 locations around various locations, such as in shopping malls and outlet malls, as well as non-traditional retail spaces including universities, parking/rest areas, airports, train stations, travel plazas, amusement parks, and military bases. Their slogan as of 2010 is "Pretzel Perfect".


title: Auntie Anne's

text: The chain started as a market stand in the Downingtown, Pennsylvania, Farmer's Market in 1988. The franchise began when a store location opened at Saturday's Market in Middletown, Pennsylvania. Auntie Anne's celebrated their 100th store opening in Granite Run Mall, Media, Pennsylvania, in 1992. In 1995, the first train station location opened at Penn Station in New York City. This year also brought the opening of the first international Auntie Anne's store in Jakarta, Indonesia.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: In October 2006, it was announced that the Auntie Anne's corporate headquarters would be relocated from the town of Gap, Pennsylvania, to downtown Lancaster. The former site of the Lancaster Post Office was purchased and given minor renovations for about $7 million by Auntie Anne's, Inc. Constructed in 1927, the three-story building stands on about . The building maintains the original 1920s features such as brass doors, high ceilings, and skylights. The Lancaster Post Office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: In November 2010, Atlanta franchisor Focus Brands, a portfolio company of private equity firm Roark Capital, acquired Auntie Anne's. William P. Dunn Jr. was the company's president and its chief operating officer from 2013 to 2015. Heather Leed Neary became the company's president in 2015.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: Auntie Anne's now has over 600 international locations, including many across Europe, namely the United Kingdom. Locations in Asia include Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, while in the Americas there are sites in Costa Rica and Trinidad and Tobago. There are plans to start stores in China.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: In overseas markets, the restaurants have made significant alterations to coexist with local sensibilities, including changing recipes to conform to halal in Malaysia.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: From 1999 through 2009, Auntie Anne's and its franchisees partnered to donate more than $4.5 million to local children's hospitals across the country through the Children's Miracle Network. Auntie Anne's has also supported the pediatric cancer charity Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation since 2011.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: Auntie Anne's began a partnership with Food Donation Connection in 2011, matching stores throughout the country with local hunger relief organizations to donate extra pretzel products.


title: Auntie Anne's

text: In 2013, Anne and Auntie Anne's was featured in the reality TV series "Food Court Wars". Auntie Anne's founder Anne Beiler appeared in the 2013 season premier of the television show "The Secret Millionaire" in which she masqueraded as a volunteer at the Baltimore-based food non-profit organization Moveable Feast. She also made a donation to the charity.


title: Gumroad

text: Gumroad is a self-publishing digital marketplace platform to sell digital services such as books, memberships, courses and other digital services.


title: Gumroad

text: Sahil Lavingia built the first iteration of Gumroad over a single weekend in 2011. Sahil is a self-taught developer who has said in an interview that he learned coding by searching through each problem he hit on Google. Lavingia, who was previously the first designer hired at Pinterest and the designer of Turntable.fm, was 19 years old at the time.


title: Gumroad

text: The idea for Gumroad came to Lavingia when he wanted to sell a photorealistic icon he had created and realized that the amount of effort it took to sell an item directly to consumers was considerable. He decided to build a service that would make the process as easy as sharing web content.


title: Gumroad

text: In February 2012, while still the sole member of Gumroad, Lavingia announced a $1.1 million seed round from a notable group of investors including Accel, Chris Sacca, Max Levchin, SV Angel, Josh Kopelman, Seth Goldstein, Naval Ravikant and Danny Rimer.


title: Gumroad

text: Three months later, it was announced that Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers had led a $7 million Series A round for Gumroad. The investment was the first made by former Twitter engineering head Michael Abbott as a KPCB partner.


title: Gumroad

text: On September 8, 2014, Twitter announced its first commerce product, the "Buy Now" button, in partnership with Gumroad, the "Buy Now" and Gumroad partnership was discontinued on January 7, 2017.On September 30, 2014, Gumroad released its first mobile product, a utility iPhone app that acts as a mobile library for content purchased via Gumroad.


title: Gumroad

text: Many major and independent musicians have sold products via Gumroad, including Eminem, Bon Jovi, Garth Brooks, David Banner, Ryan Leslie and others.


title: Gumroad

text: Magnolia Pictures distributes a curated selection of films via Gumroad. Landmark Theatres also curates a selection of films distributed via Gumroad, including "Jiro Dreams of Sushi", "Man on Wire", "", "", and "Jesus Camp".


title: Gumroad

text: Best-selling authors like Tim Ferriss, Chris Guillebeau, and John Green also publish their books on Gumroad.


title: Gumroad

text: On February 5, 2022, cartoonist Box Brown replied to a now-deleted tweet from CEO Sahil Lavingia about a project that uses non-fungible tokens. Brown was concerned if such plans were true. Gumroad announced via Twitter that it did not currently have plans to implement NFTs on the platform.


title: Gumroad

text: In response to the controversy related to NFTs, Gumroad's competitors such as Itch.io and Ko-Fi, confirmed that they do not have plans to use NFTs.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Rail transport in Japan is a major means of passenger transport, especially for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in urban areas. It is used relatively little for freight transport, accounting for just 0.84% of goods movement. The privatised network is highly efficient, requiring few subsidies and running with extreme punctuality.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Many of the private rail companies rank among the top corporations in the country. Railways were built by private corporations developing integrated communities along the railway lines, allowing them to achieve profitability by diversifying into real estate, retail, and numerous other businesses. These rail integrated communities are a form of transit oriented development unique to the rail system in Japan. Rail integrated communities increase walkability in these urban spaces. As they are to be used by pedestrians, they include sidewalks and bikeways. Regional governments, and companies funded jointly by regional governments and private companies, also provide rail service.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: There are 30,625 km of rail crisscrossing the country. JR (a group of companies formed after privatization of JNR) controlled 20,135 km of these lines as of March 31, 1996, with the remaining 7,133 km in the hands of private enterprise local railway companies. Japan's railways carried 9.147 billion passengers (260 billion passenger-kilometres) in the year 2013–14. In comparison, Germany has over 40,000 km of railways, but carries only 2.2 billion passengers per year. Because of the massive use of its railway system, Japan is home to 46 of the world's 50 busiest stations.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The major usage is of urban and intercity lines, and around the time of the privatisation of JNR, many unprofitable local and rural lines were closed, especially in Hokkaido and Kyushu. However, with patronage on many non-urban local lines continuing to decline due to factors such as rising levels of car ownership and declining rural populations, further closures are planned. For example, On October 16, 2015, JR West announced that it was considering closing the 108 km Sanko Line due to poor patronage, and was in discussion with the two prefectures served by the line, Shimane and Hiroshima, as well as other municipalities served, concerning future plans. In fiscal 2014, the line carried an average of 50 passengers per km per day, compared to 458 per km per day in 1987. The entire line closed on March 31, 2018.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: On November 19, 2016, JR Hokkaido's President announced plans to further rationalise its network by up to 1,237 km, or ~50% of the current network, including closure of the remaining section of the Rumoi Main Line (the Rumoi - Mashike section closed on December 4, 2016), the Shin-Yubari - Yubari section of the Sekisho Line, the non-electrified section of the Sassho Line and the Nemuro Line between Furano and Kami-Ochiai Junction. Other lines including the Sekihoku Main Line, Senmo Main Line, the Nayoro - Wakkanai section of the Soya Line and Kushiro - Nemuro section of the Nemuro Line are proposed for conversion to Third Sector operation, but if local governments are not agreeable, such sections will also face closure.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Fukuoka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo and Yokohama have subway systems. However, unlike Europe, the vast majority of passenger traffic is on suburban commuter trains that criss-cross metropolitan areas. In addition, many cities have streetcar and monorail networks.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japan pioneered the high-speed shinkansen or "bullet train", which now links Japan's largest cities at speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph). However, other trains running on the conventional line or "zairaisen" remain relatively slow, operating at fastest 160 km/h and mostly under 130 km/h, most likely due to the wide usage of Narrow-gauge tracks they operate on.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japan's railways carried 31 million tons (21 billion tonne-kilometres) of goods in 2013–14. The share of railways in the national logistics is as small as 6.2% (2010), by far the lowest in the G8.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Railways are the most important means of passenger transportation in Japan, maintaining this status since the late nineteenth century. Government policy promoted railways as an efficient transportation system for a country that lacks fossil fuels and is nearly completely dependent on imports.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Rural land near large cities was acquired cheaply by private railway companies from the late nineteenth century, which then built lines that became the backbone of urban transport between the suburbs and cities formed around the railway lines radiating out from metropolitan areas, similar to suburban growth around railways in other nations.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Despite this efficiency, growing affluence and associated car ownership led to road transportation usage increasing to the detriment of rail from the 1960s. The relative share of railways in total passenger kilometers fell from 66.7 percent in 1965 to 42 percent in 1978, and 29.8 percent in 1990, although this still accounted for the largest percentage of the OECD member countries.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The figure is 43.5% (as of 2001) in the largest metropolitan areas in Japan: Tokyo (including Chiba, Saitama, Tokyo, and Kanagawa Prefectures), Osaka (including Kyoto, Osaka, and Hyōgo Prefectures), and Nagoya. Private automobiles in Greater Tokyo account for less than 20% of daily trips as car ownership is restricted to those with a dedicated parking space.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The Japan Railways Group, more commonly known as JR Group, is a group of successors of the government-owned Japanese National Railways (JNR). The JR Group lies at the heart of Japan's railway network, operating almost all intercity rail services and a large proportion of commuter rail services.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The six passenger operating companies of the JR Group are separated by region, but many operate long-distance train services beyond their regional boundaries. The six companies are: Hokkaido Railway Company, East Japan Railway Company, Central Japan Railway Company, West Japan Railway Company, Shikoku Railway Company, and Kyushu Railway Company.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Freight service belongs to Japan Freight Railway Company or JR Freight which operates all freight network previously owned by JNR.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japan also features multiple competing private railway systems. In post-war Japan, the Japanese government encouraged private corporations to develop their own mass transit systems in order to quickly rebuild the country's urban transport networks.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Private rail lines were encouraged to compete with each other as well as the national rail lines with the government's role limited to regulation of fares. In exchange for developing rail lines, private corporations were given business opportunities to diversify their operations and develop the real estate surrounding their railway networks.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: By allowing private corporations to control transit oriented developments as well as railway lines, planned communities were facilitated allowing private railway operators to establish a vertically integrated business of developing residential, business, industrial and retail land and the commuting methods used by the populace to travel between such areas.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: As such, through diversification of their business, the majority of the private railways in Japan are financially independent and their railway operations are usually profitable, in sharp contrast to most transit networks in other countries.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The classifies the following 16 companies as the major private railways and are operating 2,870.1 kilometers of railways. In a one-year period from April 2009, a total of 9.46 billion passengers (118 billion passenger kilometers) traveled on these major railways.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: In the legal sense, there are two types (with several subcategories) of rail transportation systems in Japan: and . Every public rail transportation system under government regulation in Japan is classified either as railway or tramway. In principle, tramways can have sections shared with road traffic while railways cannot, but the choice may seem rather arbitrary in certain cases. For example, Osaka Metro is a tram system while subways in other cities are railways.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Under the Railway Business Act, operations of "railways" (in the legal meaning) are divided into three categories: Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Most railway operations in Japan are Category 1. Examples of Category 2 railway businesses include most operations of the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight) and the JR Tōzai Line operation of the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Examples of Category 3 railway businesses include the Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway company and the government of Aomori Prefecture with regards to the Aoimori Railway.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The national railway network was started and has been expanded with the narrow gauge. Railways with broader gauge are limited to those built not intending to provide through freight and passenger transport with the existing national network. The Shinkansen network uses standard gauge. Recently, a standard gauge freight railway network (partially electrified with 25 kV AC) is proposed for Hokkaido, Honshu and the northernmost Kyushu (Kanmon strait - Hakata).


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Electrification systems used by the JR Group are 1,500 V DC and 20 kV AC for conventional lines, and 25 kV AC for Shinkansen. Electrification with 600 V DC and 750 V DC are also seen in private lines. Frequency of AC power supply is 50 Hz in eastern Japan and 60 Hz in western Japan.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japanese national network operated by Japan Railways Group employs narrow gauge and has maximum width of and maximum height of ; however, a number JR lines were constructed as private railways prior to nationalisation in the early 20th century, and feature loading gauges smaller than the standard. These include the Chūō Main Line west of Takao, the Minobu Line, and the Yosan Main Line west of Kan'onji ( height). Nevertheless, advances in pantograph technology have largely eliminated the need for separate rolling stock in these areas.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: There are many private railway companies in Japan and the loading gauge is different for each company.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Rail transport in Japan is usually for a fee. In principle a fare is pre-charged and a ticket is issued in exchange for a payment of fare. A ticket is inspected at a staffed or automated gate in the station where a travel starts and is collected at the station where the travel ends.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: A ticket required for a travel by railway is called a , the price of which is . The fare ticket is valid regardless of number of transfers. Long-distance travellers (usually longer than 101 km) are allowed unlimited number of along the route subject to the duration of the validity of the fare ticket. In addition, a ride on a specific train and/or coach may require a .


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Except for very short railways and some tram systems with a flat fare, fare varies by distances or number of zones travelled. The pricing based on the time of travel (peak or off-peak) is not common in Japan. for children between 6 and 12 is half of adult fare. Recent development in the fare collection system is the stored-value card systems shared by multiple operators in large cities, such as Suica, Pasmo and PiTaPa, by which passengers can avoid consultation with complicated fare tables and lineups for ticket machines before each train ride.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: An unusual feature of Japanese surcharges, compared with other train systems, is that they often require a "separate" ticket. Thus, if riding the shinkansen, for instance, rather than purchasing a single shinkansen ticket, one purchases two tickets: a fare ticket (乗車券) for the distance traveled, and an additional to allow one to ride the shinkansen for that distance, rather than ordinary trains. Since express trains are not separated by special gates from ordinary trains, express service requires manual inspection of tickets by a conductor, and express tickets can be purchased from the conductor. In short, the fare ticket allows access to the train platforms at entrance and exit, where it is inspected by the gate or attendant at the station, while the express ticket allows one to ride an express train over the interval and is inspected by a conductor on the train.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: A train that stops at every station is called a . Only a fare ticket is required to ride local trains. Trains that stop at fewer stations and are therefore faster than local trains are classified as , , , etc. and may require surcharges depending on company policies. Railways with many types of trains use prefixes like "semi-", "rapid-", "section-", or "commuter-". For example, the Tōbu Isesaki Line has Local, Section Semi-Express, Semi-Express, Section Express, Express, Rapid, Section Rapid, and Limited Express.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Train operators usually name long-distance trains (Kintetsu is a rare exception of this practice). The process of ticket reservation utilizes the train names instead of the train numbers. Train numbers are almost exclusively for professional use.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: All the railway and tram lines in Japan are named by the operators. In principle (with some exceptions), a section of railway has only one name. Line names are shown on a ticket to indicate the route of the ticket. Passengers refer the railway by the name of line (e.g. "Tōyoko Line") or the name of operator (e.g. "Hanshin").


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The line names may come from a name of destination or a city along the line (e.g. the "Takasaki Line" goes to Takasaki, Gunma); a name of region (e.g. the "Tōhoku Main Line" goes through the Tōhoku region); an abbreviation of provinces or cities (e.g. the "Gonō Line" connects Goshogawara and Noshiro); or a course of the line (e.g. the "Tōzai Line" means the East-West Line).


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Line names were used as a basis for the restructuring of JNR in the 1980s. The railway business was evaluated line-by-line in order to identify significantly unprofitable lines for closure. This left some unnamed branch lines, which would have been closed if they had line names, unaffected by the restructure.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: In some cases the current route of a railway has changed but the historic line name has not reflected the change, in which case the operational name will be different from the original line name. Examples include the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and the Shōnan-Shinjuku Line.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: In addition to its extensive railway network, Japan has a large number of subway systems. The largest is the Tokyo subway, where the network in 1989 consisted of 211 kilometers of track serving 205 stations. Two subway systems serve the capital: one run by the Tokyo Metro (named Teito Rapid Transit Authority until 2004), with nine lines (the oldest, Ginza line was built in 1927), and the other operated by the Tokyo metropolitan government's Transportation Bureau (Toei), with four lines. Outlying and suburban areas are served by seven private railway companies, whose lines intersect at major stations with the subway system. More than sixty additional kilometers of subway were under construction in 1990 by the two companies.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: There are a number of other metro systems in other Japanese cities, including the Fukuoka City Subway, Kobe Municipal Subway, Kyoto Municipal Subway, Osaka Metro, Nagoya Subway, Sapporo Subway, Sendai Subway and Yokohama Subway.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: While metro systems in Japanese cities are usually operated by the city government and therefore tend to limit their networks within the city border, there are many cases of through services using subway trains on suburban railway lines and vice versa. One of the reasons for this situation was the sharp increase of ridership on the railways in the rapid growth of the postwar economy that could not be handled by small original railway terminals in the city center.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Automated guideway transit (rubber-tired motor cars running on concrete guideways) has also developed in Japan. Cities with such intermediate capacity transit systems include Hiroshima, Kobe, Osaka, Saitama and Tokyo.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Some cities operate streetcar systems, including Hiroshima, Matsuyama, Nagasaki, Tokyo (one line only) and Toyohashi. All of these cities are also well served by public and private railroads; also, there are private tramways not included above.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japanese railways are among the most punctual in the world. The average delay on the Tokaido Shinkansen in fiscal 2018 was 0.7 minutes. When trains are delayed for five minutes, the conductor makes an announcement apologizing for the delay and the railway company may provide a "delay certificate" (), as no one would expect a train to be this late. Japanese passengers rely heavily on rail transit and take it for granted that trains operate on time. When trains are delayed for an hour or more, it may even appear in the newspaper. However, some argue that railway staff are under too much pressure from the public. These stringent standards are considered contributors to the cause of serious accidents such as the Amagasaki rail crash in 2005.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: One of the most widely publicized crimes committed on trains is "chikan" or groping, taking advantage of overcrowded cars and a reluctance for people to ask for help, or to jump to the aid of another. A recent trend for railway companies to promote their lines is to service female-only cars on some trains (typically during morning rush-hours and late night trains, and often the front or back car) and is quickly becoming a standard practice, especially among Tokyo's busy commuter lines.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: The Japanese language has a number of expressions for unlawfully riding trains without paying the correct fare. One is "Satsuma-no-kami." It is a reference to Taira Satsuma-no-kami Tadanori, a member of the Taira clan who is mentioned in the Tale of the Heike. His name, Tadanori, is pronounced the same as words meaning "riding for free".


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Another expression is "kiseru jōsha." This refers to a "kiseru", a smoking pipe that has a long hollow section made of bamboo between the bowl (where the smoke enters) and the mouthpiece (where it leaves) made of metal. Based on an association of metal and money, "kiseru jōsha" is the practice of using one ticket to enter the train system and a different ticket to exit, with a long unpaid segment in the middle – purchasing two separate tickets, covering just the initial and final segments of the journey (corresponding to the bowl and mouthpiece), rather than one ticket for the whole length.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Other notable crimes staged in railway facilities in Japan include the assassination of the Prime Minister Hara Takashi in Tokyo Station in 1921, the deliberate train wreck at Mitaka Station in 1949 and the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Trains are also used as a means to commit suicide. Its relative popularity is partly due to its practical ease, and to avoid causing a nuisance to one's family, although families are often charged or sued by the railway companies to compensate for the trouble caused by the accident. Suicides often cause delays on the lines on which they occur. The deceased's family may be charged damages on the order of approximately 1 million yen by railway operating companies. Railroad operators have taken steps to discourage and prevent suicides. This includes use of blue LED lights in stations, which officials hope will calm potential jumpers. Platform edge doors are also being installed at numerous stations in an effort to keep people contained on the platform until the train arrives.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: An important aspect of the romance of the rails in Japan is the "ekiben", the station bento lunchbox. The first pre-packed station lunchboxes originated at Utsunomiya Station in 1885 and became an instant success. Many stations (eki) around the country soon began to make special bento featuring local specialties such as seafood, meat or vegetables. Including generous portions of rice, the ekiben was a complete meal. It was often served in a wooden box; nowadays cardboard and plastics have become popular, although wooden chopsticks still accompany the ekiben. The Central Committee of the Japanese Association of Railroad Station Concessionaires (社団法人日本鉄道構内営業中央会) is a prominent trade organization promoting ekiben.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: Japanese books and television feature rail transport in various contexts. Examples include travelogues visiting rustic routes or unusual trains, such as the popular Sci-Fi franchise "Galaxy Express 999" or murder mysteries on sleeper trains.


title: Rail transport in Japan

text: A major television series based on rail transport, Ressha Sentai ToQger, was broadcast on TV Asahi from 2014 to 2015.


title: Long Island University

text: Long Island University (LIU) is a private university with two main campuses, LIU Post and LIU Brooklyn, in the U.S. state of New York. It offers more than 500 academic programs at its main campuses, online, and at multiple non-residential. LIU has NCAA Division I athletics and hosts the annual George Polk Awards in journalism.


title: Long Island University

text: LIU was chartered in 1926 in Brooklyn by the New York State Education Department to provide “effective and moderately priced education” to people from “all walks of life.” LIU Brooklyn is located in Downtown Brooklyn, at the corner of Flatbush and DeKalb Avenues. The main building adjoins the 1920s movie house, Paramount Theatre (now called the Schwartz Gymnasium), the building retains much of the original decorative detail and a fully operational Wurlitzer organ that rises from beneath the basketball court floorboards. The campus consists of nine academic buildings; a recreation and athletic complex that includes Division I regulation athletic fields; one on-campus and two nearby residential buildings; and an adjoining parking facility. The campus is home to the university's oldest school, LIU Pharmacy (Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), founded in 1891 as the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, and LIU Global, a four-year bachelor's degree program that allows students to live and study internationally in eight countries across eight semesters. LIU Brooklyn is home to the NCAA Division I Blackbirds, the George Polk Awards for excellence in journalism, and Kumble Theater for the Performing Arts.


title: Long Island University

text: In 1951, in response to the growing number of families moving to the suburbs, LIU purchased an estate known as Hillwood from cereal heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post and her third husband Joseph E. Davies. Located in the town of Brookville on Long Island's Gold Coast, the original home, Warburton Hall, had been built by William A. Prime and was extensively renovated by Marjorie and her second husband Edward F. Hutton. Three years later, the campus was renamed C. W. Post, in honor of Marjorie Post's father. In 2012, the university renamed all campuses. C.W. Post is now LIU Post, the university's largest campus, at 307 acres (125 hectares) of historic 1920s mansions, gardens, athletic fields, art studios and performing arts space, broadcast television and radio stations, an on-campus sustainable energy facility, and the only on-campus equestrian facility on Long Island. LIU Post was home to the NCAA Division II LIU Post Pioneers and is the site of the Tilles Center for the Performing Arts. The school introduced its first online degree plan in 2004


title: Long Island University

text: On March 7, 2013, LIU named Kimberly R. Cline as its tenth president, becoming the first woman to lead the private, six-campus institution.


title: Long Island University

text: President Kimberly R. Cline outsourced the work of two groups of previously unionized workers on campus, and oversaw the lockout of 400 faculty on the day before the 2016–17 school year. On September 1, 2016, three days after the union's contract expired and five days before the union was due to vote on the new contract, the university cut off the affected staff's email accounts and health insurance, and told them they would be replaced. This is the first time that a college or university in the United States has used a lockout against its faculty members, according to William A. Herbert, executive director of the National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions. Following the lockout, the American Association of University Professors released a statement that it "deplores this action and supports the right of the LIU Brooklyn faculty to collectively bargain in good faith with its administration," and urged the LIU administration to resume negotiations. In the first week of the autumn term, some students at LIU Brooklyn staged a walkout in support of the locked-out teaching staff. With the 236 full-time faculty members and 450 adjuncts locked out, classes were taught by university administrators and temporary staff, and students reported inadequate instruction. The lockout ended on September 14 with an agreement to continue the expired contract until May 31, 2017, and resume negotiations with a mediator.


title: Long Island University

text: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Long Island University moved all classes to online instruction for the remainder of the Spring 2020 semester. Following a stay-at-home order from then-Governor Andrew Cuomo directing all non-essential businesses to work remotely, administrative and academic offices began operating virtually and LIU fired or furloughed employees whose work was perceived as non-amenable to working remotely, including 84 of 98 unionized employees.


title: Long Island University

text: Summer instruction was conducted on-line and LIU plans offered in-person instruction beginning September 8, 2020, with on-line options for people unable to attend lectures.


title: Long Island University

text: Following the Thanksgiving recess, all instruction became online, with LIU planning for the start of the Spring 2021 semester to begin on February 1 with in-person instruction.


title: Long Island University

text: The Vet School's inaugural class began instruction in Fall 2020. At the time of its founding, there were only 30 vet colleges in the United States. For over 150 years, the only vet school in the state was the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. However, political pressure grew for a second school in the New York City area. In May 2018, New York State granted $12 million to LIU to develop a vet school. Pre-clinical instruction is based in Brentwood, NY. Instead of developing its own veterinary hospital, LIU's clinical programs are taught at existing veterinary hospitals and practices. The LIU Vet School has received a provisional accreditation and will award its first DVM degrees in 2024.


title: Long Island University

text: LIU Brentwood offers undergraduate and/or graduate programs in education, special education, literacy, mental health counseling, school counseling, psychology, criminal justice, and nursing.


title: Long Island University

text: LIU Hudson offers graduate and advanced certificate programs in business, public administration, pharmaceutics, education (early childhood, childhood, literacy, special education, and TESOL), educational leadership, school counseling, school psychology, mental health counseling, and marriage and family therapy.


title: Long Island University

text: LIU Riverhead is home to the Homeland Security Management Institute, which offers homeland security training. The institute has been designated a "Homeland Security Center of Excellence" by the United States Congress. Programs are also available in education, special education, literacy, communication studies, new media, cyber security, applied behavior analysis, and TESOL.


title: Long Island University

text: On October 3, 2018, Long Island University announced that it was unifying the athletic programs of its two campuses into one Division I program, effective with the 2019–20 academic year. The unified LIU program will continue to sponsor all varsity sports that either campus sponsored before the merger. The new program's nickname of Sharks was announced on May 15, 2019. The Sharks retain the Brooklyn campus's affiliation in the Northeast Conference.


title: Long Island University

text: The Sharks added two completely new women's sports effective in 2019–20. Shortly before the athletic merger was announced, LIU Brooklyn announced that it would add women's ice hockey; that sport will carry over to the unified program. Shortly after the merger announcement, LIU announced it would add women's water polo, placing that sport in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.


title: Long Island University

text: LIU Public Radio on 88.1 FM (WCWP). The LIU television broadcasts on channels 95 and 96 on campus only (PTV)


title: Niigata (city)

text: It is the only government-designated city on the west coast of Honshu. It has the greatest habitable area of cities in Japan (). It is designated as a reform base for the large scale agriculture under () initiatives.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata was one of the cities incorporated by the legislation effective on April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22). With a long history as a port town, Niigata served the function of the network junction between the maritime traffic and those of Shinano and Agano river systems. It was designated as one of the five free Treaty ports under Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan) signed in 1858, just before the Meiji Restoration, later started operations in 1869. Its importance in land and water transportation is still current.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata's city government was established in 1889. Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city's population to jump to 810,000. The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan. On April 1, 2007, it became the first government-designated city on the coast of the Sea of Japan of Honshu. There are 8 wards (described later) in the city.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Until 1950’s, a system of canals were lined along by the willow trees in the downtown area of Niigata. Therefore the city is sometimes called the “City of Water” or “City of Willows” as detailed later. Niigata produced many manga artists (see: Artists and writers). It is also known to have an extensive network of bypass roads. Bandai bridge, NEXT21, Toki Messe, Denka Big Swan Stadium, Niigata Nippo Media Ship are considered to be the key symbol landmarks in the city (see: Local attractions).


title: Niigata (city)

text: The place name "Niigata" was first recorded in 1520 (Eisho 17). Its name in kanji can be translated as "new” and "lagoon".


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata is situated on a fertile coastal plain on the Sea of Japan coast, facing Sado Island. The Shinano River and Agano River flow through the city.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Numerous wetlands, such as the Fukushimagata wetlands, can be found within the city limits. The Sakata lagoon is registered as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata City's low elevation and abundant water have made flood control and land reclamation important issues for the area throughout its history.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The city is sometimes called the because of the two rivers that flow through it, its position next to the Sea of Japan, its many wetlands, and the canals that used to run through the city. It is also sometimes referred to as the or because of the willow trees that lined the old canals. In recent years, the city has been promoting itself as a , highlighting its agricultural areas outside of the city center.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata City features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), but receives more yearly snowfall than cities such as Moscow, Montreal or Oslo. The climate in Niigata City is characterized by its high humidity and strong winds from the Sea of Japan in winter. While many other parts of Niigata Prefecture tend to have heavy snow, Niigata City itself usually receives less due to its low-lying elevation and the shielding effect of Sado Island.


title: Niigata (city)

text: However, Niigata City does receive much precipitation, mostly in the form of rainfall. On average, Niigata City has 269 days of precipitation each year, about 170 days of which see rain or snowfall measuring over 1 mm. The rainy season in July brings large amounts of rain, while the winter months, especially November and December, also have much precipitation.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In summer, the south wind makes the weather rather hot. Typhoons usually bring strong foehn winds to this area, generally causing somewhat higher temperatures than in other parts of Japan. The weather on the west coast of Honshu tends to be better during the summer months than on the Pacific coast.


title: Niigata (city)

text: People have inhabited the Niigata area (Furutsu Hachimanyama Site) since the Jōmon period, though much of the current land was still beneath the sea at the time. According to the Nihon Shoki, a fortress was built in the area in AD 647.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In the 16th century, a port called Niigata was established at the mouth of the Shinano River, while a port town with the name Nuttari developed at the mouth of the Agano River. The area prospered beneath the rule of Uesugi Kenshin during the Sengoku Period.


title: Niigata (city)

text: A system of canals was constructed throughout the downtown area of Niigata port in the 17th century. During this period, the courses of the Shinano and Agano rivers gradually changed until they poured into the Sea of Japan at the same location. As a result, Niigata prospered as a port town, serving as a port of call for Japanese trade ships traversing the Sea of Japan.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The Matsugasaki Canal was constructed in 1730 to drain the Agano River area, but in 1731, flooding destroyed the canal and caused it to become the main current of the Agano River. As a result, the volume of water flowing into the port of Niigata decreased, which in turn allowed land reclamation efforts and the development of new rice fields to proceed.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1858, Niigata was designated as one of the five ports to be opened for international trade in the Japan–U.S. Treaty of Amity and Commerce. However, the shallow water level in the port delayed the actual opening to foreign ships until 1869. The port also served as a valuable base for fishermen who roamed as far north as the Kamchatka Peninsula to catch salmon and other fish.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1886, the first Bandai Bridge was built across the Shinano River to connect the settlements of Niigata on the west and Nuttari on the east. Niigata annexed Nuttari in 1914.


title: Niigata (city)

text: During World War II, Niigata's strategic location between the capital of Tokyo and the Sea of Japan made it a key point for the transfer of settlers and military personnel to the Asian continent, including Manchukuo.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1945, near the end of the war, Niigata was one of four cities, together with Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, picked as targets for the atomic bombs if Japan did not surrender. However, Niigata was not actually targeted in the first two missions. There were several theories about the reasons that Niigata was lowered in the priority, such as poor weather conditions, its distance from B-29 bases in the Mariana Islands, and other factors.


title: Niigata (city)

text: On August 11, 1945, after the second atomic bombing in Nagasaki, the governor of Niigata Prefecture ordered the people to evacuate as concerns of an impending bombing heightened, and the city was completely deserted for days until the war ended without more atomic bombings.


title: Niigata (city)

text: A devastating Typhoon Louise and fire in 1955 destroyed much of the downtown area, but eventually the city recovered. In 1958, construction of the relocated Niigata Station was completed, extending the downtown area from Bandai Bridge. The Niigata Thermal Power Station Unit 1 started operation in July 1963. At that time, it was Japan's first power plant capable of using a mixture of natural gas and heavy oil.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1964, the old canals that flowed throughout the old downtown area were filled in to make way for more roads.


title: Niigata (city)

text: On June 16, 1964, at 13:01 Japan Standard Time an earthquake of 7.5 Richter scale struck the city, killing 29 people and causing large-scale property damage, with 1,960 totally destroyed buildings, 6,640 partially destroyed buildings, and 15,298 severely inundated by liquefaction.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1965, the Agano River running through Niigata was polluted with methylmercury from the chemical plant of the Showa Electrical Company. Over 690 people exhibited symptoms of Minamata disease and the outbreak became known as Niigata Minamata disease.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In 1982, Shinkansen service on the Jōetsu Shinkansen line began between Niigata and Omiya, with service to Ueno added in 1985. The line was extended to Tokyo in 1991.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The 2004 Chūetsu earthquake did not cause any significant damage in Niigata City itself, allowing the city to work as a relief base.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The size and the population of Niigata city increased over the four-year period between 2001 and 2005, due to a series of municipal mergers. On April 1, 2007, Niigata City became first city on the west coast of Honshu to become a government-designated city.


title: Niigata (city)

text: In July 2007, the Chūetsu offshore earthquake, measuring 6.9 on Richter scale, rocked Niigata Prefecture. Though the earthquake was felt in the city, there was little damage, which allowed Niigata City to provide aid to the devastated areas.


title: Niigata (city)

text: On March 12, 2011, several hours after the massive 9.0 Tohoku earthquake struck off the east coast of Honshu, Niigata and Nagano Prefectures experienced an estimated magnitude 6.6 earthquake.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata Airport is located about 6 km north of central Niigata. It handles some international destinations as well as many domestic ones. As of October 2016, the domestic destinations available are Osaka (10 times a day), Sapporo (five or six times a day), Fukuoka (three times a day), Okinawa (once or twice a day), Nagoya (three times a day), Narita (once a day) and Sado Island (three times a day).


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata Airport's international destinations are Harbin (twice a week), Seoul (five times a week), Shanghai (twice a week) and Vladivostok.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The largest station in Niigata City is Niigata Station. It is centrally located in the Bandai area, one of the two main shopping districts in downtown Niigata. Approximately 37,000 passengers use the station daily. The Jōetsu Shinkansen, which terminates at Niigata Station, provides daily service to Tokyo. The Shin'etsu Main Line, Hakushin Line, Echigo Line, Uetsu Main Line, and Ban'etsu West Line also terminate at Niigata Station. These lines serve Myoko, Itoigawa, Akita, Sakata, and Aizuwakamatsu.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata Kotsu Dentetsu Line and Kambara Dentetsu trains used to run through the city until the late 1990s; however, they no longer exist.


title: Niigata (city)

text: BRT "Bandai-bashi Line" runs through business/shopping districts in the central Niigata (Niigata Station - Bandai Bridge - Furumachi - City hall - Hakusan Station - Aoyama).


title: Niigata (city)

text: The Port of Niigata served as a part of kitamaebune during Edo era, and became one of the five open ports according to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) in 1858. The west district of the port of Niigata provides passenger transportation facilities as well as cargo transportation, while the east district is dedicated for cargo capabilities, including the container terminal facilities. The Port of Niigata is designated as one of by the government.


title: Niigata (city)

text: The destinations of the passenger services available at the port of Niigata include Ryotsu on Sado island, Otaru, Akita, Tsuruga.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Until 2006, Niigata was formerly the terminus of the Mangyongbong-92 ferry, one of the direct connections between Japan and North Korea.


title: Niigata (city)

text: Niigata has its own "geisha" culture since over 200 years ago dating back to the Edo period. This was due to the prosperity of the city as a port town. Locally they are called "geigi" and the tradition continues on. Most "ochaya" are located in the Furumachi neighbourhood with well-known places such as the Nabechaya.


title: Místico

text: Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde (born December 22, 1982), better known by his ring name Místico (Spanish for "Mystic"), is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado" (or masked professional wrestler), who currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). Initially working as Místico, he later signed with WWE, where he was known under the name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Without Face" or "Faceless"). Upon his return to Mexico, he worked under the name Myzteziz in AAA, before settling on the ring name Carístico upon returning to CMLL in 2015. In 2021, he regained the Místico name, due to his successor and tag team partner Místico II leaving CMLL.


title: Místico

text: From 2006 to 2011, Urive was the top técnico (those that portray the good guys) and was the biggest box office draw in Mexico for a number of years. Despite having worked under previous ring names, he gained popularity in CMLL as Místico, a religious character who was the storyline protégé of the wrestling priest Fray Tormenta. Between 2011 and 2014, he worked for WWE under the ring name Sin Cara (after which, his ring name was given to his storyline rival Hunico). Urive then worked for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), adopting the name Myzteziz, and returned to CMLL in 2015 under the name Carístico. On two occasions in 2008, Místico held five championships simultaneously and has won most major CMLL championships over the years as well as CMLL's "Torneo Gran Alternativa" and "Leyenda de Plata" tournaments on three occasions each.


title: Místico

text: Urive is the son of Miguel Urive, who wrestled under the ring name Dr. Karonte, the brother of wrestlers Astro Boy, Argos, Argenis and Dr. Karonte Jr, the cousin of wrestlers Magnus and Ulises Jr. as well as the nephew of CMLL booker Tony Salazar.


title: Místico

text: While most masked "luchadors" do not reveal their real name unless they are unmasked in a "Lucha de Apuestas" match, Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde's full name was revealed by WWE when they released Urive from his contract in 2014. Urive was born on December 22, 1982, in Mexico City, Mexico, son of Miguel Urive. Urive was a professional wrestler known under the name "Dr. Karonte". He is one of at least five of Miguel Urive's sons to become a professional wrestler, His older brother worked under the name "Astro Boy" until his death in the late 1990s, his younger brothers work as the masked wrestlers Argos, Argenis, and Karonte Jr. Urive's uncle, Tony Salazar, is a retired wrestler who ended up working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as both a trainer and a booker, Salazar's son Magnus also works for CMLL.


title: Místico

text: Urive was trained for his professional wrestling debut by his father and his uncle Tony Salazar. Místico made his debut on April 30, 1998, working as "Dr. Karonte, Jr." at the age of 15. In 2000, he changed his ring name to "Astro Boy" in honor of his older brother who had died months earlier, who had worked as the original Astro Boy. Later on, he was joined by another brother who worked as "Astro Boy II" to form a tag team. In 2003, Místico traveled to Japan to work for Michinoku Pro Wrestling where he was billed as "Komachi", a ring persona he took over from fellow luchador Volador Jr. who had played the part for about a year.


title: Místico

text: In 2004, Urive was repackaged as Místico and given an elaborate backstory to go with his new ring persona. Místico (the character) was an orphan taken in by the wrestling priest Fray Tormenta and taught to wrestle by him before making his debut for CMLL in 2004. CMLL had tried to use the storyline previously with El Sagrado, but it had failed to take off. Following his debut as Místico, he began teaming with Volador Jr. and Misterioso II, working the second or third match of the card. He participated in the 6th Annual "Leyenda de Plata" tournament but did not make it past the first round. He had more success in the 2004 "Gran Alternativa" tag team tournament, which he won with established star El Hijo del Santo. After winning the Gran Alternativa, Místico was nicknamed "El Principe de Plata y Oro" (the Prince of Silver and Gold), after the main colors of his outfits. Shortly afterward, the bookers began teaming him with other established "técnicos" (faces), such as Negro Casas and Shocker, against the top "rudo" (heel) groups, "Los Guerreros del Infierno" and "La Furia del Norte". His stature made him an underdog and his high-flying moves, such as diving arm-drags, made him popular with Mexico City crowds. The "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" voted Místico the 2006 "Performer of the Year", "Biggest Box Office Draw", and "Best Flying Wrestler" in their "Year-End Awards". He was also ranked third in "Pro Wrestling Illustrated"'s list of the top 500 wrestlers of 2007.


title: Místico

text: In 2005, he continued working against Los Guerreros, winning important singles matches against Rey Bucanero, Mephisto and Tarzan Boy in CMLL's secondary arena, Arena Coliseo. He won his first title by defeating Guerreros member Averno for the NWA World Middleweight Championship on February 11. The match was well received by the audience in attendance and fans near the ring threw money into the ring as a sign of appreciation. Two weeks later, he participated in his first singles main event match when he faced Los Guerreros del Infierno leader Último Guerrero in Arena México. He won the fall in two falls after Guerrero was disqualified in the first fall and was pinned in the second with a small package. The match sparked a program with the recently turned Dr. Wagner Jr. teaming with Místico against Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero. After that program died down, Místico became involved in a feud with Perro Aguayo Jr. and his Los Perros del Mal group. After defeating Aguayo in a singles match, the two exchanged hair versus mask challenges so Místico was added to the already planned eight-man cage match where the last man in the cage lost his hair or mask. Místico joined Negro Casas, Heavy Metal, Universo 2000 and Máscara Mágica against Aguayo's group consisting of Damián 666, Halloween and Héctor Garza leading up to the match but neither Místico or Aguayo were involved in the finish of the match where Damián pinned Máscara Mágica. In September, he reignited his feud with Último Guerrero with another singles match but in the third fall, he was attacked by Atlantis, turning Atlantis heel. Místico worked a short program with Atlantis but after he defeated Atlantis in a singles match in October, Atlantis focused more on former tag partner Blue Panther.


title: Místico

text: Místico was the biggest star in Mexico at the start of 2006. He worked eighteen main event matches during the year that drew more than ten thousand people. In the early part of the year, he teamed up with Black Warrior in two unsuccessful CMLL World Tag Team Championship challenges. In the second one, Black Warrior turned on Místico and the two began a feud. While Black Warrior was wrestling in Japan, Místico and Negro Casas defeated Averno and Mephisto for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship on April 14. When Warrior returned, the feud picked up again and Black Warrior handed Místico his first major singles defeat when he pinned him and took his NWA Middleweight Championship on a May 12 Arena México show. On September 29, Místico defeated Black Warrior in a mask versus mask match in the main event of the CMLL 73rd Anniversary Show, his first major mask win. On April 10, 2007, Místico defeated Mephisto to capture the CMLL World Welterweight Championship.


title: Místico

text: Sometime in 2007, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) offered Místico a contract, but due to commitments with CMLL, he was unable to sign with them at the time. Reportedly, the likes of Dean Malenko, Paul London, and Rey Mysterio pushed WWE to offer him a deal in 2007–2008. In December 2007, the Mexico City newspaper "Récord" reported that WWE was back in talks with Místico. In March 2008, it was reported that Místico contacted Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) to see if they were interested in having him work for their company but once again Místico's CMLL commitment kept the parties from reaching a deal. On March 10, 2008, Místico and Héctor Garza won the CMLL World Tag Team Championship by defeating Averno and Mephisto. In April, the commission declared the title vacant after a match resulted in a double disqualification. Místico and Garza reclaimed the tag team title by defeating Averno and Mephisto in a rematch. They eventually lost the title to Averno and Mephisto in December.


title: Místico

text: After the team with Garza broke up Místico began working a storyline feud against "La Peste Negra" ("the Black Plague"), a group consisting of Negro Casas, El Felino, and Mr. Niebla. On March 20, 2009, Místico lost his CMLL Welterweight Championship to Negro Casas in one half of the main event of the 2009 "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas" show. Subsequently, challenges were made for a "Lucha de Apuesta" between Místico and either El Felino or Mr. Niebla, but those plans were soon replaced by an "Apuesta" between Místico and Negro Casas, as the main event of the CMLL 76th Anniversary Show on September 18, 2009. Místico won the match two falls to one, resulting in Negro Casas was shaved bald. After the match, Místico made an "Apuesta" challenge to El Felino, Casas' cornerman. On December 11, 2009, Místico won a cage match against El Sagrado, Blue Panther, El Terrible, El Felino, El Texano Jr., Hijo del Fantasma and Naito to win the "Festival Mundial de Lucha Libre" (World Festival of Wrestling) championship.


title: Místico

text: On January 22, 2010, Místico teamed up with Averno to participate in CMLL's "Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles" ("National Amazing Pairs tournament"), a tournament where CMLL teams up a "Tecnico" (Místico) and a "Rudo" (Averno) for a tournament. On the night of the tournament, Místico and Averno showed some surprising team unity by wearing outfits that mixed the style of each wrestler. In the first round, the team defeated Ephesto and Euforia, not showing any friction between the two, despite their long history of animosity. In the second round, Místico's attitude seemingly changed as he began attacking Volador Jr., someone he usually teams with. Místico even went so far as to ripping up Volador's mask, a "rudo" move, and won the match after an illegal low blow to Volador Jr. After the match, Místico took the microphone and claimed that "all was fair in war and defending Mexico City", a comment that drew a lot of boos from the crowd. Místico continued to work a "Rudo" style in the semi-final match, ripping at Máscara Dorada's mask. When Místico's team lost to Dorada and Atlantis the two "tecnicos" argued after the match. Further hints at Místico potentially turning "Rudo" came a few days later as Volador Jr. challenged Místico to a one on one match, a "Super Libre" (match with no rules) match if Místico would agree to it. The two met in the main event of an Arena México show on February 5, 2010, and this time Místico was clearly a "Rúdo", tearing so viciously at Volador's mask that a new mask had to be brought to the ring between falls. In the second fall, Místico pulled his mask off and threw it to Volador Jr. in an attempt to get Volador Jr. disqualified. The end came when Volador Jr. reversed Místico's "La Mística" and won by applying the same move to Místico. On February 12, 2010, Místico lost the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship to Volador Jr. losing two falls to one. Místico, Volador Jr., La Sombra, and El Felino faced off in a four-way "Lucha de Apuesta" main event at the 2010 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas. Místico was not one of the first two pinned, allowing him to keep his mask. Following "Dos Leyendas" Místico announced that he was done being a "rúdo" and returned to the "técnico" side, although Volador Jr. remained suspicious of Místico. The storyline between the two cooled off for a bit, but in late May 2010 tension resumed as Místico and Volador Jr. faced off once again over the Mexican Light Heavyweight Championship, with Volador Jr. retaining the title. At the 2010 "Sin Salida" event, the two were on opposite sides of a "Relevos incredibles"; Místico teamed with Máscara Dorada and Mr. Águila while Volador Jr. teamed with Averno and Negro Casas. Averno came to the ring wearing the same combined Averno/Místico mask he had worn for the "Parejas Incredibles" tournament and tried to convince Místico to join the "rúdo" side, only to turn around and reveal that both he and Volador Jr. were wearing a combined Averno/Volador Jr. mask underneath. Volador Jr. worked as a "rúdo" throughout the match, losing the match for his team when he tried to cheat but was caught by the referee. On July 12, 2010, at the Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show, Místico participated in a match where 10 men put their mask on the line in a match that featured five "pareja incredibles" teams, with the losing team being forced to wrestle each other with their mask on the line. His partner in the match was El Oriental, facing off against the teams of Atlantis and Olímpico, La Sombra and Histeria, El Alebrije and Volador Jr., Último Guerrero and Averno. Místico and El Oriental was the last team, forcing them to face off in a one-on-one match. Místico won, forcing El Oriental to remove his mask and show his face. At the CMLL 77th Anniversary Show, Místico was one of 14 men putting their mask on the line in a "Luchas de Apuestas" steel cage match; he was the 11th and second to last man to leave the steel cage, keeping his mask safe.


title: Místico

text: Místico made his debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on January 4, 2009, at Wrestle Kingdom III in Tokyo Dome. Místico wrestled in the opening match, teaming with Prince Devitt, and Ryusuke Taguchi to defeat Averno, Gedo and Jado when Místico made Averno submit using his trademark move "La Mística". After the match, Místico said he would like to return to NJPW and challenge for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship. On February 15, 2009, Místico successfully defended his CMLL Welterweight Championship against Mephisto on an NJPW show in Sumo Hall, Tokyo. Místico injured his knee during the match, although he was back in action by the end of the week. Místico, Misterioso Jr., and Okumura were scheduled to work for NJPW in early May but the tour was canceled due to the outbreak of the Swine flu pandemic.


title: Místico

text: In August 2009, Místico completed his third tour with NJPW, accompanied by Okumura. On August 13, Místico teamed up with Tiger Mask to defeat Okumura and Tomohiro Ishii. Two days later, Místico defeated Tiger Mask to become the new IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion. Upon his return to Mexico, Místico teamed with Tiger Mask and Shocker as they defeated Último Guerrero, Atlantis, and Arkangel at "Dragomania IV". Místico had his first successful IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship defense on September 29, defeating Jushin Thunder Liger. On November 8 at NJPW's Destruction '09 show Mistíco lost the IWGP title back to Tiger Mask. Místico returned to Japan in January 2011, taking part in the CMLL and New Japan Pro-Wrestling co-promoted "Fantastica Mania 2011" shows. On the first show on January 22, Místico teamed with IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi and IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Prince Devitt in a six-man tag team match, in which they were defeated by Averno, Shinsuke Nakamura, and Tetsuya Naito when Averno pinned Místico. At the second show the following day, Místico defeated Averno in his final match for CMLL.


title: Místico

text: On February 24, 2011, WWE held a press conference in Mexico City to introduce Urive under his new name, Sin Cara, which translates to "Faceless". On March 25, Sin Cara made his WWE debut at a Raw live event at Assembly Hall in Champaign, Illinois, defeating Primo in a singles match. On the April 4 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara debuted, saving Daniel Bryan from an attack by WWE United States Champion Sheamus, and establishing himself as a face. On that week's "SmackDown", Sin Cara similarly appeared, this time attacking Jack Swagger and cementing his face status. Sin Cara made his televised in-ring debut on April 11, defeating Primo. In the 2011 WWE draft, Sin Cara was drafted to SmackDown, making his first appearance as part of the roster on the April 29 episode with a win over Jack Swagger. Sin Cara then started a storyline feud with Chavo Guerrero, who began guest commentating his matches and, much to Sin Cara's dismay, even helped him win matches by interfering on his behalf. Sin Cara made his pay-per-view debut on May 22 at Over the Limit, defeating Chavo Guerrero. Sin Cara's undefeated streak came to an end on the July 1 episode of "SmackDown", when he was defeated by Christian.


title: Místico

text: On July 17, Sin Cara participated in the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match at the eponymous pay-per-view but failed to earn a World Heavyweight Championship match after being taken out of the match with a storyline injury. The following day, WWE announced that it had suspended Sin Cara for 30 days for his first violation of its Wellness program. Urive later claimed in an interview that he did not know what he had tested positive for and that he had received a routine injection for an injured knee in Mexico.


title: Místico

text: The Sin Cara character returned on the August 12 episode of "SmackDown", defeating Tyson Kidd; however, with Urive still serving his suspension, for this appearance Sin Cara was portrayed by WWE developmental wrestler Jorge Arriaga. After another week of Arriaga portraying Sin Cara, Urive returned under the mask on August 20 at a live event in Tacoma, Washington. On August 26 it was reported that Urive had been sent home from the week's "SmackDown" tapings, with Arriaga once again appearing on TV under the Sin Cara mask. During Urive's time away from WWE, the Sin Cara character seemingly turned heel by attacking Daniel Bryan.


title: Místico

text: At the tapings of the September 16 episode of "SmackDown", Urive returned as the original Sin Cara, confronting the impostor version of the character. On "Raw"s September 19 episode, the original Sin Cara was booked to face Cody Rhodes but was attacked by the impostor Sin Cara prior to the match starting. On the September 23 episode of "SmackDown", the impostor Sin Cara attacked the original version during his match with Daniel Bryan, then took his place in the match and pinned Bryan for the win. The following week, the impostor revealed new black attire to distinguish himself from the original version, while also explaining that he was going to steal the Sin Cara identity from Urive, just as Urive had stolen the Místico identity from him, leading to a match between the two Sin Caras at Hell in a Cell. To further distinguish the two characters, WWE began referring to the original as Sin Cara "Azul" (Blue) and the impostor as Sin Cara "Negro" (Black). At the pay-per-view on October 2, Sin Cara Azul defeated Sin Cara Negro in a singles match. The rivalry culminated in a Mask vs. Mask match at the October 16 taping of "SmackDown" in Mexico City, where Sin Cara Azul was victorious, unmasking Sin Cara Negro after the match. Afterward, the unmasked Sin Cara Negro changed his ring name to Hunico, aligned himself with Camacho and continued his rivalry with Sin Cara. On November 20, at Survivor Series, Sin Cara and Hunico were on opposite sides of a ten-man tag match. Sin Cara was eliminated after he suffered a legitimate patellar tendon rupture while diving out of the ring. He underwent surgery and was unable to wrestle for over six months.


title: Místico

text: Sin Cara returned on May 19, 2012, at a live event in Florence, South Carolina, defeating Hunico in the opening match. On the June 1 episode of "SmackDown", Sin Cara returned to television in new red and white attire, defeating Heath Slater. On the July 9 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara defeated Slater to qualify for the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view but was unsuccessful in the match itself, which was won by Dolph Ziggler.


title: Místico

text: In August, Sin Cara rekindled a feud with Cody Rhodes, who claimed that he was wearing a mask to cover his ugly face. Sin Cara scored pinfall wins over Rhodes in consecutive matches on "SmackDown" and "Raw", both times taking advantage of Rhodes trying to remove his mask. He then also saved fellow masked wrestler Rey Mysterio from being unmasked by Rhodes and afterward teamed up with Mysterio to put one of his masks on Rhodes. After defeating WWE Intercontinental Champion The Miz in a non-title match, Sin Cara was granted an opportunity to challenge for the title at Night of Champions in a four-way match, which also included Rhodes and Mysterio. The storyline between Sin Cara, Rhodes and Rey Mysterio was furthered as The Miz retained the championship. The following day on "Raw", Sin Cara and Mysterio teamed up to defeat Epico and Primo in a tag team match. Sin Cara and Mysterio entered a tournament to determine the number one contenders to the WWE Tag Team Championship, defeating Primo & Epico and The Prime Time Players (Titus O'Neil and Darren Young) to advance to the final. Sin Cara and Mysterio lost the final of the tournament to the Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow) on the October 22 episode of "Raw". At Survivor Series on November 18, Sin Cara and Mysterio were victorious in a 10-man elimination tag team match alongside Brodus Clay, Justin Gabriel, and Tyson Kidd against the Prime Time Players, Epico, Primo, and Tensai. On December 16 at , Sin Cara and Mysterio were defeated by Team Rhodes Scholars in a number one contenders tables match for the WWE Tag Team Championship. Two days later on "SmackDown", Sin Cara suffered a legitimate knee injury and was written off television following an attack by The Shield.


title: Místico

text: Sin Cara returned on January 27, 2013, at the Royal Rumble, entering the Royal Rumble at number twenty-nine but was eliminated by Ryback. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Sin Cara and Rey Mysterio defeated WWE Tag Team Champions Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane) in a non-title match. Sin Cara returned to television on the May 15 episode of "Main Event", defeating Intercontinental Champion Wade Barrett in a non-title match. During the August 19 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara dislocated his ring finger during a match with Alberto Del Rio. Urive's final match as Sin Cara was against Alberto Del Rio at a show in Monterrey, Mexico on October 19.


title: Místico

text: In January 2014, Urive announced that he would return to Mexico in February. An interview of Urive that aired in late January saw Urive claim that while he had departed WWE, he still owned the Sin Cara character; Urive also blamed WWE for not allowing him to wrestle the style he used in Mexico. WWE stated on March 27 that they had released Urive on March 26.


title: Místico

text: On February 19, 2014, the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" reported that Urive had signed with Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) and would be making his debut two days later. At the end of AAA's February 21 event, AAA's main "rudo" stable, "La Sociedad", attacked the promotion's top "tecnicos" with help from the debuting Black Warrior. This led to AAA president Marisela Peña Roldán revealing her own surprise wrestler, Urive, who appeared on the darkened entrance stage but did not enter the ring or say anything. It was later reported that Urive was under a WWE non-compete clause until May and could therefore not show his mask. On May 17, Urive made another appearance, during which he was referred to only as a "mysterious wrestler", attacking "La Sociedad" and targeting especially his old rival Averno, who was making his AAA debut. On May 28, AAA revealed promotional material, which suggested Urive would be returning to the Místico ring name, however, on June 5, the promotion revealed his new ring name as Myzteziz. The ring name is exclusive to AAA and Urive will continue to work as Sin Cara outside of the promotion. Myzteziz made his in-ring debut on June 7 at "Verano de Escándalo", where he, Cibernético and La Parka defeated Averno, Chessman and El Hijo del Perro Aguayo in a six-man tag team main event, with Myzteziz submitting the AAA Latin American Champion Chessman for the win. On August 17 at Triplemanía XXII, Myzteziz took part in a four-way elimination main event for Copa Triplemanía XXII. In the end, Myzteziz lost the match, after taking a low blow from the winner, El Hijo del Perro Aguayo. On October 12 at Héroes Inmortales VIII, Myzteziz won a Royal Rumble Lumberjack match to win the Copa Antonio Peña. On May 24, 2015, Myzteziz came together with two former WWE superstars El Patrón Alberto and Rey Mysterio Jr. to form the "Dream Team" for AAA's Lucha Libre World Cup. The trio eventually won the tournament, defeating Johnny Mundo, Matt Hardy, and Mr. Anderson in the finals.


title: Místico

text: On August 9 at Triplemanía XXIII, Myzteziz was defeated by Mysterio in what was billed as a "dream match". Following the match, Myzteziz turned "rudo", attacking Mysterio and challenging him to a Mask vs. Mask rematch. After appearing at a CMLL event on October 9, Urive announced he was looking to return to the promotion after finishing his commitments with AAA. On October 12, AAA put out a press release, announcing that Urive was no longer part of the promotion.


title: Místico

text: Sin Cara's first post-WWE match took place at his self-produced independent event on February 1, which featured wrestlers from both AAA and CMLL. In the main event, Sin Cara teamed with his brother Argenis, and La Sombra to defeat another one of his brothers, Argos, Black Warrior and El Oriental, submitting Warrior for the win with "La Mística". On March 1, Sin Cara defeated Black Warrior to win the vacant Baja Star's Wrestling (BSW) Intercontinental Middleweight Championship.


title: Místico

text: On October 16, 2015, upon joining the Lucha Libre Elite promotion, Urive announced his new ring name as Místic 2.0. However, on October 25, he announced he would instead be using the name "Carístico", a combination of the names Sin Cara and Místico. On May 21, 2016, Carístico became the inaugural Lucha Libre Elite Middleweight Champion. On August 21, 2016, Carístico returned to NJPW, teaming with Titán and Volador Jr. in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Euforia, Gran Guerrero and Último Guerrero. On September 16, Carístico returned to Michinoku Pro Wrestling, entering the 2016 Fukumen World League and defeating Samba Rio de Janeiro in his first-round match. Over the next three days, Carístico defeated Jackie Lin, Sugi and finally Revolución to win the tournament and force Revolución to unmask. At "Promocione El Cholo's" Christmas show Carístico defeated Histeria in a "Luchas de Apuestas" match, forcing Histeria to unmask and reveal his real name, Alfonso Peña, per "lucha libre" traditions.


title: Místico

text: Carístico's debut within the Puerto Rico circuit took place on May 26, 2018, losing to Roger Díaz in a match for Champion's Wrestling Association (CWA) world heavyweight championship. Despite working under his CMLL character, his previous role as Sin Cara was emphasized during the reveal and the promotion for the event. On November 3, 2018, Carístico outlasted Ángel de Oro, Dragon Bane, Freelance, Gran Guerrero. Laredo Kid, Valiente, and Sadico to win the Lucha Libre Boom Cruiserweight Championship. Carístico defeated Bárbaro Cavernario and Emperado Azteca to become the first cruiserweight champion of the Monterrey, Nuevo León based KAOZ based promotion.


title: Místico

text: On December 12, 2015, Carístico returned to CMLL, wrestling his first match for the company since early 2011. At the time of his return, CMLL and Lucha Libre Elite were working closely together as several CMLL wrestlers worked LLE shows and several LLE wrestlers worked on CMLL shows as well. Carístico would subsequently become a regular for CMLL, splitting his time between the two promotions. When CMLL broke off their relationship with LLE in September 2016 Carístico was the only LLE regular who was allowed to also work for CMLL. For the 2016 "Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles" ("National Incredible Teams Tournament" Carístico was forced to team up with LLE rival Cibernético for the tag team tournament. The team defeated the teams of The Panther and Tiger, Rey Escorpión and Último Guerrero and finally Atlantis and Gran Guerrero to qualify for the finals. In the finals Carístico finally wrestled against the man who had taken over the Místico character, Místico II, falling to Místico and Mephisto in the finals as Carístico and Cibernético were unable to get along.


title: Místico

text: On January 27, 2017, Carístico challenged for a CMLL championship for the first time since leaving CMLL in 2011 but was unable to win the CMLL World Welterweight Championship from Mephisto. In June 2017 Carístico teamed up with "novato" wrestler Soberano for the 2017 "Gran Alternativa" ("Great Alternative") tournament. The duo defeated the teams of Ángel de Oro and Oro Jr., Flyer and Volador Jr., Canelo Casas and Negro Casas to qualify for the finals. On June 16 the two defeated Sansón and Último Guerrero to win the 2017 "Gran Alternativa" tournament. On August 21, 2018, he defeated longtime rival Último Guerrero to win the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship for the first time. He followed up his championship victory with a successful championship defense against Guerrero's younger brother Gran Guerrero, on October 2.


title: Místico

text: Due to holding the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship Carístico qualified for the Universal Championship tournament for the first time since the 2009 tournament. In the first round he defeated Mexican National Light Heavyweight Champion Bárbaro Cavernario, but lost to CMLL World Lightweight Champion Dragon Lee to be eliminated from the tournament.


title: Místico

text: At Día de Muertos, Carístico joined Místico II as "Alianza de Plata y Oro" (Gold and Silver Alliance) to win the CMLL World Tag Team Titles. They retained the belts until August 25, 2021, when Místico II was released from CMLL. That same day, the promotion announced Urive would use the name and mask of Místico again.


title: Místico

text: Capitalizing on Místico's popularity, CMLL created a comic book starring Místico as an urban hero. The comic reached its 50th issue in December 2007. Místico starred in a music video for the song "Me Muero" by the Spanish pop group La 5ª Estación and in two music videos for Banda Pequeños Musical, the song was also his entrance music while working as Místico. In 2009, he starred in a commercial endorsing the PAN (National Action Party) political party in Mexico.


title: Místico

text: Urive, as Sin Cara, appears as a playable character in the video games "WWE '12", "WWE '13" and "WWE 2K14".


title: Místico

text: Early in his career Urive began to stand out from other lower ranked wrestlers because of the speed that he was able to execute various high flying "lucha libre" moves and dives both in and out of the ring. "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" noted that his "La Mística" finishing move was often executed so fast that his opponents did not have time to react until it was locked in. "La Mística" is, in reality, a series of moves used by many wrestlers over the years, but Urive's combination of the spinning Tilt-a-whirl headscissors takedown transitioned into a single arm DDT that brings his opponent to the mat, allowing him to instantly switch the move into a Fujiwara armbar, normally on the opponent's left arm, that would force his opponent to submit. The "La Mística" move became so synonymous with the Místico character that Urive's successor also adopted it as his finishing move. Urive would on occasion use the move while working as Sin Cara and made it his main finishing move after returning to Mexico. Working as Sin Cara he primarily used a Moonsault side slam and a Senton bomb as his finishing moves. Both finishing moves are executed off the top rope, for the Moonsault side slam an opponent was thrown off the top rope with Urive landing on top of the opponent while the Senton sees Urive leap off the top rope onto a prone opponent.


title: Místico

text: In 2006 and 2007, the readers of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" voted him the "Best Flying Wrestler" category based on his in-ring performance in Mexico. However, his reputation as a wrestler in Mexico contrasted with his work in WWE. While he was considered a huge deal when he signed with WWE, he developed a reputation of being prone to not being able to execute some of the high-risk/high-flying moves, labeling the problems as "botching" the moves. The reputation followed him for the entire three years of his WWE career. Former WWE producer Arn Anderson stated that: "this guy didn't show me anything. Not a damn thing. He had a bad attitude." Rey Mysterio said during an interview that Urive didn't "have the desire" to be in WWE. Jorge Arriaga, who took the Sin Cara character when Urive was fired, said that "[the original Sin Cara] is the biggest signing that he had from Mexico. He comes in, he doesn't do anything".


title: Místico

text: Throughout his career, Urive has primarily portrayed a "técnico" (those that portray the good guys in wrestling) character, with brief periods of time where he played a more ambiguous character who straddled the "técnico"/"rudo" divide. When introduced as Místico in 2004 CMLL created an elaborate fictional backstory, where Místico was an orphan who was taught to wrestle by Fray Tormenta, a wrestling priest who also acted as his "Padrino" ("Godfather") early on. As part of the religious backstory Místico would often pose with his hands put together in a "praying" motion as well as adorning his tights with crucifix like patterns. Early in his career he wore mainly white trunks and masks with either silver or gold adornment, earning him the nickname ""El Príncipe de Plata y Oro"" ("The Prince of Silver and Gold). The Místico mask only has eye holes, totally covering the nose, mouth, and ears, a design that was replicated in the masks Urive wore or wear as Sin Cara, Myzteziz and Carístico with variations on the design that adorns the mask. The Carístico mask retains the same basic design as the Místico but with an added crucifix on the forehead and sweeping wing design around the eye openings.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: The Chipmunk Adventure is a 1987 American animated musical-comedy film based on the Saturday-morning cartoon series "Alvin and the Chipmunks". Directed by Janice Karman and written by Karman and Ross Bagdasarian Jr., it stars the voices of Karman, Bagdasarian, and Dody Goodman, and follows the Chipmunks and the Chipettes as they go on a hot air balloon race around the world that is the cover for a diamond smuggling ring.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: When their guardian David Seville goes to Europe on business, the Chipmunks—Alvin, Simon, and Theodore—are left home in Los Angeles with their babysitter, Ms. Miller. Later, the Chipmunks and Chipettes—Brittany, Jeanette, and Eleanor—play the arcade game "Around the World in 30 Days", and Alvin and Brittany argue over which would win an actual race around the world. They are overheard by international diamond-smuggling siblings Claudia and Klaus Furschtein, who have $5 million worth of diamonds to distribute to buyers but no couriers who are unknown to their nemesis, police inspector Jamal. Claudia tricks the children into being unwitting mules, offering to arrange a real race around the world between the Chipmunks and Chipettes for a $100,000 prize. To participate, Alvin records a phone call to Dave and edits it to trick Ms. Miller into believing that Dave wants the Chipmunks to meet him in Europe.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: The two teams set off by hot air balloon, each given a different route and twelve dolls made in their likenesses, which they are to exchange at designated locations for dolls in the likenesses of the other team to confirm they visited the locations. Unbeknownst to them, their dolls are filled with diamonds, and those they are receiving contain cash. The Furschteins' butler, Mario, is secretly an informant for Jamal, who dispatches two of his men to acquire the dolls. The Chipmunks' first stop is Mexico City, where they join in a fiesta. In Bermuda, the Chipettes scuba dive to make their first exchange and Brittany is almost eaten by a shark. The teams continue their journeys, exchanging their dolls in various countries along the way. Jamal's men tail them, but fail to get the dolls due to various mishaps. The teams cross paths in Athens, where they try to outperform one another in a musical number at the Acropolis and are almost spotted by Dave.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: Frustrated by his men's failures, Jamal enlists the aid of a young sheikh who has his mercenaries capture the Chipettes in Giza. Rather than turn them over to Jamal, the prince desires instead to marry Brittany, and gifts her a baby penguin. The girls perform a song to charm the cobras guarding their dolls, escape in their balloon, and detour to Antarctica to return the baby penguin to its family. Learning that they have deviated from their route, Claudia sends her thugs after them. The girls escape, but discover the diamonds and cash inside the dolls, realize they have been deceived and set out to find the boys.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: Meanwhile, the Chipmunks take a shortcut through a jungle, where they are captured by a native tribe who name Theodore their "Prince of Plenty" and force Alvin and Simon to be his slaves. They soon learn that they are to be sacrificed by being dropped into a pit of crocodiles. By performing the song "Wooly Bully" to entertain the natives, they stall their execution and are rescued by the Chipettes.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: Claudia discovers Mario passing information to Jamal, who is revealed to be an Interpol Inspector. The children land at Los Angeles International Airport at the same time as Dave's returning flight, and are chased by the Furschteins, who get them to surrender by falsely saying that they have kidnapped Ms. Miller. Dave sees them being taken away in the Furschteins' car, and joins Jamal in pursuit. Ms. Miller is absentmindedly driving the wrong way on a one-way street on her way to pick up Dave, and accidentally runs the Furschteins off the road. They are arrested by Jamal, and the children are reunited with Dave. Alvin and Brittany argue over who won the race, much to the adults' frustration.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: After the success of his animated cartoon series on NBC, Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. began developing a concept for a full-length feature film. The box-office failure of Disney's "The Black Cauldron" in 1985 had led to the layoff of a number of Disney animators (such as Glen Keane, Dan Haskett and Dave Pruiksma), whom Bagdasarian promptly hired to work on the film. Dan Haskett already was a part of the 1983 series by the time he was hired to work on the film.


title: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: Bagdasarian and his wife Janice Karman decided to finance the project themselves, having generated so much revenue from the "Alvin and the Chipmunks" TV series. While much of the work of the film was done in New York, most of the animation was done in Hollywood. The Ink and paint however were done over in Korea. Their decision to work with several overseas studios led to major production delays. By late 1986, production had fallen far behind schedule, and a shortage of time and money resulted in major cuts being made to the film. One deleted scene had the Chipmunks go to Russia.