title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Meanwhile, the defendants were subject to extremely negative pretrial publicity. Across the country, newspapers ran headlines such as "Vast Mafia in New Orleans" and "1,100 Dago Criminals".


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Several shotguns were found near the scene of the crime. One was a muzzle-loading shotgun,of a type which was widely used throughout the American South, but which the New Orleans Police Department claimed was a lupara, a "favorite" weapon of the Sicilian Mafia. Another shotgun found at the scene had a hinged stock. Local newspapers alleged that the guns were imported from Sicily; in reality, they had been manufactured by the W. Richards Company.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Spurred to action by the popular accounts of Hennessy's murder, a 29-year-old newspaper salesman named Thomas Duffy walked into the prison on October 17, 1890, sought out Antonio Scaffidi, whom he had heard was a suspect, and shot him in the neck with a revolver. Scaffidi survived the attack, only to be lynched a few months later. Duffy was eventually convicted of assault and sentenced to six months in prison.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: A trial for nine of the suspects began on February 16, 1891, and concluded on March 13, 1891, with Judge Joshua G. Baker presiding. The defendants were represented by Lionel Adams of the law firm Adams and O'Malley, and the state by Orleans Parish district attorney Charles A. Luzenberg. Jury selection was a time-consuming process: Hundreds of prospective jurors were rejected before 12 people were found who were not opposed to capital punishment, were not openly prejudiced against Italians, and were not of Italian descent themselves.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Much of the evidence presented at trial was weak or contradictory. The murder had taken place on a poorly lit street on a damp night, in a notoriously corrupt city, and the eyewitness testimony was unreliable. Suspects were identified by witnesses who had not seen their faces, but only their clothing. Captain Bill O'Connor, the witness who claimed to have heard Hennessy blame "Dagoes" for the assassination, was not called to testify. There were numerous other discrepancies and improprieties. At one point, two employees of the defense law firm were arrested for attempting to bribe prospective jurors. Afterward, when federal district attorney William Grant looked into the case, he reported that the evidence against the men was "exceedingly unsatisfactory" and inconclusive. He could find no evidence linking any of the lynched men to the Mafia, or to any attempts to bribe the jury. The bribery charges were eventually dismissed.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Mantranga and another man, Bastian Incardona, were found not guilty by directed verdict, as no evidence had been presented against them. The jury declared four of the defendants not guilty, and asked the judge to declare a mistrial for the other three, as they could not agree on a verdict. The six who were acquitted were not released, but were held pending an additional charge of "lying in wait" with intent to commit murder. Luzenberg admitted that without a murder conviction, he would be forced to drop the "lying in wait" charges. But all nine men were returned to the prison—a decision which would prove fatal for some of them.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The jurors were given the option to leave by a side door, but chose to walk out the front door and face the angry crowd. Several defended their decision to reporters, arguing that they had "reasonable doubt" and had done what they thought was right. Some were harassed, threatened, fired from their jobs, and otherwise penalized for failing to convict the Italians.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: A group of about 150 people, calling themselves the Committee on Safety (referring to the Revolutionary War era), met that evening to plan their response. The following morning an ad appeared in local newspapers calling for a mass meeting at the statue of Henry Clay, near the prison. Citizens were told to "come prepared for action."


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Rise, people of New Orleans! Alien hands of oath-bound assassins have set the blot of a martyr's blood upon your vaunted civilization! Your laws, in the very Temple of Justice, have been bought off, and suborners have caused to be turned loose upon your streets the midnight murderers of David C. Hennessy, in whose premature grave the very majesty of our American law lies buried with his mangled corpse — the corpse of him who in life was the representative, the conservator of your peace and dignity.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: As thousands of demonstrators gathered near the Parish Prison, Pasquale Corte, the Italian consul in New Orleans, sought the help of Louisiana governor Francis T. Nicholls to prevent an outbreak of violence. The governor declined to take any action without a request from Mayor Shakspeare, who had gone out to breakfast and could not be reached. Meanwhile, at the Clay statue, attorney William S. Parkerson was exhorting the people of New Orleans to "set aside the verdict of that infamous jury, every one of whom is a perjurer and a scoundrel." When the speech was over, the multi-racial crowd marched to the prison, chanting, "We want the Dagoes."


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Lynchings were not uncommon in the United States with the Tuskegee Institute recorded the lynchings of 3,446 blacks and 1,297 whites between 1882 and 1968, with the peak occurring in the 1890s. Inside the prison, as the mob was breaking down the door with a battering ram, prison warden Lemuel Davis let the 19 Italian prisoners out of their cells and told them to hide as best they could.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Although the thousands of demonstrators outside for the lynching were a spontaneous outburst, the killings were carried out by a relatively small, disciplined "execution squad" within the mob, led by Parkerson and three other city leaders: Walter Denegre, lawyer; James D. Houston, politician and businessman; and John C. Wickliffe, editor of the "New Delta" newspaper. Other members of the lynch mob included John M. Parker, who was elected as Louisiana's 37th governor, and Walter C. Flower, who was elected as the 44th mayor of New Orleans.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The mentally ill Polizzi was hauled outside, hanged from a lamppost, and shot. Antonio Bagnetto, a fruit peddler, was hanged from a tree and shot. Nine others were shot or clubbed to death inside the prison. The bullet-riddled bodies of Polizzi and Bagnetto were left hanging for hours.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The court and district attorney set the survivors free after the lynching, and dropped the charges against the men who had not yet been tried.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Only one of the lynching victims, Polizzi, had a police record in the U.S., having reportedly cut a man with a knife in Austin, Texas, several years earlier. Two others had police records in Italy: Geraci had been accused of murder and had fled before he could be tried, and Comitz had been convicted of theft. Incardona was wanted in Italy as a petty criminal.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Three of the men—Comitz, Monasterio, and Traina—had not applied for U.S. citizenship and could still be considered Italian subjects.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: All of those lynched were Sicilian immigrants except for Macheca, a Louisiana native of Sicilian descent, and Comitz, who was from the Rome area. Shortly after Hennessy's death, the "Daily States" informed readers that the suspects were "a villainous looking set" and described their appearance in ethnic terms, concluding, "They are not Italians, but Sicilians."


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Most anti-Italianism in the United States was directed at Southern Italians, particularly Sicilians, who were often considered to be more racially suspect. The U.S. Bureau of Immigration reinforced this distinction, following the Italian practice of classifying Northern and Southern Italians as two different races. However, even though on a legal level both Northern and Southern Italians were considered to be white, between 1890 and 1910, Sicilian-Americans made up less than 4 percent of the white male population, yet were roughly 40 percent of the white victims of Southern lynch mobs. Before that, many white victims were Irish Catholics. Sicilians in the South often had menial positions, working on construction of levees and railroads, and as farm workers.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Macheca's personal history, however, is more complex. He was born in 1843 to Sicilian parents in Louisiana, and adopted and raised by a Maltese man named Macheca. During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Army. In 1868, either Macheca or his adoptive father led a group of Sicilians in a violent, anti-black demonstration. Although not a member of the White League, as a Captain of the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment, Macheca fought in the Battle of Liberty Place on the same side as the Crescent City White League in 1874. Macheca was also the leader of a crew of Sicilian immigrants called, "The Innocents". Depending on the source, "The Innocents" were either a White Supremacist street gang employed by the Regular Democratic Organization to commit voter intimidation and murder, the beginning of the New Orleans crime family, or security guards hired to protect Macheca and his various businesses. The racial politics are further complicated by the involvement in the 1891 riot of a large number of African-American lynchers. For example, Colonel James Lewis, a member of the elite Committee of Fifty, was a mixed-race African-American man who had been an officer in the Louisiana Native Guard and leader of the New Orleans Republican Party. In fact, Lewis was one of the signatories of a letter to the Italian community, urging people to inform the Committee of Fifty about the suspects, and threatening extrajudicial action.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: American newspaper accounts at the time were largely sympathetic to the lynchers, and anti-Italian in tone. The victims were presumed to have been involved with the Mafia, a criminal organisation that dealt in theft, terror and murder, and therefore deserving of their fate. A "New York Times" headline announced, "Chief Hennessy Avenged...Italian Murderers Shot Down". A "Times" editorial the next day vilified Sicilians in general:


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: These sneaking and cowardly Sicilians, the descendants of bandits and assassins, who have transported to this country the lawless passions, the cut-throat practices, and the oath-bound societies of their native country, are to us a pest without mitigation. Our own rattlesnakes are as good citizens as they...Lynch law was the only course open to the people of New Orleans.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Many commentators offered a "pro forma" condemnation of vigilantism before ultimately blaming the victims and defending the lynchers. Massachusetts representative Henry Cabot Lodge, for example, claimed to deplore the mob's behavior, and then proceeded to justify it while proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration. Even the "London Times" expressed approval.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Not all editors were convinced of the mob's innocence. The "Charleston News and Courier" argued that murder by vigilantes was no more acceptable than any other kind. The "St. Louis Republic" wrote that the men were killed "on proof of being 'dagoes' and on the merest suspicion of being guilty of any other crime." Some Northern newspapers also condemned the lynchings. Many others, however, implicitly or explicitly condoned them. A "Boston Globe" front-page headline read, "STILETTO RULE: New Orleans Arose to Meet the Curse." Boston was another industrial city that had been receiving many immigrants from Southern Italy.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Following strong protests by the Italian government and the Italian-American community, the press eventually became less supportive of the lynchers.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: A grand jury convened on March 17, 1891, to investigate the lynching. Judge Robert H. Marr, who presided over the jury, was a longtime personal friend of several of the lynch mob participants. On May 5, 1891, the grand jury published a report concluding that several jurors in the Hennessy case had been bribed to acquit the Italians. No proof was offered and no criminal charges were pursued.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The grand jury claimed that it could not identify the participants in the lynching. In the same report, the lynching was described as a "gathering" of "several thousands of the first, best, and even the most law-abiding, of the citizens of this city." No one was indicted. Only Thomas Duffy, the newspaper salesman who had shot Scaffidi in October, was penalized. Duffy was serving time in the Parish Prison at the time of the lynching.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: After the Hennessy case, at least eight more men of Italian descent were lynched in Louisiana during the 1890s. In each case, as was typical of lynchings, local authorities claimed to be unable to identify anyone involved and never prosecuted anyone for the murders.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The incident strained relations between the United States and Italy. The Italian consul Pasquale Corte left New Orleans in late May 1891 and the "New York Times" published his statement accusing the city politicians of responsibility for the lynchings. The Italian government demanded that the lynch mob be brought to justice and that reparations be paid to the dead men's families. When the U.S. declined to prosecute the mob leaders, Italy recalled its ambassador from Washington in protest. The U.S. followed suit, recalling its legation from Rome. Diplomatic relations remained at an impasse for over a year, and there were rumors of a declaration of war on America as a result of the murders. As part of a wider effort to ease tensions with Italy and placate Italian Americans, President Benjamin Harrison declared the first nationwide celebration of Columbus Day in 1892, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the Italian explorer's landing in the New World.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: When President Harrison agreed to pay a $25,000 indemnity to the victims' families, Congress tried unsuccessfully to intervene against the reparations, accusing him of "unconstitutional executive usurpation of Congressional powers". The United States paid $2,211.90 to each family of the eleven victims.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The contrasting American and Italian attitudes toward the lynchings are perhaps best summarized by Theodore Roosevelt's comment. Roosevelt, then serving on the United States Civil Service Commission, wrote to his sister Anna Roosevelt Cowles on March 21, 1891:


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Monday we dined at the Camerons; various dago diplomats were present, all much wrought up by the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans. Personally I think it rather a good thing, and said so.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The incident has been mostly forgotten in the U.S., relegated to the footnotes of American history texts. However, it is more widely known in Italy.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Mayor Shakspeare was narrowly defeated for reelection in 1892 by Regular Democratic Organization candidate John Fitzpatrick. The Italian-American vote, which remained even more firmly on the political machine's side for decades after the lynchings, was a decisive factor in Mayor Shakspeare's defeat. Gaspare Marchesi, the boy who survived by hiding in the prison while his father was lynched, was awarded $5,000 in damages in 1893 after successfully suing the city of New Orleans.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The death of Hennessy became a rallying cry for law enforcement and nativists to halt the immigration of Italians into America. In an influential essay, Henry Cabot Lodge pointed out that "the paupers and criminals of Europe" were "pouring into the United States" and proposed a literacy test to weed out the least desirable immigrants.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The Hennessy case introduced the word "Mafia" to the American public. It first made widely known the now-familiar image of the Italian-American mafioso. Journalists of the time used the word "Mafia" loosely, to sell newspapers, often linking the crimes of individual Italians to organized crime when no evidence of such a connection existed for that particular crime. After the lynching, newspapers circulated wild rumors that thousands of Italian Americans were plotting to attack New Orleans, and were wrecking railroads in New York and Chicago. The press reported that the defense lawyers in the Hennessy case were paid by the Mafia, when Italian-language newspapers in cities across the country had raised funds for the men's legal defense. Soon historians were applying the "Mafia" label retroactively to crimes committed by Italians in the past.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: For decades after the lynching, New Orleans children of other ethnicities would taunt Italian Americans with the phrase, "Who killa de chief?"


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: For the better part of a century, most historians relied on contemporary newspaper accounts as their primary sources of information about the lynching, seldom questioning the guilt of the lynched men or the popular assumption that Hennessy's murder was a contract killing by the New Orleans crime family. In the 1970s, two studies by Italian Americans historians challenged the prevailing view.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Humbert Nelli, a professor of history at the University of Kentucky, examined the Hennessy case in a chapter of "The Business of Crime" (1976). Nelli demonstrated that the evidence against the defendants was weak, and argued that the murder was too poorly planned and amateurish to have been a Mafia hit. In a chapter on crime in New Orleans, he claims that although crime flourished among the city's Southern Italians at the time, it could not accurately be attributed to "mafiosi".


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: In "Vendetta: The True Story of the Largest Lynching in U.S. History" (1977), Richard Gambino, a professor at City University of New York, raised numerous questions about the investigation and trial, and proposes an alternative theory about Hennessy's murder. Among other things, Gambino notes that Hennessy had a "colorful" past that provided any number of possible motives to be subject to murder, none of which the police chose to investigate. He also notes that shortly after the lynching, the city passed an ordinance giving control of all New Orleans dock work to the newly formed Louisiana Construction and Improvement Corporation, a business headed by several of the lynch mob leaders. Italian waterfront merchants and workers, who had been making remarkable economic progress up to then, were thus eliminated as competitors.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The 1999 HBO movie "Vendetta", starring Christopher Walken and directed by Nicholas Meyer, is based on Gambino's book. It portrays Macheca and several of the other lynched men as innocent victims. It is narrated by the character of Gaspare Marchesi, the boy who escaped being lynched by hiding in the prison.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: Reviewers have criticized Gambino's language as sensational and partisan while acknowledging the book's merits. Writing in the "Journal of American History" in 1977, Raymond Nussbaum (an alumnus of Tulane University) suggested that historians looking for a balanced account of the lynching look elsewhere. In a film review that appeared in the same journal in 2000, Clive Webb calls the movie a "compelling portrait of prejudice" and recommends that historians consult the book for more information.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The lynching is discussed in the 2004 documentary, "Linciati: Lynchings of Italians in America", directed by M. Heather Hartley. Lynchings of Italians are also mentioned in various documentaries on the Italian-American experience.


title: March 14, 1891 New Orleans lynchings

text: The studies by Coxe and Kendall have been widely cited, both as sources and as examples of uncritical acceptance of the "Sicilian Mafia" thesis.


title: Elocution

text: Elocution is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone as well as the idea and practice of effective speech and its forms. It stems from the idea that while communication is symbolic, sounds are final and compelling. It came into popularity in England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and in America during the nineteenth century. It benefitted both men and women in different ways but overall the concept was there to teach both how to become better, more persuasive speakers, standardize errors in spoken and written English, as well as the beginnings of the formulation of argument were discussed here.


title: Elocution

text: In Western classical rhetoric, elocution was one of the five core disciplines of pronunciation, which was the art of delivering speeches. Orators were trained not only on proper diction, but on the proper use of gestures, stance, and dress. There was a movement in the eighteenth century to standardize English writing and speaking and elocution was a part of this movement, with the help of Sheridan and Walker. (Another area of rhetoric, elocutio, was unrelated to "elocution" and, instead, concerned the style of writing proper to discourse.)


title: Elocution

text: Elocution emerged as a formal discipline during the eighteenth century. One of its important figures was Thomas Sheridan, actor and father of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Thomas Sheridan's lectures on elocution, collected in "Lectures on Elocution" (1762) and his "Lectures on Reading" (1775), provided directions for marking and reading aloud passages from literature. Another actor, John Walker, published his two-volume "Elements of Elocution" in 1781, which provided detailed instruction on voice control, gestures, pronunciation, and emphasis. Sheridan had a lot of ground to cover with having to be one of the first to establish great ideas about this subject, speaking more vaguely on subjects, but promising to explain them further. While Walker's approach was an attempt to put in place rules and a system on the correct form of elocution. A reason these books gained traction was that both authors took a scientific approach and made rhetorically-built arguments in a time period where manual-styled, scientific, how-to books were popular. Including these were "over four hundred editions" of grammar and "two hundred fifteen editions" of dictionary books that became available to the public in the 1700s, "five times more ... after 1750" than prior. This was because education held a heavier weight in social status so therefore upper-class, higher educated people were reading these books as well as whoever else wanted to have the appearance of more gentleman or lady-like class than they may have been from.


title: Elocution

text: With the publication of these works and similar ones, elocution gained wider public interest. While training on proper speaking had been an important part of private education for many centuries, the rise in the nineteenth century of a middle class in Western countries (and the corresponding rise of public education) led to great interest in the teaching of elocution, and it became a staple of the school curriculum. American students of elocution drew selections from what were popularly deemed "Speakers." By the end of the century, several Speaker texts circulated throughout the United States, including McGuffey's "New Juvenile Speaker", the "Manual of Elocution and Reading", the "Star Speaker", and the popular "Delsarte Speaker". Some of these texts even included pictorial depictions of body movements and gestures to augment written descriptions.


title: Elocution

text: The era of the elocution movement, defined by the likes of Sheridan and Walker, evolved in the early and mid-1800s into what is called the scientific movement of elocution, defined in the early period by James Rush's "The Philosophy of the Human Voice" (1827) and Richard Whately's "Elements of Rhetoric" (1828), and in the later period by Alexander Melville Bell's "A New Elucidation of Principles of Elocution" (1849) and "Visible Speech" (1867).


title: Elocution

text: In her recent book "The Elocutionists: Women, Music, and the Spoken Word" (University of Illinois Press, 2017), Marian Wilson Kimber addresses the oft-forgotten, female-dominated genre of elocution set to musical accompaniment in the United States.


title: Elocution

text: In his recent article, "The Artful Woman": Mrs. Ellis and the Domestication of Elocution" ("Rhetoric Review" 39, 2020), Don Paul Abbott writes about Sarah Stickney Ellis and her work "Young Ladies Reader" (1845) and its impact on women's lives in the nineteenth century. Ellis' work, as well as others that were published around the same time, had compilations of other authors' works. Ellis had intended her work to be for other women, therefore she compiled a number of women's writings in her work, as did other authors more or less dependent on specific ones. This was still during a time when it was well believed that women and men lived in "separate spheres". Ellis had not gone to the lengths that Sheridan and Walker did when it came to developing theories and rules for elocution but she made it clear through her writing that she believed that the spoken word was powerful and mastering it "deserves the attention" of ladies all around. She comes to this idea of "The Artful Woman", a concept of a lady who is able to persuade others, specifically mentioning her husband. According to Abbott, Ellis believes that she had empowered women in their own sphere, so much so he argues in his journal article that it is possible she delayed women stepping "from the parlor to the podium".


title: Elocution

text: Jason Munsell, a communications and speech professor, theorizes that part of elocution is strategic movement and visuals. This is suggested due to a major portion of communication occurring digitally. In his journal article from 2011, he wrote that the writings of elocution during the mid-nineteenth century aided women in becoming rhetorically empowered. Munsell, when examining a bulletin from the time period, makes an argument that elocution may have been the beginning of the rhetoric concept of Literary theory, "The bulletin also explained that the function of elocution was to discover possible meanings of a reading, to learn how to express those meanings, then to discover the intended purpose."


title: Area code 516

text: Area code 516 is a telephone area code of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in the U.S. state of New York. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises the Nassau County portion of Long Island.


title: Area code 516

text: When the North American Numbering Plan was established by AT&T in October 1947, Nassau and Suffolk counties, the lower Hudson Valley, and some areas adjacent were assigned area code 914. At the time, this area was largely coextensive with the New York state portion of the New York metropolitan area. In 1951, Nassau and Suffolk were designated as a separate numbering plan area with area code 516.


title: Area code 516

text: Despite Long Island's growth in both population and telephone service during the second half of the 20th century, this configuration remained for five decades. By the late 1990s, the proliferation of pagers and cell phones required further division to provide more telephone numbers for Long Island. On November 1, 1999, Suffolk was separated as a new numbering plan area with area code 631, while Nassau retained 516. Permissive dialing of 516 across Long Island continued until spring 2000.


title: Area code 516

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 516 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.


title: Area code 516

text: A 2021 NANP analysis of numbering resources projects exhaustion of NPA 516 during the second quarter of 2023. As a result, shortly after 10-digit dialing is implemented, additional relief is expected. An overlay of 516 has been recommended with a new area code, although a boundary-extension overlay has also been considered which would expand area code 934 (overlaying 631) to also overlay 516. In January 2022, it was announced that a new area code, 363, would overlay 516 beginning on January 20, 2023.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: Sajeeb Ahmed Wazed (; born 27 July 1971), also known as Sajeeb Wazed Joy (), is a Bangladeshi businessman and politician. He is a member of the Awami League and serves as Advisor to the Government of Bangladesh on Information and Communication Technology.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: Wazed was born in Dhaka during the Bangladesh Liberation War on 27 July 1971. His parents were nuclear scientist Dr. M. A. Wazed Miah and Sheikh Hasina Wazed. In August 1975, his grandparents and uncles were assassinated during a military coup in Bangladesh; he and his mother, father and aunt survived as they were visiting West Germany. The family was barred by the military regime from entering the country until 1981. After returning to Bangladesh in 1981, his mother assumed the presidency of the Awami League and spearheaded the campaign for the restoration of democracy, along with her arch-rival Khaleda Zia. Wazed attended boarding school in India, including St. Joseph's College in Nainital and Kodaikanal International School in Palani Hills, Tamil Nadu. He studied computer science at the University of Bangalore; then transferred to The University of Texas at Arlington in the United States, where he graduated with a BSc in computer engineering. Subsequently, Wazed attended the Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, where he completed his Masters in Public Administration.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: Wazed was settled in the United States for over two decades. He married Kristine Ann Overmire on 26 October 2002. They have a daughter named Sophia. Their house is located in Falls Church, Virginia. Since 2009, Wazed has divided his time between Bangladesh and the United States.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: He is the President of the US-based firm Wazed Consulting Inc. Wazed is regarded as the mastermind of the Digital Bangladesh initiative and promoting the Vision 2021 manifesto of the Awami League. Wazed was listed by the World Economic Forum as one of its Young Global Leaders. Wazed is also a lobbyist and columnist on behalf of the Bangladeshi government.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: Wazed has pledged to transform Bangladesh's IT industry into the country's largest export sector, but critics say he has achieved little towards that end. Wazed has accused the Editor of "The Daily Star", the country's largest circulated English daily, of sedition; and a pro-opposition journalist of attempted murder. Wazed has also had conflicts with Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus and refused to publicly denounce Islamic extremists for the murder of Bangladeshi atheists, in order to avoid alienating the country's conservative clergy, despite professing himself as a secularist.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: In 2007 and 2008, the country underwent another black chapter with an unelected caretaker government usurping power with the backing of the then military establishment. The notorious 'Minus Two' formula was put in place not only to rid the former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, but also Sajeeb Wazed's mother, the then Leader of the Opposition Sheikh Hasina. After Sheikh Hasina was arrested on non-existent charges which was subsequently found to be unsubstantiated, Sajeeb Wazed took charge of bringing the world's attention not only to the plight of his mother Sheikh Hasina, but also the restoration of democracy in his motherland by launching several campaigns in United States and Europe.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: His efforts brought fruition, and the military backed extra constitutional government was compelled to release Sheikh Hasina from prison, following which she has led two consecutive governments having won the national elections in 2008 and 2014 respectively.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: His formal involvement in the party made its way on 25 February 2010 as he became a primary member of the Rangpur (the ancestral home district of his late father) district unit of Awami League. In addition, he joined as a voluntary and unpaid advisor to the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, looking after the country's ICT present and future, a role which he continues till date. Using his mother's position and his own personal reputation among party leaders, he could easily have opted for a top position in the party. However, his humility, willing to learn from the bottom and leadership traits did not allow him to do that.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: Wazed first appeared on the Bangladeshi political scene in 2004, when he made a widely publicized visit to Bangladesh. On 25 February 2009, Wazed officially joined the Awami League as a primary member of the Rangpur district unit of the party. Rangpur is the ancestral home district of his father Wazed Miah and his potential parliamentary constituency.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: After the Awami League returned to power in 2009 with Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister for a second time, he made his first public statements after the BDR Mutiny, praising his mother's handling of the crisis. "This is probably the biggest incident Bangladesh has had since 1975 and our government and the prime minister has handled this compassionately, pragmatically but decisively to bring the situation under control" he said in an interview to the BBC.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: In April 2016, an exclusive write-up by David Bergman in the Indian website "The Wire" revealed that a "Suspicious Activity Report" (SAR) covering a transaction of US$300 million recorded in a memo of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was linked to Wazed. But the court documents did not provide any further information about the reference to ‘US$300 million’.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: In 2011, Wazed talk about Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus for his leadership of Grameen Bank, claiming high levels of "fraud and impropriety" in the use of Norwegian government funds at the Nobel Peace Prize-winning organization. He claims, The government of Norway raised this as a major concern and as a compromise US$30 million was returned. The remaining approximately US$70 million was never returned. All correspondence in this regard was from Yunus himself. A spokesman for the foreign ministry in Oslo said about this issue, it was agreed in 1998 that the bank should return money wrongly transferred from the Grameen Bank to Grameen Kalyan - another part of more than 30 companies headed by Muhammad Yunus that make up the Grameen group of companies. The government of Norway had been thoroughly investigated and that it considered it to be closed.


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: In 2015, Wazed defended the Awami League government's refusal to publicly condemn the murder of bloggers and publishers by Islamic extremists. He opined that the government was walking a fine line to avoid alienating the country's deeply conservative clergy. His comments were described by Nick Cohen in "The Guardian" as "pathetic"; while Trisha Ahmed, the stepdaughter of slain Avijit Roy, responded that "Bangladesh is powerless; it's corrupt, there is no law and order, and I highly doubt that any justice will come to the murderers."


title: Sajeeb Wazed

text: In 2016, Wazed accused Mahfuz Anam, editor and publisher of "The Daily Star", of treason and demanded his imprisonment for publishing reports in 2007 on the basis of intelligence sources, accusing his mother Sheikh Hasina of corruption. The BBC has reported that the Bangladeshi government has been seeking to curtail the finances of the influential newspaper. later on Mahfuz Anam has admitted to his 'biggest mistake' in journalism, saying it was wrong of him to run corruption stories against Sheikh Hasina during the 2007-8 military-controlled caretaker regime.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: Bruno Lauer (born October 27, 1965) is an American professional wrestling manager, referee, and occasional wrestler, better known by his ring names, Harvey Wippleman and Downtown Bruno.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: Wippleman began his career working in professional wrestling promotions in the Southern United States, especially Memphis. In the 1990s, he debuted in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he managed wrestlers such as Sid Justice, Kamala, Giant Gonzalez and Bertha Faye. In 2000, he became the first and only man to win the WWF Women's Championship, technically making him a one time wrestling world champion. Wippleman works backstage in WWE (formerly the WWF) and occasionally manages in the Memphis area as Downtown Bruno.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: In 1979, Lauer attended an independent wrestling show at a circus in Pennsylvania. In exchange for helping to tear down the ring after the show, he was given free admission. He later joined the company and toured Ohio. During this time, The Royal Kangaroos' Jonathan Boyd became his mentor. Back in Pennsylvania, Geeto Mongol trained Lauer and gave him the ring name Dr. Lennerd Spazzinsky.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: He then moved to Memphis, where he performed under the name Downtown Bruno. In 1986, he became the most prominent villainous manager in Memphis. In addition, wrestlers like Jerry Lawler and Sid Eudy helped his career. He continued to work in the Southern promotions for the rest of the late 1980s. In September 1989, he won the Continental Wrestling Federation's Southeastern United States Junior Heavyweight Championship and held it until the promotion closed in November. It was in Continental in 1987 that he first teamed with Eudy, while Eudy was under a mask as an incarnation of Lord Humongous.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: In 1991, Sid Eudy helped bring Lauer to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He debuted as Harvey Wippleman, a Pee-Wee Herman-like character wearing a pin-striped suit with slacks cut at his shins, a red bow-tie, and a flat cap. He first managed Big Bully Busick. When Busick left the company and Slick turned face, Wippleman took over managing The Warlord. However, Wippleman's greatest acquisition was his real-life friend, Sid Justice. When Sid turned heel, working on a program with Hulk Hogan leading to Wrestlemania, Wippleman became Sid Justice's manager and became "Dr. Harvey Wippleman". Wippleman would begin carrying a doctor's bag to the ring containing medical equipment. After Sid's matches against jobbers, Wippleman would retrieve a stethoscope from his bag and listen to the defeated wrestler's hearts.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: After Sid left the company, Wippleman managed Kamala, who was feuding with The Undertaker. After Kamala was defeated by Undertaker in a Coffin match at Survivor Series in 1992, Kamala left Wippleman and Reverend Slick became his new manager. Afterwards, Wippleman dropped the Dr. gimmick. He continued to feud with the Undertaker and brought a new wrestler to the WWF, the nearly eight-foot-tall Giant González. The feud culminated in a Rest in Peace match at SummerSlam, which Undertaker won. During this period, Wippleman also briefly managed Mr. Hughes, who left the WWF after a few months. Wippleman was also the manager of Adam Bomb from October 1993 until June 1994, when Bomb turned face, and feuded with Kwang, who was also being managed by Wippleman. Wippleman also managed Well Dunn, who faced the Rock 'n' Roll Express in the RnR's WWF debut on October 10, 1993.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: Since debuting in the WWF, Wippleman was always at odds with ring announcer Howard Finkel, whom Wippleman believed introduced him in a condescending manner. At WrestleMania X, Wippleman tore up Finkel's tuxedo, and Finkel shoved him to the mat. The feud culminated in a tuxedo match on the January 9, 1995 edition of "Monday Night RAW", which Finkel won.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: Wippleman's next high-profile storyline was later in 1995, when he managed his on-screen girlfriend Bertha Faye. Faye, with Wippleman in her corner, won the WWF Women's Championship by defeating Alundra Blayze at SummerSlam 1995. After losing the WWF Women's Championship in late 1995, Faye was dropped from the WWF roster and Wippleman disappeared from television. According to Lauer, he and Bertha didn't get along.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: By spring 1996, Wippleman began making appearances on "WWF Superstars", critiquing the referees during the matches in preparation to make a full report to WWF President Gorilla Monsoon about the apparent lack of consistency amongst the officials. Monsoon rewarded Wippleman for his efforts by making him an official referee. One of Wippleman's last appearances as a regular WWF referee during this time came on the March 10, 1997 episode of "Raw" when Chyna gorilla pressed him into a group of referees.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: On the May 19, 1997 episode of "Raw" Wippleman appeared in a backstage segment with Stone Cold Steve Austin telling Wippleman that he was going to be his tag team partner with Wippleman responding that he was scared. Wippleman also appeared as "Handsome Harvey," introducing D-Generation-X on "Raw" on November 24, 1997. This was to make fun of Rick Rude. Rude had been a member of DX and had just left the company a week earlier to go to WCW. This resulted in Rude being on both "Raw" and "WCW Monday Nitro" on the same night. (At the time, "Raw" was taped every other week while "Nitro" was live every week).


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: In June 1999, after another period of absence from television broadcasts, Wippleman resurfaced on the June 13 episode of "Sunday Night Heat" as a referee in a match between then-Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett and Test. Test won the match after outside interference, thus being named the new champion, but he was persuaded by Jarrett's valet Debra to overturn the result and return the belt. He also served as a scab official during the WWF referee strike in September 1999, including at the Unforgiven PPV, again refereeing a match with Jarrett defending the Intercontinental title against Chyna.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: On January 31, 2000, Wippleman won the WWF Women's Championship from The Kat while he was in a disguise and used the name "Hervina" in a "Lumberjill Snow Bunny" match, which took place in a snow-filled pool surrounded by female wrestlers who kept the competitors from leaving the pool. The win made him the first male to hold the Women's Championship. He lost the title the following day (but broadcast on February 3) to Jacqueline in a match that lasted under a minute, thus ending the shortest reign in the title's history. Through the remainder of 2000, Wippleman appeared in backstage and non-match segments of the WWF's television programming, including a segment on the April 23, 2000 episode of "Sunday Night Heat" where he appeared dressed up as a rabbit as part of a segment with Al Snow and Steve Blackman.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: At the point the Invasion storyline began in 2001, he had disappeared from WWF programming, and was then working as a road agent for the company.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: On November 15, 2010, for WWE's old school episode of "Raw", Wippleman returned to WWE, managing the Brooklyn Brawler in a squash loss to Ezekiel Jackson.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: As of 2011, Lauer was working with the WWE in backstage roles at television and pay-per-view events. In an interview with Jim Korderas, Lauer described his role as "concierge", taking care of details such as food, rental cars and the like.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: In 2020, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson named Lauer as the "GOAT" (greatest of all time) for assisting Johnson early in his career and providing him a place to stay.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: Lauer grew up in Walls, Mississippi, near Memphis. According to Lauer, he spent his teenage years "sprawling on car hoods, smoking cigarettes, and drinking beer with no particular ambition in mind". His drinking eventually caused Lauer to serve jail time in Memphis.


title: Harvey Wippleman

text: In 1994, Lauer was in a car accident with Joey Marella, which claimed Marella's life and injured Lauer. The crash occurred as a result of Marella falling asleep at the wheel while driving on the way to Newark. Marella was not wearing his seat belt, but Lauer–the passenger–was wearing his. Because of the severity of his injuries, however, Lauer incurred approximately $10,000 in medical expenses. He wrote an autobiography "Wrestling with the Truth", which was released in 2008. Lauer is Roman Catholic. Lauer was elected as a member of the board of aldermen for a four-year term on June 8, 2021, in his hometown of Walls, Mississippi.


title: Kennedy McMann

text: Kennedy Paige McMann (born October 30, 1996) is an American actress known for portraying the character Nancy Drew in the 2019 television series of the same name.


title: Kennedy McMann

text: McMann was born in Holland, Michigan, the daughter of Matthew and author Lisa McMann. She moved with her family to Arizona during her mid-elementary school years. She graduated in 2014 from Skyline High School where she was named one of Mesa Public Schools' five inaugural Students of the Month honorees during her senior year on November 12, 2013. McMann earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Acting from Carnegie Mellon University in 2018.


title: Kennedy McMann

text: In February 2019, McMann was signed as the titular character Nancy Drew on 2019 TV series, "Nancy Drew". In January 2020, the series was renewed for a second season. Its third season premiered on October 8, 2021. McMann has also appeared on The Wayne Ayers Podcast.


title: Kennedy McMann

text: McMann married her longtime boyfriend Sam McInerney in 2020. They met as fellow students at Carnegie Mellon University.


title: Chen Kaige

text: Chen Kaige (; born 12 August 1952) is a Chinese film director and a leading figure of the fifth generation of Chinese cinema. His films are known for their visual flair and epic storytelling. Chen won the Palme d'Or at 1993 Cannes Film Festival and the International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI) Award in 1993 for directing "Farewell My Concubine".


title: Chen Kaige

text: In recent years, Chen directed the war film "The Battle at Lake Changjin" and its sequel with Tsui Hark and Dante Lam, with the two films characterized by propagandistic storytelling and made in cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party.


title: Chen Kaige

text: Chen Kaige was born in Beijing, China into a family of Changle, Fuzhou origin, and grew up with fellow Fifth Generation alumnus Tian Zhuangzhuang as a childhood friend. His father was a well-known director in his own right. His mother Liu Yanchi () was a senior screenwriter. During the Cultural Revolution, Chen joined the Red Guards. As a teenage member of the Red Guards, Chen, like many other youths, denounced his own father, a fateful decision he eventually learned to regret. Indeed, this period of his life continues to influence much of his work today, notably in the unblinking depictions of the Cultural Revolution in "Farewell My Concubine", and in the father-son relationship in "Together". In 1969, Chen became a sent-down youth in Xishuangbanna Agricultural Reclamation Bureau for a short while before enlisting the People's Liberation Army (PLA) next year. In 1975, Chen was discharged from the army and returned to Beijing, where he worked as a worker in Beijing Film Printing Factory. Chen in 1978 joined the Beijing Film Academy, where he graduated in 1982 as part of the so-called Fifth Generation of Chinese filmmakers.


title: Chen Kaige

text: Upon graduating, Chen was assigned to the Guangxi Film Studio, along with a fellow graduate, Zhang Yimou. His first movie, "Yellow Earth" (1984), established itself as one of the most important works of Fifth Generation filmmaking; though simple, its powerful visual imagery (courtesy of cinematography by Zhang) and revolutionary storytelling style marked a sea change in how films were seen and perceived in the People's Republic of China. "The Big Parade" (1986) and "King of the Children" (1987) expanded on his filmic repertoire. In 1987, he was awarded a fellowship by the Asian Cultural Council and served as a visiting scholar at the New York University Film School. Early in 1989, he did further experimenting in a music video for the song "Do You Believe In Shame" by Duran Duran. Later that year, he made "Life on a String", a highly esoteric movie which uses mythical allegory and lush scenery to tell the story of a blind sanxian musician and his student. In the same year, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Chen Kaige

text: His most famous film in the West, "Farewell My Concubine" (1993), nominated for two Academy Awards and winner of the Palme d'Or at 1993 Cannes Film Festival, follows two Beijing opera stars through decades of change in China during the twentieth century. Chen followed up the unprecedented success of "Farewell My Concubine" with "Temptress Moon" (1996), another period drama starring Leslie Cheung and Gong Li. Though it was well received by most critics, it did not achieve the accolades that "Concubine" did, and many were put off by the film's convoluted plot line. Almost as famous is his "The Emperor and the Assassin" (1999), an epic involving the legendary King of Qin and the reluctant assassin who aims to kill him.


title: Chen Kaige

text: In 2002, Chen made his first, and to-date only, English-language film, "Killing Me Softly", a thriller starring Heather Graham and Joseph Fiennes, though it proved to be both a critical and popular disappointment. His more recent "Together" (2002) is an intimate film about a young violinist and his father. In 2005, he directed "The Promise", a fantasy wuxia picture. "The Promise" saw Chen shifting to a more commercial mindset, a shift regarded by some as a "radical stylistic turn" from his previous works.


title: Chen Kaige

text: In 2006, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 28th Moscow International Film Festival.


title: Chen Kaige

text: In 2008, Chen directed the semi-biography Forever Enthralled, which is a return for him in the sense of directing a film based on Chinese opera. He later went on to direct "Sacrifice" (2010), which is a re-imagining of the famous play "The Orphan of Zhao". The film was a box-office hit and many critics saw it as his "return to form".


title: Chen Kaige

text: Chen has also acted in several films, including Bernardo Bertolucci's "The Last Emperor" (1987) and his own "The Emperor and the Assassin" and "Together".


title: Chen Kaige

text: His 2012 film "Caught in the Web" was selected as the Chinese entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist.


title: Chen Kaige

text: Chen's first wife was Sun Jialin (), whom he met while working at the Beijing Film Factory, between 1975 and 1978; they married in 1983. That union ended and he later remarried, to Hong Huang, the daughter of Zhang Hanzhi, a diplomat who had worked as an English translator for Mao Zedong. She graduated from Vassar College in New York and is the current CEO of China Interactive Media Group. In the early 1990s, after their divorce, Chen lived with Ni Ping, a female television personality. In 1996, Chen married actress Chen Hong.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Gaz Coombes (born 8 March 1976) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the English alternative rock band Supergrass. He first entered the music scene aged 14 as the lead singer of the band The Jennifers which featured Supergrass bandmate Danny Goffey.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes first entered the music world at age 14 as the lead singer of the band The Jennifers. They recorded their demo at Stargoat, Banbury, released April 1991 a month after Gaz turned 15. The band undertook a nationwide tour before Coombes was fifteen. When they signed for their first recording contract with Nude Records, Coombes was under 18 at the time and so had to have his mother sign the contract for him.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: "There were a couple of ridiculous, punky, joke songs – "Harvey The Accountant" and "The Girl with the Removable Face". That one went: "The girl with the removable face/She didn't have much of a life/All the boys used to pull it off/And use it as a frisbee." Most of them were in that vein. Actually, we haven't changed much." says Coombes about some Jennifers songs.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: After the mild success experienced by The Jennifers, but still living with his parents, Coombes got a job at the local Harvester. He would take old Jennifers demos and play them over the restaurant's PA system before it opened, and this eventually led to him meeting Mick Quinn, a co-worker who played bass guitar and shared his musical tastes. With Danny Goffey they began to practice at Quinn's house, and Supergrass was formed shortly thereafter.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: In 1993 after The Jennifers disbanded, Coombes, Goffey and Quinn formed Supergrass. In 2002 Coombes's brother keyboardist Rob Coombes officially joined the band. Before that he was studying for an Astrophysics degree at Cardiff University. The band released six studio albums in their 17 years together, each of them entering the UK top 20: "I Should Coco" (1995), "In It for the Money" (1997), "Supergrass" (1999), "Life on Other Planets" (2002), "Road to Rouen" (2005) and "Diamond Hoo Ha" (2008). They also released a singles compilation "Supergrass Is 10" (2004), commemorating the first decade of the band's life.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: During the height of Supergrass' fame around 1995, Coombes received offers from "Vogue Italia" and Calvin Klein to model for them in their ad campaigns and magazine publications, as well as an offer from Steven Spielberg to make a Monkees-style TV show of the band. Coombes however, along with the rest of the band, declined these offers, saying; "Yes, we probably would have been face down in a pool if we'd said yes to all that. I mean, our heads would have returned to our shoulders at some point, but... it felt like cheating. Too easy. Short cut. Y'know? If you have to do all that to be the biggest band in the world then... then what does that say about your music? And all that... [the publicity offers] would have just got in the way of the music. It would have taken so long to get to grips with. We'd have lost years."


title: Gaz Coombes

text: In 1999, Coombes made an appearance on the ""Da Ali G Show"" and played the Supergrass song "Sun Hits the Sky", whilst having to deal with Ali G 'remixing' it as he performed. "I tried to take the mickey out of his goatee, and he came back with: "So, you are looking like a monkey..." But if you go on his show, you know what you're letting yourself in for."


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes appeared on "The Annex" on 2fm with Jenny Huston alongside Goffey before Supergrass took the stage at Malahide Castle in Dublin, Ireland to support Arctic Monkeys on 16 June 2007.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: On 12 April 2010 Coombes and the rest of Supergrass announced that the band was to split after seventeen years. Musical differences were cited as the reason. They played four farewell concerts before the split. Their seventh album "Release the Drones" remains unfinished and unreleased.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes announced on 28 October in The Hotrats and Supergrass Facebook page that he was working on his first solo album, recorded at his studio in Oxford with producer Sam Williams, and claimed that the record was on its final stages, planned to release it in 2011. He played most of the instruments on the record.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes starred in an advert for the Toyota Yaris where he plays himself and encounters a fan who wants a picture with him. The Supergrass single "Pumping on Your Stereo" also appears in the advert.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes appeared on and produced the single "Wonderful" by Little Fish, which was released in October 2011. In December 2011, Coombes performed his first solo shows at The Rotunda in Oxford and released his debut solo single "Hot Fruit" on 14 March 2012. His debut album, "Here Come the Bombs" was released shortly after and was well received by critics and fans alike.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: In May 2014, Coombes recorded a cover version of The Kinks' song "This Time Tomorrow" for a television advertisement for the UK department store, John Lewis. The song was subsequently released as a digital single on the Caroline International label.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes's second solo album, "Matador", was released on 26 January 2015. The album debuted at number 18 in the Official UK Album chart and was also nominated for a Mercury Prize and an Ivor Novello award.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: On 24 June 2016, Coombes supported The Last Shadow Puppets (featuring Arctic Monkeys' front man, Alex Turner, and Miles Kane) at Bristol Summer Series.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: On 10 January 2018, Coombes announced his third solo album, "World's Strongest Man" would be released in May. The announcement was accompanied by the launch of the single "Deep Pockets".


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes is the son of Eileen and John Coombes. His father was a food scientist, who enjoyed playing jazz piano, and his mother was an English teacher.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Although he was born in England, he lived with his family in San Francisco, California, from around the age of 5 up until the age of 9, at which point in 1985 they returned to his birthplace in Oxford.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes played classical piano at this age, but gradually moved on to an interest in playing guitar. He began to attend Wheatley Park School in Holton, Oxfordshire, but found himself being picked on for being 'girly'. His elder brother Rob was friends with Nic Goffey at the time, and one day on the school's playing fields a 13-year-old Gaz Coombes met and befriended Nic's younger brother, 15-year-old Danny Goffey. Danny Goffey was two years older than Coombes and helped to "protect him" from being teased. Goffey recounts what happened; "I mean, you couldn't fucking miss him. He was gorgeous. He grew sideburns and they [other pupils] gave him loads of shit, but I was really into him. I think I fancied him a bit, y'know? He's really beautiful. He wasn't very mature at that age. He was like a kid. I just went up to him and asked him to form a band. I could. I was a drummer. The tallest drummer in the school."


title: Gaz Coombes

text: Coombes originally lived in a Regency townhouse in Brighton, East Sussex, which he first purchased in 1999, with his partner Joules Poore and their daughter, Raya May (born 2003). Due to the death of his mother, Eileen, in 2005, he felt compelled to move back into her house in Oxford during 2006, where he had grown up. Coombes and his partner now have a second daughter, named Tiger (b. 17 May 2008). Gaz Coombes and his brothers Rob Coombes, Charly Coombes and Eddie Coombes also jointly own a converted barn in Northern France, which is where the Supergrass album "Road to Rouen" was recorded.


title: Gaz Coombes

text: His three siblings are all involved in music: the eldest is the keyboardist and fellow Supergrass member Rob, former 22-20s keyboardist Charly and Paris-based Ed (who also plays piano).


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: "Timber" is a song by American rapper Pitbull featuring American singer Kesha. The song was released on October 7, 2013, as the lead single from Pitbull's extended play (EP) "Meltdown EP". The song was produced by Dr. Luke, Cirkut, and Sermstyle, with additional production by Nick Seeley. The song interpolates Lee Oskar's 1978 single "San Francisco Bay" and features harmonica player Paul Harrington, who plays through the entire song and was told to emulate Oskar.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: The song was the 90th-most popular song of the decade according to "Billboard". It peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. It also topped the charts in over fifteen additional countries. According to the IFPI, the song sold 9.6 million units worldwide in 2014, including single-track downloads and track-equivalent streams, becoming the sixth best-selling song of that year. It was certified fifteen-times Platinum in Norway, diamond in the US and Germany, seven-times Platinum in Australia and Canada, and Gold or higher in fourteen additional countries.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: Kesha had previously featured Pitbull on remixes of her songs "Tik Tok" and "Crazy Kids", and Pitbull has featured Kesha on a 2009 song, "Girls". In an interview in December 2013, Pitbull said that Rihanna was originally meant to be the featured artist on "Timber", but she had already been asked to be the featured artist on Shakira's "Can't Remember to Forget You" and did not have time to record "Timber".


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: "Timber" is a dance-pop, EDM and folktronica song with elements of country. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute. The song is written in the key of G minor and follows a chord sequence of Gm–B–F–E. Kesha's vocals span from G♯ to D♯.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: Paul Harrington, who plays the harmonica throughout the track, was initially given a flat fee of $1,000 for his services. Three years later, however, after consulting an expert on music law, Harrington was paid a further $50,000.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: "Timber" made its first chart appearance on October 10, 2013, in the Republic of Ireland, where it debuted at number 67 on the Irish Singles Chart. The following week, the song climbed to number 19. In Austria, "Timber" debuted at number 69 on the Austrian Singles Chart on October 18, 2013, and eventually crowned the chart at number one. In Germany, the song debuted at number 90 on October 18, 2013, on the German Singles Chart and later peaked at number one.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: Timber debuted at number 49 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 on October 26, 2013. On January 18, 2014, the single reached number one on the chart, giving Kesha her third number-one single and her ninth and last top ten hit. As well as earning Pitbull his second number-one single and ninth top ten hit. Before topping the Hot 100, it had been stuck at number two for four weeks, behind "The Monster" by Eminem featuring Rihanna. "Timber" is also Kesha's eleventh top ten song on the Hot 100 chart. It also peaked at number one on the US Digital Songs chart, selling 442,000 copies in its peak week, constituting the fourth largest single week sum of 2013. It is also Pitbull's first song to do so. "Timber" also peaked at number one on the US Hot Rap Songs chart. It was the first number one single of 2014 in the US, and stayed at number one for three consecutive weeks. In May 2014, the single reached its 4 million sales mark. As of March 2016, the single has sold 4.7 million copies in the US. On June 23, 2022, the song was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming equivalent units of ten million in the United States, making it both Kesha's and Pitbull's first diamond certified single in the country.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: In Canada, the song debuted at number seventeen on the Canadian Hot 100 as the week's highest debut and climbed steadily to number one, where it has stood for eight consecutive weeks.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Timber" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on January 5, 2014 ― for the week ending date January 11, 2014 ― shifting 139,000 copies in its first week. This gave both artists their third chart-topping songs in Britain. By the end of 2014, the song had sold 744,000 copies in the UK.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: In South Korea, "Timber" debuted at number 16 on Gaon International Chart, but it debuted at number 13 on Gaon Download International Chart with 6,522 downloads. In its second week it reached number two on the International Chart. On the download chart, it jumped to number three, selling another 15,276 copies.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: "Timber" sold 68,321 copies during 2013 in South Korea. During January 2014, the single sold another 16,515 copies, and during February sold 15,482 digital units. During March 2014, another 13,975 units were sold in South Korea. According to the IFPI, the song sold 9.6 million units worldwide in 2014, including single-track downloads and track-equivalent streams, becoming the sixth best-selling song of that year.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: Kesha filmed her scenes on November 5, 2013, while Pitbull filmed his scenes one week later on November 12, 2013. The video also features a cameo by Italian model Raffaella Modugno and The Bloody Jug Band, an Orlando-based Americana Group, who perform on stage as the bar's house band. The beach scenes were filmed in Exuma islands, Bahamas.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: The music video has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube as of August 2021, making it his most viewed video as a lead artist.


title: Timber (Pitbull song)

text: The song's lyrical content itself was considered controversial. On June 25, 2014, it was reported that songwriters Lee Oskar, Keri Oskar, and Greg Errico had filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the makers of "Timber", which features a harmonica melody that Oskar claims is "identical" to the melody used in his 1978 song "San Francisco Bay". The songwriters were seeking $3 million USD in damages. The lawsuit alleges that while Sony Music may have obtained permission to use the sample, which is credited in the album notes for "Meltdown", from a license holder, the label failed to obtain permission from the songwriters themselves.


title: Cloning vector

text: A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be the plasmid of a bacterium. The vector contains features that allow for the convenient insertion of a DNA fragment into the vector or its removal from the vector, for example through the presence of restriction sites. The vector and the foreign DNA may be treated with a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA, and DNA fragments thus generated contain either blunt ends or overhangs known as sticky ends, and vector DNA and foreign DNA with compatible ends can then be joined together by molecular ligation. After a DNA fragment has been cloned into a cloning vector, it may be further subcloned into another vector designed for more specific use.


title: Cloning vector

text: There are many types of cloning vectors, but the most commonly used ones are genetically engineered plasmids. Cloning is generally first performed using "Escherichia coli", and cloning vectors in "E. coli" include plasmids, bacteriophages (such as phage λ), cosmids, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Some DNA, however, cannot be stably maintained in "E. coli", for example very large DNA fragments, and other organisms such as yeast may be used. Cloning vectors in yeast include yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs).


title: Cloning vector

text: All commonly used cloning vectors in molecular biology have key features necessary for their function, such as a suitable cloning site and selectable marker. Others may have additional features specific to their use. For reason of ease and convenience, cloning is often performed using "E. coli". Thus, the cloning vectors used often have elements necessary for their propagation and maintenance in "E. coli", such as a functional origin of replication (ori). The ColE1 origin of replication is found in many plasmids. Some vectors also include elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism in addition to "E. coli", and these vectors are called shuttle vector.


title: Cloning vector

text: All cloning vectors have features that allow a gene to be conveniently inserted into the vector or removed from it. This may be a multiple cloning site (MCS) or polylinker, which contains many unique restriction sites. The restriction sites in the MCS are first cleaved by restriction enzymes, then a PCR-amplified target gene also digested with the same enzymes is ligated into the vectors using DNA ligase. The target DNA sequence can be inserted into the vector in a specific direction if so desired. The restriction sites may be further used for sub-cloning into another vector if necessary.


title: Cloning vector

text: Other cloning vectors may use topoisomerase instead of ligase and cloning may be done more rapidly without the need for restriction digest of the vector or insert. In this TOPO cloning method a linearized vector is activated by attaching topoisomerase I to its ends, and this "TOPO-activated" vector may then accept a PCR product by ligating both the 5' ends of the PCR product, releasing the topoisomerase and forming a circular vector in the process. Another method of cloning without the use of DNA digest and ligase is by DNA recombination, for example as used in the Gateway cloning system. The gene, once cloned into the cloning vector (called entry clone in this method), may be conveniently introduced into a variety of expression vectors by recombination.


title: Cloning vector

text: A selectable marker is carried by the vector to allow the selection of positively transformed cells. Antibiotic resistance is often used as marker, an example being the beta-lactamase gene, which confers resistance to the penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin. Some vectors contain two selectable markers, for example the plasmid pACYC177 has both ampicillin and kanamycin resistance gene. Shuttle vector which is designed to be maintained in two different organisms may also require two selectable markers, although some selectable markers such as resistance to zeocin and hygromycin B are effective in different cell types. Auxotrophic selection markers that allow an auxotrophic organism to grow in minimal growth medium may also be used; examples of these are "LEU2" and "URA3" which are used with their corresponding auxotrophic strains of yeast.


title: Cloning vector

text: Another kind of selectable marker allows for the positive selection of plasmid with cloned gene. This may involve the use of a gene lethal to the host cells, such as barnase, Ccda, and the parD/parE toxins. This typically works by disrupting or removing the lethal gene during the cloning process, and unsuccessful clones where the lethal gene still remains intact would kill the host cells, therefore only successful clones are selected.


title: Cloning vector

text: Reporter genes are used in some cloning vectors to facilitate the screening of successful clones by using features of these genes that allow successful clone to be easily identified. Such features present in cloning vectors may be the "lacZ"α fragment for α complementation in blue-white selection, and/or marker gene or reporter genes in frame with and flanking the MCS to facilitate the production of fusion proteins. Examples of fusion partners that may be used for screening are the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase.


title: Cloning vector

text: A cloning vector need not contain suitable elements for the expression of a cloned target gene, such as a promoter and ribosomal binding site (RBS), many however do, and may then work as an expression vector. The target DNA may be inserted into a site that is under the control of a particular promoter necessary for the expression of the target gene in the chosen host. Where the promoter is present, the expression of the gene is preferably tightly controlled and inducible so that proteins are only produced when required. Some commonly used promoters are the T7 and "lac" promoters. The presence of a promoter is necessary when screening techniques such as blue-white selection are used.


title: Cloning vector

text: Cloning vectors without promoter and RBS for the cloned DNA sequence are sometimes used, for example when cloning genes whose products are toxic to "E. coli" cells. Promoter and RBS for the cloned DNA sequence are also unnecessary when first making a genomic or cDNA library of clones since the cloned genes are normally subcloned into a more appropriate expression vector if their expression is required.


title: Cloning vector

text: Some vectors are designed for transcription only with no heterologous protein expressed, for example for "in vitro" mRNA production. These vectors are called transcription vectors. They may lack the sequences necessary for polyadenylation and termination, therefore may not be used for protein production.


title: Cloning vector

text: A large number of cloning vectors are available, and choosing the vector may depend upon a number of factors, such as the size of the insert, copy number and cloning method. Large insert may not be stably maintained in a general cloning vector, especially for those with a high copy number, therefore cloning large fragments may require more specialised cloning vector.


title: Cloning vector

text: Plasmids are autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA. They are the standard cloning vectors and the ones most commonly used. Most general plasmids may be used to clone DNA insert of up to 15 kb in size. One of the earliest commonly used cloning vectors is the pBR322 plasmid. Other cloning vectors include the pUC series of plasmids, and a large number of different cloning plasmid vectors are available. Many plasmids have high copy number, for example pUC19 which has a copy number of 500-700 copies per cell, and high copy number is useful as it produces greater yield of recombinant plasmid for subsequent manipulation. However low-copy-number plasmids may be preferably used in certain circumstances, for example, when the protein from the cloned gene is toxic to the cells.


title: Cloning vector

text: Some plasmids contain an M13 bacteriophage origin of replication and may be used to generate single-stranded DNA. These are called phagemid, and examples are the pBluescript series of cloning vectors.


title: Cloning vector

text: The bacteriophages used for cloning are the λ phage and M13 phage. There is an upper limit on the amount of DNA that can be packed into a phage (a maximum of 53 kb), therefore to allow foreign DNA to be inserted into phage DNA, phage cloning vectors may need to have some non-essential genes deleted, for example the genes for lysogeny since using phage λ as a cloning vector involves only the lytic cycle. There are two kinds of λ phage vectors - insertion vector and replacement vector. Insertion vectors contain a unique cleavage site whereby foreign DNA with size of 5–11 kb may be inserted. In replacement vectors, the cleavage sites flank a region containing genes not essential for the lytic cycle, and this region may be deleted and replaced by the DNA insert in the cloning process, and a larger sized DNA of 8–24 kb may be inserted.


title: Cloning vector

text: There is also a lower size limit for DNA that can be packed into a phage, and vector DNA that is too small cannot be properly packaged into the phage. This property can be used for selection - vector without insert may be too small, therefore only vectors with insert may be selected for propagation.


title: Cloning vector

text: Cosmids are plasmids that incorporate a segment of bacteriophage λ DNA that has the cohesive end site ("cos") which contains elements required for packaging DNA into λ particles. It is normally used to clone large DNA fragments between 28 and 45 Kb.


title: Cloning vector

text: Insert size of up to 350 kb can be cloned in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). BACs are maintained in "E. coli" with a copy number of only 1 per cell. BACs are based on F plasmid, another artificial chromosome called the PAC is based on the P1 phage.


title: Cloning vector

text: Yeast artificial chromosome are used as vectors to clone DNA fragments of more than 1 mega base (1Mb=1000kb) in size. They are useful in cloning larger DNA fragments as required in mapping genomes such as in the Human Genome Project. It contains a telomeric sequence, an autonomously replicating sequence (features required to replicate linear chromosomes in yeast cells). These vectors also contain suitable restriction sites to clone foreign DNA as well as genes to be used as selectable markers.


title: Cloning vector

text: Human artificial chromosome may be potentially useful as a gene transfer vectors for gene delivery into human cells, and a tool for expression studies and determining human chromosome function. It can carry very large DNA fragment (there is no upper limit on size for practical purposes), therefore it does not have the problem of limited cloning capacity of other vectors, and it also avoids possible insertional mutagenesis caused by integration into host chromosomes by viral vector.


title: Cloning vector

text: Viruses that infect plant and animal cells have also been manipulated to introduce foreign genes into plant and animal cells. The natural ability of viruses to adsorb to cells, introduce their DNA and replicate have made them ideal vehicles to transfer foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells in culture. A vector based on Simian virus 40 (SV40) was used in first cloning experiment involving mammalian cells. A number of vectors based on other type of viruses like Adenoviruses and Papilloma virus have been used to clone genes in mammals. At present, retroviral vectors are popular for cloning genes in mammalian cells. In case of plants like Cauliflower mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Gemini viruses have been used with limited success.


title: Cloning vector

text: Many general purpose vectors such as pUC19 usually include a system for detecting the presence of a cloned DNA fragment, based on the loss of an easily scored phenotype. The most widely used is the gene coding for "E. coli" β-galactosidase, whose activity can easily be detected by the ability of the enzyme it encodes to hydrolyze the soluble, colourless substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactoside) into an insoluble, blue product (5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro indigo). Cloning a fragment of DNA within the vector-based "lacZα" sequence of the β-galactosidase prevents the production of an active enzyme. If X-gal is included in the selective agar plates, transformant colonies are generally blue in the case of a vector with no inserted DNA and white in the case of a vector containing a fragment of cloned DNA.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Salvatore Antonio "Sal" Naturile, also known as Donald Matterson (c. 1953/1954– August 23, 1972) was an American bank robber whose attempted robbery of a Chase Manhattan bank branch in Brooklyn, along with John Wojtowicz, in August 1972, inspired the 1975 film "Dog Day Afternoon." In the film he is portrayed by actor John Cazale.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Little is known about Naturile's background except for criminal acts he committed and that he lived in Manhattan, in the same neighborhood as John Wojtowicz. As a child growing up in Keansburg, New Jersey, Naturile had been picked up and arrested on many charges of truancy, grand larceny, burglary and dangerous drugs. He spent most of his teen years in and out of state reform schools, and as a youth while incarcerated in prison, he was victim to numerous acts of sodomy from older, stronger inmates.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Within the three months before the fatal robbery attempt, Naturile had been charged with possession of burglary tools and possession of narcotics.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: In his novelization of the crime, Patrick Mann suggests that Naturile had connections with the Italian mafia in New York City, but he had no known associations with organized crime. Naturile sported a faint blond mustache, and crude tattoos on his arms and thighs. He lived mostly as a drifter, but a "New York Times" article stated that he remained in contact with and occasionally lived with his mother.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Naturile and Wojtowicz first met at Danny's, a gay bar on Seventh Avenue South in lower Manhattan, where Wojtowicz initially claimed that a bank executive from Chase Manhattan had suggested they rob the bank.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: On August 22, 1972, Naturile and two accomplices attempted to rob a branch of the Chase Manhattan bank at 450 Avenue P in Gravesend, Brooklyn; the robbery was led by John Wojtowicz and Robert Westenberg. The robbers entered the bank armed with a .38 caliber handgun and carrying a box which contained a shotgun and a rifle; all three weapons were purchased by Wojtowicz.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Westenberg was to provide the demand note to the bank manager but, unnerved by a police car on the street, fled the scene before the robbery was announced. Wojtowicz and Naturile then held seven Chase Manhattan bank employees hostage for 14 hours. Wojtowicz, a former bank teller, had some knowledge of bank operations and drew inspiration from scenes of "The Godfather" (1972), which he had seen earlier that day. The note they passed to the cashier read: "This is an offer you can't refuse."


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Before the robbery, Naturile had informed Wojtowicz and Westenberg that he would rather die than go back to prison. He was seen by the police on the scene as being nervous, high strung, and volatile. The police feared that increasing the pressure placed on Naturile and Wojtowicz would cause them to become frightened, unbalanced, and impossible to negotiate with on reasonable terms.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: During the robbery, Naturile was dressed in a black business suit and tie, and carried an attaché case. His last meal consisted of takeout pizza and soda pop, which he consumed during the holdout at the bank with the hostages. The robbery was meant to fund the sex reassignment operation of Wojtowicz's trans wife, Elizabeth Eden. Naturile's share was to finance his two sisters' removal from foster care and separation from their mother, who drank and neglected all three of her children.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: During the robbery, Naturile surveyed the street and alleyway, realizing the robbers were surrounded by police. The bank manager and tellers he held hostage reported later that he spoke often of the tremendous power of the .30-06 rifle and his ability and willingness to use it.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York City Police Department (NYPD) feared Naturile during the hostage situation more than the more stable Wojtowicz. Naturile was the only one of the robbers who had a previous criminal record and was known by the police.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Wojtowicz fired a single shot at the police through the Chase Manhattan bank's exit rear door, fearing the police were preparing to storm the building. Only one other shot was fired during the standoff: when the rifle used by Wojtowicz accidentally discharged when it was dropped on the floor.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Wojtowicz identified Naturile to police by his criminal alias, "Donald Matterson". Naturile had used the alias when he was arrested for possession of narcotics and burglary tools five months before the bank robbery. Consequently, for two hours, local television stations, live at the scene, reported that the two suspects were Wojtowicz and Donald Matterson. It was not until later the latter was officially identified as Salvatore Naturile, who had charges pending against him for his arrest in Manhattan for possession of burglary tools, after having been released on parole.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: When entering the limo to be chauffeured to the John F. Kennedy International Airport in South Ozone Park, Queens, along with the hostages, Wojtowicz told Naturile to sit with bank employee Shirley Ball and one of her co-workers in the third row, while the others sat in the fourth, reserving the fifth row for himself and the two remaining hostages. There was a .38 caliber handgun hidden in the front seat of the limousine that Wojtowicz missed when searching the vehicle upon its first arriving at the bank. FBI Special Agent Fred Fehl positioned himself on the driver's side of the limo next to the open window closest to Naturile, who sat between two hostages in the third row. FBI Special Agent Dick Baker took up a position on the right side of the car closest to Wojtowicz, who was still situated in the rear seat. NYPD Police Chief of Detectives Louis C. Cottell, who headed the negotiations during the initial standoff, stayed 15 feet away from the rear of the limo.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: When everyone prepared for the final standoff, the "getaway" Hansa Jet rolled out onto the tarmac where they sat in the limo. Baker asked agent James Murphy, who was posing as the limousine driver, to ask whether the group wanted any food on the flight. Agent Murphy took advantage of this opportunity to assess the threat Naturile and Wojtowicz posed from where they were situated in the vehicle as he turned to ask them the trigger question. Baker responded with one word, "Yes," which was Murphy's cue to act. Agent Murphy grabbed the handgun with his left hand and ordered the two men to "freeze." Simultaneously, Agent Fehl and the driver wrestled with the barrel of Naturile's shotgun, knocking it toward the ceiling.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Agent Murphy shot Naturile in the chest at close range. Naturile slumped in the seat, mortally wounded.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Agent Baker secured the rifle lying across Wojtowicz's lap. Wojtowicz surrendered without further incident.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Naturile was rushed to the hospital by an ambulance that was waiting at the scene but was pronounced dead on arrival. A middle-aged man named Wallace Hamilton, who told reporters he was a friend of Naturile's, identified Naturile's corpse at the city morgue following the robbery.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: Naturile's story was used as part of the basis for the film "Dog Day Afternoon." Released in 1975, it starred Al Pacino as Wojtowicz (called "Sonny Wortzik" in the film) and John Cazale, Pacino's co-star in "The Godfather" (1972), as Naturile.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: In 1975, Wojtowicz wrote a letter to "The New York Times" expressing concern that people would believe the film version of the events, which he said was only "30% accurate". Among other objections, he stated that the film insinuated he had "sold out" Naturile to the police, which he claims was untrue. Several attempts were made on Wojtowicz's life following an inmate screening of the movie.


title: Salvatore Naturile

text: An 18-year-old actor was originally to be cast in the role of Naturile, but actor John Cazale, who was 39 years old at the time of production, ultimately got the part.


title: Changesonebowie

text: Changesonebowie is a compilation album by English musician David Bowie, issued through RCA Records in 1976. It collected songs from the 1969–1976 period, including the first LP appearance of "John, I'm Only Dancing". A "sax version" of this song, cut during the "Aladdin Sane" sessions in 1973, appeared on the first 1000 copies of the UK pressing (identified by the lack of the RCA logo in the upper-right corner of the cover). Later pressings of "Changesonebowie" featured the original version of the single that had been recorded and released in 1972. All US pressings of the LP contain this original version as well.


title: Changesonebowie

text: Two of the tracks, "Ziggy Stardust" and "Suffragette City", had never been released as singles when "Changesonebowie" was issued, though the former had been the B-side of "The Jean Genie" in November 1972 and the latter would be released as an A-side in July 1976 to help promote the compilation.


title: Changesonebowie

text: RCA Records reissued "Changesonebowie" on CD in 1984, but it was withdrawn shortly afterwards, along with the rest of Bowie's RCA catalogue, due to a conflict between Bowie and RCA. The RCA CD contains the original single version of "John, I'm Only Dancing".


title: Changesonebowie

text: When the Bowie catalogue was reissued by Rykodisc beginning in 1990, "Changesonebowie" was replaced by a new compilation, "Changesbowie", on which "Fame" was superseded by the "Gass Mix" of "Fame 90" (produced and remixed by Jon Gass) and "'Heroes'", "Ashes to Ashes", "Fashion", "Let's Dance", "China Girl", "Modern Love", and "Blue Jean" were added. In addition to the above, Rykodisc added the songs "Starman" (following "Space Oddity"), "Life on Mars?" (following "The Jean Genie"), and "Sound and Vision" (following "Golden Years") to the double-LP editions of the album.


title: Changesonebowie

text: A remastered edition of the original "Changesonebowie" compilation was released on 20 May 2016, on vinyl and CD, to mark its 40th anniversary. On 13 April 2018, "Changesonebowie" was released in digital/streaming formats, along with a newly remastered edition of its follow-up, "Changestwobowie", on vinyl, CD and digital/streaming.


title: Changesonebowie

text: The cover provided the inspiration for the 2009 expanded edition of the Morrissey album "Southpaw Grammar".


title: Changesonebowie

text: In 1987, as part of their 20th anniversary, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked it number 96 on "The Top 100 Albums of the Last Twenty Years." In 2003, the album was ranked number 425 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Jay Evan Jackson, known professionally as Laganja Estranja (born December 28, 1988) is an American choreographer and drag queen based in Los Angeles. Laganja competed on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", finishing in eighth place. She came out as transgender in 2021.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Jackson was born to Nancy Lynn Ferrin Jackson and David Michael Jackson, was raised in Dallas, Texas, and attended the Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. Both of her parents worked as high school guidance counselors for over 30 years. She obtained a BFA in dance from the California Institute of the Arts.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Laganja Estranja's drag debut was at Micky's West Hollywood on November 7, 2011. After winning the Amateur Competition, Laganja became an official "Showgirl" with a monthly gig at Micky's. Laganja went on to win "Queen of Queens" at 340 Nightclub in Pomona, CA and "Best Newcomer" in West Hollywood.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: In April 2013, Laganja Estranja auditioned for "RuPaul's Drag Race". She was accepted in the show, and filmed in the summer of 2013. In 2014, the sixth season of drag-oriented reality competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" aired on LogoTV. Laganja performed moderately well on the show, winning a challenge when she was partnered with the eventual runner-up, Adore Delano. Laganja was eliminated in the eighth episode of the season, placing her in a small category of contestants in the show's history who were eliminated the week after winning a challenge. At the outset of the show, Laganja received quite a lot of attention on social media for her entrance. During the show, Laganja became infamous for her over-the-top dramatics, catchphrases, and emotional breakdowns. Eventual winner Bianca Del Rio credited Laganja as the root of every memorable quote from the following season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Laganja's mannerisms have since been parodied by fellow drag queens, including Alaska Thunderfuck.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Laganja Estranja is the drag daughter of Alyssa Edwards, and the drag sister of Shangela and Plastique Tiara —all of whom competed on "RuPaul's Drag Race", Edwards appearing on season 5 and season 2 of "", Shangela appearing on season 2 and 3 and "All Stars" season 3, and Tiara on season 11. Under the moniker of the Haus of Edwards, they have internationally toured and performed together on multiple occasions, most notably at the pre-show warm-up for the finale episode of the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Laganja currently hosts her own web show on the drag-centric platform World of Wonder, the same production company behind RuPaul's Drag Race, RuPaul's DragCon LA, and RuPaul's DragCon NYC.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Laganja appeared as a Lip-Sync Assassin in the third episode of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Season 6, winning the lip-sync against fellow season 6 contestant, Trinity K. Bonet.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: She was a featured performer during Jennifer Lopez's performance at the 2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: In 2014, Laganja contributed vocals to a cover of RuPaul's "Jealous of My Boogie", for the album "". Throughout 2014, Laganja was featured on three singles, contributing a rap verse to each song. In 2015, she released her debut single as a lead artist, titled "Legs", which featured American rapper Rye Rye. In June 2015, "Legs" was rated as the third best song by a "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant by Pitchfork Media. In June 2015, Laganja was featured on fellow "RuPaul's Drag Race" star, Alaska Thunderfuck's debut album, "Anus", on the track "Gimme All Your Money".


title: Laganja Estranja

text: In 2016, she released both her third single "Tease 4U" and a Christmas Album with the Haus of Edwards. Her single on the album is entitled "Green XXXmas," and the video featured exotic dancer Candace Cane. In September 2018, she released her fourth single "Look At Me" featuring J. Tyler, and an accompanying video. The video took a stance against arrests for marijuana possession. In November 2018, she released a lyric video for her fifth single "Smoke Break".


title: Laganja Estranja

text: As a cannabis rights activist, Laganja has hosted conversations on cannabis legalization at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, and at Impulse in San Francisco. She has also been featured twice in "High Times Magazine" as well as on the cover of "Dope Magazine", making her the first LGBTQ+ advocate on the cover of a cannabis magazine. In 2014, Laganja launched a collection of marijuana-themed merchandise including a jewelry line named Laganja Estranja Is My Enemy. Laganja has also collaborated with Blunted Objects on a marijuana-themed statement necklace.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: In September 2018, Laganja was interviewed by Civilized Magazine about her music video for "Look at Me" that “slammed” the war on drugs. The interview by Civilized — a magazine reported to be for the millions of adults who choose to enjoy cannabis recreationally — covered a number of aspects behind the imagery of Laganja's music video. Leafly, the world's largest cannabis information site, featured Laganja on its in-house podcast in January 2019. The podcast, "The Hash", explored, alongside Laganja, topics like homophobia in the cannabis industry and what it's like to often be the only queer person in a room.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: The Laganja Estranja lifestyle brand includes a collaboration preroll joint with San Francisco's The Hepburns, called "LAhepburns." Laganja also partnered with FRUIT SLABS, a company making cannabis infused, vegan, real-fruit squares for their 2019 PRIDE collection. Laganja worked with FRUIT SLABS to create a one-of-a-kind flavor to be offered for a limited time.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: Graduating from The California Institute of the Arts in 2011 with a bachelor of fine arts degree in dance and choreography, Laganja is a skilled choreographer, teacher, and dancer. A Presidential Scholar in The Arts, Laganja performed her original work “not today” at the Kennedy Center in 2007. Laganja is also a YoungArts Silver Winner and returns every year to the program to mentor high school students in Miami, Florida. Laganja's choreography credits include "Germany's Next Top Model", "NYC Cosmetics FACE Awards", and for commercial artists such as Miley Cyrus and Brooke Candy.


title: Laganja Estranja

text: In mid-2017, Laganja led a dance theatre project on gender expression with artists across Europe assembling in Nottingham, UK for a four-day workshop and showcase exploring the boundaries of gender identity. “G[END]ER” was in collaboration with Backlit Gallery, Kitty Tray, and Nottingham Contemporary. In the fall of 2018, Laganja elaborated on this idea of gender expression with her dance residency at YoungArts. The immersive experience included live vocals, original compositions, and curated set design. In late-2018, Laganja was partnered with the Pérez Art Museum Miami (Pamm) to present the art of drag for a one-day Poplife Social YoungArts Takeover. The event at the world-renowned art museum included an invitation from Laganja herself, “Onto Pamm’s terrace to warm up their dance muscles, ‘sissy that walk’ across the space and participate in a fan dance inspired by traditional Japanese performance.”