title: Sheila Carter

text: On the topic of Sheila "terrorizing" both Genoa City and Los Angeles while on both soaps, Brown said: "You know, I came to L.A. to start a new life. And well they just didn't make it that easy for me, did they? So I might've shot a gun once or twice again, but it wasn't my fault. You know what, people get what they deserve, they really do. I might've poisoned someone by accident, but he never should've talked to me like that. You just don't do that. Anyway, people get what they deserve, and I think a lot of them have what's coming to them, and I'm not sure I'm done yet." About Sheila's personality, Brown said: "Sheila's just evil. There's nothing bitchy about what she does, [I mean] it's very straightforward. She's manipulative but never in a bitchy way, in a way to get things accomplished, and get things done the way she wants to. When being nice and being diplomatic and when being all those things don't work any longer, she snaps." Brown also added that, "To be a good villain, you have to make the character real for you." Discussing Brown's portrayal of Sheila, "The Bold and the Beautiful" showrunner Bradley Bell stated: "Kimberlin has a gravity and an intensity and a fierceness that few actors are able to bring to the screen. When she dials in her focus? Wow. Her eyes become laser beams. Her voice is whispering but deadly sharp. That's real talent in a very powerful package."


title: Sheila Carter

text: On the topic of Sheila and Lauren's "cat fights", Brown said: "People like cat fights because we can get away with what you can't get away with in everyday life. You're living vicariously through me. There might be someone that [boy] you just might want to put it to someday, and you can't, but you can turn on the TV and see Sheila do it, and get away with it. Being mean and evil and fighting and by the end of the day, you're spent." On Sheila's relationship with Stephanie Forrester, Brown said: "Stephanie made my life miserable. So anyway, I shot Stephanie. I did. Stephanie felt she could be a better provider for my child than I could. And you know what, you don't keep a mother like Sheila away from her child, you just don't do that. And Stephanie couldn't stop me."


title: Sheila Carter

text: Discussing Sheila's return to Los Angeles in 2017, Brown noted that Sheila was "trying to do the right thing and become a good person", but left town again after realizing she could not convince the Forresters that she had changed. Upon her return in 2021, Sheila is revealed to be the mother of John Finnegan and a grandmother to his son with Steffy Forrester. Brown stated: "All Sheila ever wanted to do was to be a part of Eric's life and be a part of the Forrester dynasty (...) Now, she has a grandson [Hayes] that is related to the Forresters. And there's absolutely nothing that the Forresters can do to change the fact that her blood is running through that baby's veins."


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila was introduced on "The Young and the Restless" in 1990 as she relocated to Genoa City from Michigan. Sheila is a nurse who works at Genoa City Memorial Hospital and immediately falls in love with the married Dr. Scott Grainger (Peter Barton). Her feelings for Scott quickly turn from infatuation to obsession. In order to steal him away from his wife Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman), Sheila drugs him and has sex with him, resulting in a pregnancy. At the same time, Lauren also becomes pregnant by Scott but doesn't tell him. When the truth about the father of Sheila's baby comes out, Scott feels obligated, so he thus divorces Lauren and marries Sheila.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila's baby dies at birth, unbeknownst to Scott, and she secretly switches Lauren's newborn with a black market baby, whom Lauren names Dylan. Sheila begins passing Lauren's baby off as her own, and Dylan eventually dies from meningitis. Sheila's mother, Molly Carter (Marilyn Alex), finds out about her daughter's crime and intends to tell Lauren the truth, but Molly suffers a stroke that renders her speechless. Sheila sends her mother to her farmhouse in Michigan before Molly could expose her. Lauren eventually finds out about the baby switch, but not before Sheila kidnaps both Lauren and Molly and almost succeeds in killing both women; during a brief struggle, Lauren accidentally kicks over a lantern on a coffee table, setting the farmhouse they were imprisoned in on fire. Lauren and Molly are rescued by Lauren's ex-husband, private investigator Paul Williams (Doug Davidson), and his secretary, Lynne Bassett (Laura Bryan Birn). Sheila is never found, and authorities presume that she perished in the fire when a body burned beyond recognition turns up in the ashes. The corpse turns out to be that of a meter man that had visited the house just before the fire started; Sheila later escaped from the burning building. Picking up a discarded newspaper in an area diner, Sheila reads about an opening working as a company nurse for the Forresters in Los Angeles. She leaves Wisconsin to travel to California. Meanwhile, Lauren is reunited with Scott and her real son, Scott Jr.


title: Sheila Carter

text: In 1992, Sheila is reintroduced on "The Bold and the Beautiful" and she quickly worms her way into fashion CEO Eric Forrester (John McCook)'s life by becoming the company nurse at Forrester Creations in Los Angeles, as well as working as Rick Forrester's nanny (after staging an accident that leaves the former nanny, Judy, injured, and later threatening Judy and her family). Sheila and Eric fall in love and are eventually engaged, which angers Eric's ex-wife Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery), who suspects Sheila is a gold digger and a liar. To Sheila's dismay, Eric's most recent ex-wife Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang) is pregnant with a child that may either belong to Eric or his son Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss). After Bridget Forrester is born, Sheila manipulates the paternity test so that everyone will believe Ridge is the father. Security guard Mike Guthrie (Ken Hanes) catches her in the act and after threatening to blackmail her with the details, Sheila sets loose a vicious dog to attack him.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Meanwhile, Lauren finds out that Sheila is alive and well, and living on the West Coast. Lauren follows her and they once again fight. Lauren threatens to expose Sheila to the Forrester family, but Sheila turns the tables on Lauren by blackmailing her with pictures she took of Lauren sleeping with Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) and sent to Lauren as puzzle pieces. Despite Sheila's love for Eric, she panics when Lauren attempts to disclose her past at the wedding, and leaves a heartbroken Eric at the altar. After the guests leave, Sheila returns to the chapel and pleads for Eric's forgiveness. Although Eric demands answers, he eventually forgives Sheila and the two are married. Sheila and Brooke become close friends. Sheila and Eric's marriage becomes rocky when Sheila accepts a job from Brooke, who seizes control of Forrester Creations with her patent on the BeLieF formula. Eric feels betrayed by her actions and a rift is created in their marriage. Sheila proposes the two take a vacation and use this time to reconnect. The two leave town for Catalina Island. Scott, who became ill, also vacations with Lauren in Catalina Island, where the two run into Eric and Sheila. Lauren intends to use Scott to expose Sheila's past to Eric; however, Scott, still caring for Sheila, keeps mum. Scott eventually dies on the island as a result of his illness. With both women by his side, he wishes that Lauren give Sheila a second chance. Lauren tearfully agrees.


title: Sheila Carter

text: When Sheila becomes concerned that Eric is excluding her from his will, she decides she would be more financially secure if she gave Eric a child. After a one-night stand with former rival Connor Davis (Scott Thompson Baker), Sheila goes to Eric claiming she is pregnant with his child. Eric, who had recently had a vasectomy, tells Sheila he wants a divorce. Brooke's fiancé Dr. James Warwick (Ian Buchanan) turns out to be a friend of Sheila's former psychiatrist Jay Garvin. James suspects Sheila is hiding something from the family, and tries to pry information from Dr. Garvin. However, during a brief struggle, Sheila accidentally pushes Jay off a balcony and to his death. James later learns from Lauren the secrets of her past. After attempting to drown Lauren in a hot tub, Sheila kidnaps James with the help of her new partner-in-crime, the security guard Mike. She imprisons him in the basement of her house (known as "The Houdini House") for some time. When James escapes and her secrets finally surface, she holds Stephanie, Eric, Ridge, Brooke, Lauren and James hostage in the Forrester mansion, welcoming them to her "goodbye party."


title: Sheila Carter

text: At the "party," Sheila tells everyone in attendance how they had personally wronged her, and threatens to kill them. Holding a gun to Stephanie, Sheila has a change of heart when the others step in front of her, and swallows a bottle of poison. Having survived, Sheila is placed in a psychiatric hospital, under the care of Dr. Brian Carey (Kin Shriner), but does not remain there for long, despite Stephanie's attempts to keep her there. Sheila tries to revive her friendship with Brooke, who sides with her at first, but later wants nothing to do with her. She begins dating neighbor Grant Chambers (Charles Grant), and later her psychiatrist, James Warwick. She continues to see James at this time, and memories of her abusive childhood are revealed.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila meets Maggie Forrester (Barbara Crampton), whom she befriends. The two are amazed to discover they both have ties to the same family. When Stephanie attempts to take Brooke's children, Sheila poisons her by replacing her medication with mercury pills until Stephanie losing her sanity and she is inpatient in a psychiatric hospital. Sheila also makes an enemy of Forrester Creations' rival, Sally Spectra (Darlene Conley) who defends Stephanie to her, thus planting the seeds of the eventual friendship between Stephanie and Sally. Ultimately Sheila frames Maggie for the poisoning of Stephanie, but later Maggie realizing who was behind the poisoning, fights with Sheila and accidentally pushes her onto a fire poker, seriously injuring her. After the fire poker incident, Sheila sets her sights on proving to James that she has changed for the better, in the hopes that he will fall in love with her. However, James has feelings for Maggie instead. Maggie goes to Sheila's house to inform her that she needs to find a new therapist, because Maggie wouldn't allow her to see James anymore. As Maggie taunts her, Sheila snaps and nearly chokes Maggie to death. Mike later kidnaps her and holds her prisoner at an amusement park. Sheila, wanting to prove to James that she had changed, agrees to release Maggie.


title: Sheila Carter

text: After having crashed James and Maggie's wedding, Sheila reveals that she has become pregnant after a night alone with James. The three come to a settlement that Sheila would temporarily stay with them until her baby was born, and the child would be given to James and Maggie. After Sheila hands her baby, Mary, over to the Warwicks, she relocates to Death Valley, where she meets Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz). Anxious to see her daughter, Sheila suggests that Amber babysit for James and Maggie, so that she can secretly visit Mary in LA. Amber is hired and keeps her alliance with Sheila secret for some time, but when Sheila threatens her, she reveals to James and Maggie the real reason why she applied to be Mary's babysitter. Sheila eventually takes matters into her own hands and takes Mary back. James attempts to trick Sheila into marrying him, so that he can gain full custody of his daughter. When Sheila realizes the marriage is a set-up, she attempts to kill herself again by jumping off a roof. James, who had actually fallen for Sheila during this time, promises to stay with her. Meanwhile, an angry Maggie sneaks into Sheila's hospital room and cuts off her oxygen. Sheila is rescued by doctors and Maggie is immediately arrested. With the help of Mike and his brother Martin, a desperate Maggie captures Sheila and holds her prisoner, appropriately, in the house from "Psycho" at Universal Studios Hollywood. When Sheila escapes, James demands that Maggie leave. Maggie and Lauren later team up in an attempt to drive Sheila over the edge. They wire Sheila's house with hidden cameras and an audio system, while the former nanny Judy surprises Sheila on her doorstep. The plan fails, however, and Maggie, realizing James and the baby are lost to her, leaves town. When a friendship begins between James and Stephanie, a paranoid Sheila becomes jealous and attempts to drown Stephanie in a pool. To prevent Stephanie from telling anyone about this incident, Sheila threatens to kill Stephanie's grandson, Thomas Forrester. Sheila is arrested for the threat, but secretly switches places with a woman named Sybil. After breaking out of prison in disguise, Sheila shoots Stephanie, kidnaps baby Mary and leaves town.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila returns to Los Angeles four years later to find her now-teenage daughter Mary (whom she had renamed Erica Lovejoy) (Courtnee Draper). Erica, who is completely unaware of her mother's past or her own real name, has traveled to L.A. to meet her idol—Amber Forrester. She soon develops a crush on Amber's husband, Rick Forrester, although she never intends to act on her feelings. Sheila convinces Erica to seduce Rick, saying that a Forrester man would never abandon the woman carrying his child. She then pays off a man named Lance to drug Amber and take her to bed. Amber tracks Lance down and begins to question him. When a nervous Lance threatens to tell Amber everything, Sheila kills him by releasing a jar of bees into his apartment. Amber becomes increasingly suspicious and confronts Erica in Rick's office. During a struggle, Erica falls and hits her head on a desk, making Amber look guilty of pushing her. At the hospital, a disguised Sheila confronts Amber, warning her to stay away from her daughter. Amber decides to look for clues at Erica's apartment, but is impeded when Sheila throws a pot at the window and the police arrive, arresting Amber and causing the Forresters to distrust her further. Meanwhile, while browsing through a photo album of Eric's, Erica is startled to find a picture of her mother. She learns that Sheila was formerly married to Eric, and that her mother wants her to live the life she had always dreamed of with Rick. Sheila pushes Erica to have sex with Rick, so that she can live vicariously as a Forrester through her daughter.


title: Sheila Carter

text: As a reluctant Erica is about to carry out her mother's plan, Rick's brother Ridge bursts in and exposes Erica's true identity. Rick kicks Erica out, but not before Sheila kidnaps Amber, who is stunned to learn that Erica is really Mary Warwick. Sheila stages a crime scene and drags Amber off to her apartment. Massimo Marone (Joseph Mascolo), who had been romantically involved with Sheila for a short time, gets a call from her, and Stephanie recognizes her voice. The two track Sheila and Amber down. Sheila then flees and holds Eric and Taylor Hayes Forrester (Hunter Tylo) hostage at the mansion. But when Brooke walks into the room, a struggle ensues in which Taylor and Brooke are shot. Brooke survives her wounds, whereas Taylor succumbs (a few years later, Taylor was revealed to still be alive). Sheila is arrested and subsequently confronted by her daughter, who condemns Sheila's actions and wants nothing to do with her. Sheila is jailed for her crimes but soon escapes with the help of a sympathetic warden named Sugar (Robin Mattson).


title: Sheila Carter

text: She then kidnaps Ridge and Brooke, while on their South American honeymoon. Soon Ridge's half-brother Nick Marone (Jack Wagner) arrives to rescue Ridge but he is soon captured by Sheila as well. When Ridge and Nick's father, Massimo, arrives to deliver the ransom, Sheila reveals that she had a baby daughter, Diana, whom she claims to be the result of the fling she had with Massimo during her previous trip to L.A. When Massimo tries (unsuccessfully) to trick Sheila into handing over the infant, she and Sugar run away. Brooke and Nick are soon rescued; however, it is believed that Ridge had been burned to death in the foundry Sheila stashed him in. Soon after, it is revealed that Ridge had survived, and he reunites with Brooke on the island.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila returns to Genoa City (on "The Young and the Restless") after being unseen for ten years, and begins terrorizing Lauren Fenmore once again, by indirectly turning her now-adult son Scott (Blair Redford) against her under the alias of "Brenda Harris". It is soon revealed that the woman in the psychiatric hospital who was believed to be Sheila is actually Sugar; Sheila drugged and had Sugar's face altered with plastic surgery to resemble her own before turning her into the police. Sheila then disguises herself as a British woman named "Jennifer Mitchell" by putting on a fake accent and donning a wig, prosthetic nose, and dentures to change her appearance. As Jennifer, she allies with Tom Fisher (Roscoe Born), who helps her in her scheme to poison Lauren with a necklace that Scott offers to his mother as a gift. In exchange, Tom has Sheila manipulate his estranged wife Gloria Abbott (Judith Chapman) into giving him money and later bailing him out of prison.


title: Sheila Carter

text: When Lauren plans a rooftop dinner with her fiancé Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc), Sheila surprises her and persuades her to commit suicide by jumping off of the roof. Lauren believes Sheila is a hallucination, but before she can jump, Michael rescues her. At the hospital, Sheila dons her Jennifer Mitchell identity and attempts to inject the poison into Lauren's bloodstream but is interrupted. She then convinces Tom — Michael's stepfather — to help her abduct Lauren from a yacht while on her honeymoon with Michael. She plants a bomb on the yacht, hoping to kill both Lauren and Tom, whom she wants to take the fall for their crimes. Tom realizes Sheila's plan, and traps both Sheila and Lauren in a bomb shelter. Tom leaves the two together and in the meantime is shot and killed by John Abbott (Jerry Douglas). As the bomb shelter collapses, Lauren is astonished when Sheila saves her life. Meanwhile, Sugar manages to leave the psychiatric hospital and goes to see Scott, who believes she is Sheila. He, however, notices her voice sounds different, and Sugar tells him she has a cold and has lost her voice. Sugar then proceeds to stab him in order to exact her revenge on Sheila. Sugar is arrested; upon seeing her, Lauren immediately knows it is not Sheila whose ankle is sprained. The real Sheila (now walking on crutches and having shed her false identity) is seen in a plastic surgeon's office, asking for a procedure to look like somebody else.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Later, it is revealed that Sheila is still alive, having undergone months of plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers Newman (Michelle Stafford), and that Paul Williams had been hiding the fact that he had been keeping her locked in a cage she had constructed in an abandoned warehouse (Paul had lied to Lauren and Michael, telling them Sheila had got hit by a car and died after her surgery). Ultimately, Sheila is determined to escape and take Phyllis's place in order to infiltrate Michael and Lauren's lives. Sheila is accidentally freed from the prison she created for Lauren by Maggie Sullivan, Paul's girlfriend. After acting as a kidnap victim and pleading for Maggie's help, Maggie sets her free, but Sheila chokes her unconscious, steals her gun, and then shoots her—but Maggie survives.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Subsequently, Paul returns to the warehouse only to be ambushed by Sheila who imprisons both Paul and Maggie in that cage. At a different location, Sheila cuts and dyes her hair to look like Phyllis. Sheila then goes to Phyllis's, ties her up and waits for Lauren and baby Fen (Sheila had invited, imitating Phyllis over the phone) to arrive while taunting Phyllis about how great it would be to take over her life with her husband Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow) and her baby Summer. After Lauren arrives, Sheila ties her up, and Sheila later flees with Phyllis and babies Fen and Summer as hostages. By this time, Michael arrives at the warehouse and frees Paul and Maggie, the latter being taken to the hospital.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Posing as an elderly woman named Betsy, Sheila takes Phyllis, Summer, and Fen to a nearby retirement home to hide out. At some point, in a case of psychological transference, Sheila starts calling Fen "Scotty." After learning of their location, Lauren goes to that home carrying a gun in her purse. Meanwhile, Sheila orders Phyllis to put on an outfit to look exactly like her. The ladies then start fighting over the gun. Following a tip from a neighbor, Lauren finds Sheila's apartment and forces her way inside. Lauren, holding the ladies at gunpoint, asks: "Which one of you is Phyllis?" Sheila and Phyllis then argue over who is who, and Lauren screams at them to stop. Sheila then runs to grab baby Summer in order to use her as a shield against Lauren; Phyllis tells Lauren to point the gun at her to protect her daughter, and a frightened Lauren, realizing the real Phyllis would never put her daughter in the line of fire, turns to Sheila and shoots her. Sheila is then declared dead at the scene.


title: Sheila Carter

text: In 2010, Sarah Smythe (Bregman), Sheila's sister, arrives in Genoa City. Having assumed Lauren's identity through more plastic surgery, Sarah holds both Phyllis and the real Lauren responsible for her sister's untimely death. Sarah devises a plan with Daisy Carter (Yvonne Zima) and Ryder Callahan (Wilson Bethel), Sheila's twins with Tom Fisher, to take over Lauren's life and riches. The plan fails, with Lauren shooting and killing Sarah in self-defense after Sarah's attempt to fire her gun at Phyllis. In 2012, a woman claiming to be Daisy's mother checks her out of a mental institution, signing the name "Sheila Carter" on the release form. Michael has the signature analyzed to see if it fits Sheila's handwriting, but the results turn out to be inconclusive.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila (Brown) returns to Los Angeles in June 2017. When she attempts to leave Katie Logan (Heather Tom)'s home without being noticed, Quinn Forrester (Rena Sofer) hears her leaving, immediately asking who she is. Introducing herself as a friend of the Logan family, Sheila reveals herself to Katie, asking for her assistance in making amends with those she had wronged in Los Angeles. Startled by her arrival, Katie immediately alerts Eric of Sheila's re-appearance; arriving at Katie's and believing that Sheila is the one who shot at Quinn, Eric escorts Sheila to the police station, and has her arrested for violating an order of protection he had previously filed years prior. When it is revealed that Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan) is the one who was targeting Quinn, Eric extends an olive branch to Sheila, welcoming her back to the Forrester estate, much to the disapproval of Quinn and Ridge (Thorsten Kaye). Sheila immediately begins to dig into the life of Eric, rooting herself into his marriage with Quinn. After scheming with Forrester security officer, Charlie Webber, Sheila exposes Quinn's kiss with Ridge.


title: Sheila Carter

text: As Sheila comforts and supports an emotionally hurt Eric, she is confronted by Steffy Forrester (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), who — believing Sheila to be armed — shoots her in Eric's hotel room, but she survives, only sustaining a flesh wound. Sheila continues to insinuate herself into Eric's life, faking a concussion after a catfight with Quinn to manipulate Eric into letting her stay in the Forrester mansion. Sheila blackmails her ex-husband, James Warwick, into lying about the severity of her condition, but slips up when Quinn catches her walking around normally. She then gets a waitressing job in town so she can eavesdrop on the residents of Los Angeles, and later offers Eric's estate manager Mateo money to seduce Quinn, but her plan is foiled when Mateo tells Quinn the truth. Sheila is thrilled when Eric invites her to the Forrester mansion with the intention of replacing Quinn's portrait with Sheila's, but this turns out to be a ruse. As Eric and Quinn again demand that Sheila leave, Sheila smiles to herself outside the closed mansion door.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila re-emerges following the wedding of Steffy and John Finnegan (Tanner Novlan), revealing to the latter that she is his biological mother. Sheila tells him that she gave him up but kept tabs on him over the years from afar. Finn is excited to finally meet his birth mother, and wants everyone to meet her, though unbeknownst to him, she already knows them. Everyone is shocked to see her, and believe that she is lying. Finn's father, Jack Finnegan (Ted King), confirms Sheila contacted him when Finn was a baby. As she tells Steffy that she is her mother-in-law, she looks up and gives an evil grin while looking at Stephanie's portrait over the fireplace.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Jack later comes to visit Sheila in her hotel room and attempts to convince her to leave town so that she stays away from Finn, Steffy and their son, Hayes. During this exchange, it is revealed that Finn is, in fact, the product of an illicit sexual relationship between Sheila and Jack while he was married to Finn's adoptive mother, Dr. Li Finnegan (Naomi Matsuda). Unbeknownst to Li and Finn, Sheila gave Finn up as a newborn, and Jack arranged a secret adoption of his own biological son in order to keep his affair with Sheila buried. Sheila later blackmails Jack with this information in order to have more access to Finn and Hayes. Sheila then encourages Jack tell Finn and Li the truth—so he does.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Following a chance encounter with Deacon Sharpe, who had recently been released from prison, Sheila and Deacon ally to help each other reunite with their estranged children. Sheila later encounters Brooke at the Il Giardino restaurant. Brooke tells her she'll do everything in her power to keep her away from her family, especially Steffy, Finn and Hayes. Sheila, taking the threat seriously, arranges for alcoholic champagne (Sheila mislabelled as "non-alcoholic") to be delivered to Brooke in lieu of the non-alcoholic kind Brooke (a recovering alcoholic) is used to drinking in order to maintain her sobriety. On New Year’s Eve, Brooke gets drunk (because of Sheila's bottle swap) and feels the urge to drink vodka, which leads her to kiss her ex-lover, Deacon; she later passes out and Deacon takes her to her bed where he also spends the night. Brooke later wakes up and is shocked to see Deacon besides her. This drunken night causes big problems in Ridge and Brooke’s marriage. Ridge separates from Brooke and relocates at Steffy’s. Sheila reveals her deed to Thomas and expects him to be thankful for it since his parents Ridge and Taylor are getting closer. Steffy later overhears a conflicted Thomas discuss Sheila’s secret over the phone.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Steffy goes to see Sheila at Il Giardino; the two start arguing and then walk to the alley. Sheila implores Steffy not to tell the truth, but Steffy vows to. Finn, having been alerted by Steffy about Sheila’s crime, is worried because Steffy is not answering his calls and goes to Il Giardino. As Steffy proceeds to leave the alley, Sheila pulls out a gun and fires at Steffy; however, Finn arrives at this very moment and takes the bullet instead. Steffy tells Sheila Finn needs an ambulance and that Sheila is sick and going to prison for the rest of her life. Sheila asks Steffy to put her phone down; Steffy refuses, so Sheila shoots her. Sheila then puts on black gloves and takes some belongings of Steffy’s and Finn’s such as wedding rings in order to make it look like a robbery gone wrong, and she flees the scene. While taking out the trash, Deacon finds Steffy and Finn unconscious and bleeding on a heap of garbage. He subsequently calls an ambulance. Steffy survives, but Finn is declared dead at the scene. Sheila then learns from Deacon, in her hotel room, that Finn lost his life after Finn and Steffy got shot; Sheila acts surprised. However, when Deacon tells her Steffy survived but is in critical condition, Sheila is truly surprised and not amused, and she tries to hide her displeasure. Sheila then goes to the hospital; Taylor, Steffy's mother, gives her condolences and hugs Sheila who hypocritically hugs her back.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Stricken with grief and feeling cornered, Sheila goes to the rooftop of the hospital where Steffy is being taken care of; a concerned Taylor had been following Sheila. As Sheila proceeds to jump off the rooftop, Taylor grabs her in order to stop her. By doing so, Taylor falls off the ledge; Sheila gets ahold of Taylor and pulls her back to safety.


title: Sheila Carter

text: A few weeks later, Steffy regains her memory of the tragic events. Steffy, Ridge and Taylor devise a plan to get Sheila to come by Steffy’s house and confess to being the shooter. Taylor calls Sheila and tells her she wants her to come by the house to see Hayes. The plan works, Sheila confesses, and Deputy Chief Baker, having had recorded Sheila’s confession, arrests her. Li visits Taylor and Steffy and learns Sheila’s the shooter. An aggravated Li remains vague about funeral arrangements; it is then revealed Finn is alive, in a coma, being taken care of by Li.


title: Sheila Carter

text: While in custody, Li visits Sheila, which makes Sheila even more determined to leave the detention center and see Finn one last time, whether he’s been buried or cremated. As Sheila is going to be transferred to another facility, a prison guard, Sheila’s old accomplice Mike Guthrie, shows up. He helps Sheila escape, and Sheila goes straight to Li’s apartment. After strong knocks on the door, Li answers and is stunned to see Sheila. Li refuses to let Sheila in, but Sheila grabs Li, throws her to the ground, and lets herself in. Sheila is shocked to see Finn, alive but in a coma. Sheila thanks Li for saving Finn’s life but in a psychotic rage knocks her out as Finn seems to wake up from his coma; Finn, however, once more loses consciousness. Li wakes up, and Sheila apologizes for hitting her, saying she was afraid Li would turn her in to the police. Dealing with a fugitive psychotic killer, Li does her best to appease Sheila, make Sheila understand they’re in the same boat since Li could have her license revoked for smuggling Finn out of the hospital and signing his death certificate.


title: Sheila Carter

text: However, Li makes an error of judgment when she attempts to alert the police after deceiving Sheila into letting her pick up medicine for Finn. Sheila steps outside of the apartment and hears Li trying to call 911. A startled Li drops her phone, facing a menacing Sheila. Sheila vows to make Li pay for crossing her and tries to strangle her to death. A fight ensues and Li runs for her life. Li gets in her car and leaves. Mike happens to be standing outside in the heavy rain; Sheila grabs his keys and chases Li in Mike's car. Realizing Sheila is following her, a frightened Li screams: “Back off, you crazy bitch!” That’s when a collision causes Li’s car to explode and fall in the ocean. Sheila gets out of the vehicle, approaches the tragic, horrifying scene, and smirks in relief that Li seems to be out of the way.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila returns to the apartment where Finn lies in a comatose state. Mike joins her, and they both take care of Finn who ends up flatlining; Sheila resuscitates him via defibrillator electrical shock. Finn comes to, and his exchanges with Sheila become tense. At some point, Sheila sedates him through IV to keep him from leaving the apartment. Days later, Finn starts to choke Sheila after she tells him Li is dead, and Sheila defends herself by sedating him again, this time with a syringe.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Meanwhile, Li is still alive, having somehow survived the car explosion. Bill finds her dirty and disheveled, in a state of immense shock, and takes her to his mansion. After a couple of days, Li regains her senses and leads Bill to her apartment where Sheila and Finn are. Finn is doing better and is ready to fly to Monaco to finally reunite with Steffy, Hayes, and Kelly. Bill wants to stay with Li to protect her from Sheila, but Li says she is safe since Finn has managed to overpower Sheila and tie her to his bed. Li therefore finds herself alone with Sheila until Mike comes back and knocks Li over the head. He unties Sheila, who then flees the apartment. On his way to leave, Li stops Mike, resulting in him being arrested by Deputy Chief Baker.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila finds refuge at Deacon's, who is not pleased to once more have to deal with her. He leaves her in his apartment to grab supplies, but tells her that when he’s back, she'll have to be gone. About a week later, Detective Sanchez announces to the Forresters that Sheila was attacked and mauled to death by a bear while hiking through the forest. He claims there is DNA evidence proving that she is dead and produces photographs of Sheila last seen alive and of the crime scene, as well as a middle toe identified as Sheila's. Later, Brooke tells Deacon what happened to Sheila.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Shortly afterwards, Sheila goes to Il Giardino, using a prosthetic latex mask, a long red wig, and glasses to disguise herself as a younger woman. She keeps staring at Deacon who is drinking alone after learning of her "death." Her stare triggers lustful thoughts in him, and he goes home only to find her waiting for him later that evening. They make love, even though Deacon is somewhat bothered by Sheila (he refers to as "Debra") remaining silent so as not to give herself away. Deacon notices that she is missing her middle toe, and remembers what Brooke said. Sheila then peels off her mask and wig, before laughing in delight.


title: Sheila Carter

text: The next day, Sheila tells Deacon that she needed to know if he still had feelings for her, and that his sleeping with her without hesitation proves it. Deacon demands to know how she is still alive, and Sheila confesses that she intentionally staged the crime scene by planting her torn clothes, some of her hair, and blood drained from her own body to fool the cops. Finally, she cut off her own toe so they would have something to give to the Forresters. Deacon tells her to leave again, but Sheila begs him to help her as she has no one else to turn to. Suddenly, Deacon's parole officer knocks on his door for a weekly check-in. Sheila hides in the bathroom, but when the officer notices that someone else is in the apartment, she puts on a faux-Southern accent and convinces him that she's just Deacon's "lady friend".


title: Sheila Carter

text: The officer leaves, but Deacon tells Sheila that she still has to leave since he can't afford to lose his parole. Sheila then offers him a large sum of money, knowing he needs it, in exchange for letting her hide in his apartment during the day. Deacon takes the offer, but soon comes to regret his decision upon realizing that he can't betray his promise to Brooke and Hope that he is ready to be an honest man. Sheila then resorts to a simple threat: if he contacts the police, she will paint him as a willing accomplice and cost him his parole. Deacon relents and tells her to stay put while he goes to his job, but Sheila quickly gets bored and puts on her mask and wig. Before she can leave, Hope arrives, and a panicking Sheila considers stabbing her with a pair of scissors before Deacon defuses the situation. Sheila then introduces herself as "Nicholina" in her fake accent. Hope, assuming that Nicholina is her father's new girlfriend, departs and shares the news with the Forresters.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila continues to share a strange existence with Deacon, who still doesn't want her to live with him but can't afford to force her out. He forgets to charge his phone and then accidentally leaves it behind while rushing to get to his job at Il Giardino. Sheila goes out as Nicholina to bring it to him, only to notice that he's speaking with Finn. She sticks around long enough to hear Finn, conversing with Bill, admit that while he can never forgive her for all she put him through, he still has some small measure of affection for her as his mother. Sheila returns home with Deacon and swears to find a way to reconnect with her son.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Sheila is often considered to be one of the most popular villains in daytime. Kimberlin Brown was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in the role as Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1993 and 2022.


title: Sheila Carter

text: Michael Logan of "TV Insider" described Sheila as "the greatest soap villain ever". "The Bold and the Beautiful" showrunner Bradley Bell highlighted the character's ability "to have viewers care about her and root for her", but also "invoke true fear in the audience".


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk State (; also known as Truk) is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Yap State. It consists of several island groups:


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk is the most populous state of the FSM with 50,000 inhabitants on . Chuuk Lagoon is where most people live. Weno Island in the lagoon functions as state capital and is FSM's biggest city. It is scheduled to possibly vote for independence as proposed.


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk was first settled by Austronesians, believed to be from the Lapita culture of Island Melanesia. Archaeological evidence indicates that islands of Feefen and Wééné Islands had human settlements in the first and second century BC. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during the 14th century AD, as the Chuukese culture was formed.


title: Chuuk State

text: The first sighting recorded by Europeans was made by the Spanish navigator Alvaro de Saavedra on board the "Florida" during August or September 1528. They were later visited by the Spaniard Alonso de Arellano on 15 January, 1565 on board the galleon patache San Lucas.


title: Chuuk State

text: As part of the Caroline Islands, Truk was claimed by the Spanish Empire, which struggled to control the islands in the late 19th century. The Chuuk Lagoon was then inhabited by Chuukese people (an Austronesian group) that participated in intermittent wars, as well as a small population of foreign merchants and missionaries, mostly linked to the Catholic Church. Spanish control over the islands was in part nominal. The Spanish stopped to raise a flag over Chuuk in 1886, and returned in 1895 as part of an attempt to assert control and negotiate peace between the tribes of Chuuk. No major Spanish settlement was established and traditional life continued until the German colonial era.


title: Chuuk State

text: The Caroline Islands were sold to the German Empire in 1899, after Spain withdrew from the Pacific after the Spanish–American War in which it lost its main colony in Asia, the Philippines. Germany incorporated the territory into its domain in the German New Guinea.


title: Chuuk State

text: During World War I, the Japanese navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asian squadron and protecting the shipping lanes of Allied trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized German possessions in the Mariana Islands, the Carolinas, the Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914. Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under the mandate of the League of Nations after the defeat of Germany in World War I.


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk was one of six districts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which were administered by the United States under charter from the United Nations from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1980s. The termination of U.S. administration of the Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Mariana Islands districts of the TTPI occurred on 3 November 1986.


title: Chuuk State

text: The Federated States of Micronesia, including Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, and Pohnpei, was established in 1979 and signed a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (effective 3 November 1986).


title: Chuuk State

text: On 2 July 2002, heavy rains from Tropical Storm Chataan caused more than thirty landslides that killed forty-seven people and injured dozens of others, in the state's deadliest weather disaster. The landslides occurred throughout the day, some within just minutes of each other.


title: Chuuk State

text: As of recent times, Chuuk has been pushing harder for independence. An independence referendum was originally scheduled to coincide with federal elections on 3 March 2015, but was pushed back to 5 March 2019. The independence referendum was further pushed back to March 2022, with a date to be announced, while the constitutional legality of the proposed secession is determined.


title: Chuuk State

text: The main population center of Chuuk State is the Chuuk Lagoon, a large archipelago with mountainous islands surrounded by a string of islets on a barrier reef. The two major geographical and dialectic divisions of the Chuuk Lagoon are Faichuuk, the western islands, and Namoneas, the eastern islands.


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk State also includes several more sparsely populated "outer island" groups, including the Mortlock Islands to the southeast, the Hall Islands (Pafeng) to the north, Namonuito Atoll to the northwest, and the Pattiw Region to west. The Pattiw Region is of particular interest in that it has some of the most traditional islands in the Pacific and is culturally related to outer islands of Yap. This group includes the islands of Pollap, Tamatam, Poluwat, and Houk. There are still traditional master navigators—Poluwat and Pollap are considered to have some of the best navigators and ocean-going outrigger canoes in the Pacific. In the islands of the Pattiw Region, and some of the Islands of Yap, are the last two remaining schools of navigation, Weriyeng and Faaluush. Visiting the Pattiw Region in the west, however, is difficult due to the lack of reliable transportation. Houk probably has the most accessible airstrip in the Pattiw Region, with planes landing every one or two weeks.


title: Chuuk State

text: The state shares its longitude with Sydney, Australia, namely the eastern portion of the city including the CBD.


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk is the most populous of the FSM's states. At the census held on 1 April 2000, it had 53,595 inhabitants, compared with 34,486 for Pohnpei, 11,241 for Yap and 7,686 for Kosrae; at the census held on 4 April 2010, it had 48,654 inhabitants, compared with 36,196 for Pohnpei, 11,377 for Yap and 6,616 for Kosrae.


title: Chuuk State

text: The majority of the state's population is affiliated with Christianity as a result of the activity of missionary groups first from Spain and then from Germany and the United States. Catholicism was introduced during the Spanish colonization period, followed by the arrival of various Protestant groups. The main religious building in the state is the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral in Tunnuk, Weno, which is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of the Caroline Islands ("Diocese Carolinensium") suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of Agaña in Guam. Other churches in the state include Sacred Heart Church on Lekinioch Island, Christ the King Church in Neiwe, Houk Catholic Church, Holy Family Church in Weno, St. Ignatius Church in Fonoton, among others.


title: Chuuk State

text: The New York Province of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) maintains a mission school on the island of Weno in Chuuk. Xavier High School is housed at the former Japanese communications center. It is a coeducational institution, drawing students from all the island groups of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as Palau and the Marshall Islands. Teachers are both Jesuit and lay and come from Micronesia, the U.S., Indonesia, Japan, and Australia.


title: Chuuk State

text: Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist. Allegedly, these spirits overwhelmingly possess women, and spirit possession is usually brought on by family conflicts. The spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.


title: Chuuk State

text: There are some references on the Chuukese language, treating guests, and on beliefs in the sci-fi book "Reefsong" from Carol Severance.


title: Chuuk State

text: The State of Chuuk is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. The chief executive of Chuuk is the governor. Chuuk has a bicameral legislature.


title: Chuuk State

text: Chuuk State received the largest number of visitors of any of the Federated States of Micronesia. However, tourism is relatively under-developed. In the FSM's Development Plan for Chuuk, published in 2016, factors which disadvantaged the development of tourism in Chuuk included a lack of infrastructure, in particular irregular ferries between islands and a lack of regular electricity supplies on all islands apart from Weno. The report recognized that it is primarily Chuuk's underwater assets that would bring tourism, including its marine diversity and the Second World War shipwrecks around the coast. Where tourism does exist, it is reliant on the diving industry, which was established in the islands by Kimiuo Aisek. A legacy of his work to make Chuuk a dive destination was the establishment of the Kimiuo Aisek Memorial Museum.


title: Chuuk State

text: The American attacks on the Japanese fleet in 1944 were such that today Truk lagoon is the largest underwater military cemetery in the world (60 ships and 400 aircraft scattered over several kilometers), which attracts divers from all over the world. The diving conditions are very good (visibility 15-40 meters, variations in depth, minor currents, 700 varieties of fish, generous coral). However, this source of income is jeopardized by preservation issues, from rapidly disintegrating carcasses to dynamite fishing that rapidly destroys whole sections of the graveyard.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: Gloucester Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, in Gloucester, England, stands in the north of the city near the River Severn. It originated in 678 or 679 with the foundation of an abbey dedicated to Saint Peter (dissolved by Henry VIII).


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: Wardle records that in 1058 Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester at the time, rebuilt the church of St Peter. The foundations of the present church were laid by Abbot Serlo (1072–1104). Walter Frocester (died 1412) the abbey's historian, became its first mitred abbot in 1381. Until 1541, Gloucester lay in the see of Worcester; the Diocese of Gloucester was then created, with John Wakeman, last abbot of Tewkesbury, as its first bishop. The diocese covers the greater part of Gloucestershire, with small parts of Herefordshire and Wiltshire. The cathedral has a stained-glass window depicting the earliest images of golf. This dates from 1350, over 300 years earlier than the earliest image of golf from Scotland. There is also a carved image of people playing a ball game, believed by some to be one of the earliest images of medieval football.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: During the Second World War a recess in the crypt was strengthened with timber supports and it was used to house the Coronation Chair, which had been moved in August 1939 from Westminster Abbey to the cathedral for safe keeping. As it also seemed to provide the most protected location for the cathedral's 13th century bog-oak effigy of Robert Curthose, this was placed on the chair. Sandbags were then used to seal off the recess. The chair remained there for the duration of the war. The remainder of the 10,000 sandbags supplied by the Office of Works were used to protect the other monuments in the cathedral, including the Tomb of Edward II.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The cathedral consists of a Norman nave (Walter de Lacy is buried there), with additions in every style of Gothic architecture. It is long, and wide, with a fine central tower of the 15th century rising to the height of and topped by four delicate pinnacles, a famous landmark.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The crypt, nave and chapter house date from the late 11th century. The crypt is one of the four apsidal cathedral crypts in England, the others being at Worcester, Winchester and Canterbury. The nave was begun in 1089. The church was largely complete by 1100. In the early 12th century, the western towers were added; the south tower collapsed around 1165.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: In 1222, a fire damaged the timber roof and several of the monastic buildings. To repair the damage and update the architectural style, an ambitious building campaign was launched, including the revaulting of the nave Early English style (completed 1243); the construction of the central tower (begun 1237); the rebuilding of the collapsed south tower (completed 1246); and the rebuilding of the refectory.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The south aisle was rebuilt in 1318–29. The pilgrimage to the tomb of Edward II (died 1327) brought a huge influx of cash enabling the rebuilding and redecorating of the south transept (1329–37), the north transept (1368–73), and the choir (1350–77). The Norman choir walls are sheathed in Perpendicular tracery. The multiplication of ribs, liernes and bosses in the choir vaulting is particularly rich. The late Decorated east window is partly filled with surviving medieval stained glass.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: Between the apsidal chapels is a cross Lady chapel, and north of the nave are the cloisters, the carrels or stalls for the monks' study and writing lying to the south. The cloisters at Gloucester are the earliest surviving fan vaults, having been designed between 1351 and 1377 by Thomas de Cantebrugge.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The most notable monument is the canopied shrine of Edward II of England who was murdered at nearby Berkeley Castle ("illustration below") in 1327. The building and sanctuary were enriched by the visits of pilgrims to this shrine. In a side-chapel is a monument in coloured bog oak of Robert Curthose, eldest son of William the Conqueror and a great benefactor of the abbey, who was interred there. Monuments of William Warburton (Bishop of Gloucester) and Edward Jenner (physician) are also worthy of note. The abbey was the site of the coronation of Henry III on 28 October 1216. This is commemorated in a stained-glass window in the south aisle.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The cathedral has forty-six 14th-century misericords and twelve 19th-century replacements by Gilbert Scott. Both types have a wide range of subject matter: mythology, everyday occurrences, religious symbolism and folklore.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: In September 2016 Gloucester Cathedral joined the Church of England's 'Shrinking the footprint' campaign, intended to reduce the Church of England's carbon emissions by 80% by 2050. In order to help reach this target Gloucester Cathedral commissioned installation of a solar array on the cathedral roof which is expected to reduce the cathedral's energy costs by 25%. The installation was completed by November 2016, making the 1,000-year-old cathedral the oldest one in the UK with a solar installation.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: In medieval times, daily worship was sung by boys and monks from the abbey. The cathedral's current choir was established by King Henry VIII in 1539, and at present is composed of 18 boy and 20 girl choristers, as well as 12 adult singers. The choristers attend the King's School, which was also founded by Henry VIII. The choir sings regularly during term time and at major religious festivals such as Christmas or Easter. It also takes part in concerts and has been featured in choral evensong on BBC Radio 3.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The organ was originally constructed in 1666 by Thomas Harris and has the only complete 17th-century cathedral organ case surviving in the country. The pipes displayed on the front of the case are still functional. The organ was extended and modified by nearly all of the established UK organ builders, including Henry "Father" Willis who worked on the organ in 1847 and rebuilt it in 1888–89. It was rebuilt again in 1920 by Harrison & Harrison.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: In 1971 Hill, Norman and Beard performed a total redesign, under the supervision of Cathedral Organist John Sanders and consultant Ralph Downes. In 1999 Nicholson & Co overhauled the organ, when the soundboards, pipework and wind supply were renovated and the computer system was updated. In 2010 Nicholson also added a Trompette Harmonique solo reed.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The organ comprises four manuals and pedals. It is designed particularly to play from its position on the Quire screen to both East and West sides of the cathedral. The Swell is situated in the centre of the case at console level and is controlled by two swell pedals, one for each side of the case. Directly above the Swell is the Great organ which is split into East and West divisions; it comprises two separate principal choruses. The fourth manual is a West Positive, mirroring the function of the Choir organ for the West side of the cathedral.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: In 1582, Robert Lichfield is recorded as the organist of Gloucester Cathedral. Notable among the organists are composers and choral conductors of the Three Choirs Festival, Herbert Brewer, Herbert Sumsion and John Sanders. Herbert Howells, who was a pupil of Brewer, composed a Magnificat and Nunc dimittis for Gloucester Cathedral


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: An annual musical festival, the Three Choirs Festival, is hosted by turns in this cathedral and those of Worcester and Hereford in rotation. The Three Choirs is the oldest annual musical festival in the world.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The cathedral's clock, bells and the chimes are referred to in a repair agreement of 1525. The present clock, installed in 1898, is by Dent and Co, who built the clock for Big Ben. There is no external dial, but there is a fine Art Nouveau clock face in the north transept, dating from 1903, designed by Henry Wilson.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The bells were rehung and augmented in 1978 to give a ring of twelve. The two oldest bells date from before 1420, so they are older than the present tower. The bells are rung 'full circle' by the cathedral's band of ringers for the weekly practice session In addition there is Great Peter, the largest medieval bell in Britain, weighing a fraction under three tons. Great Peter is the hour bell and can also be heard ringing before the main services.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: Gloucester Cathedral has a large collection of funerary monuments from the Middle Ages to the present. Notable people buried at Gloucester Cathedral include:


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The cathedral has been used as a filming location for movies and for TV including: the first, second and sixth Harry Potter movies; the "Doctor Who" episodes "The Next Doctor" and the "Fugitive of the Judoon";


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: "The Hollow Crown"; "Wolf Hall"; the "Sherlock" special "The Abominable Bride"; "Mary Queen of Scots"; and all three of "The Cousins' War" adaptations"The White Queen", "The White Princess" and "The Spanish Princess".


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: Degree ceremonies of the University of Gloucestershire and the University of the West of England (through Hartpury College) both take place at the cathedral.


title: Gloucester Cathedral

text: The cathedral is also used during school term-time as the venue for assemblies (known as morning chapel) by The King's School, Gloucester, and for events by the Denmark Road High School, Crypt Grammar School, Sir Thomas Rich's School for boys and Ribston Hall High School.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG is a beverage company based in Rankweil in Vorarlberg, Austria. It was founded in 1919 and has remained a family business for four generations.


title: Rauch (company)

text: The Rauch brand is particularly known for producing a range of juices. The company exports products to about 100 countries and also offers private-label production services such as "Bravo" sold throughout the former Yugoslavia, and Albania.


title: Rauch (company)

text: The family business was founded by Franz Josef Rauch in 1919 as a cider press for the surrounding farmers. In the interwar period, however, the fruit juice production was already carried out industrially. In 1962 the company was taken over by the next generation and got internationally oriented.


title: Rauch (company)

text: In the 1970s, Rauch became the market leader in the Austrian market with the brands Happy Day and Bravo and sold Tetra Pak instead of glass bottles. When a campaign against smoking was launched in Austria with the slogan "Ohne Rauch geht's auch" ("it's possible without smoke"), the company Rauch created the advertising slogan "Ohne Rauch geht's nicht, wenn man denn vom Fruchtsaft spricht" ("Without smoke it is not possible, if one speaks of the fruit juice") and was thus known until the 1980s. The slogan worked because Rauch is not only the name of the company, but also means smoke in german.


title: Rauch (company)

text: In 1998, the beverage supply was also extended to ice tea. In addition, the brewery Fohrenburg was taken over in Bludenz.


title: Rauch (company)

text: On 8 June 2016, the Federal Competition Authority of Austria (BWB) announced a decision of the Cartel Court on 3.3.2016 against Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG and Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH. Due to vertical price adjustments of final retail prices to retail customers in the period from September 2003 to March 2012, a fine of EUR 1.7 million was imposed.


title: Rauch (company)

text: In 2017, the beverage producer was honored as the "Top Brand 2017" in the fruit drinks category in Germany.


title: Rauch (company)

text: 2019 was the first year in which Rauch sales grew over EUR 1 billion, which fell by 5.3 percent to EUR 965 million in 2020, presumably due to their gastronomy partners' massive losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Rauch (company)

text: The production covers three business areas: the actual fruit juice production, semi-manufactured products and co-packing. The products are exported to over 90 countries.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Today, Rauch is the world's only bottler of beverages for Red Bull. In 2019, Rauch and the Red Bull company revealed plans to build a canning facility in Arizona within the following five years.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Rauch also cooperates with the German Bitburger Brewery Group. As part of this cooperation since February 2008 Rauch products are distributed by Bitburger.


title: Rauch (company)

text: The company has a total of 17 locations in 12 European countries and one in North America, with each subsidiary being assigned to a respective national subsidiary of Rauch. The following production branches exist:


title: Rauch (company)

text: In ski racing, Rauch Fruchtsäfte partners with the Austrian Ski Association (ÖSV) as well as the Slovenian (Slo.Ski) and the racers Anna Veith, Katharina Liensberger and Petra Vlhová.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Rauch fruit juices supports the football clubs FC Red Bull Salzburg and in Germany since 2017 the RB Leipzig.


title: Rauch (company)

text: In cooperation with Red Bull, the Rauch logo can also be seen on the Formula 1 car from Red Bull Racing since its inaugural season.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Also, in beach volleyball, Rauch fruit juices sponsors of various events, such as the 2017 World Cup in Vienna.


title: Rauch (company)

text: Since Commission Regulation (EC) No. 259/2008 in March 2008, recipients of the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) have been published on the internet. As a result, it has been announced that Rauch receives export refunds from these funds to offset the difference between world sugar prices and high EU prices (due to protective tariffs and production quotas) in order to remain internationally competitive. In the years 2008 to 2010, Rauch was by far the largest beneficiary of this money in Austria. Since 2011, the prices of EU sugar and the world market price are more or less balanced and compensation payments have therefore been halted.


title: Mazda CX-60

text: The Mazda CX-60 is a mid-size crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda since 2022. It is the first vehicle to use Mazda's rear- and all-wheel drive Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture with longitudinal engine layout, which includes a line-up of straight-six engines. It is also the first Mazda vehicle to feature a plug-in hybrid option.


title: Mazda CX-60

text: The CX-60 is marketed in Europe, Japan, Australia and several other markets, while the North American market will receive the wider CX-70. By size, it is larger than the CX-5 and smaller than the CX-9. It is comparable in size to the CX-50, and wider but shorter in length than the CX-8.


title: Mazda CX-60

text: The CX-60 was revealed on 8 March 2022 as part of Mazda's newly established "Large Product Group," which includes a range of larger vehicles using rear- and all-wheel drive layout. Due to the switch to the rear-wheel drive-based layout, the model is moved upmarket towards models from luxury brands.


title: Mazda CX-60

text: The model is a two-row vehicle which uses rear-biased, full-time all-wheel drive marketed as "i-Activ AWD". It also features Kinematic Posture Control system which applies the brakes to the inside rear wheel to contain body roll.


title: Mazda CX-60

text: The petrol plug-in hybrid (PHEV) model was the first variant to be released. It uses the existing 2.5-litre "Skyactiv-G" engine combined with an electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery which resulting in combined outputs of and of torque. It has a towing capacity of with a claimed figure of 5.8 seconds. Electric only mode top speed is .


title: Mazda CX-60

text: Other engine options include two newly-developed units, which are 3.3-litre "e-Skyactiv D" diesel and 3.0-litre "e-Skyactiv X" petrol with spark-compression-ignition technology, both inline six-cylinder units with 48V mild hybrid system and will be released in late 2022 and 2023 respectively. In October 2022, a 3.3-litre "Skyactiv-G" turbocharged petrol engine was announced for some markets such as Australia, producing .


title: Mazda CX-60

text: Every CX-60 is equipped with an 8-speed automatic gearbox with a multi-plate clutch and integrated electric motor/generator which replaces hydraulic converter as an input clutch in order to preserve the cornering performance of a rear-wheel drive system.


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Pamela Catherine Gidley (June 11, 1965 – April 16, 2018) was an American actress and model. She began her career as an actress in 1986, debuting in the film "Thrashin'", before appearing in a number of films, including "Dudes" (1987), "Cherry 2000" (1987), "The Blue Iguana" (1988), "Permanent Record" (1988), "Highway to Hell" (1992), "" (1992), "Jane Austen's Mafia" (1998), and "The Little Vampire" (2000).


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Gidley is also known for her roles in television series, including "Strange Luck" as Audrey Weston (1995–1996), and her recurring role as Brigitte on "The Pretender" (1997–2000).


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Gidley was born in Methuen, Massachusetts, and raised in Salem, New Hampshire, the third of four siblings and the only daughter. She had two older brothers, Glenn and Daniel, and one younger brother, Brian.


title: Pamela Gidley

text: She won the Wilhemina Modeling Agency's "Most Beautiful Girl in the World" contest on March 12, 1985, in Sydney, Australia. As her modeling career had taken off, Gidley studied acting at the New York Academy of Dramatic Art under actress and acting teacher Stella Adler, who ran the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. She eventually moved to Los Angeles to pursue her career in acting.


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Gidley made her acting debut in the 1986 film "Thrashin'". She appeared in several films of the 1980s including "Dudes", "Permanent Record", "The Blue Iguana", and "Cherry 2000". Gidley starred in many films throughout the 1990s, including "", a prequel to the short-lived television series; "Disturbed", alongside Malcolm McDowell; "Highway to Hell"; the comedy "Jane Austen's Mafia!"; the comedy horror "Aberration", a film in which she starred in the lead role; and "Kiss & Tell", a film in which Gidley also served as producer. In 2000, she appeared in the family comedy "The Little Vampire". Her last film was the direct-to-video comedy "Cake Boy".


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Gidley is perhaps best known for her roles in television series. Her first appearance in television was in an episode of the action adventure series "MacGyver". She had three appearances as Army Lieutenant Nikki Raines in "Tour of Duty" during the 1987–1988 season. She also had the recurring role of Brigitte Parker in "The Pretender". Her character was the first to be introduced on the show's official website before any of the episodes had aired. She played another recurring character, Teri Miller on "". She appeared in the show's and third seasons.


title: Pamela Gidley

text: She starred as Audrey Westin in the short-lived mystery series "Strange Luck" which lasted one season. Other television credits include "Crime Story", "Tour of Duty", and the serial drama "Skin", which was cancelled after just eight episodes, and she guest starred in an episode of "The Closer".


title: Pamela Gidley

text: Gidley died at her home in Seabrook, New Hampshire, on April 16, 2018, aged 52.The cause of death had not been made public as of April 30, 2018.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros (; 6 October 1888 – 5 October 1918) was a French aviation pioneer and fighter pilot. Garros began a career in aviation in 1909 and performed many early feats before joining the French army and becoming one of the earliest fighter pilots during World War I. In 1928, the Roland Garros tennis stadium was named in his memory; the French Open tennis tournament takes the name of Roland Garros as well as the stadium in which it is held.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion, and studied at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and HEC Paris.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: At the age of 12, he caught pneumonia, and was sent to Cannes to recover. He took up cycling to restore his health, and went on to win an inter-school championship in the sport. He was also keen on football, rugby and tennis. When he was 21 he started a car dealership in Paris. He was a close friend of Ettore Bugatti and in 1913 became the first owner of the Garros Bugatti Type 18, later named "Black Bess" by its second owner, British racing driver Ivy Cummings, which survives today at the Louwman Museum in the Netherlands.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: During his summer holiday in 1909, at Sapicourt near Reims, staying with a friend's uncle, he saw the Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne which ran from 22 to 29 August. After this, he knew he had to be an aviator.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: He started his aviation career in 1909 flying a Demoiselle (dragonfly) monoplane, an aircraft that flew well only if it had a small lightweight pilot. He gained Ae.C.F. licence no. 147 in July 1910. In 1911 Garros graduated to flying Blériot XI monoplanes and entered a number of European air races with this type of aircraft, including the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race and the Circuit of Europe (Paris–London–Paris), in which he came second.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: On 4 September 1911, he set an altitude record of . The following year, on 6 September 1912, after Austrian aviator Philipp von Blaschke had flown to , he regained the height record by flying to .


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: By 1913 he was flying the faster Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, and on 23 September gained fame for making the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from Fréjus-Saint Raphaël in the south of France to Bizerte in Tunisia in a Morane-Saulnier G. The flight commenced at 5:47 am and lasted for nearly eight hours, during which time Garros resolved two engine malfunctions. The following year, Garros joined the French army at the outbreak of World War I.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Reports published in August 1914 claimed Garros was involved in the "first air battle in world history" and that he had flown his plane into a Zeppelin, destroying the airship and killing its pilots and himself. This story was quickly contradicted by reports that Garros was alive and well in Paris. Such early reports maintained that an unidentified French pilot had indeed rammed and destroyed a Zeppelin, however, German authorities denied the story. Later sources indicated the first aerial victory against a Zeppelin occurred in June 1915 and earlier reports, including that of Garros, had been discounted.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: In the early stages of the air war in World War I, the problem of mounting a forward-firing machine gun on combat aircraft—without having the bullets hit the propeller—was considered by several people. As a reconnaissance pilot with the Escadrille MS26, Garros had made several attempts at shooting down German aircraft; however, these efforts were unsuccessful due to the difficulty in hitting an aircraft with a hand-held carbine. He visited the Morane-Saulnier works in November or December 1914 to discuss the problem.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Raymond Saulnier had begun work on a synchroniser (which times the firing of the gun with the position of the propeller) before World War I and had taken out a patent for a workable mechanism by 14 April 1914, however circumstances beyond his control resulted in its being tested with the Hotchkiss 09/13 portative machine gun, which proved unsuitable due to an inconsistent firing rate. As a workaround, Garros, with the help of his mechanic, Jules Hue, developed protective wedges, which were fitted to the slightly narrowed propeller blades which deflected the occasional round which would have otherwise struck the propeller. With a workable installation now fitted to his Morane-Saulnier Type L parasol monoplane, Garros achieved the first ever shooting-down of an aircraft by a fighter firing through a tractor propeller, on 1 April 1915 and two more victories over German aircraft were achieved on 15 and 18 April 1915. The Aero Club of America awarded him a medal for this invention three years later.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: On 18 April 1915, Garros was hit by ground fire, and he came down in German-controlled territory where he failed to destroy his aircraft completely before being taken prisoner: most significantly, the gun and armoured propeller remained intact. Fokker had been working on a system for at least six months before Garros's aircraft fell into German hands, but this convinced the German military to request a similar mechanism.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: With the Fokker's introduction of an interrupter gear (which prevents the gun from firing while the propeller is in front of it), the tables were turned on the Allies. Fokker's aircraft shot down many Allied aircraft, leading to what became known as the Fokker Scourge.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: After almost three years in captivity in various German POW camps Garros managed to escape on 14 February 1918 together with fellow aviator lieutenant Anselme Marchal. They made it to London via the Netherlands and from there he returned to France where he rejoined the French army. He returned to Escadrille 26 to pilot a SPAD, and claimed two victories on 2 October 1918, one of which was confirmed.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: On 5 October 1918, he was shot down and killed near Vouziers, Ardennes, a month before the end of the war and one day short of his 30th birthday. His adversary was probably German ace Hermann Habich from "Jasta 49", flying a Fokker D.VII.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: Garros is sometimes called the world's first fighter ace; however, he shot down only four aircraft, while the criterion for "ace" was set at five or more victories. The honour of becoming the first ace went to another French airman, Adolphe Pégoud, who had six victories early in the war.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: The "Stade Roland Garros" tennis centre constructed in Paris in the 1920s was named after him. It accommodates the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. Consequently, the tournament is officially called "Les Internationaux de France de Roland-Garros" (the "French Internationals of Roland Garros").


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: La Réunion's international airport is named the Roland Garros Airport. There is a monument to Garros in Bizerte at the site of his landing, which is called "Roland Garros Plaza". The town of Houlgate in Normandy has named their promenade after Roland Garros in celebration of it being the location he broke the altitude record from.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: According to Vũ Trọng Phụng's urban novel, "Dumb Luck" (1936), during colonial times the Hanoi government named the city's main tennis stadium after Roland Garros.


title: Roland Garros (aviator)

text: The French car manufacturer Peugeot commissioned a 'Roland Garros' limited edition version of its 205 model in celebration of the tennis tournament that bears his name. The model included special paint and leather interior. Because of the success of this special edition, Peugeot later created Roland Garros editions of its 106, 108, 206, 207, 208, 306, 307, 406, and 806 models.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990; second edition 1999) is a book by the philosopher Judith Butler in which the author argues that gender is a kind of improvised performance. The work is influential in feminism, women's studies, and lesbian and gay studies and has also enjoyed widespread popularity outside traditional academic circles. Butler's ideas about gender came to be seen as foundational to queer theory and the advancing of dissident sexual practices during the 1990s.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler criticizes one of the central assumptions of feminist theory, that there exists an identity and a subject that requires representation in politics and language. For Butler, "women" and "woman" are categories complicated by factors such as class, ethnicity, and sexuality. Moreover, the universality presumed by these terms parallels the assumed universality of the patriarchy and erases the particularity of oppression in distinct times and places. Butler thus eschews identity politics in favor of a new, coalitional feminism that critiques the basis of identity and gender. They challenge assumptions about the distinction often made between sex and gender, according to which sex is biological while gender is culturally constructed. Butler argues that this false distinction introduces a split into the supposedly unified subject of feminism. Sexed bodies cannot signify without gender, and the apparent existence of sex prior to discourse and cultural imposition is only an effect of the functioning of gender. Sex and gender are both constructed.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Examining the work of the philosophers Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray, Butler explores the relationship between power and categories of sex and gender. For de Beauvoir, women constitute a lack against which men establish their identity; for Irigaray, this dialectic belongs to a "signifying economy" that excludes the representation of women altogether because it employs phallocentric language. Both assume that there exists a female "self-identical being" in need of representation, and their arguments hide the impossibility of "being" a gender at all. Butler argues instead that gender is performative: no identity exists behind the acts that supposedly "express" gender, and these acts constitute, rather than express, the illusion of the stable gender identity. If the appearance of “being” a gender is thus an effect of culturally influenced acts, then there exists no solid, universal gender: constituted through the practice of performance, the gender "woman" (like the gender "man") remains contingent and open to interpretation and "resignification". In this way, Butler provides an opening for subversive action. They call for people to trouble the categories of gender through performance.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Discussing the patriarchy, Butler notes that feminists have frequently made recourse to the supposed pre-patriarchal state of culture as a model upon which to base a new, non-oppressive society. For this reason, accounts of the original transformation of sex into gender by means of the incest taboo have proven particularly useful to feminists. Butler revisits three of the most popular: the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss's anthropological structuralism, in which the incest taboo necessitates a kinship structure governed by the exchange of women; Joan Riviere's psychoanalytic description of "womanliness as a masquerade" that hides masculine identification and therefore also conceals a desire for another woman; and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic explanation of mourning and melancholia, in which loss prompts the ego to incorporate attributes of the lost loved one, in which cathexis becomes identification.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler extends these accounts of gender identification in order to emphasize the productive or performative aspects of gender. With Lévi-Strauss, they suggest that incest is "a pervasive cultural fantasy" and that the presence of the taboo generates these desires; with Riviere, they state that mimicry and masquerade form the "essence" of gender; with Freud, they assert that "gender identification is a kind of melancholia in which the sex of the prohibited object is internalized as a prohibition" (63) and therefore that "same-sexed gender identification" depends on an unresolved (but simultaneously forgotten) homosexual cathexis (with the father, not the mother, of the Oedipal myth). For Butler, "heterosexual melancholy is culturally instituted as the price of stable gender identities" (70) and for heterosexuality to remain stable, it demands the notion of homosexuality, which remains prohibited but necessarily within the bounds of culture. Finally, they point again to the productivity of the incest taboo, a law which generates and regulates approved heterosexuality and subversive homosexuality, neither of which exists before the law.


title: Gender Trouble

text: In response to the work of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan that posited a paternal Symbolic order and a repression of the "feminine" required for language and culture, Julia Kristeva added women back into the narrative by claiming that poetic language—the "semiotic"—was a surfacing of the maternal body in writing, uncontrolled by the paternal logos. For Kristeva, poetic writing and maternity are the sole culturally permissible ways for women to return to the maternal body that bore them, and female homosexuality is an impossibility, a near psychosis. Butler criticizes Kristeva, claiming that her insistence on a "maternal" that precedes culture and on poetry as a return to the maternal body is essentialist: "Kristeva conceptualizes this maternal instinct as having an ontological status prior to the paternal law, but she fails to consider the way in which that very law might well be the cause of the very desire it is said to repress" (90). Butler argues the notion of "maternity" as the long-lost haven for females is a social construction, and invokes Michel Foucault's arguments in "The History of Sexuality" (1976) to posit that the notion that maternity precedes or defines women is itself a product of discourse.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler dismantles part of Foucault's critical introduction to the journals he published of Herculine Barbin, an intersex person who lived in France during the 19th century and eventually committed suicide when she was forced to live as a man by the authorities. In his introduction to the journals, Foucault writes of Barbin's early days, when she was able to live her gender or "sex" as she saw fit as a "happy limbo of nonidentity" (94). Butler accuses Foucault of romanticism, claiming that his proclamation of a blissful identity "prior" to cultural inscription contradicts his work in "The History of Sexuality", in which he posits that the idea of a "real" or "true" or "originary" sexual identity is an illusion, in other words that "sex" is not the solution to the repressive system of power but part of that system itself. Butler instead places Barbin's early days not in a "happy limbo" but along a larger trajectory, always part of a larger network of social control. They suggest finally that Foucault's surprising deviation from his ideas on repression in the introduction might be a sort of "confessional moment", or vindication of Foucault's own homosexuality of which he rarely spoke and on which he permitted himself only once to be interviewed.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler traces the feminist theorist Monique Wittig's thinking about lesbianism as the one recourse to the constructed notion of sex. The notion of "sex" is always coded as female, according to Wittig, a way to designate the non-male through an absence. Women, thus reduced to "sex", cannot escape carrying sex as a burden. Wittig argues that even naming body parts as sexual creates a fictitious limitation of what body parts can be considered erogenous, socially constructing the features themselves and fragmenting what was really once "whole". Language, repeated over time, "produces reality-effects that are eventually misperceived as 'facts'" (115).


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler questions the notion that "the body" itself is a natural entity that "admits no genealogy", a usual given without explanation: "How are the contours of the body clearly marked as the taken-for-granted ground or surface upon which gender signification are inscribed, a mere facticity devoid of value, prior to significance?" (129). Building on the thinking of the anthropologist Mary Douglas, outlined in her "Purity and Danger" (1966), Butler claims that the boundaries of the body have been drawn to instate certain taboos about limits and possibilities of exchange. Thus the hegemonic and homophobic press has read the pollution of the body that AIDS brings about as corresponding to the pollution of the homosexual's sexual activity, in particular his crossing the forbidden bodily boundary of the perineum. In other words, Butler's claim is that "the body is itself a consequence of taboos that render that body discrete by virtue of its stable boundaries" (133). Butler proposes the practice of drag as a way to destabilize the exteriority/interiority binary, finally to poke fun at the notion that there is an "original" gender, and to demonstrate playfully to the audience, through an exaggeration, that all gender is in fact scripted, rehearsed, and performed.


title: Gender Trouble

text: Butler attempts to construct a feminism (via the politics of jurido-discursive power) from which the gendered pronoun has been removed or not presumed to be a reasonable category. They claim that even the binary of subject/object, which forms the basic assumption for feminist practices—"we, 'women,' must become subjects and not objects"—is a hegemonic and artificial division. The notion of a subject is for them formed through repetition, through a "practice of signification" (144). Butler offers parody (for example, the practice of drag) as a way to destabilize and make apparent the invisible assumptions about gender identity and the inhabitability of such "ontological locales" (146) as gender. By redeploying those practices of identity and exposing as always failed the attempts to "become" one's gender, they believe that a positive, transformative politics can emerge.


title: Gender Trouble

text: All page numbers are from the first edition: Judith Butler, "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" (New York, Routledge, 1990).


title: Gender Trouble

text: "Gender Trouble" was first published by Routledge in 1990. Later that decade, a second edition was published by Routledge. In 2006, a Routledge Classics edition was published.


title: Gender Trouble

text: "Gender Trouble" was reviewed by Shane Phelan in "Women & Politics". The work has enjoyed widespread popularity outside of traditional academic circles, even inspiring a fanzine, "Judy!" Butler, in a preface to the second edition of the book, writes that they were surprised by the size of the book's audience and its eventual status as a founding text of queer theory. Anthony Elliott writes that with the publication of "Gender Trouble", Butler established themself at the forefront of feminism, women's studies, lesbian and gay studies, and queer theory. According to Elliott, the core idea expounded in "Gender Trouble", that "gender is a kind of improvised performance, a form of theatricality that constitutes a sense of identity", came to be seen as "foundational to the project of queer theory and the advancing of dissident sexual practices during the 1990s."


title: Gender Trouble

text: On November 23, 2018, the playwright Jordan Tannahill read the entirety of "Gender Trouble" outside the Hungarian Parliament Building in protest of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's decision to revoke accreditation and funding for gender studies programs in the country.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: Kōsei Arima is a piano prodigy who has won many awards due to his precision, timing, and ability to switch between tempos easily, earning him the moniker "the human metronome". He achieved so much because he was meticulously taught by his terminally ill mother, Saki, who was abusive and demanding. When, as a seven-year-old, she slapped him after a victory that she deemed unwarranted, he declared his refusal to play the piano ever again and wished that she died. Indeed, Saki died the following day; this caused Kōsei to experience a mental breakdown during a recital, making him unable to hear sounds from the piano. Since then, Kōsei quit playing piano in public.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: Ten years later, in April, Kōsei is invited by his childhood friends Tsubaki Sawabe and Ryōta Watari to go on a double date with them and Kaori Miyazono, whom Tsubaki says is attracted to Watari. Kaori, as it turns out, is a bubbly children-loving violinist. She plays the violin in an unorthodox manner, refusing to follow the cues and instead creating her own flow that nevertheless impresses the audience. One of her competitions requires a pianist to accompany her, so Kaori forces Kōsei to come out of retirement and accompany her. During the competition, Kōsei experiences a breakdown again, but Kaori encourages him to restart the recital, despite the fact that it will disqualify her. He succeeds and while Kaori is disqualified, the organizers invited her to play at a gala concert. For the gala, Kaori picks "Love's Sorrow", a piece that Saki used to play as a lullaby for her son. Kōsei is initially hesitant, but his mother's pianist friend, Hiroko Seto, tells him that it would be a good chance to prove to his mother what a pianist he has become.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: During the concert, Kaori is unexpectedly hospitalized, so Kōsei plays the piece as a piano solo. Kaori is later discharged and, as a punishment for not visiting her in the hospital, forces Kōsei to be Watari's "substitute" for a date the two had planned. The two visit the school that night, where Kaori reveals that she had lied about the date, as she is still hospitalized but does not want her illness to make her helpless. When she faints, Kōsei takes her to the hospital but otherwise is unable to say anything else. Watari correctly deduces that Kōsei is in love with Kaori and encourages him to meet and confess to her. Meanwhile, Tsubaki anguishedly declares her own love for Kōsei and reveals that she agreed to introduce Kaori because she hoped that would make Kōsei turn to her. Afterwards, Kōsei confesses to Kaori as the two share a meal on the hospital rooftop. He also tells her that he will join a piano competition for the first time in ten years. Hearing that he wishes to play music with her again, Kaori decides to undergo a risky surgery scheduled on the day of Kōsei's contest. During the competition, Kōsei is aided by an apparition of Kaori playing violin alongside him.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: In spring of the following year, Kōsei opens a letter written by Kaori, who did not survive the surgery. He learns that Kaori had been admiring him since they were young children and had decided to study violin so she could someday play music with him. When she learned that her illness was terminal, she transformed her image and personality drastically so as to avoid having regrets. She also requests him to apologize to Tsubaki and Watari in her place. She told him that she had loved him all this time and not Watari, which was her lie in April.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: The theme song of the film is "Last Scene" by Ikimono-gakari, with "君なんだよ" by playing during Kaori and Kōsei's date. On January 29, 2016, it was announced that Your Lie in April will getting a live-action film which was released on September 10, 2016.


title: Your Lie in April (film)

text: The film was third placed on its opening weekend, with in gross and 200,036 admissions. By the end of 2016, the film had grossed () in Japan.


title: Indigo revolt

text: The Indigo revolt (or Nil bidroha; Bengali: নীল বিদ্রোহ) was a peasant movement and subsequent uprising of indigo farmers against the indigo planters, that arose in Bengal in 1859, and continued for over a year. The village headmen (Mandals) and substantial ryots were the most active and numerous groups who led the peasants. Sometimes disgruntled former employees of European planters - 'gomashta' or 'diwan' of the Indigo factories, took the lead to mobilise the peasants against the Indigo planters.


title: Indigo revolt

text: In the summer of 1859 in Bengal when thousands of ryots (peasants) refused to grow indigo for the European planters with a show of rage and undying resolve, it became one of the most remarkable peasant movements in Indian history. Emerging in the Nadia district, the revolt spread to in the different districts of Bengal in the 1860s and indigo factories and planters faced violent attacks in many places. The revolt ended after the formation of Indigo commission in 1860 which offered reforms of the system, which was inherently exploitative.


title: Indigo revolt

text: Indigo planting in Bengal dates back to 1777, when Louis Bonnaud, a Frenchman, introduced it to the Indian subcontinent. He became the first indigo planter in Bengal, starting to cultivate the crop at Taldanga and Goalpara near Hooghly. With the Nawabs of Bengal under Company rule, indigo planting became more and more commercially profitable because of the demand for blue dye in Europe. It was introduced in large parts of Burdwan, Bankura, Birbhum, North 24 Parganas, Nadia Jessore and Pabna, and by 1830 there were more than a thousand indigo factories throughout Bengal. The indigo planters persuaded the peasants to plant indigo instead of food crops on their own lands. They provided loans, called dadon, at a very high interest. Once a farmer took such loans he remained in debt for his whole life before passing it to his successors. The price paid by the planters was meagre, only 2.5% of the market price. The farmers could make no profit growing indigo. The farmers were totally unprotected from the indigo planters, who resorted to mortgages or destruction of their property if they were unwilling to obey them. Government rules favoured the planters. By an act in 1833, the planters were granted a free hand to deal with the peasants. The zamindars, who also stood to benefit from indigo cultivation, sided with the planters. Under these conditions, the farmers resorted to revolt.


title: Indigo revolt

text: The Bengali middle class were unanimous in their support of the peasants. Bengali intellectual Harish Chandra Mukherjee described the plight of the poor farmer in his newspaper "The Hindu Patriot". However the articles were overshadowed by Dinabandhu Mitra, who depicted the situation in his play "Nil Darpan".His play created a huge controversy which was later banned by the Company authorities to control the agitation among the Indians.


title: Indigo revolt

text: The revolt started in Chougacha village near Krishnanagar, Nadia district, where Bishnucharan Biswas and Digambar Biswas first led the rebellion against the planters in Bengal, 1859. It spread rapidly in Murshidabad, Birbhum, Burdwan, Pabna, Khulna and Jessore. In Kalna, Burdwan Shyamal Mondal led the revolt. Mondal published a magazine named "Mrittika" and wrote about oppressions of the Indigo planters and plights of the peasants. Some indigo planters were given a public trial and executed. The indigo depots were burned down. Many planters fled to avoid being caught. The zamindars were also targets of the rebellious peasants.


title: Indigo revolt

text: In response, the planters employed groups of mercenaries and engaged in continual clashes with the rebelling peasants. Historians have noted that unlike the First War of Indian Independence, the Indigo revolt did not direct their hostility towards the British colonial authorities but instead focused their attention towards European planters and merchants; historian Subhas Bhattacharya noted in "The Indigo Revolt of Bengal" (1977) that the "movement began and ended as a struggle against the planters." The revolt was eventually suppressed by the mercenary forces of the indigo planters, though not before it put a temporarily halt to large areas of indigo production along the Bengal and Kathgara regions. The planters sued hundreds of peasants for breaking their indigo contracts, with over seventeen thousand rupees being spent defending these lawsuits.


title: Indigo revolt

text: The peasants' techniques of resistance were not the same everywhere. The revolt that started in Chaugacha and Gobindapur by Bishnucharan and Digamber was armed conflict against the planters. But It varied with time and place and was mostly passive and non-violent. The historian Jogesh Chandra Bagal describes the revolt as a non-violent revolution and gives this as a reason why the indigo revolt was a success compared to the Sepoy Revolt. R.C. Majumdar in "History of Bengal" goes so far as to call it a forerunner of the non-violent passive resistance later successfully adopted by Gandhi. The revolt had a strong effect on the government, which immediately appointed the "Indigo Commission" in 1860. In the commission report, E. W. L. Tower testified that "not a chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood".


title: Indigo revolt

text: In 1860, the British colonial authorities formed the Indigo Commission due to Nawab Abdul Latif's initiative with the goal of putting an end to the repressions of indigo planters (by passing the Indigo Act 1862).


title: Indigo revolt

text: Dinabandhu Mitra's 1860 play "Nil Darpan" was published in Dhaka and was based on the revolt. It was translated into English by poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta and published by Anglican priest James Long. For publishing the play, Long was put on trial by the colonial authorities and sentenced to a period of imprisonment and fine of 1,000 rupees. Kaliprasanna Singha, a friend of Long, paid the fine for him. The play proved to be essential to the development of theatre in Bengal and influenced Girish Chandra Ghosh, who in 1872 would go on to establish the National Theatre in Kolkata, where the first play ever commercially staged there was "Nil Darpan".


title: Histogram equalization

text: Histogram equalization is a method in image processing of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram.


title: Histogram equalization

text: This method usually increases the global contrast of many images, especially when the image is represented by a narrow range of intensity values. Through this adjustment, the intensities can be better distributed on the histogram utilizing the full range of intensities evenly. This allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast. Histogram equalization accomplishes this by effectively spreading out the highly populated intensity values which are used to degrade image contrast.


title: Histogram equalization

text: The method is useful in images with backgrounds and foregrounds that are both bright or both dark. In particular, the method can lead to better views of bone structure in x-ray images, and to better detail in photographs that are either over or under-exposed. A key advantage of the method is that it is a fairly straightforward technique adaptive to the input image and an invertible operator. So in theory, if the histogram equalization function is known, then the original histogram can be recovered. The calculation is not computationally intensive. A disadvantage of the method is that it is indiscriminate. It may increase the contrast of background noise, while decreasing the usable signal.


title: Histogram equalization

text: In scientific imaging where spatial correlation is more important than intensity of signal (such as separating DNA fragments of quantized length), the small signal-to-noise ratio usually hampers visual detections.