title: Multimodal distribution

text: A mixture of two normal distributions with highly unequal mass has a positive kurtosis since the smaller distribution lengthens the tail of the more dominant normal distribution.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: and where "μ" and "μ" are the means of the two normal distributions and "σ" is their standard deviation.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Bimodal distributions are a commonly used example of how summary statistics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation can be deceptive when used on an arbitrary distribution. For example, in the distribution in Figure 1, the mean and median would be about zero, even though zero is not a typical value. The standard deviation is also larger than deviation of each normal distribution.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Although several have been suggested, there is no presently generally agreed summary statistic (or set of statistics) to quantify the parameters of a general bimodal distribution. For a mixture of two normal distributions the means and standard deviations along with the mixing parameter (the weight for the combination) are usually used – a total of five parameters.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: For a mixture of two normal distributions "D" > 2 is required for a clean separation of the distributions.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: This measure is a weighted average of the degree of agreement the frequency distribution. "A" ranges from -1 (perfect bimodality) to +1 (perfect unimodality). It is defined as


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "U" is the unimodality of the distribution, "S" the number of categories that have nonzero frequencies and "K" the total number of categories.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: With distributions other than these the data must be divided into 'layers'. Within a layer the responses are either equal or zero. The categories do not have to be contiguous. A value for "A" for each layer ("A") is calculated and a weighted average for the distribution is determined. The weights ("w") for each layer are the number of responses in that layer. In symbols


title: Multimodal distribution

text: One theoretical problem with this index is that it assumes that the intervals are equally spaced. This may limit its applicability.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: This index assumes that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions with means ("μ" and "μ") and standard deviations ("σ" and "σ"):


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "γ" is the skewness and "κ" is the kurtosis. The kurtosis is here defined to be the standardised fourth moment around the mean. The value of "b" lies between 0 and 1. The logic behind this coefficient is that a bimodal distribution with light tails will have very low kurtosis, an asymmetric character, or both – all of which increase this coefficient.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "n" is the number of items in the sample, "g" is the sample skewness and "k" is the sample excess kurtosis.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The value of "b" for the uniform distribution is 5/9. This is also its value for the exponential distribution. Values greater than 5/9 may indicate a bimodal or multimodal distribution, though corresponding values can also result for heavily skewed unimodal distributions. The maximum value (1.0) is reached only by a Bernoulli distribution with only two distinct values or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions (a bi-delta distribution).


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The distribution of this statistic is unknown. It is related to a statistic proposed earlier by Pearson – the difference between the kurtosis and the square of the skewness ("vide infra").


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "A" and "A" are the amplitudes of the left and right peaks respectively and "P" is the logarithm taken to the base 2 of the proportion of the distribution in the i interval. The maximal value of the "ΣP" is 1 but the value of "B" may be greater than this.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: To use this index, the log of the values are taken. The data is then divided into interval of width Φ whose value is log 2. The width of the peaks are taken to be four times 1/4Φ centered on their maximum values.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The bimodality index proposed by Wang "et al" assumes that the distribution is a sum of two normal distributions with equal variances but differing means. It is defined as follows:


title: Multimodal distribution

text: This statistic is a form of periodogram. It suffers from the usual problems of estimation and spectral leakage common to this form of statistic.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "m" is number of data points in the "i" bin, "x" is the center of the "i" bin and "L" is the number of bins.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The authors suggested a cut off value of 0.1 for "B" to distinguish between a bimodal ("B" > 0.1)and unimodal ("B" < 0.1) distribution. No statistical justification was offered for this value.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "p" and "p" are the proportion contained in the primary (that with the greater amplitude) and secondary (that with the lesser amplitude) mode and "φ" and "φ" are the "φ"-sizes of the primary and secondary mode. The "φ"-size is defined as minus one times the log of the data size taken to the base 2. This transformation is commonly used in the study of sediments.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The authors recommended a cut off value of 1.5 with B being greater than 1.5 for a bimodal distribution and less than 1.5 for a unimodal distribution. No statistical justification for this value was given.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Otsu's method for finding a threshold for separation between two modes relies on minimizing the quantity


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "n" is the number of data points in the "i" subpopulation, "σ" is the variance of the "i" subpopulation, "m" is the total size of the sample and "σ" is the sample variance. Some researchers (particularly in the field of digital image processing) have applied this quantity more broadly as an index for detecting bimodality, with a small value indicating a more bimodal distribution.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: A number of tests are available to determine if a data set is distributed in a bimodal (or multimodal) fashion.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal. Empirically, it has been found useful to plot the frequency against the log( size ) of the particles. This usually gives a clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution. In geological applications the logarithm is normally taken to the base 2. The log transformed values are referred to as phi (Φ) units. This system is known as the Krumbein (or phi) scale.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: An alternative method is to plot the log of the particle size against the cumulative frequency. This graph will usually consist two reasonably straight lines with a connecting line corresponding to the antimode.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "Mean" is the mean, "StdDev" is the standard deviation, "Skew" is the skewness, "Kurt" is the kurtosis and "φ" is the value of the variate "φ" at the "x" percentage of the distribution.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Pearson in 1894 was the first to devise a procedure to test whether a distribution could be resolved into two normal distributions. This method required the solution of a ninth order polynomial. In a subsequent paper Pearson reported that for any distribution skewness + 1 < kurtosis. Later Pearson showed that


title: Multimodal distribution

text: where "b" is the kurtosis and "b" is the square of the skewness. Equality holds only for the two point Bernoulli distribution or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions. These are the most extreme cases of bimodality possible. The kurtosis in both these cases is 1. Since they are both symmetrical their skewness is 0 and the difference is 1.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Several tests of unimodality versus bimodality have been proposed: Haldane suggested one based on second central differences. Larkin later introduced a test based on the F test; Benett created one based on Fisher's G test. Tokeshi has proposed a fourth test. A test based on a likelihood ratio has been proposed by Holzmann and Vollmer.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: A method based on the score and Wald tests has been proposed. This method can distinguish between unimodal and bimodal distributions when the underlying distributions are known.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Otsu's method is commonly employed in computer graphics to determine the optimal separation between two distributions.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: To test if a distribution is other than unimodal, several additional tests have been devised: the bandwidth test, the dip test, the excess mass test, the MAP test, the mode existence test, the runt test, the span test, and the saddle test.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: An implementation of the dip test is available for the R programming language. The p-values for the dip statistic values range between 0 and 1. P-values less than 0.05 indicate significant multimodality and p-values greater than 0.05 but less than 0.10 suggest multimodality with marginal significance.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Silverman introduced a bootstrap method for the number of modes. The test uses a fixed bandwidth which reduces the power of the test and its interpretability. Under smoothed densities may have an excessive number of modes whose count during bootstrapping is unstable.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: A study of a mixture density of two normal distributions data found that separation into the two normal distributions was difficult unless the means were separated by 4–6 standard deviations.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: In astronomy the Kernel Mean Matching algorithm is used to decide if a data set belongs to a single normal distribution or to a mixture of two normal distributions.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: This distribution is bimodal for certain values of is parameters. A test for these values has been described.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Assuming that the distribution is known to be bimodal or has been shown to be bimodal by one or more of the tests above, it is frequently desirable to fit a curve to the data. This may be difficult.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: A package for R is available for testing for bimodality. This package assumes that the data are distributed as a sum of two normal distributions. If this assumption is not correct the results may not be reliable. It also includes functions for fitting a sum of two normal distributions to the data.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Assuming that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions then the expectation-maximization algorithm may be used to determine the parameters. Several programmes are available for this including Cluster, and the R package nor1mix.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The mixtools package available for R can test for and estimate the parameters of a number of different distributions. A package for a mixture of two right-tailed gamma distributions is available.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: Several other packages for R are available to fit mixture models; these include flexmix, mcclust, agrmt, and mixdist.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The statistical programming language SAS can also fit a variety of mixed distributions with the PROC FREQ procedure.


title: Multimodal distribution

text: The CumFreqA program for the fitting of composite probability distributions to a data set (X) can divide the set into two parts with a different distribution. The figure shows an example of a double generalized mirrored Gumbel distribution as in distribution fitting with cumulative distribution function (CDF) equations:


title: Corridor Digital

text: Corridor Digital is an American production studio based in Los Angeles, known for creating pop-culture-related viral online short-form videos since 2010, as well as producing and directing the "Battlefield"-inspired web series "Rush" and the YouTube Premium series "Lifeline". It has also created television commercials for various companies, including Machine Zone and Google.


title: Corridor Digital

text: Corridor Digital has nine full-time employees (January 2019), including founders Sam Gorski and Niko Pueringer. As of September 2022, the channel has 9.67 million subscribers and has won awards at several Streamys, including the "Visual and Special Effects Award" in 2017. Its second channel, Corridor Crew, consists of behind-the-scenes content, including the popular series "VFX Artists React" and "VFX Artist Reveals", the latter of which is hosted by Wren Weichman. The channel has 5.84 million subscribers as of September 2022.


title: Corridor Digital

text: On August 11, 2022, the channel was hacked by a crypto scam, and terminated by YouTube. However, the channel and its content were later restored.


title: Corridor Digital

text: Pueringer and Gorski began working together in junior high in Stillwater, Minnesota, making student films with an emphasis on special effects. In 2008 they moved to Los Angeles, where they focused on special effects for other projects. In 2010, they released a fan film, "Modern Warfare: Frozen Crossing", filmed in Minnesota, like many of their early projects. In subsequent years, Pueringer and Gorski began creating more short-form content. In 2012, they created the viral hits "The Glitch" and "Minecraft: The Last Minecart". They were featured in the 2012, 2013 and 2014 YouTube Rewind.


title: Corridor Digital

text: In 2017, Corridor produced and directed the YouTube Red series "Lifeline", which was executive produced by Dwayne Johnson and a collaboration with his Seven Bucks Productions. The show was an American science fiction drama web television series broadcast on the YouTube Red network which began October 11, 2017.


title: Corridor Digital

text: In 2019, the company published a book, "Top 10 Games You Can Play In Your Head, By Yourself", released on Amazon and publicized with a commercial on its YouTube channel. The book is a collaboration between Gorski and author D. F. Lovett.


title: Corridor Digital

text: In June 2019, Corridor released a video in which a robot in the style of Boston Dynamics is abused in a variety of ways before finally fighting back against the humans attacking it. The video, watermarked "Bosstown Dynamics" instead of "Boston Dynamics", went viral across platforms, although most versions dropped attribution to the original source, with many claiming it to be an authentic Boston Dynamics video.


title: Corridor Digital

text: After the online confusion, Corridor clarified that the video was never meant to be interpreted as "real", and that it would "like for people to be able to see the original". Gizmodo wrote that the "real lesson from Corridor’s fake robot video might be just how far [robot technology has] come in real life over the past decade".


title: Corridor Digital

text: On October 26, 2019, Corridor published a second video in which the same robot can be seen acting as a soldier, shooting targets before escaping his human owners with a Boston Dynamics Spot. This video was received very similarly to the first, going viral on multiple platforms, with many people believing it was real.


title: Corridor Digital

text: Their videos were received to be so realistic that in 2021, when Boston Dynamics published a video titled "Do you love me" featuring its robots dancing, it received comments alleging that those were CGI videos made by Corridor Digital and Corridor Crew had to publish a video proving how the Boston Dynamics video is not a VFX shot and is real.


title: Corridor Digital

text: "Rush", a "Battlefield"-inspired web series, was originally released for Go90 in 2016 and rereleased on Corridor's YouTube channel in 2019.


title: Corridor Digital

text: On August 11, 2022, the company's Corridor Crew YouTube channel was hacked. The hackers gained control of the channel and began a live stream featuring a cryptocurrency scam. The company appeared to have regained control, when the account was terminated by YouTube. Their account was recovered two days later on August 13.


title: Corridor Digital

text: "VFX Artists React" is a series on the Corridor Crew channel in which three Corridor members discuss and break down visual effects shots from various films and TV series. Their most popular subseries is "VFX Artists React to Bad & Great CGi". There have been numerous other subseries, such as "Stuntmen React" and "Animators React." Multiple guests have appeared on "VFX Artists React", such as Seth Rogen, Adam Savage, visual directors of various visual effects studios, and numerous other creators.


title: Corridor Digital

text: "Visual Effects Artist Reveals" is a series on Corridor Crew where the host Wren Weichman, a VFX artist and a mechanical engineer, talks about science and technology and reveals the real life scale of famous objects. The series has videos exploring the size of atoms, the real life scale and power of cannons on warships, the speed of sound, the solar system, SpaceX rockets, Star Wars spaceships, and Titans from Attack on Titan. They also address issues like the amount of water on Earth, climate change, and the exponential growth of COVID-19.


title: Corridor Digital

text: Corridor Digital frequently collaborates with various other prominent YouTubers, including Mike Diva, Freddie Wong (AKA "RocketJump"), Jimmy Wong, Adrian Picardi, Brandon Laatsch and Markiplier. They have also worked with Black Rifle Coffee Company.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: Transformers: Rescue Bots" (or simply Rescue Bots") is a toyline, story book series, and animated robot superhero children's television series based on toy manufacturer Hasbro's "Transformers" franchise. "Rescue Bots" is the successor of "Transformers: Robot Heroes" and is based on the same concept as the "Marvel Superhero Adventures" and "Star Wars Jedi Force" franchises. "Rescue Bots" mainly focuses on educating children regarding hazards and safety.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: The original main group of Autobots who take part in "Rescue Bots" are Chase, Heatwave, Blades and Boulder.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: Relating to other "Transformers" series/continuities, "Rescue Bots" features human and Autobot allies as well as a toy line.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: The original toy line and the storybook series features the team of Chief Charlie Burns (Optimus Prime's and Hoist's partner), an adult Cody Burns (Heatwave's partner), Sawyer Storm (Blades' and Medix' Partner), Walker Cleveland (Boulder's partner), Billy Blastoff and Jack "Hunter" Tracker (Chase's partners), and Axel Frazier (Bumblebee's partner).


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: The TV series features Chief Charlie Burns (Chase's partner), Cody Burns as a child (Optimus Prime's and Salvage's partner), Dani Burns (Blades's partner), Kade Burns (Heatwave's partner), and Graham Burns (Boulder's partner), as well as Doc Greene and Francine Greene as supporting characters (who later in the series become temporary partners to the Autobot High Tide). Season 1 is available for streaming via Netflix. Hasbro has also made seasons 1–3 available digitally on iTunes and on YouTube through a paid subscription.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: The trailer for the fourth season was released on January 22, 2016 which shows an older Cody Burns and a female rescue bot named Quickshadow. Season 4 first aired on April 23, 2016 and ended on October 22, 2016, lasted for four years. 104 episodes have been produced. As of its fourth season, "Rescue Bots" is the longest-running "Transformers" series, surpassing "The Transformers", which aired for 98 episodes.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: On June 6, 2017, it was announced that the series had ended production and would be succeeded by "". Though, cast did not reprise their roles in the series.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: Set on the fictional island of Griffin Rock somewhere off the coast of Maine, the Rescue Bots (a group of Autobots designed for rescue missions) named Heatwave, Boulder, Blades, and Chase respond to Optimus Prime's message for any active Autobots in outer space to come to Earth. Coming out of a long stasis, the Rescue Bots learned what became of Cybertron and that they are one of the only Rescue Bot teams remaining. Deeming them too valuable for them to join the fight against the Decepticons, Optimus Prime partners them with the Burns Family composed of first response rescuers. Together, they learn teamwork and heroism alongside their human friends as they deal with various disasters while also getting themselves familiar with Earth's cultures.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: A television series was produced independently from the earlier released storybooks, set in the same story continuity as "" and "" with occasional crossovers. The show aired on Hasbro's and Discovery's television network, Discovery Family. "Rescue Bots" is developed for television by Nicole Dubuc, Brian Hohlfeld, and Jeff Kline. The series had a sneak peek on December 17, 2011, and officially premiered on February 18, 2012. It premiered on Discovery Kids in India.


title: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: Miracle Media in the United Kingdom have rights for the first two seasons through Region 2, including most of Western Europe and the Middle East.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Sarah Lucinda Beeny (born 9 January 1972) is an English broadcaster and entrepreneur, best known for presenting "Property Ladder", "Property Snakes and Ladders", "Streets Ahead", "Britain's Best Homes", "Sarah Beeny's Selling Houses, How to Live Mortgage Free" and "Sarah Beeny's New Life in the Country".


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Beeny is a high-profile campaigner for buildings at risk and has personally renovated Rise Hall, a 32-bedroomed Grade II* listed hall in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Beeny has written regular columns for national newspapers and magazines, in addition to numerous books. She launched her podcast "Round the Houses with Sarah Beeny" in 2018, featuring a variety of wealthy and famous guests who allow Beeny into their homes and their lives.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Sarah Lucinda Beeny was born on 9 January 1972 in Reading, Berkshire, to Richard (an architect for Bovis Homes) and Ann. Beeny has an elder brother. The family lived in two converted brick cottages in a nine-acre plot on the edge of the Duke of Wellington's estate at Stratfield Saye in Hampshire, in a style that Beeny describes as "a bit like "The Good Life"."


title: Sarah Beeny

text: After her mother died aged 39 of breast cancer when Beeny was 10, she was educated as a weekly boarder at the all-girls Luckley-Oakfield School in Wokingham. Although her friends went to university, Beeny did not; she was encouraged to study drama by her English teacher and took a leading role in Brecht's "Caucasian Chalk Circle." Pursuing the idea of becoming a professional actress, she studied drama at Queen Mary's College, Basingstoke, but failed to get into a drama school.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Beeny travelled around the world solo at the age of 17 and felt "lonely and seasick" most of the way round. She returned to the UK to take a series of jobs, including: working for Save the Children; window-cleaning; door-to-door vacuum cleaner-selling and running her own sandwich-making business. Assuming she would be self-employed for the rest of her life, at weekends she would study the property market, which gave her a good grounding in the market. Having saved up a deposit, without any formal training, Beeny began her own property-developing business with her brother and her husband. Beeny is also the co-founder of the UK dating website MySingleFriend.com.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: After meeting the sister-in-law of Sarah Delafield-Cook, a talent hunter at Talkback Thames, at a hen party, Beeny was asked to undertake a screen test to front a new television series about property development. The success of "Property Ladder" led to various spin-off series, including "Streets Ahead", "Britain's Best Homes" and "Property Snakes and Ladders".


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2006, Beeny presented "One Year to Pay Off Your Mortgage". She wrote a number of books to accompany the series, as well as a weekly column for the "Mail on Sunday".


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2007, Beeny appeared on the Channel 5 motoring show "Fifth Gear", where she raced Jason Plato in an articulated lorry around a course. She has appeared on Gordon Ramsay's "The F-Word", where she offered up her garden for Ramsay's sheep to feed on.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Beeny regularly appears on television and is a friend of DJ Christian O' Connell. Since August 2010, she has fronted the Channel 4 programme "Help! My House is Falling Down", which had the working title of "House Rescue" before its commission.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In November 2010, she presented "Beeny's Restoration Nightmare" on Channel 4, showing her renovation of Rise Hall, a Grade II* listed historic house near Rise, East Riding of Yorkshire, to create a wedding venue. Beeny Sold Rise Hall in 2019.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In August 2011, Beeny began presenting a new series for BBC One titled "Village SOS". In this series, the programme follows a group of passionate villagers who want to restore their village to its former glory.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2012, Beeny presented "Double your House for Half the Money", a series that showed viewers how they could potentially have the home they have always dreamed about, even if they couldn't afford to buy it. This series ran for 3 seasons.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2014, she presented "Sarah Beeny's How to Sell Your Home." "How to Live Mortgage Free with Sarah Beeny" followed in 2017.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2018, Beeny launched her podcast "At Home with Sarah Beeny," a series where famous personalities give Beeny access to the inside of their homes and their lives. The series has included guests such as Jo Wood, Tim Lovejoy, Lynn Bowles and Pearl Lowe.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Beeny met her husband and business partner, Graham Swift, when she was 18 years old. Her brother is married to Swift's sister, Caroline. Beeny and Swift have four sons. They previously lived in Streatham. In 2001, the couple bought Rise Hall, in the East Riding of Yorkshire paying £435,000 for the property, and began restoration work on it; Beeny and Swift sold Rise Hall for £1.4 million in 2019. After selling Rise Hall, Beeny and Swift left London and moved to the Somerset countryside.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In August 2022, Beeney revealed that she would be receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy for breast cancer; Beeny lost her mother Ann to the same disease at the age of 39 when she was 10 years old. In November 2022, it was announced that Channel 4 had commissioned a documentary to follow Beeny and her family as she undergoes treatment.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: In 2014, Beeny was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in the September 2014 referendum on that issue – which it did.


title: Sarah Beeny

text: Beeny is a keen supporter of Brain Tumour Research. In March 2017, she said: " Brain tumours remain a forgotten form of cancer, receiving scant attention from potential funders. More research is needed so fewer lives will be devastated by this dreadful disease. I want my generation to look back in future years and be incredulous that anyone died of cancer. I want to see a day when cancer is no longer life-threatening, when the notion that cancer could be a killer is thought absurd." Beeny is also a supporter of Cardboard Citizens.


title: Blackwater Park

text: Blackwater Park is the fifth studio album by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth. It was released on March 12, 2001 in Europe and a day later in North America through Music for Nations and Koch Records. The album marks the first collaboration between Porcupine Tree frontman Steven Wilson and the band, as Wilson had been brought in to produce the album. This contributed to a shift in Opeth's musical style. The songs "The Drapery Falls" and "Still Day Beneath the Sun" were released as singles.


title: Blackwater Park

text: Although "Blackwater Park" did not chart in North America or the United Kingdom, it was a commercial breakthrough for the band and is often considered their magnum opus. The album was highly acclaimed among critics, with Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic stating that the album is "surely the band's coming-of-age album, and therefore, an ideal introduction to its remarkable body of work.” In 2020, "Loudwire" listed "Blackwater Park" as the number one progressive metal album of all time. "Rolling Stone" ranked the album as 55th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.'


title: Blackwater Park

text: Following a few live dates in Europe, Opeth's guitarist and vocalist Mikael Åkerfeldt went to an old friend's house in Stockholm, Sweden, to record some demos and develop ideas for the new album. The album is named after the German progressive rock band of the same name and was the first album for which the group had a title before they started recording.


title: Blackwater Park

text: This album featured heavy input from Porcupine Tree frontman Steven Wilson, whose relationship with Opeth had begun in the past when an interviewer, who was a friend of Åkerfeldt's and knew the latter was a fan of Wilson's work, gave Wilson a copy of Opeth's then-latest release "Still Life", which Wilson ended up liking so much that he contacted Åkerfeldt about it. A few months after the making of the demos, Åkerfeldt was having dinner with Wilson in which the two discussed the idea of Wilson producing the next Opeth album. After Åkerfeldt sent Wilson the demos he had recorded, Wilson agreed to produce the album.


title: Blackwater Park

text: Opeth entered Studio Fredman to begin work on "Blackwater Park" on August 10, 2000. The band had no previous lyrics written and had only rehearsed three times before entering the studio. The band's engineer Fredrik Nordström had arranged for the group to stay in a small room in the studio that had four beds. Opeth stayed there for around two weeks and then later rented out Dark Tranquillity member Mikael Stanne's flat. After recording the basic drums, rhythms, bass and acoustic guitars, Wilson arrived to produce the clean vocals and add some guitar leads. Åkerfeldt wrote that Wilson had an "immense impact on the recording" and after working with him the group entered "a new phase".


title: Blackwater Park

text: Åkerfeldt described the recording of the album as "rather smooth". Soilwork was recording in the studio at the same time as Opeth. Åkerfeldt wrote that Opeth felt like "a bunch of amateurs in comparison. They were working all the time. When they came into the kitchen for a break, we're still there, on the same break we took 3 hours ago. We don't want this to become a 'job', or something you do because you have to. We wanna have a good time, and thus we only work when it feels right."


title: Blackwater Park

text: "Blackwater Park" was originally released on March 12, 2001 in Europe and a day later in North America. This was the first Opeth album to be released in North America at the same time as it was in the rest of the world. It has been released on compact disc and vinyl record formats. A special edition of "Blackwater Park" was issued in 2002 with a bonus second disc that included "Still Day Beneath the Sun" and "Patterns in the Ivy II". Those two bonus tracks were released together as a vinyl-only 7" EP by Robotic Empire Records in February 2003. The limited edition EP sold out in less than 24 hours and continues to be one of Opeth's most sought-after releases to date. Two singles were also released to promote "Blackwater Park". A shortened radio edit version of "The Drapery Falls" was released as a promo single. The bonus track "Still Day Beneath the Sun" was later released as a vinyl only single.


title: Blackwater Park

text: "Blackwater Park" did not chart in the United States or United Kingdom. As of May 2008, "Blackwater Park" has sold over 93,000 copies in the United States.


title: Blackwater Park

text: On March 29, 2010, Opeth re-released a Legacy Edition of "Blackwater Park" which included a live version of "The Leper Affinity" and then a second DVD which is the entire album in 5.0 Surround Sound and a making of documentary. This version was released in North America in April 2012 by The End Records.


title: Blackwater Park

text: "Blackwater Park" received critical acclaim upon release. Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic wrote that the album was "a work of breathtaking creative breadth" and noted the album's critical praise stating that "not since the release of Tiamat's groundbreaking masterpiece "Wildhoney" in 1994 had the extreme metal scene witnessed such an overwhelming show of fan enthusiasm and uniform critical praise as that bestowed upon Blackwater Park.” He also said that the album is "surely the band's coming-of-age album, and therefore, an ideal introduction to its remarkable body of work.” "Pitchfork" praised the album, writing that "Blackwater Park has the reputation it does in large part because none of the songs follow the same songwriting formula, instead looking toward variations within general themes that all build to a dramatic conclusion in the title track." Opeth was compared to critically acclaimed groups from previous eras. "The Village Voice" wrote in their review of the album, that "Opeth paint on an epic canvas, sounding at times like... metal's answer to '70s King Crimson". "CMJ" also wrote a very positive review calling the album "Godlike ... a metal fusion of Pink Floyd and the Beatles". The Canadian music magazine "Exclaim!" wrote that the album "might be the best metal record this year, and it is worth every bit of energy the band has put into the creating of it.”


title: Blackwater Park

text: "Decibel" wrote that "Blackwater Park’s brilliance is the production. Co-produced by Opeth and Wilson and engineered by Fredrik Nordström, it’s one of the first death metal albums to feel, well, different. Crystal clear, yet resolutely heavy, Blackwater Park is also full of nuance." Similarly, "Pitchfork" noted that Wilson's "production help and encouragement teased out the band's explorations of acoustic-led arrangements as much as electric ones while further showcasing Åkerfeldt's sweet, clear singing as much as the roars on songs like "The Leper Affinity" and the title track." British magazine "Record Collector" called "Blackwater Park" Opeth's finest hour and added that much of the credit "can be attributed to the advanced vision of Steven Wilson."


title: Blackwater Park

text: "Loudwire" ranked "Blackwater Park" as the 15th best metal album of all time, claiming the album reflected the group's "70s art-rock influences, supported by consistently intricate, wildly imaginative nine-to-ten-minute epics, each one more awe-inspiring than the last."


title: Blackwater Park

text: A more mixed review came from Alex Silveri of Sputnikmusic, who praised several of the album's songs but wrote negatively about "The Drapery Falls", "Dirge for November" and "The Funeral Portrait", which Silveri referred to as "boring to the point of tears.” However, Sputnikmusic still placed "Blackwater Park" at No. 39 on its list of the Top 100 Albums of the Decade.


title: Blackwater Park

text: In 2020, "Loudwire" listed "Blackwater Park" as the number one progressive metal album of all time. It was Metal Storm's number 1 album of 2001 and number 4 on the Top 200 albums of all time. "LA Weekly" named it the 5th best metal album in history. "Rolling Stone" ranked "Blackwater Park" as 55th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.


title: Blackwater Park

text: In 2009, MetalSucks compiled a list of the "21 Best Metal Albums of the 21st Century So Far" based on the opinions of various musicians, managers, publicists, label representatives and writers, where "Blackwater Park" ranked at No. 3 on the list. "Decibel" magazine similarly named "Blackwater Park" the 3rd best metal album of the decade. The album was listed at No. 5 on "Terrorizer"'s best albums of the 2000s.


title: Blackwater Park

text: In June 2015, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Blackwater Park" at 28th place for their list of "Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time". TeamRock placed the album at #36 on their "Top 100 Prog Albums of All Time" list.


title: Blackwater Park

text: In 2012, "Loudwire" listed the title track as the second best metal song of the 21st century. "Q" magazine included "Bleak" in its 2004 list of "1010 Songs You Must Own!"


title: Hyperplane

text: In geometry, a hyperplane is a subspace whose dimension is one less than that of its "ambient space". For example, if a space is 3-dimensional then its hyperplanes are the 2-dimensional planes, while if the space is 2-dimensional, its hyperplanes are the 1-dimensional lines. This notion can be used in any general space in which the concept of the dimension of a subspace is defined.


title: Hyperplane

text: In different settings, hyperplanes may have different properties. For instance, a hyperplane of an -dimensional affine space is a flat subset with dimension and it separates the space into two half spaces. While a hyperplane of an -dimensional projective space does not have this property.


title: Hyperplane

text: The difference in dimension between a subspace and its ambient space is known as the codimension of with respect to . Therefore, a necessary and sufficient condition for to be a hyperplane in is for to have codimension one in .


title: Hyperplane

text: In geometry, a hyperplane of an "n"-dimensional space "V" is a subspace of dimension "n" − 1, or equivalently, of codimension 1 in "V". The space "V" may be a Euclidean space or more generally an affine space, or a vector space or a projective space, and the notion of hyperplane varies correspondingly since the definition of subspace differs in these settings; in all cases however, any hyperplane can be given in coordinates as the solution of a single (due to the "codimension 1" constraint) algebraic equation of degree 1.


title: Hyperplane

text: If "V" is a vector space, one distinguishes "vector hyperplanes" (which are linear subspaces, and therefore must pass through the origin) and "affine hyperplanes" (which need not pass through the origin; they can be obtained by translation of a vector hyperplane). A hyperplane in a Euclidean space separates that space into two half spaces, and defines a reflection that fixes the hyperplane and interchanges those two half spaces.


title: Hyperplane

text: Several specific types of hyperplanes are defined with properties that are well suited for particular purposes. Some of these specializations are described here.


title: Hyperplane

text: In Cartesian coordinates, such a hyperplane can be described with a single linear equation of the following form (where at least one of the formula_1s is non-zero and formula_2 is an arbitrary constant):


title: Hyperplane

text: In the case of a real affine space, in other words when the coordinates are real numbers, this affine space separates the space into two half-spaces, which are the connected components of the complement of the hyperplane, and are given by the inequalities


title: Hyperplane

text: As an example, a point is a hyperplane in 1-dimensional space, a line is a hyperplane in 2-dimensional space, and a plane is a hyperplane in 3-dimensional space. A line in 3-dimensional space is not a hyperplane, and does not separate the space into two parts (the complement of such a line is connected).


title: Hyperplane

text: Affine hyperplanes are used to define decision boundaries in many machine learning algorithms such as linear-combination (oblique) decision trees, and perceptrons.


title: Hyperplane

text: In a vector space, a vector hyperplane is a subspace of codimension 1, only possibly shifted from the origin by a vector, in which case it is referred to as a flat. Such a hyperplane is the solution of a single linear equation.


title: Hyperplane

text: Projective hyperplanes, are used in projective geometry. A projective subspace is a set of points with the property that for any two points of the set, all the points on the line determined by the two points are contained in the set. Projective geometry can be viewed as affine geometry with vanishing points (points at infinity) added. An affine hyperplane together with the associated points at infinity forms a projective hyperplane. One special case of a projective hyperplane is the infinite or ideal hyperplane, which is defined with the set of all points at infinity.


title: Hyperplane

text: In projective space, a hyperplane does not divide the space into two parts; rather, it takes two hyperplanes to separate points and divide up the space. The reason for this is that the space essentially "wraps around" so that both sides of a lone hyperplane are connected to each other.


title: Hyperplane

text: In convex geometry, two disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space are separated by a hyperplane, a result called the hyperplane separation theorem.


title: Hyperplane

text: In machine learning, hyperplanes are a key tool to create support vector machines for such tasks as computer vision and natural language processing.


title: Hyperplane

text: The dihedral angle between two non-parallel hyperplanes of a Euclidean space is the angle between the corresponding normal vectors. The product of the transformations in the two hyperplanes is a rotation whose axis is the subspace of codimension 2 obtained by intersecting the hyperplanes, and whose angle is twice the angle between the hyperplanes.


title: Hyperplane

text: A hyperplane H is called a "support" hyperplane of the polyhedron P if P is contained in one of the two closed half-spaces bounded by H and formula_6. The intersection of P and H is defined to be a "face" of the polyhedron. The theory of polyhedra and the dimension of the faces are analyzed by looking at these intersections involving hyperplanes.


title: Annaamalai

text: Annaamalai (also spelt Annamalai; ) is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language masala film directed by Suresh Krissna and produced by Kavithalayaa Productions. A remake of the 1987 Hindi film "Khudgarz", itself based on Jeffrey Archer's 1979 novel "Kane and Abel", it stars Rajinikanth, Khushbu and Sarath Babu with Radha Ravi, Nizhalgal Ravi and Manorama in supporting roles. The film revolves around Annaamalai, a poor milkman, and Ashok, a wealthy hotelier, who have been friends since childhood, a friendship opposed by Ashok's father who attempts to create a rift between the two.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" was announced in March 1992 with the director Vasanth, who later opted out due to personal reasons. Suresh Krissna replaced him as director, and also contributed to the screenplay while Shanmugasundaram wrote the dialogues. Principal photography began in the same month and the entire filming process lasted 45 working days. The score and soundtrack were composed by Deva and lyrics for the songs were written by Vairamuthu. The cinematography was handled by P. S. Prakash and editing by the duo Ganesh Kumar.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" was released on 27 June 1992. Although its opening was threatened due to a newly established Tamil Nadu government rule where posters of films were prohibited in Madras, the lack of promos only increased the hype and worked to the film's advantage; it ran for 175 days in theatres and was the highest-grossing film in Tamil cinema until 1995 when the record was broken by "Baashha". It was remade in Telugu in 1993 as "Kondapalli Raja" and in Kannada in 2003 as "Gokarna".


title: Annaamalai

text: Annaamalai is a milkman, while Ashok is the owner of a five-star hotel in Madras. They have been very close friends since their childhood. Ashok's father Gangadharan, however, never liked his son's friendship with a poor milkman. Annaamalai is kind-hearted and innocent, and falls in love with Subbulakshmi, a college girl he eventually marries. Ashok too falls in love with a poor girl, Shanthi, who works as his secretary. Annaamalai arranges Ashok and Shanthi's wedding which angers Gangadharan as he thinks Shanthi lacks the status to become his daughter-in-law.


title: Annaamalai

text: Annaamalai clashes with Ekambaram, a MLA, following which Ekambaram understands Annaamalai's good nature. Annaamalai's small house along with a few cents of empty land is located in a prime location, to which Annaamalai held sentimental values to; Gangadharan pressures Ashok to buy it so that they can construct a star hotel. Ashok is initially hesitant as he does not want to mix business and friendship, but later agrees. Annaamalai happily accepts and also agrees to give the land for free, emulating pure friendship. Ashok feels proud of Annaamalai and informs his father that Annaamalai has to be made a shareholder in the new hotel. Gangadharan agrees, but decides to cheat Annaamalai and gets his signature in empty papers.


title: Annaamalai

text: The star hotel is constructed and Gangadharan plans to demolish Annaamalai's house which is located next to the hotel. Gangadharan and Ashok's cousin Sargunam forge documents and take control of Annaamalai's empty land. Annaamalai learns of this plan and argues with Gangadharan. Ashok, oblivious to his father's plan, gets angry with Annaamalai for fighting with him, and demolishes Annaamalai's house which is in the remembrance of Annaamalai's father. In response, Annaamalai lays a challenge that he will become wealthy and take revenge on Ashok.


title: Annaamalai

text: Ekambaram helps Annaamalai to secure funds. Annaamalai starts a small sweets business and, over the course of fifteen years, becomes one of the wealthiest hoteliers of Madras; he builds a star hotel in which becomes more popular than Ashok's hotel. Sargunam steals money from Ashok and knowing this, Ashok asks him to leave. Sargunam joins Annaamalai's hotel and also marries Annaamalai's sister, Kamala. Annaamalai triumphs Ashok and becomes the president of the hotels association and Ashok faces financial troubles. When Annaamalai learns that his daughter Priya and Ashok's son Deepak love each other, he opposes this because of his hatred for Ashok.


title: Annaamalai

text: During the public auction of a plot, Annaamalai tricks Ashok into bidding for , even though it is not worth more than 30 million. Ashok is forced to sell his bungalow to pay for the plot and Annaamalai purchases Ashok's bungalow, but soon after he gives the registration document to his mother Sivagami and asks her to hand it over to Ashok itself thinking about the old friendship. Ashok and Gangadharan realise their mistake and apologise to Sivagami knowing Annaamalai's kind heart. Annaamalai learns about Gangadharan and Sargunam's document forgery, and that Ashok was unaware of their plans. Sargunam later hires Don, an assassin, to kill Ashok to usurp his wealth. But Annaamalai saves Ashok, kills Don and Sargunam seeks forgiveness. Annaamalai and Ashok reconcile, and fix their children's marriage.


title: Annaamalai

text: In the first week of March 1992, the newspaper "Dina Thanthi" announced K. Balachander's production house Kavithalayaa Productions' next film "Annaamalai", with Vasanth as director and Rajinikanth as the lead actor. When the title was announced, some people had misgivings because of the saying "Annamalaikku Arohara" (Hail Hara, Lord of Annamalai) which has negative connotations; however Balachander refused to change it. After completing work on "Jaagruti" on 8 March, Suresh Krissna left for Madras the next morning; he had not yet signed any film. Upon arrival the same day, he was informed that Balachander, his mentor, was waiting for him. Krissna visited Balachander, who told him that Vasanth had left "Annaamalai", which was scheduled to begin filming in two days and its release fixed for June. When asked if he would direct, Krissna received an advance of and accepted. Vasanth has never elaborated on why he left, saying it was only due to "personal reasons". Visu claimed he was hired as the director before Vasanth, but due to some contradiction with Rajinikanth, he opted out.


title: Annaamalai

text: At the time of Krissna's arrival, the script was not complete; he met the screenwriter Shanmugasundaram, who narrated the main story: the "friendship between a poor milkman and a rich man, with the former's house being a point of conflict". Krissna realised there was still a lot of work to be done because reasons like "why does his house mean so much to him, why does the rich man's father hate this milkman, what angers the hero so much that he goes against his rich friend" had yet to be established. The story was based on the Hindi film "Khudgarz" (1987), which itself was based on Jeffrey Archer's novel "Kane and Abel". Unlike "Khudgarz", where the rich man was the main character, Rajinikanth's character, the poor man, was made the main character. When Krissna asked Shanmugasundaram about the "incomplete pockets" in the story, Shanmugasundaram replied that it could all be developed over the course of production. Shanmugasundaram had been hired at Rajinikanth's suggestion, but Balachander wrote the dialogues for a scene involving the title character and the MLA Ekambaram (Vinu Chakravarthy) at Rajinikanth's insistence.


title: Annaamalai

text: When Krissna met Rajinikanth, he told him that there was a substantial amount of work to be done in the script, but liked the plot. Shortly before the beginning of principal photography, which was scheduled to begin on 11 March and continue its first schedule for ten days, only the main cast – Rajinikanth as Annaamalai, Khushbu as his love interest and Sarath Babu as his friend Ashok – had been finalised. Khushbu's character initially had the same name as her, but this was later changed to Subbulakshmi alias "Subbu". Since the script was not complete, there was no proper shooting schedule, and Manorama was initially unavailable. But after another film she had signed got cancelled, she was cast in this film as Annaamalai's mother Sivagami. Radha Ravi was not interested in playing Ashok's father Gangadharan as he had grown weary of playing elderly characters, but agreed to appear in "Annaamalai" at Rajinikanth's insistence. Pre-production works such as casting and location hunting took place on the day before shooting began. Balachander's wife Rajam and their daughter Pushpa Kandhaswamy received the producer credit.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" was launched with a "puja" at the Lord Ganapathi temple within AVM Studios. Principal photography began on 11 March 1992. The muhurat shot involved Annaamalai breaking a coconut and praying in a temple. After the muhurat shot, the first scene to be filmed was a comedy scene where Annaamalai would save Ashok, who has been brought to court for a minor offence. Krissna removed the scene from the final cut as he felt it had no bearing on the script. The introductory song "Vanthenda Paalkaaran" was shot at Ooty. Krissna wanted the picturisation of the song to be vibrant and colourful like the songs of Bollywood films starring Amitabh Bachchan. The scene in the song where Annaamalai shows his face to the camera was extended in slow motion by Krissna as fans would feel as if he was looking towards the audience. The song was choreographed by Prabhu Deva. While filming the scene where Annaamalai challenges Ashok and Gangadharan after they demolish his house, the makers decided to include wind, rain and lightning in the background to show how Mother Nature was angry at the wrongs meted out to Annaamalai.


title: Annaamalai

text: The scene where Annaamalai enters a ladies' hostel and gets terrified by a snake was shot at Chakra House, Alwarpet. A snake was brought specifically for the scene. The owner of the snake earlier worked in previous films of Rajinikanth. Krissna told cinematographer P. S. Prakash to use a zoom lens so that he could adjust the camera according to the situation. After the scene was finished, the members of the crew enjoyed the shot. Krissna congratulated Rajinikanth and asked him how he performed it so well and if it was planned, and Rajinikanth replied it was not planned; expressions in the scene were a result of his fear. In the same scene, Shanmugasundaram came with initial dialogues to convey Annaamalai's fear. Krissna felt that dialogues were redundant in such a situation. Rajinikanth insisted to keep "Kadavule Kadavule" (Oh God! Oh God!) as the dialogue. Krissna agreed as it went well into the situation of the scene. According to Krissna, nobody on set realised that the snake's mouth was not stitched; it was only after filming ended for that day that the director came to realise that Rajinikanth's life was at risk the entire time.


title: Annaamalai

text: The title song "Annaamalai Annaamalai" where the title character and Subbu appear in periodic costumes was shot at the Fernhills Palace, Ooty while the matching shots were shot at Sivaji Gardens. Krissna shot the song sequence in a technique where the lip sync is perfect while the dance movements being fast, taking inspiration from the song "Mamavukku Koduma" from "Punnagai Mannan" (1986). The song "Vetri Nichayam", which is a montage showing Annaamalai's rise to power over the course of several years, was shot in many prestigious places such as Sea Rock Hotel, Bombay. The song "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" was shot at Boat Club Road in Adyar and Horticultural Society in Radhakrishnan Road. The scene where Annaamalai and Ashok face each other on opposite escalators was shot at the Centaur Hotel in Bombay as no hotel in Madras had escalators. The scene where Annaamalai beats up Sargunam in a one-sided fight was filmed at Hotel Ambassador Pallava. Filming was completed in 45 working days.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" was edited by the duo Ganesh Kumar. It was the first film to feature the introductory "Super Star" graphic title card, where the words 'SUPER' and 'STAR' form in blue dots on the screen followed by R-A-J-N-I in gold, set to the sound of laser beams while the word "Hey!" plays in loop in the background. This idea was conceived by Krissna, who was inspired by the opening gun barrel sequence in the James Bond films, and felt that Rajinikanth, who was becoming a phenomenon, "warranted a unique logo to go with his name".


title: Annaamalai

text: Rajinikanth initially objected to the inclusion of the Super Star title card as he felt it was "brazen self-aggrandisement" and "embarrassing", but Krissna convinced him, saying it would generate large applause. Balachander supported Krissna, and convinced Rajinikanth, after which Rajinikanth relented. The Super Star title card was created at Prasad Labs and took a month to complete because "every frame had to be animated by hand". The final cut of "Annaamalai" was initially , at a time when the length of Tamil films was restricted to , equal to two hours and forty-five minutes. With the removal of the courtroom scene, the final cut was reduced by .


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" revolves around themes such as friendship, betrayal and revenge. According to Krissna, none of the dialogues or scenes in the film were meant to be allegorical to Rajinikanth's enmity with politician J. Jayalalithaa, but they were interpreted by viewers that way. Krissna said an astrologer's dialogue to Annaamalai "Unakku amma naala dhaan problem varum" (Very soon, you are going to have problems because of a woman) was meant to be a "fun introduction" to the character Subbu, and Ekambaram reforming after hearing Annaamalai's words was intended to show "why an MLA turns a new leaf after hearing the words of a milkman", but viewers interpreted both scenes as reflecting "Rajini hitting out at Jayalalithaa". He also said the scene of Annaamalai going up an escalator and Ashok's going down one is symbolic of Annaamalai's rise and Ashok's fall.


title: Annaamalai

text: The soundtrack was composed by Deva, with lyrics by Vairamuthu. It was released under the Lahari label. "Annaamalai" marked Deva's first collaboration with Rajinikanth. Balachander chose him as composer due to a misunderstanding with his usual composer Ilaiyaraaja. Rajinikanth and Krissna were initially worried with the choice of Deva. When Krissna met Deva, he had already composed the title song "Annaamalai Annaamalai" when Vasanth was the director. The song is set in the Carnatic raga known as Mohanam.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Vanthenda Paalkaaran" was inspired by "Neenaarigadayo Ele Manava", a Kannada poem by G. V. Iyer which Rajinikanth had suggested; the poem talked about cows as deities, useful to humans in many ways. Vairamuthu grasped the core of the poem and embellished it further, adding an element of contrast between the ever-giving cow and selfish humans who only take from other beings. He also inserted a few ingenious words to boost Rajinikanth's image as a "mass hero" of the Tamils, such as "Ennai Vaazha Vaithadhu Tamizh Paalu" (It is the milk of love from you Tamils that has given me life). The song's tune is based on the Marathi folk song "Mee Dolkar Daryacha Raja" (1969).


title: Annaamalai

text: "Kondayil Thazham Poo" was written as a "peppy piece" to differentiate from the "soft and more melodic" title song. Krissna was irked by the lines "Koodaiyil Ennna Poo? Khushbu" (What is the name of the flower in your basket? Khushbu) and "Veerathil Mannan Nee, Vetriyil Kannan Nee, Endrumae Raja Nee, Rajini" (You are always a brave and victorious king, oh, Rajini) because of the obvious references to the actors who were not playing themselves, but the rest of the crew liked them, so they were retained.


title: Annaamalai

text: The film did not originally call for a duet number picturised on Annaamalai and Subbu in their old age. Balachander felt the film was becoming too grim and that a duet number would bring levity to the situation. Though Krissna initially objected, Balachander convinced him that audiences would not see it as an intrusion; this resulted in the song "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" being composed. The theme song, which does not appear on the soundtrack and plays during the Super Star graphic title card, was inspired by the James Bond Theme.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" was released theatrically on 27 June 1992. Its opening was threatened since the government of Jayalalithaa implemented a new rule where posters of films were prohibited in Madras. Nevertheless, according to Krissna, the lack of promos only increased the hype and worked to the film's advantage. The film completed a 175-day run at the box office. It was the highest-grossing film in Tamil cinema until 1995 when the record was broken by "Baashha", and started Rajinikanth's "meteoric rise at the box office". For his performance, Rajinikanth won the Ambika Award for Best Actor.


title: Annaamalai

text: Lalitha Dileep of "The Indian Express" said the film "combines good screenplay, proficient direction and first rate acting. The end result is both entertaining and engrossing". She said the metamorphosis of Annaamalai from a simpleton to a wealthy man was "done in a plausible manner and with great cinematic finesse", praised the editing, the cinematography, the music and lyrics, concluding, "["Annaamalai"] is enjoyable and touching." K. Vijiyan of "New Straits Times" praised the performances of Rajinikanth and Manorama, but felt that for a film depicting the close bonds of friendship, "the reason given for the split between Ashok and [Annaamalai] is rather weak." Vijiyin criticised the revenge plot as stale, the "good friends getting separated" trope for being derivative, and felt some of the songs were unnecessary since they were only slowing the film's pace. He praised the fight sequences, Deva's music and Janagaraj's comedy, but felt Khushbu and Rekha were merely "decorative items", concluding, "["Annaamalai"] will be a hit with [Rajinikanth's] admirers but a disappointment for Balachander's discerning fans who are looking for a story with a difference."


title: Annaamalai

text: A special screening was held for the actor Sivaji Ganesan who told Krissna, "In my heyday, the camera remained steady while I would move up and down to make an impact as a hero, but you've limited [Rajinikanth's] movements and made the camera whirl around. The dynamism of the shots have helped project heroism better [...] You've showcased another dimension of [Rajinikanth]. The film's plus is its making." Sundarji of "Kalki" noted that Rekha was underutilised, criticised Deva's music for being derivative, but praised Janagaraj's comedy (especially his broken English dialogues) and many of Rajinikanth's dialogues which he felt had political undertones.


title: Annaamalai

text: "Annaamalai" set multiple trends in Tamil cinema, including a "mass introduction song for a hero", a "special background music for the hero", and a poor man's rise to riches depicted during the course of a song. The Super Star graphic title card featured in many of Rajinikanth's later films like "Veera" (1994), "Baashha" and "Muthu" (1995). It also inspired many other South Indian films to use similar title cards to promote their lead actors. Many dialogues from the film attained popularity such as "Naan solradaiyum seiven, soladadeiyum seiven" (I'll do what I say, I'll also do what I don't say), "Malai da, Annamalai" (Malai, man. Annamalai), "Kashtapadaama edhuvum kidaikaadhu. Kashtapadaama kedachu ennikum nilaikaadhu" (You'll gain nothing without hard work. And even if you do, it won't last for long), "Ashok, indha Annamalai un nanban ah than pathiruka, inimey indha Annamalai un virodhiya pakkapora. Indha naal un calendar la kurichi vechikko. Innayilarunthe un azhivu kaalam aarambamaayiduchi" (Ashok, you have seen this Annamalai only as your friend. From now on you will see this Annamalai as your enemy. Mark this date on your calendar. Your downfall begins today), and "I'm a bad man".


title: Annaamalai

text: In 1996, the newly-formed Tamil Maanila Congress chose the character Annaamalai's cycle as its official symbol, "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" as its theme song, and won the 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election by a huge margin. "Annaamalai" was remade into Telugu as "Kondapalli Raja" (1993), and into Kannada as "Gokarna" (2003). It has influenced other films with regards to plot and characterisations such as "Aarumugam" (2009) (also directed by Krissna) and "Engaeyum Eppothum" (2011), while its plot details were parodied or re-enacted in films such as "Pandian" (1992), "Paarthale Paravasam" (2001), "Boss Engira Bhaskaran" (2010), and "Thamizh Padam" (2010). The film has, however, gained criticism for glorifying smoking, a trait Rajinikanth eschewed in his films after "Baba" (2002).


title: Malabon

text: Malabon, officially the City of Malabon (), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 380,522 people.


title: Malabon

text: Located just north of the city of Manila, it is primarily a residential and industrial area, and is one of the most densely populated cities in the metropolis. It has a total land area of 15.96 square kilometers.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon is part of the sub-region of Metro Manila informally called CAMANAVA, an area which derives its name from the first syllable of its component cities: Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela. Caloocan lies to the south and east, Navotas to the west, and Valenzuela to the north. Malabon also borders the town of Obando in the province of Bulacan to the northwest.


title: Malabon

text: Legend considers the city's name to be a contraction of the Tagalog phrase "maráming labóng" ("plenty of bamboo shoots"), as the place once abounded in this edible root. Originally called Tambobong ("tambúbong", a rural Tagalog word for barn), Malabon was founded as a "visita" (hamlet) of Tondo by the Augustinians on May 21, 1599. It remained under the administrative jurisdiction of the Province of Tondo (renamed to Manila in 1859) from 1627 to 1901.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon played an important economic role in the late 19th century with the founding of "La Princesa Tabacalera" tobacco company in 1851 and the Malabon Sugar Company in 1878. La Princesa was under the corporate umbrella of "Compañia General de Tabacos de Filipinas" (owned by the Spanish Crown), while the latter pioneered the refined sugar industry in the Philippines.


title: Malabon

text: The newspaper "La Independencia" was first printed in Malabon's "Asilo de Huérfanos" (Orphanage), where children orphaned by the Plague of 1882 were housed.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon was officially made a municipality of the newly created Province of Rizal on June 11, 1901, by virtue of Philippine Commission Act No. 137. When Act No. 942 was promulgated, Malabon was united with Navotas under a new government. On January 16, 1906, Act No. 1442 partitioned Navotas from Malabon into two separate municipalities of Rizal. The first Mayor of Malabon was "Don" Agustín Salamante, a Spanish "mestizo" originally from Cavite. The first Filipino Mayor of Malabon was Don Vicente P. Villongco. This was in 1899 at the onset of the American regime. From 1942 to 1944, Malabon was one of the municipalities of Rizal merged alongside Manila to form the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure by President Manuel L. Quezon.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon remained a municipality of Rizal until November 7, 1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824, when Malabon became a part of the National Capital Region or Metro Manila.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon became a highly urbanized city on April 21, 2001, under Republic Act No. 9019, 407 years after its founding.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon is one of the most densely populated cities in the Philippines and its low-lying, flat terrain makes it prone to frequent flooding, especially during high tides, heavy rains and when river and dams overflow. The four cities in CAMANAVA are commonly affected by interconnected rivers, one of which is the Tullahan River.


title: Malabon

text: The river system used to be navigable and fishing was the major livelihood activity in the area. The river used to be wider and deeper with better quality water, and was a regular source of different species of fish, an important food source for local residents. Also, trees and crops like palay (rice) and vegetables used to be grown along the riverbanks. However, these agricultural plots have been replaced by industrial yards, which also became home to thousands of informal settlers who built makeshift dwellings without legal claim to the land.


title: Malabon

text: Floods have worsened in recent years, occurring more frequently and reaching depths of several feet. Most affected are families in the communities that are along or near the riverbanks. The river has become narrower and shallower over the years, and its capacity to hold water has decreased. With more frequent intense rains, the riverbanks flood regularly and flooding reaches farther into low-lying and densely populated areas of the city.


title: Malabon

text: Before the present-day Malabon, the town was originally composed of sitios (barangay) and others were further divided into two or more purok (zone).


title: Malabon

text: Malabon belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalookan under the episcopal seat of Bishop Pablo Virgilio David. Almost 80% of the people here adhere to this religion. Today there are eight Roman Catholic Parishes in Malabon.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon bears the old images of San Bartolome in the Poblacion and the La Inmaculada Concepcion, canonically crowned since 1986 during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II.


title: Malabon

text: Other religions in Malabon include Iglesia Filipina Independiente (belongs to the Diocese of Rizal and Pampanga, Parish of La Purisima Concepcion de Malabon), Baptists, Jesus the Living Stone International Assembly of God, Iglesia ni Cristo or Church of Christ, Members of the Church of God International, Jesus Is Lord Church, IEMELIF and Seventh-day Adventist.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon industries include sugar refinery, patis- (fish sauce) making, cigar-making, candle production, fishing and ilang-ilang flower-extract production (the distilled perfume is exported).


title: Malabon

text: On April 21, 2008, Malabon's newly constructed 11-story city hall building along F. Sevilla Blvd. in Barangay San Agustin, was inaugurated by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on Malabon's 7th City anniversary. It was dubbed as a "potential business center of the city," a one-stop shop for government transactions, due to its state-of-the-art facilities such as 3 high-speed elevators and the new city hall building and its offices' "digital system."


title: Malabon

text: The Malabon City Tourism Office launched the Malabon Tricycle Tours in December 2014. The tours take visitors to eight heritage sites including the newly renovated 400-year-old San Bartolome Church as well as to notable heritage houses like the Raymundo House and Ibaviosa House.


title: Malabon

text: On March 14, 2015, the tours started to offer visitors a unique gastronomic experience through visits to the city's home-based eateries. This culinary aspect was the brainchild of current Mayor Antolin Oreta III's wife Melissa Oreta, the next mayor of Malabon.


title: Malabon

text: The Malabon Zoo and Aquarium, located in Potrero, is a small zoo that features an array of caged animals, along with an aquarium and gardens.


title: Malabon

text: The city is considered as the local Venice, due to year-long floods and gradual sinking. The City of Malabon is a place famous for its Pancit Malabon and its predominantly Atlantic ambience. It is also famous for other variety of foods (kakanin), such as puto sulot, puto bumbong, sapin-sapin, broas, bibingka and camachile. The culinary delights are abundant in its specialty eateries.


title: Malabon

text: Its most famous festival is the "Pagoda-Caracol", a fluvial procession with street dancing to commemorate the Feast of the Immaculate Conception every December 8.


title: Malabon

text: Malabon houses several old homes of historical value: the Dionisio family home, the Rivera house, the Villongco house, the Luna house, the Pascual house, the Chikiamco house, the Rojas-Borja house, the (Teodoro) Luna house, the Santos-Lapus house, the Pantaleon Bautista house, the Syjuco (formerly Gaza) house, and the Raymundo house, considered to be the oldest located along C. Arellano Street. Other old but well-preserved heritage houses in Malabon include the Asilo de Huérfanos, the Paez House, and the Nepomuceno House.


title: Malabon

text: There are various modes of transportation that people use to go in and out of the city and to the barangays.


title: Malabon

text: Ferry terminals which uses boats include the Badeo Cuatro, connecting Flores to San Roque, Navotas; and Badeo Tres, connecting Concepcion to Daanghari, Navotas.


title: Malabon

text: The city of Malabon is home for famous personalities in different sectors including businessmen, celebrities, corrupt politicians, among others.


title: Plasmatics

text: The Plasmatics were an American punk rock, hardcore punk and heavy metal band formed by Rod Swenson and Wendy O. Williams in New York City in 1977. They were a controversial group known for chaotic, destructive live shows and outrageous theatrics. These included chainsawing guitars, destroying speaker cabinets, sledgehammering television sets and blowing up automobiles live on stage. Williams was arrested in Milwaukee by the Milwaukee Police before being charged with public indecency.


title: Plasmatics

text: The Plasmatics' career spanned five studio albums and multiple EPs. The band was composed of lead vocalist Wendy O. Williams and various other musicians rotating behind her over time. Aside from Williams and manager Rod Swenson, guitarist Wes Beech was the only other permanent member of the group. Guitarist Richie Stotts was a co-founder of the band and a mainstay of the pre-breakup core group (1978–1983).


title: Plasmatics

text: After the full breakup of the band following the release of "Coup d'etat", Stotts was edited out of band videos and was not referred to by name in a 2006 compilation DVD released by Plasmatics Media LLC (via plasmatics.com).


title: Plasmatics

text: In 1977, Rod Swenson, who received his Master of Fine Arts in 1969 from Yale where he specialized in conceptual, performance and neo-dadaist art, held the view that the measure of true or high art is how confrontational it is. He began a series of counter-culture projects which, by the mid-'70s, found him in the heart of Times Square producing experimental counter-culture theater as well as video and shows with the likes of the then-little-known bands The Dead Boys, The Ramones, Patti Smith, and others. It was there that he met Wendy O. Williams after Williams found a copy of "Show Business Weekly" someone had discarded on the bus station floor. The issue lay open to a page with an ad in the casting calls section for Swenson's theater show "Captain Kink's Sex Fantasy Theater". She answered the ad and applied for a job.


title: Plasmatics

text: Williams and Swenson began auditioning potential band members in 1977 and, in July 1978, the Plasmatics gave their first public performance at what would later become the rock shrine CBGB on New York City's Bowery. The earliest version of the band was a three-piece put together with a strong emphasis on visuals. The band quickly realized they needed another guitarist to hold them together musically. Guitarist Wes Beech joined the group and he would become, after Williams, the only permanent member of the band playing or touring behind or involved in the production of every Plasmatics and Wendy O. Williams record ever recorded.


title: Plasmatics

text: From their initial gig at CBGB, the Plasmatics quickly rose in the New York City punk underground scene of the time. From playing a single weekday night, they moved quickly to playing repeated stands of four nights straight with two sold-out shows each night. They had lines stretching around the block and brought more fans into CBGB during this time than any other band. The group quickly outgrew CBGB. The band's stage show soon became notorious with acts such as chainsawing guitars in half part of their performance. Jim Farber of "Sounds" described the show: "Lead singer/ex-porn star/current weightlifter Wendy Orleans Williams (W.O.W. for short) spends most of the Plasmatics' show fondling her family size breasts, scratching her sweaty snatch and eating the drum kit, among other playful events".


title: Plasmatics

text: Rod Swenson soon made a deal to book what was then a little-known polka hall called Irving Plaza from the Polish War Veterans who ran it at the time. The band repeatedly sold out the venue, with the Plasmatics helping to give Irving Plaza national recognition and launch it on the path to becoming an established rock venue in New York City. Having then caught the attention of important people in the entertainment world of New York City, the Plasmatics headlined the Palladium on November 16, 1979, the first group in history to do so at full ticket prices and without a major label recording contract.


title: Plasmatics

text: The Plasmatics were soon selling out shows in Philadelphia, Boston, venues in New Jersey, and elsewhere in the Northeast. Chris Knowles of "Classic Rock" magazine wrote: the Plasmatics "were the biggest live attraction in New York... and the media was on them like white on rice... It's one thing to play at subversiveness, but The Plasmatics, unlike other Punk bands... put their Punk philosophy into action." Many U.S. record labels were reluctant to sign the band; The band was signed by Stiff Records, a British label, in March 1980, and appeared on the cover of "Sounds" in June of that year. Artists and Repertoire (A&R) from Stiff Records flew to New York City to see a show in person to determine if what they had been reading and hearing could possibly be real. The day after seeing the performance, Stiff put in an offer and a deal was inked within a month. A few months later, The Plasmatics began to record songs in New York City for what would become the album "New Hope for the Wretched". As creative decisions go, Stiff's choice to ask long-time Rolling Stones producer Jimmy Miller to be behind the console for these recordings was not the best.


title: Plasmatics

text: In addition to songs like "Corruption" and "Living Dead" – linked to TV smashing and automobile destruction – "Butcher Baby" featured a chainsaw sawing through a guitar, in place of a guitar solo, which was replicated during live shows. The Plasmatics visited the UK for a tour, which met with opposition from some quarters including the Greater London Council (GLC), particularly for their intention to blow up a car on stage and Williams' semi-nudity. The GLC canceled the band's show at the Hammersmith Odeon after fire inspectors decided the show would not meet safety requirements, although police had already arrived to disperse the gathering crowd before the decision had officially been taken. (Williams, recalled Debbie Harry in 2014, "was such a big deal back then. She showed her tits and she blew up cars on stage and broke TVs – and now it would just be normal.") Released as a single by Stiff Records, "Butcher Baby" reached No. 55 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Plasmatics

text: Stiff America had scheduled a release and a US tour. To capitalize on the band's popularity, the US edition of the album was packaged with a poster for the canceled Hammersmith Odeon show and an insert for the Plasmatics Secret Service, the official fan club. The album reached No. 55 on the UK Albums Chart. The band was set to tour the West Coast for the first time after the London cancellation and get their momentum back. To kick off the tour, Williams drove a Cadillac towards a stage at a free concert on New York City's Pier 62 loaded with explosives, jumping out moments before the car would hit the stage, blowing up all the equipment. The permits needed for this were hard to get and only allowed for an estimated 5–6,000 people. The day of the performance, 10,000 showed up, jamming the downtown streets and lining the rooftops. Even though it cost virtually the entire advance for the US release of "New Hope for the Wretched" to do it, Williams was quoted by a reporter from the Associated Press as saying, "It was worth it because it showed that these are just things and... people shouldn't worship them," a point she'd repeat more than once.


title: Plasmatics

text: The Plasmatics' debut in Los Angeles was at the famed Whisky a Go Go. The show was originally planned for only two nights but was later expanded to four due to large sold-out crowds.


title: Plasmatics

text: The ABC show "Fridays", which was looking to be a more cutting-edge version of "Saturday Night Live", booked Williams and the Plasmatics to appear in late December to go live on national TV.


title: Plasmatics

text: In January 1981, Williams' stage performance in Milwaukee led to her arrest on charges of indecency after she reportedly "simulated masturbation with a sledge hammer in front of an audience". After objecting to being searched she was thrown to the ground and reportedly kicked in the face (later requiring a dozen stitches), with manager Rod Swenson also beaten unconscious when he tried to intervene. Williams was charged with battery of a police officer, resisting arrest, and "conduct in violation of a Milwaukee city ordinance pertaining to establishments that sell liquor", with Swenson also charged, but both were later cleared of all charges. A subsequent performance at the Palm Club sold out, and passed without incident, although the venue was raided after the show by the vice squad, with more than 30 police officers in attendance in case of trouble. Williams was also arrested on obscenity charges in Cleveland, but she was again acquitted.


title: Plasmatics

text: A second album was long overdue but due to the ongoing legal battles and the Miller debacle with the first album, which was costly both in terms of time and money, it was agreed that this one had to be lean and mean. Bruce Kirkland at Stiff agreed to put up the funds as long as Swenson produced and the album was done in less than three weeks at a quarter of the cost of the first.


title: Plasmatics

text: Given the recent turn of events, Swenson proposed the name "Beyond the Valley of 1984". The tour, in 1981, became "The 1984 World Tour". In between touring drummers, Alice Cooper's Neal Smith was brought in to drum on the record. The album, with its Orwellian and apocalyptic theme, and songs such as "Masterplan", "Pig is a Pig" and "Sex Junkie", was released a few months later. During the album's recording, the Plasmatics were booked on Tom Snyder's late night TV show, on which the host introduced them as possibly "the greatest punk rock band in the entire world." Recording engineer Eddie Ciletti mixed the record at the Ranch recording studio in New York as well as the TV sound for the Snyder performance.


title: Plasmatics

text: The album cover for "Beyond the Valley" was photographed in the Arizona desert where Williams appears on horseback with the band (without a drummer) as the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse".


title: Plasmatics

text: During the last part of the tour, Swenson was contacted by American singer, songwriter and record producer Dan Hartman's office, asking for a meeting with Williams and Swenson. Hartman, who produced 38 Special, James Brown, and others, had been working on a session in LA when he picked up "Beyond the Valley of 1984" and could not stop playing it. He felt it was "groundbreaking". He said, "I knew I wanted to meet these people and do something with them." Hartman came down to the Tribeca loft, met Williams and Swenson, and a month later he and Swenson were working on the production of the "Metal Priestess" mini-LP. The band needed more product but another album was premature, partly because Capitol Records was now making overtures for the next one. Bruce Kirkland at Stiff was ready to release it and that summer "Metal Priestess" was recorded at Hartman's private studio off his schoolhouse-turned-home in Connecticut. Released early that fall, "Metal Priestess" saw the band move closer to heavy metal, and included new members Chris "Junior" Romanelli (replacing Jean Beauvoir) and Joey Reese.


title: Plasmatics

text: In October 1981, the band made an appearance on the "Fishin' Musician" segment of "SCTV" on NBC, shortly after the release of "Metal Priestess".


title: Plasmatics

text: By the spring of 1982, a worldwide deal was signed with Capitol Records, and Dan Hartman offered to produce a demo of the album for Capitol with Swenson at Electric Lady Studios, Jimi Hendrix's old studio, in New York. The whole album was arranged, recorded and mixed within a week. Dieter Dierks, who had just come off a number one album with Scorpions, also expressed interest in producing.


title: Plasmatics

text: "Coup d'Etat" was a breakthrough album that began to blend the punk and metal genres, something that would later be done by bands such as S.O.D., Anthrax, and the Cro-Mags by the end of the 1980s. Williams also broke ground for her unique singing style. She pushed her voice so hard she had to make trips into Cologne, Germany, where the album was being recorded, each day for treatments to avoid permanent damage to her vocal cords.


title: Plasmatics

text: The Hartman demo was released 20 years later under the name "Coup de Grace". The rawer version of "Coup d'Etat", which took less than a tenth of the time and a fraction of the budget, is hailed by many fans as the true version of the album.


title: Plasmatics

text: The video Swenson produced and directed of "The Damned" featured Williams driving a school bus through a wall of TVs, climbing onto the roof of a moving bus which had been loaded with explosives, and then singing from the roof and jumping off a few moments before the bus goes through the second wall of TVs and then blows sky high.


title: Plasmatics

text: As touring began, it became clear that Capitol was beginning to turn away from the group in favor of groups such as Duran Duran, who could generate ten times the sales with none of the political liability and fallout. Soon after the album was released, Capitol Records dropped the Plasmatics.


title: Plasmatics

text: In 1982, Lemmy of Motörhead was approached by his label to do a follow-up to his successful Motörhead/Girlschool collaboration, "St. Valentine's Day Massacre" EP and Motörhead's manager Doug Smith got in touch with Rod Swenson in the States and proposed a duet of the country classic "Stand by Your Man" by Williams and Lemmy. The B-side would have two tracks, the Plasmatics' "Masterplan" sung by Lemmy and Motörhead's "No Class" sung by Williams. The A-side would have Williams and Lemmy in a duet of the title track of the EP.


title: Plasmatics

text: Tracked at a Canadian recording studio, the "Stand by Your Man" sessions proved to be tumultuous as guitarist Eddie Clarke (who was producing the tracks, but not playing on them) quit Motörhead in the middle of the project. Rod Swenson and Dan Hartman, who had finished demoing the Plasmatics "Coup d'Etat" album together, were called upon to finish the rough and raw project in the mix which they did at Electric Lady Studios in New York. Swenson then shot the cover with Lemmy and Williams on it and the raw project was put out by Bronze records.


title: Plasmatics

text: In 1982, Kiss asked for Williams and the Plasmatics to appear as a special guest on their tour. Kiss wanted the controversial street edge that Williams would bring as part of their tour and for the Plasmatics it was a chance to play in front of different audiences in different markets than they would ordinarily play. By the end of the tour with Kiss it was clear that, although the formal notice that Capitol would not pick up their option for a second album did not come in for six months, the relationship with Capitol was done. It had taken months for the deal to be done, months to record and release the album and now months to get out of the deal. Gene Simmons approached Williams and Swenson about producing the next Wendy O. Williams album. To avoid any wasted time in legal issues with Capitol Records, it was decided not to use the Plasmatics name on the record at all and was simply called "WOW", the initials of Wendy O. Williams. Gene Simmons felt it would give him the freedom he wanted to add more new players to the album.


title: Plasmatics

text: Wes Beech remained to play rhythm and lead and T.C. Tolliver, the drummer on "Coup d'Etat", remained to play on the new album. Gene Simmons played bass under the pseudonym of "Reginald Van Helsing". The only other new player on the album was lead guitarist Michael Ray, brought in to solve the technical challenges that had been a problem for several albums and had come to a head with the more complex music of "Coup D'Etat". Simmons also pulled in the talents of Ace Frehley, who had not played with Kiss since leaving the band years before, Paul Stanley, and then-current Kiss drummer Eric Carr and guitarist Vinnie Vincent each did one song as guests. The record was released on Passport (international and U.S. distribution by JEM).


title: Plasmatics

text: Review copies were sent out to the various media outlets. Malcolm Dome, a reviewer for "Kerrang!" magazine, had picked the "WOW" album as his album of the year. Williams received a Grammy nomination for 'Best Female Rock Vocal' in 1985.


title: Plasmatics

text: With Mohawks now starting to become common, Williams decided to let her hair grow in, and the cover Swenson shot for what would be called the "album of the year" in the pages of "Kerrang!" was the opposite of the earlier covers; total simplicity.


title: Plasmatics

text: Wes Beech took a sabbatical for personal reasons and would not accompany the band on the next tour. The band decided to return to being a three-piece. Beech came in as associate producer with Swenson on the album and worked on writing, arranging and recording, but the recording would be Ray, Tolliver, and Greg Smith (who would go on to play with Alice Cooper, Ritchie Blackmore and others and who had been brought in as the touring bassist for the "WOW" album). There was tremendous excitement in tackling the project as a kind of minimalist, stripped down concept, or rite of purification. The songs, including the lyrics, would also be minimalistic or archetypal, again giving Williams a chance to take her vocals a step further. The tempo of the WOW album had been slower than previous albums in an effort to open it up, but the new album "Kommander of Kaos" (a.k.a. "KOK") was to bring back the speed and then some. Songs would be played at breakneck speeds, with screaming leads and vocals. The recording was done in Fairfield, New Jersey at the giant Broccoli Rabe Recording complex which would be home to several Wendy O./Plasmatics Projects including three studio albums with what the group fondly called "The Fairfield Sound".


title: Plasmatics

text: Beech had rejoined the band to both tour and play on the next album where the re-formed four-piece band became a centerpiece for perhaps the most complex arrangements in the band's career. After the archetypal minimalism, both lyrically and musically of "Kommander", the new album, which would again carry the Plasmatics name, was filled with complexity and returned to the social and political themes previously found most strongly in "Coup" but also in "1984" before it: environmental decay and a world where excess and abuse led directly to a doomsday scenario.


title: Plasmatics

text: "" was recorded in 1987 and set 25 years in a future where environmental abuse and the burning of fossil fuels have created a greenhouse effect leading to an end of the world scenario. Called by many the first "thrash metal opera", the central theme of the album is an end of the world scenario that follows from genetic engineering and global warming, something that was not at all part of the general public awareness of the time. A group of scientists trying to eliminate pollution in the rivers and oceans develop an RNA retrovirus designed to eat it all up and then die once the pollution has been consumed. But global warming leading to the flooding of land areas instead puts the virus in contact with the "common maggot" leading to a mutated form of maggot that doubles in size with each generation looking for more and more things to consume. In the "end of the world" finale, cities are being destroyed and humans consumed by giant maggots a horrific metaphorical end to a world blind to human consumption and environmental destruction.


title: Plasmatics

text: The album features various scenes of The White Family over the course of three days. The family is devoured while watching a TV game show. Valerie, the girlfriend of hot-shot television reporter Bruce is devoured by three massive maggots while lying in her boyfriend's bed. The final scene has Cindy White trying to fight off the attacking maggots and running out onto a fire escape where she sees the crowded streets below as the record shows the entire human population is headed for imminent annihilation. The album was on the WOW label; distributed by Profile Records in the U.S. and overseas by GWR Records, which had been started by Motörhead's longtime manager Doug Smith.


title: Plasmatics

text: Williams did a performance piece to inaugurate the album at New York City's Palladium, which had been transformed from a proscenium theater into a huge multi-level club where she sledgehammered and chainsawed to smithereens a facsimile all-American living room. "Maggots: The Tour" began a week later using the Plasmatics name for the first time in two albums with slogans such as "Those Now Eating Will Soon Be Eaten," "The Day of the Humans is Gone," and lyrics such as "soldiers for the DNA dissidents are put away, dragged off in the dead of night, disappear without a sight". Rear screen projectors ran film of human disasters, fascists and other historical horrors, environmental carnage and human rights violations on huge screens behind the band during all the songs from the "Maggots" album.


title: Plasmatics

text: A review in "Kerrang!" came out shortly thereafter: A 5 out of 5 Ks, "Quite simply a masterpiece... a work of genius." Williams' vocal work "reduces Celtic Frost's Tom G. Warrior's 'death grunts' to mere whimpers" it went on coupled with "a mixture of hedonistic operatic melodies..gut forged to some of the heaviest armadillo beats you're ever like to hear committed to vinyl."


title: The Wayward Pines Trilogy

text: The Wayward Pines Trilogy (2012–2014) is a mystery/thriller/science fiction novel series by American author Blake Crouch. It follows U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke as he unravels the mystery surrounding his unanticipated arrival in the small town of Wayward Pines, Idaho, following a devastating car accident. The novels are Pines (2012), Wayward (2013), and The Last Town (2014). In 2015, the novels were adapted into the television series "Wayward Pines".


title: The Wayward Pines Trilogy

text: The plot surrounds Secret Service agent Ethan Burke's introduction to the remote small town of Wayward Pines, his new home from which he cannot escape. The residents of this picturesque town don't know how they got there and are forbidden to talk about their prior lives. An electric fence surrounds the town, and the residents are under 24-hour surveillance. The mysteries and horrors of the town build until Ethan discovers its secret. Then he must do his part to keep Wayward Pines protected from threats both within and beyond the fence.


title: The Wayward Pines Trilogy

text: The series covers themes of isolation, bucolic Americana, time-displacement, man vs nature, human evolution, and cryonics. Crouch has acknowledged that he was inspired by the 1990–91 TV series "Twin Peaks".


title: The Wayward Pines Trilogy

text: Ryan Daley of Bloody Disgusting named "Pines" one of his Top 10 Novels of 2012. He later called "Wayward" "riveting" and even better than "Pines".


title: The Wayward Pines Trilogy

text: The novels are the basis for the television series "Wayward Pines", produced by M. Night Shyamalan. After reading the source material, he said of the project, "As long as everybody isn't dead, I'm in", his "only rule" to secure his participation. The "big reveal" at the end of "Pines" is reached halfway through the series in the fifth episode, and the remaining five episodes cover the events of "Wayward" and "The Last Town". Shyamalan noted that the TV series varies from the books in some ways, but as Crouch was still writing the novels while the show was in development, there were "all kinds of cross pollinating" between the two. In December 2015, Fox renewed the series for a second season.


title: Golden toad

text: The golden toad ("Incilius periglenes") is an extinct species of true toad that was once abundant in a small, high-altitude region of about in an area north of the city of Monteverde, Costa Rica. It was endemic to elfin cloud forest. Also called the Monte Verde toad, Alajuela toad and orange toad, it is commonly considered the "poster child" for the amphibian decline crisis. This toad was first described in 1966 by herpetologist Jay Savage. The last sighting of a single male golden toad was on 15 May 1989, and it has since been classified as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).


title: Golden toad

text: The golden toad was one of about 500 species in the family Bufonidae—the "true toads". Males were orange and sometimes slightly mottled on the belly, while females showed a greater variety of colors, including black, yellow, red, green, and white; both sexes had smooth skin. While males had brilliant orange that attracted females to mate, females were covered with a dark, charcoal-color outlined with yellow lines. Sexual dimorphism played a key role in identifying females, who were typically larger than males. Body length ranged from 39 to 48 mm in males and from 42 to 56 mm in females. Males had proportionally longer limbs and longer, more acute noses than females. Females also had enlarged cranial crests above the level of the orbit (eye socket), while in males the crests were much lower.


title: Golden toad

text: Individuals spent the majority of their lives in moist burrows, in particular during the dry season. The average lifespan of the golden toad is unknown, but other amphibian species in the family Bufonidae have an average lifespan of 10–12 years.


title: Golden toad

text: The golden toad inhabited northern Costa Rica's Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, in a cloud forest area north of the city of Monteverde. It was distributed over an area no more than 8 km and possibly as little as 0.5 km in extent, at an average elevation of 1,500 to 1,620 m. The species seemed to prefer the lower elevations.


title: Golden toad

text: The golden toad's main habitat was on a cold, wet ridge called Brillante. They would emerge in late March through April to mate for the first few weeks in rainwater pools amongst tree roots, where they also laid their eggs. 1500 golden toads were reported to breed at the site since 1972. The last documented breeding episode occurred from April–May 1987.


title: Golden toad

text: For a few weeks in April, after the dry season ended and the forest became wetter, males would gather in large numbers near ground puddles and wait for the females. Golden toads were found to breed explosively when it rained heavily from March to June. Males would clasp onto any other individuals encountered and only then identify the partner's gender. As soon as a male found a female golden toad, he would engage in amplexus with the female until she laid spawn. The males would fight with each other for opportunities to mate until the end of their short mating season, after which the toads retreated to their burrows.