title: JS Kaga

text: In 2010, Forecast International reported that some design features were intended to support fixed-wing aircraft such as the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II; as of 2019 both "Kaga" and "Izumo" are scheduled to be refit to accommodate the F-35B STOVL variant during its five-year overhaul in 2022. "Kaga"s reconstruction is estimated to be completed as early as 2021.


title: JS Kaga

text: In 2019, it was reported that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe approved a five-year defence budget, which included the upgrade of "Izumo" and "Kaga" and the purchase of a combined 147 F-35A and F-35B stealth fighters. According to the newspaper "Mainichi Shimbun", the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) is planning to acquire a total of 42 F-35B variants, introducing 18 by FY2023, six in FY2024 and two in FY2025. These are to form a single squadron consisting of about 20 aircraft. Japan’s Defense Minister, Nobuo Kishi, announced that Nyutabaru Air Base in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu will host the F-35Bs.The base is located in close proximity to the Southwest Islands, including Okinawa, and JMSDF’s Kure Base in Hiroshima Prefecture, which is Kaga‘s home port. "Kaga" began her initial modifications in March 2022 at the Japan Marine United (JMU) shipyard in Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture. The proposed modification of "Kaga" will be more extensive than for her sister ship (and significantly more expensive) and includes changes to the shape of the bow. The initial modification of "Kaga" is expected to take 14 months, followed by a second modification of the ship’s interior, which is expected to begin in March 2027.


title: JS Kaga

text: "Kaga" is long, and displaces 27,000 tons, making it the largest ship in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. However, it is considerably smaller than other contemporary aircraft carriers – the , for instance, is and over 100,000 tons.


title: JS Kaga

text: The ship is equipped with two Phalanx CiWS (close-in weapon systems) and two SeaRAM CiWS for her defense.


title: JS Kaga

text: "Kaga" toured the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in 2018 in order to bolster Japan's presence in geostrategic waters.


title: JS Kaga

text: During a state visit to Japan in May 2019, Donald Trump visited "Kaga" in Yokosuka. During his visit, Trump made a speech in which he claimed that many of the United States's allies were taking advantage of its high defense budget by not spending enough on their own militaries. Trump congratulated Japan for "being a good ally and buying American", and wished them success in the coming Reiwa Era.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Omar Enrique Vizquel González (; born April 24, 1967), nicknamed "Little O", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball shortstop. During his 24-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, Vizquel played for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox, and Toronto Blue Jays. In Venezuela he played for Leones del Caracas. From 2014 to 2017, he was the Detroit Tigers' first-base, infield and baserunning coach. He was manager for the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Widely considered one of baseball's all-time best fielding shortstops, Vizquel won 11 Gold Glove Awards, including nine consecutive from 1993 to 2001. Among shortstops, his .985 fielding percentage is tied for highest all-time, he is the all-time leader in games played, and the all-time leader in double plays turned. Vizquel tied Cal Ripken Jr.'s American League record for most consecutive games at shortstop without an error (95, between September 26, 1999, and July 21, 2000), since surpassed. Vizquel ranked as the all-time hits leader among players from Venezuela (2,877; 44th all-time) until May 12, 2021, when he was surpassed by Miguel Cabrera. Vizquel has third-most hits all time among shortstops, behind Derek Jeter and Honus Wagner. Vizquel is also the career sacrifice hits leader of the live-ball era.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: At the time of his retirement, Vizquel was the oldest position player in the Major Leagues, and the only active position player with service time in the 1980s. The other was long time starting pitcher Jamie Moyer. He is one of only 29 players in baseball history to play in Major League games in four decades, and the only one who played shortstop. On May 7, 2012, Vizquel became the oldest player to play at shortstop in Major League history, surpassing Bobby Wallace, who played 12 games with the St. Louis Cardinals at the age of 44 in 1918.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel was the last active player in any of the major North American professional sports leagues to have played in the 1980s. Starting in 2020, various allegations of domestic abuse and sexual assault emerged against him.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel started his career with the Leones del Caracas of the Venezuelan Winter League together with Tony Armas, Bo Díaz and Andrés Galarraga. He learned to switch hit from Bill Plummer who managed Vizquel with the Leones del Caracas, in 1986–87 and 1988–89, and coached and managed the Mariners. Originally signed by the Mariners as a non-drafted free agent in 1984, Vizquel made his Major League debut on April 3, 1989. Batting ninth in the lineup, he went 0-for-3 while making five assists, a double play and an error in a 3–2 loss to the Oakland Athletics. Three nights later, he collected his first career hit in the third inning against Storm Davis with a single, later scoring on a Darnell Coles double, although the Mariners lost 11–3 to the Athletics.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: At the end of the 1993 season, Vizquel was traded by the Mariners to the Indians for Félix Fermín, Reggie Jefferson, and cash. During Vizquel's career in Cleveland, the Indians made it to the World Series twice, losing to the Atlanta Braves in 1995 and to the Florida Marlins in 1997. Vizquel is a lifetime .250 hitter in 57 postseason games.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel won nine consecutive Gold Gloves with the Mariners and Indians, starting with his first in 1993 with Seattle and continuing until 2001. Alex Rodriguez broke Vizquel's streak and won the award in 2002. Vizquel won two additional Gold Gloves in 2005 and 2006 with the San Francisco Giants.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In 1999, Vizquel hit over .300 and scored 100 runs for the first time in his career, finishing the season with a .333 batting average and 112 runs scored for an Indians team that scored a league-leading 1,009 runs. Vizquel hit second in the line-up between lead-off man Kenny Lofton and third-place hitter Roberto Alomar in the most productive offensive line-up in Cleveland baseball history. This line-up also included power hitters Jim Thome and Manny Ramirez.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On August 5, 2001, Vizquel hit a three-run triple in the ninth inning against the Seattle Mariners to tie the game 14–14, capping a comeback from a 14–2 deficit. The Indians went on to win 15–14 in 11 innings, tying the record for the largest comeback win in history. Vizquel reached career highs in 2002 hitting 14 homers and 72 RBI, but his success was interrupted by the need for surgery on his right knee. He tied the 2002 All-Star Game 7–7 with an RBI triple in the eighth inning. As a result of his knee injury in 2002 and a follow-up operation, he appeared in only 64 games in 2003. In a game on May 27, 2003, Vizquel had a straight steal of home against the Detroit Tigers. He caught Tigers pitcher Steve Avery by surprise and made it home without a throw. Vizquel returned in 2004 to hit .291 in 148 games. At the end of the season, Vizquel was signed by the Giants as a free agent.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On June 23, 2007, the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame inducted Vizquel, along with former Giants outfielder Matty Alou, into its Hall of Fame during an on-field, pre-game ceremony. For the 13th and final time, Vizquel finished in the top ten in sacrifice hits, having 14 to finish 2nd along with John Maine behind Juan Pierre.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on February 27, 2008. He started the 2008 season on the disabled list and played in his first game on May 10. Vizquel stole home for the second time in his career against Oakland Athletics pitcher Greg Smith on June 13.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel won the Hutch Award and the Willie Mac Award, and was a finalist for the Heart & Hustle Award. Only two other players, Dave Dravecky and Craig Biggio, have won more than one of these awards, although Willie McCovey himself won the Hutch Award before having the Willie Mac Award named for him.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On January 21, 2009, Vizquel signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers and made the team's major league roster. He served mainly as a backup middle infielder. In 62 games with the Rangers, he had 47 hits, 17 runs, 14 RBIs with a .266 batting average and a .660 OPS to go with 27 strikeouts and 13 walks. In each of the three positions (shortstop, third base, second base) he played with the team, he made no errors. He played 27 games at shortstop for 196.2 innings, making 32 putouts and 76 assists with 22 double plays turned; he appeared in 20 games at third base for 101 innings, having five putouts and 22 assists, while making 23 putouts and 49 assists at second base.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On November 23, 2009, Vizquel agreed to a one-year contract with the Chicago White Sox worth $1.4 million. After making the deal official, former shortstop and White Sox legend (and fellow Venezuelan) Luis Aparicio asked that his number 11 be temporarily "unretired" for Vizquel during the 2010 season, mostly due to the fact that White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén — like Vizquel and Aparicio, a Venezuelan shortstop — had rights to #13, the number Vizquel has worn through his career.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On May 25, 2010, Vizquel became the shortstop with the third most hits all time, behind Derek Jeter and Honus Wagner. On June 25, he hit his first home run of 2010, putting him on the short list of players who have hit home runs in four different decades (with Ted Williams, Willie McCovey, and Rickey Henderson). On November 2, 2010, Vizquel signed a one-year deal to remain in Chicago. On April 3, 2011, Vizquel hit a single for his 2,800th career hit. Despite being well into his forties, Vizquel was still regarded as one of the better defensive shortstops in the game and seen by his former White Sox teammates as one of the most physically fit.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel signed a one-year minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays for the 2012 season. He made the team out of spring training, and made his first appearance on Opening Day, against his former club, the Cleveland Indians. His first start came on April 22, against the Kansas City Royals. Vizquel was ejected from a game against the Texas Rangers on May 1, arguing with the home plate umpire from the bench. Vizquel jokingly danced to mock the umpire before exiting the dugout. Vizquel hinted at retirement upon the conclusion of the 2012 season. Despite being 45 years of age and appearing in only five games at that point in the season with the Blue Jays, he stated, "I feel excited about coming to the ballpark. Maybe not every day, because there are going to be some days you're going to be sore. But I still feel I want to be here. I want to compete."


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In a game against the Detroit Tigers on July 27, Vizquel hit his first two extra-base hits of the season, a double and triple. Vizquel became the third oldest player to hit a triple (behind Julio Franco and Nick Altrock) and became the oldest player in major league history to hit a double and a triple in the same game.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In the first game of a day-night doubleheader against the New York Yankees on September 19, Vizquel recorded his 2,874th career hit, passing Babe Ruth for 41st all-time.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In the final game of the 2012 season, Brett Lawrie wore a #17 jersey as opposed to his usual #13. This allowed Vizquel to wear #13 (the number he wore through most of his career) when he played his final game on October 3, 2012. Vizquel went 1-for-3, hitting a single in his last at bat, the 2,877th hit of his career moving him ahead of Mel Ott for 40th position on the all-time hits list. Vizquel retired after the season and was the last position player born in the 1960s, as well as the last to play in the 1980s, to retire.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On January 30, 2013, Vizquel was hired by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim to become a co-infield coach with Bobby Knoop, to replace Dick Schofield, whose contract was not renewed for 2013.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On November 18, 2013, the Detroit Tigers named Vizquel as their new first-base coach, replacing Rafael Belliard. Under manager Brad Ausmus, Vizquel also served as the Tigers infield and baserunning instructor. Following the dismissal of Ausmus after the 2017 season, Vizquel interviewed for the vacant manager's position, but was passed over in favor of Ron Gardenhire.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In November 2017 Vizquel returned to the White Sox organization to manage their Class A-Advanced team, the Winston-Salem Dash. In December 2018 Vizquel was promoted to manage the White Sox' Class AA team, the Birmingham Barons. In 2019 Vizquel was let go by the Barons after an incident between him and a male employee which resulted in an MLB investigation.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On December 2, 2019, Vizquel was named as the new manager for the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League. In July 2021, Vizquel left the team.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel is active in community service, having served as an honorary spokesperson for "Young Audiences", an arts education organization in Cleveland, and "Schools Now", which raises funds through the sale of entertainment booklets. Following the 1999 Vargas mudslide disaster that killed 25,000 in his native Venezuela, Vizquel volunteered for the relief effort and helped raise over $500,000 for the cause. Vizquel has held various charitable events in downtown Cleveland such as Tribe Jam, where he and some other teammates get together with each other or with retired singers and sing some of their favorite songs.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: His 2002 autobiography, "Omar!: My Life on and Off the Field", which he co-wrote with Bob Dyer, spent four weeks on the "New York Times" Best Seller List. It was released in paperback in 2003.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel married Nicole Tonkin, a Seattle native, in 1992. They later divorced, and Vizquel married Blanca Garcia in July 2014.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: A long-running and well-publicized feud erupted between Vizquel and former teammate and friend José Mesa. In 2002, following the publication of his autobiography, "Omar! My Life On and Off the Field", Vizquel criticized Mesa's performance in Game 7 of the 1997 World Series: "The eyes of the world were focused on every move we made. Unfortunately, Jose's own eyes were vacant. Completely empty. Nobody home. You could almost see right through him. Not long after I looked into his vacant eyes, he blew the save and the Marlins tied the game." Mesa reacted furiously, pledging to hit Vizquel upon every subsequent opportunity: "Even my little boy told me to get him. If I face him 10 more times, I'll hit him 10 times. I want to kill him."


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On June 12, 2002, Mesa hit Vizquel with a pitch in the ninth inning. Mesa was not ejected and finished the game. They did not face each other again until 2006; by then, Vizquel was with the San Francisco Giants and Mesa was playing for the Colorado Rockies. When Vizquel came to bat against Mesa in Denver on April 22, Mesa hit him again. Meeting three more times in 2006, however, Vizquel escaped being hit by his former teammate, with two groundouts and an RBI single. Vizquel batted .333 (7-for-21) against Mesa before Mesa's retirement in 2007.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: On December 16, 2020, "The Athletic" reported that Vizquel's wife Blanca (who was filing for divorce) alleged that he physically abused her in 2011 (which was before their marriage) and in 2016. Blanca previously made the allegation in an Instagram live video on October 7, 2020. According to "The Athletic", in 2016, Vizquel was charged with fourth-degree domestic assault after an incident at their Seattle-area home in Sammamish, Washington. Blanca told police that her husband pushed her during an argument, causing her to fall and suffer an injury to her shin and multiple broken fingernails. Charges were later dropped at her request. She claimed in the article that Vizquel coerced her into signing the letter and threatened her with financial retribution. "The Athletic" also mentioned an incident in December 2011, when Vizquel allegedly strangled his wife during an argument at her sister's home in Alabama. He denied the allegation and claimed that Blanca scratched him, which she denies. The couple ultimately filed a successful joint motion to dismiss charges.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: In a statement, Vizquel strongly denied the allegations against him. MLB is currently investigating the situation.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: "The Athletic" reported on August 7, 2021, that Vizquel has been named in a civil action alleging sexual harassment of a batboy with autism for the Birmingham Barons, the AA Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Chicago White Sox. According to the report, the batboy claimed in his complaint that Vizquel targeted him because of a disability the batboy suffers. "The Athletic" further reports that the lawsuit was filed in federal district court in Alabama and that it is based on the Americans with Disabilities Act.


title: Omar Vizquel

text: Vizquel has appeared on balloting for the National Baseball Hall of Fame since 2018, when he received 37.0% of the vote, well short of the 75% required for election, but well above the 5% minimum required to remain on the ballot. His support increased to 52.6% in 2020 before going down to 49.1% in the 2021 ballot and then cratering to 23.9% in the 2022 ballot, his fifth year on the ballot. A player may appear on the ballot a maximum of ten times.


title: Suzu Hirose

text: Hirose debuted as a model for Japanese fashion magazine "Seventeen", alongside her sister Alice. She gained fame when she starred with a group of actresses for the award-winning film "Our Little Sister". The film won the "Picture of the Year" award at the 39th Japan Academy Film Prize. Her role for the film garnered her the Newcomer of the Year award in the same ceremony. The film was also selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Suzu Hirose

text: In 2017, Hirose appeared in the film "The Third Murder" which was a massive success. She won the Best Supporting Actress award in the 41st Japan Academy Film Prize for her role and the film was also awarded the Picture of the Year award in the same ceremony. The film was also screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival.


title: Suzu Hirose

text: She was selected to play the main lead in the live-action trilogy films "Chihayafuru", which received box-office successes. She was nominated twice for the Outstanding Performance By An Actress in a Leading Role awards in the Japan Academy Film Prize for her roles in "Chihayafuru Part 1" in the 40th Japan Academy Film Prize and "Not Quite Dead Yet" in the 44th Japan Academy Film Prize.


title: Suzu Hirose

text: Hirose played the heroine for the NHK's 100th Asadora, "Natsuzora" (Summer Sky). She has appeared in multiple commercials since 2013 and regularly tops various polls for celebrities with the most endorsements. Hirose appeared in a number of television dramas such as "Kaitō Yamaneko" (2016) and "Nemesis (2021)".


title: Suzu Hirose

text: She was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress award in the 45th Japan Academy Film Prize for her role in the film "A Morning of Farewell".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Charlotte Elouise Dimmock (born 10 August 1966) is an English gardening expert and television presenter. She was a member of the team on "Ground Force", a BBC gardening makeover programme, airing from 1997 to 2005.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Since then, Dimmock has presented numerous TV shows in the UK and US, including "The Joy of Gardening, Charlie's Garden Army" and most recently "Garden Rescue".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock attended Wellow Primary School and the Mountbatten School in Romsey, Hampshire. Her father Terry was a merchant seaman, and her mother Sue ran her own clothes shop.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock's love of gardening began at an early age – she enjoyed spending time in the garden as a child (gravitating towards the family pond), and helping her grandfather in his vegetable patch. At junior school she had gardening lessons through the spring and summer terms. As a teenager, Dimmock had a weekend and holiday job at a local garden centre called Mill Water Gardens in Romsey.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: When she was at school, Dimmock initially planned to specialise in forensic science, but changed her mind and studied horticulture. Dimmock trained as an amenity horticulturalist at Winchester and in Somerset, graduating with a BTEC Diploma in Amenity Horticulture, attaining a distinction, and a National Technical Certificate in Turf Culture and Sporting Management. She spent a year of this training at the Chelsea Physic Garden in London.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: After college, Dimmock joined Romsey Garden Centre. It was here that she met TV producer John Thornicroft, who later produced "Ground Force".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock first came to the public's attention in 1997, when she joined the BBC gardening series "Ground Force", five years after first meeting the producer/director of the series when she built a pond for the Meridian series, "Grass Roots". Dimmock co-presented "Ground Force" for the eight years it aired.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Since then, she has presented such programmes as "The Joy of Gardening" and "Charlie's Garden Army", as well as presenting coverage of the Chelsea Flower Show. In 2004, she appeared in the Channel 4 reality TV show, "The Games". She has also appeared on American television, presenting a gardening slot on "The Early Show" on CBS. In September 2006, she appeared on the BBC's "Celebrity MasterChef".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock made a cameo appearance as herself in the British soap opera "Hollyoaks" in August 2002, acting as a special guest booked by character Gordon Cunningham to unveil the "Jubilee Gardens".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: During the mid-2000s, after "Ground Force" had ceased production, she presented a local ITV Meridian series entitled "River Walks", in which she walked along various rivers in Southern England, visiting landmarks and attractions along the way as well as meeting people who live and work on the rivers.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock was President of the Television and Radio Industries Club (TRIC) from 2003 to 2004 and presented their annual awards ceremony that year. In 2011, she joined the team of experts on ITV's "Daybreak" breakfast magazine show acting as gardening expert. In 2013, she presented an episode of "The Great British Garden Revival".


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: In July 2016, Dimmock became a member of the team presenting "Garden Rescue", a series on garden transformations produced for the BBC by Spun Gold TV.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock has written several gardening books, including the BBC Ground Force books "Water Garden Workbook" and "Container Gardening", as well as "Enjoy Your Garden", a book on general gardening published in 2000. Dimmock wrote a weekly gardening column in the "Mail on Sunday" for many years, until January 2008.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock appeared in pantomime over Christmas 2011 at The Spa in Bridlington playing the Organic Fairy in "Jack and the Beanstalk": she reprised the role in December 2012 at the Pomegranate Theatre in Chesterfield.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock launched her "In the Garden" range of gardening equipment with the retail chain Poundland on 29 February 2016. She expanded her range in 2017.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Multiple flowers have been named after Charlie Dimmock including the apricot orange "Dahlia" "'Charlie Dimmock"' and cherry red/silvery pink "Charlie's Rose."


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: Dimmock's mother Sue Kennedy, 59, and her stepfather Rob, 58, both died in the 2004 tsunami while holidaying in Thailand, caused by an Indian Ocean earthquake.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: In 2003, Dimmock competed in the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge charity event, raising the profile of the event considerably, which has gone on to raise over £100,000 each year for Macmillan Cancer Support.


title: Charlie Dimmock

text: She has also been involved in many other charity works, such as "Dreamflight", a charity organisation backed by British Airways for children with serious illnesses, that takes them to Florida, United States, for a "holiday of a lifetime".


The 2022 National Women's Soccer League season was the tenth season of the National Women's Soccer League, the top division of women's soccer in the United States. Including the NWSL's two professional predecessors, Women's Professional Soccer (2009–2011) and the Women's United Soccer Association (2001–2003), it was the 16th overall season of FIFA and USSF-sanctioned top division women's soccer in the United States. Twelve teams competed in the league, including two expansion teams, San Diego Wave FC and Angel City FC.


title: 2022 National Women's Soccer League season

text: The NWSL regular season, comprising 22 games for each team, began on April 29 and ended on October 2, 2022. OL Reign topped the standing with 40 points and thus won the NWSL Shield. The championship playoffs were held from October 16-29 and were won by Portland Thorns FC, who defeated the Kansas City Current 2-0 in the final and thus became the NWSL champions. The year also included the 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup, which was played from March 18 to May 7 and overlapped with the start of the regular season. It was won by the North Carolina Courage, who defeated the Washington Spirit 2-1 in the final.


text: On October 30, 2021, the NWSL franchise in Kansas City announced its new name as Kansas City Current.


text: The initial determining factor for a team's position in the standings is most points earned, with three points earned for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss. If two or more teams tie in total points total when determining rank, playoff qualification, and seeding, the NWSL uses the following tiebreaker criteria, going down the list until all teams are ranked.


text: The top six teams from the regular season qualified for the NWSL Championship playoffs, with the top two teams receiving a first-round bye. On August 23, 2022, the league announced that the championship match would be held on October 29, 2022, at Audi Field in Washington, D.C., with domestic broadcast on CBS and a prime-time kickoff at 8 p.m. EDT.


Visa requirements for Argentine citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Argentina.


title: Visa requirements for Argentine citizens

text: As of 11 January 2022, Argentine citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 170 countries and territories, ranking the Argentine passport 19th in terms of travel freedom. Argentine passport is the 2nd most powerful passport in Latin América after the Chilean passport and is the 4th most powerful passport in the Americas, according to the Henley Passport Index.


text: For journeys within South America (except the Guyanas), Argentines do not need to use a passport, as they may use their National Identity Document (DNI).


text: Argentina is a full member of Mercosur. As such, its citizens enjoy unlimited access to any of the other full members (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) and associated members (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador) with the right to residence and work, with no requirement other than nationality. Citizens of these nine countries (including Argentina) may apply for the grant of "temporary residence" for up to two years in another country of the bloc. Then, they may apply for "permanent residence" just before the term of their "temporary residence" expires.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The Royal Abbey of Our Lady of Fontevraud or Fontevrault (in French: "abbaye de Fontevraud") was a monastery in the village of Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, near Chinon, in the former French duchy of Anjou. It was founded in 1101 by the itinerant preacher Robert of Arbrissel. The foundation flourished and became the center of a new monastic Order, the Order of Fontevraud. This order was composed of double monasteries, in which the community consisted of both men and women — in separate quarters of the abbey — all of whom were subject to the authority of the Abbess of Fontevraud. The Abbey of Fontevraud itself consisted of four separate communities, all managed by the same abbess.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The first permanent structures were built between 1110 and 1119. The area where the Abbey is located was then part of what is sometimes referred to as the Angevin Empire. The King of England, Henry II, his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and their son, King Richard the Lionheart, were all buried here at the end of the 12th century. It was seized and disestablished as a monastery during the French Revolution.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The Abbey is situated in the Loire Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, between Chalonnes-sur-Loire and Sully-sur-Loire within the Loire-Anjou-Touraine French regional natural park ("Parc naturel régional Loire-Anjou-Touraine").


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The complex of monastic buildings served as a prison from 1804 to 1963. Since 1975, it has hosted a cultural centre, the Centre Culturel de l'Ouest.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Robert of Arbrissel had served as the Archpriest of the Diocese of Rennes, carrying out the reformist agenda of its bishop. When the bishop died in 1095, Robert was driven out of the diocese due to the hostility of the local clergy. He then became a hermit in the forest of Craon, where he practiced a life of severe penance, together with a number of other men who went on to found major monastic institutions. His eloquence and asceticism attracted many followers, for whom in 1096 he founded a monastery of canons regular at La Roë, of which he was the first abbot. In that same year Pope Urban II summoned him to Angers and appointed him an apostolic missionary, authorizing him to preach anywhere. His preaching drew large crowds of devoted followers, both men and women, even lepers. As a result, many men wished to embrace the religious life, and he sent these to his abbey. When the canons of that house objected to the influx of candidates of lower social states, he resigned his office and left the community.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Around 1100 Robert and his followers settled in a valley called "Fons Ebraldi" where he established a monastic community. Initially the men and women lived together in the same house, in an ancient ascetic practice called Syneisaktism. This practice had been widely condemned by Church authorities, however, and under pressure the community soon segregated according to gender, with the monks living in small priories where they lived in community in service to the nuns and under their rule. Sometime before 1106, Fulk IV, Count of Anjou gave a significant property gift to the abbey.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: They were recognized as a religious community in 1106, both by the Bishop of Angers and by Pope Paschal II. Robert, who soon resumed his life of itinerant preaching, appointed Hersende of Champagne to lead the community. Later her assistant, Petronilla of Chemillé, was elected as the first abbess in 1115.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Robert wrote a brief Rule of Life for the community, based upon the Rule of St. Benedict. Unlike the other monastic orders characterized by double monasteries, the monks and nuns of the Order of Fontevrault followed the same Rule. In his Rule, Robert dealt with four principal points: silence, good works, food and clothing, encouraging the utmost in simplicity of life and dress. He directed that the abbess should never be chosen from among those who had been brought up at Fontevrault, but that she should be someone who had had experience of the world ("de conversis sororibus"). This latter injunction was observed only in the case of the first two abbesses and was canceled by Pope Innocent III in 1201. At the time of Robert's death in 1117, there were about 3,000 nuns in the community.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: In the early years the Plantagenets were great benefactors of the abbey and while Isabella d'Anjou was the abbess, King Henry II's widow, Eleanor of Aquitaine, made the abbey her place of residence. Abbess Louise de Bourbon left her crest on many of the alterations to the abbey building which she made during her term of office.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: With the passing of the Plantagenet dynasty, Fontevrault and her dependencies began to fall upon hard times. At the end of the 12th century, the Abbess of Fontevrault, Matilda of Flanders (1189–1194), complained about the extreme poverty which the abbey was suffering. As a result, in 1247 the nuns were permitted to receive inheritances to provide income for their needs, contrary to monastic custom. The fragile economic basis of the Order was exacerbated by the devastation of the Hundred Years War, which lasted throughout the 14th century. A canonical visitation of fifty of the priories of the Order in 1460 showed most of them to be barely occupied, if not abandoned.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The Order was dispersed during the French Revolution. In November 1789, all property of the Catholic Church was declared to be the property of the nation. On 17 August 1792, a Revolutionary decree ordered evacuation of all monasteries, to be completed by 1 October 1792. At that time, there were still some 200 nuns and a small community of monks in residence at Fontevraud. The last abbess, Julie Sophie Charlotte de Pardaillan d'Antin, is said to have died in poverty in Paris in 1797. The abbey became a prison in 1804.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The prison was planned to hold 1,000 prisoners and the former abbey required major changes, including new barracks in addition to the transformation of monastic buildings into dormitories, workshops, and common areas. Prisoners—men, women and children—began arriving in 1814. Eventually it held some 2,000 prisoners, earning the prison the reputation of being the "toughest in France after Clairvaux" (also a former abbey). Political prisoners were subjected to the harshest conditions. Under the Vichy Government, some French Resistance prisoners were shot there.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: In 1963 it was given to the French Ministry of Culture, and a major restoration was undertaken. In 1975 the Centre culturel de l'Ouest was formed to preserve the abbey and promote it as a cultural venue. The complex was opened to the public in 1985. Restoration of the abbey church according to the earlier restoration under the architect Lucien Magne was completed in 2006.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: The abbey was originally the site of the graves of King Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their son King Richard I of England, their daughter Joan, their grandson Raymond VII of Toulouse, and Isabella of Angoulême, wife of Henry and Eleanor's son King John. However, there is no remaining corporal presence of Henry, Eleanor, Richard, or the others on the site. Their remains were possibly destroyed during the French Revolution. The bodies of the French monarchs were likewise removed from the Basilica of St Denis in 1793 by order of the French government.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Henriette Louise de Bourbon, granddaughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan, grew up here. Princess Thérèse of France, daughter of Louis XV, is also buried here.


title: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Jean Genet described the experiences of a thirty-year-old prisoner at Fontevraud in his semi-autobiographical novel, "Miracle de la rose", although there is no evidence that Genet was ever imprisoned there himself.


title: Lorne sausage

text: The Lorne sausage, also known as square sausage or slice, is a traditional Scottish food item made from minced meat, rusk and spices. Although termed a sausage, no casing is used to hold the meat in shape, hence it is usually served as square slices from a formed block. It is a common component of the traditional Scottish breakfast.


title: Lorne sausage

text: It is thought that the sausage is named after the region of Lorne in Argyll; advertisements for 'Lorne Sausage' have been found in newspapers as early as 1896. This was long before comedian Tommy Lorne, after whom the sausage has been said to be named, became well-known.


title: Lorne sausage

text: The exact origins of the Lorne sausage remain unclear. It is often eaten in the Scottish variant of the full breakfast or in a breakfast roll. The sausage is also an appropriate size to make a sandwich using a slice from a plain loaf of bread cut in half.


title: Lorne sausage

text: Sausage meat, (beef, pork or more usually a combination of the two) is minced with rusk and spices, packed into a rectangular tin with a cross-section of about square, and sliced about thick before cooking. Square sausage has no casing, unlike traditional sausages, and must be tightly packed into the mould to hold it together; slices are often not truly square.


title: Lorne sausage

text: Occasionally, it has a length of caseless black pudding or haggis through the middle, in the style of a Gala Pie.


title: Rick Nowels

text: Richard Wright Nowels Jr. is an American songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and arranger. He has co-written and co-produced over 90 hit singles with multiple artists and his songs have appeared on over 250 million albums. In 2020 he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 1985, Stevie Nicks recorded Nowels’ song “I Can't Wait” in Los Angeles, giving Rick his first major songwriting and production credit. He was later asked to co-produce Nicks’ album "Rock a Little" alongside Jimmy Iovine. The album was released in 1986 and featured 5 songs produced by Nowels. “I Can't Wait” peaked at number 16 for two weeks on the "Billboard Hot 100" chart and is one of only four of Nicks' singles to enter the Dance Club Songs chart.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 1987, Nowels produced Belinda Carlisle's album "Heaven on Earth". The album also featured four songs written by Nowels, including “Heaven Is a Place on Earth”, “I Get Weak" and "Circle in the Sand" which went to number one, number two and number six respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels co-wrote the title track for Celine Dion's album "Falling into You", which won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997.


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels co-wrote and co-produced the hit single "The Game of Love", performed by Santana and Michelle Branch, which won ASCAP Song of the Year in 2003. He also co-wrote the global hit single "White Flag" for Dido, which won the 2004 Ivor Novello Award for International Hit of the Year.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2013 Nowels collaborated with Adele on the song "Why Do You Love Me?", released as part of the deluxe version of her album "25". Nowels co-wrote and co-produced the hit single "Out of Love" with Alessia Cara from her sophomore album, "The Pains of Growing". In collaboration with R&B singer-songwriter Miguel, Nowels co-wrote the hit single "Lost in Your Light" for Dua Lipa's self-titled debut album. Nowels has been a longtime collaborator of Swedish singer-songwriter Lykke Li. He has co-written songs on 3 of her albums: "Wounded Rhymes", "I Never Learn", and "So Sad So Sexy", including the international hit single, "I Follow Rivers". Nowels co-wrote the hit single "Loud Places" from "In Colour", the solo debut album of Jamie XX.


title: Rick Nowels

text: The same year, Nowels co-wrote five songs for Tom Odell's third album "Wrong Crowd", along with the hit single, "Magnetized". In 2021, Tom Odell released "Monster", the title track for his fourth album, which was co-written with Nowels.


title: Rick Nowels

text: While Nowels was in New York for the Grammy Awards in 1997, he met Madonna during a shopping expedition at Barneys. She later booked two weeks’ worth of writing time with Rick in his Hollywood Hills studio. Together they wrote “The Power of Good-Bye,” “Little Star,” and “To Have and Not to Hold”, all featured on Madonna's seventh studio album, "Ray of Light".


title: Rick Nowels

text: "Ray of Light" won Best Pop Album at the 1998 Grammy Awards, where Madonna thanked Nowels from the stage during her acceptance speech. The album also won Best Recording Package, Best Dance Recording, and Best Short Form Music Video.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2014, Nowels and Madonna collaborated again on a song, “Beautiful Scars,” for her thirteenth studio album, "Rebel Heart".


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels met Dido in 1999 where she was making her debut album "No Angel" under Cheeky Records, an independent label in London. Rick co-produced three songs on her first album including "Here With Me", "Hunter", and "All You Want", all which were released as singles to promote the album. "Here With Me" became Dido's debut single as an artist, peaking at number four in the UK Singles Chart. The album "No Angel" went on to sell 15 million copies worldwide and made Dido an international superstar.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2002, Rick and Dido collaborated again to produce her second album "Life For Rent". Nowels wrote five songs featured on the album, including singles "White Flag" and "Sand in My Shoes". The album became the seventh best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK, was nominated for a Grammy, won the award for "Best Single" at the 2004 Brit Awards, won "International Hit of the Year" at the 2004 Ivor Novello Awards, and other accolades.


title: Rick Nowels

text: The pair went on to collaborate on Dido's "Safe Trip Home" album in 2008, her "Girl Who Got Away" album in 2013, and her 2019 album "Still on My Mind".


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels met Lana Del Rey in the spring of 2011 and has collaborated with her on multiple albums since.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In a three-day writing session they composed, “Summertime Sadness,” “Dark Paradise,” “Lucky Ones,” and “TV in Black & White.” The first three songs were released on Del Rey's 2012 "Born To Die" album, peaking at number one in the UK in 2012. The album sold 77,000 copies in the US within the first week and peaked at number two on the Billboard Top 200, just behind Adele’s album, 21. It received gold certification in 2013 and became the fifth best-selling album of 2012, selling 3.4 million copies.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In November 2012, Del Rey released, "The Paradise Edition", of the "Born To Die" album with three songs written and produced by Nowels and Del Rey. “Body Electric", “American,” and “Cola”.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2013, Nowels and Del Rey's song, “Young and Beautiful,” was featured in Baz Luhrmann’s film, "The Great Gatsby". The song was featured throughout the film and incorporated into the score by Craig Armstrong. “Young and Beautiful,” was released in April 2013. By June 2013 it rose to number three on the charts and has sold over a million copies since its release.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2015, Del Rey released her fourth studio album, "Honeymoon". The entire album was co-written by Del Rey and Nowels with the exception of the cover, “Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood.” Del Rey and Nowels’ singles include, “High by the Beach,” as well as, “Music To Watch Boys To.” "Honeymoon", debuted at number two on the "US Billboard 200" and reached number one in Australia, Greece, Ireland, and number two in the UK.


title: Rick Nowels

text: In 2017, Del Rey released her fifth studio album, "Lust For Life". Del Rey and Nowels co-wrote 14 of the songs for the album including the 3 singles, “Love,” “Lust for Life,” ft. the Weeknd and “White Mustang.” The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, as well as the UK Albums Chart.


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels co wrote Lost in Your Light with Miguel and Dua Lipa which was the 6th single on the singer’s debut titled Dua Lipa released 2 June 2017. Dua Lipa won an award for Best New Artist at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards and as of 2020, the album has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.


title: Rick Nowels

text: Nowels married singer-songwriter, Maria Vidal, in 1990. Vidal attended New York University and is known for writing the hit dance song, "Body Rock", charting on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The couple have a son, Tommy, born in 1993. Nowels is a supporter of "TreePeople Los Angeles", "The Sierra Club", and the "Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC)".


title: Origin story

text: In entertainment, an origin story is an account or backstory revealing how a character or group of people become a protagonist or antagonist, and it adds to the overall interest and complexity of a narrative, often giving reasons for their intentions.


title: Origin story

text: In American comic books, it also refers to how characters gained their superpowers and/or the circumstances under which they became superheroes or supervillains. In order to keep their characters current, comic book companies, as well as cartoon companies, game companies, children's show companies, and toy companies, frequently rewrite the origins of their oldest characters. This goes from adding details that do not contradict earlier facts to a totally new origin which makes it seem that it is an altogether different character.


title: Origin story

text: A pourquoi story, also dubbed an "origin story", is also used in mythology, referring to narratives of how a world began, how creatures and plants came into existence, and why certain things in the cosmos have certain yet distinct qualities.


title: Origin story

text: In "The Superhero Reader" (nominated for a 2014 Eisner Award for Best Scholarly/Academic Work), edited by Charles Hatfield (Professor at University of Connecticut), Jeet Heer (Toronto-based journalist), and Kent Worcester (Professor of Political Science at Marymount Manhattan College), the editors write in "Section One: Historical Considerations": "Almost all superheroes have an origin story: a bedrock account of the transformative events that set the protagonist apart from ordinary humanity. If not a prerequisite for the superhero genre, the origin... is certainly a prominent and popular trope that recurs so frequently as to offer clues to the nature of this narrative tradition. To read stories about destroyed worlds, murdered parents, genetic mutations, and mysterious power-giving wizards is to realize the degree to which the superhero genre is about transformation, about identity, about difference, and about the tension between psychological rigidity and a flexible and fluid sense of human nature. ... When surveying the superhero genre, preliminary questions often turn to the problem of roots." The book has a wealth of pertinent bibliographies.


title: Origin story

text: English professors Dr. Alex Romagnoli and Dr. Gian S. Pagnucci, of Indiana University of Pennsylvania, discuss in their book "Enter the Superheroes: American Values, Culture, and the Canon of Superhero Literature" "the nature of superhero origin stories and how the writing of these origin stories helps make superhero narratives a unique literary genre." For example, they write, "Superheroes get very complicated when it comes to their histories, but one part of their stories remains forever constant and important. Even more than 'death' stories, crossovers, event stories, and attire changes, origin stories are the core of superheroes' existences. Origins not only reflect the sociohistorical contexts in which heroes were created, but they also reflect a culture's understanding of what makes superheroes storytelling unique vehicles." Thereafter, Romagnoli and Pagnucci go on to explain why the origin story is as important to the audience as to the generations of writers who continue heroic tales.


title: Origin story

text: Dr. Randy Duncan (comics scholar and professor of communication, Henderson State University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas) and Dr. Matthew J. Smith (Department of Communication, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio) use the origin story of Spider-Man as an example of how a character can be created by the persistence of a writer who has definite preferences in creating a character's personality, even if the publisher resists. "It is difficult to discern which is more often told: Spider-Man's origin or the tales told around that origin. All reveal fascinating aspects of a teenage loner fatefully 'bitten by a radioactive spider' to find himself with 'the proportionate strength and agility of an arachnid'." Duncan and Smith explain how Stan Lee butted heads with publisher Martin Goodman, who worried about an "ick factor," but Lee prevailed. "The entire Spider-Man concept resonates with the primary attributes of many genres and traditions," the authors say. "Like a heady puree of [Mary] Shelley's "Frankenstein", Bob Kane's Batman, and Franz Kafka's "Metamorphosis", Spider-Man's origin invokes gothic and crime fiction motifs like the ostracized genius, doomed loved ones, the misuse or misfiring of science, the gritty noir city, the driven vigilante, and the fateful 'return of the repressed'." The authors proceed to investigate these various issues of the origin story.


title: Supreme leader

text: A supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to the person among a number of leaders of a state, organization or other such group who has been given or is able to exercise the mostor completeauthority over it. In a religion, this role is usually satisfied by a person deemed to be the representative or manifestation of a deity or God on Earth. In politics, a supreme leader usually rules over an authoritarian or totalitarian government and have a cult of personality associated with them. Historic examples are Adolf Hitler () of Nazi Germany, Benito Mussolini () of Fascist Italy, and Joseph Stalin ( ) of the Soviet Union.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula CH(NH). This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a basic amine. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately 500,000 tonnes produced in 1998. Ethylenediamine is the first member of the so-called polyethylene amines.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine is produced industrially by treating 1,2-dichloroethane with ammonia under pressure at 180 °C in an aqueous medium:


title: Ethylenediamine

text: In this reaction hydrogen chloride is generated, which forms a salt with the amine. The amine is liberated by addition of sodium hydroxide and can then be recovered by . Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA) are formed as by-products.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine can be purified by treatment with sodium hydroxide to remove water followed by distillation.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine is used in large quantities for production of many industrial chemicals. It forms derivatives with carboxylic acids (including fatty acids), nitriles, alcohols (at elevated temperatures), alkylating agents, carbon disulfide, and aldehydes and ketones. Because of its bifunctional nature, having two amines, it readily forms heterocycles such as imidazolidines.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: A most prominent derivative of ethylenediamine is the chelating agent EDTA, which is derived from ethylenediamine via a Strecker synthesis involving cyanide and formaldehyde. Hydroxyethylethylenediamine is another commercially significant chelating agent. Numerous bio-active compounds and drugs contain the N-CH-CH-N linkage, including some antihistamines. Salts of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate are commercially significant fungicides under the brand names Maneb, Mancozeb, Zineb, and Metiram. Some imidazoline-containing fungicides are derived from ethylenediamine.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine is an ingredient in the common bronchodilator drug aminophylline, where it serves to solubilize the active ingredient theophylline. Ethylenediamine has also been used in dermatologic preparations, but has been removed from some because of causing contact dermatitis. When used as a pharmaceutical excipient, after oral administration its bioavailability is about 0.34, due to a substantial first-pass effect. Less than 20% is eliminated by renal excretion.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine-derived antihistamines are the oldest of the five classes of first-generation antihistamines, beginning with piperoxan aka benodain, discovered in 1933 at the Pasteur Institute in France, and also including mepyramine, tripelennamine, and antazoline. The other classes are derivatives of ethanolamine, alkylamine, piperazine, and others (primarily tricyclic and tetracyclic compounds related to phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, as well as the cyproheptadine-phenindamine family)


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine, because it contains two amine groups, is a widely used precursor to various polymers. Condensates derived from formaldehyde are plasticizers. It is widely used in the production of polyurethane fibers. The PAMAM class of dendrimers are derived from ethylenediamine.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: The bleaching activator tetraacetylethylenediamine is generated from ethylenediamine. The derivative "N","N"-ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS) is a commercially significant mold-release agent and a surfactant in gasoline and motor oil.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine is a well-known bidentate chelating ligand for coordination compounds, with the two nitrogen atoms donating their lone pairs of electrons when ethylenediamine acts as a ligand. It is often abbreviated "en" in inorganic chemistry. The complex [Co(ethylenediamine)] is an archetypical chiral tris-chelate complex. The salen ligands, some of which are used in catalysis, are derived from the condensation of salicylaldehydes and ethylenediamine.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Related derivatives of ethylenediamine include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), and tetraethylethylenediamine (TEEDA). Chiral analogs of ethylenediamine include 1,2-diaminopropane and "trans"-diaminocyclohexane.


title: Ethylenediamine

text: Ethylenediamine, like ammonia and other low-molecular weight amines, is a skin and respiratory irritant. Unless tightly contained, liquid ethylenediamine will release toxic and irritating vapors into its surroundings, especially on heating. The vapors absorb moisture from humid air to form a characteristic white mist, which is extremely irritating to skin, eyes, lungs and mucus membranes.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Princess Ileana of Romania, also known as Mother Alexandra (23 December 1908 – 21 January 1991), was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania and his consort, Queen Marie of Romania. She was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, King Ferdinand II and Queen Maria II of Portugal. She was born as "Her Royal Highness" Princess Ileana of Romania, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Ileana was born in Bucharest on 5 January 1908, the youngest daughter of Queen Marie of Romania and King Ferdinand I of Romania. Although it was rumored that Ileana's true father was her mother's lover, Prince Barbu Ştirbey, the king admitted paternity. Ileana had four older siblings: Carol, Elisabeth – later Queen of Greece, Princess Maria – later Queen of Yugoslavia – and Nicholas. Her younger brother Mircea was also claimed to be the child of Prince Ştirbey even though the king also claimed to be his father.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Later, Princess Ileana was involved in Guiding in Austria and served as president of the Austrian Girl Guides


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Ileana was the organizer of the Girl Reserves of the Red Cross, and of the first school of Social Work in Romania.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: She was an avid sailor: she earned her navigator's papers, and she owned and sailed the "Isprava" for many years.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In 1919, Ileana and her sisters Elisabeta and Maria accompanied their mother to Paris at the Peace Conference. The sovereign hoped that during her stay there she could find suitable husbands for her two eldest daughters, especially Elisabeta, already aged twenty-five. After a few months in France, the Queen and her daughters decided to return to Romania in early 1920. On the way back, they made a brief stop in Switzerland, where they found the Greek royal family, who lived in exile since the deposition of King Constantine I during the Great War.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: The king's eldest son, Crown Prince and future King George II of Greece asked for Elisabeta's hand in marriage. The Swiss visit also resulted in the engagement of Ileana's eldest brother Crown Prince Carol to Princess Eleni of Greece. Both couples married a year later.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In 1922, Queen Marie successfully arranged the marriage of her next daughter Maria to the King of Yugoslavia.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: An engagement to the Crown Prince of Italy was reported, but denied by Marie, and rumors of a marriage to the Tsar of Bulgaria were debunked by its royal court.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In 1930, Ileana was briefly engaged to Count Alexander of Hochberg. Queen Marie favored the match, being pleased by the English blood and wealth of Alexander's family. The engagement was broken, however, when Alexander's homosexuality came to light.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In Sinaia on 26 July 1931, Ileana married the Archduke Anton of Austria, Prince of Tuscany at Peles Castle, Sinaia. This marriage was encouraged by Ileana's brother, King Carol II, who was jealous of Ileana's popularity in Romania and wanted to get her out of the country. After the wedding, Carol claimed that the Romanian people would never tolerate a Habsburg living on Romanian soil, and on these grounds refused Ileana and Anton permission to live in Romania.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: After her husband was conscripted into the Luftwaffe, Ileana established a hospital for wounded Romanian soldiers at their castle, Sonnburg, outside Vienna, Austria. She was assisted in this task by her friend Sheila Kaul. In 1944, she and the children moved back to Romania, where they lived at Bran Castle, near Brasov. Archduke Anton joined them but was placed under house arrest by the Red Army. Ileana established and worked in another hospital in Bran village, which she named "The Hospital of the Queen's Heart" in memory of her beloved mother, Queen Marie of Romania.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: After Michael I of Romania abdicated, Ileana and her family were exiled from the newly Communist Romania. They escaped by train to the Russian sector of Vienna, at that time divided into three sectors. After that they settled in Switzerland, then moved to Argentina and in 1950, she and the children moved to the United States, where she bought a house in Newton, Massachusetts.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: The years from 1950 to 1961 were spent lecturing against communism, working with the Romanian Orthodox Church in the United States, writing two books: "I Live Again", a memoir of her last years in Romania, and "Hospital of the Queen's Heart", describing the establishment and running of the hospital.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Ileana and Anton officially divorced on 29 May 1954. Then on 19 June 1954 in Newton, Mass., she married to Dr. Stefan Nikolas Issarescu. Her second marriage ended in divorce (without issue) in 1965.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In 1961, Ileana entered the Orthodox Monastery of Our Lady of All Protection/ Notre Dame de Toute Protection, in Bussy-en-Othe, France. On her tonsuring as a monastic, in 1967, Sister Ileana was given the name Mother Alexandra. She moved back to the United States and founded the "Orthodox Monastery of the Transfiguration" in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, the first English language Orthodox monastery in North America. She was the third female descendant of Queen Victoria to become a Mother Superior in a convent of her own foundation along with Princess Alice of Battenberg and Princess Elizabeth of Hesse. She served as abbess until her retirement in 1981, remaining at the monastery until her death.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: In January 1991, she suffered a broken hip in a fall on the evening before her eighty-second birthday, and while in hospital, suffered two major heart attacks. She died four days after the foundations had been laid for the expansion of the monastery.


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Princess Ileana's personal papers (including family correspondence and photographs) are preserved in the "Queen Marie of Romania Papers" collection in the Library of Kent State University (Kent, Ohio, USA), and also in the "Mother Alexandra Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA). In addition, Ileana's correspondence with the Romanian diplomat George I. Duca between 1924 and 1985 is preserved in the "George I. Duca Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).


title: Princess Ileana of Romania

text: Ileana and Anton had six children; they were raised in the Roman Catholic faith of her husband and of the country:


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: The first correct description of the antigen-antibody reaction was given by Richard J. Goldberg at the University of Wisconsin in 1952. It came to be known as "Goldberg's theory" (of antigen-antibody reaction).


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: There are several types of antibodies and antigens, and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen. The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody. The antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of the antibody, situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain. The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody. Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen-antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens, such as HIV, microbes, and helminth parasites.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Immunity developed as an individual is exposed to antigens is called adaptive or acquired immunity, in contrast to immunity developed at birth, which is innate immunity. Acquired immunity depends upon the interaction between antigens and a group of proteins called antibodies produced by B cells of the blood. There are many antibodies and each is specific for a particular type of antigen. Thus immune response in acquired immunity is due to the precise binding of antigens to antibody. Only very small area of the antigens and antibody molecules actually interact through complementary binding sites, called epitopes in antigens and paratopes in antibody.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: In an antibody, the Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) region is formed from the amino-terminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide. This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen. The combined sequence of variable light chain (V) and variable heavy chain (V) creates three hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2, and HV3). In V these are roughly from residues 28 to 35, from 49 to 59, and from 92 to 103, respectively. HV3 is the most variable part. Thus these regions may be part of a paratope, the part of an antibody that recognizes and binds to an antigen. The rest of the V region between the hypervariable regions are called framework regions. Each V domain has four framework domains, namely FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Antibodies bind antigens through weak chemical interactions, and bonding is essentially non-covalent. Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions are all known to be involved depending on the interaction sites. Non-covalent bonds between antibody and antigen can also be mediated by interfacial water molecules. Such indirect bonds can contribute to the phenomenon of cross-reactivity, i.e. the recognition of different but related antigens by a single antibody.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Antigen and antibody interact through a high affinity binding much like lock and key. A dynamic equilibrium exists for the binding. For example, the reaction is a reversible one, and can be expressed as:


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: where [Ab] is the antibody concentration and [Ag] is the antigen concentration, either in free ([Ab],[Ag]) or bound ([AbAg]) state.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: However, these equations are applicable only to a single epitope binding, i.e. one antigen on one antibody. Since the antibody necessarily has two paratopes, and in many circumstances complex binding occurs, the multiple binding equilibrium can be summed up as:


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: where, at equilibrium, c is the concentration of free ligand, r represents the ratio of the concentration of bound ligand to total antibody concentration and n is the maximum number of binding sites per antibody molecule (the antibody valence).


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: The overall strength of the binding of an antibody to an antigen is termed its avidity for that antigen. Since antibodies are bivalent or polyvalent, this is the sum of the strengths of individual antibody-antigen interactions. The strength of an individual interaction between a single binding site on an antibody and its target epitope is termed the affinity of that interaction.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Avidity and affinity can be judged by the dissociation constant for the interactions they describe. The lower the dissociation constant, the higher the avidity or affinity, and the stronger the interaction.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Normally antibodies can detect and differentiate molecules from outside of the body and those produced inside the body as a result of cellular activities. Self molecules as ignored by the immune system. However, in certain conditions, the antibodies recognise self molecules as antigens and triggers unexpected immune responses. This results in different autoimmune diseases depending on the type of antigens and antibodies involved. Such conditions are always harmful and sometimes deadly. The exact nature of antibody-antigen interaction in autoimmune disease is not yet understood.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Antigen-antibody interaction is used in laboratory techniques for serological test of blood compatibility and various pathogenic infections. The most basic is ABO blood group determination, which is useful for blood transfusion. Sophisticated applications include ELISA, enzyme-linked immunospot (Elispot), immunofluorescence, and immunoelectrophoresis.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: Soluble antigens combine with soluble antibodies in presence of an electrolyte at suitable temperature and pH to form insoluble visible complex. This is called a precipitation reaction. It is used for qualitative and quantitative determination of both antigen and antibody. It involves the reaction of soluble antigen with soluble antibodies to form large interlocking aggravated called lattice. It occurs in two distinct stages. Firstly, the antigen and antibody rapidly form antigen-antibody complexes within few seconds and this is followed by a slower reaction in which the antibody-antigen complexes forms lattices that precipitate from the solution.


title: Antigen-antibody interaction

text: It acts on antigen-antibody reaction in which the antibodies cross-link particulate antigens resulting in the visible clumping of the particle. There are two types, namely active and passive agglutination. They are used in blood tests for diagnosis of enteric fever.


title: Boombox

text: A boombox is a transistorized portable music player featuring one or two cassette tape recorder/players and AM/FM radio, generally with a carrying handle. Beginning in the mid 1980s, a CD player was often included. Sound is delivered through an amplifier and two or more integrated loudspeakers. A boombox is a device typically capable of receiving radio stations and playing recorded music (usually cassettes or CDs usually at a high volume). Many models are also capable of recording onto cassette tapes from radio and other sources. In the 1990s, some boomboxes were available with minidisc recorders and players. Designed for portability, boomboxes can be powered by batteries as well as by line current. The boombox was introduced to the American market during the late 1970s. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes; by the 1980s, some boomboxes had reached the size of a suitcase. Some larger boomboxes even contained vertically mounted record turntables. Most boomboxes were battery-operated, leading to extremely heavy, bulky boxes.


title: Boombox

text: The boombox quickly became associated with urban society in the United States, particularly African American and Hispanic youth. The wide use of boomboxes in urban communities led to the boombox being coined a "ghetto blaster". Some cities petitioned for the banning of boomboxes from public places, and over time, they became less acceptable on city streets. The boombox became closely linked to American hip hop culture and was instrumental in the rise of hip hop music.


title: Boombox

text: The first boombox was developed by the inventor of the audio compact cassette, Philips of the Netherlands. Their first 'Radiorecorder' was released in 1966. The Philips innovation was the first time that radio broadcasts could be recorded onto cassette tapes without the cables or microphones that previous stand-alone cassette tape recorders required. Recordings of radio were still subject to interferences from automobiles and other vehicles nearby with the same frequency, limiting their overall quality. Although the sound quality of early cassette tape recordings was poor, improvements in technology and the introduction of stereo recording, chromium tapes, and Dolby noise reduction made hifi quality devices possible. Several European electronics brands, such as Grundig, also introduced similar devices.


title: Boombox

text: Boomboxes were soon also developed in Japan in the early 1970s and soon became popular there due to their compact size and impressive sound quality. The Japanese brands rapidly took over a large portion of the European boombox market and were often the first Japanese consumer electronics brands that a European household might purchase. The Japanese innovated by creating different sizes, form factors, and technology, introducing such advances as stereo boomboxes, removable speakers, built-in TV receivers, and built-in CD players.


title: Boombox

text: The boombox became popular in America during the late 1970s, with most then being produced by Panasonic, Sony, General Electric, and Marantz. It was immediately noticed by the urban adolescent community and soon developed a mass market, especially in large metropolitan centers such as New York, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C.


title: Boombox

text: The earlier models were a hybrid that combined the booming sound of large in-home stereo systems and the portability of small portable cassette players; they were typically small, black or silver, heavy, and capable of producing high volumes. The effective AM/FM tuner, standard in all early boomboxes, was the most popular feature of the early boombox up until the incorporation of input and output jacks into the boxes, which allowed for the coupling of devices such as microphones,


title: Boombox

text: The development of audio jacks brought the boombox to the height of its popularity, and as its popularity rose, so did the level of innovation in the features included in the box. Consumers enjoyed the portability and sound quality of boomboxes, but one of the most important features, especially to the youth market, was the bass. The desire for louder and heavier bass led to bigger and heavier boxes.


title: Boombox

text: Regardless of the increasing weight and size, the devices continued to become larger to accommodate the increased bass output; newer boombox models had heavy metal casings to handle the vibrations from the bass.


title: Boombox

text: A boombox, in its most basic form, is composed of two or more loudspeakers, an amplifier, a radio tuner, and a cassette and/or CD player component, all housed in a single plastic or metal case with a handle for portability. Most units can be powered by AC or DC cables in addition to batteries.


title: Boombox

text: As boomboxes grew in popularity, they also became more complex in design and functionality. By the mid 1980s, many boomboxes included separate high and low frequency speakers and a second tape deck to allow the boombox to record both from the radio and from other pre-recorded cassettes. Equalizers, balance adjusters, Dolby noise reduction, and LED sound gauges were other later additions.


title: Boombox

text: In the mid 1980s, the boombox began to become a status symbol; the popularity among young urbanites caused increasing demand for extravagant boxes. The growing popularity of the compact disc (CD) in the late 1980s led to the introduction of the CD player in standard boombox design. During the 1990s, boombox manufacturers began designing smaller, more compact boomboxes, which were often made out of plastic instead of metal as their counterparts from the previous decade had been.


title: Boombox

text: The rectangular, angular, chrome aesthetic of many 1980s models was frequently replaced with black plastic in the 1990s, and modern designs are typically characterized by a rounded, curved appearance instead of sharp angles. However, the designs of the older models are a source of much interest among boombox enthusiasts and collectors, who frequently seek the larger feature-packed models that represented the cutting edge of portable music technology in their day. Today most boomboxes have replaced the cassette player with iPod docks to access MP3 technology, and some even come equipped with integrated or removable satellite radio tuners.


title: Boombox

text: Boombox designs vary greatly in size. Larger, more powerful units may require 10 or more size-D batteries, may measure more than in width, and can weigh more than . Some take a 12-volt sealed lead-acid battery, or can be a portable enclosure for a car audio head unit.


title: Boombox

text: Audio quality and feature sets vary widely, with high-end models providing features and sound comparable to some home stereo systems. Most models offer volume, tone and balance (left/right) controls.


title: Boombox

text: Most brands were manufactured in Japan by consumer electronics companies such as Aiwa, Sanyo, Hitachi, JVC, Panasonic, Sharp, Sony, and Toshiba. European brands include Philips or Grundig. Some boomboxes were also manufactured in Eastern Europe, notably in the Soviet Union (Vega, Oreanda and VEF), East Germany (RFT), Hungary (Orion and Videoton) and Romania (the Stereo Spatial RC). Although their quality was lower, some of them were exported to the West as budget, discount or low cost products.


title: Boombox

text: More sophisticated models may feature dual cassette decks (often featuring high-speed dubbing, or sometimes even digitally controlled servo cassette mechanics), separate bass and treble level controls, five- or ten-band graphic equalizers, Dolby noise reduction, analog or LED sound level (VU) meters or even VFD, larger speakers, 'soft-touch' tape deck controls, multiple shortwave (SW) band reception with fine tuning, digital tuner with PLL (phase-locked loop), automatic song search functions for cassettes, line and/or phono inputs and outputs, microphone inputs, loudness switches, and detachable speakers, full function infrared remote control. A handful of models even featured an integrated record turntable, an 8-track tape player, a minidisc player/recorder, or a (typically black-and-white) television screen, although the basic radio/cassette models have historically been by far the most popular.


title: Boombox

text: The boombox quickly became associated with urban society, particularly black and Hispanic youth. The wide use of boomboxes in urban communities led to the boombox being coined a "ghetto blaster", a nickname which was soon used as part of a backlash against the boombox and hip hop culture. The character Radio Raheem in Spike Lee's drama film "Do the Right Thing" (1989) personifies the connotations associated with "ghetto blasters" and is a prominent example of the boombox's use by urban youth in American media. Cities began banning boomboxes from public places, and they became less acceptable on city streets as time progressed.


title: Boombox

text: The boombox became intrinsically linked to hip hop culture and, as Fab Five Freddy puts it, was "instrumental" in the rise of hip hop. Certain models like the JVC RC-M90 and the Sharp GF-777 were known as the boombox kings, having the power to drown out other ghetto blasters; they were frequently used in music battles. The Beastie Boys embraced the boombox as a signature, The Clash always had a boombox with them, and Schoolly D carried around a Conion C-100F in the UK.


title: Boombox

text: The 1990s were a turning point for the boombox in popular culture. The rise of the Walkman and other advanced electronics eliminated the need to carry around such large and heavy audio equipment, and boomboxes quickly disappeared from the streets. As boombox enthusiast Lyle Owerko puts it, "Towards the end of any culture, you have the second or third generation that steps into the culture, which is so far from the origination, it's the impression of what's real, but it's not the full definition of what's real. It's just cheesy." The Consumer Electronics Association reported that only 329,000 boombox units without CD players were shipped in the United States in 2003, compared to 20.4 million in 1986.


title: Boombox

text: Although many boomboxes had dual cassette decks and included dubbing, line, and radio recording capabilities, the rise of recordable CDs, the decline of audio cassette technology, and the popularity of high-density MP3 players and smart phones have reduced the popularity of high-quality boomboxes to such an extent that it is difficult to find a new dual-decked stereo. Dubbing remains popular among audiophiles, bootleggers, and pirates, though most tasks are now accomplished through digital means or analog-to-digital conversion technology.


title: Boombox

text: Most modern boomboxes include a CD player compatible with CD-R and CD-RW, which allows the user to carry their own music compilations on a higher fidelity medium. Many also permit iPod and similar devices to be plugged into them through one or more auxiliary ports. Some also support formats such as MP3 and WMA. Some models, typically higher-end, are able to display metadata such as title, artist, album (known as "ID3 tag" on MP3 specifically), file name, and parent folder or file path, on the segment display itself or a separate character row.


title: Boombox

text: The simplest way to connect an older boombox to an MP3 player is to use a cassette adapter, which interfaces an MP3 player's output directly to the cassette player's heads. The 'Line In' (also known as 'Aux In') can be used if the boombox has one.


title: Boombox

text: Some modern boombox designs provide other connections for MP3 (and sometimes other digital formats) such as a USB connector for use with a removable USB drive, slots for various flash memory media such as SD, MMC, SmartMedia, and Memory Stick, or even a CD drive capable of reading MP3s directly from a CD, thus allowing for a relatively cheap and large music storage to be carried and played back at full volume.


title: Boombox

text: Starting in mid-2010, there are new lines of boomboxes that use Bluetooth technology known as Stereo Bluetooth, or A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile). They use the wireless Bluetooth technology to "stream" audio to the boombox from a compatible Bluetooth device, such as a mobile phone or Bluetooth MP3 player. An example of this is the JAMBOX, which is marketed as a "Smart Speaker" as it can also function as a speakerphone for voice calls in addition to being an audio playback device.


title: Boombox

text: Another modern variant is a DVD player/boombox with a top-loading CD/DVD drive and an LCD video screen in the position once occupied by a cassette deck. Many models of this type of boombox include inputs for external video (such as television broadcasts) and outputs to connect the DVD player to a full-sized television.


title: Boombox

text: Some newer boomboxes, may also have DAB/DAB+ radio, internet radio, or network capabilities and various apps, like TuneIn, Spotify, MusicCast, DLNA,etc. Also they have Wi-Fi, Network RJ45 connection. However, this may limit their portability, as internet access is needed in order to use them at full potential. Without internet service, they can operate as standard, radio (both FM, AM and DAB), USB and CD player (if available), aux input, and bluetooth (if available).


title: Perses (Titan)

text: In Greek mythology, Perses (; ) is the son of the Titan Crius and Eurybia, and thus brother to Astraeus and Pallas. Ancient tradition records very little of Perses other than his marriage and offspring, his role largely being purely genealogical, existing merely to provide a parentage for other, more important figures.


title: Perses (Titan)

text: Hesiod describes Perses as "eminent among all men in wisdom." He was wed to Asteria, the daughter of Phoebe and Coeus, with whom he had one child, Hecate, honoured by Zeus above all others as the goddess of magic, crossroads, and witchcraft. He might be the Perses that is the father of Chariclo, the wife of Chiron, in some versions.


title: Perses (Titan)

text: He was confused with another Perses (the son of the sun god Helios and Perse), who was made the father of Hecate in some versions.


title: Soldier Boy (film)

text: Soldier Boy () is a 2019 Russian-language film. It is based on the real-life story of the youngest soldier in World War II, Sergei Aleshkov, who was only 6 years old.


title: Soldier Boy (film)

text: The film is based on true story of a six-year-old boy who became a Soviet war hero during World War II. The film shows the struggle of war and the horrific scenes the boy witnessed during the war. Sergei (Seryozha) Aleshkov loses his family, and the last remaining member of his family (his aunt) is captured by the Germans. Sergei is then rescued by an army regiment (142nd Guards Rifle Regiment of the 47th Guards Rifle Division). He is adopted by the unit commander, Commander Kutzenov, and becomes the youngest member of a regiment in WWII. In addition to being beloved by the soldiers of the unit, he distinguishes himself with numerous heroic acts, for which he earns the Medal "For Battle Merit" on April 26, 1943.


title: Yang Se-chan

text: Yang Se-chan (born December 8, 1986), is a South Korean comedian and singer. As of April 2017, Yang, along with Jeon So-min, was added as a regular cast member of South Korean variety show "Running Man".


title: Yang Se-chan

text: He is also famous for the nicknames of Dongdukchon Talai brothers, Gangsu, MC Ssep Ssep, and Yang Ax. His group debut "Uwonye" and "Triple Axel" debuted in 2003 as musical actor. Two years later, he made his debut with the album 'Only One' in 2008 as a singer. His older brother, Yang Se-hyung, is also a comedian who was a cast member for "Infinite Challenge" until March 31, 2018.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: What's Opera, Doc? is a 1957 American Warner Bros. "Merrie Melodies" cartoon directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released on July 6, 1957, and stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: The story features Elmer chasing Bugs through a parody of 19th-century classical composer Richard Wagner's operas, particularly "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"), "Der Fliegende Holländer" ("The Flying Dutchman"), and "Tannhäuser". It borrows heavily from the second opera in the "Ring Cycle" "Die Walküre", woven around the typical Bugs–Elmer feud. The short marks the final appearance of Elmer Fudd in a Chuck Jones cartoon.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: It has been widely praised by many in the animation industry as the greatest animated cartoon that Warner Bros. ever released, and has been ranked as such in the top 50 animated cartoons of all time. In 1992, the Library of Congress deemed it "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant", and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry, the first cartoon short to receive such honors.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: Dressed as the demigod Siegfried, Elmer Fudd sings "Be vewy qwiet, I'm hunting wabbits" in recitative, before he finds rabbit tracks and arrives at Bugs Bunny's hole. Elmer jams his spear into Bugs' hole while singing "Kill the wabbit! Kill the wabbit! Kill the wabbit!" to the tune of "Ride of the Valkyries". Bugs sticks his head out of another rabbit hole and taunts Elmer about his spear and magic helmet. This prompts a display of Elmer-as-Siegfried's "mighty powers", which scares Bugs. Bugs flees and the chase begins.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: Elmer stops in his tracks at the sight of the beautiful Valkyrie Brünnhilde (Bugs in disguise). "Siegfried" and "Brünnhilde" exchange endearments and perform a short ballet (based on the Venusberg ballet in "Tannhäuser"). Bugs' true identity is exposed when his headdress falls off, enraging Elmer. Bugs discards his disguise and the chase begins anew. Elmer's rage causes a storm to brew, tearing apart the mountains where Bugs has fled. Upon seeing Bugs' intact yet seemingly lifeless body as a drop of rain from a flower lands on the rabbit, Elmer regrets his wrath and tearfully carries the rabbit off. Bugs breaks the fourth wall and raises his head to face the audience while remarking, "Well, what did you expect in an opera? A "happy" ending?"


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: Originally released to theaters by Warner Bros. on July 6, 1957, "What's Opera, Doc?" features the speaking and singing voices of Mel Blanc and Arthur Q. Bryan as Bugs and Elmer, respectively. The short is also sometimes informally referred to as Kill the Wabbit after the line sung by Elmer to the tune of Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", the opening passage from Act Three of "Die Walküre" (which is also the leitmotif of the Valkyries).


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: This is the third of the three Warner Bros. shorts (the others being "Hare Brush" and "Rabbit Rampage") in which Elmer defeats Bugs (though here the former shows regret for defeating the latter), as well as the last Elmer Fudd cartoon directed by Jones.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: "What's Opera, Doc?" required about six times as much work and expense as any of the other six-minute cartoons his production unit was turning out at the time. Jones admitted as much, having described a surreptitious re-allocation of production time to complete the short. During the six minutes of "What's Opera, Doc?", Jones lampoons Disney's "Fantasia", the contemporary style of ballet, Wagner's perceived ponderous operatic style, and even the by-then clichéd Bugs-and-Elmer formula.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: Michael Maltese devised the story for the cartoon, and also wrote lyrics to Wagner's music to create the duet "Return My Love". Art director Maurice Noble devised the stylized backdrops. The cartoon drew upon previous Warner studio work: Maltese originated the concept of Bugs in Valkyrie drag riding a fat horse to the Tannhäuser Pilgrim's Chorus in the suppressed 1945 wartime cartoon "Herr Meets Hare", directed by Friz Freleng.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: In 1994, "What's Opera, Doc?" ranked No. 1 in a list of The 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time. The list was conducted via survey by a thousand animators.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry, making it the first short cartoon to receive such honors. "Duck Amuck" and "One Froggy Evening" were later inducted into the registry, making Chuck Jones the only animator with three shorts thus recognized.


title: What's Opera, Doc?

text: The short has an 8.4 rating on IMDb, making it the second-highest rated cartoon on said platform, only being beaten by "Duck Amuck".


title: Sandžak

text: Sandžak (; , ), also known as Sanjak, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in the Balkans wherein the Bosniaks form a prominent majority population and the Culture of Bosnia, Bosnian language, and Bosniaks have historically been based. Geographically, Sandžak region is divided between Serbia and Montenegro.


title: Sandžak

text: Between 1878 and 1909 the region was placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation, following which it was ceded back to the Ottoman Empire. In 1912 the region was divided between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia. The most populous city in the region is Novi Pazar in Serbia.


title: Sandžak

text: "Sandžak" in Bosnian, sanjak and the variant spellings "sandjak", "sanjaq" and "sinjaq", are English or French transliterations of the Turkish word "sancak", meaning "district", "banner" or "flag". Sanjaks were also called by the Arabic word for "banner" or "flag": "liwa (Liwā or Liwā’)". Sandžak has got it’s name from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, known in Bosnian as "Novopazarski sandžak".


title: Sandžak

text: Sandžak stretches from the southeastern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the borders with Kosovo and Albania at an area of around 8,500 square kilometers. Six municipalities of Sandžak are in Serbia (Novi Pazar, Sjenica, Tutin, Prijepolje, Nova Varoš, and Priboj), and eight in Montenegro (Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje, Berane, Rožaje, Plav, Gusinje, Petnjica and Andrijevica). Sometimes the Montenegrin municipality of Andrijevica is also regarded as part of Sandžak.


title: Sandžak

text: The most populated municipality in the region is Novi Pazar (100,410), while other large municipalities are: Pljevlja (31,060), and Priboj (27,133). In Serbia, the municipalities of Novi Pazar and Tutin are part of the Raška District, while the municipalities of Sjenica, Prijepolje, Nova Varoš, and Priboj, are part of the Zlatibor District.


title: Sandžak

text: The Serbian Despotate was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1455. During the Ottoman era, many inhabitants converted to Islam. The conversions were caused by number of factors, mainly economic as Muslims paid lower taxes. The Muslims were also privileged compared to Christians, who were unable to work in the administration or testify in court against Muslims. The second factor that contributed to the Islamisation were migrations. A large demographic shift occurred after the Great Turkish War. The Turks drove the mostly Slavic-speaking Christian Orthodox population northwards, while Muslims were driven to the Ottoman territory. The land abandoned by the Serbs was settled by populations from neighbouring areas who either were or became Muslim in Sandžak. Large migrations occurred throughout the 18th and 19th century. The third factor of Islamisation was the geographical location of Sandžak, which allowed it to become a trade centre, facilitating conversions amongst merchants. The tribal migrations to Sandžak had contributed a large role to its history and identity along with culture.


title: Sandžak

text: The second half of the 19th century was very important in terms of shaping the current ethnic and political situation in Sandžak. Austria-Hungary supported Sandžak's separation from the Ottoman Empire, or at least its autonomy within it. The reason was to prevent Serbia and Montenegro from unifying, and allow Austria-Hungary's further expansion to the Balkans. Per these plans, Sandžak was seen as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while its Muslim population played a significant role giving Austrian-Hungarians a pretext of protecting the Muslim minority from the Christian Orthodox Serbs.


title: Sandžak

text: Administratively, it was part of the Sanjak of Bosnia until 1790, when it become a separated Sanjak of Novi Pazar. However, in 1867, it become a part of the Bosnia Vilayet that consisted of seven sanjaks, including the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. This led to Sandžak Muslims identifying themselves with other Slavic Muslims in Bosnia.


title: Sandžak

text: A mixture of Slavic and Albanian speakers made up the Muslim population of Sandžak at the end of the nineteenth century. Albanian speakers gradually migrated or were relocated to Kosovo and Macedonia, leaving a primarily Slavic-speaking population in the rest of the region (except in a southeastern corner of Sandžak that ended up as a part of Kosovo).


title: Sandžak

text: Some members of the Shkreli (known as "Škrijelj"/) and Kelmendi beginning around 1700 migrated into the lower Pešter and Sandžak regions.The Kelmendi chief had converted to Islam, and promised to convert his people to. A total of 251 Kelmendi households (1,987 people) were resettled in the Pešter area on that occasion, however five years later part the exiled Kelmendi managed to fight their way back to their homeland, and in 1711 they sent out a large raiding force to bring back some other from Pešter too. The remaining Kelmendi and Shkreli converted to Islam and became Slavophones by the 20th century, and as of today they now self-identify as part of the Bosniak ethnicity, although in the Pešter plateau they partly utilized the Albanian language until the middle of the 20th century particuarily in the villages of Ugao, Boroštica, Doliće and Gradac. Starting in the 18th century many people originating from the Hoti tribe have migrated to and live in Sandžak, mainly in the Tutin area, but also in Sjenica.


title: Sandžak

text: In October 1912, Sandžak was captured by Serbian and Montenegrin troops in the First Balkan War, and its territory was divided between Serbia and Montenegro. Many Slavic Muslims and Albanian inhabitants of Sandžak emigrated to Turkey as muhajirs. There are numerous colonies of Sandžak Bosniaks in Turkey, in and around Edirne, Istanbul, Adapazarı, Bursa, and Samsun, among other places. During World War I, Sandžak was occupied by Austria-Hungary between 1915 and 1918, as it had been previously between 1878 and 1908. Following World War I, it was included in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was a link between the Muslims in the West in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those in the East in Kosovo and Macedonia. Sandžak was the only region in Serbia populated by the Slavic Muslims. The Sandžak Muslims suffered from the loss of their economic status since the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and during the agrarian reform carried out in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This led to the Muslim emigrations to the Ottoman Empire.


title: Sandžak

text: At the time of the First Balkan War, General Živković ordered the slaughter of 950 Albanian and Turkish notables at Sjenica after ten thousand Albanians delayed the advance of Serbian troops.


title: Sandžak

text: In 1919, an Albanian revolt, which later came to be known as the "Plav rebellion" rose up in the Rožaje, Plav and Gusinje districts, fighting against the inclusion of Sandžak in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. As a result, during the Serbian army's second occupation of Rožaje, which took place in 1918-1919, seven hundred Albanian citizens were slaughtered in Rožaje. In 1919, Serb forces attacked Albanian populations in Plav and Gusinje, which had appealed to the British government for protection. About 450 local civilians were killed after the uprising was quelled. These events resulted in a large influx of Albanians migrating to Albania.