title: Yessongs

text: The "Fragile" and "Close to the Edge" tours had producer and engineer Eddy Offord travelling with the band as their live sound mixer who operated a sound system developed by the Clair Brothers. In addition, co-founder Roy Clair assisted with the operation of the system, and Geoff Haslam was hired as the recording engineer alongside assistant Mike Dunn to work on "Yessongs". As Offord was in charge of the band's sound on stage, he could not operate the recording equipment at the same time. This resulted in recordings that he was disappointed with as they were substandard. When it was time for the album to be edited and remixed, Offord and the band retreated to studio 2 at Advision Studios in Fitzrovia, London to complete it. Howe recalled the group treated the mixing process with as much care and importance as one of their studio albums with careful consideration to the preparation of the various edits and the finished product.


title: Yessongs

text: The liner notes do not list recording dates or locations, but audio comparisons of the album and the live box set "" (2015) can be made, in addition to the soundtrack to the "Yessongs" concert film. They are:


title: Yessongs

text: "Yessongs" begins with "Opening (Excerpt from 'Firebird Suite)", the closing section to the orchestral work "The Firebird" by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. Yes have used the piece as the introductory music to most of their concerts since 1971, the year of the composer's death. The track segues into "Siberian Khatru" from "Close to the Edge". "Perpetual Change" and "Long Distance Runaround"/"The Fish (Schindleria Praematurus)" were recorded during the Fragile Tour with Bruford on drums, and feature extended solos from Howe, Bruford and Squire compared to the studio versions. "Excerpts from 'The Six Wives of Henry VIII is a keyboard solo spot of excerpts from Wakeman's first solo album "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" (1973), which he recorded during the "Fragile" and "Close to the Edge" tours and features Howe, Squire, Bruford, and White. The solo is preceded by Anderson singing notes from the opening of another Stravinsky orchestral piece, "The Rite of Spring".


title: Yessongs

text: The album was originally presented in a gatefold sleeve with artwork designed and illustrated by the band's longtime associate, artist Roger Dean. His brother Martyn was responsible for its layout and additional photography, featuring shots of each member performing in concert. Dean described the album as "the most elaborate and complex package" of his career at the time, which consisted of three albums worth of artwork and a booklet. The large space for Dean's work allowed him to continue a theme that "implied a story" that he introduced on the cover of "Fragile", which portrays a planet breaking into pieces and a spacecraft in flight. The narrative was continued on the sleeve of "Close to the Edge". Dean recalled that talks about the artwork for "Yessongs" were scarce until he presented the group with a rough version of his "Pathways" painting, which was well received and influenced his decision to continue the narrative. However, Dean had to redesign a new broken planet to the one on "Fragile" as the pieces of land that break off were too square shaped, so the pieces seen on "Yessongs" are more triangular. The gatefold design involved complex paper folding that Dean described as "a way of going from gatefold to any number of pages, folded out of one piece of card", and resulted in Dean and his printers, Tinsley Robor, filing a patent for that way of folding. Further development of the technique was cut short due to a subsequent national paper shortage.


title: Yessongs

text: The first painting, named "Escape", shows the spacecraft and a planetary fragment drifting through space in the search for a new world. "Arrival" depicts these fragments landing in the waters of the new world, with "Awakening" showing signs of new life starting, including plant and animal species. The final image, "Pathways", depicts the emergence of civilisation with a city in the background. The version with the girl sitting on top of the pathway structure was not in the original, and was painted separately and added later at the printing stage. While Dean was working on "Pathways", his cat walked across the canvas whilst still wet and its paw prints can be seen in the sky area. Dean attempted to disguise them as clouds, but it failed to produce the desired results and he kept them in. After it was photographed for the sleeve, Dean's cat urinated on the painting as it was standing against a wall, causing Dean to paint a new version that he said "looked quite different" to the version photographed.


title: Yessongs

text: In June 2013, Dean filed a $50 million lawsuit against director James Cameron for copyright and contributory infringement and unjust enrichment, claiming the design of Pandora, a fictional setting in Cameron's epic science fiction film "Avatar" (2009) and the highest-grossing film at the time, was based on Dean's paintings including "Pathways" and used without permission. The lawsuit was thrown out by judge Jesse M. Furman


title: Yessongs

text: in September 2014 who disagreed and believed the court found no substantial similarities between the film and Dean's artwork.


title: Yessongs

text: "Yessongs" was released in May 1973; its release in the United States was on 4 May. It was originally planned for release in February 1973, prior to the start of the band's early 1973 North American tour, but delays in printing its cover led to its release pushed back. The band and Lane agreed to take a cut in royalties generated from the album so it could be sold at a lower price.


title: Yessongs

text: It peaked at number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and number 12 on the US "Billboard" 200. On 2 June 1973, the American magazine "Cash Box" reported that the album had reached gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 500,000 copies in the US. In 1998, the album was certified platinum for shipping one million copies, becoming one of the band's highest selling records.


title: Yessongs

text: In an overall positive review for "The Los Angeles Times", Richard Cromelin said that although some of the live renditions are sub-par to their studio versions, it presented some "excellent and rarely-heard pieces" that make the listener "really feel the people behind the music" which in turn makes up for the "occasional sloppiness". Cromelin praised the album for the "stunning improvisations" and interplay within the band which dispels those who criticise Yes for being "dry and mechanical". "Variety" published a positive review, noting the album shows the band at "their exciting best". Band biographer Tim Morse thought the album's downfall was its substandard audio quality despite the band's strong performances.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: Daniel Francis Hawkins (born 12 December 1976) is an English guitarist, best known as a guitarist and backing singer of the rock band The Darkness. The band, founded and fronted by his older brother Justin Hawkins, achieved notable mainstream success between 2002 and 2006. He also formerly played lead guitar for Stone Gods.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: He is influenced by hard rock and glam metal bands, including Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith, Def Leppard, Whitesnake, AC/DC, Queen, Mötley Crüe and Thin Lizzy.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: After moving to Lowestoft, Hawkins attended Kirkley High School and achieved good grades in his GCSEs before leaving his hometown behind for the bright lights and cosmopolitan lifestyle of Camden, London. From a young age, he aspired to be a musician, beginning on drums, moving on to bass and finally mastering the guitar. Back in his early days in his professional career, he worked as a session guitarist for various artists including Natalie Imbruglia. Previous bands include Vital Signs and Empire before The Darkness consisting of Justin Hawkins, Ed Graham, Frankie Poullain and later, Richie Edwards, became a mainstream success. With The Darkness he has won Brits, MTV and Kerrang awards and the prestigious Ivor Novello Award for songwriting in 2004. The Darkness split in 2006.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: In 2006, after The Darkness disbanded, Dan regrouped with bandmates Edwards and Graham to begin the band that would, after the recruitment of bassist Toby Macfarlaine, become Stone Gods. He played lead guitar in the band and saw their debut album "Silver Spoons & Broken Bones", which was well received by critics. Stone Gods went on hiatus in 2011, preceding the reunion of The Darkness.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: Hawkins was involved with the production process during the recording of both The Darkness's albums, learning the skills alongside famed producer, Roy Thomas Baker. He co-produced B-sides for "One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back". His first credited project was Stone Gods' album "Silver Spoons & Broken Bones" with the record producer, Nick Brine. Hawkins also built and owns a luxury, commercial residential recording studio 'Leeders Farm' in Wymondham, Norfolk where The Darkness albums were recorded, which is run by Brine and his partner Katy Dann. Bands such as The Dandies, Arctic Monkeys, Seasick Steve, The Rifles, Teenage fanclub, Wild Beasts, and more recently ex Thunder guitarist Luke Morley's new band The Union have all recorded there.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: Hawkins' guitar of choice is the Gibson Les Paul and his main instrument, both live and in the studio, is his well used 2000 Honeyburst Standard (nicknamed "Dune" after the David Lynch film) which he played extensively in The Darkness and in Stone Gods. Over the years he has owned and played several Les Paul Standards and currently tours with 6-8 of them including a second 2000 Honeyburst (nicknamed 'Terry'), a Wine Red 1997 Standard (known as UB40 which is used for the songs 'Givin' Up' and 'Friday Night'), a late 1970s Sunburst B-stock formerly owned by the guitarist from the band Sputnik), a 2003 Goldtop (belonging to his guitar tech, but borrowed for tours), a late 1990s Standard re-finished in white, and a 2013 Honeyburst Flametop.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: During 2003-2006 he used a Gretsch Elliot Easton solid body for the song "Black Shuck" but this was sold to fund the recording of the second Stone Gods album. Another guitar that has not been seen during this reunion is a 2000 Standard in black (nicknamed 'Black Shuck') that was previously also used live. He also owns a Gibson Les Paul Custom Black Beauty which was originally handbuilt for Jimmy Page, but Page decided it was too heavy and rejected the instrument; Page is one of Hawkins's biggest influences. It is fitted with a Fishman Powerblend pickup and is used for the song "Love is Only a Feeling". It is also known that when Dan was waiting for the arrival of a different humbucker to put into the instrument his then-guitar tech said that he had a Kent Armstrong prototype humbucker that was taken out of one of Angus Young's Gibson SG's. He fitted Angus's old humbucker to the guitar and liked the sound so much that he left it in.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: Among a variety of amplifiers, his primary choices are Marshall amps, particularly the 1959 SLP and Handwired Re-Issue models (as is exemplified in videos of The Darkness live at The Astoria, London in 2003). For his 'dirtier' sounds in Stone Gods, he played a Marshall JCM 800 Re-Issue head through Marshall 1960AX/BX cabinets, combined with a Diezel Herbert head. He has also been seen using both a Vox AC30 combo and a Wizard Modern Classic head to complement his several Marshall stacks. Effects wise, a vintage Ibanez TS-808 Tube Screamer pedal is his mainstay for overdrive, but photos of his 2012/2013 touring rig show additional pedals from Electro-Harmonix, MXR, Strymon and Devi Ever among others.


title: Dan Hawkins (musician)

text: A large amount of Hawkins' distinct tone comes from his use of heavy gauge strings. He uses Ernie Ball Beefy Slinkys (typically; 11, 15, 22p, 30w, 42w, 54w) and Jim Dunlop Maxi Grip 0.73mm picks.


title: Species 8472

text: Species 8472 is a fictional extraterrestrial species in the science fiction television series "". Species 8472 is a designation given to them by the Borg. The multiplayer game "Star Trek Online" gives their proper name as Undine.


title: Species 8472

text: When the USS "Voyager" made contact with them, Species 8472 were engaged in a war with one of Star Trek's perennial antagonists, the Borg. They are noted for being a tripedal and telepathic species and for their use of biotechnology. They originated from what is called fluidic space and fought a successful war against the Borg for a time. They made peace with the Federation by negotiations with Captain Kathryn Janeway of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager in the later 24th century.


title: Species 8472

text: Relevant episodes of "" in which Species 8472 appear include season 3 episode 26 (season finale) "" and season 4 episode 1 (season premiere) "", season 4 episode 16 "", and season 5 episode 4 "".


title: Species 8472

text: Species 8472 are discovered by the Borg in 2373 when the Borg invade fluidic space ("") by opening a rift in space using a deflector dish. The Borg discover Species 8472 in the Delta Quadrant and try to assimilate its biotechnology, which is more advanced than anything the Borg have seen. The Borg quickly realize that Species 8472 is immune to assimilation and that contemporary Borg technology is no match for it. In fact, 8472 is one of the few species so advanced that its ships are able to destroy Borg cubes in seconds. Species 8472 invades the Delta Quadrant in retaliation for Borg aggression and begins a systematic extermination of the Borg as well as innocent species. Over the course of five months, tens of billions of drones are lost, as well as several hundred planets and ships. When the crew of "Voyager" realizes that it has no choice but to go through Borg space to continue home in any kind of timely manner, Captain Kathryn Janeway hatches a plan to construct a weapon, based on a treatment that had created, to kill Species 8472 and use it as a bargaining chip with the Borg, in exchange for safe passage through Borg space. The Borg reluctantly accept. In conjunction with Janeway, the Borg develop a high-yield warhead armed with modified nanoprobes, developed by the Doctor, the ship's Emergency Medical Hologram (EMH), from the Borg's own technology, that is effective at killing 8472 and forces them to retreat to fluidic space. In return for Janeway's help, the Borg allow "Voyager" safe passage through their space for the duration of their cooperative efforts. However, upon Species 8472's retreat from normal space, the Borg terminate the alliance in favor of (unsuccessfully) assimilating "Voyager".


title: Species 8472

text: A member of Species 8472 is left in the Delta Quadrant during the retreat and is relentlessly hunted by a group of Hirogen for several months.


title: Species 8472

text: Concerned about the threat posed by humanity, Species 8472 builds 13 "terraspheres" in the Delta Quadrant and recreates Starfleet Academy within, as a staging ground for an intelligence gathering mission on Earth. The plan is uncovered by "Voyager" and peace talks commence. Janeway convinces 8472, led by an individual posing as Boothby, that the United Federation of Planets has no quarrel with them – in fact, the Federation is not even aware of the existence of Species 8472, except for the Voyager crew, and the crew is well aware that the Borg themselves started the war between the two species by invading fluidic space to assimilate the superior technology of Species 8472.


title: Species 8472

text: Species 8472 appear as villains in the video games "" and "". They also make an appearance in "Star Trek Online", in which they are referred to as the Undine. In they are the primary antagonists.


title: Species 8472

text: In 2017, ScreenRant ranked the Species 8472 the 11th most bizarre aliens in Star Trek. The Guardian's Vera Rule said that their design reminded them "of HR Gigerish bio-nastiness but with Ray Harryhausen animation".


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: Anthony Vaccarello (born 18 January 1982) is an Italian fashion designer and current creative director at Saint Laurent. Prior to this position, he was creative director at Versus Versace. He also designed his own eponymous line. In April 2016, Saint Laurent announced the appointment of Vaccarello as creative director.


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: Vaccarello was born on 18 January 1982 in Brussels, Belgium. He is the only child of Italian parents; his father worked as a cartongesso maker, and his mother was an office-worker.


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: Vaccarello completed one year of law school before enrolling at La Cambre in 2000 to study sculpture. Switching to the fashion course, he graduated in 2006 with honors. He was inspired to switch focus in school by Rei Kawakubo and Azzedine Alaïa. His graduate collection, for which he won first place with a collection inspired by Cicciolina, was presented at the fashion festival in Hyères in Southern France. That collection attracted the attention of Karl Lagerfeld, who offered him a position in fur design at Fendi.


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: Vaccarello worked under Karl Lagerfeld at Fendi for two years, specialising in fur designs. In January 2009, he moved back to Paris, making his eponymous ready-to-wear collection debut, showing five looks in the window of the Parisian boutique Maria Luisa. The collection won the 2011 ANDAM prize, generating global buzz when the model Anja Rubik wore a revealing white Vaccarello dress to the 2012 Met Gala. After an introduction to Lou Doillon at a dinner party, Doillon modelled in Vaccarello's lookbook, shot in a parking garage.


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: By September 2014, Vaccarello was creating a capsule collection for Versus Versace. Vaccarello spent three years working for Versace, initially as a consultant and, since 2015, as creative director. He went on to create several collections for Versus until in April 2016 when it was announced that he had been appointed creative director of Saint Laurent Paris. During his first full year as creative designer at Saint Laurent, the company's income had increased by 25.3 percent in revenue over 2016.


title: Anthony Vaccarello

text: Vacarrello is married to Arnaud Michaux, who works with him in the YSL atelier. In spring 2021, the couple announced on his Instagram account that they had had a child named Luca.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: The Leopold Cafe and Bar is a restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway, in Colaba area of Mumbai, India, located across from the Colaba Police station. It was the location of one of the 2008 Mumbai attacks as it was one of the first sites attacked.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: It was founded in 1871 by Iranis (a term used for Zoroastrians in Mumbai who arrived in India in 19th century, as opposed to "Parsis") named after King Leopold of the Belgians. These Zoroastrian Iranians came to India in the late 19th and early 20th century, and many of them opened restaurants now often termed Irani cafés. It first started out as a wholesale cooking oil store and over the years has variously been a restaurant, store and pharmacy (hence the name "Leopold Cafe & Stores").


title: Leopold Cafe

text: Prior to the terrorist attack, it was particularly known as a popular hangout for foreign tourists. After the attack, it is also now also popular with many Indians to commemorate the spirit of defiance. The Leopold Cafe has preserved some of the signs of the attack as a memorial, whereas at the Taj and Trident, the damage from the attacks has been repaired.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: It uses an Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton as a part of its logo to indicate its Zoroastrian affiliation.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: It is one of a couple of Irani Cafes that are still doing good business, while many others are fading away.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: The cafe was an early site of gunfire and grenade explosions during the 2008 Mumbai attacks by terrorists on 26 November, at about 9:30 PM. The terrorists, approximately an hour after landing, sprayed fire inside the restaurant from outside killing 10 people and injuring many others. The restaurant was extensively damaged during the attacks. There were blood stains on the floor and shoes left by fleeing customers.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: Sourav Mishra, a Reuters reporter and one of the first media witnesses of the attack, suffered severe bullet injuries. After spending one and half minutes at the Leopold Cafe, the terrorists walked over to The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, the main target.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: The cafe defiantly reopened four days after the attack, but was reclosed on the recommendation of the police as a safety measure after two hours, due to the unexpectedly large size of crowds gathering there.


title: Leopold Cafe

text: The cafe was also mentioned extensively in the novel "Shantaram" and its sequel "The Mountain Shadow". Shantaram is about an Australian bank robber and heroin addict who escapes from jail and flees to Bombay, as Mumbai was formerly called. Of all the very typical "Bombay" things and places mentioned in the book is the Leopold Café. The novel was the reason many patrons returned after the attack.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: Ned Kelly is a 2003 Australian bushranger film based on Robert Drewe's 1991 novel "Our Sunshine". Directed by Gregor Jordan, the film's adapted screenplay was written by John Michael McDonagh. The film dramatises the life of Ned Kelly, a legendary bushranger and outlaw who was active mostly in Victoria, the colony of his birth. In the film, Kelly, his brother Dan, and two other associates—Steve Hart and Joe Byrne—form a gang of Irish Australians in response to Irish and English tensions that arose in 19th century Australia. Heath Ledger stars in the title role, with Orlando Bloom, Naomi Watts and Geoffrey Rush. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $6 million worldwide.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: After saving a young boy from drowning and being awarded a "hero sash" when he was himself a 10-year-old, Ned Kelly grows up in the British colony of Victoria where he was born. The son of a Catholic Irish settler, he lives with his widowed mother Ellen, his younger brother Dan, and his two younger sisters Kate and Grace. Ned's best friend Joe and Dan's best friend Steve are also often at the house. One day in 1871, when he is 17 years old, he sees a white mare grazing alone in the outback. He rides it into town to impress a local girl named Jane, only to be arrested and subsequently imprisoned for supposedly stealing the horse, even though it had actually been stolen by an acquaintance of his, Wild Wright.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: He is released and comes home three years later, and starts helping his family with their small horse-breeding farm located near Beechworth. He takes vengeance on Wild Wright by beating him in a prizefight, and befriends Julia Cook, the beautiful wife of an English land owner who lives nearby. One night at a bar, a local constable named Fitzpatrick is abusively courting Kate. Ned intervenes and hostilities erupt with Fitzpatrick and his fellow officers. To get back at Ned, they take the Kellys' horses, but with the help of his brother and their friends, Ned steals them back. Some nights later, while Ned and Julia are consummating their blossoming passion in the Cooks' stables, Fitzpatrick shows up at the Kelly farm and asks to see Kate; when she once more rejects him, he tries to arrest Dan for horse stealing, invoking non-existent warrants for him and Ned. A fight ensues and Fitzpatrick is wounded, and falsely reports that it's Ned Kelly who shot him. In retaliation, the police arrest Ned's mother.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: Ned asks Julia to testify he was with her the night Fitzpatrick was at the Kelly's farm, but she refuses, saying that she would be disgraced by the public acknowledgement of their affair and her husband would take her children away. Ned, Dan, Joe and Steve become outlaws on the run. They later meet a patrol in the bushland and kill three officers in a shoot-out, despite Ned's efforts to have nobody get hurt. During the following months the "Kelly Gang" avoids capture, living in the outback, often without food. On one occasion, Julia gives them shelter at her farm while her husband is away.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: A large bounty is placed on their heads, and a decree is passed that allows anybody to shoot them on sight without consequences. They rob two English banks and burn the mortgage documents with which the Crown is starving the selectors. They give the money from their robberies to poor families in need, and soon become acclaimed as folk heroes by the Victorian population as much as the media depict them as violent criminals. To solve a situation in danger of escalating into widespread revolt, the Colonial Government sends in stern Superintendent Francis Hare, who arrests many sympathizers including Joe's childhood friend Aaron. Being promised they won't harm Joe, but only the Kellys, Aaron agrees to work as an informant. During a quick visit back into Beechworth, Joe learns Aaron has been seen talking with cops, so the gang decide to feed him false information about their next heist, to test his loyalty. When they see a large group of constables heading to the bank Aaron was told about, they know Aaron betrayed them, and Joe kills him at his house.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: Ned devises a plan to foil Superintendent Hare. The gang lures him in by taking over the town of Glenrowan. They gather everybody the townspeople, most of whom are friendly to their causes, at the Glenrowan Inn, to better protect them in the upcoming fight. In the meantime, they sabotage the railroad tracks leading into town, to derail the train on which Hare and his army of constables are travelling. They've also built metal helmets and plates of body armour to survive bullets. They count on the derailment to kill most of them constables, planning to then capture Hare and exchange him for Ned and Dan's mother. Unfortunately, an escaped hostage stops the train in time to avoid the incident. Hundreds of officers lay siege to the inn late at night. Determined to go out in a blaze of glory, the Kelly Gang emerge from the inn and begin shooting, protected by their armour, but are forced inside again. The police once again raid the inn, killing innocent civilians during the shoot-out. To buy the time needed for the townspeople to flee from the back, Ned exits and charges forward alone; he is ultimately shot in the arms and legs and falls out of sight. Near dawn, Joe is shot and dies inside the inn. Dan and Steve, down to their last bullets and knowing all is lost, commit suicide. Ned regains consciousness and even though gravely injured, continues to fire at the police. He is finally shot to the ground and taken down. Ned is loaded onto the train to be brought back and face justice; Hare asks if he may have his beloved green-and-gold sash, which he's still wearing 15 years after he saved the drowning child.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: In the end, even with a petition of over 32,000 signatures strong asking for a pardon, Kelly is hanged at Old Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: Principal photography started on 29 April 2002, Most of the filming was done at the Little River Earth Sanctuary, Mount Rothwell, near Geelong. Street scenes were filmed in Clunes and Ballarat. Other locations include Broadford, Glenfern House in St Kilda East, Hepburn Springs and Melbourne.


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: The album "Ned Kelly – Music from the Motion Picture" was released on Decca Records on 6 April 2003. Film score by Klaus Badelt. Bernard Fanning sings "Shelter for My Soul", and "Moreton Bay".


title: Ned Kelly (2003 film)

text: In total, the film grossed $5,040,860 internationally, $86,959 in the United States and $6,585,516 worldwide. The film received mixed reviews, with a 56% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 5.7/10 based on 54 reviews. The critical consensus states that "More depth about the legendary outlaw would be welcome, but as it is, Ned Kelly is a reasonably entertaining Western." A review of the film comments "Heath Ledger gives a solid performance in the lead but Orlando Bloom and Geoffrey Rush are woefully underused." BBC film reviewer Nev Pierce gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, stating "there is some impressive action, albeit great scenes rather than sequences", concluding with "a rousing, watchable western". Jay Richardson from FutureMovies.co.uk stated "this is a competent and blandly enjoyable film with a solid central performance from Heath Ledger". Megan Spencer from ABC.net said "Thankfully Ned Kelly is a very cinematic Australian film, the international and local cast and crew made the most of their $30 million budget. And some of the best sequences are due in part to Heath Ledger's well delivered internal dialogue voice over, giving an inner life to the musings of a troubled anti-hero". Clint Morris, a reviewer from "Film Threat", who gave the film 3 and half stars out of 5, said "It's an exciting movie filled with plenty of action, adventure, beautiful cinematography and best of all, terrific performances" while praising Ledger: "Heath Ledger is fantastic as Kelly. He gives a very immersing performance, and has misshapen himself into the character. When he wears that infamous tin helmet in the finale, we actually feel that's the real deal." More critically, one review describes the battle for Glenrowan, with masses of police and civilian casualties, along with a lion and monkey as "fictional nonsense".


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Borna Ćorić (; born 14 November 1996) is a Croatian professional tennis player. On 5 November 2018, he reached his best singles ranking of world No. 12. On 21 August 2022, Ćorić became the lowest-ranked champion in Masters 1000 history when he won the Cincinnati Masters.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In 2013, Ćorić reached the semifinals of both the Australian and French Open junior events, before going on to win the boys' singles event at the US Open against Australian Thanasi Kokkinakis in three sets. As a result, Ćorić moved to No. 1 in the junior rankings. That year, he also began playing on the ITF Futures circuit, winning five singles titles.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić made his debut at the 2013 Davis Cup, after he was selected for Croatia's World Group Play-off tie against Great Britain, with his first best-of-5 sets match coming against world number 3, Andy Murray. Despite showing promise, matching the Scot's level in the first 6 games, and breaking his serve in the third set, he would ultimately go on to lose in straight sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In April, Ćorić defeated No. 21 Jerzy Janowicz on the first day of the Davis Cup tie between Croatia and Poland.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In July, in the first round of the clay court event in Umag where he was playing with a wildcard, Ćorić scored another notable win over a top-50 player, beating seventh seed, No. 46 Édouard Roger-Vasselin in straight sets. He beat qualifier Horacio Zeballos in the second round to reach his first ATP quarterfinal. In the quarterfinal, he faced second seed Fabio Fognini and lost in three sets. Ćorić entered the top 200 for the first time on 28 July after his run in Umag, at No. 194.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In August, Ćorić qualified for the main draw of the 2014 US Open, his first appearance in the main draw of a Grand Slam. He upset 29th seed Lukáš Rosol in the first round in straight sets, before falling to Víctor Estrella Burgos in the second round.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: On 21 September, Ćorić won his first ATP Challenger title in İzmir, and he entered the top 150 for the first time at the age of 17 and 10 months, at No. 140.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In October, he was given a wildcard for the Swiss Indoors, where he achieved his first victory over a top-20 player, No. 13 Ernests Gulbis, in straight sets. In the quarterfinals he went on to record the biggest victory of his young career, defeating world No. 3, Rafael Nadal. His run to the semifinals launched him into the world's top 100 for the first time (at No. 93), making him the youngest player to do so since Nadal in 2003. In the semifinal, he lost to future top ten player David Goffin, in three sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In November, Ćorić won the ATP Star of Tomorrow, awarded by the ATP Awards, for being the youngest player in the top 100.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: At the Australian Open, Ćorić received his first direct entry into the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament. He faced 29th seed Jérémy Chardy in the first round and lost in four sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In February, Ćorić made the second ATP 500 semifinal of his career in Dubai, defeating world No. 3, Andy Murray, in straight sets in the quarterfinals, his second win over a top-5 player; although he entered the main draw as a lucky loser. In the semifinals, he lost to world No. 2, Roger Federer, in straight sets. In March, Ćorić made his ATP Masters 1000 main-draw debut in Indian Wells, reaching the second round.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: At the French Open, Ćorić reached the third round in a Grand Slam for the first time, after defeating Sam Querrey and 18th seed Tommy Robredo, before falling to Jack Sock.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić achieved his first grass-court win by defeating Donald Young in the first round in Halle, before losing to Tomas Berdych in the second round. At Wimbledon, he defeated Sergiy Stakhovsky in the first round, then lost to 25th seed Andreas Seppi in the second in five sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In August, Ćorić climbed to a then career-high of No. 33 in the ATP rankings. After defeating one of his junior rivals, and future top-3 player Alexander Zverev, he lost to Stan Wawrinka in three close sets in the second round in Cincinnati. The Winston-Salem Open saw the first time that Ćorić attended an ATP tournament as a seeded player, where he reached the quarterfinals and lost to eventual champion Kevin Anderson. At the US Open, he lost in the first round to 8th seed Rafael Nadal in four sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In September, after winning another ATP Challenger title, Ćorić achieved two singles wins for Croatia in the 2015 Davis Cup World Group Play-off tie against Brazil. He ended his 2015 season at No. 44.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In January, Ćorić was named in Forbes' "30 Under 30" sports list for 2016. That same month, as the eighth seed at the Aircel Chennai Open, he reached his first ATP final but was defeated by top seed Stan Wawrinka, in straight sets. In Sydney, he lost in the first round to Gilles Müller. Ranked No. 40 at the Australian Open, he was ousted from the tournament in the first round by Albert Ramos Viñolas.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Seeded seventh at the Open Sud de France, Ćorić was beaten in the first round by Michael Berrer. At the Rotterdam Open, he lost in the second round to fifth seed and eventual finalist, Gaël Monfils. In Dubai, he was defeated in the second round by eighth seed Philipp Kohlschreiber. Playing for Croatia in the Davis Cup tie against Belgium, Ćorić lost in a five-setter to David Goffin, but he won the deciding rubber by defeating Kimmer Coppejans to help Croatia to move on into the last eight. Competing at the Indian Wells Masters, he upset 29th seed, Thomaz Bellucci, in the second round. He was beaten in the third round by sixth seed Tomáš Berdych. In Miami, he fell in the first round to Denis Istomin.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his clay-court season in April at the Grand Prix Hassan II in Marrakesh. Seeded third, he reached his second ATP final and lost to fourth seed, Federico Delbonis, in straight sets. At the Monte-Carlo Masters, he was defeated in the first round by Philipp Kohlschreiber. Seeded sixth at the Estoril Open, he made it to the quarterfinals where he was eliminated by second seed Nick Kyrgios. In Madrid, he was ousted from the tournament in the second round by World No. 1, 2011 champion, and eventual champion, Novak Djokovic. At the Italian Open, he was beaten in the first round by qualifier Mikhail Kukushkin. At the French Open, he upset 20th seed, Bernard Tomic, in the second round. He lost in the third round to 14th seed Roberto Bautista Agut.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: At the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Ćorić's first grass-court tournament of the season, he was defeated in the first round by fifth seed, David Goffin, in a tight three-set match.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In July, Ćorić repeated his feat from earlier in the year by winning the decisive rubber in Croatia's Davis Cup quarterfinal tie against the United States, defeating Jack Sock to send Croatia to their first Davis Cup semifinal since 2009.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: At the Cincinnati Masters, Ćorić scored his third career victory over a top-10 player when he defeated former number one player, Rafael Nadal, in straight sets. It was his second career win over the Spaniard, both of which he achieved while still a teenager. Ćorić reached his first ATP Masters 1000 quarterfinal at the Cincinnati Masters but was forced to retire when facing the eventual champion, Marin Čilić, in the quarterfinal match due to a knee injury, marking the first time that Ćorić retired during a match in his career.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In September, Ćorić lost to Richard Gasquet in the Davis Cup semifinal between France and Croatia, and then announced he would undergo season-ending knee surgery.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his 2017 season at the Chennai Open. Seeded sixth, he lost in the first round to South Korean qualifier Chung Hyeon. Ranked No. 59 at the Australian Open, he was defeated in the first round by Alexandr Dolgopolov in four sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In February, Ćorić competed at the Open Sud de France. He fell in the first round to Aljaž Bedene. At the Rotterdam Open, he was eliminated in the second round by top seed and world No. 7, Marin Čilić. In Delray Beach, he was beaten in the second round by top seed and world No. 4, Milos Raonic. At the Mexican Open in Acapulco, he lost in the second round to third seed and world No. 8, Marin Čilić. During the week of March 6, he played at the Indian Wells Masters. He was defeated in the first round by qualifier Henri Laaksonen. Seeded fifth at the Irving Classic, he lost his second-round match to Dustin Brown. In Miami, he upset sixth seed and world No. 8, Dominic Thiem, in the second round. He fell in the third round to Adrian Mannarino.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his clay-court season at the Grand Prix Hassan II in Marrakesh, Morocco. As last year's finalist, he won his first ATP title beating third seed, Philipp Kohlschreiber, in the final in three sets. He stormed back from a break down in both the second and third sets, and he also had to save a total of five championship points. At the Monte-Carlo Masters, he lost in the first round to Jérémy Chardy. At the first edition of the Hungarian Open, he was defeated in the first round by Jiří Veselý. Seeded seventh in Istanbul, he was ousted from the tournament in the first round by Dušan Lajović. At the Madrid Open, he lost in the final round of qualifying to Mikhail Kukushkin. However, due to the withdrawal of Richard Gasquet, he earned a lucky loser spot in the main draw. On May 12, he stunned world No. 1, Andy Murray, in the third round. This was his first victory over a world No. 1 player. He ended up losing in the quarterfinals to eighth seed, world No. 9, and eventual finalist, Dominic Thiem. Seeded seventh at the first edition of the Lyon Open, he was beaten in the first round by Nikoloz Basilashvili. Ranked 40 at the French Open, he lost in the second round to 25th seed and world No. 26, Steve Johnson, in four sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić played only one tournament in preparation for Wimbledon. Seeded seventh at the first edition of the Antalya Open, he lost in the first round to eventual finalist Adrian Mannarino. Ranked 45 at Wimbledon, he was defeated in the first round by American Ryan Harrison.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić began his US Open series at the Rogers Cup. Here, he lost in the second round to top seed and world No. 2, Rafael Nadal. In Cincinnati, he was defeated in the first round by Nikoloz Basilashvili. Seeded 14th at the Winston-Salem Open, he upset 3rd seed, world No. 14, two-time champion, and big-serving American, John Isner, in the third round. He was eliminated in the quarterfinals by Jan-Lennard Struff. Ranked 61 at the US Open, he upset fourth seed and world No. 6, Alexander Zverev, in the second round. He subsequently lost to eventual finalist, Kevin Anderson, in the third round.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: At the St. Petersburg Open, Ćorić lost in round one to eighth seed Jan-Lennard Struff. In Chengdu, he was defeated in the first round by Guido Pella. He fell in the final round of qualifying at the China Open to Marcel Granollers. At the Shanghai Masters, he was eliminated in the first round of qualifying by Henri Laaksonen. Competing at the Kremlin Cup, he was beaten in the first round by Dudi Sela. At the Swiss Indoors, he reached the second round where he lost to second seed, world No. 4, and defending champion, Marin Čilić, in three sets. Getting past qualifying at the Paris Masters, he was ousted from the tournament in the second round by third seed Marin Čilić. Ćorić qualified for the Next Generation ATP Finals after finishing in the top seven in the Race to Milan. He entered as the fourth seed and won his group through the round-robin stage, defeating Jared Donaldson, Daniil Medvedev, and Karen Khachanov. He was defeated by Andrey Rublev in the semifinals. In the third place match against Medvedev, Ćorić withdrew from the match due to injury.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić opened his 2018 season at the Qatar ExxonMobil Open. He ousted second seed, Pablo Carreño Busta, in the first round. He lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Andrey Rublev. Ranked 46 at the Australian Open, he was defeated in the first round by Australian John Millman.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In February, Ćorić helped Croatia to advance to the Davis Cup quarterfinals by defeating Vasek Pospisil and rising star Denis Shapovalov. At the Dubai Championships, he upset fifth seed, Richard Gasquet, in the first round. He ended up losing in the quarterfinals to third seed, world No. 23, and eventual champion, Roberto Bautista Agut. Ćorić had a great run at the Indian Wells Masters. He beat 19th seed, Albert Ramos Viñolas, in the second round. He then got revenge on 13th seed, Roberto Bautista Agut, defeating him in the third round. In the quarterfinals, he stunned seventh seed and world No. 9, Kevin Anderson, to reach his first ATP Masters 1000 semifinal. He lost to world No. 1 and five-time champion, Roger Federer, in three tight sets, despite leading by a set and a break. He followed up his semifinal result at Indian Wells with another impressive performance in Miami. Seeded 29th, he made it to the quarterfinals where he bowed out to fourth seed, world No. 5, and eventual finalist, Alexander Zverev. In the Davis Cup quarterfinal tie against Kazakhstan, he lost to Mikhail Kukushkin. However, Croatia won the tie 3-1 to advance to the semifinals.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Starting his clay-court season at the Monte-Carlo Masters, Ćorić lost in the second round to ninth seed, world No. 13, and two-time champion, Novak Djokovic. Competing in Madrid, he reached the third round where he was defeated by fifth seed, world No. 7, last year finalist, and eventual finalist, Dominic Thiem. At the Italian Open, he retired during his first-round match against qualifier Stefanos Tsitsipas. Ranked 40 at the French Open, he beat 22nd seed and world No. 24, Philipp Kohlschreiber, in the first round. He was eliminated in the third round by 11th seed and world No. 12, Diego Schwartzman, in straight sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his grass-court season at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany. He upset second seed and world No. 3, Alexander Zverev, in the first round. He eventually made it to the final where he stunned world No. 1 and nine-time champion, Roger Federer, to win his second career ATP tour title and first on grass. In July, he broke into the top 20 of the ATP rankings for the first time. Seeded 16th at Wimbledon, he was beaten in the first round by Daniil Medvedev.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In August, Ćorić competed at the Swiss Open. Seeded third, he was ousted from the tournament in the second round by Laslo Đere. At the Rogers Cup in Toronto, he lost in the second round to sixth seed and world No. 7, Marin Čilić. Playing at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, he was defeated in the second round by 15th seed and world No. 18, Nick Kyrgios. Seeded 20th at the US Open, he reached the fourth round of a Grand Slam for the first time in his career. He ended up losing to third seed, 2009 champion, and eventual finalist, Juan Martín del Potro. Later that month, Croatia hosted the United States for the Davis Cup semifinals. The teams split the first four matches, including a straight-sets victory for Ćorić over Steve Johnson. In the deciding rubber, Ćorić came back from two sets to one down to beat Frances Tiafoe and send Croatia into their second Davis Cup final in three years.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Seeded third at the Shenzhen Open, Ćorić was eliminated in the second round by Cam Norrie. Seeded seventh in Beijing, he fell in the first round to Feliciano López, despite having a 5-4 lead in the third set. Seeded 13th at the Shanghai Masters, he reached the final by beating third seed and world No. 4, Juan Martín del Potro, in the third round via retirement and upsetting top seed, world No. 2, and two-time champion, Roger Federer, in the semifinals. He fell to second seed and world No. 3, Novak Djokovic, in the championship match. His effort in reaching his maiden ATP Masters 1000 final propelled him to a career-high rank of No. 13 in the ATP rankings. Seeded sixth in Vienna, he retired during his quarterfinal match against second seed and world No. 8, Kevin Anderson, due to injury. Seeded 11th at the Paris Masters, he lost in the third round to 6th seed, Dominic Thiem. In November, Ćorić competed in the Davis Cup final against France. He helped Croatia win the title with a victory over Jérémy Chardy.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić began his 2019 season at the Australian Open. Seeded 11th, he won his first-ever match at this tournament by beating Steve Darcis in the first round. He ended up reaching the fourth round where he lost to 28th seed and eventual semifinalist, Lucas Pouille. This marked the second time overall that Ćorić reached the last 16 of a major.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In February, Ćorić competed at the Open 13 in Marseille. Seeded second, he suffered a second-round exit at the hands of French wildcard Ugo Humbert. Seeded sixth at the Dubai Championships, he made it to the semifinals where he fell to second seed, world No. 7, and eventual champion, Roger Federer. Seeded 11th at the Indian Wells Masters, he was unable to match his semifinal result from last year because he lost in the second round to Ivo Karlović. Seeded 11th at the Miami Open, he reached the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year before losing to Canadian qualifier Félix Auger-Aliassime.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his clay-court season at the Monte-Carlo Masters. Seeded ninth, he made it to the quarterfinals where he was defeated by 13th seed and eventual champion, Fabio Fognini, in three sets. Seeded second in Budapest, he lost in his quarterfinals match to qualifier and eventual finalist, Filip Krajinović. Seeded 13th at the Madrid Open, he suffered a first-round loss at the hands of Lucas Pouille. Seeded 13th in Rome, he faced off in the third round against third seed, Roger Federer, for the fifth time in 14 months. The pair split the opening two sets and were deadlocked in the decider. Federer won the match in a tiebreak after Ćorić was unable to convert upon two match point opportunities. Seeded 13th at the French Open, his clay-court season ended with a hard-fought defeat in the third round to Jan-Lennard Struff.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić entered the grass-court season as Croatian number one for the first time in his career, after overtaking Marin Čilić in the ATP rankings. Seeded second in 's-Hertogenbosch, he reached his second semifinal of the year where he lost to eventual champion, Adrian Mannarino, in a third-set tiebreak. Seeded fourth and defending champion at the Halle Open, he overcame qualifier, João Sousa, in the second round in a grueling three-hour match. He retired down a set against Pierre-Hugues Herbert in the quarterfinals due to a back injury. Ćorić subsequently withdrew from Wimbledon.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić returned during the week of July 15. Seeded second at the Croatia Open, he was beaten in the second round by Italian qualifier Salvatore Caruso. Seeded 11th at the Rogers Cup in Montreal, he lost in the second round to Adrian Mannarino. Seeded 12th at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, he was defeated in the first round by American wildcard, Reilly Opelka, in three sets. Seeded 12th at the US Open, he withdrew from his second-round match against Grigor Dimitrov citing a lower back strain.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić returned to competitive play at the St. Petersburg Open in September. Seeded fourth, he reached his first final of the year. He was defeated in the championship match by top seed, world No. 4, and US Open finalist, Daniil Medvedev, in straight sets. Seeded fourth at the first edition of the Zhuhai Championships, he made it to the quarterfinals losing to seventh seed and eventual champion, Alex de Minaur. Seeded second in Tokyo, he fell in the first round to Japanese wildcard Taro Daniel. Seeded 12th at the Shanghai Masters, he lost his first round match to Andrey Rublev. Seeded eighth at the Erste Bank Open in Vienna, he was defeated in the first round by Mikhail Kukushkin. Last year finalist at the Paris Masters, he lost in the first round to Fernando Verdasco.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Representing Croatia at the Davis Cup Finals in November, Croatia was drawn in Group B alongside Russia and Spain. Croatia lost its opening tie 0-3 against Russia, with Ćorić losing the second rubber in three sets against Karen Khachanov. He then pulled out of the tie against Spain citing exhaustion; Spain went on to win the tie 3-0, thus eliminating Croatia from the competition.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić began his 2020 season at the first edition of the ATP Cup. Croatia was in Group E alongside Austria, Poland, and Argentina. He played three matches, defeating Dominic Thiem but losing to Hubert Hurkacz, and Diego Schwartzman. Seeded 25th at the Australian Open, he was defeated in the first round by Sam Querrey.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Seeded fourth at the Argentina Open, Ćorić suffered a second-round loss at the hands of Thiago Monteiro. Seeded fifth at the Rio Open, he reached the semifinals where he was eliminated by third seed, Cristian Garín, who would end up winning the title. The ATP tour suspended tournaments from March through July due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: The ATP resumed tournament play during the week of August 24. At the Cincinnati Open, Ćorić lost in the second round to seventh seed and world No. 10, David Goffin. Seeded 27th at the US Open, he stunned fourth seed and world No. 6, Stefanos Tsitsipas, in the third round. Ćorić had to save a total of six match points in order to complete the upset. He reached the quarterfinals at a Grand Slam for the first time in his career. He ended up losing to fifth seed, world No. 7, and eventual finalist, Alexander Zverev.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: After the US Open, Ćorić turned his attention to the clay-court season. He only played one clay-court tournament before the French Open. In Rome, he lost in the second round to Italian wildcard Stefano Travaglia. Seeded 24th at the French Open, he was beaten in the first round by Norbert Gombos.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In October, Ćorić played at the St. Petersburg Open. As the seventh seed and last year's finalist, he again reached the final where he fell to third seed and world No. 10, Andrey Rublev. In Vienna, he lost in the second round to World No. 1 Novak Djokovic. He had four set points in the first set, but he ultimately lost the match. Ćorić competed in his final tournament of the season at the Paris Masters. Seeded 15th, he was defeated in the second round by Jordan Thompson in three sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić started his 2021 season at the first edition of the Murray River Open. Seeded fourth, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to eighth seed and eventual champion, Dan Evans. Seeded 22nd at the Australian Open, he was defeated in the second round by American Mackenzie McDonald.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In March, Ćorić competed at the Rotterdam Open. He made it to the semifinals where he lost to qualifier Márton Fucsovics. In May, he announced that he had undergone shoulder surgery. He ended up spending the rest of the year in recovery.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić was one of the first players to show up in Australia toward the end of December to prepare for the 2022 season. However, he withdrew from the Australian Open due to his shoulder not being ready to compete.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: He returned to action in March, playing at the Indian Wells Masters with a protected ranking. He lost in the first round to Alejandro Davidovich Fokina in three sets. At the Miami Open, he got his first win of the season by beating Fernando Verdasco in the first round. In the second round, he pushed second seed and 2018 finalist, Alexander Zverev, to three sets, but he ended up losing the match.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Starting his clay-court season at the Monte-Carlo Masters, Ćorić was defeated in the first round by ninth seed, Jannik Sinner, in three sets. The week of April 25th saw him playing at the Garden Open, a tournament that was part of the ATP Challenger Tour in Rome. He was beaten in the first round by third seed Italian, Flavio Cobolli, in three sets. At the Madrid Open, he lost in the first round to qualifier, Dušan Lajović, in three sets. In Rome, he fought hard but lost in the first round to qualifier Laslo Đere. Ranked No. 278 in the official rankings, at the French Open, Ćorić used again protected ranking to beat Spaniard Carlos Taberner in the first round. Not only was this his first clay-court win of the season, but it was also his first win at Roland Garros since 2019. He lost in the second round to 18th seed, Grigor Dimitrov, in three sets.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: After Roland Garros, Ćorić competed at the Internazionali di Tennis Città di Forlì, an ATP Challenger tournament. Playing as a wildcard, he lost in the first round to Gastão Elias. At the Internazionali di Tennis Città di Perugia, he reached the quarterfinals, where he was defeated by third seed, defending champion, and eventual finalist, Tomás Martín Etcheverry. Also in June, playing as a wildcard at the Emilia-Romagna Open, Ćorić won the title, beating Elias Ymer in the final, his third ATP Challenger title.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić withdrew from Wimbledon due to a shoulder injury. The week of July 11 saw Ćorić compete at the Iași Open, an ATP challenger tournament in Romania. He lost in the first round to Romanian wildcard Nicholas David Ionel. At the Hamburg Open, he won his first ATP tour match since May by beating Laslo Đere in the first round. In the second round, he defeated Tallon Griekspoor to reach his first ATP quarterfinal since March 2021. Unfortunately, he had to retire during his quarterfinal match against Alex Molčan.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić returned in August at the National Bank Open in Montreal. He lost in the first round to 13th seed Marin Čilić. Ranked 152 at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, he upset second seed, world No. 3, and 2013 champion, Rafael Nadal, in the second round. He is one of three players to have played Nadal five times or more and have a winning record, the other two being Novak Djokovic and Nikolay Davydenko. He is the second-lowest-ranked player ever to win a match against Nadal, ranked higher only than Joachim Johansson in Stockholm 2006 (No. 690). It was also his 10th career win over a top-5 player. He followed up his second-round victory over Nadal by beating 15th seed, Roberto Bautista Agut, in the third round to reach his eighth career Masters quarterfinal and first since his quarterfinal showing at the Monte Carlo Masters in 2019. He became the lowest-ranked ATP Masters 1000 quarterfinalist since 239th ranked compatriot Ivo Karlović at 2011 Indian Wells. As a result, he moved more than 50 positions up back into the top 100. Then, he defeated seventh seed and world No. 9, Felix Auger-Aliassime, in the quarterfinals, recording two top-10 wins in the same tournament, and for the third time in his career to secure his third career semifinal at a Masters level and moved another 30 positions into the top 70 at world No. 66. He became the second-lowest-ranked semifinalist in Cincinnati since the start of the ATP rankings in 1973 (No. 203 Byron Bertram in 1975), and the third-lowest-ranked ATP Masters 1000 semifinalist since the start of the series in 1990. By beating ninth seed, Cameron Norrie, in the semifinals, he reached his second Masters final and became the lowest-ranked finalist in the history of the Cincinnati Masters. He was also the lowest-ranked player to reach the semifinals and final of a Masters event since No. 191 Andrei Pavel in 2003 Paris. As a result, he climbed another 20 positions, and more than 100 overall, into the top 50 at world No. 48. He won the title defeating fourth seed and world No. 7, Stefanos Tsitsipas, for his first Masters title becoming the lowest-ranked champion in Masters 1000 history. Consequently, he moved to No. 29 on 22 August 2022. Seeded 25th at the US Open, he lost in the second round to American Jenson Brooksby.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić continued his good form outside of America, recording his first two wins and reaching the quarterfinals at Tokyo by beating Thanasi Kokkinakis and Brandon Nakashima in straight sets. He then recorded his second win of the season and third straight victory against Stefanos Tsitsipas in the second round in Vienna to reach the fourth quarterfinal of his season. He beat Hubert Hurkacz in the quarterfinals in three sets, two of them tiebreakers, to advance to the semifinals where he lost to Denis Shapovalov.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić is a defensive baseliner. He is very solid and consistent from primarily the backhand wing, but has shown some improvement from the forehand wing in 2018, and this improvement was praised in his defeats of Roger Federer in both the 2018 Halle final and Shanghai Masters semi-final. However, he continues to struggle hitting forehand groundstrokes in defensive positions or on the run. He has great coordination and footwork, thus allowing him to move well laterally on the court. His style of play lends itself to having long rallies and wearing down his opponent from the baseline. Due to the fact that he's born left-handed but plays with his right hand, the strengths in his game are his movement and his two-handed backhand. His forehand, with his long takeback and tendency to break down under the stress of an opponent’s offence, has been cited as an area of possible focus in the future.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: In addition, Ćorić also possesses a strong and precise serve, which enables him to win a lot of points easily during his service games. That in turn, helps to preserve his energy for return games and outlast opponents in long rallies, in order to break their serve. He punishes players who drop the ball short, by taking the ball on the rise and turning defense into offence effectively. For this reason Ćorić has been compared to Novak Djokovic. He has been lauded for his impressive mental fortitude in tough situations.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: His past coaches have been Željko Krajan (2014-2015), Thomas Johansson (2015), Miles Maclagan (2016), Ivica Ančić (2016-2017), Riccardo Piatti (2017-2019), Antonio Veić (2019-2020). and Martin Štěpánek (2020-2021). He is currently coached by Mate Delic.


title: Borna Ćorić

text: Ćorić began playing tennis at age 5 after watching his father Damir play. He has one sister, Bruna. His idols growing up were Goran Ivanišević and Rafael Nadal. His favorite surface is outdoor hard. His favorite sports personality is Mike Tyson, whom he met at the 2016 BNP Paribas Open.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: A dressing is a sterile pad or compress applied to a wound to promote healing and protect the wound from further harm. A dressing is designed to be in direct contact with the wound, as distinguished from a bandage, which is most often used to hold a dressing in place. Many modern dressings are self-adhesive.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: A dressing can have a number of purposes, depending on the type, severity and position of the wound, although all purposes are focused on promoting recovery and protecting from further harm. Key purposes of a dressing are:


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Ultimately, the aim of a dressing is to promote healing of the wound by providing a sterile, breathable and moist environment that facilitates granulation and epithelialization. This will then reduce the risk of infection, help the wound heal more quickly, and reduce scarring.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Historically, dressings were made of a piece of material, usually a cloth, but the use of cobwebs, dung, leaves and honey have also been described.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: However, modern dressings include dry or impregnated gauze, plastic films, gels, foams, hydrocolloids, alginates, hydrogels, and polysaccharide pastes, granules and beads. They all provide different physical environments suited to different wounds:


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Dressings can also regulate the chemical environment of a wound, usually with the aim of preventing infection by the impregnation of topical antiseptic chemicals. Commonly used antiseptics include povidone-iodine, boracic lint dressings or historically castor oil. Antibiotics are also often used with dressings to prevent bacterial infection. Medical grade honey is another antiseptic option, and there is moderate evidence that honey dressings are more effective than common antiseptic and gauze for healing infected post-operative wounds. Bioelectric dressings can be effective in attacking certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria and speeding up the healing process.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: The physical features of a dressing can impact the efficacy of such topical medications. Occlusive dressings, made from substances impervious to moisture such as plastic or latex, can be used to increase their rate of absorption into the skin.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Dressings are usually secured with adhesive tape and/or a bandage. Many dressings today are produced as an "island" surrounded by an adhesive backing, ready for immediate application – these are known as island dressings.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Generally, these products are indicated for only superficial, clean, and dry wounds with minimal exudates. They can also be used as secondary dressings (additional dressings to secure the primary dressing in place or to absorb additional discharge from the wound). Examples are: Gauze, lint, adhesive bandage (plasters), and cotton wool. The main aim is to protect the wound from bacterial contamination. They are also used for secondary dressing. Gauze dressing is made up of woven or non-woven fibres of cotton, rayon, and polyester. Gauze dressing are capable of absorbing discharge from wound but requires frequent changing. Excessive wound discharge would cause the gauze to adhere to the wound, thus causes pain when trying to remove the gauze from the wound. Bandages are made up of cotton wool, cellulose, or polyamide materials. Cotton bandages can act as a secondary dressing while compression bandages provides good compressions for venous ulcers. On the other hand, tulle gras dressing which is impregnated with paraffin oil is indicated for superficial clean wound.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Several types of interactive products are: semi-permeable film dressings, semi-permeable foam dressings, hydrogel dressings, hydrocolloid dressings, hydrofiber and alginate dressings. Apart from preventing bacteria contamination of the wound, they keep the wound environment moist in order to promote healing.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Semi-permeable film dressing: This dressing is a transparent film made up of polyurethane. It allows the movement of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide into and out of the dressing. It also plays an additional role in autolytic debridement (removal of dead tissue) which is less painful when compared to manual wound debridement inside the operating theater. It is highly elastic and flexible, thus is closely adhered to the skin. As the dressing is transparent, wound inspection is possible without removing the dressing. Due to the limited absorption capacity, such dressing is only used in superficial wounds with low amount of discharge.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Semi-permeable foam dressing: This dressing is made up of foam with hydrophilic (attracted to water) properties and outer layer of hydrophobic (repelled from water) properties with adhesive borders. The hydrophobic layer protects the wound from the outside fluid contamination. Meanwhile, the inner hydrophilic layer is able to absorb moderate amount of discharge from the wound. Therefore, this type of dressing is useful for wound with high amount of discharge and for wound with granulation tissue. Secondary dressings are not required. However, it requires frequent changing and is not suitable for dry wounds. Silicone is a common material that make up the foam. The foam is able to mold according to the shape of the wound.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Hydrogel dressing: This dressing is made up of synthetic polymers such as methacrylate and polyvinyl pyrrolidine. It has high water content, thus provides moisture and cooling effect for the wound. The dressing is easy to remove from the wound without causing any damage. The dressing is also non-irritant. Therefore, it is used for dry necrotic wound, necrotic wound, pressure ulcers, and burn wound. It is not suitable for wounds with heavy discharge and infected wounds.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Hydrocolloid dressing: This type of dressing contains two layers: inner colloidal layer and outer waterproof layer. It contains gel forming agents such as carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin and pectin. When the dressing is in contact with the wound, the wound discharge are retained to form gel which provides moist environment for wound healing. It protects the wound from bacterial contamination, absorbs wound discharge, and digests necrotic tissues. It is mostly use as secondary dressing. However, it is not used in wound with high discharge and neuropathic ulcers.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Alginate dressing: This type of dressing is made up of either sodium or calcium salt of alginic acid. This dressing can absorb high amount of discharge from a wound. Ions present in the dressing can interact with blood to produce a film that protects the wound from bacterial contamination. However, this dressing is not suitable for dry wounds, third degree burn wound, and deep wounds with exposed bone. It also requires secondary dressing because wounds can quickly dry up with alginate dressing.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Hydrofiber dressing: Made up of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydrofibers can absorb high amounts of wound discharge, forming a gel and preventing skin maceration.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Advancements in understanding of wounds have commanded biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute, chronic, and other types of wounds. Many biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Applying a dressing is a first aid skill, although many people undertake the practice with no training – especially on minor wounds. Modern dressings will almost all come in a prepackaged sterile wrapping, date coded to ensure sterility. Sterility is necessary to prevent infection from pathogens resident within the dressing.


title: Dressing (medical)

text: Historically, and still the case in many less developed areas and in an emergency, dressings are often improvised as needed. This can consist of anything, including clothing or spare material, which will fulfill some of the basic tenets of a dressing – usually stemming bleeding and absorbing exudate.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: The 1966 Nigerian coup d'état began on 15 January 1966, when mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people including the Prime Minister of Nigeria, many senior politicians, many senior Army officers (including their wives), and sentinels on protective duty. The coup plotters attacked the cities of Kaduna, Ibadan, and Lagos while also blockading the Niger and Benue River within a two-day span of time before the coup plotters were subdued. The General Officer Commanding the Nigerian Army, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, was compelled to take control of the government of a country in upheaval, inadvertently putting Nigeria's nascent democracy on hold. His ascendancy to power was deemed a conspiracy by the coup plotters, who were mainly Igbo officers, to pave the way for General Aguiyi-Ironsi to be Head of State of Nigeria. Consequently, the retaliatory events by Northern members of the Nigerian Army that led to deaths of many innocent Igbo soldiers and civilians caused the Nigerian Civil War.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: In August 1965 a group of Army majors (Emmanuel Ifeajuna, Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Humphrey Chukwuka, and Adewale Ademoyega) began plotting a coup d'état against incumbent Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa. The coup was planned because according to the majors, the men at the helm of affairs were running Nigeria aground with their corrupt ways. Ministers under them were living flamboyant lifestyles and looting public funds at the expense of ordinary citizens.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: The president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe left the country in late 1965, first for Europe, then on a cruise to the Caribbean. Under the law, the Senate president, Nwafor Orizu, became acting president during his absence and assumed all the powers of the office.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: In the morning of 15 January 1966, at a meeting with some local journalists in Kaduna seeking to find out what was going on, it was brought to Major Nzeogwu's attention that the only information about the events then was what was being broadcast by the BBC. Nzeogwu was surprised because he had expected a radio broadcast of the rebels from Lagos. He is said to have "gone wild" when he learnt that Emmanuel Ifeajuna in Lagos had not made any plans whatsoever to neutralize Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi who was the Commander of the Army. Therefore, Nzeogwu hurriedly drafted a speech which was broadcast on Radio Kaduna sometime around 12 a.m. and in which he declared martial law over the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: Acting President Nwafor Orizu made a nationwide broadcast, after he had briefed President Nnamdi Azikiwe on the phone about the decision of the cabinet, announcing the cabinet's "voluntary" decision to transfer power to the armed forces. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi then made his own broadcast, accepting the "invitation".


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: On 17 January, Major General Ironsi established the Supreme Military Council in Lagos and effectively suspended the constitution.


title: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état

text: Regarding the casualties, the coup conspirators claimed their purge post-coup targeted members or supporters of the anterior regime and had been targeted for purely political reasons instead of being a racial purge focused on certain ethnic groups or clans; furthermore, they also claimed the list of people targeted was small and composed of only 8 people, half of them foreigners who were to be arrested not killed, and that the casualties had occurred as collateral damage of the coup. These claims were clarified by a member of the trio that formed the coup, Adewale Ademoyega, who published them in Nigeria in 1981 in a book titled "Why We Struck" outlining their reasons and motivations in which he mentioned:


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization, when applied to data security, is the process of substituting a sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent, referred to as a token, that has no intrinsic or exploitable meaning or value. The token is a reference (i.e. identifier) that maps back to the sensitive data through a tokenization system. The mapping from original data to a token uses methods that render tokens infeasible to reverse in the absence of the tokenization system, for example using tokens created from random numbers. A one-way cryptographic function is used to convert the original data into tokens, making it difficult to recreate the original data without obtaining entry to the tokenization system's resources. To deliver such services, the system maintains a vault database of tokens that are connected to the corresponding sensitive data. Protecting the system vault is vital to the system, and improved processes must be put in place to offer database integrity and physical security.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The tokenization system must be secured and validated using security best practices applicable to sensitive data protection, secure storage, audit, authentication and authorization. The tokenization system provides data processing applications with the authority and interfaces to request tokens, or detokenize back to sensitive data.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The security and risk reduction benefits of tokenization require that the tokenization system is logically isolated and segmented from data processing systems and applications that previously processed or stored sensitive data replaced by tokens. Only the tokenization system can tokenize data to create tokens, or detokenize back to redeem sensitive data under strict security controls. The token generation method must be proven to have the property that there is no feasible means through direct attack, cryptanalysis, side channel analysis, token mapping table exposure or brute force techniques to reverse tokens back to live data.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Replacing live data with tokens in systems is intended to minimize exposure of sensitive data to those applications, stores, people and processes, reducing risk of compromise or accidental exposure and unauthorized access to sensitive data. Applications can operate using tokens instead of live data, with the exception of a small number of trusted applications explicitly permitted to detokenize when strictly necessary for an approved business purpose. Tokenization systems may be operated in-house within a secure isolated segment of the data center, or as a service from a secure service provider.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization may be used to safeguard sensitive data involving, for example, bank accounts, financial statements, medical records, criminal records, driver's licenses, loan applications, stock trades, voter registrations, and other types of personally identifiable information (PII). Tokenization is often used in credit card processing. The PCI Council defines tokenization as "a process by which the primary account number (PAN) is replaced with a surrogate value called a token. A PAN may be linked to a reference number through the tokenization process. In this case, the merchant simply has to retain the token and a reliable third party controls the relationship and holds the PAN. The token may be created independently of the PAN, or the PAN can be used as part of the data input to the tokenization technique. The communication between the merchant and the third-party supplier must be secure to prevent an attacker from intercepting to gain the PAN and the token.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: De-tokenization is the reverse process of redeeming a token for its associated PAN value. The security of an individual token relies predominantly on the infeasibility of determining the original PAN knowing only the surrogate value". The choice of tokenization as an alternative to other techniques such as encryption will depend on varying regulatory requirements, interpretation, and acceptance by respective auditing or assessment entities. This is in addition to any technical, architectural or operational constraint that tokenization imposes in practical use.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The concept of tokenization, as adopted by the industry today, has existed since the first currency systems emerged centuries ago as a means to reduce risk in handling high value financial instruments by replacing them with surrogate equivalents. In the physical world, coin tokens have a long history of use replacing the financial instrument of minted coins and banknotes. In more recent history, subway tokens and casino chips found adoption for their respective systems to replace physical currency and cash handling risks such as theft. Exonumia, and scrip are terms synonymous with such tokens.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In the digital world, similar substitution techniques have been used since the 1970s as a means to isolate real data elements from exposure to other data systems. In databases for example, surrogate key values have been used since 1976 to isolate data associated with the internal mechanisms of databases and their external equivalents for a variety of uses in data processing. More recently, these concepts have been extended to consider this isolation tactic to provide a security mechanism for the purposes of data protection.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In the payment card industry, tokenization is one means of protecting sensitive cardholder data in order to comply with industry standards and government regulations.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In 2001, TrustCommerce created the concept of Tokenization to protect sensitive payment data for a client, Classmates.com. It engaged Rob Caulfield, founder of TrustCommerce, because the risk of storing card holder data was too great if the systems were ever hacked. TrustCommerce developed TC Citadel®, with which customers could reference a token in place of card holder data and TrustCommerce would process a payment on the merchant's behalf. This billing application allowed clients to process recurring payments without the need to store cardholder payment information. Tokenization replaces the Primary Account Number (PAN) with randomly generated tokens. If intercepted, the data contains no cardholder information, rendering it useless to hackers. The PAN cannot be retrieved, even if the token and the systems it resides on are compromised, nor can the token be reverse engineered to arrive at the PAN.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization was applied to payment card data by Shift4 Corporation and released to the public during an industry Security Summit in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2005. The technology is meant to prevent the theft of the credit card information in storage. Shift4 defines tokenization as: “The concept of using a non-decryptable piece of data to represent, by reference, sensitive or secret data. In payment card industry (PCI) context, tokens are used to reference cardholder data that is managed in a tokenization system, application or off-site secure facility.”


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: To protect data over its full lifecycle, tokenization is often combined with end-to-end encryption to secure data in transit to the tokenization system or service, with a token replacing the original data on return. For example, to avoid the risks of malware stealing data from low-trust systems such as point of sale (POS) systems, as in the Target breach of 2013, cardholder data encryption must take place prior to card data entering the POS and not after. Encryption takes place within the confines of a security hardened and validated card reading device and data remains encrypted until received by the processing host, an approach pioneered by Heartland Payment Systems as a means to secure payment data from advanced threats, now widely adopted by industry payment processing companies and technology companies. The PCI Council has also specified end-to-end encryption (certified point-to-point encryption—P2PE) for various service implementations in various PCI Council Point-to-point Encryption documents.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization and “classic” encryption effectively protect data if implemented properly, and a computer security system may use both. While similar in certain regards, tokenization and classic encryption differ in a few key aspects. Both are cryptographic data security methods and they essentially have the same function, however they do so with differing processes and have different effects on the data they are protecting.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization is a non-mathematical approach that replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive substitutes without altering the type or length of data. This is an important distinction from encryption because changes in data length and type can render information unreadable in intermediate systems such as databases. Tokenized data can still be processed by legacy systems which makes tokenization more flexible than classic encryption.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In many situations, the encryption process is a constant consumer of processing power, hence such a system needs significant expenditures in specialized hardware and software.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Another difference is that tokens require significantly less computational resources to process. With tokenization, specific data is kept fully or partially visible for processing and analytics while sensitive information is kept hidden. This allows tokenized data to be processed more quickly and reduces the strain on system resources. This can be a key advantage in systems that rely on high performance.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In comparison to encryption, tokenization technologies reduce time, expense, and administrative effort while enabling teamwork and communication.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: There are many ways that tokens can be classified however there is currently no unified classification. Tokens can be: single or multi-use, cryptographic or non-cryptographic, reversible or irreversible, authenticable or non-authenticable, and various combinations thereof.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: In the context of payments, the difference between high and low value tokens plays a significant role.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: HVTs serve as surrogates for actual PANs in payment transactions and are used as an instrument for completing a payment transaction. In order to function, they must look like actual PANs. Multiple HVTs can map back to a single PAN and a single physical credit card without the owner being aware of it.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: HVTs can also be bound to specific devices so that anomalies between token use, physical devices, and geographic locations can be flagged as potentially fraudulent.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: LVTs also act as surrogates for actual PANs in payment transactions, however they serve a different purpose. LVTs cannot be used by themselves to complete a payment transaction. In order for an LVT to function, it must be possible to match it back to the actual PAN it represents, albeit only in a tightly controlled fashion. Using tokens to protect PANs becomes ineffectual if a tokenization system is breached, therefore securing the tokenization system itself is extremely important.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: First generation tokenization systems use a database to map from live data to surrogate substitute tokens and back. This requires the storage, management, and continuous backup for every new transaction added to the token database to avoid data loss. Another problem is ensuring consistency across data centers, requiring continuous synchronization of token databases. Significant consistency, availability and performance trade-offs, per the CAP theorem, are unavoidable with this approach. This overhead adds complexity to real-time transaction processing to avoid data loss and to assure data integrity across data centers, and also limits scale. Storing all sensitive data in one service creates an attractive target for attack and compromise, and introduces privacy and legal risk in the aggregation of data Internet privacy, particularly in the EU.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Another limitation of tokenization technologies is measuring the level of security for a given solution through independent validation. With the lack of standards, the latter is critical to establish the strength of tokenization offered when tokens are used for regulatory compliance. The PCI Council recommends independent vetting and validation of any claims of security and compliance: "Merchants considering the use of tokenization should perform a thorough evaluation and risk analysis to identify and document the unique characteristics of their particular implementation, including all interactions with payment card data and the particular tokenization systems and processes"


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The method of generating tokens may also have limitations from a security perspective. With concerns about security and attacks to random number generators, which are a common choice for the generation of tokens and token mapping tables, scrutiny must be applied to ensure proven and validated methods are used versus arbitrary design. Random number generators have limitations in terms of speed, entropy, seeding and bias, and security properties must be carefully analysed and measured to avoid predictability and compromise.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: With tokenization's increasing adoption, new tokenization technology approaches have emerged to remove such operational risks and complexities and to enable increased scale suited to emerging big data use cases and high performance transaction processing, especially in financial services and banking. In addition to conventional tokenization methods, Protegrity provides additional security through its so-called "obfuscation layer." This creates a barrier that prevents not only regular users from accessing information they wouldn't see but also privileged users who has access, such as database administrators.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Stateless tokenization enables random mapping of live data elements to surrogate values without needing a database while retaining the isolation properties of tokenization.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: November 2014, American Express released its token service which meets the EMV tokenization standard. Other notable examples of Tokenization-based payment systems, according to the EMVCo standard, include Google Wallet, Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, Microsoft Wallet, Fitbit Pay and Garmin Pay. Visa uses tokenization techniques to provide a secure online and mobile shopping.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Using blockchain, as opposed to relying on trusted third parties, it is possible to run highly accessible, tamper-resistant databases for transactions. With help of blockchain, tokenization is the process of converting the value of a tangible or intangible asset into a token that can be exchanged on the network.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: This enables the tokenization of conventional financial assets, for instance, by transforming rights into a digital token backed by the asset itself using blockchain technology. Besides that, tokenization enables the simple and efficient compartmentalization and management of data across multiple users. Individual tokens created through tokenization can be used to split ownership and partially resell an asset. Consequently, only entities with the appropriate token can access the data.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Numerous blockchain companies support asset tokenization. In 2019, eToro acquired Firmo and renamed as eToroX. Through its Token Management Suite, which is backed by USD-pegged stablecoins, eToroX enables asset tokenization.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The tokenization of equity is facilitated by STOKR, a platform that links investors with small and medium-sized businesses. Tokens issued through the STOKR platform are legally recognized as transferable securities under European Union capital market regulations.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Breakers enable tokenization of intellectual property, allowing content creators to issue their own digital tokens. Tokens can be distributed to a variety of project participants. Without intermediaries or governing body, content creators can integrate reward-sharing features into the token.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Building an alternate payments system requires a number of entities working together in order to deliver near field communication (NFC) or other technology based payment services to the end users. One of the issues is the interoperability between the players and to resolve this issue the role of trusted service manager (TSM) is proposed to establish a technical link between mobile network operators (MNO) and providers of services, so that these entities can work together. Tokenization can play a role in mediating such services.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization as a security strategy lies in the ability to replace a real card number with a surrogate (target removal) and the subsequent limitations placed on the surrogate card number (risk reduction). If the surrogate value can be used in an unlimited fashion or even in a broadly applicable manner, the token value gains as much value as the real credit card number. In these cases, the token may be secured by a second dynamic token that is unique for each transaction and also associated to a specific payment card. Example of dynamic, transaction-specific tokens include cryptograms used in the EMV specification.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, an industry-wide set of guidelines that must be met by any organization that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data, mandates that credit card data must be protected when stored. Tokenization, as applied to payment card data, is often implemented to meet this mandate, replacing credit card and ACH numbers in some systems with a random value or string of characters. Tokens can be formatted in a variety of ways. Some token service providers or tokenization products generate the surrogate values in such a way as to match the format of the original sensitive data. In the case of payment card data, a token might be the same length as a Primary Account Number (bank card number) and contain elements of the original data such as the last four digits of the card number. When a payment card authorization request is made to verify the legitimacy of a transaction, a token might be returned to the merchant instead of the card number, along with the authorization code for the transaction. The token is stored in the receiving system while the actual cardholder data is mapped to the token in a secure tokenization system. Storage of tokens and payment card data must comply with current PCI standards, including the use of strong cryptography.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization is currently in standards definition in ANSI X9 as X9.119 Part 2. X9 is responsible for the industry standards for financial cryptography and data protection including payment card PIN management, credit and debit card encryption and related technologies and processes. The PCI Council has also stated support for tokenization in reducing risk in data breaches, when combined with other technologies such as Point-to-Point Encryption (P2PE) and assessments of compliance to PCI DSS guidelines. Visa Inc. released Visa Tokenization Best Practices for tokenization uses in credit and debit card handling applications and services. In March 2014, EMVCo LLC released its first payment tokenization specification for EMV. PCI DSS is the most frequently utilized standard for Tokenization systems used by payment industry players.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Tokenization can render it more difficult for attackers to gain access to sensitive data outside of the tokenization system or service. Implementation of tokenization may simplify the requirements of the PCI DSS, as systems that no longer store or process sensitive data may have a reduction of applicable controls required by the PCI DSS guidelines.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: As a security best practice, independent assessment and validation of any technologies used for data protection, including tokenization, must be in place to establish the security and strength of the method and implementation before any claims of privacy compliance, regulatory compliance, and data security can be made. This validation is particularly important in tokenization, as the tokens are shared externally in general use and thus exposed in high risk, low trust environments. The infeasibility of reversing a token or set of tokens to a live sensitive data must be established using industry accepted measurements and proofs by appropriate experts independent of the service or solution provider.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: When databases are utilized on a large scale, they expand exponentially, causing the search process to take longer, restricting system performance, and increasing backup processes. A database that links sensitive information to tokens is called a vault. With the addition of new data, the vault's maintenance workload increases significantly.


title: Tokenization (data security)

text: Apart from that, secure communication channels must be built between sensitive data and the vault so that data is not compromised on the way to or from storage.


title: Parietal bone

text: The parietal bones () are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin "paries" ("-ietis"), wall.


title: Parietal bone

text: The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence ("tuber parietale"), which indicates the point where ossification commenced.


title: Parietal bone

text: Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior temporal lines; the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia, and the latter indicates the upper limit of the muscular origin of the temporal muscle.


title: Parietal bone

text: Above these lines the bone is covered by a tough layer of fibrous tissue – the epicranial aponeurosis; below them it forms part of the temporal fossa, and affords attachment to the temporal muscle.


title: Parietal bone

text: At the back part and close to the upper or sagittal border is the parietal foramen which transmits a vein to the superior sagittal sinus, and sometimes a small branch of the occipital artery; it is not constantly present, and its size varies considerably.


title: Parietal bone

text: The internal surface [Fig. 2] is concave; it presents depressions corresponding to the cerebral convolutions, and numerous furrows (grooves) for the ramifications of the middle meningeal artery; the latter run upward and backward from the sphenoidal angle, and from the central and posterior part of the squamous border.


title: Parietal bone

text: Along the upper margin is a shallow groove, which, together with that on the opposite parietal, forms a channel, the sagittal sulcus, for the superior sagittal sinus; the edges of the sulcus afford attachment to the falx cerebri.


title: Parietal bone

text: Near the groove are several depressions, best marked in the skulls of old persons, for the arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies).


title: Parietal bone

text: The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal life.


title: Parietal bone

text: Ossification gradually extends in a radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist.


title: Parietal bone

text: Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture.


title: Parietal bone

text: In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear or central part of the skull roof, lying behind the frontal bones. In many non-mammalian tetrapods, they are bordered to the rear by a pair of postparietal bones that may be solely in the roof of the skull, or slope downwards to contribute to the back of the skull, depending on the species. In the living tuatara, and many fossil species, a small opening, the "parietal foramen", lies between the two parietal bones. This opening is the location of a third eye in the midline of the skull, which is much smaller than the two main eyes.