title: Paso Robles, California

text: The bathhouse was erected over the sulphur spring in 1888, with a plunge and thirty-seven bath rooms. In the following year, work began on the large Hot Springs Hotel (today the Paso Robles Inn), which was completed in 1900 and burned down 40 years later. Since the privileges of using the baths were restricted to guests of the hotel and many sufferers of the ailments the baths cured could not pay the rates of the fashionable hotel, a few businessmen in Paso Robles made arrangements with Felix Liss for the right to bore for sulphur water on a lot which Liss owned. A sulphur well was reached, a bath house built and baths offered at an affordable rate of 25 cents. The establishment was later offered to the city and is currently the site of the Municipal Pool.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Paso Robles’ growth industry—wine—has a long history with the area. Wine grapes were introduced to the Paso Robles soil in 1797 by the Spanish conquistadors and Franciscan missionaries. Spanish explorer Francisco Cortez envisioned an abundant wine-producing operation and encouraged settlers from Mexico and other parts of California to cultivate the land. The first vineyardists in the area were the Padres of the Mission San Miguel, and their old fermentation vats and grapevine artwork can still be seen at the Mission, north of the city of Paso Robles.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Commercial winemaking was introduced to the Paso Robles region in 1882 when Andrew York, a settler from Indiana, began planting vineyards and established the Ascension Winery at what became York Mountain Winery and is now Epoch Winery. When York purchased the land, it was primarily apple orchards, with a small plot of wine grape vines. York found that the climate and soil were more suitable for vineyards and he expanded the vineyards. Within a few years, he found that the vines were yielding more than he could market, prompting him to build a small, stone winery.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Following Andrew York's early success in the wine business, Gerd and Ilsabe Klintworth planted a vineyard in the Geneseo/Linne area in approximately 1886. They were licensed to sell jugs of Zinfandel, Port, and Muscatel, as well as some of the area's first white wine made from Burger grapes. The Casteel Vineyards in the Willow Creek area were planted just prior to 1908. Casteel wines were stored and aged in a cave cellar. Cuttings from the old vines provided the start for other vineyards, still producing in the area today.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: As the popularity of wines began to grow, so did the Paso Robles wine region. Lorenzo and Rena Nerelli purchased their vineyard at the foot of York Mountain in 1917. Their Templeton Winery was the area's first to be bonded following the repeal of Prohibition.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The early 1920s saw a flurry of winemaking activity when several families immigrated to the area to establish family vineyards and wineries. Sylvester and Caterina Dusi purchased a vineyard in 1924. The old head-pruned Zinfandel vines are now owned and cultivated by their son, Benito. The Martinelli, Busi, Vosti, Steinbeck and Bianchi Winery vineyards were also established around this time.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles wine region gained more notoriety when Ignace Paderewski, the famous Polish statesman and concert pianist, visited Paso Robles, became enchanted with the area, and purchased . In the early 1920s, he planted Petite Sirah and Zinfandel on his Rancho San Ignacio vineyard in the Adelaide area. Following Prohibition, Paderewski's wine was made at York Mountain Winery. The wines produced from grapes grown on Rancho San Ignacio went on to become award-winners. Paso Robles’ reputation as a premier wine region became firmly established as a result of this and later successes, and through to the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new generation of vineyard pioneers came forth and flourished in the Paso Robles area.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: At 11:15 am PST on December 22, 2003, the San Simeon earthquake struck about northwest of Paso Robles. The earthquake registered 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ("Severe"). Two deaths occurred when the roof slid off the clock tower building, a popular landmark in downtown Paso Robles. The dormant underground springs that had once been used for the spa were brought back to life, causing flooding and a large sinkhole in the parking lot of the city hall and library. Due to lengthy environmental and engineering considerations, it took until December 2010 for the sinkhole to be filled and the parking lot resurfaced. Paso Robles has dedicated a new clock tower in memory of the two women who died.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The topography of the area consists of gentle rolling hills on the eastern half of the city, and foothill peaks which rise in elevation to the Santa Lucia Coastal Range on the west, which are all blanketed in the Californian chaparral environment, which is mainly dry grassland and oak woodland. Paso Robles sits on the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucia Coastal Mountain Range, which lies directly to the West of the city, and runs in a north–south direction, starting at Monterey, then runs down south to its terminus, in the San Luis Obispo area. The city is located at the southern end of the fertile Salinas River Valley, which is centered in between the Temblor Range (including the San Andreas Fault), which lie about to the East, and the Santa Lucia Coastal Range, which lie directly west, rising up from the city's western border. Paso Robles sits at the border where northern San Luis Obispo County and southern Monterey County meet, and is situated roughly , or 20 minutes, inland from the Pacific Ocean.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles area has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) typical of coastal Southern California. The climate is defined by long, hot, dry summers and brief, cool, rainy winters. Paso Robles enjoys long-lasting, mild autumns and occasional early springs, giving the region a unique climate suitable for growing a variety of crops (ranging from primarily grapes, to olives, to almonds and other tree nuts). The city receives an average annual rainfall of about 14.71 inches (374 mm) per year, and most of this precipitation falls during winter and early spring. Paso Robles often receives less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rain per year and typically, no rain falls from May through September. Summers in Paso Robles tend to be very hot, with daily temperatures frequently exceeding from late June to as late as mid September, and occasionally exceeding . Paso Robles' summers feature an unusually large daytime-nighttime temperature swing, where there may be a profound temperature difference, as much as 50 °F (28 °C), between the daytime highs and the overnight lows. Winters are often very cool and moist, with daytime temperatures reaching into the low 50s°F (10 °C). Mornings and nights differ from the daytime average, as they tend to be quite cold (especially in December and January), where lows reach as low as . Due to the somewhat close proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the marine layer occasionally makes it over the coast range and into Paso Robles, creating fog. Unlike typical California coastal marine fog in areas such as San Francisco, this fog is never long lasting, and typically burns off before 10am.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The all-time record high temperature at the National Weather Service cooperative city office was on August 13, 1933. It also reached the same temperature a few more times, most recently on September 6, 2020. The record low temperature was on January 6, 1913, making Paso Robles the lowest elevation in California to reach that low temperature. There are an average of 81.0 days with high temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 64.0 days with low temperatures of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The 30-year average (1971–2000) annual precipitation is , falling on an average of 47 days. The wettest year was 1941 with of precipitation and the dryest year was 1947 with . The most precipitation in one month was in January 1916. The most precipitation in 24 hours was on December 6, 1966. Although snow is rare in Paso Robles, 4.0 inches fell on April 5, 1929, and on December 15, 1988.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: At the Paso Robles Municipal Airport, the record high temperature was 115 °F on June 15, 1961, and July 20, 1960. The record low temperature was on December 22, 1990. There are an average of 86.7 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 53.6 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The 30-year average (1971–2000) annual precipitation was , falling on an average of 42 days. The wettest year was 1995 with and the driest year was 2007 with . The most precipitation in one month was in January 1969. The most precipitation in 24 hours was on March 10, 1995. The record snowfall was on December 15, 1988.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Paso Robles had a population of 29,793. The population density was . The racial makeup of Paso Robles was 23,158 (77.7%) White, 622 (2.1%) African American, 297 (1.0%) Native American, 593 (2.0%) Asian, 56 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 3,916 (13.1%) from other races, and 1,151 (3.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10,275 persons (34.5%).


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The census reported that 29,624 people (99.4% of the population) lived in households, 164 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 5 (0%) were institutionalized.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: There were 10,833 households, out of which 4,104 (37.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,721 (52.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,345 (12.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 603 (5.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 767 (7.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 66 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,486 households (22.9%) were made up of individuals, and 1,192 (11.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73. There were 7,669 families (70.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.19.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The population was spread out, with 7,829 people (26.3%) under the age of 18, 2,827 people (9.5%) aged 18 to 24, 7,870 people (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 7,271 people (24.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,996 people (13.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: There were 11,426 housing units at an average density of , of which 6,412 (59.2%) were owner-occupied, and 4,421 (40.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.8%. 16,666 people (55.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 12,958 people (43.5%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 24,297 people, 8,556 households, and 6,040 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 8,791 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 75.70% White, 3.32% Black or African American, 1.30% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 13.68% from other races, and 3.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.72% of the population.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: There were 8,556 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.23.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $39,217, and the median income for a family was $44,322. Males had a median income of $35,514 versus $24,058 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,974. About 10.7% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: From 2000 to 2007, the city of Paso Robles experienced an average annual population growth rate of 3.18%. As calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau and the State Department of Finance, the city limits population of Paso Robles as of early 2007 was 29,934, with a Greater Area/"Metro" population of 41,249.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: As of the 2007 American Community Survey (ACS) update, the city limits population was estimated at 27,868 people, 7,880 families within the city, and an average citizen age of 33.2 years old. The city limits population density was 1,504.2 people per square mile (29.18 km), there were 11,218 total available housing units with 10,876 of them occupied (total households). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 12.1% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.9% of the population.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: There were 10,876 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $51,172, and the median income for a family was $57,114. Males had a median income of $42,357 versus $29,311 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,544. About 11.4% of families and 13.5% of the population as a whole were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles Wine Country has a number of wineries and vineyards in the area. It is the location of the Paso Robles AVA (American Viticultural Area). More than 25 different varieties of grapes are grown in the Paso Robles Wine Country and there are over 250 bonded wineries.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: In 1993, Paso Robles grape growers, wineries and wine tasting rooms united to form the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance. This non-profit trade organization is dedicated to the promotion and education of the Paso Robles premium wine country.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance is a cooperative marketing alliance made up of Paso Robles Wine Country wineries, vineyards and related businesses. They host many of the festivals in the Paso Robles Area, and strengthen brand awareness locally, regionally and nationally. The wine alliance focuses on trade and consumer outreach, media relations, buyer tours, educational and research programs and giving back to education and health organizations in the Paso Robles community.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Several companies in the area specialize in straw-bale construction, insulating concrete forms, rammed earth, super insulated buildings, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) construction. Within a radius of downtown Paso Robles there are twelve straw bale homes, six insulated concrete homes, and several straw bale wineries/tasting rooms.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Every year in March, the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance hosts the Zinfandel Festival, during which Central Coast Zinfandel producers and the public visit the area to enjoy the wine of the area. This event is held by the Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance, a non-profit cooperative marketing alliance looking to not only educate the community and surrounding communities about Paso Robles wine, but to also give back to the community.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles Wine Festival takes place in May and an olive festival takes place yearly also. In October is the Harvest Wine Weekend, celebrating the wine harvest in the region. The Paso Robles Wine Country Alliance also host a Grand Tasting Tour, which takes the wines of the Paso Robles area to other areas in California, and other states such as Washington, D.C.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: On Memorial Day Weekend, Paso Robles hosts the Festival of the Arts in the downtown park. With over 100 artists over three art-filled days, the festival of the arts is a multiday arts festival which is intended to honor and preserve the natural environment and character of the region through the arts.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: In August of each year, the Paso Robles Main Street Association presents the Olive Festival in the downtown park featuring free olive oil and olive product sampling from producers from all over California.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Paso Robles is a general law city; it does not have a city charter. It uses a council-manager form of government, directed by a five-member city council. The council consists of a mayor (elected at-large for a four-year term during non-presidential even-numbered years) and four council members (elected at-large for staggered four-year terms in even-numbered years (2+2)). The mayor has no veto power, but has a vote on the council. Prior to the mid-1990s, the mayor was rotated through the city council members on a yearly basis. Then it became a two-year general election post. In 2012, the voters voted to make the mayor a four-year post. The council appoints the city manager and city attorney, but the city clerk and city treasurer are elected officials.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Paso Robles is at the major crossroads of U.S. Highway 101 and State Highway 46, about halfway between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. Paso Robles is currently served by one freeway and two highways:


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, serves Paso Robles, operating its Coast Starlight daily in each direction between Seattle, Washington, and Los Angeles. Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner, which operates between San Diego and Paso Robles, connects by bus transfer from San Luis Obispo Railroad Station.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Paso Robles Municipal Airport, a regional general aviation airport, is about northeast of downtown Paso Robles. Paso Robles Municipal does not offer scheduled passenger service. Scheduled passenger market is available at the nearby San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport, to the south in San Luis Obispo. The Paso Robles airport has daily business aviation operations, in addition to serving as a large general aviation base. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has an air attack base at the airport. There, aircraft are reloaded with fire fighting chemicals, which are dropped on brush and forest fires. The local Civil Air Patrol squadron also operates and trains on the airbase as part of the localized squadron 103, performing training craft operations known as O-Flights in a trainer craft that is brought to a desired altitude then dropped, essentially being towed by the aircraft, cadets of the Civil Air Patrol are the most of this demographic, but the cadets also help out congestion in the airport when it is busy during the operations. Also, the California Highway Patrol (CHP) houses a fixed-wing aircraft, used for speed enforcement, and a helicopter, used for search and rescue. The area immediately surrounding the Paso Robles Airport, known as Airport Road Industrial Park, is also home to many aviation maintenance providers and facilities, as well as home to many aviation parts manufacturers and other related businesses. LaGuardia's Italian Deli, operating since November 2012, is the only restaurant on the field, and is located in the terminal building.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles Airport hosts the Northern California Regional Aerobatic Contest which is held annually in mid-June.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The Paso Robles Public Schools District contains six elementary schools, two middle schools, three high schools, and four other school sites and programs.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Paso Robles offers its residents and visitors cycling, golfing, tennis and swimming. In 2009 and 2011, Paso Robles was the finish line for Stage 5 of the AMGEN Tour of California. Since 2008, Paso Robles hosts the annual Wine Vine Run, a half marathon and 5k foot race to benefit Paso Robles High School youth sports programs.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Lake Nacimiento is an -long lake located about north-west of the city up in the Santa Lucia Range. Although Lake Nacimiento is not actually located within the city of Paso Robles itself, it is however in what is considered the Greater Paso Robles Area. "The Lake", as it is known to locals, shares the 93446 zip code with Paso Robles, due to its proximity to the city. The lake provides ample room for waterskiing, wakeboarding, jetskiing, and other water-related activities, in addition to fishing and swimming.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Located just off of Highway 46 at Union Road is the Barney Schwartz Park. The park has baseball, softball and soccer facilities, as well as lake access, picnicking, event pavilions, picnicking and playgrounds. Centennial Park is located in the eastern section of Paso Robles. Besides being the home of all indoor community sports (basketball, volleyball and gymnastics) and many different classes and activities, the Centennial Park contains a 200,000-gallon swimming pool and wading pool with waterslides, group barbecue areas, grassy picnic and pavilion areas, an amphitheater, walking paths, two outdoor half-court basketball courts, five pickleball courts, four tennis courts, a paved trail, four lighted tennis courts and two playgrounds.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: The land upon which City Park sits was donated by the town's founders, James and Blackburn, for the specific use of a public park. Located in the heart of downtown, the park provides easy access to the downtown area's amenities. Holiday and festival events are often held at this park, including holidays such as the 4th of July. City Park hosts “Concerts in the Park”, Trading Day, bi-weekly farmers markets, the Wine Festival, the Olive Festival, the Festival of the Arts, and several car shows.


title: Paso Robles, California

text: Sherwood Park is located on the upper south-east side of town and is used mostly for youth sports. The Little League field was completely redone in April 2002. In addition to the renovated Little League Field, Sherwood Park has one basketball court, horseshoe pits, a sand volleyball court, barbecue areas, three soccer fields, a softball field, and tennis courts. The park also features a playground area with a medieval theme called Sherwood Forest.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Alizé Cornet (; born 22 January 1990) is a French professional tennis player. Cornet has won six singles and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as three singles and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 16 February 2009, she reached her highest WTA singles ranking of world No. 11. Cornet has also made the second week at each of the four Grand Slam events, having reached the quarterfinals at the 2022 Australian Open, and the fourth round at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, the 2015 and 2017 French Opens, and the 2020 US Open. She holds the record for the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances with 63 and also in seventh place for overall appearances with 66.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In 2014, Cornet became known for defeating world No. 1, Serena Williams, on three occasions. At the Dubai Championships, she recorded a straight-sets win over Williams in the semifinals, which resulted in Cornet's reaching her biggest singles final in almost six years. In July, at the Wimbledon Championships, she came back from a set down to upset Williams in the third round, handing the American her earliest exit at the tournament since 2005. Her third win came in second round of Wuhan later that year where Williams retired due to illness.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet also has an impressive junior record, reaching a career-high combined junior ranking of world No. 8, on 11 June 2007. She won her sole Grand Slam junior singles title at the 2007 French Open.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet made her Grand Slam singles debut at the age of 15 in the 2005 French Open after receiving a singles main-draw wildcard. Coming into that tournament ranked only 645th in the world, she upset 71st-ranked Alina Jidkova in the first round before losing to No. 3 seed Amélie Mauresmo in the second round. At the 2006 French Open, she beat Virginia Ruano Pascual of Spain in the first round before losing to Tathiana Garbin in the second round. She could not repeat this performance at the 2007 French Open, where she lost in the first round to No. 26 seed Venus Williams. Cornet made her Wimbledon singles debut in 2007. At that tournament, she was defeated in the final qualifying round by Olga Govortsova, but made it to the main draw as a lucky loser when Li Na withdrew. Cornet defeated Maria Kirilenko the first round of the main draw before losing to the experienced No. 26 seed Ai Sugiyama in the second round in three sets. In 2007, Cornet won the $50k singles title in Dnipropetrovsk, beating Stefanie Vögele in the final. Cornet made her US Open singles debut in 2007. At that tournament, she defeated after three qualifying matches in the main draw No. 29 seed Samantha Stosur and unseeded Caroline Wozniacki in the first and second rounds, respectively, before losing to No. 3 seed, Jelena Janković.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet reached the second round of the Australian Open where she lost to ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová. Over the following months, Cornet experienced a great level of success on the main tour, particularly on clay, reaching the final in Acapulco and the semifinals in Amelia Island and Charleston (a Tier-I event). Cornet entered the Rome Masters and beat Vera Dushevina in the first round, Francesca Schiavone in the second, world No. 3 Svetlana Kuznetsova in the third, and then received a walkover from an injured Serena Williams to get into the semifinals. She defeated Anna Chakvetadze to reach her first Tier-I final where, however, she lost to Janković in two sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Due to her great run at Rome, she rose to No. 20 in the world and was seeded 19th for her home Grand Slam, the French Open. She defeated Julia Vakulenko in the first round after a stylish display. She then beat clay specialist Gisela Dulko in the second round but lost to 14th seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the third round.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She suffered a poor grass-court season, making first round exits at Eastbourne (to Amélie Mauresmo) and at Wimbledon, to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She won her first WTA title at Budapest. Cornet was seeded second and received a bye into the second round. Here she defeated Magdaléna Rybáriková, and followed it up with a straight-sets win over Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the quarterfinals. In the semifinal she defeated Gréta Arn, to make her third final of the year, which she won in two sets against Andreja Klepač. She capped it off by winning the doubles with Janette Husárová at the same tournament.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At Austria, she was seeded second. However, whilst 6–2, 2–1 up, she suffered an injury and retired when trailing 3–2 in the final set.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet then competed at the Beijing Olympics. She was seeded 15th for the singles event, and defeated Nicole Vaidišová in the first round, Peng Shuai in the second, before falling to No. 4 seed Serena Williams in three sets. She also competed in the women's doubles with Virginie Razzano, where they lost in the first round. In New Haven, she was seeded seventh and again beat Vaidišová in the first round. Cornet followed it up by beating Katarina Srebotnik, and a win over second seeded Daniela Hantuchová in the quarterfinal. However, she lost in the semifinals to eventual champion Caroline Wozniacki.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the US Open, she was seeded 17th in the singles event, where she reached the third round with wins over Camille Pin and Bethanie Mattek-Sands in the first and second rounds respectively before losing to 4–6, 5–7 to Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the third.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet played at the Hopman Cup, and placed third in her group, partnering Gilles Simon. She defeated Hsieh Su-wei of Chinese Taipei and Italian Flavia Pennetta. She then lost to Russia's Dinara Safina, 3–6, 2–6.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began the season at the Sydney International where she defeated seventh seed Nadia Petrova and Alisa Kleybanova before losing to second seed and eventual finalist Dinara Safina in the quarterfinals. Cornet entered the Australian Open as the 15th seed, easily winning her two matches. In the third round, she dropped a set against Daniela Hantuchová, but advanced regardless. In the fourth round, she held two match points against Safina, but was eventually ousted in three sets. This was her third loss to the Russian already that year.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet then took part in the Open GdF Suez in Paris. Seeded fifth, she defeated Latvian qualifier Anastasija Sevastova in the first round and went on to again defeat Hantuchová in three tight sets in the second round. She was then defeated by the No. 2 seed Jelena Janković in the quarterfinal.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Despite having an impressive first month of the year, Cornet's results began to slide. She lost her two matches to Francesca Schiavone and Flavia Pennetta in the Fed Cup, playing for France. Her best result in her next seven tournaments were third round showings in Dubai and Miami. She would lose another two matches in the Fed Cup Play-offs, to Daniela Hantuchová and Dominika Cibulková.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet fell in the early rounds in both the French Open and Wimbledon, continuing a dismal 2009 tennis season.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She was then defeated in the early rounds in Budapest and Palermo. After months of early losses, Cornet had a promising showing in Bad Gastein, advancing to the semifinals before losing to Ioana Raluca Olaru, a match in which Cornet had a 5–4 lead and serve for closing the match in the second set.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began the season at the Auckland Open in New Zealand, losing to Francesca Schiavone in the quarterfinals. She then suffered an early loss to Alona Bondarenko in Hobart. At the Australian Open in the opening round, she again lost to Schiavone. Over the next two months, poor results continued for the Frenchwoman. During this period, her most notable tournament was in Monterrey, Mexico, where she reached the quarterfinals.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: During the European clay-court season, Cornet, as a qualifier in the Barcelona Open, lost to Timea Bacsinszky in the first round. Cornet reached her first semifinal of the season in Fes, Morocco, losing to Iveta Benešová. She had previously not dropped a set in her previous three matches at the tournament. At the Estoril Open in Portugal, home favourite Michelle Larcher de Brito beat Cornet in the first round. As a qualifier in the Madrid Open she lost again to Schiavone, for the fourth time that year.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet won her first tournament of the year in doubles at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, playing with Vania King. Cornet would lose to King in singles. At the French Open, 29th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova defeated her in the first round 6–4, 6–2. Soon after, Cornet posted her worst result of the year at an ITF event in Marseille losing to 412th-ranked Caroline Garcia in three sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She then played on clay in the Suez Grand Prix upsetting Timea Bacsinszky before losing to eventual champion Ágnes Szávay in the quarterfinals. At the Prague Open she fell to Patty Schnyder in the second round. Cornet reach her second semifinal of the year in Bad Gastein with a win over top seed and defending champion Andrea Petkovic, where she lost to Julia Görges. At the US Open, she fell in the first round to 31st seeded Kaia Kanepi in three sets. It was bad year for Alizé as she lost in the opening round at all four Grand Slam tournaments.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet's first tournament was the Auckland Open. She defeated Sandra Záhlavová in the first round, before being swept aside by Julia Görges 6–2, 6–4. In Melbourne, she defeated CoCo Vandeweghe and 26th seed María José Martínez Sánchez in straight sets en route to the third round the Australian Open, where she was defeated by eventual champion Kim Clijsters.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet then headed to Moscow for the quarterfinals of the Fed Cup against Russia. She defeated two-time Grand Slam champion Svetlana Kuznetsova in three sets for her biggest win in nearly a year and one of the biggest of her career. However, she lost her second singles match to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. In doubles, partnering Julie Coin, she lost to Pavlyuchenkova and Kuznetsova in straight sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Paris was Cornet's next destination. As the home favorite, her fans were greatly upset when she was sent crashing out to Sofia Arvidsson in the first round. At the same tournament she reached the semifinals with Virginie Razzano in doubles. As a result, she reached a career-high ranking of No. 59 in doubles on 7 March 2011. In singles, her bad run continued when she lost in the second round of the Monterrey Open to Anastasija Sevastova. But then, her form improved when she headed to Indian Wells. In the first round of qualifications she defeated Han Xinyun, followed by another win over Vesna Dolonts. In the first round of the main draw, she had a decisive two-sets victory over former top ten player Patty Schnyder, and backed it up by winning a tough match against 2010 Wimbledon semifinalist Tsvetana Pironkova in three sets, to advance to the third round, where she was sent crashing out of the tournament by fifth seed Francesca Schiavone in two sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the Miami Open, she fell in the first round to Virginie Razzano. At the Family Circle Cup she again suffered an early elimination in the first round by Arvidsson, for the second time that year. Seeded eighth at the Morocco Open, Cornet was beaten by former world No. 1, Dinara Safina, in the second round. Cornet's disastrous run continued when she lost in the first qualifying rounds of the Madrid Open and the Italian Open. She then defeated Sania Mirza in the Internationaux de Strasbourg, before falling to Nadia Petrova in three sets in the second round. At the French Open, she defeated Renata Voráčová in the first round but was then crushed by qualifier Nuria Llagostera Vives in the second.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began her grass-court season in Birmingham, losing in the first round to 16th seed Alla Kudryavtseva. She then lost in the first round of qualifications at the Aegon International to home favorite Anne Keothavong. Following these losses, she headed to London for the Wimbledon Championships, losing in the first round to Kateryna Bondarenko. Cornet then reached the quarterfinals of an ITF event in Italy, losing to Stefanie Vögele.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She again lost in the first rounds of the Swedish Open and the Gastein Ladies to Caroline Wozniacki and Ksenia Pervak. And in Cincinnati, she was beaten in the first round of qualifying by Sofia Arvidsson.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Also at the Texas Open, Cornet was defeated in the first round by Julia Görges. Then she proceeded to the US Open where she saw better results than at the French Open and Wimbledon, by getting to the second round where she lost to Roberta Vinci. Cornet then played two ITF events, reaching the second round of one and the quarterfinals of the other. She qualified for the Kremlin Cup, but lost in the first round to Svetlana Kuznetsova. Her final tournaments of the year were two ITF events in France, of which she reached one first round and one semifinal.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began her 2012 season at the Auckland Open, losing in the first round of qualifying to wildcard Claire Feuerstein. Her next tournament was the Sydney International, where she was eliminated in the final round of qualifying by Chanelle Scheepers in straight sets. She also suffered an early first round loss at the Australian Open to Monica Niculescu. Cornet also played one Fed Cup singles match against Slovakia, losing to former world No. 5, Daniela Hantuchová, in straight sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet was then awarded a wildcard for the Paris indoor event. Being the home favourite, her fans were greatly disappointed when she was knocked out of the tournament in the first round by eventual semifinalist Klára Zakopalová. Then, at the Monterrey Open, Cornet won her third match of the year against Tetiana Luzhanska in the first round, but was defeated by second seed Sara Errani in the second. She then fell in the first round of the Mexican Open to Alberta Brianti, in three sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet's poor run continued when she fell in the qualifying of the Indian Wells Open. She then reached the final of the $100k Bahamas Open, where she lost to Aleksandra Wozniak. After that, she headed to the Miami Masters, for which she qualified, but she went out in the first round to Shahar Pe'er. Cornet reached the second round at Stuttgart, after defeating Anna Chakvetadze before losing to Maria Sharapova. Cornet then reached the final at the Internationaux de Strasbourg where she lost to Francesca Schiavone. At the French Open, she lost to Zheng Jie in the first round.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet then won the Bad Gastein tournament, her second singles title, defeating Yanina Wickmayer in the final. At Wimbledon, she lost in the second round to eventual quarterfinalist Tamira Paszek. At the London Olympics, she defeated Paszek in the first round before losing to Daniela Hantuchová. She competed in the women's doubles with Kristina Mladenovic. At the US Open, Cornet defeated wildcard Nicole Gibbs in the first round. In the following round, she lost to fifth seed Petra Kvitová. She reached the quarterfinals at Guangzhou, losing to Sorana Cîrstea in straight sets. Cornet then entered the Kremlin Cup, defeating Anastasia Rodionova in the first round, only to be defeated by Sam Stosur in the second round.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She kicked off the new season by playing in the Brisbane International where she defeated Australian qualifier Bojana Bobusic in the first round. She drew world No. 3, Serena Williams, in the second round, and was defeated in two sets. The next week, Cornet played at the Hobart International, but was beaten in the first round by Chanelle Scheepers. In the first round of the Australian Open, she defeated Marina Erakovic of New Zealand in a marathon match lasting 3 hours and 28 minutes. Cornet drew Venus Williams in the second round, to whom she lost. She also played in the doubles tournament, partnering with German player Mona Barthel. They were, however, defeated in the first round by Alexandra Panova and Galina Voskoboeva.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Following the Australian Open, Cornet's WTA singles ranking climbed six places to No. 35. Her next tournament was the indoor event in Paris. Cornet drew the Swedish No. 1, Sofia Arvidsson, in the first round, and defeated her in three sets. However, she lost in the second round to Lucie Šafářová. Cornet did not fare well in doubles either, as she and her partner Kristina Mladenovic were defeated in the first round by 2013 Australian Open doubles champions Errani and Vinci.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began clay-court season at the Copa Colsanitas tournament in Colombia where she was defeated in the second round. She improved upon this performance in her next tournament, the Mexican Open, reaching the semifinals before being defeated by eventual champion Sara Errani. Next, she won the Internationaux de Strasbourg, defeating Lucie Hradecká in the final. Cornet entered the French Open playing some of her best tennis of the year, and advanced to the third round before being defeated by third-seeded Victoria Azarenka. On 24 June, she achieved a season-high ranking of No. 31.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At Wimbledon, Cornet advanced to the third round, a personal best for the tournament, but suffered a disappointing defeat by Flavia Pennetta there after winning the first set 6–0 and having match point in the second. During the US Open Series, she reached the semifinals at the Washington Open where she lost to Andrea Petkovic. Then, she recorded two consecutive third-round appearances at Toronto and Cincinnati Open where she lost to Sara Errani and Magdaléna Rybáriková respectively. At the final Grand Slam event of 2013, the US Open, Cornet was seeded 26th and reached the third, losing to Victoria Azarenka in three sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In September, Cornet played in Guangzhou as the second seed where she lost to Yvonne Meusburger in quarterfinals. She then suffered two first-round defeats at Tokyo and Beijing in the hands of Stosur and veteran Schiavone, respectively. At the Kremlin Cup, Cornet defeated Elina Svitolina in round one before succumbing to Stosur again. Her final tournament of 2013 was the Tournament of Champions, held in Sofia. She qualified for the first time as a result of winning the title in Strasbourg earlier and was the seventh seed. However, she lost in round-robin stage, managing just one win over Maria Kirilenko via retirement. Her other two losses came in the hands of Simona Halep and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Cornet ended the year at No. 27, her highest since 2008.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet started the year ranked 26th. She teamed with Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to win the Hopman Cup for Team France. She lost to Maria Sharapova in the third round at the Australian Open. At the Dubai Championships, in what was the fourth match between them, Alize defeated world No. 1, Serena Williams, for the first time to reach the finals. However, also in a fourth match against the American, she lost in straight sets to world No. 44, Venus Williams, in the final. After Dubai, Cornet moved three places up the rankings, to No. 23. She defeated Camila Giorgi in April to win the Katowice Open, her fourth career title. She defeated Agnieszka Radwańska, the top seed en route to the final.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet then competed at the Madrid Open where she faced Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round but lost in three sets. She defeated Kirsten Flipkens in the first round at the Internazionali d'Italia but lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round. Cornet was the defending champion at the Internationaux de Strasbourg but lost to Camila Giorgi in a tight three-setter in the first round. At the French Open, Cornet was seeded 20th, her highest seeding in more than four years. She defeated wildcard Ashleigh Barty easily in round one. She then faced American wildcard Taylor Townsend but lost in three roller coaster sets. Cornet dropped to the world No. 24 after the French Open.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Alizé kicked off her grass-court season by defeating Bojana Jovanovski in the first round at the Eastbourne International. She then faced fifth seeded Angelique Kerber but lost in three sets after winning the second set 6–1. Cornet was seeded 25th at Wimbledon and defeated WTA rising star Anna Schmiedlová in the first round. In the second round, she defeated Petra Cetkovská. In the third round, she faced Serena Williams and defeated her for the second time in a row. She played in the second week of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in five years, her first at Wimbledon, and lost to 13th seed Eugenie Bouchard in the fourth round.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet was the top seed at the Swedish Open but suffered a shocking defeat to Anett Kontaveit in the first round. Her clay-court season saw her accumulating just two wins and five losses. Cornet then participated in Washington where she was seeded third. She once again suffered an opening-round exit to rising American Shelby Rogers. At the Rogers Cup, Alize defeated American Lauren Davis in the first round. In the second round, she faced the eighth seed Victoria Azarenka and lost in three sets. The following week at Cincinnati, Cornet lost to young American Madison Keys in the first round. She was the 22nd seed at the US Open and defeated Amandine Hesse and Daniela Hantuchová in her first two matches before succumbing to Lucie Šafářová.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In September, Cornet travelled to China for the Guangzhou International. She was seeded second and was the sole seed to advance past the first round. She reached the final by defeating the likes of Yulia Putintseva, former champion Shahar Pe'er, Hsieh Su-wei and Timea Bacsinszky before falling to Monica Niculescu, in straight sets. Cornet competed in the Wuhan where she defeated Romina Oprandi in round one before recording her third straight over Serena Williams, this time via retirement. Cornet became the first player since Justine Henin in 2007 to win against Serena three times in a season. She then booked her place in the quarterfinals with a three-set win over Kirsten Flipkens. It was Cornet's first quarterfinal at a Premier-5-event. She then lost in the quarterfinal round to Eugenie Bouchard, the tournament's eventual runner-up.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet started her year by playing for France at the Hopman Cup. She won all three of her Group-B singles matches, beating Heather Watson of Great Britain, Casey Dellacqua of Australia, and Agnieszka Radwańska of Poland. Due to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga withdrawing from the Hopman Cup because of an arm injury, Cornet's mixed-doubles partner was Benoît Paire. They beat the Polish team Agnieszka Radwańska/Jerzy Janowicz (4–6 ret.) and the Australian team Casey Dellacqua/Marinko Matosevic (7–6, 7–5), but lost to the British duo Heather Watson/Andy Murray (4–6, 6–2, [8–10]). France did not qualify for the final as they finished Group B only in third position. At the Premier tournament in Sydney, Cornet lost in the first round to third seed Radwańska in straight sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: For the whole of 2015, Cornet managed to advance beyond the last 16 of the singles main draw of a WTA Tour tournament only twice; she lost in the singles quarterfinals at the International tournaments in Katowice and Hong Kong.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet started her 2016 season at the Brisbane International. She lost in the second round to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Seeded seventh at the Hobart International, Cornet won her fifth WTA singles title beating Eugenie Bouchard in the final. At the Australian Open, Cornet was defeated in the second round by qualifier Zhang Shuai.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In March, Cornet competed at the Miami Open. She lost in the second round to third seed and 2012 champion Agnieszka Radwańska. Seeded fourth at the Katowice Open, Cornet was defeated in the second round by Francesca Schiavone.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Starting her clay-court season at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Cornet lost in the first round to Julia Görges. In Prague, Cornet fell in her first-round match to Czech wildcard Kateřina Siniaková. At the Madrid Open, Cornet was eliminated in the second round by fourth seed Victoria Azarenka. Competing in Rome, she lost her first-round match to Misaki Doi. Seeded ninth at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, Cornet was defeated in the first round by qualifier Alla Kudryavtseva. At the French Open, she reached the third round where she lost to ninth seed Venus Williams.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet played just one tournament before Wimbledon. In Eastbourne, she was defeated in the first round by Caroline Wozniacki. Cornet lost in the third round at the Wimbledon Championships to ninth seed Madison Keys.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Seeded seventh at the Stanford Classic, Cornet was defeated in the second round by Zheng Saisai. Competing at the Rogers Cup in Toronto, Cornet fell in her first-round match to Andrea Petkovic. Playing for France at the Summer Olympics, Cornet lost in the second round to top seed, Serena Williams. Getting past qualifying at the Cincinnati Open, Cornet retired during her second-round match against ninth seed Carla Suárez Navarro. At the final grand slam of the year, the US Open, Cornet was defeated in the first round by Mirjana Lučić-Baroni.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Making it through qualifying at the Wuhan Open, Cornet lost in the first round to tenth seed and eventual finalist Dominika Cibulková.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet played her first tournament of the year at the Brisbane International. Being unseeded, she defeated No. 7 seed Elena Vesnina and Christina McHale in the first and second round respectively before causing a big upset in the quarterfinals by beating Dominika Cibulková, the No. 2 seed. Garbiñe Muguruza (seeded No. 4) retired after she was trailing Cornet 1–4 in the first set of the semifinal, enabling Cornet to reach the final (her second Premier career final), where she lost to No. 3 seed Karolína Plíšková 0–6, 3–6.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the Australian Open, Cornet was seeded No. 28. She defeated French wildcard Myrtille Georges in the first round before losing to Maria Sakkari in the second.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet played in the 2017 Fed Cup World Group quarterfinal tie against Switzerland, in which she lost the first singles match (her only match) to Timea Bacsinszky; France lost the tie 1–4.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: On 16 February, Cornet withdrew from the Dubai Tennis Championships because of a torn pectoral muscle.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: She lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in the quarterfinals of the Monterrey Open. She suffered early exits in the singles main draw of her next four WTA tournaments in Rabat (first round), Madrid (first round), Rome (second round) and Strasbourg (first round). At the French Open, she upset No. 20 seed Barbora Strýcová in the second round, No. 9 seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the third before losing to No. 28 seed Caroline Garcia in the fourth round. After the French Open, Cornet lost in the singles main-draw first round of the next five tournaments that she entered – Birmingham, Eastbourne, Wimbledon, Stanford and Toronto. She ended her five-singles match losing streak when she defeated Catherine Bellis in the first round of the Premier-5 tournament in Cincinnati before losing world No. 11, Dominika Cibulková, in the second round.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In the second half of September, Cornet reached consecutively the singles quarterfinals of two WTA events – Guangzhou and Wuhan. At the Premier-5 tournament in Wuhan, she upset No. 6 seed Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round before falling to the qualifier Maria Sakkari in the quarterfinals; that was just Cornet's third singles quarterfinal appearance in a Premier-Mandatory or Premier-5 tournament. In early October, the unseeded Cornet knocked out No. 10 seed Angelique Kerber in the second round of the Premier Mandatory China Open, before losing to her compatriot Caroline Garcia in the third round. In her last tournament of 2017 in Moscow, Cornet defeated No. 8 seed, Magdaléna Rybáriková, in the second round before losing to Natalia Vikhlyantseva in the quarterfinals in a three-hour match, meaning that Cornet advanced beyond the singles quarterfinals of a WTA tournament only once (in Brisbane) in 2017.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: On 11 January 2018, Cornet was charged by the ITF with missing three out-of-competition drugs tests that were to be conducted between November 2016 and October 2017. Under WADA rules, Cornet could face a suspension of up to two years. The case would be heard on 1 May 2018 in London. She would be allowed to play WTA and ITF tournaments until then, but if found guilty all prize money and rankings points accumulated during a certain period in 2017 would be forfeited. The French Tennis Federation stated that they would not select Cornet for the upcoming Fed Cup team tie against Belgium in February 2018, to allow her time to "prepare her defence" in front of an independent tribunal set up by WADA.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: On 15 May, the ITF announced that the independent tribunal set up by WADA had cleared Cornet of the charge of missing the three out-of-competition drugs tests that were to be conducted between November 2016 and October 2017 because the Doping Control Officer (DCO) did not satisfy all of the requirements of article I.4.3 of the International Standard for Testing and Investigations in relation to the third missed drugs test. Specifically, the DCO did not do “what was reasonable in the circumstances (i.e. given the nature of the specified location) to try to locate Cornet, short of giving her any advance notice of the test”. For that reason, the third missed drugs test declared against Cornet no longer stood.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the US Open, Cornet was given a code violation under Grand Slam rules for changing her shirt while on the court. Some fans and players criticised the ruling as male players are allowed to change their shirts while on court. The WTA said the ruling was "not based on a WTA rule, as the WTA has no rule against a change of attire on court". The next day, tournament officials clarified the policy by saying that players of any gender would be allowed to change their shirt while sitting in their chair, and female players could also change their shirts in a private location off the court, for which they would not be assessed a bathroom break.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet played for France at the Hopman Cup, alongside Lucas Pouille. She lost all her singles matches. France finished last in their group. In Hobart, the sixth-seeded Cornet won her first three matches in straight sets to reach the semifinals, where she lost to Sofia Kenin. At the Australian Open, Cornet was eliminated in the second round by Venus Williams.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet lost in the first round at the St. Petersburg Trophy to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. Playing for France in the Fed Cup tie against Belgium, Cornet played one match and won beating Elise Mertens. In the end, France won the tie 3–1. At the Dubai Championships, Cornet fell in her second-round match to Alison Riske.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the Italian Open, Cornet won two qualifying matches to reach the singles main draw, where she defeated No. 9 seed and world No. 10, Aryna Sabalenka, in the first round and lost her second-round match against Carla Suárez Navarro. Cornet was suffering from an injured abductor muscle and retired from the match against Suárez Navarro when the latter was leading 6–3, 3–0.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet began her 2020 season at the Auckland Open. She reached the quarterfinals where she retired against eventual finalist Jessica Pegula due to an upper-right thigh injury. Cornet lost in the second round at the Hobart International to third seed and eventual champion Elena Rybakina. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the second round by 19th seed Donna Vekić.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Coming through qualifying at the St. Petersburg Trophy, Cornet fell in her second-round match to sixth seed Maria Sakkari. Seeded fourth at the first edition of the Lyon Open, she made it to the second round where she lost to Camila Giorgi.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the WTA tournaments were cancelled. Cornet returned to action in August at the Cincinnati Open. She stunned second seed Sofia Kenin in the second round. She was defeated in the third round by eventual champion, Victoria Azarenka. Cornet then made her first second week at the US Open in September, after reaching the fourth round, completing the sweep of second-week appearances at each of the four Grand Slam events. There, she lost to Tsvetana Pironkova.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Competing at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, Cornet was defeated in the second round by fifth seed and eventual finalist, Elena Rybakina. At the French Open, Cornet lost her second-round encounter to Zhang Shuai.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet started her 2021 season in January at the first edition of the Abu Dhabi Open. She lost in the second round to Paula Badosa. Cornet was defeated in the second round of the first edition of the Gippsland Trophy by second seed Naomi Osaka. At the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to Ann Li. Seeded 15th at the first edition of the Phillip Island Trophy, Cornet was defeated in the first round by Australian wildcard Kimberly Birrell.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Seeded fifth at the Lyon Open, she lost in the first round to compatriot Clara Burel. Competing at the Dubai Tennis Championships, Cornet was defeated in her second-round match by third seed Aryna Sabalenka. In Miami, she reached the second round where she lost to ninth seed Petra Kvitová.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Beginning her clay-court season at the Charleston Open, Cornet made it to the third round where she was defeated by 12th seed Ons Jabeur. Seeded fourth at the first edition of the MUSC Health Open, she retired from her first-round match against wildcard Linda Fruhvirtová due to injury. As the top seed at the Open de Saint-Malo, she fell in the first round to fellow French Océane Dodin.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In June at the beginning of grass-court season at the German Open, Cornet reached the semifinals defeating third seed Bianca Andreescu (her first top-10 win for 2021) and sixth seed Garbiñe Muguruza in a tight three-set match en route. She lost to Belinda Bencic in the semifinal. She defeated fifth seeded Andreescu again at Wimbledon, in the first round, her second top-10 win for the year.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: In August, Cornet participated in the first edition of the Chicago Women's Open reaching the final where she lost to Elina Svitolina. In October, she lost in the second round at Indian Wells to Leylah Fernandez, in straight sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: Cornet reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, defeating Bulgarian qualifier Viktoriya Tomova, world No. 3 Garbiñe Muguruza, 29th seed Tamara Zidanšek, and 14th seed Simona Halep en route. This was Cornet's first Grand Slam quarterfinal appearance, finally reaching the last eight on her 63rd attempt. However, she lost her quarterfinal match to Danielle Collins.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: With her participation in the Wimbledon Championships, Cornet tied the record set by Ai Sugiyama of 62 consecutive Grand Slam appearances. In the third round, she upset the world No. 1, Iga Swiatek, and ended her 37 match-win streak. This marked the second time she beat the reigning world No. 1 at Wimbledon (after Serena Williams in 2014). In the fourth round, Cornet lost to Ajla Tomljanovic in a three set match lasting 2 hours and 34 minutes.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: At the first round of the US Open, making her record 63rd consecutive Major appearance, she stunned the defending champion Emma Raducanu in straight sets. Next she defeated Katerina Siniakova. She lost to Danielle Collins in the third round in straight sets.


title: Alizé Cornet

text: From 2018, Cornet has worn Lotto clothing and shoes, having been endorsed by Lacoste from the beginning of her professional career in 2005, whilst typically wearing Asics shoes. Cornet uses Babolat racquets, specifically endorsing the Pure Strike range of racquets.


title: Jubal Early

text: Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Virginia lawyer and politician who became a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Trained at the United States Military Academy, Early resigned his U.S. Army commission after the Second Seminole War and his Virginia military commission after the Mexican–American War, in both cases to practice law and participate in politics. Accepting a Virginia and later Confederate military commission as the American Civil War began, Early fought in the Eastern Theater throughout the conflict. He commanded a division under Generals Stonewall Jackson and Richard Ewell, and later commanded a corps. A key Confederate defender of the Shenandoah Valley, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Early made daring raids to the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and as far as York, Pennsylvania, but was crushed by Union forces under General Philip Sheridan, losing over half his forces and leading to the destruction of much of the South's food supply. After the war, Early fled to Mexico, then Cuba and Canada, and upon returning to the United States took pride as an "unrepentant rebel."


title: Jubal Early

text: Particularly after the death of Gen. Robert E. Lee in 1870, Early delivered speeches establishing the Lost Cause position. Early helped found the Southern Historical Society and memorial associations.


title: Jubal Early

text: Early was born on November 3, 1816 in the Red Valley section of Franklin County, Virginia, third of ten children of Ruth (née Hairston) (1794–1832) and Joab Early (1791–1870). The Early family was well-established and well-connected in the area, either one of the First Families of Virginia, or linked to them by marriage as they moved westward toward the Blue Ridge Mountains from Virginia's Eastern Shore. His great grandfather, Col. Jeremiah Early (1730–1779) of Bedford County, Virginia bought an iron furnace in Rocky Mount (in what became Franklin County) with his son-in-law Col. James Calloway, but soon died. He willed it to his sons Joseph, John, and Jubal Early (grandfather of the present Jubal A. Early, named for his grandfather). Of those men, only John Early (1773–1833) would live long and prosper—he sold his interest in the furnace and bought a plantation from his father-in-law in Albemarle County. Earlysville, Virginia, was named after him. Jubal Early (for whom the baby Jubal was named) only lived a couple of years after his marriage. His young sons Joab (this Early's father) and Henry became wards of Col. Samuel Hairston (1788–1875), a major landowner in southwest Virginia, and in 1851 reputedly the richest man in the South, worth $5 million in land and enslaved people.


title: Jubal Early

text: Joab Early married his mentor's daughter, as well as like him (and his own son, this Jubal Early), served in the Virginia House of Delegates part-time (1824–1826), and become the county sheriff and led its militia, all while managing his extensive tobacco plantation of more than 4,000 acres using enslaved labor. His eldest son Samuel Henry Early (1813–1874) became a prominent manufacturer of salt using enslaved labor in the Kanawha Valley (of what became West Virginia during the American Civil War), and was a Confederate officer. Samuel H. Early married Henrian Cabell (1822–1890); their daughter, Ruth Hairston Early (1849–1928), became a prominent writer, member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and preservationist in Lynchburg, which became her family's home before the American Civil War and this Jubal Early's base during his final decades. His slightly younger brother Robert Hairston Early (1818–1882) also served as a Confederate officer during the Civil War but moved to Missouri.


title: Jubal Early

text: Jubal Early had the wherewithal to attend local private schools in Franklin County, as well as more advanced private academies in Lynchburg and Danville. He was deeply affected by his mother's death in 1832. The following year, his father and Congressman Nathaniel Claiborne secured a place in the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York for young Early, citing his particular aptitude for science and mathematics. He passed probation and became the first boy from Franklin County to enter the Military Academy. Early graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 18th of 50 graduating cadets and sixth among its engineering graduates. During his tenure at the Academy, fellow cadet Lewis Addison Armistead broke a mess plate over Early's head, which prompted Armistead's departure from the Academy, although he, too, became an important Confederate officer. Other future generals in that 1837 class were Union generals Joseph Hooker (with whom Early would have a verbal mess hall altercation over slavery), John Sedgwick and William H. French, as well as future Confederate generals Braxton Bragg, John C. Pemberton, Arnold Elzey and William H. T. Walker. Other future generals whose time at West Point also overlapped with Early's included P.G.T. Beauregard, Richard Ewell, Edward "Allegheny" Johnson, Irwin McDowell and George Meade.


title: Jubal Early

text: Upon graduating from West Point, Early received a commission as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery regiment. Assigned to fight against the Seminole in Florida, he was disappointed that he never even saw a Seminole and merely heard "some bullets whistling among the trees" not close to his position. His elder brother Samuel counseled him to finish his statutory one-year obligation, then return to civilian life. Thus Early resigned from the Army for the first time in 1838, later commenting that if notice of a promotion that reached him in Louisville during his return to Virginia had come earlier, he might have withheld that letter of resignation.


title: Jubal Early

text: Early studied law with local attorney Norborne M. Taliaferro and was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1840. Franklin County voters the next year elected Early as one of their delegates in the Virginia House of Delegates (a part-time position); he was a Whig and served one term alongside Henry L. Muse from 1841 to 1842. After redistricting reduced Franklin County's representation, his mentor (but Democrat) Norborne M. Taliaferro was elected to succeed him (and was re-elected many times until 1854, as well as become a local judge). Meanwhile, voters elected Early Talliaferro's successor as Commonwealth's attorney (prosecutor) for both Franklin and Floyd Counties; he was re-elected and served until 1852, apart from leading other Virginia volunteers during the Mexican–American War as noted below.


title: Jubal Early

text: During the Mexican–American War (despite the opposition of prominent Whig Henry Clay to that war), Early volunteered and received a commission as a Major with the 1st Virginia Volunteers. During Early's time at West Point, he had considered resigning in order to fight for Texas' independence, but had been dissuaded by his father and elder brother. He served from 1847 to 1848, although his Virginians arrived too late to see battlefield combat. Major Early was assigned to logistics, as inspector general on the brigade's staff under West Pointers Col. John F. Hamtramck and Lt. Col. Thomas B. Randolph, and later helped govern the town of Monterrey, bragging that the good conduct of his men won universal praise and produced better order in Monterrey than ever before, as well as that by the time they were mustered out of service at Fort Monroe, many of his men conceded that they had misjudged him at the beginning. While in Mexico, Early met Jefferson Davis, who commanded the first Mississippi Volunteers, and they exchanged compliments. During the winter in damp northern Mexico, Early experienced the first attacks of the rheumatoid arthritis plagued him the rest of his life, and he was even sent home for three months to recover.


title: Jubal Early

text: However, his legal career was not particularly remunerative when he returned although Early won an inheritance case in Lowndes County, Mississippi. He handled many cases involving slaves as well as divorces, but owned only one slave during his life. In the 1850 census, Early owned no real estate and lived in a tavern, as did several other lawyers; likewise, in the 1860 census, he owned neither real nor personal property (such as slaves) and lived in a hotel, as did several other lawyers and merchants. During this time, Early lived with Julia McNealey, who bore him four children whom Early acknowledged as his (including Jubal L. Early). She married another man in 1871. A biographer characterized Early as both unconventional and contrarian, "yet wedded to stability and conservatism".


title: Jubal Early

text: Although Early failed to win election as Franklin County's delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850, Franklin County voters elected Early and Peter Saunders (who lived in the same boardinghouse, although the son of prominent local landowner Samuel Sanders) to represent them at the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. A staunch Unionist, Early argued that the rights of Southerners without slaves were worth protection as much as those who owned slaves and that secession would precipitate war. Despite being mocked as "the Terrapin from Franklin," Early strongly opposed secession during both votes (Saunders left before the second vote, which approved secession).


title: Jubal Early

text: However, when President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion, Early fumed. After Virginia voters ratified secession, like many of his cousins, he accepted a commission to serve against the U.S. Army. Initially, Early became a brigadier general in the Virginia Militia and was sent to Lynchburg, where he raised three regiments and then commanded one of them. On June 19, 1861, Early formally became a colonel in the Confederate army, commanding the 24th Virginia Infantry, including his young cousin (previously expelled from Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for attending a tea party), Jack Hairston.


title: Jubal Early

text: After the First Battle of Bull Run (also called the First Battle of Manassas') in July 1861, Early was promoted to brigadier general, because his valor at Blackburn's Ford impressed General P.G.T. Beauregard, and his troops' charge along Chinn Ridge helped rout the Union forces (although his cousin Cpt. Charles F. Fisher of the 6th North Carolina died supporting the assault). As general, Early led Confederate troops in most of the major battles in the Eastern Theater, including the Seven Days Battles, the Second of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Battle of Gettysburg, and numerous battles in the Shenandoah Valley.


title: Jubal Early

text: General Robert E. Lee, the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, affectionately called Early his "Bad Old Man" because of his short temper, insubordination, and use of profanity. However, Lee also appreciated Early's aggressive fighting and ability to command units independently. Most of Early's soldiers (except during the war's last days) referred to him as "Old Jube" or "Old Jubilee" with enthusiasm and affection. (The "old" referred to a stoop because of the rheumatism incurred in Mexico.) However, his subordinate officers often experienced Early's inveterate complaints about minor faults and biting criticism at the least opportunity. Generally blind to his own mistakes, Early reacted fiercely to criticism or suggestions from below.


title: Jubal Early

text: As the Union Peninsular Campaign began in May 1862, Early without adequate reconnaissance led a futile charge through a swamp and wheat field against two Union artillery redoubts at what became known as the Battle of Williamsburg, His 22 year old cousin Jack Hairston was killed. The 24th Virginia suffered 180 killed, wounded or missing in the battle; Early himself received a shoulder wound and convalesced near home in Rocky Mount, Virginia. On June 26, the first day of the Seven Days Battles, Early reported himself ready for duty. However, the brigade he had commanded at Williamsburg no longer existed, having suffered severe casualties in that assault, and an army reorganization assigned the remaining men whose enlistments continued to other units. General Lee informed Early that he could not be assigned a new command in the middle of the current heated action and recommended for Early to wait until an opening came up somewhere. On July 1, just in time for the Battle of Malvern Hill (the last engagement in the Seven Days Battles), Early (though still unable to mount a horse without assistance) received command of Brig. Gen. Arnold Elzey's brigade because Elzey had been wounded at the Battle of Gaines Mill and the ranking colonel, James Walker, seemed too inexperienced for brigade command. However, that brigade was not engaged in the battle.


title: Jubal Early

text: For the rest of 1862, General Early commanded troops within the Second Corps under General Stonewall Jackson. During the Northern Virginia Campaign, Early's immediate superior was Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell. Early received accolades for his performance at the Battle of Cedar Mountain. Furthermore, his troops arrived in the nick of time to reinforce Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill on Jackson's left on Stony Ridge during the Second Battle of Bull Run (a/k/a Second Manassas).


title: Jubal Early

text: At the Battle of Antietam, Early ascended to division command when his commander, Alexander Lawton, was wounded on September 17, 1862, after Lawton had assumed that division command while Maj. Gen. Ewell recovered after a wound received at Second Manassas caused amputation of his leg. At Fredericksburg, Early and his troops saved the day by counterattacking the division of Maj. Gen. George Meade, which penetrated a gap in Jackson's lines. Impressed by Early's performance, Gen. Lee retained him as commander of what had been Ewell's division; Early formally received a promotion to major general on January 17, 1863.


title: Jubal Early

text: During the Chancellorsville campaign, which began on May 1, 1863, Lee gave Early 9,000 men to defend Fredericksburg at Marye's Heights against superior forces (4 divisions) under Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. Early was able to delay the Union forces and pin down Sedgwick while Lee and Jackson attacked the rest of the Union troops to the west. Sedgwick's eventual attack on Early up Marye's Heights on May 3, 1863 is sometimes known as the Second Battle of Fredericksburg. However, after the battle, Early engaged in a newspaper war with Brig. Gen. William Barksdale of Mississippi (a former newspaperman and congressman), who had commanded a division under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws in the First Corps, until Gen. Lee told the two officers to stop their public feud. Furthermore, General Stonewall Jackson died on May 10, 1863 of a wound received from his own sentry on the night of May 2, 1863, and the recovered Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell assumed command of the Second Corps.


title: Jubal Early

text: During the Gettysburg Campaign of mid-1863, Early continued to command a division in the Second Corps under Lt. Gen. Ewell. His troops were instrumental in overcoming Union defenders at the Second Battle of Winchester on June 13–15. They captured many prisoners, and opened up the Shenandoah Valley for Lee's oncoming forces. Early's division, augmented with cavalry, eventually marched eastward across the South Mountain into Pennsylvania, seizing vital supplies and horses along the way. Early captured Gettysburg on June 26 and demanded a ransom, which was never paid. He threatened to burn down any home which harbored a fugitive slave. Two days later, he entered York County and seized York. Here, his ransom demands were partially met, including $28,000 in cash. York thus became the largest Northern town to fall to the Rebels during the war. He also burned an iron foundry near Caledonia owned by abolitionist U.S. Representative Thaddeus Stevens. Elements of Early's command on June 28 reached the Susquehanna River, the farthest east in Pennsylvania that any organized Confederate force could penetrate. On June 30, Early was recalled to join the main force as Lee concentrated his army to meet the oncoming Federals. Troops under Early's command were also responsible for capturing escaped slaves to send them back to the south, which resulted in the seizure of free Blacks who were unable to evade the invading army. Over 500 Black people were abducted from southern Pennsylvania.


title: Jubal Early

text: Approaching the Gettysburg battlefield from the northeast on July 1, 1863, Early's division was on the leftmost flank of the Confederate line. He soundly defeated Brig. Gen. Francis Barlow's division (part of the Union XI Corps), inflicting three times the casualties to the defenders as he suffered, and drove the Union troops back through the streets of the town, capturing many of them. However, this later became another controversy, as Lt. Gen. Ewell denied Early permission to assault East Cemetery Hill to which Union troops had retreated. When the assault was allowed the following day as part of Ewell's efforts on the Union right flank, it failed with many casualties. The delay allowed Union reinforcements to arrive, which repulsed Early's two brigades. On the third day of battle, Early detached one brigade to assist Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's division in an unsuccessful assault on Culp's Hill. Elements of Early's division covered the rear of Lee's army during its retreat from Gettysburg on July 4 and July 5.


title: Jubal Early

text: Early's forces wintered in the Shenandoah Valley in 1863–64. During this period, he occasionally filled in as corps commander when Ewell's illness forced absences. On May 31, 1864, Lee expressed his confidence in Early's initiative and abilities at higher command levels. With Confederate President Jefferson Davis now being authorized to make temporary promotions; on Lee's request Early was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general.


title: Jubal Early

text: Early fought well during the inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness (during which a cousin died), and assumed command of the ailing A.P. Hill's Third Corps during the march to intercept Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Spotsylvania Court House. At Spotsylvania, Early occupied the relatively quiet right flank of the Mule Shoe. After Hill had recovered and resumed command, Lee, dissatisfied with Ewell's performance at Spotsylvania, assigned him to defend Richmond and gave Early command of the Second Corps. Thus, Early commanded that corps in the Battle of Cold Harbor.


title: Jubal Early

text: However, Union Gen. David Hunter had burned the VMI in Lexington on June 11, and was raiding through the Shenandoah Valley Confederate breadbasket, so Lee sent Early and 8,000 men to defend Lynchburg, an important railroad hub (with links to Richmond, the Valley and points southwest) as well as many hospitals for recovering Confederate wounded. John C. Breckinridge, Arnold Elzey and other convalescing Confederates and the remains of VMI's cadet corps assisted Early and his troops, as did many townspeople, including Narcissa Chisholm Owen, wife of the president of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Using a ruse involving multiple trains entering town to exaggerate his strength, Early convinced Hunter to retreat back toward West Virginia on June 18, in what became known as the Battle of Lynchburg, although the pursuing Confederate cavalry were soon outrun.


title: Jubal Early

text: During the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Early received a temporary promotion to lieutenant general and command of the "Army of the Valley" (the nucleus of which was the former Second Corps). Thus Early commanded the Confederacy's last invasion of the North, secured much-needed funds and supplies for the Confederacy and drawing off Union troops from the siege of Petersburg. Since Union armies under Grant and Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman were rapidly capturing formerly Confederate territory, Lee sent Early's corps to sweep Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley, as well as to menace Washington, D.C. He hoped to secure supplies as well as compel Grant to dilute his forces against Lee around the Confederate capital at Richmond and its supply hub at Petersburg.


title: Jubal Early

text: Early delayed his march for several days in a futile attempt to capture a small force under Franz Sigel at Maryland Heights near Harpers Ferry. His men then rested and ate captured Union supplies from July 4 through July 6. Although elements of his army reached the outskirts of Washington at a time when it was largely undefended, his delay at Maryland Heights and from extorting Hagerstown and Frederick, Maryland, prevented him from being able to attack the federal capital. Residents of Frederick paid $200,000 ($ in dollars) on July 9 and avoided being sacked, supposedly because some women had booed Stonewall Jackson's troops on their trip through town the previous year (the city had divided loyalties and later erected a Confederate Army monument). Later in the month, Early attempted to extort funds from Cumberland and Hancock, Maryland, and his cavalry commanders burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, when that city could not pay sufficient ransom.


title: Jubal Early

text: Meanwhile, Grant sent two VI Corps divisions from the Army of the Potomac to reinforce Union Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace defending the railroad to Washington, D.C. With 5,800 men, Wallace delayed Early for an entire day at the Battle of Monocacy Junction outside Frederick, which allowed additional Union troops to reach Washington and strengthen its defenses. Early's invasion caused considerable panic in both Washington and Baltimore, and his forces reached Silver Spring, Maryland, and the outskirts of the District of Columbia. He also sent some cavalry under Brig. Gen. John McCausland to Washington's western side.


title: Jubal Early

text: Knowing that he lacked sufficient strength to capture the federal capital, Early led skirmishes at Fort Stevens and Fort DeRussy. Opposing artillery batteries also traded fire on July 11 and July 12. On both days, President Abraham Lincoln watched the fighting from the parapet at Fort Stevens, his lanky frame a clear target for hostile military fire. After Early withdrew, he said to one of his officers, "Major, we haven't taken Washington, but we scared Abe Lincoln like hell."


title: Jubal Early

text: Early retreated with his men and captured loot across the Potomac River to Leesburg, Virginia, on July 13, then headed west toward the Shenandoah Valley. At the Second Battle of Kernstown on July 24, 1864, Early's forces defeated a Union army under Brig. Gen. George Crook. Through early August, Early's cavalry and guerrilla forces also attacked the B&O Railroad in various places, seeking to disrupt Union supply lines, as well as secure supplies for their own use.


title: Jubal Early

text: As July ended, Early ordered cavalry under Generals McCausland and Bradley Tyler Johnson to raid across the Potomac River. On July 30, they burned more than 500 buildings in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, nominally in retaliation for Union Maj. Gen. David Hunter's burning VMI in June and the homes of three prominent Southern sympathizers in Jefferson County, West Virginia earlier that month, as well as the Pennsylvania town's failure to heed his ransom demands (town leaders collecting door to door could only raise about $28,000 of the $100,000 in gold or $500,000 in greenbacks demanded, the local bank having sent its reserves out of town in anticipation). Early's forces also burned the region's only bridge across the Susquehanna River, impeding commerce as well as Union troop movements. Union cavalry commander Brig. Gen. William W. Averell had thought the attackers would raid toward Baltimore, Maryland, and so arrived too late to save Chambersburg. However, a rift developed between Early's two cavalry commanders because Marylander Johnson was loath to raze Cumberland and Hancock for likewise failing to meet ransom demands, because he saw McCausland's brigade commit war crimes while looting Chambersburg ("every crime ... of infamy.. except murder and rape"). Averill's Union cavalry, although half the size of the Confederate cavalry, chased them back across the Potomac River, and they skirmished three times, the Confederate cavalry losing most severely at the Battle of Moorefield in Hardy County, West Virginia on August 7.


title: Jubal Early

text: Realizing Early could still easily attack Washington, Grant in mid-August sent Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan and additional troops to subdue Early's forces, as well as local guerilla forces led by Col. John S. Mosby. At times outnumbering the Confederates three to one, Sheridan defeated Early in three battles. Sheridan's troops also laid waste to much of what had been the Confederacy's breadbasket, in order to deny rations and other supplies to Lee's army. On September 19, 1864, Early's troops lost the Third Battle of Winchester after raiding the B&O depot at Martinsburg, West Virginia. Key subordinates (General Robert Rodes and A.C. Godwin) were killed, General Fitz Lee wounded and General John C. Breckinridge was ordered back to Southwest Virginia—so Early had lost about 40% of his troop strength since the campaign began, despite distracting thousands of Union troops. The Confederates never again captured Winchester or the northern Valley. On September 21–22, Early's troops lost Strasburg after Sheridan's much larger force (35,000 Union troops vs. 9500 Confederates ) won the Battle of Fisher's Hill, capturing much of Early's artillery and 1,000 men, as well as inflicting about 1,235 casualties including the popular Sandie Pendleton. In a surprise attack the following month, on October 19, 1864, Early's Confederates initially routed two thirds of the Union army at the Battle of Cedar Creek. In his post-battle dispatch to Lee, Early noted that his troops were hungry and exhausted and claimed they broke ranks to pillage the Union camp, which allowed Sheridan critical time to rally his demoralized troops and turn their morning defeat into an afternoon victory. However, he privately conceded he had hesitated rather than pursue the advantage, and another key subordinate, Dodson Ramseur, was wounded, captured and died the next day despite the best efforts of Union and Confederate surgeons. Furthermore, one of Early's key subordinates, Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon, in his memoirs written in 1908 (after the irascible Early's death), also blamed Early's indecision rather than the troops for the afternoon rout.


title: Jubal Early

text: Although distracting thousands of Union troops from the action around Petersburg and Richmond for months, Early had also lost the confidence of former Virginia governor Extra Billy Smith, who told Lee that troops no longer considered Early "a safe commander." Lee ordered most of the remaining Second Corps to rejoin the Army of Northern Virginia defending Petersburg by late November, leaving Early to defend the entire Valley with a brigade of infantry and some cavalry under Lunsford L. Lomax. When Sheridan's troops nearly destroyed the Confederates at Waynesboro on March 2, 1865, Early could not evacuate his men (many of whom were captured), nor artillery and supplies. He barely escaped capture with his cousin Peter Hairston and a few members of his staff, returning almost alone to Petersburg. Hairston returned to one of his plantations near Danville, Virginia, where Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled to stay with slave trader and financier William Sutherlin.


title: Jubal Early

text: Lee, however, would not put Early back in command of the Second Corps there because his former subordinate Gordon was handling matters satisfactorily, and the press and other commanders suggested the recent disasters made Early unacceptable to the troops. Lee told Early to go home and wait, then relieved Early of his command on March 30, writing:


title: Jubal Early

text: When the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered on April 9, 1865 Early escaped to Texas on horseback, hoping to find a Confederate force that had not surrendered. He proceeded to Mexico, and from there sailed to Cuba and finally reached (the then Province of) Canada. Despite his former Unionist stance, Early declared himself unable to live under the same government as the Yankee. While living in Toronto with some financial support from his father and elder brother, Early wrote "A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence, in the Confederate States of America" (1866), which focused on his Valley Campaign. The book became the first published by a major general about the war. Early spent the rest of his life defending his actions during the war and became among the most vocal in justifying the Confederate cause, fostering what became known as the Lost Cause movement.


title: Jubal Early

text: President Andrew Johnson pardoned Early and many other prominent Confederates in 1869, but Early took pride in remaining an "unreconstructed rebel", and thereafter wore only suits of "Confederate gray" cloth. He returned to Lynchburg, Virginia, and resumed his legal practice about a year before the 1870 death of General Robert E. Lee. However, Early's father died in 1870, and the mother of his four children (whom he had never married) married another man in 1871. Early spent the rest of his life in "illness and squalor so severe that it reduced him to continual begging from family and friends." In an 1872 speech on the anniversary of General Lee's death, Early claimed inspiration from two letters Lee had sent him in 1865. In Lee's published farewell order to the Army of Northern Virginia, the general had noted the "overwhelming resources and numbers" that the Confederate army had fought against. In one letter to Early, Lee requested information about enemy strengths from May 1864 to April 1865, the war's last year, in which his army fought against Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg). Lee wrote, "My only object is to transmit, if possible, the truth to posterity, and do justice to our brave Soldiers." Lee also wrote, "I have not thought proper to notice, or even to correct misrepresentations of my words & acts. We shall have to be patient, & suffer for awhile at least. ... At present the public mind is not prepared to receive the truth."


title: Jubal Early

text: In his final years, Early became an outspoken proponent of white supremacy, which he believed to justified by his religion; he despised abolitionists. In the preface to his memoirs, Early characterized former slaves as "barbarous natives of Africa" and considered them "in a civilized and Christianized condition" as a result of their enslavement. He continued:


title: Jubal Early

text: Despite Lee's avowed desire for reconciliation with his former West Point colleagues who remained with the Union and with Northerners more generally, Early became an outspoken and vehement critic of Lieutenat General James Longstreet and particularly criticized his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg and also took issue with him and other former Confederates who after the war worked with Republicans and African Americans. Early also often criticized former Union General (later President) Ulysses S. Grant as a "butcher."


title: Jubal Early

text: In 1873, Early was elected president of the Southern Historical Society, an association he continued until his death. He frequently contributed to the "Southern Historical Society Papers", whose secretary was former Confederate chaplain J. William Jones. With the support of former Confederate General William N. Pendleton, who like Jones ministered in Lexington, Virginia, after the war, Early also became the first president of the Lee Monument Association, and of the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia. Beginning around 1877, Early and former Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard supported themselves in part as officials of the (reputedly then corrupt) Louisiana Lottery. Early also corresponded with and visited former Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who retired to Mississippi's Gulf Coast near New Orleans, Louisiana to write his own memoirs. Former Confederate First Lady Varina Davis, while also furthering the Lost Cause and corresponding with Early, characterized Early as a "crabby bachelor with a squeaky, high-pitched voice".


title: Jubal Early

text: Early tripped and fell down granite stairs at the Lynchburg, Virginia, post office on February 15, 1894. A medical examination found no broken nor fractured bones, but noted Early suffered from back pain and mental confusion. He failed to recover during the next few weeks and died quietly at home on March 2, holding the hand of U.S. Sen. John Warwick Daniel. Local obituaries speculated a net worth at $200,000 to $300,000. His doctor did not specify an exact cause on the death certificate. Virginia's flag flew at half-staff over the Capitol the afternoon of the funeral, and cannons boomed 36 times at five minute intervals. A procession of VMI cadets, 300 Confederate veterans and local militia accompanied the flag-draped casket and riderless horse with reversed stirrups to St. Paul's Church. During the brief service, Rev. T. M. Carson, a veteran of Early's Valley Campaign, testified as to "the almost countless forces of the enemy." Another, simple service, taps and a farewell kiss by one of Early's "noblest and bravest followers" concluded with Early's burial at Spring Hill Cemetery in Lynchburg. Nearby lay (distant) family members Captain Robert D. Early (killed in the Battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864) and his brother William (killed at the Battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865) and their parents, as well as Confederate generals Thomas T. Munford and James Dearing.


title: Jubal Early

text: The Library of Congress has some of his papers. The Virginia Historical Society holds some of his papers, along with other members of the Early family. The Library of Virginia and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have Hairston family papers, but they barely mention activities during the American Civil War, other than selling provisions to the Confederacy.


title: Jubal Early

text: The Lost Cause that Early promoted and espoused was continued by memorial associations such as the United Confederate Veterans (founded 1889) and the United Daughters of the Confederacy (founded 1894), as well as by his niece Ruth Hairston Early. Jubal Early's book, "Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War between the States", was published posthumously in 1912. Jubal Early's book, "The Heritage of the South: a history of the introduction of slavery; its establishment from colonial times and final effect upon the politics of the United States", was published posthumously in 1915. Historians, including Douglas Southall Freeman (who grew up in Lynchburg near the former Early home and remembered relatives' pointing out the stooped and grumbling Early as a bogeyman-type warning), espoused the Lost Cause to greater or lesser degrees until the 1960s, arguing the concept helped Southerners to cope with the dramatic social, political, and economic changes in the postbellum era, including Reconstruction. Early's biographer, Gary Gallagher, noted that Early understood the struggle to control public memory of the war, and that he "worked hard to help shape that memory, and ultimately enjoyed more success than he probably imagined possible." Other modern historians such as sociologist James Loewen, author of "The Truth About Columbus", believed Early's views fomented racial hatred.


title: Kate Maberly

text: Kate Elizabeth Cameron Maberly (; born 14 March 1982) is an English actress, director, writer, producer, and musician. She has appeared in film, television, radio and theatre.


title: Kate Maberly

text: Maberly was born in Reigate, Surrey, England. She is the daughter of a lawyer and one of five children; her older sister Polly is also an actress. She has two older brothers, Thomas and Guy, and one younger brother, Jack. Maberly attended Dunottar School, Reigate where she skipped ahead a year and left with A-levels in maths, chemistry, history and music.


title: Kate Maberly

text: Maberly began swimming competitively at the age of 5 and was a county champion swimmer up to the age of 16. At 7 years old she completed the BT National Swimathon (as the youngest individual to complete the event at the time) which she did to raise money for St Piers Lingfield (Now "Young Epilepsy"), a school to help children with Epilepsy.


title: Kate Maberly

text: She represented her county in tennis from the age of 12, and from 2004-2010 she played for the Royal Parks tennis leagues in London.


title: Kate Maberly

text: Maberly started playing the piano at the age of 6, and at 14 travelled to Venice, Italy, with the Dunottar Chamber Ensemble to perform as the solo pianist, in a performance of Mozart's Piano Concerto no. 23 (K488). She achieved grade 8 in both Piano and Cello in school and went on to study at London's Trinity College of Music graduating in 2004 with a joint honours degree in piano and cello performance. She also composes music and sings jazz and has sung at London jazz venue Pizza on the Park.


title: Kate Maberly

text: Maberly's breakthrough role came in 1993 when she starred as Mary Lennox in the feature film "The Secret Garden". Directed by Agnieszka Holland, the film achieved international acclaim and has gone on to become a family classic. This internationally acclaimed performance paved the way for several subsequent lead roles, including; Dinah Bellman in "The Langoliers", alongside David Morse and Patricia Wettig, Glumdalclitch in "Gulliver's Travels", with Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, Peter O'Toole and Kristen Scott Thomas, Ira in "Friendship's Field", and Vanessa in "Mothertime".