title: Madison Hemings

text: Hemings referred to Sally Hemings as "mother" and Jefferson as "father", who treated one another with respect. Hemings described Jefferson as even-tempered and "uniformly kind". He compared Jefferson's affectionate treatment of his white grandchildren to that of the Hemings children, who were not treated with affection or partiality. Henry Wiencek asserts that while Jefferson felt no emotion when he saw "eternal monotony" in the faces of black-skinned enslaved people, seeing himself in the faces of the Hemings children, who were enslaved, caused him to remain emotionally distant from his off-spring with Sally.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Hemings grew up at Monticello with an older brother Beverley, older sister Harriet, and a younger brother Eston. Two or more other siblings died young. Sally and her four surviving children were listed together in Jefferson's Farm Book at Monticello in 1810. The children were fair-skinned and some bore a remarkable resemblance to Jefferson. Jefferson's grandchildren were not told that they were related to the Hemings children.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Hemings was named for Jefferson's close friend, James Madison. According to Hemings, Dolley Madison requested the honor of his being named after her husband, who was afterwards President of the United States. As a young child, Hemings and his siblings stayed in or near the main house, sometimes running errands. Unlike other enslaved children, they had light work, were able to stay near their mother, and knew that they would be freed upon coming of age. Hemings learned to read and write from white children and was partially self-taught. At the age of 12 or 14, Hemings was apprenticed to his uncle, Sally's brother John Hemings, to learn carpentry and fine woodworking. Beverley and Eston were also apprentices. The brothers worked in the Joiner's Shop at Poplar Forest and Monticello in total from 1810 to 1826. By 1824, Jefferson gave Hemings and his younger brother a patch of land to grow vegetables. At harvest, the boys were paid for 100 heads of cabbage. All three of the Hemings brothers learned to play the violin, the instrument associated with Jefferson. As an adult, Eston Hemings made a living as a musician. Their sister, Harriet, learned to weave.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Hemings stated that Beverley and Harriet moved to Washington D.C. in 1822 when they "ran away" from Monticello. Jefferson ensured that Harriet was given $50 () for her journey to Washington, D.C. Because of their light skin and appearance (they were 7/8 European or octoroon), both identified with the white community and probably changed their names. After Beverley had left, Jefferson updated his Farm Book with his name and "runaway 22". Harriet's leaving was similarly recorded. Hemings said they had married white spouses of good circumstances, and moved into white society. They apparently kept their paternity a secret, as it would have revealed their origins as slaves.


title: Madison Hemings

text: According to the terms of Jefferson's will, twenty-one-year-old Madison Hemings and his brother Eston were emancipated in 1827. As stipulated in Jefferson's will, the state legislature was petitioned to allow the brothers, their mother, and Joseph Fossett to remain in the state after the one-year residency limit for freedmen. The Hemings rented a house in Charlottesville, where Sally lived with them. At the age of 50, she was considered an old woman in the slave trade. She was not formally freed but was "given her time" by Jefferson's surviving daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph, who was also Hemings' niece. Sally Heming's children were the only family unit freed (or helped to escape) by Jefferson. In the 1830 Albemarle County census, Madison, Eston and Sally Hemings were all classified as free whites, sometimes they were classified as mixed race. Sally Hemings died in Charlotte in 1835. During their time in Charlottesville, Hemings had built a wood and brick house on Main Street.


title: Madison Hemings

text: On November 21, 1831, Madison wed Mary Hughes McCoy, a free woman of mixed-race ancestry (her grandfather Samuel Hughes, a white planter, freed her grandmother Chana from slavery and had children with her).


title: Madison Hemings

text: In 1836, Hemings, his wife, and their infant daughter Sarah left Charlottesville for Pike County, Ohio. Eston and his family—and Mary's family—had already moved there. They lived in Chillicothe, which had a thriving free black community, abolitionists among both races, and a station of the Underground Railroad. Surviving records in Pike County state that Hemings purchased for $150 on July 22, 1856, sold the same area for $250 on December 30, 1859, and purchased for $10 per acre on September 25, 1865 in Ross County, Ohio. During that time, Hemings helped build houses in Waverly, Ohio, which was known for its anti-black sentiment.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Madison and Mary Hemings were the parents of nine children: Sarah, Thomas Eston, Harriet, Mary Ann, Catherine Jane, William Beverly, James Madison, Julia Ann and Ellen Wayles Hemings. Their daughter Sarah was born in Virginia; the rest of the children were born in Ohio. Hemings had a quiet life as a modestly successful free black farmer and carpenter.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Following passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Eston and his family moved in 1852 to Madison, Wisconsin, to get further from possible danger from slave catchers. Slave catchers were known to kidnap free black people and sell them into slavery, as demand and prices were high in the Deep South. Eston lived as a white man in Wisconsin. Of Sally Hemings' children, Hemings was the only one that lived among African Americans after he attained his freedom. (In September 1831, in his mid-twenties, Madison Hemings was described in a special census of the State of Virginia as being: 5 feet 7 3/8 inches high light complexion no scars or marks perceivable". Forty-two years later, a journalist described him as "five feet ten inches in height, sparely made, with sandy complexion and a mild gray eye.")


title: Madison Hemings

text: In 1873, Hemings used an Ohio newspaper interview about his life, titled, "Life Among the Lowly," to address the Jefferson/Hemings controversy, stating that Jefferson was his and his three siblings' father. Hemings was a widower when he died of consumption on November 28, 1877 in Huntington Township, Ross County, Ohio.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Sally Hemings had at least six children whose births were recorded. Some sources, including Hemings's memoir, says that Sally Hemings conceived her first child while in Paris with Jefferson, but that the baby died shortly after birth. Another daughter named Harriet, whose birth was recorded at the time, also died shortly after birth, but four other children lived to adulthood, three boys and one girl: Beverly, Harriet (the second daughter given this name), Madison, and Eston. Beverly and Harriet left Monticello to go North when they were both around twenty-one years of age, but Madison and Eston were freed by Jefferson's will after he died. Although Jefferson did not legally manumit Beverly and Harriet, he secretly arranged and paid for Harriet's transportation to Philadelphia, using his overseer Edmund Bacon as an intermediary. Although he marked in his Farm Book that both had "run away," Jefferson never made any attempt to re-enslave them. Gordon-Reed noted that this Hemings family was the only one in which all the children were freed, and Harriet the only enslaved woman he freed. She suggests this special treatment was significant and related to their status as his "natural" children.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Largely as a result of revived interest in this case following Gordon-Reed's book, a Y-DNA analysis of Carr, Jefferson and Hemings descendants was conducted in 1998. Y-DNA is passed on virtually unchanged through the direct male line. It showed no match between the Carr male line, proposed for more than 150 years as the father(s), and the one Hemings descendant tested. It did show a match between the Y-DNA haplotype of the Jefferson male line and the Hemings descendant, which is a rare type.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Since 1998 and the DNA study, which affirmed the historical evidence, many historians have accepted that the widower Jefferson had a long, sexual relationship with Hemings, and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. The Thomas Jefferson Foundation (TJF), which runs Monticello, conducted an independent historic review in 2000, as did the National Genealogical Society in 2001; the scholars of both reviews concluded Jefferson was probably the father of all Hemings's children.


title: Madison Hemings

text: There are no living male-line descendants of Madison Hemings. Beverley Hemings' descendants have been lost to history, as he apparently changed his name after moving to Washington, DC and passing into white society. Descendants of Madison Hemings declined to have the remains of his son William Hemings disturbed to extract DNA for testing (he was buried in the Leavenworth National Cemetery, just as Wayles-Jefferson descendants declined to have Thomas Jefferson's remains disturbed.


title: Madison Hemings

text: In 2012, the Smithsonian Institution and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation held a major exhibit at the National Museum of American History: "Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty." It said that "evidence strongly support[s] the conclusion that Jefferson was the father of Sally Hemings' children."


title: Madison Hemings

text: Madison Hemings' youngest daughter Ellen Wayles Hemings married Andrew Jackson Roberts, a graduate of Oberlin College. They moved from Ohio to Los Angeles, California in 1885 with their first son Frederick, age six. The senior Roberts founded the first black-owned mortuary there and became a civic leader in the developing community. Their son, Frederick Madison Roberts, named for his maternal grandfather, was college-educated and became a businessman in partnership with his father. He also became a community leader. In 1918 Roberts was first elected to the California legislature. He was re-elected numerous times, serving for a total of 16 years, and becoming known as "dean of the assembly". He is believed to have been the first person of African-American ancestry elected to political office west of the Mississippi River. Both he and his brother William Giles Roberts graduated from college. The Roberts descendants for generations have had a strong tradition of college education and public service. Their daughter Mary Ann Johnson left the state of Ohio, but the remainder of their children stayed in southern Ohio.


title: Madison Hemings

text: Many of the Hemings' descendants who remained in Ohio were interviewed in the late twentieth century by two Monticello researchers as part of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation's "Getting Word" project. They were collecting oral histories from the descendants of enslaved families at Monticello; material has been added to the Monticello website and was included in the national "Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello" 2012 exhibit. The researchers found that Hemings' descendants had married within the mixed-race community for generations, choosing light-skinned spouses of an educated class and identifying as people of color within the black community.


title: Madison Hemings

text: In 2010 Shay Banks-Young and Julia Jefferson Westerinen, descendants of Sally Hemings who identify as black and white, respectively, were honored together with David Works, a descendant of Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, with the Search for Common Ground award for "their work to bridge the divide within their family and heal the legacy of slavery." They have spoken about race and their historically divided and united family, and have been featured on NPR and in other interviews across the country.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: Vladimir Tenev (; born 13 February 1987) is a Bulgarian-American entrepreneur who is the co-founder (with Baiju Bhatt) and CEO of Robinhood, a US-based financial technology services company.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: Tenev was born in Bulgaria, and his parents migrated to the U.S. when he was five. His parents both worked for the World Bank. He attended Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County, Virginia.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: He earned a degree in mathematics from Stanford University, where he met Baiju Bhatt. He studied for a mathematics PhD at UCLA, but dropped out to work with Bhatt.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: In 2010, Tenev and Bhatt started a high-frequency trading software company called Celeris. By January 2011 they abandoned it to create Chronos Research, which sold low-latency software to other trading firms and banks.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: In 2013, Tenev and Bhatt co-founded the trading platform Robinhood. In 2015, Robinhood launched its mobile app to the public. Following a funding round in May 2018 which increased Robinhood's valuation to $6 billion, Tenev and Bhatt became billionaires.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: In November 2020, Tenev became the sole CEO of Robinhood, having previously shared the co-CEO title with Bhatt.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: Tenev defended Robinhood's decision to prevent users from buying stock or options in a variety of securities, notably GameStop, during the GameStop short squeeze; the decision had sparked widespread criticism from users of the app as well as politicians in both major American parties.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: On January 28, 2021, Robinhood was among a number of brokerages that halted users from buying stock or options in GameStop and the other heavily shorted-securities.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: On February 18, 2021, Tenev testified before the United States House Committee on Financial Services regarding Robinhood's role during the GameStop short squeeze. Tenev came under criticism from members of both parties and was criticized for struggling to provide answers to a number of questions.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: His testimony explained that Robinhood’s decision to halt securities was driven by a need to meet federal clearinghouse deposit requirements, and refuted a number of theories that accused Robinhood of colluding with hedge funds during the squeeze.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: In its July 1, 2021 S-1 filing with the SEC, Robinhood disclosed that the US Attorney's Office had executed a search warrant for Tenev's cell phone as part of a probe into the GameStop short squeeze.


title: Vlad Tenev

text: Tenev is married to Celina A. Tenev, notably a Co-Founder of an emergency health service, Call9. The pair have one daughter.


title: Cretan Bull

text: In Greek mythology, the Cretan Bull () was the bull Pasiphaë fell in love with, giving birth to the Minotaur.


title: Cretan Bull

text: Minos was king in Crete. In order to confirm his right to rule, rather than any of his brothers, he prayed Poseidon send him a snow-white bull as a sign. Poseidon sent Minos the bull, with the understanding that bull would be sacrificed to the god. Deciding that Poseidon's bull was too fine of a specimen to kill, Minos sent the bull to his herds and substituted another, inferior bull for sacrifice. Enraged, Poseidon had Aphrodite curse Pasiphaë, the wife of Minos, causing her to fall in love with the bull. She subsequently gave birth to the half-man, half-bull, Minotaur. Poseidon passed on his rage to the bull, causing him to lay waste to the land.


title: Cretan Bull

text: After consulting the oracle at Delphi, Minos had Daedalus construct the Labyrinth to hold the Minotaur.


title: Cretan Bull

text: Heracles was sent to capture the bull by Eurystheus as his seventh task. He sailed to Crete, whereupon Minos gave Heracles permission to take the bull away as he had been wreaking havoc on Crete by uprooting crops and leveling orchard walls. Heracles captured the bull, and then shipped him to Eurystheus in Tiryns. The bull later broke loose and wandered into Marathon, becoming known as the "Marathonian Bull". Eurystheus then sent Heracles to bring back the man-eating Mares of Diomedes (the next task).


title: Cretan Bull

text: Androgeus, a son of Minos and Pasiphaë, competed in the games held by Aegeus, King of Athens. He won all the games, but the bull, which broke free from his pen, rampaged through the city and trampled Androgeus. Devastated, Minos went to war with Athens and won. As punishment, the Athenians had to send several youths every 9 years to be devoured by the Minotaur.


title: Cretan Bull

text: Theseus set to try to capture the bull. On the way to Marathon, Theseus sought shelter from a storm in the shack owned by an old lady named Hecale. She swore to make a sacrifice to Zeus if Theseus was successful in capturing the bull. Theseus did capture the bull, but when he returned to Hecale's hut, she was dead. Theseus built a deme in her honour. He then dragged the bull to Athens where he sacrificed him to Athena and/or Apollo. Theseus then went to Crete where he killed the Minotaur with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne.


title: Cretan Bull

text: According to Jeremy McInerney, the iconography of the bull permeates Minoan culture. The cult of the bull was also prominent in southwestern Anatolia. Bernard Clive Dietrich notes that the most important animal in the Neolithic shrines at Çatalhöyük was the bull. The bull was a chthonic animal associated with fertility and vegetation. It figured in cave cults connected with rites for the dead.


title: Cretan Bull

text: The palace at Knossos displays a number of murals depicting young men and women vaulting over a bull. While scholars are divided as to whether or not this reflects an actual practice, Barry B. Powell suggests it may have contributed to the story of the young Athenians sent to the Minotaur. McInerney observes that the story of Pasiphaë and the Cretan Bull was not written until after Crete had come under Greek control. Emma Stafford notes that the story of the Cretan Bull does not appear before the Hellenistic period and suggests the connection between Crete and Athens is the result of the development of the myth of the Theseus cycle in late sixth century Athens.


title: McMansion

text: In suburban communities, McMansion is a pejorative term for a large "mass-produced" dwelling marketed to the upper middle class mainly in the United States. Virginia Savage McAlester, who also gave a first description of the common features which define this building style, coined the more neutral term Millennium Mansion.


title: McMansion

text: An example of a McWord, "McMansion" associates the generic quality of these luxury houses with that of mass-produced fast food by evoking McDonald's, an American restaurant chain.


title: McMansion

text: The neologism "McMansion" seems to have been coined sometime in the early 1980s. It appeared in the "Los Angeles Times" in 1990 and the "New York Times" in 1998. Other terms used to describe "McMansions" include "Persian palace", "Garage Mahal", "starter castle", and "Hummer house". Marketing parlance often uses the term "tract mansions" or executive homes.


title: McMansion

text: The term "McMansion" generally denotes a multi-story house that either has no clear architectural style, or prizes superficial appearance and sheer size over quality, often both. <ref>


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The Venice Simplon-Orient-Express (VSOE) is a private luxury train service from London to Venice and other European cities. It is currently owned by Belmond, which operates 45 luxury hotels, restaurants, tourist trains and river cruises in 24 countries.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: These VSOE services are not to be confused with a regularly scheduled train called the Orient Express, which ran nightly between Paris and Bucharest – in the last years of operation cut back to between Strasbourg and Vienna – until 11 December 2009. This latter was a normal EuroNight sleeper train and was the lineal descendant of the regular Orient Express daily departure from Paris to Vienna and the Balkans. While this descendant train was primarily used for every sort of passengers to Central and Eastern Europe, applying only the standard international train fares, the VSOE train is aimed at tourists looking to take a luxury train ride. Fares on the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express are high as the service is intended not as an ordinary rail service, but as a leisure event with five-star dining included.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The train was established in 1982 by James Sherwood of Kentucky, United States. In 1977 he had bought two original carriages at an auction when the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits withdrew from the Orient Express service, passing the service on to the national railways of France, Germany, and Austria. Over the next few years, Sherwood spent a total of US$16 million purchasing 35 sleeper, restaurant and Pullman carriages. On 25 May 1982, the first London–Venice run was made.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The VSOE has separate restored carriages for use in the UK and for mainland Europe, but all of the same vintage (mostly dating from the 1920s and 1930s). Passengers are conveyed across the English Channel by coach on the Eurotunnel shuttle through the Channel Tunnel. In the UK Pullman carriages are used; in continental Europe sleeping cars and dining cars of the former Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits are used. Sleeper carriages have a range of accommodation available including Grand Suites, Cabin Suites, Twin Cabins and Single cabins.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: VSOE runs services between March and November. The classical London – Paris – Milan – Venice (and return) route via the Simplon Tunnel was altered in 1984 to serve Zürich, Innsbruck and Verona through the Brenner Pass. At the end of the 2010s an asymmetrical route was introduced, providing Geneva instead of Zürich, and the classical Simplon route westbound. This journey is offered once or twice a week, depending on other trips. Two or three times a year Prague, Vienna and Budapest are also accessed and traditionally in the turn of August/September the train goes to Istanbul via Budapest, Sinaia and Bucharest – in the last three cities a sightseeing tour (and in the two capitals an overnight stay in a hotel) also takes place.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: While the above-mentioned routes are available nearly every years - however, the Istanbul trip was cancelled some times due to political or health issues -, some seasons have also included unique destinations, among them Cologne, Lucerne, the High Tatras (Slovakia), Cracow, Dresden, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Berlin. Such special journeys are currently provided to Cannes, Rome, Florence, Brussels and Amsterdam. Many of these trips - together with Prague, Vienna and Budapest used to have different starting and final stations, either beginning in Venice and ending in Paris/London or vice versa (as the Istanbul trip), but as of 2022 the routes feature either Paris (Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Istanbul) or Venice (Amsterdam, Brussels) in both directions.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The VSOE continental leg contains 18 carriages – 12 sleeping cars, three dining cars, a bar car and two former "Ytb" class sleepers, which provide accommodation for the staff and storage rooms for luggage and supplies as well. The ten "Lx" class sleepers have nine double compartments, while the two "S1" class sleepers used to accommodate 17 passengers in four double and nine single compartments. In March 2018 the "Grand Suite" class was introduced with the refitting of the "S1" sleeping car No. 3425. The Grand Suites (bearing the names "Paris", "Istanbul" and "Venice") include double or twin bed layouts and a drawing saloon with a sofa (which is convertible to a third bed) and en-suite bathroom. Three further Grand Suites ("Prague", "Budapest" and "Vienna") in the second "S1" sleeping car No. 3309 were meant to be introduced to the service in March 2020, but postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For Summer 2023 the introduction of eight "Suite" class - two carriages with four compartments per each - is scheduled, featuring a similar layout and design but no drawing saloon. They will be installed in two Lx carriages, presumably - due to their long absence from service - 3552 and 3555.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The Lx sleeping cars were refurbished in Ostend by the CIWL workshops, while the rest at the Hansa carriage works in Bremen. The renovation was made with some technical modifications, to match today's safety and comfort requests, for example the dining cars were fitted with modern kitchens. They have also become air-conditioned, which was introduced in 2017 even in the sleeping cars. In the mid 2000s the original bogies were changed to brand new ones to achieve higher speeds (160 km/h instead of 140 km/h).


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: VSOE operates services within Great Britain separate from its main mainland services as an open access operator. The Belmond British Pullman (which runs the London to Folkestone Harbour leg of the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express) consists mainly of former Brighton Belle Pullman coaches. It operates services mainly in the South of England and the Midlands, with York as its most northerly terminus. Usually operating from Victoria Station in London, specials run throughout the south of London to historic sites, including elaborate dining along the way. On 9 October 2007, the Westfield Group rented the whole train to open its new shopping centre in Derby, departing from the former LNER London King's Cross station.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The "Northern Belle" was a more extensive day service operating throughout Great Britain, as far north as Inverness and south to Plymouth. It was in service and design closely resembling to the UK Pullman train, but composed of more modern British Rail Mark 2 and Mark 1 carriages. It was introduced in 2000, and sold 2017 by Belmond to private owners, who continue to operate it in the same manner.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: "The Royal Scotsman", first introduced in 1985, was taken over by Belmond in 2005. This overnight luxury train provides journeys through Scotland northbound from Edinburgh and Glasgow with its refitted East Coast Main Line Mark 1 Pullman carriages.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: Inspired by this train the "Grand Hibernian" was made of Irish Mark 3 carriages, and entered in service in August 2016 for trips in Ireland and Northern Ireland, but ceased in February 2021.


title: Venice-Simplon Orient Express

text: The company also operate services in South-East Asia (the "Eastern & Oriental Express" between Bangkok and Singapore) and Peru (PeruRail). Between 1998 and 2003, a service on the East Coast of Australia named the "Great South Pacific Express" was also run. Those cars remained in storage in Australia after the service ceased, and transferred in 2016 to Peru for the "Belmond Andean Explorer" overnight train from Cusco to the Lake Titicaca and Arequipa. Since then the former day train with the same name and on the same route (however, only between Cusco and the Lake Titicaca) is featured as Titicaca Train. It has Pullman dining carriages and a bar car with observatory platform, like the Hiram Bingham train, which serves the narrow-gauge line towards Machu Picchu.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions. The neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for dopamine receptors.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, dopamine receptors are common neurologic drug targets; antipsychotics are often dopamine receptor antagonists while psychostimulants are typically indirect agonists of dopamine receptors.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: The existence of multiple types of receptors for dopamine was first proposed in 1976. There are at least five subtypes of dopamine receptors, D, D, D, D, and D. The D and D receptors are members of the D-like family of dopamine receptors, whereas the D, D and D receptors are members of the D-like family. There is also some evidence that suggests the existence of possible D and D dopamine receptors, but such receptors have not been conclusively identified.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: At a global level, D receptors have widespread expression throughout the brain. Furthermore, D receptor subtypes are found at 10–100 times the levels of the D subtypes.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: G subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).


title: Dopamine receptor

text: The D-like family receptors are coupled to the G protein G, which directly inhibits the formation of cAMP by inhibiting the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors have been shown to heteromerize with a number of other G protein-coupled receptors. Especially the D2 receptor is considered a major hub within the GPCR heteromer network. Protomers consist of


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptor D and Dopamine receptor D are G coupled receptors that stimulate adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, increasing intracellular calcium among other cAMP mediated processes. The D2 class of receptors produce the opposite effect, as they are G coupled receptors, and block the activity of adenylyl cyclase. cAMP mediated protein kinase A activity also results in the phosphorylation of DARPP-32, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1. Sustained D1 receptor activity is kept in check by Cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Dopamine receptor activation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II can be cAMP dependent or independent.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: The cAMP mediated pathway results in amplification of PKA phosphorylation activity, which is normally kept in equilibrium by PP1. The DARPP-32 mediated PP1 inhibition amplifies PKA phosphorylation of AMPA, NMDA, and inward rectifying potassium channels, increasing AMPA and NMDA currents while decreasing potassium conductance.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: D1 receptor agonism and D2 receptor blockade also increases mRNA translation by phosphorylating ribosomal protein s6, resulting in activation of mTOR. The behavioral implications are unknown. Dopamine receptors may also regulate ion channels and BDNF independent of cAMP, possibly through direct interactions. There is evidence that D1 receptor agonism regulates phospholipase C independent of cAMP, however implications and mechanisms remain poorly understood. D2 receptor signaling may mediate protein kinase B, arrestin beta 2, and GSK-3 activity, and inhibition of these proteins results in stunting of the hyperlocomotion in amphetamine treated rats. Dopamine receptors can also transactivate Receptor tyrosine kinases.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Beta Arrestin recruitment is mediated by G-protein kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate dopamine receptors after stimulation. While beta arrestin plays a role in receptor desensitization, it may also be critical in mediating downstream effects of dopamine receptors. Beta arrestin has been shown to form complexes with MAP kinase, leading to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Furthermore, this pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the locomotor response mediated by dopamine receptor D1. Dopamine receptor D2 stimulation results in the formation of an Akt/Beta-arrestin/PP2A protein complex that inhibits Akt through PP2A phosphorylation, therefore disinhibiting GSK-3.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors control neural signaling that modulates many important behaviors, such as spatial working memory. Dopamine also plays an important role in the reward system, incentive salience, cognition, prolactin release, emesis and motor function.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: In humans, the pulmonary artery expresses D, D, D, and D and receptor subtypes, which may account for vasodilatory effects of dopamine in the blood. Such receptor subtypes have also been discovered in the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium of the heart. In rats, D-like receptors are present on the smooth muscle of the blood vessels in most major organs.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: D receptors have been identified in the atria of rat and human hearts. Dopamine increases myocardial contractility and cardiac output, without changing heart rate, by signaling through dopamine receptors.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors are present along the nephron in the kidney, with proximal tubule epithelial cells showing the highest density. In rats, D-like receptors are present on the juxtaglomerular apparatus and on renal tubules, while D-like receptors are present on the glomeruli, zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex, renal tubules, and postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. Dopamine signaling affects diuresis and natriuresis.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including social phobia, Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and drug and alcohol dependence.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors have been recognized as important components in the mechanism of ADHD for many years. Drugs used to treat ADHD, including methylphenidate and amphetamine, have significant effects on neuronal dopamine signaling. Studies of gene association have implicated several genes within dopamine signaling pathways; in particular, the D variant of D has been consistently shown to be more frequent in ADHD patients. ADHD patients with the 4.7 allele also tend to have better cognitive performance and long-term outcomes compared to ADHD patients without the 4.7 allele, suggesting that the allele is associated with a more benign form of ADHD.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the reward and reinforcement pathway in the brain. Although it was a long-held belief that dopamine was the cause of pleasurable sensations such as euphoria, many studies and experiments on the subject have demonstrated that this is not the case; rather, dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for behaviour reinforcement ("wanting") without producing any "liking" sensation on its own. Mesolimbic dopamine and its related receptors are a primary mechanism through which drug-seeking behaviour develops (Incentive Salience), and many recreational drugs, such as cocaine and substituted amphetamines, inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT), the protein responsible for removing dopamine from the neural synapse. When DAT activity is blocked, the synapse floods with dopamine and increases dopaminergic signaling. When this occurs, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, increased D and decreased D receptor signaling mediates the "incentive salience" factor and can significantly increase positive associations with the drug in the brain.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Pathological gambling is classified as a mental health disorder that has been linked to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and behavioral addiction. Dopamine has been associated with reward and reinforcement in relation to behaviors and drug addiction. The role between dopamine and pathological gambling may be a link between cerebrospinal fluid measures of dopamine and dopamine metabolites in pathological gambling. Molecular genetic study shows that pathological gambling is associated with the TaqA1 allele of the Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2) dopamine receptor. Furthermore, TaqA1 allele is associated with other reward and reinforcement disorders, such as substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders. Reviews of these studies suggest that pathological gambling and dopamine are linked; however, the studies that succeed in controlling for race or ethnicity, and obtain DSM-IV diagnoses do not show a relationship between TaqA1 allelic frequencies and the diagnostic of pathological gambling.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: While there is evidence that the dopamine system is involved in schizophrenia, the theory that hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction induces the disease is controversial. Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, indirectly increase dopamine signaling; large doses and prolonged use can induce symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Additionally, many antipsychotic drugs target dopamine receptors, especially D receptors.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptor mutations can cause genetic hypertension in humans. This can occur in animal models and humans with defective dopamine receptor activity, particularly D.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of cells responsible for dopamine synthesis and other neurodegenerative events. Parkinson's disease patients are treated with medications which help to replenish dopamine availability, allowing relatively normal brain function and neurotransmission. Research shows that Parkinson's disease is linked to the class of dopamine agonists instead of specific agents. Reviews touch upon the need to control and regulate dopamine doses for Parkinson's patients with a history of addiction, and those with variable tolerance or sensitivity to dopamine.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Dopamine receptors are typically stable, however sharp (and sometimes prolonged) increases or decreases in dopamine levels can downregulate (reduce the numbers of) or upregulate (increase the numbers of) dopamine receptors.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Haloperidol, and some other antipsychotics, have been shown to increase the binding capacity of the D receptor when used over long periods of time (i.e. increasing the number of such receptors). Haloperidol increased the number of binding sites by 98% above baseline in the worst cases, and yielded significant dyskinesia side effects.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Addictive stimuli have variable effects on dopamine receptors, depending on the particular stimulus. According to one study, cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, alcohol, and nicotine cause decreases in D receptor quantity. A similar association has been linked to food addiction, with a low availability of dopamine receptors present in people with greater food intake. A recent news article summarized a U.S. DOE Brookhaven National Laboratory study showing that increasing dopamine receptors with genetic therapy temporarily decreased cocaine consumption by up to 75%. The treatment was effective for 6 days. Cocaine upregulates D receptors in the nucleus accumbens, further reinforcing drug seeking behavior.


title: Dopamine receptor

text: Certain stimulants will enhance cognition in the general population (e.g., direct or indirect mesocortical DRD1 agonists as a class), but only when used at low (therapeutic) concentrations. Relatively high doses of dopaminergic stimulants will result in cognitive deficits.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The Protestant Ascendancy, known simply as the Ascendancy, was the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland between the 17th century and the early 20th century by a minority of landowners, Protestant clergy, and members of the professions, all members of the Established Church (Anglican; Church of Ireland or the Church of England). The Ascendancy excluded other groups from politics and the elite, most numerous among them Roman Catholics but also members of the Presbyterian and other Protestant denominations, along with non-Christians such as Jews, until the Reform Acts (1832–1928).


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The gradual dispossession of large holdings belonging to several hundred native Catholic nobility and other landowners in Ireland took place in various stages from the reigns of the Catholic Mary I (1553–1558) and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I (1558–1603) onwards. Unsuccessful revolts against English rule in 1595–1603 and 1641–53 and then the 1689–91 Williamite Wars resulted in much Irish land confiscated by the Crown, and then sold to people who were thought loyal, most of whom were English and Protestant. English soldiers and traders became the new ruling class, as its richer members were elevated to the Irish House of Lords and eventually controlled the Irish House of Commons (see Plantations of Ireland). This class became collectively known as the "Anglo-Irish".


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: From the 1790s the phrase became used by the main two identities in Ireland: nationalists, who were mostly Catholics, used the phrase as a "focus of resentment", while for unionists, who were mostly Protestants, it gave a "compensating image of lost greatness".


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The phrase was first used in passing by Sir Boyle Roche in a speech to the Irish House of Commons on 20 February 1782. George Ogle MP used it on 6 February 1786 in a debate on falling land values, saying that "When the landed property of the Kingdom, when the Protestant Ascendancy is at stake, I cannot remain silent."


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: Then on 20 January 1792 Dublin Corporation approved by majority vote a resolution to George III that included this line: "We feel ourselves peculiarly called upon to stand forward in the crisis to pray your majesty to preserve the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland inviolate ..." The corporation's resolution was a part of the debate over Catholic emancipation. In the event, Catholics were allowed to vote again in 1793, but could not sit in parliament until 1829.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The phrase therefore was seen to apply across classes to rural landowners as well as city merchants. The Dublin resolution was disapproved of by a wide range of commentators, such as the Marquess of Abercorn, who called it "silly", and William Drennan who said it was "actuated by the most monopolising spirit".


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The phrase became popularised outside Ireland by Edmund Burke, another liberal Protestant, and his ironic comment in 1792: "A word has been lately struck in the mint of the castle of Dublin; thence it was conveyed to the Tholsel, or city-hall, where, having passed the touch of the corporation, so respectably stamped and vouched, it soon became current in parliament, and was carried back by the Speaker of the House of Commons in great pomp as an offering of homage from whence it came. The word is Ascendancy." This was then used by Catholics seeking further political reforms.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The process of Protestant Ascendancy was facilitated and formalized in the legal system after 1691 by the passing of various Penal Laws, which discriminated against the majority Irish Catholic population of the island. While the native Irish Gaels comprised the majority of the Irish Catholic population, long-standing fully Gaelisized and intermarried Norman families (e.g. de Burgo/Burke, FitzGerald/FitzMaurice Dynasty, etc.), having previously held immense power in Ireland, became major targets of the crown and of more stridently anti-Irish members of the Ascendancy. With the defeat of Catholic attempts to regain power and lands in Ireland, a ruling class which became known later as the "Protestant Ascendancy" sought to ensure dominance with the passing of a number of laws to restrict the religious, political and economic activities of Catholics and to some extent, Protestant Dissenters. These aspects provided the political basis for the new laws passed for several decades after 1695. Interdicts faced by Catholics and Dissenters under the Penal Laws were:


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: They also covered the non-conforming ("Dissenter") Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, where they:


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The situation was confused by the policy of the Tory Party in England and Ireland after 1688. They were Protestants who generally supported the Catholic Jacobite claim and came to power briefly in London from 1710 to 1714. Also in 1750, the main Catholic Jacobite heir and claimant to the three thrones, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonny Prince Charlie"), converted to Anglicanism for a time but had reverted to Roman Catholicism again by his father's death in 1766.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The son of James II, James Francis Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender), was recognised by the Holy See as the legitimate monarch of the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland and the separate Kingdom of Ireland until his death in January 1766, and Roman Catholics were morally obliged to support him. This provided the main political excuse for the new laws, but it was not entirely exclusive as there was no law against anyone converting to Protestantism. While a relatively small number of Catholics would convert to the Church of Ireland between the 17th and 19th centuries, more often than not these "conversions" amounted to the alteration of paper work, rather than any changes in religious beliefs or practices. With job prospects and civil rights for Irish Catholics having grown quite grim since the mid-17th century, for some, converting to the Anglican Church was one of the few ways one could attempt to improve their lots in life. A handful of members of formerly powerful Irish clans also chose to convert, learn English, swear fealty to the King, and perform roles on behalf of the Anglo-Irish of The Pale in exchange for lands and other privileges. Records of these conversions were tracked in "Convert Rolls", which can be located through various online resources. Interestingly, early 20th century census records inform us that a fair number of Irish men and women who'd converted to the Anglican Church between the mid 17th and mid 19th century actually returned to their original Catholic faith by the early 20th century. A similar phenomenon can also be observed during with the return of "O" and "Mc" to surnames during the mid/late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period known to scholars as the Gaelic Revival (Athbheochan na Gaeilge).


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: As a result, political, legal and economic power resided with the Ascendancy to the extent that by the mid-18th century, the greater part of the land in Ireland (97% in 1870) was owned by men who rented it out to tenant farmers rather than cultivating it themselves. Smaller landlords in the east, in Ulster or on the outskirts of towns were more favourably placed than the owners of tracts of infertile bog in the west. In 1870 302 proprietors (1.5% of the total) owned 33.7% of the land, and 50% of the country was in the hands of 750 families of the Ascendency. At the other end of the scale, 15,527 (80.5%) owned between them only 19.3% of the land. 95% of the land of Ireland was calculated to be under minority control of those within the established church. Absenteeism is accepted as having been an almost universal practice in Ireland and detrimental to the country's progress.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The confidence of the Ascendancy was manifested towards the end of the 18th century by its adoption of a nationalist Irish, though still exclusively Protestant, identity and the formation in the 1770s of Henry Grattan's Patriot Party. The formation of the Irish Volunteers to defend Ireland from French invasion during the American Revolution effectively gave Grattan a military force, and he was able to force Britain to concede a greater amount of self-rule to the Ascendancy.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The parliament repealed most of the Penal Laws in 1771–93 but did not abolish them entirely. Grattan sought Catholic emancipation for the catholic middle classes from the 1780s, but could not persuade a majority of the Irish MPs to support him. After the forced recall of the liberal Lord Fitzwilliam in 1795 by conservatives, parliament was effectively abandoned as a vehicle for change, giving rise to the United Irishmen – liberal elements across religious, ethnic, and class lines who began to plan for armed rebellion. The resulting and largely Protestant-led rebellion was crushed; the Act of Union of 1801 was passed partly in response to a perception that the bloodshed was provoked by the misrule of the Ascendancy, and partly from the expense involved.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The abolition of the Irish Parliament was followed by economic decline in Ireland, and widespread emigration from among the ruling class to the new centre of power in London, which increased the number of absentee landlords. The reduction of legalised discrimination with the passage of Catholic emancipation in 1829 meant that the Ascendancy now faced competition from prosperous Catholics in parliament and in the higher-level professional ranks such as the judiciary and the army that were needed in the growing British Empire. From 1840 corporations running towns and cities in Ireland became more democratically elected; previously they were dominated until 1793 by guild members who had to be Protestants.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The festering sense of native grievance was magnified by the Great Irish Famine of 1845–52, with many of the Ascendancy reviled as absentee landlords whose agents were shipping locally produced food overseas, while much of the population starved, over a million dying of hunger or associated diseases. Ireland remained a net exporter of food throughout most of the famine. About 20% of the population emigrated. The Encumbered Estates Act of 1849 was passed to allow landlords to sell mortgaged land, where a sale would be restricted because the land was "entailed". Over ten percent of landlords went bankrupt as their tenants could not pay any rent due to the famine. One example was the Browne family which lost over in County Mayo.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: As a consequence, the remnants of the Ascendancy were gradually displaced during the 19th and early 20th centuries through impoverishment, bankruptcy, the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by the Irish Church Act 1869 and finally the Irish Land Acts, which legally allowed the sitting tenants to buy their land. Some typical "Ascendancy" land-owning families like the Marquess of Headfort and the Earl of Granard had by then converted to Catholicism, and a considerable number of Protestant Nationalists had already taken their part in Irish history. The government-sponsored Land Commission then bought up a further of farmland between 1885 and 1920 where the freehold was assigned under mortgage to tenant farmers and farm workers.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: The Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by members of the Anglo-Irish class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. Reformist and nationalist politicians such as Henry Grattan (1746–1820), Wolfe Tone (1763–1798), Robert Emmet (1778–1803), and Sir John Gray (1815–1875) were also Protestant nationalists, and in large measure led and defined Irish nationalism. At the same time the British Government included Anglo-Irish figures at the highest level such as Lord Castlereagh (1769–1828) and George Canning (1770–1827), as well others such as the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816). Even during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a Roman Catholic identity, it continued to count among its leaders Protestants like Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: With the Protestant yeoman class void being filled by a newly rising "Catholic Ascendancy", the dozens of remaining Protestant large landowners were left isolated within the Catholic population without the benefit of the legal and social conventions on which they had depended upon to maintain power and influence. Local government was democratized by the Act of 1898, passing many local powers to councilors who were usually supportive of nationalism. Formerly landlords had controlled the grand jury system, where membership was based on being a large ratepayer, and therefore from owning large amounts of land locally. The final phase of the elimination of the Ascendancy occurred during the Anglo-Irish War, when some of the remaining Protestant landlords were either assassinated and/or had their country homes in Ireland burned down. Nearly 300 stately homes of the old landed class were burned down between 1919 and 1923. The campaign was stepped up by the Anti-Treaty IRA during the subsequent Irish Civil War (1922–23), who targeted some remaining wealthy and influential Protestants who had accepted nominations as Senators in the new Seanad of the Irish Free State.


title: Protestant Ascendancy

text: Many members of the Ascendancy played a role in literary and artistic matters in 19th- and 20th-century Ireland, notably Oscar Wilde and Nobel prize-winning author George Bernard Shaw, and Lady Gregory and William Butler Yeats who started the influential Celtic Revival movement, and later authors such as Somerville and Ross, Hubert Butler and Elizabeth Bowen. Ballerina Dame Ninette de Valois, Samuel Beckett (also a Nobel prize-winner) and the artist Sir William Orpen came from the same social background. Chris de Burgh and the rock concert promoter Lord Conyngham (formerly Lord Mount Charles) are more recent high-profile descendants of the Ascendancy in Ireland.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Adolphus Jean Sweet (July 18, 1920 – May 8, 1985) was an American actor, credited with nearly 60 television and film roles and more than 50 roles in stage productions, including performances on Broadway. He often played policemen throughout his career, and may be best known for his portrayal of police chief and father Carl Kanisky, on the sitcom "Gimme a Break!", from 1981 until his death in May 1985.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Sweet was born in New York City, New York. In 1939, he attended the University of Alabama; however, he was called away from his education for a tour of duty in World War II with the 44th Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the Eighth Air Force, where the young Second Lieutenant served as a navigator on B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft. During his service, he was shot down over Romania while flying on Operation Tidal Wave, and subsequently spent two years as a prisoner of war (POW). He joined other POWs in putting on short plays in the prison camp, leading to an interest in acting when he returned from the war.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: After the war, he played semi-professional football and boxed while earning his master's degree in English and comparative drama from Columbia University.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Upon graduation, Sweet took a job teaching at Barnard College, rising to head of the drama department during his 12 years at the college. He left his teaching duties shortly after making his Broadway debut, at age 40, in a 1961 production of "Rhinoceros", starring Zero Mostel.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Sweet landed his first major film role that same year, in the 1961 film "The Young Doctors". He went on to make numerous appearances in films such as "You're a Big Boy Now" (1966), "A Lovely Way to Die" (1968), "The Swimmer" (1968) and "Finian's Rainbow" (1968) as the Sheriff. He also performed on television through the 1960s and 1970s, including roles on "The Defenders", "The Edge of Night", "Another World" as Police Chief Gil McGowan, and "Dark Shadows".


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Through the 1970s he was much in demand, with roles in films such as "" (1970), "The Out-of-Towners" (1970), "The New Centurions" (1972), "Fear Is the Key" (1972), "Sisters" (1972), "Cops and Robbers" (1973), "The Lords of Flatbush" (1974), "Amazing Grace" (1974), "The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training" (1977), "Which Way Is Up?" (1977), "Go Tell the Spartans" (1978), "Heaven Can Wait" (1978) and "The Wanderers" (1979). In addition to film roles, he also had guest starring roles on "Little House on the Prairie" and "Mrs. Columbo". He had a notable role as FBI director J. Edgar Hoover in the 1978 television miniseries "King", based on the life of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: As the 1980s began, Sweet worked steadily in such films as "Below the Belt" (1980) and "Reds" (1981), the made-for-television movie "Gideon's Trumpet" (1980), and television series like "Hill Street Blues" and "Hart to Hart".


title: Dolph Sweet

text: In addition to his numerous guest roles on episodes of various television series, Sweet had a recurring role, as a policeman, in the single 1965–66 season of the legal drama/comedy "The Trials of O'Brien". He was well known for his recurring role as policeman Gil McGowan, third husband of Ada Davis (later Hobson), on the soap opera "Another World" (1972–1977). In keeping with his cop roles, Sweet also voiced the character of Manhattan Subway Transit Police Captain Costello in the 1974 film "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three".


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Sweet's best known television character was his series co-lead role as police chief and father Carl Kanisky, who was constantly at odds with housekeeper Nell Carter, on the sitcom "Gimme a Break!". Sweet appeared in this role from 1981 until his death. Sweet was diagnosed with cancer during the series' fourth season, but he continued to work. The final episode of the fourth season aired on May 11, 1985, three days after he died, and just a few hours after his funeral.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Sweet married Reba Gillespie while pursuing his master's degree after World War II. The couple had a son together, Jonathon (born ), before they divorced in 1973. In 1974, Sweet married Iris Braun.


title: Dolph Sweet

text: Sweet died from stomach cancer at Tarzana Hospital in Tarzana, California, on May 8, 1985, survived by his wife and son. His "Gimme a Break!" co-star, Nell Carter, gave the eulogy at his funeral on May 11, and recorded a short eulogy to air that same night, at the start of the show's final episode for the season. Sweet's remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.


title: Roy Battersby

text: Roy Battersby (born 20 April 1936) is a British television director, known for his work in drama productions such as "Between The Lines", "Inspector Morse", "Cracker" and "A Touch of Frost." Early in his career, he made documentary features for the BBC programmes "Tomorrow's World" and "Towards Tomorrow". In 2005, his film "Red Mercury" was shown at the Montreal World Film Festival.


title: Roy Battersby

text: He is married to actress Judy Loe and is the stepfather of actress Kate Beckinsale. Battersby was a Trotskyist for some years, becoming a full-time organiser for the now defunct Workers Revolutionary Party. The association had ended by 1981, but the connection led to his being blacklisted by the BBC.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: Carmen Elizabeth Juanita Echo Sky Brava Cortez is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the "Spy Kids" franchise, portrayed by Alexa Vega in the film series, and voiced by Ashley Bornancin in the television series.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: For most of her life, Carmen had no idea her parents were secretly spies. Carmen's main concern was with Juni, whom she felt she was unfairly forced to babysit. She responded by treating Juni in a mean way. However, Carmen was also hiding her own secrets: in addition to skipping school to go on outings to the city without her parents’ permission, she also had to deal with wearing diapers because of a bedwetting problem that she was desperate to hide from her brother.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: In the first "Spy Kids" film, Carmen and Juni discover the truth about their parents when they are kidnapped. Though Carmen and Juni fight with each other throughout their adventure, the two of them bond and form a rapport of mutual respect. Carmen is also influenced by her real uncle Machete, who let her know that he had the same problem with his younger brother, Carmen's father. She also finds out that her brother had always been aware of her nighttime bedwetting and had kept that knowledge to himself on her mother's instructions. Carmen also develops a sense of family, and insists that if any Cortez become involved in missions, then all of them should.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: By "", Carmen has stopped calling her brother names, and they are able to work better as a team. However, problems still arise between them from a romantic interest Carmen develops in Gary Giggles. Gary however, has mixed emotions for Carmen. At some events, it is evident that he likes her, and at some events, it looks as if he doesn't, like when he says to Juni and your dork sister. Juni tries to convince Carmen that Gary is trouble, but to no avail. Later, Carmen, after a conversation with Gary's little sister Gerti, changes her mind about Gary and convinces Gerti to turn against her father, who has an evil plan for world domination.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: In "", Carmen, an experienced hacker, goes on a quest to shut down the Toymaker's evil video game "Game Over", which enslaves its users. However, she makes it only as far as Level 4, before being kidnapped and held prisoner by the Toymaker, where she is tickle tortured until her rescue. Juni comes to her rescue and they continue on her quest to shut down the game. Carmen is absent for most of the movie, and she only appears near the film's climax and her scenes in captivity.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: Alexa Vega reprised the role in "" as a supporting character. Carmen and Juni provide guidance to the new agents, Rebecca and Cecil. During the gap between the 3rd and 4th film, Juni left the O.S.S., leaving Carmen feeling abandoned and betrayed. When he does return during the film, the two are extremely hostile toward each other (much like they were in the first film), before eventually reconciling and becoming a team again. Carmen and Juni reopen the Spy Kids program as its new co-directors. The enemy is "The Timekeeper", who wants Rebecca's necklace so he can travel back in time to spend more time with his father. Rebecca and Cecil stop him and encourage him to be good.


title: Carmen Cortez

text: Ashley Bornancin replaced Vega in the role of Carmen in the reboot series "" in a main capacity. The series follows Carmen and Juni as they train and lead a team of fellow Spy Kids cadets against the forces of S.W.A.M.P. (Sinister Wrongdoers Against Mankind's Preservation) and their diabolical leader, Golden Brain.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" is a two-part episode of the American animated television series "The Simpsons." "Part One" is the twenty-fifth and final episode of the sixth season and originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 21, 1995, while "Part Two" is the season premiere of the seventh season and aired on September 17, 1995. Springfield Elementary School strikes oil, but Mr. Burns steals it and at the same time brings misery to many of Springfield's citizens. Part One has a cliffhanger ending where Mr. Burns is shot by an unidentified assailant. In "Part Two", Springfield's police try to find the culprit, with their main suspects being Waylon Smithers and Homer Simpson.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Both episodes were written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein; Part One was directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Part Two by Wes Archer. Musician Tito Puente guest stars as himself in both parts. "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" was conceived by series creator Matt Groening and the writing staff decided to turn it into a two-part mystery episode. Part One contains several clues about the identity of the culprit because the writers wanted it to be solvable.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: While burying the deceased 4th grade gerbil, Super Dude, Groundskeeper Willie discovers oil under Springfield Elementary School. Principal Skinner and Superintendent Chalmers accept suggestions from students and staff on how to spend their newfound wealth, including Lisa's suggestion of hiring Tito Puente as a music teacher. Mr. Burns disguises himself as Jimbo Jones and unsuccessfully tries to trick Skinner into selling him the drilling rights to secure an energy monopoly over Springfield.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: At the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, Homer is increasingly upset that Burns can never remember his name. On Marge's suggestion, he sends Burns a box of chocolates with a family picture underneath the candy. However, Burns and Smithers are not interested in the one candy covering Homer's face and discard the box. As a result, Burns writes a "thank you" card only to Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie, further angering Homer.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Meanwhile, Burns plots to take the school's oil, of which Smithers disapproves. Burns establishes a slant drilling operation and beats the school to tapping the oil well. Burns' drilling operation causes distress to many Springfield citizens: Willie and Puente are laid off; Moe's Tavern is closed due to the harmful fumes from the drilling, enraging Moe and Barney; the drilling destroys the Springfield Retirement Castle, forcing Grampa to move in with the Simpsons; and Bart's treehouse is destroyed by a burst of oil from the rig, which also injures Santa's Little Helper.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Burns reveals to Smithers his grandest scheme: the construction of a giant disc that will permanently block out the sun in Springfield, forcing the residents to continuously use the electricity from his plant. When Smithers says he has gone too far, Burns fires him. Homer, driven to insanity by Burns not knowing his name, sneaks into his office and spray paints "I am Homer Simpson" on the wall. Burns catches him in the act but still fails to remember him. In a rage, Homer attacks him and is hauled away by security. All the citizens affected by Burns' schemes, including Homer and Smithers, swear vengeance.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: A town meeting is held to discuss Burns' actions. Burns arrives, armed with a gun after his encounter with Homer, and activates the sun-blocking device. He walks into an alley and struggles with someone until a gun fires. Wounded, Burns stumbles and collapses onto the town's sundial, falling into unconsciousness. The townspeople find him and Marge tells all of them that since he has angered so many people recently, anyone could have been the shooter. Chief Wiggum agrees to start the investigation to find the culprit.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: With Burns hospitalized, the Springfield police search for his assailant. Smithers vaguely remembers shooting someone the night before in a drunken rage. Guilt-ridden, he heads for a local church, and is promptly arrested when the confessional turns out to be a police sting. While passing the media on his way to the police station, Smithers makes a witty remark that Sideshow Mel recognizes from an episode of the fictional Comedy Central program, "Pardon My Zinger" that aired at the same time as the shooting. Mel realizes Smithers must have watched it as well, giving him an alibi. Mel and Krusty head to the police station as Smithers' memory clears. It turns out he had actually shot Jasper in his wooden leg. Meanwhile, the townspeople pull down the sun-blocker, which crushes Shelbyville to their delight.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: With one of the prime suspects cleared, the police, aided by Lisa, eliminate other suspects, including Puente, Skinner, Willie, and Moe. After a surreal dream involving Lisa, Wiggum finds an eyelash on Mr. Burns' suit that matches Simpson DNA. At the same time, Burns wakes up from his coma, exclaiming "Homer Simpson!" The police conclude that Homer shot Burns as revenge for not remembering his name. They raid the Simpson home and find a gun under the seat of their car, covered with Homer's fingerprints and loaded with bullets matching the one fired into Burns, resulting in Homer being arrested for attempted murder. On the way to jail, the paddywagon overturns at the Krusty Burger drive-thru and Homer escapes.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: At the hospital, it is revealed "Homer Simpson" is the only thing Burns can say, suggesting his "accusation" may not have actually been one. Lisa returns to the scene of the crime to investigate. At the same time, Homer arrives at the hospital to confront his boss. After a police bulletin reports Homer's location, the police, Lisa, and many other citizens of Springfield race to the hospital. Upon entering Burns' room, everyone finds an enraged Homer vigorously shaking Burns. This returns Burns' ability to speak normally, but when he asks who is shaking him, this pushes Homer over the edge at Burns forgetting his name again. Grabbing Wiggum's pistol, Homer threatens to kill Burns if he does not take back accusing him of shooting him before. However, Burns calms Homer down and confirms Homer did not shoot him. He then reveals the true assailant upon seeing them in the crowd of citizens: Maggie.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: After leaving the town meeting, Burns came across Maggie eating a lollipop in the Simpsons' car. He decided to try stealing candy from a baby, but Maggie struggled against him. As Burns yanked the lollipop away, his gun slipped from its holster into Maggie's hands and discharged. The gun fell beneath the car seat, and Homer would unknowingly leave fingerprints on the gun while reaching under the seat for an ice cream cone he dropped. Burns demands for Maggie to be arrested, but he is dismissed by Wiggum, who says no jury would convict a baby for a crime, except maybe Texas. Marge also adds the shooting must have been an accident, considering Maggie is an infant. In the final shot, Maggie is shown with shifty eyes as she sucks her pacifier, implying she shot Burns intentionally, possibly for all the trouble he caused to her family.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The idea for the episode came from series creator Matt Groening, who had wanted to do an episode in which Mr. Burns was shot, which could be used as a publicity stunt. The writers decided to write the episode in two parts with a mystery that could be used in a contest. It was important for them to design a mystery that had clues, took advantage of freeze frame technology, and was structured around one character who seemed to be the obvious culprit. While deciding who the culprit was, Oakley and Weinstein pitched Barney Gumble because he was a character that could go to jail and it could change the dynamic of the show. Mirkin suggested Maggie because he felt it was funnier and wanted the culprit to be a Simpsons family member. Bart Simpson has a minor role in the second part, despite this episode having less comedy and more drama.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The producers worked hard to keep the ending of the episode a secret. While it was in production, David Silverman was the only animator who knew who the culprit was. Wes Archer, director of the episode, was initially unaware of the solution and directed the episode up until the conclusion. When it was time to animate the ending of the show, Silverman and Archer waited until the end of the summer of 1995 to work on it. They realized they needed help with the layouts and started giving various animators small parts to work on without telling them who the culprit was. The table read for the episode also ended before the third act. The writers had wanted the clues that were animated to be just right, so there were many animation retakes. Oakley and Weinstein were initially unsure about having Maggie as the culprit, and it was decided that the episode would end with Maggie shifting her eyes and making it look like it was not a complete accident.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Tito Puente and his Latin jazz ensemble appear in the episode and sing the song "Señor Burns". Oakley and Weinstein were unfamiliar with Puente and wrote him into the episode because Groening is a fan. They figured he would sing the song, but later discovered that Puente was a drummer, not a singer. The lyrics were sung by one of Puente's band members. His band would also play their version of "The Simpsons"<nowiki>'</nowiki> theme over the end credits.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: A number of subtle clues, and a few red herrings, were planted in Part One for viewers who wanted to unravel the mystery.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Due to the amount of interest in the ending of this episode, David Mirkin wrote several "terrible endings" and, with just Harry Shearer, recorded several alternate endings. His original intention was to fool the production staff and also leak the endings to various media outlets, but much to his surprise he was unsuccessful. Several endings were animated that showed various characters shooting Mr. Burns. Several of the alternate endings aired during the clip show "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular". Various clips showed Barney, Tito, Moe, Apu, and even Santa's Little Helper as the gunmen. There was also a full-length conclusion that aired in which Smithers shot Burns and explained his doing so at Burns' bedside after Homer's wild chase, and fell on "W" and S" on the compass, Waylon's initials; Burns then decides to give Smithers a 5 percent pay cut for attempting to kill him.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Over the years, fan conspiracy theories have emerged arguing that Maggie did not shoot Mr. Burns as it was revealed at the end of part 2, and instead Mr. Burns was actually shot by characters such as Marge, Lisa, Grandpa, Bart, and Homer. In April 2020, a viral post compared Krusty's appearance in the final scene of Part One to how Homer looked when he dressed as him in Homie the Clown, leading to people thinking that Homer wanted to frame Krusty for Burns' attempted murder by posing as him. Writer Bill Oakley said on Twitter that it was an animation error. In addition, released animation notes for the final scene stated that Homer was not supposed to appear.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: In the months following the broadcast of Part One, there was widespread debate among fans of the series as to who shot Mr. Burns. Fox offered a contest to tie in with the mystery where callers who dialed 1-800-COLLECT were eligible and they then guessed who the culprit was. It ran from August 13 to September 10 and was one of the first contests to tie together elements of television and the Internet. Fox launched a new website, "Springfield.com", devoted to the mystery that got over 500,000 hits during the summer of 1995. The winner would be animated on an episode of the show. Due to contest regulations, a winner had to be selected out of a random sample of entries, whether the entries contained correct responses or not. The sample did not contain any correct answers, and so a winner (who had the wrong answer) was chosen at random. However, the winner, Fayla Gibson of Washington D.C., did not watch the show and opted to accept a cash prize in lieu of being animated.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The contest is referenced at the end of Part 1 when Dr. Hibbert, ostensibly breaking the fourth wall says, "Well I couldn't possibly solve this mystery... Can you?"


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: On the DVD commentary, Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein remarked that they knew of only one person who had correctly guessed Maggie was the shooter based on the several clues in the episode. The individual had made a post on an online forum and the writers wanted to give them a special gift, but due to the contest regulations, Oakley and Weinstein were unable to contact them until after the contest had concluded. By that time, Oakley was unable to find the anonymous poster and on the DVD commentary, Oakley was still searching for the individual to give them a prize.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Springfield's Most Wanted was a TV special hosted by John Walsh, host of "America's Most Wanted". The special aired on September 17, 1995, before Part Two of "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" A parody of Walsh's television series, this special was designed to help people find out who shot Mr. Burns, by laying out the potential clues and identifying the possible suspects. It features opinions from former Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates and predictions from Dennis Franz, Courtney Thorne-Smith, Kevin Nealon, Chris Elliott, and Andrew Shue. The special also included oddsmaker Jimmy Vaccaro of The Mirage casino and hotel in Las Vegas, who had been taking bets on the shooter's identity; a brief look at the casino's tote board shows Homer as the favorite with 2:1 odds, while Maggie was a longshot at 70:1. It was directed by Bill Brown and written by Jack Parmeter and Bob Bain.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The special was criticized for taking the publicity of the episode too far. Several critics said the special tainted host John Walsh's credibility and was described as gimmicky, tacky, and "blatant groveling for viewers". The special averaged an 8.4 Nielsen Rating and finished 50th in the United States in the ratings for the week of September 11–17, 1995.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The title and concept for these two episodes were taken from the series "Dallas". In the "Who shot J. R.?" plot line, J. R. Ewing is shot in the season finale. The identity of the assailant was not revealed until the following season, leaving viewers to wonder for months which of Ewing's many enemies was the culprit.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: When Mr. Burns refers to his package at the beginning of the episode, he states that it "absolutely, positively" has to arrive in Pasadena, California, the following day, a reference to an early FedEx slogan. The song Mr. Burns sings to a lamp-post echo the lyrics of Simon & Garfunkel's song "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)". The musical score that ends the first episode (when the credits roll) is a parody of John Williams' "Drummers' Salute", which is part of the musical score he composed for Oliver Stone's film "JFK". During the scene in Part One where Moe's bar is closed, an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" is playing on the television in the background following a promotion for the fictional program "Pardon My Zinger" at 3:00 pm.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The opening of Part Two, wherein Smithers realizes that he merely dreamed about shooting Mr. Burns, is a reference to the episode "Blast from the Past" from "Dallas", in which the events of the entire ninth season were explained away as being merely a character's dream. The dream itself, in which Smithers and Burns are undercover detectives on the 1960s Speedway racing circuit, parodied "The Mod Squad". Groundskeeper Willie's interrogation, and particularly his crossing and uncrossing his legs, is a parody of Sharon Stone's famous interrogation scene in "Basic Instinct". The nightclub is called 'Chez Guevara', a reference to Communist revolutionary Che Guevara.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Homer's escape from the overturned paddy wagon is a homage to the 1993 film "The Fugitive". Chief Wiggum's dream in which Lisa speaks backwards is a reference to "Twin Peaks" and Special Agent Dale Cooper's interaction with the Man from Another Place. While recording Lisa's lines for the segment, Yeardley Smith recorded the part backwards; the recording was in turn reversed, a technique known as phonetic reversal, the same technique used on "Twin Peaks". Several other parts out of the segment are direct references to the dream, including a moving shadow on the curtain, and Wiggum's hair standing straight up after waking.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: A mug shot of a battered and bruised Homer Simpson is shown, in which he is wearing a T-shirt with the campaign slogan "Haig in '88" on it, a reference to Alexander Haig's unsuccessful run for the 1988 Republican Party presidential nomination.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: In 2003, "Entertainment Weekly" published a Top 25 "The Simpsons" episode list and placed both parts of "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" in 25th place, saying, "a two-part comedic homage to "Dallas"<nowiki>'</nowiki> "Who shot J.R.?" stunt, [Who Shot Mr. Burns] is perhaps "The Simpsons"<nowiki>'</nowiki> most grandiose pop moment ever". "The Daily Telegraph" characterized the episode as one of "The 10 Best Simpsons TV Episodes". Entertainment.ie named it among the 10 greatest "Simpsons" episodes of all time. When "The Simpsons" began streaming on Disney+ in 2019, Oakley named Part One one of the best classic Simpsons episodes to watch on the service.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The authors of the book "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide", Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called it "A superb end to the season—and what's more, it's a genuine whodunnit. There's no cheating—all the clues are there." Jake Rossen of "Wizard" called the ending the sixth greatest cliffhanger of all time but expressed disappointment in the resolution, saying, "Sometimes it's better to make up your own ending, kids." In 2008, "Entertainment Weekly" included Part One in their list of the best television season finales of all time.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: The song "Señor Burns", which was composed by Alf Clausen and written by Oakley and Weinstein, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1996 for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics". Tito Puente ranked 19th on AOL's list of their favorite 25 "Simpsons" guest stars.


title: Who Shot Mr. Burns?

text: Part One finished 51st with a Nielsen rating of 8.7, the fifth highest rated Fox show of the week. Part Two averaged 12.3 million households and a 12.9 Nielsen rating. It finished sixteenth in the United States in the ratings for the week of September 11–17, 1995, finishing first in its time slot and was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week. It helped the Fox network rank third overall for that week at a time when Fox was usually finishing fourth.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Iron Gwazi (formerly Gwazi) is a steel-track hybrid roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, a theme park in Tampa, Florida, United States. The ride, named after a fabled creature with a tiger's head and a lion's body, was built by Great Coasters International (GCI) as Gwazi, a wooden dueling roller coaster with two separate tracks. It opened to the public on June 18, 1999. The two tracks, named Lion and Tiger, were and reached a height of . Trains reached a maximum speed of . Following rising maintenance costs and declining ridership, Gwazi was closed in 2015.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In 2019, plans to refurbish the ride into Iron Gwazi, a steel-tracked coaster, were announced. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) was hired to retrofit the existing layout with I-Box track using a portion of the original structure. The refurbished attraction was marketed as the tallest, steepest, and fastest hybrid roller coaster in North America. It was originally scheduled to open in 2020 but that was delayed several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other issues. Iron Gwazi soft-opened to passholder members on February 13, 2022, and to the general public on March 11, 2022. It is high, long and has a maximum speed of .


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In October 1995, Anheuser-Busch announced the closure of its Tampa brewery, which was demolished afterwards, freeing up land in the middle of Busch Gardens Tampa Bay. It was replaced with a wooden roller coaster rather than a steel because of a growing preference for antiquated attractions. The park wanted to differentiate itself from other Florida theme parks with modern ride technology.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Mark Rose, then the park's vice-president for planning and design, chose the builder for the wooden roller coaster after touring several amusement parks over 17 days. He informally selected five roller coasters, seeking a prospective designer for a new Busch Gardens attraction, settling on Great Coasters International (GCI) for the project based on Wildcat, GCI's roller coaster at Hersheypark. Busch Entertainment (since renamed SeaWorld Entertainment) officials confirmed the choice and signed GCI. The new coaster's name was conceived with the assistance of Washington University in St. Louis.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In early June 1998, Busch Gardens Tampa Bay was considering an on-site expansion for a resort to compete with other Florida amusement parks, and a projected $10 million attraction was scheduled for a 1999 opening. In mid-month, Busch Entertainment, the owner of Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, filed a trademark for the name "Gwazi" with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Groundbreaking began a month later, and Busch Gardens announced it that day day. The dueling roller coasters were announced as the park's fifth coaster, the tracks themed as a lion and a tiger. It was also announced GCI would be building the roller coaster."The Tampa Tribune" ran pictures of the hills under construction in November. Gwazi was reported to have been re-designed several times over the course of construction. By late April 1999, it was near completion and test runs began in late May.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: To promote the opening of Gwazi, park officials sold "first ride" tickets for a preview event in June 1999; of the 5,700 tickets 3,500 tickets were sold to pass-holders. Around 500 guests from American Coaster Enthusiasts were in attendance. Construction of the roller coaster's theming and the removal of excess wood were still being completed during the preview event. Gwazi opened the next day, as Florida's first dueling wooden roller coaster. It opened one month after another one, Dueling Dragons at Universal Studios' Islands of Adventure. Gwazi was the first wooden roller coaster to open at any Busch Entertainment park.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Gwazi developed a reputation for delivering a rough ride, despite regular maintenance. The lion side of the coaster was re-tracked in 2009, and the tiger side the following year. The last part of the overhaul included the installation of four GCI-designed Millennium Flyer trains to replace the roller coaster's original Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) trains. Even with the re-tracking and new trains, Gwazi remained difficult to maintain and ridership kept decreasing. At the end of the 2012 season, the tiger side of Gwazi closed and soon after, a bridge was built across its loading platform; one of its trains was relocated to the lion track.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In December 2014, Busch Gardens Tampa Bay confirmed Gwazi's lion track would close due to low attendance, operating costs, and negative guest feedback. Gwazi's last train was dispatched in February 2015. The trains were reused on other rides at other SeaWorld park locations, including InvadR at Busch Gardens Williamsburg and Texas Stingray at SeaWorld San Antonio. Wooden planks from Gwazi were reused within Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and at other SeaWorld Entertainment Parks including SeaWorld Orlando.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: When Gwazi was closed, Rose, by then the vice-president of park services, said there was no plan for the site but possible replacement attractions were being considered. A park spokesperson said engineers were discussing whether to add new elements, manufacture steel parts, or completely demolish the structure. Within three years of the closure, rumors circulated about a remodeled roller coaster, a new attraction, or an amphitheater replacing the Gwazi structure.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: During a September 2018 news conference announcing the park's ninth roller coaster, officials said there were construction plans Gwazi in 2020. The same day, SeaWorld Entertainment applied to trademark "Iron Gwazi". In December, updated construction-permit applications sent to the city of Tampa listed Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) as the ride manufacturer of an upcoming attraction in the Gwazi area. Site preparations and construction started in late 2018 for an attraction code-named "BGT 2020". A crane was seen at the site in January 2019. The park said it would announce more information about a new attraction in March, after the completion of track work for Tigris.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In March, the park announced Gwazi would be replaced with a hybrid roller coaster conversion by RMC. The new attraction was promoted as the steepest, fastest, and tallest hybrid roller coaster in North America. Permits filed in March 2019 reported the new roller coaster would be around tall. Placement of the roller coaster's track began in August. The following month, its name, "Iron Gwazi", was revealed. Iron Gwazi was reported to be tall with a 91-degree drop and speeds of up to . During the 2019 International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Exposition in November, RMC unveiled the trains for Iron Gwazi.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Media outlets were given a tour of the site in January 2020, to see how the construction had progressed. Track work for Iron Gwazi was completed in March, and testing began the next day. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial opening date was missed and construction was halted at the testing phase after a week. RMC filed a lien against SeaWorld in May 2020 for $3.5 million out of $9 million the company says it was owed for work on Iron Gwazi, delaying further construction. In SeaWorld Entertainment's preliminary second-quarter reports, all attractions scheduled to open in 2020 were postponed until the following year because of the pandemic. In September, the park updated its website with a new anticipated opening date of early 2021. Two months later it released a point-of-view video of Iron Gwazi.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In August 2021, Busch Gardens postponed Iron Gwazi's launch a second time, until March 2022. In January 2022, the park announced Iron Gwazi would open on March 11 that year. It hosted a media day for Iron Gwazi in February. A soft-opening for passholder members began four days later, and the roller coaster opened to the general public on schedule.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Gwazi's footprint covered previously occupied by the brewery. Gwazi was Great Coasters International (GCI)'s third project. The individual wooden tracks were long and the maximum height of each side was . Gwazi used of treated southern yellow pine, two million bolts, and 4.4 million nails for tracks using , planks in eight layers. The structure of Gwazi was able to withstand winds without riders.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Gwazi was originally supplied with six-car PTC trains that were arranged with two seats across in two rows, accommodating 24 riders per train. According to designer Mike Boodley, brand-new GCI Millennium Flyer trains were offered but Busch Gardens did not want to use an unproven design. Following the 2011 season, the park replaced the PTC trains with Millennium Flyer trains. The four GCI trains had 12 cars with a single row two seats across, also holding 24 riders. Both trains had a lap-bar restraint system.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Gwazi's trains were commonly known as Lion and Tiger. Lion trains were mainly yellow and Tiger trains were mostly blue. Gwazi was themed around the struggle between territorial wildcats; the African lion and the Asian tiger. The surrounding plaza was similarly themed for each cat; the Lion side included a desert-like atmosphere and the Tiger side had landscaping and streams.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Iron Gwazi was designed and built by RMC using portions of the original Gwazi coaster. Alan Schilke designed the I-Box track. Iron Gwazi occupies the same station that once housed both Gwazi tracks. Andrew Schaffer, director of design and engineering for the park, stated; "about 25 percent of the original wooden structure has been re-utilized, and 75 percent of the foundations". An additional of lumber was added for structural support. Iron Gwazi's lift hill uses steel rather than the wooden structure of its predecessor. The steel track reaches a total length of .


title: Iron Gwazi

text: The roller coaster's theme is the crocodile; similar to other attractions at the park themed to an animal. The queue area has educational elements about the species and their conservation, with reptile-themed graphics and paint throughout. Iron Gwazi operates with two six-car RMC trains. Each car is arranged with two seats across in two rows, accommodating up to 24 riders per train, with lap-bar restraints. The lead car is themed as the head of a crocodile; its trains are green, purple, and blue. The track has a purple color scheme.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: The ride experience of both the Lion and Tiger sides of Gwazi followed paths similar to each other as dueling roller coasters. Gwazi was promoted as the first dueling roller coaster with six "fly-bys", in which the two roller coasters pass each other in opposite directions at high speeds, giving the impression they will collide. Gwazi was also promoted as the largest-and-fastest dueling wooden roller coaster in the southeastern United States. One cycle of each ride took around two-and-a-half minutes to complete.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: After leaving the station, the train moved forward before dipping into a right-handed U-turn to pass the other train. The train slightly climbed to the left then ascended the lift hill. Once at the top, the train entered a pre-drop and turned right before descending the drop and reaching its maximum speed of near the bottom. The train slightly banked right before ascending into a left-banked turn through the lift hill of the tiger side, exiting downward, and entering a right-banked turnaround. The train then banked up into a left turn before traversing downward into the outer region of the layout, making multiple, slight-banked right turns. Afterward, the train entered a series of hills parallel to the opposite train, passing by the station before banking to the left into a downward spiral. The train descended before rising into a slight right turn, transitioning into a left turn and into the brake run. Completing the course, the train then turned right and then a slightly left before entering the station.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: The train departed the station, moved forward into a slight right turn, then dipped into a U-turn to the left to pass the other train. It slightly climbed to the left before ascending the lift hill. Once at the top, the train entered a pre-drop, turning left before descending the drop and reaching its maximum speed of near the bottom. The train slightly banked right before ascending into a banked right turn and a drop. Continuing the banked angle, the train then climbed before dipping and then climbing into a left-banked turn. The train traversed a series of curves before turning towards the outer region of the layout in multiple. slight-banked left turns. The train then entered a series of hills, running parallel to the opposite train, passing by the station and entering a right-banked downward spiral. The train slightly descended before rising into a slight-banked left turn, moving into a right turn, and then into the brake run. Completing the course, the train turned left and then slightly right before entering the station.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: After leaving the station, the train turns left, dips beneath the queue line, and turns left again to climb the lift hill. Once at the top, the train descends the 91-degree, drop, and reaches its maximum speed of near the bottom. It then climbs a hill and makes an outward-banked left turn, then another descending left turn. Afterward, the train makes a banked right turn that leads into a downward barrel roll, and then takes an over-banked left turn. It then continues into a series of banked turns. The train then passes through a zero-g stall, climbs a small hill, then takes a long right turn. It makes one final left-banked turn before entering the brake run. Upon completion, the train makes a left turn passing the car barn, and a final right turn before entering the station. One cycle of the roller coaster takes about two minutes to complete.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In 2006, a 52-year-old Palm Harbor, Florida, resident collapsed after riding Gwazi; he was rushed to a local hospital and died shortly after. It was determined the roller coaster, which was functioning properly, had aggravated an existing condition of high blood pressure.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: In 2022, a guest who was riding Iron Gwazi during the roller coaster's preview hit their hand on a beam, prompting Busch Gardens to remove two beams. The guest refused medical treatment after reporting the incident.


title: Iron Gwazi

text: Gwazi received generally positive reviews upon its debut. In a "St. Petersburg Times" report, guest reactions to the roller coaster were positive, many taking into account its twists and turns, air time, and smoothness. Levin Walker, writing for "The Tampa Tribune", noted among guests, Gwazi was praised for its speed and initial drop; some riders commented upon the partial rattle that is typical of wooden roller coasters. An editor for "Park World", Paul Ruben, stated Gwazi had "everything a good coaster should have", and adding "it never slows down", which made it a "good coaster".


title: Iron Gwazi

text: The opening of Gwazi in 1999 coincided with the debuts of several other major roller coasters at Florida theme parks, including those of Dueling Dragons and The Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal's Islands of Adventure, and the Rock 'n' Roller Coaster at Disney-MGM Studios. Gwazi was one of several wooden roller coasters that opened in North America during a resurgence of interest in vintage-style attractions. Dueling Dragons and Gwazi were variously compared because of their similar dueling aspect.