title: Karamanids

text: Karaman Bey expanded his territories by capturing castles in Ermenek, Mut, Ereğli, Gülnar, and Silifke. The year of the conquests is reported as 1225, during the reign of Ala al-Din Kaykubadh I (1220–1237), which seems excessively early. Karaman Bey's conquests were mainly at the expense of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and perhaps at the expense of Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV, 1248–1265); in any case it is certain that he fought against the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and probably even died in this fight) to such extent that King Hethum I (1226–1269) had to place himself voluntarily under the sovereignty of the great Khan, in order to protect his kingdom from Mamluks and Seljuks (1244).


title: Karamanids

text: The rivalry between Kilij Arslan IV and Izz al-Din Kaykaus II allowed the tribes in the border areas to live virtually independently. Karaman Bey helped Kaykus, but Arslan had the support of both the Mongols and Pervâne Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate).


title: Karamanids

text: The Mongolian governor and general Baiju was dismissed from office in 1256 because he had failed to conquer new territories, but he continued to serve as a general and appeared, the same year, fighting the Sultan of Rum, who had not paid the tax, and he managed to defeat the sultan a second time. Rukn al-Din Kilidj Arslan IV got rid of almost all hostile begs and amirs except Karaman Bey, to whom he gave the town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey, was chosen as a "Candar", or bodyguard, for Kilij Arslan IV. Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad.


title: Karamanids

text: Good relations between the Seljuqs and the Karamanids did not last. In 1261, on the pretext of supporting Kaykaus II, who had fled to Constantinople as a result of the intrigues of the chancellor Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane, Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward Konya, the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined Seljuq and Mongol army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers.


title: Karamanids

text: After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son, Mehmet I of Karaman, became the head of the house. He immediately negotiated alliances with other Turkmen clans to raise an army against the Seljuqs and Ilkhanids. During the 1276 revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey against Mongol domination in Anatolia, Karamanids also defeated several Mongol-Seljuq armies. In the Battle of Göksu in 1277 in particular, the central power of the Seljuq was dealt a severe blow. Taking advantage of the general confusion, Mehmed Bey captured Konya on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called Jimri, who claimed to be the son of Kaykaus. In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces and executed with some of his brothers in 1278.


title: Karamanids

text: Despite these blows, the Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the Mamluks of Egypt, especially during the reign of Baybars. Karamanids captured Konya on two more occasions in the beginning of the 14th century, but were driven out the first time by emir Chupan, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, and the second time by Chupan's son and successor Timurtash. An expansion of Karamanoğlu power occurred after the fall of the Ilkhanids. A second expansion coincided with Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey's marriage to Nefise Hatun, the daughter of the Ottoman sultan Murat I, the first important contact between the two dynasties.


title: Karamanids

text: As Ottoman power expanded into the Balkans, Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of Beyşehir, which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was formed, and peace existed until the reign of Bayezid I.


title: Karamanids

text: Timur gave control of the Karamanid lands to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey. After Bayezid I died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire went into a political crisis as the Ottoman family fell prey to internecine strife. It was an opportunity not only for Karamanids but also for all of the Anatolian "beyliks". Mehmet Bey assembled an army to march on Bursa. He captured the city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of Ottoman lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler.


title: Karamanids

text: Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured Tarsus while Mehmet Bey was in prison. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmet Bey, retook the city during a conflict between the Emirs of Sham and Egypt. After that, the Egyptian sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal sent an army to retake Tarsus from the Karamanids. The Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from Konya. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life.


title: Karamanids

text: During the Crusade of Varna against the Ottomans in 1443–44, Karamanid İbrahim Bey marched on Ankara and Kütahya, destroying both cities. In the meantime, the Ottoman sultan Murad II was returning from Rumelia with a victory against the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all other Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. To never again gather and threaten the integrity of the Empire, they killed a large part of the population and displaced the entire population to the last man. Some were resettled in various parts of Anatolia. Large groups were accommodated in northern Iran on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The main part was brought to the newly conquered territories in north-eastern Bulgaria – the Ludogorie region, another group – to what is now northern Greece and southern Bulgaria— present-day Kardzhali region and Macedonia. Ottomans founded Karaman Eyalet from former territories of Karamanids.


title: Karamanids

text: According to Abraham Cresques' "Catalan Atlas" (compiled in 1375), the flag of "Karamanoğlu" consisted of a blue six-edged star. In the medieval times, this star was a popular Islamic symbol (especially among the Hanafi Madhhab) known as the Seal of Solomon due to the belief that the Jewish king, King Solomon was a prophet, and was used by several of the Anatolian beyliks (such as the Isfendiyarids). As such the seal was also used by Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and even in the personal flags of individual Pasha (e.g. that of Hayreddin Barbarossa). It adorned the tombs of several early Islamic figures in Medina until the destruction of al-Baqi cemetery. Al-Buni and Ibn Arabi consider the seal to represent the Greatest Name, and its use remains common in contemporary Muslim esoteric circles.


title: Karamanids

text: According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer, the Karamanid army had 25,000 riders and 25,000 saracens. They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.


title: Karamanids

text: Their economic activities depended mostly on control of strategic commercial areas such as Konya, Karaman and the ports of Lamos, Silifke, Anamur, and Manavgat.


title: Karamanids

text: 66 mosques, 8 hammams, 2 caravanserais and 3 medreses built by the Karamanids survived to the present day. Notable examples of Karamanid architecture include:


title: Space telescope

text: A space telescope or space observatory is a telescope in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Suggested by Lyman Spitzer in 1946, the first operational telescopes were the American Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, OAO-2 launched in 1968, and the Soviet Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope aboard space station Salyut 1 in 1971. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion (scintillation) of electromagnetic radiation which they observe, and avoid light pollution which ground-based observatories encounter. They are divided into two types: Satellites which map the entire sky (astronomical survey), and satellites which focus on selected astronomical objects or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from Earth imaging satellites, which point toward Earth for satellite imaging, applied for weather analysis, espionage, and other types of information gathering.


title: Space telescope

text: Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler in 1837 discussed the advantages of an observatory on the Moon. In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer proposed a telescope in space. Spitzer's proposal called for a large telescope that would not be hindered by Earth's atmosphere. After lobbying in the 1960s and 70s for such a system to be built, Spitzer's vision ultimately materialized into the Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched on April 24, 1990 by the Space Shuttle "Discovery" (STS-31).


title: Space telescope

text: The first operational space telescopes were the American Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, OAO-2 launched in 1968, and the Soviet Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope aboard space station Salyut 1 in 1971.


title: Space telescope

text: Performing astronomy from ground-based observatories on Earth is limited by the filtering and distortion of electromagnetic radiation (scintillation or twinkling) due to the atmosphere. A telescope orbiting Earth outside the atmosphere is subject neither to twinkling nor to light pollution from artificial light sources on Earth. As a result, the angular resolution of space telescopes is often much higher than a ground-based telescope with a similar aperture. Many larger terrestrial telescopes, however, reduce atmospheric effects with adaptive optics.


title: Space telescope

text: Space-based astronomy is more important for frequency ranges that are outside the optical window and the radio window, the only two wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not severely attenuated by the atmosphere. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from Earth, and has reached its current importance in astronomy only due to orbiting X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton observatory. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked.


title: Space telescope

text: Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope was serviced by the Space Shuttle, but most space telescopes cannot be serviced at all.


title: Space telescope

text: Satellites have been launched and operated by NASA, ISRO, ESA, CNSA, JAXA and the Soviet space program (later succeeded by Roscosmos of Russia). As of 2022, many space observatories have already completed their missions, while others continue operating on extended time. However, the future availability of space telescopes and observatories depends on timely and sufficient funding. While future space observatories are planned by NASA, JAXA and the CNSA, scientists fear that there would be gaps in coverage that would not be covered immediately by future projects and this would affect research in fundamental science. For example, there was a fear that there would be a gap in coverage between the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).


title: Deafness

text: Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written with a lower case "d". It later came to be used in a cultural context to refer to those who primarily communicate through sign language regardless of hearing ability, often capitalized as "Deaf" and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. The two definitions overlap but are not identical, as hearing loss includes cases that are not severe enough to impact spoken language comprehension, while cultural Deafness includes hearing people who use sign language, such as children of deaf adults.


title: Deafness

text: In a medical context, deafness is defined as a degree of hearing difference such that a person is unable to understand speech, even in the presence of amplification. In profound deafness, even the highest intensity sounds produced by an audiometer (an instrument used to measure hearing by producing pure tone sounds through a range of frequencies) may not be detected. In total deafness, no sounds at all, regardless of amplification or method of production, can be heard.


title: Deafness

text: Neurologically, language is processed in the same areas of the brain whether one is deaf or hearing. The left hemisphere of the brain processes linguistic patterns whether by signed languages or by spoken languages.


title: Deafness

text: Deafness can be broken down into four different types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. All of these forms of hearing loss cause an impairment in a person's hearing where they are not able to hear sounds correctly. These different types of hearing loss occur in different parts of the ear, which make it difficult for the information being heard to get sent to the brain properly. To break it down even further, there are three different levels of hearing loss. According to the CDC, the first level is mild hearing loss. This is when someone is still able to hear noises, but it is more difficult to hear the softer sounds. The second level is moderate hearing loss and this is when someone can hear almost nothing when someone is talking to them at a normal volume. The next level is severe hearing loss. Severe hearing loss is when someone can not hear any sounds when they are being produced at a normal level and they can only hear minimum sounds that are being produced at a loud level. The final level is profound hearing loss, which is when someone is not able to hear any sounds except for very loud ones.


title: Deafness

text: There are millions of people in the world who are living with deafness or hearing impairments. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) indicate that fewer than 1 in 20 Americans are currently deaf or hard of hearing. There are a lot of solutions available for people with hearing impairments. Some examples of solutions would be blinking lights on different things like their phones, alarms, and things that are important to alert them. Cochlear implants are an option too. Cochlear implants are surgically placed devices that stimulate the cochlear nerve in order to help the person hear. A cochlear implant is used instead of hearing aids in order to help when someone has difficulties understanding speech.


title: Deafness

text: In a cultural context, Deaf culture refers to a tight-knit cultural group of people whose primary language is signed, and who practice social and cultural norms which are distinct from those of the surrounding hearing community. This community does not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor does it exclude every hearing person. According to Baker and Padden, it includes any person who "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community", an example being children of deaf adults with normal hearing ability. It includes the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. Members of the Deaf community tend to view deafness as a difference in human experience rather than a disability or disease.


title: Deafness

text: That many non-disabled people continue to assume that deaf people have no autonomy and fail to provide people with support beyond hearing aids is something that must be addressed. Different non-governmental organizations around the world have created programs towards closing the gap between deaf and non-disabled people in developing countries. The Quota International organization with headquarters in the United States provided immense educational support in the Philippines, where it started providing free education to deaf children in the Leganes Resource Center for the Deaf. The Sounds Seekers British organization also provided support by offering audiology maintenance technology, to better assist those who are deaf in hard-to-reach places. The Nippon Foundation also supports deaf students at Gallaudet University and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, through sponsoring international scholarships programs to encourage students to become future leaders in the deaf community. The more aid these organizations give to the deaf people, the more opportunities and resources disabled people must speak up about their struggles and goals that they aim to achieve. When more people understand how to leverage their privilege for the marginalized groups in the community, then we can build a more inclusive and tolerant environment for the generations that are yet to come.


title: Deafness

text: The first known record of sign language in history comes from Plato's Cratylus, written in the fifth century BCE. In a dialogue on the "correctness of names", Socrates says, "Suppose that we had no voice or tongue, and wanted to communicate with one another, should we not, like the deaf and dumb, make signs with the hands and head and the rest of the body?" His belief that deaf people possessed an innate intelligence for language put him at odds with his student Aristotle, who said, "Those who are born deaf all become senseless and incapable of reason," and that "it is impossible to reason without the ability to hear".


title: Deafness

text: This pronouncement would reverberate through the ages and it was not until the 17th century when manual alphabets began to emerge, as did various treatises on deaf education, such as "Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos" ('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak'), written by Juan Pablo Bonet in Madrid in 1620, and "Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor", written by George Dalgarno in 1680.


title: Deafness

text: In 1760, French philanthropic educator Charles-Michel de l'Épée opened the world's first free school for the deaf. The school won approval for government funding in 1791 and became known as the "Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris." The school inspired the opening of what is today known as the American School for the Deaf, the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States, and indirectly, Gallaudet University, the world's first school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard of hearing, and to date, the only higher education institution in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The Ford F-150 Lightning is a battery electric full-size light duty truck unveiled by Ford in May 2021 as part of the fourteenth generation Ford F-Series. Four models have been announced, and all models initially will be dual-motor, four-wheel-drive, with EPA range estimates of . The base price of the commercial-grade version all-wheel drive (AWD) truck in the United States was announced to be , with higher-power/trim/range models priced all the way up to . The F-150 Lightning began production on 26 April 2022.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: In January 2019, Ford announced the intention to produce a fully-electric light pickup at the 2019 Detroit Auto Show.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: In July 2019, Ford tested prototype electric test mules on existing F-150 chassis. This culminated in a record-setting demonstration test tow of on rails. Chief engineer for the F-150, Linda Zhang, emphasized at the time that Ford intended to take the "built Ford tough [characteristics of] durability, capability, and productivity and [extend that into] a whole new arena" of electric trucks.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: Ford unveiled the truck, and released the model name on 19 May 2021, with production planned for spring of 2022. Ford received 69,500 refundable-deposit orders in the first four days after the announcement.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: By late May 2021, Ford had begun discussing other electric trucks beyond the F-series, such as the Expedition and Navigator, which are intended to be underpinned by their full-size EV truck chassis, as well as a smaller chassis which will be used for the Bronco, Explorer, and Aviator.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: By June 11, 2021, over 100,000 reservations were made, and Ford announced that the company would offer digital services for subscription revenue that will change car sales from a single-time transaction process.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: In June 2022, Ford announced its intention to restructure its dealership model, including building an e-commerce platform where customers can buy EVs at non-negotiable prices in an effort to match Tesla’s profit margins. Ford also stated that it would spend $3.7 billion to hire 6,200 union workers to staff several assembly plants in Michigan, Ohio and Missouri in a bid to sell 2 million EVs a year by 2026.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: Since launching in May 2021, the 2023 Base Lightning Pro model jumped in price from $41,669 to $48,769 (including a $1,795 destination fee) whereas the top Platinum grades increased $6,100 to $98,669.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The base configuration has , range, and its smaller battery supports a payload. The high-end configuration has , EPA range, times in the mid-four-second range, and a towing capacity of . All models have of torque, full-time 4wd, independent rear suspension, and will initially come in a crew-cab configuration only, with a bed. The active suspension provides real-time load weighing function. Like Tesla, the Ford F-150 Lightning is announced to include over-the-air software updates, and a significant software driving aids which will allow limited hands-off highway driving, but fall short of full self-driving. The F-150 Lightning in some trim packages, in concert with the "80A Ford Charge Station pro with Ford Intelligent Backup Power capability," can provide household-oriented V2G power, which can meet the electrical needs of a typical American home for three to ten days. The truck can also supply up to 9.6 kW of power through up to eleven 120V and 240V electrical outlets distributed around the truck.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: This electric truck has a standard battery and can travel on a single charge. EPA range estimates of produced by Ford in May 2021 were based on of cargo carried in the truck. Electrek reported that the range with no load, just a driver and the truck, appeared to be closer to .


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The Ford F-150 Lightning was also evaluated to reach in 4.5 seconds. Maximum available payload is , which includes the payload of the front trunk (called a "frunk" by Ford). The new Lightning can tow up to .


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: Starting price is for the "commercial-grade Lightning Pro" fleet version while the "mid-series" XLT model starts at . Higher priced Lariat and Platinum models are priced up to .


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: In "MotorTrend" testing of an F-150 Lightning Platinum without a trailer and only the driver, the Platinum attained a range of . When towing a , camper, the F-150 Platinum was only able to reach . The test was over a route with average highway speeds between , and with the headlights and audio system on and the automatic climate control set to .


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The F-150 Lightning is produced at the new Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center in Michigan, and involves two other plants: the Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center in Sterling Heights, Michigan which will assemble the electric motors and the Rawsonville Components Plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan will produce the batteries.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: For the 2022 model year, the F-150 Lightning is available in four trim levels: Pro, XLT, Lariat, and Platinum. The Pro trim will only be available with the smaller-capacity battery, and the Platinum will only offer the higher-capacity battery, although all other trims will include the smaller-capacity battery as standard equipment, but will also offer the higher-capacity battery as an option.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The base Pro trim is comparable to the XL trim of the regular F-150. Standard equipment includes a vinyl-trimmed interior, vinyl flooring, a 12-inch Ford SYNC 4A touchscreen infotainment system, eighteen-inch on/off-road all-terrain tires and machined-face aluminum-alloy wheels, a keyless entry keypad on the front driver's door, and full power equipment.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The mid-level XLT trim adds comfort and convenience features onto the base Pro trim, such as cloth seating surfaces, carpeted flooring with front and rear floor mats, a center LED light bar above the front "grille", and integrated side steps.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The luxury-oriented Lariat trim adds luxury amenities onto the mid-level XLT trim, such as twenty-inch on/off-road all-terrain tires and machined-face aluminum-alloy wheels, perforated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a 15.5-inch tablet-style Ford SYNC 4A touchscreen infotainment system, a Bang and Olufsen eight-speaker audio system, dual heated and ventilated front bucket seats, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, and color-keyed exterior door handles and side mirror caps.


title: Ford F-150 Lightning

text: The top-tier Platinum trim adds features onto the luxury-oriented Lariat trim, such as a higher-capacity battery, an upgraded front "grille", 22-inch all-season tires and machined-face aluminum-alloy wheels, the Tow Technology Package, the Max Trailer Tow Package, the Ford BlueCruise semi-autonomous driving system, "Nirvana" perforated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a twin-panel panoramic moonroof, and a Bang and Olufsen Unleashed eighteen-speaker amplified surround sound audio system.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jermaine Junior Jones (born November 3, 1981) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defensive midfielder.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Born in Germany to an American father and German mother, he came up through the German club system and represented Germany at the U21 and senior level. However, he was not a regular in the team. He later filed for a switch to the United States. He made his debut for them in 2010 and played at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, scoring a notable goal against Portugal.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jones was born in Frankfurt and grew up in the city district of Bonames. His father is an African American former soldier for the U.S. Army who was stationed in West Germany and his mother is an ethnic German. As a child, Jones lived in Chicago, Illinois and Greenwood, Mississippi, before his parents divorced and he returned to Germany with his mother.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: In 1995, he was recruited by Eintracht Frankfurt to play in their academy. He spent the next five years learning and building the quality of his game, and made his first appearance in the Eintracht Frankfurt II team in the 2000–01 season making 25 appearances and scoring eight goals. He made the step up to the main squad in 2001. Jones made 46 appearances for the Frankfurt senior team over two years in the 2001–2003 seasons, scoring seven goals as he was primarily played as a central defensive midfielder.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: His good form at the time saw him purchased by Bayer Leverkusen. First team chances were scarce though, so he played the majority of the 2004–05 Bundesliga season for Bayer Leverkusen II.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jones re-signed for Eintracht Frankfurt on loan, barely six months after signing for Bayer Leverkusen. He made fourteen appearances and scored three goals.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Before the start of the 2005–06 season, he signed a permanent deal with the Hesse based team. However, during that season, Jones suffered a serious leg injury that required surgery, and was out of the game for eight months, only returning in the first half of the last game of the season. Over the next two seasons, Jones shed his "teen idol" image, and established himself as a quality player and became captain of the squad.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: In March 2007, Jones announced on the official Eintracht bulletin board that he would not extend his contract expiring at the end of the 2006–07 season. This enraged many Eintracht supporters, as Jones canceled a contract negotiation with chairman Heribert Bruchhagen a few days before it was scheduled to take place. In October 2006, he already had defended himself for turning down a contract offer, underlining he wanted to stay after all the management of the "Eagles" had done for him during his injuries. This led to him joining Schalke 04.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: The following three seasons at Schalke 04 were relatively mixed for Jones, with his career being hit further by injuries including a muscular hairline crack injury which kept him out of the team for the majority of the 2009–10 season. However, he did enjoy his best stint playing regular games for the first time in his career playing 70 games in three seasons. The beginning of the 2010–11 season was again frustrating for Jones through lack of games, and after a falling out with team manager Felix Magath, he was sent to train with the reserves and made available for transfer.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On January 14, 2011, it was revealed that English Premier League team Blackburn Rovers were interested in taking Jones on loan with a view to making the signing permanent at the end of the season. With Rovers player Vince Grella's time at Rovers blighted by regular injury, the club had been looking for a defensive addition for some time, and Jones was thought to be an excellent addition to a newly developed squad under new Rovers manager Steve Kean. On January 15, Kean confirmed a deal would take place in the next week.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On January 18, 2011, it was confirmed by the club that Jones had signed on loan until the end of the season. He made his Premier League debut on January 23, 2011, starting in a 2–0 home win over West Bromwich Albion at Ewood Park and completed the full 90 minutes, receiving the man-of-the-match award on his first appearance for the club. On April 30, 2011, Jones put in another man-of-the-match display, playing the full 90 minutes in the derby game against Bolton Wanderers in a 1–0 win at Ewood Park. On May 22, 2011, against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux, he completed the full 90 minutes in the last league match of the season in a 3–2 win for Rovers. He made 15 Premier League starts for Rovers and picked up eight yellow cards in total, becoming a firm fans favorite in the process.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Following impressive performances with Blackburn, it was thought that he would extend his stay, but the two clubs could not agree a fee and he returned to Schalke 04 in July. In 2011, Schalke 04 appointed a new manager Ralf Rangnick and the new coach announced that he would give Jones a chance to stay at the club and fight for his spot because his contract runs until 2014 and guarantees the midfielder €12 million. Following his return from Blackburn, Jones became an integral part in defensive midfield and became an ever-present in the starting XI helping Schalke 04 fight for a Champions League berth and into the quarterfinals of the Europa League against Athletic Bilbao. In the club's second leg match against FC Twente in the Round of 16 on March 15, Jones scored a goal and provided an assist for one of Klaas-Jan Huntelaar's goals as Schalke 04 ran out 4–1 winners to overturn a 1–0 away defeat in the first leg.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On April 21, 2012, Jones got in a training round bust up with Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar; the two traded blows and were then sent by general manager Horst Heldt to run extra laps around the field. The following day in a match against Augsburg that finished 1–1, Jones was accused of cheating because of rolling on the ground and clutching his face following a high challenge that only nicked his hand; his play acting was then compared to Rivaldo's infamous effort against Turkey at the World Cup in 2002. The following weekend, on April 28, Jones played 85 minutes in a 4–0 defeat of Hertha Berlin which certified Schalke's position in third spot and secured automatic qualification into the group stages of next year's Champions League.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jones appeared in the Bundesliga 20 times during the 2011–12 season, making his last appearance in a 3–2 win over Werder Bremen on the final day of the season, playing the full 90 minutes. Following three games in the first two weeks of October in which Jones was a second-half substitute, two Bundesliga games and one Europa League fixture, Jones started every game in which he appeared, going the full 90 in almost all of them.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: After picking up a yellow card which would rule Jones out for the return leg, he netted a well taken equalizer in Schalke 04's 1–1 draw with Galatasaray in the Champions League Round of 16 clash on February 20, 2013.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On January 30, 2014, he joined Turkish Süper Lig club Beşiktaş on a contract until the end of the season.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On August 24, 2014, Jones agreed to terms with Major League Soccer, becoming a designated player on a salary of $4.7 million for 18 months. MLS held a blind draw between the Chicago Fire and New England Revolution to decide who would receive Jones' rights. New England won the draw, making Jones the fourth designated player in club history. He scored his first career MLS goal, a game-winner, against Sporting Kansas City on September 26, 2014. Jones and the New England Revolution made it to the MLS Cup 2014 in Carson, California, but lost to the LA Galaxy 2–1 after extra time.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: After failing to agree on a new contract with New England, Jones was traded to Colorado Rapids on March 4, 2016 in exchange for a first-round selection in the 2017 MLS SuperDraft and general allocation money. On April 16, 2016 Jones made his Colorado Rapids debut and scored in a 2-1 win. Following three goals and two assists in four games, Jones was nominated for Major League Soccer's Player of the Month in April 2016.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On December 13, 2016, it was announced that LA Galaxy had acquired Jones' MLS rights in exchange for the Galaxy's first-round pick in the 2017 MLS SuperDraft and a second-round pick in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft. He was officially announced as a Galaxy player on January 18, 2017. His contract option was declined at the end of the season. Jones is reportedly looking at playing and coaching in Europe.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On July 14, 2018, Jones started and played all 90 minutes of Ventura County Fusion's USL PDL regular season finale against FC Golden State Force.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jones returned to professional football on March 12, 2019, signing for the Ontario Fury of the Major Arena Soccer League. Jones joined the Fury just weeks after Landon Donovan signed with the San Diego Sockers. On February 20, 2020, Jones announced his retirement from playing professionally.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Jones broke through into the Eintracht Frankfurt squad, became a German Under-21 international and briefly became a fan favorite in Frankfurt.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Though Jones played four matches with Germany's Under 21 team, he was often left out of the senior team, save a few friendlies with mostly reserves. In June 2009, Jones declared to the media that he would be available to play for the United States after it was clear to him that the German national team manager, Joachim Löw, did not have any plans for him in the current German set-up. Jones was eligible based on a new FIFA ruling allowing players to switch their national teams if the player had not yet played in an official FIFA match with the senior team despite having played at the youth level. Jones was eligible for the United States due to his dual German and American nationality.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On October 20, 2009, Jones was cleared by FIFA to join the United States national team. He first met with Bob Bradley and the national team during a March 2010 training camp and reportedly fit in "really well" according to Tim Howard. In the end, Jones did not recover from injury in time for the World Cup. On August 4, 2010, Jones was called into the United States squad for an August 10 friendly against Brazil. The next day, however, he withdrew from the squad due to fitness concerns related to his injury from the previous season. Jones was included on the roster for the U.S. national team's friendlies against Poland and Colombia in October. He made his debut for the United States against Poland and assisted Jozy Altidore on the game's opening goal in the 13th minute.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On June 19, 2011, Jones scored his first international goal in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup against Jamaica. On January 21, 2012, he captained the side in the 1–0 win over Venezuela in a friendly match. On May 26, 2012, Jones scored his second international goal in a 5–1 victory over Scotland in a friendly match.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: On June 16, 2014, Jones made his FIFA World Cup debut by starting and playing 90 minutes in a 2–1 victory over Ghana. In the next group stage game, with the U.S. down 1–0 against Portugal, Jones scored the equalizing goal with a curling strike from 25 yards out. The game ended in a 2–2 draw. Despite a 1–0 loss to Jones' native Germany in the final group stage match, the U.S. advanced to the round of 16. The U.S. were eventually eliminated in the knockout stage by Belgium 2–1.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: In May 2016, he was among the 40 players selected for the U.S. 2016 Copa America preliminary roster and went on to be named the Man of the Match following a win against Costa Rica. Jones was the highest rated player for the U.S. for the Copa América Centenario in June 2016.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: He married Sarah Gerthe in 2007. Together they have five children: Keanu, Liya-Joelle, Kenyon, Junius, and Jadee-Mae.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: Gerthe filed a restraining order against Jones in early 2019, claiming he followed her around town and sent her "inappropriate, antagonistic and degrading messages." The couple filed for divorce in July 2019.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: In 2018, a restraining order was filed against Jones by actor David Charvet who alleged that Jones stalked him and sent him threatening text messages.


title: Jermaine Jones

text: He is a good friend of the former female soccer player and former manager of the German female national soccer team Steffi Jones, who is also a German-American dual national and the child of an African American soldier. They both played for the same club, SV Bonames, albeit not at the same time. The two are not related.


title: Rovinj

text: Rovinj (; ; Istriot: or ; ; ) is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 14,294 (2011). Located on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, it is a popular tourist resort and an active fishing port. Istriot, a Romance language once widely spoken in this part of Istria, is still spoken by some of the residents. The town is officially bilingual, Croatian and Italian, hence both town names are official and equal.


title: Rovinj

text: Rovinj was already a settlement of Venetian or Illyrian tribes before being captured by the Romans, who called it "Arupinium" or "Mons Rubineus", and later "Ruginium" and "Ruvinium". Built on an island close to the coast, it became connected to the mainland much later, in 1763, by filling in the channel.


title: Rovinj

text: Rovinj was eventually incorporated into the Byzantine Empire, later becoming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna in the 6th century, before being taken over by the Frankish Empire in 788. For the following several centuries it was ruled by a succession of feudal lords, and in 1209 it was acquired by the Patriarchate of Aquileia under Wolfger von Erla.


title: Rovinj

text: From 1283 to 1797 Rovinj was one of the most important towns in Istria governed by the Republic of Venice. During this period three town gates were constructed and Rovinj was fortified by two rows of defensive walls, remains of which can still be seen today. Nearby the Rovinj pier one can find one of the old town gates, the "Balbi's Arch", dating from 1680, and a late-Renaissance clock tower. The first city statute was proclaimed in 1531.


title: Rovinj

text: Following the fall of Venice in 1797 and the ensuing Napoleonic interlude, Rovinj became part of the Austrian Empire, which lasted until World War I. According to the last Austrian census in 1911, 97.8% of the population was Italian-speaking. It then belonged to Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947, when it was ceded to SFR Yugoslavia, as part of SR Croatia. The original town name Rovigno was then changed into Rovinj. During the post-war period, many Italian inhabitants left Rovinj, which led to significant changes to the city's demographic structure.


title: Rovinj

text: Following Croatia's independence in 1991, the town became one of the most important centers of Istria County, an administrative unit encompassing most of Istria. Rovinj is today the third most populous town in the county, behind Pula and Poreč.


title: Rovinj

text: Rovinj is one of nine settlements officially designated as towns in Istria County in western Croatia. It has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: "Cfa"), with an average temperature of in January and in July. The average annual temperature is . The sea temperature is more than from the mid-June to September. The average annual sea temperature is .


title: Rovinj

text: From May to September Rovinj receives more than 10 sunshine hours a day. The rainfall averages a year and average air humidity is 72 percent.


title: Rovinj

text: Originally the peninsula on which the city lies was an island, separated from the mainland by a channel. The latter was filled in 1763. Rovinj Archipelago includes 22 islets.


title: Rovinj

text: In the 2011 census, there were 14,294 people living in Rovinj municipality. Croats form the majority at 63.3%, while ethnic minorities include Italians (11.3%), those identifying with regional affiliation (10.5%), Serbs (4.2%), Albanians (2.7%) and Bosniaks (2.1%).


title: Rovinj

text: The main economic activity in Rovinj is tourism and during peak season (May–September), its bars, restaurants and art galleries work long hours, while operating limited hours off-season.


title: Rovinj

text: The busiest area is the very centre of Rovinj, extending from the main bus station towards the old part of town, where most bars and clubs are located.


title: Rovinj

text: The town's main central thoroughfare is the fully pedestrian Carrera Street, with many independent shops and art galleries. A farmer's market is located at the edge of the historic part of town, near Valdibora Square.


title: Rovinj

text: According to data compiled by Istria Tourist Board, Rovinj is the second biggest tourist destination in the county, in terms of overnight stays. The two closest airports are Pula/Pola (Croatia) and Trieste (Italy) and during the summer season, low-cost airlines such as Ryanair operate direct flights from western Europe to both airports. Easyjet operates flights between cities in the United Kingdom and Pula in the summer months.


title: Rovinj

text: There are numerous hotels in the town itself, and beds are abundant though usually overbooked in the summer months. Accommodation ranges from private rooms or apartments to bungalows, camping sites and 2 to 5 star hotels. The city also has three luxury, 5-star hotels: Hotel Monte Mulini, Hotel Lone and Grand Park Hotel Rovinj, all owned by hotel group Maistra. Apart from hotels on the mainland, there are also a handful of hotels on small islands surrounding Rovinj which are linked to the mainland by boats which go from the city centre to the hotel on the islands.


title: Rovinj

text: The preferred means of transport for getting around Rovinj is by car. Rovinj is well-connected with the rest of Istria and with larger cities in the region such as Trieste, Venice, Rijeka, Ljubljana and Zagreb.


title: Rovinj

text: The centre of Rovinj, which includes the old town, is very walkable and transportation by bike or scooter is a preferred means of getting around for many locals.


title: Rovinj

text: The closest commercial international airports are Pula/Pola (20 miles), Trieste-Ronchi (70 miles) and Rijeka-Krk (80 miles). The closest major international airports are Venice and Zagreb. Car rental is available at each of the airports. During the Summer season, Venice is connected to Rovinj via a direct ferry line which takes about 2.5 hours one way.


title: Rovinj

text: Rovinj is served by the Kanfanar railway station (10 miles), which connects the region to Rijeka/Fiume. However, travelling by bus is preferred to travelling by train due to the limited connections and schedules. The main bus station is located at the south-east end of Carrera Street.


title: Rovinj

text: Between 1876 and 1966, Rovinj was connected to Kanfanar via a branch line of the Istriani Railway, which was closed supposedly due to heavy motorisation investments by Yugoslavia. Most of the tracks and stations, even though they have been sold by JZ, can still be seen.


title: Rovinj

text: Also during the summer season, there is a direct high speed ferry link between Venice and Rovinj. High speed weekly lines to the Port of Ravenna and Cesenatico were also available in the summer season until 2012/13, when Emilia-Romagna lines, its operator, closed for insolvency.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" is the twenty-second episode of the seventh season of the American comedy series "The Office" and the show's 148th episode overall. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 28, 2011. In the episode, Michael prepares to leave for Colorado with Holly and spends his last day in the office saying goodbye to everyone individually, wanting no drama to ensue. Meanwhile, new manager Deangelo and Andy try to keep Michael's biggest clients.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: The episode was written by series developer and executive producer Greg Daniels and was directed by Paul Feig, marking his fifteenth and final directing credit on the show as well as his last directing credit in any television show. It marks the final appearance of Steve Carell as a series regular, having announced he was leaving the series near the end of the sixth season. Additionally, it is also Amy Ryan’s final appearance on the show, although she only provided her voice for the episode. The episode aired in an extended 50-minute timeslot, having originally been meant to be a two-parter combined with the previous episode, "Michael's Last Dundies". The episode featured guest appearances from Will Ferrell and Jack Coleman, and Andy Buckley appeared in a deleted scene.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" was met with critical acclaim from critics and fans and is considered one of the best episodes of "The Office". The later seasons that followed this airing, especially the eighth season, as well as the last few episodes of the seventh season, received criticism for a decline in quality, and multiple critics believed that the episode could have served as a potential series finale. In a poll conducted by fansite "OfficeTally", the episode was named the best episode of the seventh season. The episode was viewed by 8.416 million viewers and received a 4.2 rating/11% share in the 18–49 demographic, making it the third-highest-rated episode of the season among adults between ages 18 and 49. It later received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Carell and Daniels' work on the episode.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: KUAM in Guam aired the episode on Sunday, May 1, 2011 due to The Royal Wedding, which aired the next morning on most NBC Stations, preempting the episode.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Michael Scott (Steve Carell) arrives at work for what he claims is his second-to-last day before he moves to Colorado to live with his fiancee, Holly Flax (Amy Ryan). As the day progresses, he tries to have an individual goodbye with each employee. A phone call with Holly reveals that this is his last day, and he is flying out to Colorado that night. After having a few mini-crises, including getting cold feet, he starts to break down, terrified of leaving his employees, but regains his composure after speaking with Holly. Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) leaves the office to supposedly run errands, but actually takes a break from the workday to see "The King's Speech" before Michael can say his goodbye to her.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) is given Michael's client list as a going-away present, much to the shock and envy of the other salesmen, and after losing one, requests the help of Deangelo Vickers (Will Ferrell) to retain them. Deangelo nearly ruins a relationship with a client but Andy gains enough confidence to salvage the sale. Along the way, Deangelo reveals that he was not hired for his business experience, but because he helped prevent the theft of one of Sabre CEO Jo Bennett's dogs. Meanwhile, Dwight (Rainn Wilson) is antagonistic towards Michael, still bitter over Michael not recommending him for a manager position, despite Michael's attempts to reconcile. He initially expresses disdain for Michael's going-away present, a recommendation letter, but appears touched as he reads that Michael genuinely considered him a friend. He also discovers a card challenging him to a paintball match, and the two play behind the building.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Gabe Lewis (Zach Woods) is taking Erin Hannon's (Ellie Kemper) public breakup badly. He makes several threats against Andy, who had dated Erin before she dated Gabe, and even follows Erin into the women's bathroom to make his case, much to the disdain of Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton). Michael advises Erin that she does not necessarily need to choose Andy or Gabe, and that she will know when the right guy comes along.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) deduces over the course of the day that Michael is leaving early and confronts him about it. Michael admits his plans and begins a personal goodbye but breaks down. Jim, trying to hold back tears, in turn says that Michael was the best boss he ever had, and they jokingly promise to have a proper goodbye over lunch the next day. Michael's cab to the airport arrives, and Michael silently departs after one last look at the employees. His cab pulls out of the parking lot just as Pam is pulling in. At Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport, Michael asks the camera crew to inform him if the documentary ever airs, then turns over his microphone, quipping one last "That's what she said" about how good it will feel to "get this thing [the mic] off [his] chest." He begins to walk off when Pam makes it past security and runs up to him. They hug twice and exchange unheard goodbyes. Pam says in an interview that Michael was not sad, that he was hopeful and excited to start his new life with Holly. Pam stands at the gate and watches Michael's plane take off.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: In the epilogue, the entire staff waits in the conference room for Michael to arrive for his farewell party, unaware he has already left, with the exception of Jim and Pam. When Deangelo deduces Michael is not coming, he begins tearing pieces off Michael's farewell cake, which he had been debating whether to eat the previous day, and throwing them in the trash, in a bizarre public internal struggle over his dieting. The rest of the staff, particularly Jim and Dwight, watch their new boss's outburst with concern.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" was written by series developer and executive producer Greg Daniels, his 10th writing credit of the series. The episode was directed by Paul Feig, marking his 14th credit for the series. On June 28, 2010, it was confirmed that the seventh season of "The Office" would be Steve Carell's last. He had previously announced this while being interviewed on BBC Radio. "I just think it's time... I want to fulfill my contract. When I first signed on I had a contract for seven seasons, and this coming year is my seventh. I just thought it was time for my character to go," Carell was quoted as saying. In January 2011, it was announced that Carell would exit the show early, four episodes before the end of the season. A few weeks after this announcement came the news that Will Ferrell, who previously starred alongside Carell in "", had signed on to appear in a four-episode arc as a Dunder Mifflin branch manager who temporarily takes Michael Scott's position in Scranton. To help ease the transition, Ferrell appeared in Carell's final three episodes as well as one additional episode after he departs.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: The writers had gone through different scenarios on how Michael would leave with one suggestion being that he was fired due to a business mistake. They ultimately decided that ending would not be "as much fun for the viewers". According to Daniels, the cast members became "very emotional" while filming on set and would often be "sadder than their characters were supposed to be". Andy Buckley confirmed filming a scene saying goodbye to Michael as David Wallace; however, these scenes were deleted from the network airing. When the episode re-aired three weeks later, it was split into two parts, and Wallace's scene was inserted into the first part. Steve Carell finished filming his final scenes for "Goodbye, Michael" on March 4, 2011. As a goodbye gift, Carell was given a hockey jersey with the #1—his number on the call sheet. After Carell's departure the number was no longer used. The episode ran for an extended 50 minutes instead of the usual 30 minutes. The episode marks the first extended episode since the third season penultimate episode, "Beach Games". Greg Daniels stated in an interview with "Entertainment Weekly" that due to Ferrell's performance and Michael's goodbyes, the episode "ended up being real long". NBC Entertainment Chairman Robert Greenblatt allowed Daniels to "do whatever is best [...] to give Steve [Carell] the proper goodbye.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: In May 2018, Fischer revealed via Instagram what Pam and Michael said in their farewell scene. "That was me talking to Steve [Carell]. I told him all the ways I was going to miss him when he left our show. Those were real tears and a real goodbye."


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: During production, a scene involving Michael and Stanley was cut. In the scene, Michael attempts to do one last crossword with Stanley "as brothers", but Stanley refuses. Michael insists, however, and ends up making him drop the book, only to reveal that the crossword book was in fact filled with ecchi manga. Defending himself, Stanley simply says "It's called hentai. And it's art." The scene has since evolved into an Internet meme, possibly due to Stanley's calm response to the incident.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" features several references to previous episodes. During one scene, Michael puts his Dundie on his desk, a homage to the final shot in the series opening sequence. Michael's obsession with basketball and wanting to use the baler serves as a reference to the season one episode, "Basketball" and the season three episode "Safety Training", respectively. Michael's character Ping appears, having previously appeared in "The Dundies" and "The Seminar." It also featured the reforming of the Party Planning Committee after being broken up in "Moroccan Christmas", and briefly showed Creed's continual habit of using the women's bathroom as seen in "Women's Appreciation". Michael gives Darryl his book "Somehow I Manage", which was originally mentioned in "Happy Hour." Two callbacks are made to the episode "Christmas Party": Phyllis' gift to Michael being homemade sewn mittens and Dwight wanting to play paintball with Michael. Michael's goodbye to Pam serves as a homage to a scene in the British version of "The Office", in which Tim Canterbury proclaims his love for Dawn Tinsley in a meeting room, but Tim turns off his microphone first so the cameras pick up only their reactions and no sound. This scene was also referenced in the fifth season finale, "Company Picnic".


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" originally aired on April 28, 2011 in a 50-minute timeslot from 9 p.m. ET to 9:50 p.m. ET. Nielsen ratings were expected to be high since it was Carell's last episode and also due to the extended timeslot with 22.66% of readers of TV by the Numbers predicting the episode would receive above a 6.0 rating in the 18–49 demographic. In fact, the episode was viewed by an estimated 8.416 million viewers and received a 4.2 rating/11% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 4.2% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 11% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This represented a 26% ratings increase from the previous episode, "Michael's Last Dundies". This made the episode the most-watched episode of the season and the third-highest-rated episode of the season after "Ultimatum" and "Nepotism" in the 18–49 demo. The episode ranked first in its timeslot beating "Grey's Anatomy", "" and "Bones". "Goodbye, Michael" was the most-watched scripted show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18–49 and the second highest-rated NBC program after "The Voice". Added with DVR viewers, "Goodbye, Michael" received a 5.9 rating marking a 37 percent rise from the original viewership. The first half-hour of the producer's cut received a 2.76 million viewers, and a 1.1 rating/3% share in the 18–49 demographic, while the second half-hour attained 2 million viewers and a 0.9 rating/3% share in the 18–49 demographic.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: "Goodbye, Michael" was met with critical acclaim and is considered one of the best episodes of "The Office" by critics and fans. Cindy White of IGN said that overall the episode was "one of those historic television moments". She went on to praise the character's awareness of the camera crew along with Michael saying his goodbyes to the staff. She ultimately gave the episode a 9 out of 10. The A.V. Club writer Myles McNutt considered the episode to be a classic and praised Greg Daniels choice of showing "their [fans] Michael Scott". He ultimately gave the episode an A. TV Squad writer Joel Keller wrote the episode felt like the series finale and that "As final episodes go, this one was a mixed bag". "Entertainment Weekly"'s Hillary Busis praised Carell's performance. HitFix writer Daniel Feinberg wrote that while the episode "wasn't flawless" it was "an appropriate disentanglement". Despite this, he criticized the episode for proving the point that the show could not survive without Michael. Despite this he complimented the performance of the supporting actors. "New York" writer Phoebe Reilly slightly criticized Pam's silent goodbye to Michael. Despite this, she said, Dwight's tears in his talking head and Jim's goodbye to Michael "achieved the bearable level of poignancy". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" praised the ending of the episode and the reference to the original British version of "The Office". BuddyTV writer Meghan Carlson called Oscar's scarecrow gift scene the best moment of the episode. HitFix reviewer Alan Sepinwall called the episode "a pretty fantastic tribute to that man on his way out the door."


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Will Ferrell's performance received mixed reviews from critics. Rob Sheffield called his performance "pure magic", while Miles McNutt said that his scenes were a "momentum killer". Cindy White criticized the writers for waiting for Ferrell's second-to last episode to give his character a "juicy quirk". Soon after the episode's airdate, the series received publicity for a possible storyline featuring Phyllis as Erin's birth mother. The rumor was started during an interview with executive producer Greg Daniels with "Entertainment Weekly" in which he stated "A tiny mystery story – which I'm not sure anyone’s going to catch and will come out a few episodes from now – is being set up here". This was further explored in the seventh season finale, "Search Committee", in which the possibility was disproven.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: The episode has also been put on several top ten lists for 2011. "Time" reviewer James Poniewozik named the episode the second-best television episode of 2011 calling the episode "pitch-perfect". The A.V. Club named the episode among the top 2011 TV highlights. David Sims wrote that "Although every member of the ensemble gets a moment in the sun, Michael’s silent airport farewell to Pam [...] works best of all, a testament to the audience's deep understanding of these characters". Daniel Feinberg named Carell's final episodes for "The Office" the 20th-best television episodes of 2011, although he only named Carell's final episodes under the banner. He mainly praised Carell's performance for switching from laughs to sadness with nuance. "TV Guide" named the episode the twelfth-best episode of 2011 and compared the episode to the humor of the series calling it "understated and pitch-perfect". "Goodbye, Michael" was voted the highest-rated episode out of 24 from the season, according to an episode poll by the fansite, "OfficeTally". In another poll, the episode was voted the fourth highest-rated episode of the series, out of 139, receiving 403 votes.


title: Goodbye, Michael

text: Greg Daniels, who wrote the script, received a nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Steve Carell had also submitted this episode for consideration for his nomination for Outstanding Lead in a Comedy Series. Daniels eventually lost to Jeffrey Richman and Steven Levitan of "Modern Family" for the episode "Caught in the Act", while Carell lost to Jim Parsons of "The Big Bang Theory". "Office" star Rainn Wilson expressed anger on Twitter at the Academy for these decisions, saying "The world of TV should be ashamed of itself that Steve Carell never won an Emmy for Michael Gary Scott. Goodnight." Former "Office" writer Michael Schur and director Paul Feig also criticized this choice with Schur calling it a "goddamn fucking embarrassment". Daniels had also received a nomination for the , but once again lost to Richman and Levitan.


title: Allicin

text: Allicin is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic, a species in the family Alliaceae. It was first isolated and studied in the laboratory by Chester J. Cavallito and John Hays Bailey in 1944. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. The allicin generated is unstable and quickly changes into a series of other sulfur-containing compounds such as diallyl disulfide. Allicin is part of a defense mechanism against attacks by pests on the garlic plant.


title: Allicin

text: Allicin is an oily, slightly yellow liquid that gives garlic its distinctive odor. It is a thioester of sulfenic acid and is also known as allyl thiosulfinate. Its biological activity can be attributed to both its antioxidant activity and its reaction with thiol-containing proteins. Produced in garlic cells, allicin is released upon disruption, producing a potent aroma when garlic is cut or cooked, and is among the chemicals responsible for both the smell and flavour of garlic.


title: Allicin

text: Allicin features the thiosulfinate functional group, R-S-(O)-S-R. The compound is not present in garlic unless tissue damage occurs, and is formed by the action of the enzyme alliinase on alliin. Allicin is chiral but occurs naturally only as a racemate. The racemic form can also be generated by oxidation of diallyl disulfide:


title: Allicin

text: Alliinase is irreversibly deactivated below pH 3; as such, allicin is generally not produced in the body from the consumption of fresh or powdered garlic. Furthermore, allicin can be unstable, breaking down within 16 hours at 23 °C.


title: Allicin

text: The biosynthesis of allicin commences with the conversion of cysteine into S-allyl-L-cysteine. Oxidation of this thioether gives the sulfoxide (alliin). The enzyme alliinase, which contains pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), cleaves alliin, generating allylsulfenic acid (CH=CHCHSOH), pyruvate, and ammonium ions. At room temperature, two molecules of allylsulfenic acid condense to form allicin.


title: Allicin

text: Allicin has been studied for its potential to treat various kinds of multiple drug resistance bacterial infections, as well as viral and fungal infections in vitro, but as of 2016, the safety and efficacy of allicin to treat infections in people was unclear.


title: Allicin

text: In a small clinical trial, a daily high dose of extracted allicin (20 times the amount in a garlic clove) showed effectiveness to prevent the common cold. A Cochrane review found this to be insufficient to draw conclusions.


title: Allicin

text: A study from 2021 has shown "a combination of the short half-life, high reactivity and non-specificity to particular proteins are reasons most bacteria cannot deal with allicin’s mode of action and develop effective defence mechanism" and argue "that could be the key to sustainable drug design addressing serious problems with escalating emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains".


title: Allicin

text: Allicin was discovered as part of efforts to create thiamine derivatives in the 1940s, mainly in Japan. Allicin became a model for medicinal chemistry efforts to create other thiamine disulfides. The results included sulbutiamine, fursultiamine (thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide) and benfothiamine. These compounds are hydrophobic, easily pass from the intestines to the bloodstream, and are reduced to thiamine by cysteine or glutathione.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Mr. Tambourine Man is the debut studio album by the American rock band the Byrds and was released on June 21, 1965, by Columbia Records. The album is characterized by the Byrds' signature sound of Jim McGuinn's 12-string Rickenbacker guitar and the band's complex harmony singing. The material on the album mostly consists of cover versions of folk songs, primarily composed by Bob Dylan, and originals written or co-written by singer Gene Clark. Along with the Dylan-penned single of the same name, "Mr. Tambourine Man" established the band as an internationally successful act and is widely regarded by critics as representing the first effective American challenge to the chart dominance of the Beatles and other British Invasion bands during the mid-1960s.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The album was also influential in popularizing the musical subgenre known as folk rock, by melding intelligent lyrical content with electric guitars and a rock backbeat. The term "folk rock" was first coined by the American music press to describe the Byrds' sound in mid-1965, around the same time that the "Mr. Tambourine Man" album was released. The band's hybrid of a British Invasion beat, jangly guitar playing, and poetic or socially conscious lyrics influenced a number of acts in the mid-1960s and has also been influential on successive generations of musicians.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The album peaked at number 6 on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart and reached number 7 in the United Kingdom. It is the band's most successful album on either chart. The "Mr. Tambourine Man" single was released ahead of the album in April 1965 and reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. A second single, "All I Really Want to Do", also a Dylan cover, was moderately successful in the U.S., but fared better in the UK, where it reached the top ten.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Before forming the Byrds in 1964, most of the band members had come from a folk and roots music background, rather than a rock and roll one. Lead guitarist Jim McGuinn had been a solo folk singer and sideman with various professional folk groups. So too had singer and songwriter Gene Clark and the band's rhythm guitarist David Crosby. Bass player Chris Hillman's musical background also encompassed folk, but was more oriented towards bluegrass music.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Clark and McGuinn first met in early 1964 at The Troubadour folk club in Los Angeles and formed a duo, playing Beatles' covers, Beatlesque renditions of traditional folk songs, and some self-penned material. The duo soon added Crosby to the line-up and named themselves the Jet Set. Over the coming months, Hillman and drummer Michael Clarke were added to the Jet Set and the band signed to Columbia Records on November 10, 1964. They changed their name to the Byrds over Thanksgiving that year.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: On January 20, 1965, the band entered Columbia Recording Studios in Hollywood to record the then-unreleased Bob Dylan song "Mr. Tambourine Man" as their debut single. Record producer Terry Melcher felt that the band hadn't completely gelled yet musically, so he brought in a group of L.A. session musicians, later known as the Wrecking Crew, to provide the musical backing on the single. As a result, McGuinn was the only Byrd to play on "Mr. Tambourine Man" and its Clark-penned B-side, "I Knew I'd Want You". The single was released in April 1965 and was an immediate hit, reaching number 1 on both the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart. In addition, the electric rock band treatment that the Byrds and Melcher had given "Mr. Tambourine Man" effectively created the template for the musical subgenre of folk rock.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Although the band's musicianship improved following the recording of their debut single, it was assumed by both Columbia and the band's management that their entire debut album would be recorded with session musicians. The band, however, had other ideas and insisted that they be allowed to perform the album's instrumental accompaniment themselves. By the start of recording sessions for the album, Melcher felt satisfied that the group had polished their sound enough to be able to produce professional-sounding backing tracks and the Byrds were allowed to record the rest of the "Mr. Tambourine Man" album without any help from session musicians. However, a persistent and widely circulated rumor about the album is that all of the playing on it was done by session musicians (a misconception that is likely due to confusion between the "Mr. Tambourine Man" single and the album of the same name). Hillman has stated in interview that the contrast between the more polished sound of the two tracks featuring session musicians ("Mr. Tambourine Man" and "I Knew I'd Want You") and the sound of the rest of the album is quite noticeable. Recording was completed on April 22, 1965.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: For the most part, "Mr. Tambourine Man" consisted of two types of songs: band originals, primarily penned by Clark, who was the group's main songwriter during its first eighteen months of existence, and covers of then-modern folk songs, composed primarily by Dylan. The album opens with the Dylan-penned title track, which had been a big international hit for the group, prior to the album's release. Band biographer Johnny Rogan has stated that the two most distinctive features of the Byrds' rendition of "Mr. Tambourine Man" are the vocal harmonies of Clark, McGuinn, and Crosby, and McGuinn's jangling twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar playing (which complemented the phrase "jingle jangle morning" found in the song's lyric). This combination of 12-string guitar work and complex harmony singing became the band's signature sound during their early period. Music critic Richie Unterberger has also commented that the success of the Byrds' version of "Mr. Tambourine Man" saw an explosion of Byrds imitators and emulators with hits on the American and British charts during 1965 and 1966.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Another Dylan cover, "All I Really Want to Do", was the first song to be recorded for the album, following the "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "I Knew I'd Want You" session. Melcher felt confident that the band's then-unissued debut single would be, at the very least, a regional hit, so he brought the Byrds back into the studio on March 8, 1965 to record a follow-up. This March 8 recording session yielded the version of "All I Really Want to Do" that appears on the album, but the song was re-recorded on April 14, and it was this later take that graced the A-side of the band's second Columbia single release.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Another cover that stressed the band's folk music roots was Idris Davies and Pete Seeger's "The Bells of Rhymney". The song, which told the sorrowful tale of a coal mining disaster in Wales, was a relative newcomer to the band's repertoire at the time of recording, having only been worked up in March 1965, during the Byrds' residency at Ciro's nightclub on the Sunset Strip. Rogan has written that although the song had a somewhat sombre theme, it became one of the band's most popular numbers during their residency at Ciro's. The band's version of "The Bells of Rhymney" was also influential on the Beatles, particularly George Harrison, who co-opted McGuinn's guitar riff and incorporated it into his composition "If I Needed Someone" from the "Rubber Soul" album.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Of the band originals, three were penned solely by Clark. The first of these, "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better", has been described by Rogan as an uptempo song, with pounding tambourine, jangling Rickenbacker, and criss-crossing vocals, featuring Clark singing lead, while McGuinn and Crosby provided backing vocals. The song bore a passing resemblance to the Searchers' 1963 hit "Needles and Pins" and has, since its release, become a rock music standard, inspiring several cover versions over the years.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Clark's melancholy, mid-tempo ballad "Here Without You" details a bittersweet trip through the city during which every landmark and physical object reminds the singer of an absent lover, while the aforementioned "I Knew I'd Want You" is a Beatlesque minor key shuffle recounting the first flushes of romance. Although "I Knew I'd Want You" had been recorded as the intended B-side of the Byrds' debut single, Rogan has pointed out that, had the band failed to secure permission to release their version of "Mr. Tambourine Man" from Dylan and his manager Albert Grossman, "I Knew I'd Want You" might well have been issued as the group's first Columbia A-side. Another two songs on the album were co-written by Clark and McGuinn: "You Won't Have to Cry", which featured a lyric concerned with a woman who has been wronged in love, and "It's No Use", which anticipated the harder-edged, psychedelic sound the band would begin to explore towards the end of 1965 and throughout 1966.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The band also covered two non-folk songs on the album: "Don't Doubt Yourself, Babe" by Jackie DeShannon, who was an early supporter of the band, and Vera Lynn's World War II era standard, "We'll Meet Again". In Rogan's opinion, the band gave the latter song a very sardonic reading, influenced by its appearance in the final scene of Stanley Kubrick's movie "Dr. Strangelove". This treatment of "We'll Meet Again", sequenced at the end of the album, began a tradition of closing the Byrds' albums with a tongue-in-cheek or unusual track, a policy that would be repeated on several subsequent LPs.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The album's distinctive front cover fisheye lens photograph of the band was taken by Barry Feinstein at the bird sanctuary in Griffith Park, Los Angeles. According to author Christopher Hjort, it has become an acknowledged classic since its release. The back cover featured liner notes, written in the form of an open letter to a friend, by Columbia Records' publicist Billy James. In addition, the back cover also featured a black and white photograph, taken by the Byrds' manager Jim Dickson, of the band on stage with Bob Dylan at Ciro's nightclub in L.A.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: "Mr. Tambourine Man" was released on June 21, 1965, in the United States (catalogue item CL 2372 in mono, CS 9172 in stereo) and August 20, 1965, in the UK (catalogue item BPG 62571 in mono, SBPG 62571 in stereo). It peaked at number 6 on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart, during a chart stay of 38 weeks, and reached number 7 in the United Kingdom, spending a total of 12 weeks on the UK albums chart. The preceding single of the same name was released on April 12, 1965, in the U.S. and May 15, 1965, in the UK, reaching number 1 on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. A second single taken from the album, "All I Really Want to Do", peaked at number 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, but fared better in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 4.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Upon release, critical reaction to the album was almost universally positive, with "Billboard" magazine noting that "the group has successfully combined folk material with pop-dance beat arrangements. Pete Seeger's "The Bells of Rhymney" is a prime example of the new interpretations of folklore." In its July 1965 issue, "Time" magazine praised the album, stating: "To make folk music the music of today's folk, this quintet has blended Beatle beats with Lead Belly laments, created a halfway school of folk-rock that scores at the cash box if not with the folk purists." In the UK, "NME" described the band and its debut album by noting that "They look like a rock group but are really a fine folk unit. They play their stringed instruments with great skill and invention against the rock-steady drumming. Their voices merge well ... As the first group to bridge the gap between beat and folk, they deserve to be winners." The UK publication "Music Echo" was also enthusiastic about the album's contents, concluding that the record was "an album which easily lives up to the promise of their great knock-out singles".


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: However, not all reviews of the album were positive. "Record Mirror" in the UK awarded the album two stars out of five, deriding it as "The same nothingy vocals, the same jangly guitar, the same plodding beat on almost every track. The Byrds really must try to get some different sounds." In addition, the abundance of Dylan material on the album—with three songs taken from the "Another Side of Bob Dylan" album alone—led to accusations of the band being too reliant on his material. Nonetheless, the Dylan covers, including "Chimes of Freedom", "All I Really Want to Do", "Spanish Harlem Incident", and "Mr. Tambourine Man", remain among the Byrds' best-known recordings.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: In more recent years, Richie Unterberger, writing for the AllMusic website, said of the album: "One of the greatest debuts in the history of rock, "Mr. Tambourine Man" was nothing less than a significant step in the evolution of rock & roll itself, demonstrating that intelligent lyrical content could be wedded to compelling electric guitar riffs and a solid backbeat."


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The album was one of four Byrds albums that were remastered at 20-bit resolution and partially remixed as part of the Columbia/Legacy Byrds reissue series. This release of the album was issued on April 30, 1996, and had six bonus tracks: the outtakes "She Has a Way" and "You and Me", three alternate versions of songs found on the original album, and the single version of "All I Really Want to Do".


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The reason for remixing some of the album was explained by Bob Irwin (who produced these re-issues for compact disc) during an interview:


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Many fans enjoy the remixed album because it's very close to the original mix in most cases and offers noticeably better sound quality.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: The "Mr. Tambourine Man" single and album instantly established the band on both sides of the Atlantic, challenging the dominance of the Beatles and the rest of the British Invasion. The releases also introduced the new genre of folk rock, with the U.S. music press first using the term to describe the Byrds' blend of beat music and folk at roughly the same time as the band's debut single peaked at number 1. Some critics, including Richie Unterberger and Burt Robert, have opined that, although the roots of folk rock were to be found in the American folk music revival of the early 1960s, the Animals' recording of "The House of the Rising Sun", and the twelve-string guitar jangle of the Searchers and the Beatles, it was the Byrds who first melded these elements into a unified whole.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: In the months following the release of the "Mr. Tambourine Man" album, many acts began to imitate the Byrds' hybrid of a British Invasion beat, jangly guitar playing, and poetic or socially conscious lyrics. The band's influence can be heard in many recordings released by American acts in 1965 and 1966, including the Turtles, Simon & Garfunkel, the Lovin' Spoonful, Barry McGuire, the Mamas & the Papas, Jefferson Airplane, We Five, Love, and Sonny & Cher. This jangly, folk rock sound that was pioneered by the Byrds on "Mr. Tambourine Man" has also been influential on successive generations of rock and pop musicians, including such acts as Big Star, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, R.E.M., the Church, Hüsker Dü, the Long Ryders, the Smiths, the Bangles, the Stone Roses, the La's, Teenage Fanclub, the Bluetones, Wilco, and Delays, among others.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: In 2003, the album was number 232 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time"; it was 233 in the 2012 revision of the list and 287 in the 2020 revision. It was also included in Robert Dimery's book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". In 2000, the album was voted number 267 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" book.


title: Mr. Tambourine Man (album)

text: Adapted from the CD liner notes and "So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973)". Track numbers refer to CD and digital releases of the album.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: Celebration is the third greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on September 18, 2009, by Warner Bros. Records. The album features 34 songs spanning Madonna's career since signing up with the label in 1982. It also includes three new songs: "Celebration" which is included on all versions, "Revolver" which is included on the two-disc editions, and "It's So Cool" which is included as a bonus track on some digital two-disc editions. A fourth song, "Broken", was recorded for the album but not used; eventually it was released in 2012 as a limited edition promotional vinyl single for fanclub members. A compilation DVD release, entitled "", was released to accompany the album.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: "Celebration" received universal acclaim by contemporary critics, who noted the vastness of Madonna's back-catalogue. The album debuted at the top of the charts in Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Mexico and the United Kingdom. Madonna became tied with Elvis Presley as the solo artist with the most number-one albums in the United Kingdom. In the United States, it debuted at number seven in the "Billboard" 200; in other nations, it also debuted within the top ten, peaking in the top three in most of them. The title track was released as the first single of the album. It became Madonna's 40th number-one song on "Billboard"s Hot Dance Club Songs chart. "Revolver" was released as the second single from the album in some territories, but did not achieve significant commercial success.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: On March 18, 2009, Madonna's publicist Liz Rosenberg announced the plans for the release of a greatest hits package by September. She also added that Madonna had plans to go to the studio and record new material for the album. The next day, Madonna's manager, Guy Oseary, asked fans on his Twitter for input regarding the track listing of the greatest hits album. It was later confirmed that she wrote three new tracks for the album, with Paul Oakenfold being confirmed as producer for two of the new songs. "Attitude" magazine reported in an interview with Oakenfold that the tracks he produced with Madonna are called "Broken (I'm Sorry)" and "Celebrate". He stated that the new music is "lyrically classic Madonna with an edgy modern sound." Her official website also confirmed the presence of the track "Revolver", featuring rapper Lil Wayne, when they announced the final track listing for the CD and DVD on August 26, 2009. With "The Times", Madonna shared her thoughts on the release:


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: The song comes first. And all of those other things that people remember, the imagistic things, are secondary, or certainly not as important. But I think I’ve become pretty good at sussing out when people's opinions of my work are coming from what they think of me personally. You just have to do your thing and then let it go out into the world. The rest, you're not in control.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: On July 22, 2009, Warner Bros. Records officially announced the release date as September 28, 2009 and confirmed the name of the album as "Celebration" through Madonna's official website. "Celebration" was released as the lead single on July 31, 2009. The compilation was available in a case of two, as well as a single CD. The songs on the album were digitally remastered and selected by Madonna and her fans, while covering the whole expanse of her career. A DVD release titled "" was released which includes several music videos of Madonna that have never appeared on a DVD before, such as "Into the Groove" and "Hung Up", as well as the music video for "Celebration". The cover for "Celebration" was created by street pop artist Mr. Brainwash who is best known for "throwing modern cultural icons into a blender and turning it up to eleven". "Celebration" was made available for pre-order on iTunes Store on September 1, 2009, to coincide with the music video release of "Celebration". One-disc and two-disc versions are available, as well as an iTunes-exclusive deluxe video edition which adds thirty music videos from Madonna's videography. "It's So Cool", an "American Life" outtake, is included in some digital versions of the two-disc edition.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: "Celebration" contains a mix of album versions, single edits, new edits and Q-Sound mixes from "The Immaculate Collection". Every track on "The Immaculate Collection", with the exception of "Rescue Me", is included in the two-disc edition.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: "Celebration" received a score of 84/100 at Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim" from music critics. Sarah Crompton from "The Daily Telegraph" gave the collection four out of five stars and said: "Madonna's "Celebration" shows just how consistently she delivers the goods, with tracks such as 'Music', 'Ray of Light', 'Frozen' and 'Don't Tell Me'", with "only a couple of [songs] which feel dispensable." Eric Henderson of "Slant Magazine" gave the compilation four out of five stars and commented that "functionally, what Madonna and fans are really celebrating with the release of "Celebration" is the hard proof that Madonna's back catalogue is now so immense and so varied that she can release a behemoth, two-disc greatest hits package that shoehorns in 36 songs and still manages to significantly short-change the singer's legacy", though also noticing that "the album is missing songs, doesn't always include the right ones, [and] seems to have been sequenced by a not particularly intuitive Genius playlist." Tim Sendra from AllMusic praised that "the collection does a fine job of living up to the title — it's certainly a celebration of Madonna's career and includes some of the most celebratory and thrilling pop music ever created." While reviewing the two-disc edition of the album, he commented: "The 34-track double-disc Deluxe Edition has an easier time of it than the single-disc 18-track release does."


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" noted that ""Celebration" kicks off with pure bliss and never lets up. It's a dizzying, nonchronological spin through the Madonna years, years it makes you feel lucky to be living through. Her hitmaking genius is unmatched and [...] undiminished." However, Sheffield called the omission of "Angel" "just plain crazypants." Lean Greenblatt from "Entertainment Weekly" commented that the album "holds up surprisingly well". Joey Guerra from "Houston Chronicle" praised the album saying "every song on "Celebration" defines a moment in time, a radio sing-along, a twirl under the glitterball. It's a pulsing testament to Madonna's often-overlooked pop prowess, from the scrappy electro beginnings of 'Everybody' and 'Burning Up' to the retro-disco swirl of 'Beautiful Stranger' and 'Hung Up', still a hands-in-the-air highlight."


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: Alan Woodhouse from "NME" was unfavorable in his review about the compilation, reckoning Madonna's career as two distinct phases, them being her "80s output" and her later career, or "phaze two", summarizing by saying that "Madonna clearly thinks this collection represents a celebration of her longevity [...] in reality all it does it expose her more recent failings", though Woodhouse also called it "unfair to say Madge hasn't touched magic since 1990" before naming "Hung Up" and "Ray of Light". Douglas Wolk, from "Pitchfork", reviewed the album in the same light, also comparing her early work with the later days, stating that "'Hung Up' is really the only song from the post-"GHV2" period that's lodged in the American pop consciousness", concluding with saying that "[Madonna] deserves a retrospective more interesting than this haphazard piece of contract-filling product", though being positive about the opening sequence, calling that "incredibly strong, a convincing argument for her genius."


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: Worldwide, "Celebration" has sold about four million copies. In the United States, "Celebration" debuted at number seven, with 72,000 copies sold in its first week. It was present on the chart for a total of 12 weeks and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on November 23, 2009, indicating shipment of 500,000 units. In April 2010, the album got a boost in sales from the "Glee" episode titled "The Power of Madonna". The album re-entered the "Billboard" 200 at position 85 with sales of 6,000 and a 219% gain. In February 2012 after her appearance on the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, the album again entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 24 with sales of 16,000 copies and a 1,341% gain from previous week. In Canada, the album debuted at the top of the Canadian Albums Chart, with sales of 17,000 copies.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: In Australia and New Zealand, "Celebration" debuted at numbers eight and two on the official charts, respectively. It was certified gold in both Australia and New Zealand, by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), indicating shipements of 35,000 and 7,500 copies respectively. The album also debuted at number one position on the Gfk Chart-Track albums chart in Ireland, earning a platinum certification from the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) for shipment of 15,000 copies of the album. In Japan, "Celebration" reached a peak of number three on the Oricon albums chart and was placed at number 47 on the Oricon year end rankings, selling 177,194 copies, and earning a gold certification.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Celebration" debuted at number one, selling 77,000 copies in the first week. It became Madonna's eleventh number-one release on the UK Albums Chart, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act with the most number-one albums in the British chart history. From 2009 to 2012, the album had three separate chart runs within the top 100 of the albums chart. It re-entered the chart again on March 1, 2015, at number 38 with sales of 2,476 copies, following the release of her single "Living for Love" from 13th studio album, "Rebel Heart". The album was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipment of 600,000 copies across the United Kingdom, and it sold 666,000 as of 2019 according to Official Charts Company.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: The album reached the top of the charts in Denmark, Flanders, Germany and Italy, while in Austria, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Wallonia the album debuted within the top ten of the official charts. In France, "Celebration" debuted with 21,484 units and it later received a platinum certification from Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of 100,000 copies. It also debuted at number one on "Billboard"s European Top 100 Albums chart, topping the chart for four consecutive weeks. "Celebration" was certified triple platinum by Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI) for shipments of 150,000 copies. In total, "Celebration" sold over a million copies across Europe, earning a platinum certification from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: "Celebration" was the first single from the compilation. A first preview of the song was added on the performance for "Holiday" on her 2009 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was to be released to radio stations on August 3, 2009. However, the single leaked on to the internet, so the date was changed to July 31, 2009. The digital download was also released on this date due to the leak. Remixes of the song were released to dance clubs on July 24, 2009. "Celebration" received mixed reviews from contemporary critics. The song reached the top of the charts in countries like Finland, Italy and Sweden, while reaching the top-ten in other European nations. It became Madonna's fifty-fifth entry to the "Billboard" Hot 100 and her fortieth number-one song on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: On December 11, 2009, it was confirmed by Madonna's official website that "Revolver" would be released as the second and final single off the album in some territories. The digital maxi single was released in many countries on December 29, 2009, followed by a CD maxi single in the US in late January 2010 and a 12" vinyl single in early February 2010. Contemporary critics gave a mixed review of the song. Some praised the chorus line "My love's a revolver" while others felt that it was underwhelming and not on par with Madonna's previous songs. "Revolver" has charted in the lower regions of the official charts of Belgium, Canada, Finland and the United Kingdom while reaching number four on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart of United States. This was Madonna's last single of the 2000s.


title: Celebration (Madonna album)

text: The track, "It's So Cool", debuted on the official charts of Finland, Italy and Sweden at numbers 8, 20 and 30 respectively, due to digital downloads. "Broken", the fourth song recorded for the album but not used, was written and produced by Madonna and Oakenfold, with additional writing from Ian Green and Ciaran Gribbin. "Broken" was given to Madonna's fanclub Icon's official members as a free 12" vinyl, as a part of their membership in late 2012.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: It was one of the most important parties in Poland from its inception in 1892 until its merger with the communist Polish Workers' Party to form the Polish United Workers' Party in 1948. Józef Piłsudski, founder of the Second Polish Republic, belonged to and later led the PPS in the early 20th century.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: The party was re-established in 1987, near the end of the Polish People's Republic. However, it remained in the margins of Polish politics until 2019, when it was able to win a seat in the Senate of Poland.


title: Polish Socialist Party

text: The PPS was founded in Paris in 1892 (see the Great Emigration). In 1893 the party called Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, (SDKPiL), emerged from the PPS, with the PPS being more nationalist and oriented towards Polish independence, and the SDKPiL being more revolutionary and communist. In November 1892 the leading personalities of the PPS agreed on a political program. The program, largely progressive for the time of its creation, accented: independent Republic of Poland based on democratic principles, direct universal voting rights, equal rights for all nations living in Poland, equal rights for all citizens, regardless of race, nationality, religion and gender, freedom of press, speech, and assembly, progressive taxation, eight-hour workday, minimum wage, equal wages for men and women, ban on child labour (till age 14), free education, and social support in case of injury in the workplace.