title: Lust murder

text: Lust murder, also called sexual homicide, is a homicide which occurs in tandem with either an overt sexual assault or sexually-symbolic behavior. "Lust murder" is associated with the paraphilic term erotophonophilia, which is sexual arousal or gratification contingent on the death of a human being. The term "lust killing" stems from the original work of Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his 1898 discussion of sadistic homicides. Commonly, this type of crime is manifested either by murder during sexual activity, by mutilating the sexual organs or areas of the victim's body, or by murder and mutilation. The mutilation of the victim may include evisceration, displacement of the sexual organs, or both. The mutilation usually takes place postmortem. Although the killing sequence may include an act of sexual intercourse, sexual intercourse does not always occur, and other types of sexual acts may be part of the homicide.


title: Lust murder

text: In 2019, "Current Psychiatry Reports" published a review of the recent findings on sexual homicide research and concluded that sexually-oriented murderers should be viewed as a specific offender with distinct traits which requires an international reporting system. Earlier, the authors of the review reported on comparisons of offenders in the French national police database with the same conclusion.


title: Lust murder

text: Lust murder sometimes includes activities such as removing clothing from the body, posing and propping of the body in different positions (generally sexual ones), insertion of objects into bodily orifices, cannibalism and necrophilia.


title: Lust murder

text: Most cases of lust murder involve male perpetrators, although accounts of female lust murderers do exist. In general, lust murder is a phenomenon most common among serial killers. These offenders have made a connection between murder and sexual gratification. When this type of offender chooses a victim there must be something about that victim that the offender finds sexually attractive. This attractive trait might be common among all of the offender's victims and is called the offender's Ideal Victim Type (IVT). There might be many potential targets that an offender passes by because they do not meet their ideal victim. Once the offender has found a victim who is ideal, they might engage in stalking or other predatory behaviors before acting out their fantasy on their victim. Fantasies are a key component in lust murders and can never be completely fulfilled. The lust killer will have a fantasy that continues to evolve over time and becomes increasingly violent as they struggle to fulfill it.


title: Lust murder

text: The most critical component in the psychological development of a serial killer is violent fantasy, especially in the lust murderer. Fantasies accompany "intrusive thoughts about killing someone that are associated with other distressing psychopathological processes". Fantasies can never be completely fulfilled; sometimes the experience of killing can generate new fantasies of violence, creating a repetitive cycle. The purpose of fantasy is total control of the victim, whereas a sexual assault can be used as a vehicle for control. Sexual torture becomes a tool to degrade, humiliate, and subjugate the victim. Often the killer selects victims to stand as a proxy, resulting from childhood trauma. Fantasies may be fueled by pornography and facilitated by alcohol or other causes. Typically, fantasies involve one or several forms of paraphilia.


title: Lust murder

text: The term "lust murder" is also used in a related, but slightly different sense, to refer to an individual who gains "sexual arousal" from the act of committing murder, or has persistent "sexual fantasies" of committing murder, even if the murder itself does not involve genital mutilation or other aforementioned characteristics. As such, it is a type of paraphilia.


title: Lust murder

text: Although the dynamic of violent fantasy in lust murders is understood, an individual's violence fantasy alone is not enough to determine if an individual has or has not engaged in lust murder. Moreover, to conclude that an individual is a violent psychopath because they have drawn multitudes of violent images is overreaching.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium is a chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89. It was first isolated by Friedrich Oskar Giesel in 1902, who gave it the name "emanium"; the element got its name by being wrongly identified with a substance André-Louis Debierne found in 1899 and called actinium. Actinium gave the name to the actinide series, a group of 15 similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table. Together with polonium, radium, and radon, actinium was one of the first non-primordial radioactive elements to be isolated.


title: Actinium

text: A soft, silvery-white radioactive metal, actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that prevents further oxidation. As with most lanthanides and many actinides, actinium assumes oxidation state +3 in nearly all its chemical compounds. Actinium is found only in traces in uranium and thorium ores as the isotope Ac, which decays with a half-life of 21.772 years, predominantly emitting beta and sometimes alpha particles, and Ac, which is beta active with a half-life of 6.15 hours. One tonne of natural uranium in ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of actinium-227, and one tonne of thorium contains about 5 nanograms of actinium-228. The close similarity of physical and chemical properties of actinium and lanthanum makes separation of actinium from the ore impractical. Instead, the element is prepared, in milligram amounts, by the neutron irradiation of in a nuclear reactor. Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity, actinium has no significant industrial use. Its current applications include a neutron source and an agent for radiation therapy.


title: Actinium

text: André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, announced the discovery of a new element in 1899. He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel found in 1902 a substance similar to lanthanum and called it "emanium" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances' half-lives determined by Debierne, Harriet Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different times.


title: Actinium

text: Articles published in the 1970s and later suggest that Debierne's results published in 1904 conflict with those reported in 1899 and 1900. Furthermore, the now-known chemistry of actinium precludes its presence as anything other than a minor constituent of Debierne's 1899 and 1900 results; in fact, the chemical properties he reported make it likely that he had, instead, accidentally identified protactinium, which would not be discovered for another fourteen years, only to have it disappear due to its hydrolysis and adsorption onto his laboratory equipment. This has led some authors to advocate that Giesel alone should be credited with the discovery. A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff. He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the then nascent state of radiochemistry: highlighting the prudence of Debierne's claims in the original papers, he notes that nobody can contend that Debierne's substance did not contain actinium. Debierne, who is now considered by the vast majority of historians as the discoverer, lost interest in the element and left the topic. Giesel, on the other hand, can rightfully be credited with the first preparation of radiochemically pure actinium and with the identification of its atomic number 89.


title: Actinium

text: The name actinium originates from the Ancient Greek "aktis, aktinos" (ακτίς, ακτίνος), meaning beam or ray. Its symbol Ac is also used in abbreviations of other compounds that have nothing to do with actinium, such as acetyl, acetate and sometimes acetaldehyde.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive, metallic element. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Owing to its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light, which originates from the surrounding air ionized by the emitted energetic particles. Actinium has similar chemical properties to lanthanum and other lanthanides, and therefore these elements are difficult to separate when extracting from uranium ores. Solvent extraction and ion chromatography are commonly used for the separation.


title: Actinium

text: The first element of the actinides, actinium gave the set its name, much as lanthanum had done for the lanthanides. The actinides are much more diverse than the lanthanides and therefore it was not until 1945 that the most significant change to Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table since the recognition of the lanthanides, the introduction of the actinides, was generally accepted after Glenn T. Seaborg's research on the transuranium elements (although it had been proposed as early as 1892 by British chemist Henry Bassett).


title: Actinium

text: Actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that impedes further oxidation. As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium exists in the oxidation state +3, and the Ac ions are colorless in solutions. The oxidation state +3 originates from the [Rn]6d7s electronic configuration of actinium, with three valence electrons that are easily donated to give the stable closed-shell structure of the noble gas radon. Although the 5f orbitals are unoccupied in an actinium atom, it can be used as a valence orbital in actinium complexes and hence actinium is generally regarded by chemists working on it as the first 5f element. Ac is the largest of all known tripositive ions and its first coordination sphere contains approximately 10.9 ± 0.5 water molecules.


title: Actinium

text: Due to actinium's intense radioactivity, only a limited number of actinium compounds are known. These include: AcF, AcCl, AcBr, AcOF, AcOCl, AcOBr, AcS, AcO, AcPO and Ac(NO). Except for AcPO, they are all similar to the corresponding lanthanum compounds. They all contain actinium in the oxidation state +3. In particular, the lattice constants of the analogous lanthanum and actinium compounds differ by only a few percent.


title: Actinium

text: Here "a", "b" and "c" are lattice constants, No is space group number and "Z" is the number of formula units per unit cell. Density was not measured directly but calculated from the lattice parameters.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium oxide (AcO) can be obtained by heating the hydroxide at 500 °C or the oxalate at 1100 °C, in vacuum. Its crystal lattice is isotypic with the oxides of most trivalent rare-earth metals.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium trifluoride can be produced either in solution or in solid reaction. The former reaction is carried out at room temperature, by adding hydrofluoric acid to a solution containing actinium ions. In the latter method, actinium metal is treated with hydrogen fluoride vapors at 700 °C in an all-platinum setup. Treating actinium trifluoride with ammonium hydroxide at 900–1000 °C yields oxyfluoride AcOF. Whereas lanthanum oxyfluoride can be easily obtained by burning lanthanum trifluoride in air at 800 °C for an hour, similar treatment of actinium trifluoride yields no AcOF and only results in melting of the initial product.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium trichloride is obtained by reacting actinium hydroxide or oxalate with carbon tetrachloride vapors at temperatures above 960 °C. Similar to oxyfluoride, actinium oxychloride can be prepared by hydrolyzing actinium trichloride with ammonium hydroxide at 1000 °C. However, in contrast to the oxyfluoride, the oxychloride could well be synthesized by igniting a solution of actinium trichloride in hydrochloric acid with ammonia.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium hydride was obtained by reduction of actinium trichloride with potassium at 300 °C, and its structure was deduced by analogy with the corresponding LaH hydride. The source of hydrogen in the reaction was uncertain.


title: Actinium

text: Mixing monosodium phosphate (NaHPO) with a solution of actinium in hydrochloric acid yields white-colored actinium phosphate hemihydrate (AcPO·0.5HO), and heating actinium oxalate with hydrogen sulfide vapors at 1400 °C for a few minutes results in a black actinium sulfide AcS. It may possibly be produced by acting with a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide on actinium oxide at 1000 °C.


title: Actinium

text: Naturally occurring actinium is composed of two radioactive isotopes; (from the radioactive family of ) and (a granddaughter of ). decays mainly as a beta emitter with a very small energy, but in 1.38% of cases it emits an alpha particle, so it can readily be identified through alpha spectrometry. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been identified, the most stable being with a half-life of 21.772 years, with a half-life of 10.0 days and with a half-life of 29.37 hours. All remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours and the majority of them have half-lives shorter than one minute. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is (half-life of 69 nanoseconds) which decays through alpha decay. Actinium also has two known meta states. The most significant isotopes for chemistry are Ac, Ac, and Ac.


title: Actinium

text: Purified comes into equilibrium with its decay products after about a half of year. It decays according to its 21.772-year half-life emitting mostly beta (98.62%) and some alpha particles (1.38%); the successive decay products are part of the actinium series. Owing to the low available amounts, low energy of its beta particles (maximum 44.8 keV) and low intensity of alpha radiation, is difficult to detect directly by its emission and it is therefore traced via its decay products. The isotopes of actinium range in atomic weight from 205 u () to 236 u ().


title: Actinium

text: Actinium is found only in traces in uranium ores – one tonne of uranium in ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of Ac – and in thorium ores, which contain about 5 nanograms of Ac per one tonne of thorium. The actinium isotope Ac is a transient member of the uranium-actinium series decay chain, which begins with the parent isotope U (or Pu) and ends with the stable lead isotope Pb. The isotope Ac is a transient member of the thorium series decay chain, which begins with the parent isotope Th and ends with the stable lead isotope Pb. Another actinium isotope (Ac) is transiently present in the neptunium series decay chain, beginning with Np (or U) and ending with thallium (Tl) and near-stable bismuth (Bi); even though all primordial Np has decayed away, it is continuously produced by neutron knock-out reactions on natural U.


title: Actinium

text: The low natural concentration, and the close similarity of physical and chemical properties to those of lanthanum and other lanthanides, which are always abundant in actinium-bearing ores, render separation of actinium from the ore impractical, and complete separation was never achieved. Instead, actinium is prepared, in milligram amounts, by the neutron irradiation of in a nuclear reactor.


title: Actinium

text: The reaction yield is about 2% of the radium weight. Ac can further capture neutrons resulting in small amounts of Ac. After the synthesis, actinium is separated from radium and from the products of decay and nuclear fusion, such as thorium, polonium, lead and bismuth. The extraction can be performed with thenoyltrifluoroacetone-benzene solution from an aqueous solution of the radiation products, and the selectivity to a certain element is achieved by adjusting the pH (to about 6.0 for actinium). An alternative procedure is anion exchange with an appropriate resin in nitric acid, which can result in a separation factor of 1,000,000 for radium and actinium vs. thorium in a two-stage process. Actinium can then be separated from radium, with a ratio of about 100, using a low cross-linking cation exchange resin and nitric acid as eluant.


title: Actinium

text: Ac was first produced artificially at the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) in Germany using a cyclotron and at St George Hospital in Sydney using a linac in 2000. This rare isotope has potential applications in radiation therapy and is most efficiently produced by bombarding a radium-226 target with 20–30 MeV deuterium ions. This reaction also yields Ac which however decays with a half-life of 29 hours and thus does not contaminate Ac.


title: Actinium

text: Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor in vacuum at a temperature between 1100 and 1300 °C. Higher temperatures resulted in evaporation of the product and lower ones lead to an incomplete transformation. Lithium was chosen among other alkali metals because its fluoride is most volatile.


title: Actinium

text: Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity, Ac currently has no significant industrial use, but Ac is currently being studied for use in cancer treatments such as targeted alpha therapies.


title: Actinium

text: Ac is highly radioactive and was therefore studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, for example in spacecraft. The oxide of Ac pressed with beryllium is also an efficient neutron source with the activity exceeding that of the standard americium-beryllium and radium-beryllium pairs. In all those applications, Ac (a beta source) is merely a progenitor which generates alpha-emitting isotopes upon its decay. Beryllium captures alpha particles and emits neutrons owing to its large cross-section for the (α,n) nuclear reaction:


title: Actinium

text: The AcBe neutron sources can be applied in a neutron probe – a standard device for measuring the quantity of water present in soil, as well as moisture/density for quality control in highway construction. Such probes are also used in well logging applications, in neutron radiography, tomography and other radiochemical investigations.


title: Actinium

text: Ac is applied in medicine to produce in a reusable generator or can be used alone as an agent for radiation therapy, in particular targeted alpha therapy (TAT). This isotope has a half-life of 10 days, making it much more suitable for radiation therapy than Bi (half-life 46 minutes). Additionally, Ac decays to nontoxic Bi rather than stable but toxic lead, which is the final product in the decay chains of several other candidate isotopes, namely Th, Th, and U. Not only Ac itself, but also its daughters, emit alpha particles which kill cancer cells in the body. The major difficulty with application of Ac was that intravenous injection of simple actinium complexes resulted in their accumulation in the bones and liver for a period of tens of years. As a result, after the cancer cells were quickly killed by alpha particles from Ac, the radiation from the actinium and its daughters might induce new mutations. To solve this problem, Ac was bound to a chelating agent, such as citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). This reduced actinium accumulation in the bones, but the excretion from the body remained slow. Much better results were obtained with such chelating agents as HEHA () or DOTA () coupled to trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2/neu receptor. The latter delivery combination was tested on mice and proved to be effective against leukemia, lymphoma, breast, ovarian, neuroblastoma and prostate cancers.


title: Actinium

text: The medium half-life of Ac (21.77 years) makes it very convenient radioactive isotope in modeling the slow vertical mixing of oceanic waters. The associated processes cannot be studied with the required accuracy by direct measurements of current velocities (of the order 50 meters per year). However, evaluation of the concentration depth-profiles for different isotopes allows estimating the mixing rates. The physics behind this method is as follows: oceanic waters contain homogeneously dispersed U. Its decay product, Pa, gradually precipitates to the bottom, so that its concentration first increases with depth and then stays nearly constant. Pa decays to Ac; however, the concentration of the latter isotope does not follow the Pa depth profile, but instead increases toward the sea bottom. This occurs because of the mixing processes which raise some additional Ac from the sea bottom. Thus analysis of both Pa and Ac depth profiles allows researchers to model the mixing behavior.


title: Actinium

text: There are theoretical predictions that AcH hydrides (in this case with very high pressure) are a candidate for a near room-temperature superconductor as they have T significantly higher than H3S, possibly near 250 K.


title: Actinium

text: Ac is highly radioactive and experiments with it are carried out in a specially designed laboratory equipped with a tight glove box. When actinium trichloride is administered intravenously to rats, about 33% of actinium is deposited into the bones and 50% into the liver. Its toxicity is comparable to, but slightly lower than that of americium and plutonium. For trace quantities, fume hoods with good aeration suffice; for gram amounts, hot cells with shielding from the intense gamma radiation emitted by Ac are necessary.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Cult of the Dead Cow, also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas. The group maintains a weblog on its site, also titled "Cult of the Dead Cow". New media are released first through the blog, which also features thoughts and opinions of the group's members.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The group was formed in June 1984 at the Farm Pac slaughterhouse by Grandmaster Ratte' (aka Swamp Ratte'), Franken Gibe, Sid Vicious, and three BBS SysOps.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In the 1980s the Cult of the Dead Cow organized and maintained a loose collective of affiliated BBSs across the US and Canada. It was during this time that the cDc is credited with coining the term "31337" as an alternative spelling of "Eleet" or "Elite", an expression denoting skill or greatness in a person, place, or thing.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In December 1990, cDc member Drunkfux – the pseudonym of Jesse Dryden, the son of Jefferson Airplane drummer Spencer Dryden and grand nephew of Charlie Chaplin – gave birth to the modern hacker con. HoHoCon, usually held in Houston, Texas, was the first hacker conference which invited the participation of both journalists and law enforcement. In all, dFx hosted five annual HoHoCons.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In 1991, cDc was named "Sassiest Underground Computer Group" by "Sassy" magazine. Also in 1991, the group began distributing music in the form of cassette tape albums sold through its post office box. Many of these albums are now available online in their entirety.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: October 1994 saw the creation of the cDc's Usenet newsgroup, alt.fan.cult-dead-cow. It was thus the first hacking group to have its own Usenet newsgroup. In November of that year, the group claimed responsibility for giving Ronald Reagan Alzheimer's disease, claiming to have done so in 1986 with a blowgun.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The cDc declared war on the Church of Scientology in 1995 during the alt.religion.scientology controversy, stating


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In February 2000, the cDc was the subject of an 11-minute documentary short titled "Disinformation". Also in February 2000, cDc member Mudge briefed President Bill Clinton on Internet security.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: cDc communications is the parent organisation of Cult of the Dead Cow, one of three groups that fall under cDc communications. The other two are the Ninja Strike Force and Hacktivismo.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In 1996, the cDc announced the birth of its Ninja Strike Force, a group of "ninja" dedicated to achieving the goals of the cDc, an intervention task force both online and offline. The cDc opened the NSF Dojo in 2004. An "NSF Dojo" Member also operates a streaming radio station, which features recordings of hacker con presentations and other educational programming in addition to a wide range of musical styles and artists.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Membership in the NSF is granted by the cDc to those individuals who stand out in their support of the cDc and its ideals. Members are recognized for their abilities, capabilities, and being the best of the best in their skills.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In late 1999, the cDc created Hacktivismo, an independent group under the cDc communications umbrella dedicated to the creation of anti-censorship technology in furtherance of human rights on the Internet. The group's beliefs are described fully in The Hacktivismo Declaration, which seeks to apply the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to the Internet. Among Hacktivismo's beliefs include access to information as a basic human right. The organization partially shares Critical Art Ensemble's (CAE) belief in the value of secrecy, but challenges both with CAE and many hacktivists on the subject of civil disobedience. The cDc model is, instead, one of disruptive compliance. Disruptive, in this case, refers to disruptive technology; compliance refers back to the Internet and its original intent of constructive free-flow and openness. Hacktivismo has also authored its own software license agreement, the Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software License Agreement, which is source available (but not open source). Their work focuses on the development of software that empowers conduct forbidden by repression, rather than enabling (private or public) attacks on repressors. In general cDc hopes that open code can become the lingua franca of a hacktivism that seeks to wage peace, not war. While the term isn't used, the software described in cDc's "Waging of Peace on the Internet" would create a set of connections between dissidents that sound in technoliberationist terms, rhizomatic.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In addition to the obvious associations between Cult of the Dead Cow, Hacktivismo, and the Ninja Strike Force, the cDc also has crossover associations with several other organizations. These include the L0pht; founding members White Knight and Count Zero and final members Dildog and Mudge are all members of cDc. Additionally, The Nightstalker was a member of Youth International Party Line/Technology Assistance Program. Lord Digital, one of the founders of Mindvox, is a former member of LOD/H and a current member of the Sacrament of Transition. Red Knight was a member of the Masters of Deception. Also, RaD Man, a member of the Ninja Strike Force, is one of the founders of ACiD Productions. Another NSF member, Mark Hinge, is a founding member of the British hacker group The Syndicate Of London. Flack, another Ninja Strike Force member, was a co-founder of the horror "lit group" Soulz at Zero. Mudge later went on to program manage the CINDER program at DARPA, which aimed to detect 'insider threats' like the WikiLeaks sources.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: During the 1980s, the cDc was well known throughout the BBS scene for their underground ezine, also called "Cult of the Dead Cow". The group claims to have invented the ezine.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The Cult of the Dead Cow has been credited with coining the term "elite" as used in the hacker scene/computer underground in cDc textfiles of the 1980s.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The ezine has led to some criticism of the group over the years; in a 1994 episode of "Geraldo" entitled "Computer Vice," Geraldo Rivera referred to the group as "a bunch of sickos" for having published an article called "Sex with Satan," originally published in 1988.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In 1996, cDc member Omega used the term "hacktivism" in an email to other group members. The group has been active in hacktivist causes since that time.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In the late 1990s, the cDc claimed to have worked with a group of Chinese dissidents called "The Hong Kong Blondes." The group’s ostensible goal was to disrupt computer networks within the People's Republic of China in order to allow citizens to access censored content online. The Hong Kong Blondes were, ostensibly, one of the first hacktivist groups, though the group's existence and actions have proven to be an invented fiction. The cDc first spoke about the group publicly in a presentation at the 1997 Beyond HOPE Conference held at The Puck Building in New York City. Members claimed to have advised the group on strong encryption techniques. The cDc formally severed ties with the Hong Kong Blondes in December 1998. In 2015, former cDc member Oxblood Ruffin claimed without evidence that the hacking activities attributed to the Hong Kong Blondes were an invention intended to create a diversion and cover for the extraction of several Chinese pro-democracy activists. Asked about the group during a White House meeting in February 2000 organized by then National Security Advisor Richard A. Clarke with President Bill Clinton, Mudge admitted "We made them up."


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: On January 7, 1999, the cDc joined with an international coalition of hackers to denounce a call to cyberwar against the governments of China and Iraq.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: When questioning Patrick Ball during his International War Crimes Tribunal in 2002, Slobodan Milošević asked Ball about his relationship with the cDc. Ball had given a talk and been a member of a cDc-sponsored panel on hacktivism at DEF CON 9 in 2001.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: In early 2006, the cDc launched the "Goolag" (a play on gulag, Soviet forced labour camps) campaign in response to Google's decision to comply with China's Internet censorship policy and censor search results in the mainland-Chinese version of its search engine. The campaign consists primarily of the use of a parody of Google's logo which reads "Goolag: Exporting censorship, one search at a time." The group encouraged readers to make t-shirts and other merchandise and donate any proceeds from their sale to Human Rights in China.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Students for a Free Tibet held an anti-Google rally in Dharamsala, India on February 14, 2006, employing the logo in a variety of ways. The cDc then issued a press release about the campaign, wherein it described Microsoft, Yahoo!, Google, and Cisco as the "Gang of Four" due to their respective policies of compliance with the Beijing government's Internet policies. The United States Congress was also called out on this issue in the release. This press release, originally entitled "Congress jerks off, gang of four reach for raincoats," was picked up by many news sources, as an abbreviated version of it was distributed by PR Web (with the altered title of "Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc) Launches Campaign Against Internet Censorship in China").


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The cDc has released several tools, for both hackers/system administrators and for the general public. Many of these are related to computer security and are sometimes dubbed "hacker tools".


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The Automated Prayer Project, written by Javaman, is "a VT420 connected to a Sun Ultra5 via a serial cable which displays the output of a continuously running program. The signaling rate is limited to 9600 baud. The program itself cycles through the Rosary, displaying a new individual prayer once every thirty seconds. Each individual prayer is then sent out via UDP to a random machine on the Internet on a random port."


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Back Orifice (often shortened to BO) is a computer program designed for remote system administration. It enables a user to control a computer running Microsoft Windows operating system from a remote location. The name is a pun on Microsoft BackOffice Server software. The program debuted at DEF CON 6 on August 1, 1998. It was the brainchild of Sir Dystic. According to the group, its purpose was to demonstrate the lack of security in Microsoft's operating system Windows 98.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Back Orifice 2000 (often shortened to BO2k) is a computer program that is similar in function to Back Orifice. Back Orifice 2000 debuted on July 10, 1999 at DEF CON 7. The original code was written by Dildog. Whereas the original Back Orifice was limited to the Windows 95 and Windows 98 operating systems, BO2k also supports Windows NT, Windows XP and Windows 2000. Some BO2k client functionality has also been implemented for *nix-systems. In addition, BO2k was released under the GPL. As of 2012, BO2k is being actively developed.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Camera/Shy was the first Hacktivismo project released. It debuted in 2002 at the H.O.P.E. 2k2 convention in New York City. It is a steganographic tool that scans for and delivers decrypted content directly from the world wide web.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: NBName is a computer program that can be used to carry out denial-of-service attacks that can disable NetBIOS services on Windows machines. It was written by Sir Dystic and released July 29, 2000 at the DEF CON 8 convention in Las Vegas.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: ScatterChat is an encrypted instant messaging client based on Gaim. It was written by J. Salvatore Testa II and released at the H.O.P.E. Number Six conference in New York City on July 22, 2006. It provides encryption as well as integrated onion routing with Tor, and secure file transfers. Various flaws in the software have been elaborated by researchers.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: The Six/Four System is a censorship-resistant network proxy written by Mixter, a member of both cDc and Hacktivismo. It works by using "trusted peers" to relay network connections over SSL encrypted links. Hacktivismo and the cDc further gained notoriety in 2003 when the Six/Four System became the first product of a hacker group to receive approval from the United States Department of Commerce for export of strong encryption.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: SMBRelay and SMBRelay2 are computer programs that can be used to carry out SMB man-in-the-middle attacks on Windows machines. They were written by Sir Dystic and released March 21, 2001 at the @lantacon convention in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: XeroBank Browser (formerly known as Torpark) is a variant of the Portable Firefox web browser with Tor built into it. Torpark is intended for use on portable media such as a USB flash drive but it can also be used on any hard disk drive. cDc/Hacktivismo co-released v.1.5.0.7 along with Steve Topletz on September 19, 2006.


title: Cult of the Dead Cow

text: Whisker is a project authored by Rain Forest Puppy that is no longer in development. It checked for thousands of known security vulnerabilities in web servers. Whisker Version 1.4 was co-released by the cDc at DEF CON 8 in 2000.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Harpo Productions (or Harpo Studios) is an American multimedia production company founded by Oprah Winfrey and based in West Hollywood, California. It is the sole subsidiary of her media and entertainment company Harpo, Inc. The name "Harpo" is "Oprah" spelled backward, and it was also the name of her on-screen husband in "The Color Purple".


title: Harpo Productions

text: The company's origins can trace back to 1985 when Oprah appeared in "The Color Purple". Winfrey founded her own company in 1986.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Oprah Winfrey got her roots in 1988 when Harpo Productions had to acquire her eponymous talk show from ABC O&O WLS-TV in Chicago, and automatically renewed its deal with King World Productions, who held minority interest, which was set to expire in 1991.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Harpo Productions' subsidiaries consist of Harpo Print, the company's publishing house, and a minority interest in cable network Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). Harpo originally owned 50% of OWN along with Discovery Communications, which purchased 24.5% of OWN in 2017 and a further 20.5% in 2020, leaving Harpo with 5% ownership.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Past subsidiaries include Harpo Films, the company's film studio which shut down in early 2013, and Harpo Radio, the company's radio broadcasting division that shuttered on January 1, 2015. The company was previously based in Chicago, with Harpo Studios situated in the West Loop of the Near West Side neighborhood. The building was demolished in 2016, and new headquarters for McDonald's opened on the site in 2018.


title: Harpo Productions

text: In January 2021, it was announced that Harpo Productions will produce an Oprah Winfrey documentary for Apple TV+. That documentary series became known as "The Me You Can't See", which Winfrey co-hosts with Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.


title: Harpo Productions

text: On January 1, 2011, the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) launched. It is co-owned by Harpo Studios (5%) and Discovery Communications, Inc (95%). The network replaced the Discovery Health Channel, a cable channel previously owned by Discovery Communications, Inc. The network initially had a variety of new shows, including some hosted by the stable of experts Winfrey has cultivated on her daytime talk show including: "The Gayle King Show", "Our America with Lisa Ling", "In The Bedroom with Dr. Laura Berman" and "Enough Already! with Peter Walsh".


title: Harpo Productions

text: Together with Hearst Magazines, Harpo Print, LLC publishes "O, The Oprah Magazine". The company also published "O at Home", which Hearst officially folded in 2008 after a four-year run. In July 2020, it was announced that "O, The Oprah Magazine" will end its regular print edition after the December 2020 issue. The December 2020 of "O Magazine" featured an article where Oprah thanked readers and also acknowledged it was the magazine's "final monthly print edition."


title: Harpo Productions

text: Harpo Studios was the home of "The Oprah Winfrey Show" from January 15, 1990. located in Near West Side neighborhood of Chicago. The set also housed "The Rosie Show", an American evening television talk show which was hosted and produced by actress and comedian Rosie O'Donnell, airing on the Oprah Winfrey Network. Harpo Studios has Emmy Award–winning teams in production designs, lighting, camera work, editing, audio direction and graphic design. It also served as the location for the set of "The Women of Brewster Place". Scenes from "Beloved" were also filmed on a set in Harpo Studios. The studio was sold to developer Sterling Bay in 2014 and was demolished in 2016. The site would be home to the new global headquarters of McDonald's.


title: Harpo Productions

text: The land where the production studio formerly sat once housed the 2nd Regiment Armory that was used as a makeshift morgue for victims of the capsizing of the steamer "SS Eastland". The facility was renovated and opened in the late 1980s for her show.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Founded in 1993, Harpo Films, Inc. is the biggest division of Harpo Productions, run by Kate Forte for 18 years. It was an active supplier of motion pictures, developing and producing award-winning features and television programs, including the ""Oprah Winfrey Presents" telefilms for the ABC television network. Harpo Films was based in Los Angeles, California.


title: Harpo Productions

text: with HBO. Previously, Harpo Films had a deal with ABC, which included production of "". In February 2013, Harpo Films was shut down, citing that "the demand for long-form projects, especially on the broadcast side, has dried out." Many of its employees will move on to Harpo Studios' new scripted series division.


title: Harpo Productions

text: Harpo Radio, Inc. was the holding company for the Oprah & Friends channel (156 on XM Satellite Radio). Oprah & Friends featured a broad range of daily and weekly programming on a variety of topics including self-improvement, nutrition, fitness, parenting, health, home, finance, and current events hosted by personalities from "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and "O, The Oprah Magazine".


title: Harpo Productions

text: Regular presenters included specialists from a variety of fields, including Dr. Maya Angelou, Marianne Williamson, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Nate Berkus, Jean Chatzky, Gayle King, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, and Holly Robinson Peete and Rodney Peete. Oprah, herself, also personally interviewed some of the most influential voices in the spiritual realm on her weekly program, "Oprah's Soul Series".


title: Harpo Productions

text: Harpo Radio, Inc. produced and broadcast the Oprah & Friends channel from an XM studio in Chicago, Illinois, from New York, New York. It shut down on January 1, 2015.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: My Friend Dahmer is a 2012 graphic novel and memoir by artist John "Derf" Backderf about his teenage friendship with Jeffrey Dahmer, who later became a serial killer. The book evolved from a 24-page, self-published version by Backderf in 2002.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: Shortly after Backderf learned about Dahmer's crimes, he met two of his friends, Mike Kukral and Neil, all of whom had befriended Dahmer in school. With the new information regarding Dahmer's fate, many of his odd behaviors in adolescence seemed to make sense. Backderf recorded some of the stories shared in his sketchbook, which would serve as the beginning of "My Friend Dahmer". He started focusing on writing the stories in 1994 following Dahmer's death.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: Because Backderf worked at "Akron Beacon Journal," he also had access to much information about Dahmer's crimes before they became public knowledge, which, combined with his personal history with Dahmer, put him in a perfect situation to shed light on him.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: When Backderf initially began creating the comics, he thought of them as a series of mini-comics or as an anthology told from his own perspective. Later, he returned to their high school for a more in-depth, journalistic approach wherein he collected information via interviews and FBI files.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: In 1997, "My Friend Dahmer" was first released in the comic anthology "Zero Zero #18" (Fantagraphics, July 1997)"." Backderf, wanting to write a full-length work, began writing publication proposals using a single chapter; publishers often shied away from the subject matter, fearing the gore associated with Dahmer. Therefore, in 2002, he self-published the work as a 24-page comic.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: After twenty years of background research, Backderf drafted the full manuscript in two weeks, and publishers became interested in the story. The final, full-length book was published by Abrams Books in 2012.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: The novel depicts the author's teenage friendship with Jeffrey Dahmer, who later became an infamous serial killer, during his time at Eastview Junior High and Revere High School. The story follows Dahmer from age 12 up to, but not including, his first murder, two weeks after high school graduation.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: Derf, while not excusing or forgiving Dahmer's crimes, presents an empathetic portrait of Dahmer as a lonely young man tormented by inner demons, ridiculed by bullies at school, and neglected by the adults in his life. The graphic novel recalls Dahmer's isolation, his binge drinking, his bizarre behavior to get attention, and his disturbing fascination with roadkill. Backderf and his friends encouraged Dahmer to act out, including faking epileptic seizures in school and the mall and pretending to have cerebral palsy.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: The original self-published comic book was adapted and staged as a one-act play by the NYU Theater Department.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: In 2017, the novel was adapted into a film directed by Marc Meyers and starring Ross Lynch as Jeffrey Dahmer. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 86% rating based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""My Friend Dahmer" opens a window into the making of a serial killer whose conclusions are as empathetic as they are deeply troubling." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: "My Friend Dahmer" was generally well received by critics, including starred reviews from "Kirkus Reviews", "Publishers Weekly". "Kirkus" called the book "[a]n exemplary demonstration of the transformative possibilities of graphic narrative." "Publishers Weekly" called the writing "impeccably honest" and the story "quietly horrifying."


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: Multiple reviewers also highlighted the book's art style. "Booklist" noted, "The blunt, ungainly drawings, with their robotically stiff figures, effectively convey the drab suburban milieu." "Time"'s Lev Grossman pointed out that "[t]he psychedelic wavy highlights Backderf draws on glass are like Proust’s madeleine to anybody who was alive in the 1970’s, and the way Backderf draws people owes a lot to "Mad" magazine’s Don Martin, ... [whose] characters all have those long, angular heads and exaggeratedly articulated joints."


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: "Library Journal" called the book "a thoughtfully terrifying look at unmonitored tendencies and careless interactions combining to forge a serial murderer" and said it "is a real butt-kicker for educators and youth counselors as well as peers of other potential Dahmers."


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: In 2012, "Publishers Weekly" named "My Friend Dahmer" in their list of the year's top five comics; Lev Grossman, book critic for "Time", named it one of his top five nonfiction books of the year; and "The A.V. Club" named it the year's best nonfiction book.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: In 2021, "My Friend Dahmer" was one of 22 books removed from libraries in Texas's Leander Independent School District "as part of an initiative to prohibit "inappropriate" books in their learning institutions." The book was later returned to shelves with the requirement that readers receive counseling regarding its contents. When asked why he believed the book was banned, Backderf reiterated that the book does not include violence, sex, or profanity. As such, he believes, "People are objecting to what he became, ... not what I depict in my book." Backderf also disagrees with the requirement that students should receive counseling after reading the book.


title: My Friend Dahmer

text: The following year, the book was listed among 52 books banned by the Alpine School District following the implementation of Utah law H.B. 374, “Sensitive Materials In Schools."


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Mormon cosmology is the description of the history, evolution, and destiny of the physical and metaphysical universe according to Mormonism, which includes the doctrines taught by leaders and theologians of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Mormon fundamentalism, the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ, and other Brighamite denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement. Mormon cosmology draws from Biblical cosmology, but has many unique elements provided by movement founder Joseph Smith. These views are not generally shared by adherents of other Latter Day Saint movement denominations who do not self-identify as "Mormons", such as the Community of Christ.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Mormon cosmology, there was a pre-existence, or a pre-mortal life, in which human spirits were literal children of heavenly parents. Although their spirits were created, the essential "intelligence" of these spirits is considered eternal, and without beginning. During this pre-mortal life, a Plan of Salvation was presented by God the Father (Elohim) with Jehovah (the premortal Jesus) championing moral agency but Lucifer (Satan) insisting on its exclusion. When Lucifer's plan was not accepted, he rebelled against God the Father and was cast out of heaven, taking "the third part" of the hosts of heaven with him to the earth, thus becoming the tempters.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to the Plan of Salvation, under the direction of God the Father, Jehovah created the earth as a place where humanity would be tested. After the resurrection, all men and women—except the spirits that followed Lucifer and the sons of perdition—would be assigned one of three degrees of glory. Within the highest degree, the celestial kingdom, there are three further divisions, and those in the highest of these celestial divisions would become gods and goddesses through a process called "exaltation" or "eternal progression". The doctrine of eternal progression was succinctly summarized by LDS Church leader Lorenzo Snow: "As man now is, God once was: As God now is, man may be." According to Smith's King Follett discourse, God the Father once passed through mortality as Jesus did, but how, when, or where that took place is unclear. A prevailing view among Mormons is that God once lived on a planet with his own higher god.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Mormon scripture, the Earth's creation was not "ex nihilo", but organized from existing matter. The Earth is just one of many inhabited worlds, and there are many governing heavenly bodies, including the planet or star Kolob, which is said to be nearest the throne of God.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: In Mormonism, the concept of divinity centers around an idea of "exaltation" and "eternal progression": mortals themselves may become gods and goddesses in the afterlife, be rulers of their own heavenly kingdoms, have spirit children, and increase in power and glory forever. Mormons understand that there is a Heavenly Mother. However, the three persons of Godhead (God the Father, Jesus, and the Holy Ghost) are to be the only objects of worship.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: In LDS doctrine, the goal of each adherent is to receive "exaltation" through the atonement of Jesus. If a person receives exaltation, they inherit all the attributes of God the Father, including godhood. Mormons believe that these people will become gods and goddesses in the afterlife, and will have "all power, glory, dominion, and knowledge". Mormons teach that exalted people will live with their earthly families and will also "have spirit children": their posterity will grow forever.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to the belief, exaltation is a gift available only to those who have qualified for the highest "degree" of the celestial kingdom through faith in Jesus and obedience to his commandments. As prerequisites for this "greatest gift of God", adherents believe that either in this life or the afterlife, they must become "perfect" and they must participate in all the required ordinances. Though not necessary, their exaltation can be "sealed upon them" by the Holy Ghost via the second anointing ordinance. One of the key qualifications for exaltation is being united in a celestial marriage to an opposite-sex partner via the ordinance of sealing, either in person or by proxy after they have died. In the 19th century, some leaders of the LDS Church taught that participation in plural marriage was also a requirement of exaltation. The LDS Church abandoned the practice beginning in 1890 and now teaches that only a single celestial marriage is required for exaltation.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Mormon theology, God the Father is a physical being of "flesh and bones." Mormons identify him as the biblical god Elohim. Latter-day Saint leaders have also taught that God the Father was once a mortal man who has completed the process of becoming an exalted being. According to Joseph Smith, God "once was a man like one of us and[...] once dwelled on an earth the same as Jesus Christ himself did in the flesh and like us."


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Since the early 20th century, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has identified Jesus as the biblical god Jehovah (YHWH). The faith regards the Father as the literal biological father of Jesus with Mary. Because Jesus was the Son of God, he had power to overcome physical death. Because he lived a perfect and sinless life, Jesus could offer himself as an "infinite and eternal" sacrifice that would be required to pay for the sins of all of the other children of God.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Brigham Young and the endowment ceremony, Adam was identified as the biblical archangel Michael prior to his placement in the Garden of Eden. While the identity of Adam as Michael is accepted by the LDS Church, the pre-existent godhood of Adam/Michael is now repudiated by the LDS Church, but it is accepted by some adherents of Mormon fundamentalism. According to this interpretation of Young's teachings, Michael was a god who had received his exaltation. He took Eve, one of his wives, to the Garden, where they became mortal by eating the fruit in the garden.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Although the LDS Church has repudiated the Adam–God doctrine, the denomination's endowment ceremony portrays this Adam/Michael as a participant with Jehovah in the creation of the earth, under the direction of Elohim.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: The official doctrine of the LDS Church includes the existence of "heavenly parents", which is generally understood to refer to the goddess Heavenly Mother, who exists alongside God the Father and is his wife.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are recognized as the three constituent entities of the Godhead. The Holy Ghost has a spirit body, in contrast with the Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, who have physical celestial bodies of flesh and bones.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Mormon cosmology teaches that the Earth is not unique, but that it is one of many inhabited planets, each planet created for the purpose of bringing about the "immortality and eternal life" (i.e., the exaltation) of humanity. These worlds were, according to doctrine, created by Jehovah, the pre-mortal Jesus. Because Mormonism holds that Jesus created the universe, yet his father, God the Father, once dwelt upon an earth as a mortal, it may be interpreted that Mormonism teaches the existence of a multiverse, and it is not clear if the other inhabited worlds mentioned in Mormon scripture and teachings refers to planets within this universe or not. Mormon leaders and theologians have taught that these inhabitants are similar or identical to humans, and that they too are subject to the atonement of Jesus. The earth that God the Father dwelt on as a mortal was not, however, created by Jehovah or subject to his atonement, but existed previously.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: The doctrine of other worlds is found in Mormon scripture, in the endowment ceremony, and in the teachings of Joseph Smith. In addition, many LDS Church leaders and theologians have elaborated on these principles through exegesis or speculation, and many of these ideas are widely accepted among Mormons.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to a revelation dictated by Joseph Smith, Jesus is the creator of many worlds, so "that by him, and through him, and of him, the worlds are and were created, and the inhabitants thereof are begotten sons and daughters unto God." Smith's translation of the Bible also refers to "many worlds", and states that the vision Moses had on biblical Mount Sinai was limited to "only account of this earth, and the inhabitants thereof, [but] there are many worlds that have passed away by the word of my power[, a]nd there are many that now stand." Another part of Smith's translation portrays the biblical character Enoch as stating that if there were "millions of earths like this [earth], it would not be a beginning to the number of [God's] creations; and [his] curtains are stretched out still."


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Finally, the portion of the LDS Church's endowment ceremony depicting the creation of the world refers repeatedly to "worlds heretofore created". In the portrayal of the Garden of Eden story during the endowment, after Lucifer has tempted Eve to eat of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, God the Father asks Lucifer what he is doing, and Lucifer replies "that which has been done on other worlds".


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Some individual Latter-day Saints have espoused opinions that demonstrate their personal beliefs on the subject of other life in the universe.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Latter-day Saint Oliver B. Huntington, Joseph Smith said there was life on the Moon; Huntington also reported that he was promised in a patriarchal blessing given to him by Joseph Smith Sr. that he would preach the gospel to inhabitants of the Moon.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: LDS researchers John A. Tvedtnes and Van Hale have expressed doubt about the reliability of Huntington's claims. Regarding the first, it is likely that Huntington was repeating a description provided by another Latter-day Saint, Philo Dibble. (Huntington was still a child when Smith died.) It is unclear what Dibble's source for the statement is, because Dibble did not indicate whether the recollection was his own or something he had heard from another person. The alleged teaching was first recorded by Huntington in a journal entry after he heard it from Dibble about 40 years after Smith's death. Regarding Huntington's second claim, the official LDS Church's record of the blessing indicates that it was given to Huntington by his father, William Huntington, not by Joseph Smith Sr.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: The extract from the blessing suggests a more plausible rationale, in that the events could occur at some time in the future or after mortality. Hence: "thou shalt have power with God even to translate thyself to Heaven, & preach to the inhabitants of the moon or planets, if it shall be expedient".


title: Mormon cosmology

text: There are no contemporary reports, records, or any other written support of Smith's alleged views or statements on extraterrestrials, nor are there any reports of statements other than the one claimed by Huntington, which is unverified and therefore possibly unreliable. Tvedtnes and James B. Allen have pointed out that, unlike many of Smith's statements, there is no indication that Smith claimed that any such alleged opinions on extraterrestrials was revealed to him by God nor that Smith was speaking under any prophetic authority.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: In a statement given on July 24, 1870, LDS Church president Brigham Young discussed the possibility that the Sun and the Moon were inhabited, but said these were his own personal thoughts. In response to a claim of his being ignorant on the matter, Young agreed, asking, "Are not [we] all ignorant [about these matters]?"


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Various writings about Young's statement acknowledge that these were personal beliefs he held and that such beliefs were common in the 19th century and were even considered "scientific fact" by many at the time. For example, William Herschel, the discoverer of the planet Uranus, argued, "[w]ho can say that it is not extremely probable, nay beyond doubt, that there must be inhabitants on the Moon of some kind or another?" Historians have said that Herschel "thought it possible that there was a region below the Sun's fiery surface where men might live, and he regarded the existence of life on the Moon as 'an absolute certainty.'"


title: Mormon cosmology

text: In any event, Young's personal beliefs on the subject of "inhabited worlds" are not considered LDS Church doctrine.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Some modern LDS Church leaders have taught that people live on other earths. For instance, apostle Joseph Fielding Smith (1876–1972) wrote:


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Apostle Neal A. Maxwell (1926–2004) wrote, "we do not know how many inhabited worlds there are, or where they are. But certainly we are not alone."


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Mormon scripture and the teachings of Joseph Smith include a number of details concerning the nature of light, elements, matter, "spirit matter", and intelligence.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: According to Mormon scripture, "the elements are eternal". This means, according to Smith, that the elements are co-existent with God, and "they may be organized and reorganized, but not destroyed. They had not beginning, and can have no end." This principle was elaborated on by Brigham Young, who said, "God never made something out of nothing; it is not in the economy or law of which the worlds were, are, or will exist." Thus, Mormons deny "ex nihilo" creation and instead believe that God created or "organized" the universe out of pre-existing elements.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Along with physical matter, Mormons believe that spirit "intelligences" have existed co-eternally with God.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Mormons believe in a universe and a God governed by physical law, in which all miracles, including acts of God, have a natural explanation, though science does not yet have the tools or means necessary to explain them.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: It is believed there were pre-existing "spirit intelligences" that existed before God the Father and Heavenly Mother created spiritual bodies for them: "self-existing intelligences were organized into individual spirit beings" by the Heavenly Parents and they became the "begotten sons and daughters of God". The procreative process whereby the intelligences became spirits has not been explained. While spirit bodies are composed of matter, they are described as being "more fine or pure" than regular matter.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: The first-born spirit child of God the Father was Jehovah, whom Latter-day Saints identify as the premortal Jesus. Jehovah was a God and was like God the Father in attributes, but he did not have an immortal physical body like God the Father until his resurrection.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: God the Father's plan for all his children was to provide a way for them to become more like him. Although they were happy living in heaven with God the Father, God's spirit children could not experience the "fulness of joy" enjoyed by him unless their spirit bodies were joined with a physical body. God the Father convened a "Grand Council" of all his children to propose a plan of progression, known to Latter-day Saints as the plan of salvation. According to the proposed plan, God would provide an earth where spirit children could receive a physical body.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: One of the purposes of this earthly existence is for each of God's children to demonstrate through free will the desire to choose righteousness rather than evil. To facilitate free will decision-making, God would cause each spirit child to have no memory of their pre-earth life. All would be given trials and would fall short of perfection, but a savior would be provided, the acceptance of whom would lead ultimately to redemption and a return to live with God the Father forever. Jehovah volunteered to be the savior and said, "Father, thy will be done, and the glory be thine forever." Jehovah was "the only person who could be [the] Savior".


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Lucifer, another of the spirit sons of God the Father, also sought to be the chosen savior; however, he proposed that the free will of humankind be abrogated so that "all mankind" would be redeemed through compelled obedience. Additionally, Lucifer proposed that all glory and honor (and consequently power) be transferred from God the Father to himself. Lucifer's plan was rejected by God the Father, which caused Lucifer to be enraged and to attempt to overthrow God.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: The War in Heaven ensued whereby Lucifer and his followers fought against Jehovah and his followers. A third part of the spirit children of God chose to follow Lucifer. Lucifer and his followers were cast out of heaven by God the Father. Because of their rebellion, Lucifer and the spirits who followed him would not receive a physical body as specified in the plan of salvation. Lucifer is also known as Satan or the Devil. Satan and his spirit followers tempt people to make evil choices.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Following the War in Heaven, Jesus created the earth under the direction of God the Father. Since all matter is co-eternal with God, creation of the earth was not performed "ex nihilo". Rather, God performed creation by organizing pre-existing matter. The earth and everything on it were created spiritually by God before they were created physically. Jehovah used the priesthood to create the physical earth and everything in it as well as the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets. Jehovah had assistance from other children of God, including the archangel Michael. God the Father and Jehovah together created the physical bodies of Adam and Eve, which were patterned after the physical body possessed by God. Michael's spirit was placed in the male body (Adam), and a spirit daughter of God was placed in the female body (Eve).


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Adam and Eve were placed in the Garden of Eden. Although they had physical bodies, they were not yet mortal. God the Father commanded them to have children. He also told them that they could eat of any tree in the garden except for the tree of knowledge of good and evil, and that they would "surely die" if they ate of that tree.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Satan tempted Adam and Eve to partake of the forbidden fruit. Eve yielded to temptation and ate the fruit; when she told Adam that she had eaten the fruit, Adam chose to eat also. As a result of their decision to eat the forbidden fruit, Adam and Eve underwent the "fall". As God had promised, the bodies of Adam and Eve became mortal and they became subject to physical death, as well as sickness and pain. They also underwent "spiritual death": they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and separated from the presence of God. Due to the fall, Adam and Eve also came to know the difference between good and evil and became capable of having children, as God had originally commanded.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: As a direct result of the fall of Adam and Eve, all children of God who would be born into the world suffer physical death and spiritual death. While physical death is the separation of the spirit from the body, spiritual death is the separation of a person from God. Spiritual death results from making sinful decisions between good and evil. Were it not for the atonement of Jesus Christ, physical death and spiritual death would both prevent God's children from returning to him with a physical body.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Unlike some Christians, Latter-day Saints generally do not see the fall as a serious sin or as an overwhelmingly negative event. Rather, the fall is viewed as "a necessary step in the plan of life and a great blessing to all of us. Because of the Fall, we are blessed with physical bodies, the right to choose between good and evil, and the opportunity to gain eternal life. None of these privileges would have been ours had Adam and Eve remained in the garden." Latter-day scripture reports that Adam and Eve later rejoiced that they had chosen to partake of the fruit, and the Book of Mormon teaches that the fall was necessary for humankind to exist and for them to experience joy, which is the ultimate purpose of existence.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: If a person physically dies without being given the chance to accept the atonement of Jesus Christ on the earth, they will be given that chance as a spirit after death. Necessary ordinances, such as baptism, can be vicariously performed on behalf of the person in LDS Church temples.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Mormons believe that Jesus guaranteed the physical resurrection of all humanity. They teach that when Jesus physically died on the cross, Jesus' suffering ended and his spirit left his physical body.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: On the third day after his death, Jesus' spirit returned to his physical body and he became the first child of God to be resurrected with a perfect and immortal physical body of flesh and bone. Because Jesus was resurrected, all children of God who ever lived on the earth will one day be resurrected. Thus, the spirit children of God will all receive immortal physical bodies of flesh and bone, and their spirits and their bodies will never again be separated.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: After an individual is resurrected, they will be judged by Jesus as part of the Final Judgment. There are three degrees or kingdoms of glory which are the ultimate, eternal dwelling places for nearly all who lived on earth; a degree of glory is assigned to the person at the Final Judgment. Joseph Smith provided a description of the afterlife based primarily upon an 1832 vision he reportedly received with Sidney Rigdon and recorded as Doctrine and Covenants section 76. According to this section of the vision, there are three degrees of glory, called the celestial kingdom, the terrestrial kingdom, and the telestial kingdom. The few who do not inherit any degree of glory—though they will be resurrected—reside in a state called outer darkness, which, though not a degree of glory, is often discussed in this context. The ones who will go there are known as "sons of perdition"; sons of perdition are to dwell with Satan and his spirit followers.


title: Mormon cosmology

text: In consequence of the atonement of Jesus Christ, a son or daughter of God the Father may overcome physical and spiritual death and return to live with God forever. Those individuals who receive this—which is described as the "greatest gift of God"—are said to enter into a state of "exaltation" after they are resurrected. Exaltation is also called "salvation" or "eternal life".


title: Mormon cosmology

text: Exaltation consists of "the kind of life God lives". In other words, exalted beings will live in great glory, be perfect, and possess all knowledge and wisdom. Exalted beings will live forever with God the Father and Jesus Christ, will become gods and goddesses, will live with their righteous earthly family members, and will receive the fulness of joy enjoyed by God and Christ. One of the key qualifications for exaltation is being united in a celestial marriage to an opposite-sex partner. Such a union can be created during mortality, or it can be created after death by proxy marriages performed in temples.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Betty Chloe Brosmer (born August 2, 1935), later known by her married name Betty Weider, is an American former bodybuilder and physical fitness expert. During the 1950s, she was a popular commercial model and pin-up girl.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: After marrying magazine publisher Joe Weider in 1961, she began a lengthy career as a spokesperson and trainer in the health and bodybuilding movements. She has been a longtime magazine columnist and co-authored several books on fitness and physical exercise.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Betty Chloe Brosmer was born in Pasadena, California, on August 2, 1935, to Andrew Brosemer and Vendla Alvaria Pippenger.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: She lived her early childhood in Carmel but later, from about the age of ten, grew up in Los Angeles. Naturally small and slight of frame, Brosmer embarked on a personal bodybuilding and weight training regimen before she was a teenager. Raised as a sports fan by her father, she excelled in youth athletics and was "something of a tomboy".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: A photo of Brosmer appeared in the Sears & Roebuck catalog when she was 13 years old. The following year she visited New York City with her aunt and posed for pictures with a professional photographic studio; one of her photos was sold to Emerson Televisions for use in commercial advertising, and it became a widely used promotional piece, printed in national magazines for several years thereafter.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Brosmer returned to Los Angeles and was soon asked to pose for two of the most celebrated pin-up artists of the era, Alberto Vargas and Earl Moran. Encouraged, her aunt took her back to New York City again in 1950, and this time they took up residency. Brosmer built her photographic portfolio while attending George Washington High School in Manhattan. Despite her age, over the next four years Brosmer found frequent work as a commercial model, and graced the covers of many of the ubiquitous postwar "pulps": popular romance and crime magazines and books. As she explained, "When I was 15, I was made up to look like I was about 25".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Some of her most famous photo work during this period include glamour appearances in "Picture Show" (December 1950, cover); "People Today" (July 1954, centerspread); "Photo" (January 1955); and "Modern Man" (February 1955; May 1955). She was also employed as a fashion model, and in 1954 posed for Christian Dior.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: She won numerous New York area beauty contests in the early 1950s, most famously "Miss Television"; in that capacity she appeared in "TV Guide", as well as on the widely seen programs of Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Jackie Gleason and others. Her fame had grown so much by the age of eighteen that when she left New York and returned to California – this time to Hollywood – her departure was noted in the celebrity column of Walter Winchell.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Back on the West Coast, Brosmer maintained a busy freelance workload in fashion and commercial modeling, while at the same time continuing her education, majoring in psychology at UCLA. She also entered into a lucrative contract with the glamour photographer Keith Bernard, and she worked steadily with him for the rest of the decade. For Bernard, a well-established photographer who had worked with Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield, Brosmer would prove to be the top-selling pin-up model of his career. Brosmer's publication work during the late 1950s includes appearances in "Modern Man" (October 1956, cover); "Photoplay" (April 1958, cover); and "Rogue" (July 1958 and February 1959, covers). During this time, Brosmer was said to be the highest paid pin-up model in the United States – she was seen in "virtually every men's magazine of the era".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: "Playboy" magazine pursued Brosmer for an exclusive pictorial, and a photo shoot was set up in Beverly Hills. The resulting picture set was rejected, however, after Brosmer declined to do any nude posing: "I wore sort of a half-bra or low demi-bra with nothing showing ... and that's what I thought they wanted." "Playboy" threatened a lawsuit over the alleged breach of contract, but ultimately relinquished the case. The photos were eventually sold to "Escapade" magazine and published in its anthology issue "Escapade's Choicest #3" (1959). Brosmer never did any nude or semi-nude modeling throughout her long career: as she explained later in life, "I didn't think it was immoral, but I just didn't want to cause problems for others ... I thought it would embarrass my future husband and my family".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: That future husband would turn out to be bodybuilding enthusiast and magazine publisher Joe Weider, who had first become aware of Brosmer through his contact with Keith Bernard for fitness models. Brosmer's first photos for a Weider magazine appeared as a four-page layout in "Figure & Beauty" in December 1956. After that, Weider regularly sought out her work among Bernard's submissions. She was known to be his favorite model and he requested her more and more frequently after their first face-to-face meeting in 1959.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: The two grew close due to their mutual professional and personal interests in fitness and psychology, and they were married on April 24, 1961. The marriage was Joe Weider's second, and he had one daughter from his previous wife; he and Brosmer had no children together. Their marriage would last over fifty years, until Joe Weider's death in 2013 at the age of 93.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: After marriage, Brosmer (now known as Betty Weider) ceased posing as a pin-up, but she continued to be frequently photographed. For many years she was seen routinely in Weider publications helping to advertise a wide range of fitness products. She remained a highly visible presence among the various magazines, and was continuously included in their editorial photo work as well. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, she appeared in many pictorial layouts, and also often on the covers of Weider titles like "Jem", "Vigor", and "Muscle Builder". Her later cover appearances were often paired with champion bodybuilders of the day, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dave Draper, Frank Zane, Mike Mentzer, and Robby Robinson; her final cover shot was on "Muscle and Fitness" in May 1988, with Larry Scott.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: Under her marital name Betty Weider, she served as a regular contributing writer for "Muscle and Fitness" for over three decades. As her writing style developed, she focused on her own monthly "M&F" columns, "Body by Betty" and "Health by Betty". She also worked as associate editor for the female-oriented Weider magazine, "Shape".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: With her husband, she authored two book-length fitness guides, "The Weider Book of Bodybuilding for Women" (1981) and "The Weider Body Book" (1984). With Joyce Vedral, she designed an all-ages workout regimen for women, published in 1993 as "Better and Better".


title: Betty Brosmer

text: In 2004, the Weiders donated $1 million to the University of Texas at Austin to support the physical culture collection of the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports. The gift was key to the Stark Center's establishment of a permanent exhibition space, now known as the Joe and Betty Weider Museum of Physical Culture. The museum holds hundreds of items in its 10,000 square foot gallery space, and was opened to the public in August 2011.


title: Betty Brosmer

text: In "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), pin-ups of Brosmer can be seen on the walls of the MP barracks. Posters of her are also seen hanging on gym walls in the documentary "Pumping Iron" (1977), and she makes a walk-on appearance as an audience member at a bodybuilding competition in "" (1985). She is portrayed by actress Julianne Hough in the Weider family biopic "Bigger" (2018).


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Kevin Glen Weisman (born December 29, 1970) is an American film, television and stage actor. Career highlights thus far include his lauded portrayal of Marshall Flinkman on the critically acclaimed J.J. Abrams television series "Alias", which aired for five seasons (2001–2006) on ABC, Kives on the HBO television series and movie "Hello Ladies" (2013–14), Ray Spiewack for three seasons on the CBS television series "Scorpion," Dr. Maynard on the NBC television series "The Blacklist," and Ned Berring in season one of the David E. Kelley series "Goliath" starring Billy Bob Thornton. In 2017, Kevin began a three-year stint as Dale Yorkes on the Hulu series "Marvel's" "Runaways".


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Weisman was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. He pursued acting at a young age, first appearing as The Professor in a fourth grade production of Gilligan's Island. While at Taft High School In Woodland Hills, California (a suburb of Los Angeles), Kevin participated in local drama festivals in and around the Los Angeles area (DTASC), performing work from the likes of William Shakespeare and Neil Simon. He went on to receive a BA from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Theater, Film and Television, and then to further his study of the craft of acting at New York's prestigious Circle in the Square Theatre. Weisman is a founding member of the mutli-award-winning Los Angeles based theater troupe, Buffalo Nights Theater Company


title: Kevin Weisman

text: In 2015, Weisman was awarded a Lead Actor Award (Stage Raw) for his work as Francois Villon in Murray Mednick's "Villon", which premiered at the Odyssey Theater in Los Angeles. The show was produced by the Padua Playwrights.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Prior Los Angeles productions include tackling the role of frustrated writer Arthur Kellogg in Jaime Pachino's 2012 West Coast premiere of "The Return to Morality" with the Production Company in Los Angeles.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: A founding member of Buffalo Nights Theatre Company, Weisman has produced, directed and acted in a over 25 productions in and around the Los Angeles area. Highlights include the title role of Anatol in Arthur Schnitzler's "Anatol," and as Los Angeles philanthropist and convicted felon Griffith J. Griffith in the award- winning "Crazy Drunk" at the John Anson Ford Theatre in Los Angeles. Other notable productions with the company include Jean Giraudoux's "Apollo of Bellac" ("LA Weekly Production of the Year"); "Madman and the Nun", "The Firebugs", "Suburban Motel", Ethan Lipton's "Hope on the Range", Arthur Miller's "Incident at Vichy", Oscar Wilde's "Salome", and the West Coast Premiere of Jonathan Marc Sherman's "Sophistry".


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Other theatrical turns include stand out performances at The in Odyssey Theater and the Mark Taper Forum in masterworks such as "<nowiki>'</nowiki>Tis Pity She's a Whore", "The Greeks (Ovation Award for Production of the Year)" and "The Goldoni Trilogy" . Weisman has also treaded the boards at the La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts, where he appeared as Uncle Louie In Neil Simon's "Lost in Yonkers," and as Gabe in Donald Margulies' Pulitzer Prize winning play, "Dinner with Friends," directed by Brian Kite"."


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Internationally known for his portrayal of Marshall J. Flinkman for five seasons on the critically acclaimed ABC series "Alias", Weisman was later cast as series regular, Kives"," in the 2013 Stephen Merchant/HBO project "Hello Ladies", in which TV.com named Kevin one of the "season's best new characters". In 2015, Weisman joined the cast of the David E. Kelley Amazon series, "Goliath," as agoraphobic recluse Ned Berring.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Later that year, Weisman appeared as Stevie in a first-season episode of AMC's "Better Call Saul" entitled "Hero", and landed the recurring role of Dr. Jeffrey Maynard on NBC's hit drama, "The Blacklist." That same year, Kevin was tapped to play bon vivant Ray Spiewack on the CBS drama "Scorpion," which resulted in a raucous three season arc. Other fan favorites include the recurring Assistant DA, Todd Erlich, on TNT's "Perception", and a memorable turn as Anson Stokes in "The X-Files" (Season 7) episode Je Souhaite, written and directed by Vince Gilligan.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: In 2006, director Kevin Smith called on Weisman to appear in his now cult classic film, "Clerks II," and in 2010, director Rob Reiner hired him to play Aidan Quinn's character's younger, mentally challenged brother, Daniel Baker, in "Flipped". In 2012, Weisman played the recurring role of the mysterious Mr. Blonde, opposite Jason Issacs in the NBC show "Awake". Other television work includes the recurring role of the deferential minion, Dreg"," on Joss Whedon's "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Roswell", "ER", "Frasier", "JAG", "The Pretender", "The Drew Carey Show", "Just Shoot Me", "Chuck", "Miami Medical", "Ghost Whisperer", "Moonlight", "Fairly Legal", "Felicity", "Human Target", "The Forgotten", "The Glades", , "", , "Fringe", and "October Road". Additional film work includes "The Rock", "Gone in 60 Seconds", "Space Buddies", "Unicorn City", "Bending The Rules", and "Undocumented".


title: Kevin Weisman

text: In 2004, Weisman produced and acted in the independent feature film "The Illusion", directed by Emmy Award winner Michael Goorjian, and starring Hollywood legend Kirk Douglas. Illusion won the "Best Screenplay" award at the 12th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival, and was an official selection of the 16th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival. An avid poker player, Kevin appeared on Bravo's "Celebrity Poker Showdown". A drummer since age 12, Weisman was kept the back-beat for the band Trainwreck, with Kyle Gass of Tenacious D (with Jack Black).


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Quite prolific in the world of voice-over, Weisman's soul soothing vocal timbre has been heard on radio and television ads for such companies as Nike, Coke, and ATT. He was also the voice of Honda cars and trucks for over three years.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: Weisman has appeared on both the "Entertainment Weekly" "Must List" (2006), and on the "TV Guide" "Top 10 Scene Stealers" list a total of three times. He has been nominated for a Teen Choice Award twice for his work on Alias (best side-kick), and Marvel's Runaways once (Best Drama). He and the cast of Alias took home a People's Choice award after their first season for Best New Show. In 2002, Kevin and the rest of the Alias cast were nominated for a "Best Drama" Golden Globe Award.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: In 2004, Weisman was a participant in the first-ever national television advertising campaign supporting donations to Jewish federations. The program featured "film and television personalities celebrating their Jewish heritage and promoting charitable giving to the Jewish community". Additional charities Kevin is actively involved in include The Children's Defense Fund, the DMD Fund (supporting the fight against Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy), Save The Children, Broadway Cares, Wheels For Humanity, Bet Tzedek (a non-profit law-firm that provides free legal services to low-income, disabled and elderly residents of Los Angeles Country), The Melanoma Research Foundation, and The Clear View Treatment Center, which provides a residential treatment program for adolescent boys who have been neglected, abused and abandoned.


title: Kevin Weisman

text: In 2005, Weisman married Jodi Tanowitz, a preschool teacher, in a Jewish ceremony. He has two children, Maya Rose Weisman (born 2006) and Ellie Samantha Weisman (born 2008). The couple divorced in 2011, but remain committed to co-parenting their two daughters together. Kevin currently resides in Los Angeles in the Hollywood Hills (not far from his childhood home in Encino), and has three sisters. He has been practicing yoga for over twenty years, and is a vegan.


title: Sultan of Johor

text: The Sultan of Johor is a hereditary seat and the sovereign ruler of the Malaysian state of Johor. In the past, the sultan held absolute power over the state and was advised by a "bendahara". Currently, the role of "bendahara" has been taken over by first minister (Malay: "Menteri Besar") with the constitutional monarchy system via Johor State Constitution. The Sultan is the constitutional head of state of Johor. The Sultan has his own independent military force, the Royal Johor Military Force (Malay: "Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor"). The Sultan is also the Head of Islam in Johor state.


title: Sultan of Johor

text: The first sultan of Johor was Alauddin Riayat Shah II. He was the son of the last sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Shah. The descendants of the Sultanate of Malacca in Johor ended with the death of Sultan Mahmud Shah II in 1699 and throne was taken over by Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, marking the rule of the House of Bendahara. Abdul Jalil IV was a "bendahara" before the death of the sultan.


title: Sultan of Johor

text: Though Johor has been ruled over by at least 20 sultans, Sultan Abu Bakar who reigned from 1862 to 1895, was the first sultan of the current ruling family, the House of Temenggong. His father, Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, managed to consolidate enough power to marginalize Sultan Ali who died in 1877.


title: Sultan of Johor

text: The office of sultan is currently held by Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj, who was proclaimed as the 25th Sultan of Johor on 23 January 2010 and crowned on 23 March 2015 at the Istana Besar, Johor Bahru. His father, Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail Al-Khalidi, a great-grandson of Sultan Abu Bakar died on 22 January 2010; the death was announced that night. Ibrahim Ismail, the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (Crown Prince of Johor), was appointed as the Pemangku Raja (Regent) of Johor on the same day. The funeral was held on 23 January after the proclamation of Sultan Ibrahim Ismail.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Rashaad Armein Penny (born February 2, 1996) is an American football running back for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at San Diego State, where, in 2017, he led the nation with 2,248 rushing yards and scored 23 touchdowns on 289 carries, finishing fifth in the Heisman Trophy voting and garnering first-team All-American and All-Mountain West honors. Penny also caught 19 passes for 135 yards and two scores and scored twice on kickoff returns, averaging 30.6 yards on 17 attempts (ranked fifth in the FBS). He also scored a 70-yard touchdown on one of his two punt returns for the year.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Penny attended and played high school football at Norwalk High School. He had a very productive senior season as he rushed for 2,504 yards and 41 rushing touchdowns on 216 carries and caught 21 passes for 665 receiving yards and 10 receiving touchdowns. He committed to play college football at SDSU over offers from Boise State, Colorado State, Fresno State, Nevada, San Jose State, and Utah State.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Penny played college football for the San Diego State Aztecs from 2014 to 2017. During the 2016 season, Penny rushed for 1,018 yards on 136 carries for an average of 7.5 yards per carry.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: As a senior in 2017, Penny rushed for 216 yards and 12.0 yards per carry against Arizona State and 175 yards and 5.5 yards per carry against Stanford. On September 25, 2017, he received the Mountain West Conference Offensive Player of the Week award for the fourth consecutive week. During the 2017 regular season, he ranked first among all Division I FBS players with 2,027 rushing yards.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Penny was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks with the 27th overall pick in the first round of the 2018 NFL Draft. On May 16, 2018, Penny signed a four-year deal worth $10.7 million featuring a $5.9 million signing bonus. He made his NFL debut in the Seahawks' 27–24 loss to the Denver Broncos in the season opener. He had seven carries for eight yards to go along with four receptions for 35 yards. In a Week 10 loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Penny had a breakout game with 12 carries for 108 yards and a touchdown. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 419 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. The Seahawks made the playoffs as the #5-seed and faced off against the Dallas Cowboys in the . In the 24–22 loss, Penny had four carries for 29 rushing yards.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: In Week 2 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Penny rushed 10 times for 62 yards and his first rushing touchdown of the season as the Seahawks won 28–26. During Week 12 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Penny finished with 129 rushing yards and a touchdown as the Seahawks won 17–9. In Week 13 against the Minnesota Vikings on "Monday Night Football", Penny rushed 15 times for 74 yards and a touchdown and caught four passes for 33 yards and a touchdown in the 37–30 win. In Week 14, Penny suffered a torn ACL and was ruled out the rest of the season. Overall, in the 2019 season, Penny appeared in ten games and recorded 370 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to go along with eight receptions for 83 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Penny was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list (PUP) at the start of training camp on August 3, 2020. He was moved to the reserve/PUP list at the start of the regular season on September 5, 2020. Penny was activated from the PUP list into the active roster on December 19, 2020.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: The Seahawks declined to exercise the fifth-year option on Penny's contract on May 3, 2021, making him a free agent after the 2021 season. He was placed on injured reserve on October 2, 2021. He was activated on October 25, 2021. In Week 14 Penny had a breakout game rushing 16 times for 137 Yards and 2 touchdowns in a 33-13 win over the Houston Texans. In Week 16 Penny ran for 135 yards in the 25-24 loss to the Chicago Bears. In Week 17 Penny ran for 170 yards on 25 carries along with 2 touchdowns in a 51-29 win against the Detroit Lions, continuing his breakout set of games. In week 18 Penny rushed for a career-best 190 yards on 23 carries along with a rushing touchdown during an upset win over the Arizona Cardinals. Overall Penny played in 10 games rushing for 749 yards on 119 attempts, and six touchdowns, all career highs.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: In Week 5, Penny suffered a season-ending broken fibula in the 32-39 loss against the New Orleans Saints. He was placed on injured reserve on October 14, 2022.


title: Rashaad Penny

text: Penny has four siblings: Robert Jr., Elijhaa, Breonna, and Brionne. His parents are Desiree and Robert Penny. Penny's older brother Elijhaa is a retired NFL fullback.


title: 2022 in Bellator MMA

text: 2022 in Bellator MMA is the fourteenth year in the history of Bellator MMA, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States.


title: 2022 in Bellator MMA

text: The eight participants of the tournament were revealed on December 3, 2021. They include current champion Sergio Pettis, the former Rizin and Bellator champion Kyoji Horiguchi, another former Bellator champion in Juan Archuleta, who captured the vacant bantamweight title in 2020 against Patchy Mix, who will also be in the tournament. The final four fighters in the Grand Prix are all ranked in the top six by Bellator at 135 pounds: Magomed Magomedov, James Gallagher, Raufeon Stots and Leandro Higo. Pettis and Gallagher would eventually pull out due to injuries requiring surgery. Due to the pull outs, two wild card qualifier bouts between Josh Hill and Enrique Barzola, with the winner meeting Magomed Magomedov in the opening round, and the second qualifier between Jornel Lugo and Danny Sabatello, which will have the winner face Leandro Higo in the first round of the tournament. Due to Covid, Hill had to pull out of the bout and was replaced by Nikita Mikhailov.


title: The Last Story

text: The game was directed and co-written by Hironobu Sakaguchi, the original creator of "Final Fantasy", who had the initial idea for the title after seeing the mixed responses to "Blue Dragon" and "Lost Odyssey". Together with designer Takuya Matsumoto, Sakaguchi decided to make a game that would be different from his previous work and most other role-playing games. Development took between three and four years according to different sources. Its story was originally based in science fiction, but at Nintendo's insistence it was changed to be primarily based around fantasy. Among the staff were regular "Final Fantasy" composer Nobuo Uematsu, and illustrator Kimihiko Fujisaka. It was originally going to be exclusive to Japan, and later its North American release was in doubt after being announced for release in Europe and Australia. During this time, a fan campaign called Operation Rainfall drew considerable attention to the title. The title was a commercial success, and received generally positive reviews worldwide: while the gameplay generally met with praise, opinions varied on the story and graphics.


title: The Last Story

text: "The Last Story" is an action role-playing game (ARPG) incorporating elements of tactical and stealth gameplay. The player controls main protagonist Zael for the majority of the game. Zael is primarily controlled using the Wii Remote from a fixed third-person view. The game can be controlled using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, or the Classic Controller, but does not utilize motion controls. The game's main hub is a public house on Lazulis Island, which also houses a save point for players. Lazulis City is the main setting for most of the game, which provides the player with access to side quests, shops, and areas to collect items when not engaged in the main story. In addition to environments within missions such as ruins and forests where enemies are encountered and fought, there is an arena where the player can improve the party and their combat abilities. If the party is victorious, the party can pick up money and items from non-playable characters betting on the fight.


title: The Last Story

text: In battle, the player controls Zael alone, with the rest of the party being controlled by the game's artificial intelligence (AI) and directed by player commands. Parties are composed of up to six characters, each with five "lives", with them automatically reviving after a certain time if Zael cannot revive them manually. The attack directions of both party characters and enemies are represented by lines connecting the different characters. Combat plays out in real-time, with attacks either happening automatically when a character is within range or manually. Actions such as dodging and movement are done manually. Blocking and actions such as vaulting over low obstacles are performed by holding the B button. Zael can also move to take cover behind objects, which allows them to break an enemy's line of sight on them or creep along walls. During combat, a character's Tension gauge will fill, enabling the performance of special moves: these can vary from dealing damage to enemies across a wide area to reviving unconscious allies.