title: Patriation

text: With the agreement of the majority of provincial governments, the federal government moved to implement the patriation package. Joint resolutions of the Canadian House of Commons and the Senate requested that the Queen cause to be introduced in the British Parliament the necessary legislation to patriate the constitution. The resolution contained the text of what was to become the Canada Act 1982, which included the Constitution Act, 1982. The British Parliament then passed the Canada Act 1982, and Queen Elizabeth II, as Queen of the United Kingdom, granted Royal Assent on March 29, 1982, 115 years to the day when Queen Victoria gave assent to the British North America Act, 1867. The Canada Act 1982 contained the Constitution Act, 1982, which itself included an amending formula involving only the federal House of Commons and Senate, and provincial legislative assemblies. Section 2 of the Canada Act states that no subsequent UK law "shall extend to Canada as part of its law", while item 17 of its schedule also amends the Statute of Westminster removing the "request and consent" provision. Elizabeth II then, as Queen of Canada, proclaimed the patriated constitution in Ottawa on April 17, 1982.


title: Patriation

text: Canada had established the final step in complete sovereignty as an independent country, with the Queen's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms.


title: Patriation

text: Paul Martin Sr., who was in 1981 sent, along with John Roberts and Mark MacGuigan, to the UK to discuss the patriation project, noted that, during that time, the Queen had taken a great interest in the constitutional debate and the three found the monarch "better informed on both the substance and politics of Canada's constitutional case than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats." Trudeau commented in his memoirs: "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution[, including] The Queen, who was favourable... I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."


title: Patriation

text: Being aware that this was the first time in Canadian history that a major constitutional change had been made without the Quebec government's agreement and Quebec's exclusion from the patriation agreement had caused a rift, the Queen privately conveyed to journalists her regret that the province was not part of the settlement. Quebec sovereigntists have, since 1982, demanded that the Queen or another member of the Canadian Royal Family apologize for the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, calling the event a part of a "cultural genocide of francophones in North America over the last 400 years." In 2002, Premier of Quebec Bernard Landry directed the executive council and lieutenant governor not to recognise Elizabeth's golden jubilee in protest of the Queen having signed the Constitution Act, 1982.


title: Patriation

text: As constitutional scholar Robin White has noted, some might think that, since the Canada Act 1982 is British as well as Canadian law, the United Kingdom could theoretically repeal it and declare its laws to be binding in Canada. Peter Hogg, however, disputes this view, noting that since Canada is now sovereign, the Supreme Court of Canada would find a British law which purported to be binding in Canada just as invalid in Canada "as a law enacted for Canada by Portugal." Paul Romney argued in 1999 that, regardless of what the British authorities did, the constitutional principle of responsible government in Canada denied them the right to ever again legislate for Canada; he stated: "[T]he constitutional convention known as responsible government entailed legal as well as political sovereignty. Responsible government meant that the Queen of Canada could constitutionally act for Canada only on the advice of her Canadian ministers. If the British parliament were to legislate for Canada except at the request of the competent Canadian authorities, and the Queen assented to that legislation on the advice of her British ministers, Canadian courts would refuse to enforce that legislation."


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Rudolph Malcolm Walker (born 28 September 1939) is a Trinidadian-British actor, known for his sitcom roles as Bill Reynolds in "Love Thy Neighbour" (1972–76) and Constable Frank Gladstone in "The Thin Blue Line" (1995–96). Since 2001, he has played Patrick Trueman in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders".


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Rudolph Walker was born on 28 September 1939 in San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago, and began acting as an eight-year-old in primary school, going on to join Derek Walcott's Trinidad Theatre Workshop as its youngest member. With the aim of furthering his career he left the island at the age of 20 in 1960. He had been planning to go to the United States, where he had connections, but actor Errol John — who had already migrated to Britain but was in Trinidad doing a play — convinced him to go to the UK, where the training was considered to be superior.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Walker was married to Lorna Ross in 1968, but they divorced after having two children. He then married fellow Trinidadian Dounne Alexander in 1998. This union later ended, and in 2016, he married Evangeline Vincent.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Walker's earliest television role was as a policeman in the British "The Wednesday Play", in the episode titled "Fable" (aired 27 January 1965). He is known for his comedic roles in "Love Thy Neighbour" (Thames Television), "The Thin Blue Line", which starred Rowan Atkinson, and in "Ali G Indahouse". Walker also appeared in "Doctor Who", in the 1969 serial "The War Games", and also in several episodes of "Empire Road" in 1979. He was one of the first black actors to be seen regularly on British television, and so has always been proud of his role on the controversial "Love Thy Neighbour", which ran for seven series, from 1972 to 1976.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: He appeared in the first episode of the ITV sitcom ⋅"On the Buses", "The Early Shift" (1969), and the first episode of "Mr. Bean" as "The Examiner" (1990). His other notable roles included as barrister Larry Scott in the 1985 BBC series "Black Silk", by Mustapha Matura and Rudy Narayan.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Since 2001, Walker has played Patrick Trueman in the BBC One television soap opera "EastEnders", for which role he was voted best actor in 2002 at the annual Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards, and in 2010 he appeared in the Internet spin-off series "". He also starred in a BBC One sitcom called "The Crouches", about a family from Walworth, in South-East London. He played the grandfather for both series (2003–2005).


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Although much of his work has been on television, he has appeared in several movies, including "10 Rillington Place", "King Ralph" (along with his "Love Thy Neighbour" co star, Jack Smethurst), and "Let Him Have It". On the stage, Walker appeared in the first production of Mustapha Matura's "Play Mas" at the Royal Court Theatre in 1974, and has played the titular character in stage productions of Shakespeare's "Othello", directed by David Thacker and Charles Marowitz, and also Caliban in a production of "The Tempest" directed by Jonathan Miller. Walker was also Gower in Thacker's 1989 production of "Pericles, Prince of Tyre".


title: Rudolph Walker

text: He also played opposite Diane Parish in "Lovejoy" (starring Ian McShane) where they played Father and Daughter.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Walker also lent his voice to the British children's television series "Teletubbies", in which he renarrated the opening and closing sequences for the American dubbed version and voiced some of the voice trumpets for both the British and American versions.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1999, when he was surprised by Michael Aspel on his 60th birthday at Lord's cricket ground.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: A biography for children about Walker, written by Verna Wilkins, was published by Tamarind Books on 4 September 2008.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: Walker was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2006 Birthday Honours for services to drama and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to drama and charity.


title: Rudolph Walker

text: On Walker's 70th birthday, he launched The Rudolph Walker Foundation, whose aims include helping to provide opportunities and incentives for disadvantaged youths starting out on an entertainment career. The Foundation administers Rudolph Walker's inter-School Drama Award (RWiSDA), competed for by schools across London. In addition, Rudolph Walker's Role Model Award (RWRMA) is presented to outstanding students who have contributed something special, such as demonstrating positive leadership, a good influence to their peers and others, and a role model within the school.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Richard Alan Enberg (January 9, 1935 – December 21, 2017) was an American sportscaster. Over the course of an approximately 60-year career, he provided play-by-play of various sports for several radio and television networks, including NBC (1975–1999), CBS (2000–2014), and ESPN (2004–2011), as well as for individual teams, such as UCLA Bruins basketball, Los Angeles Rams football, and California Angels and San Diego Padres baseball.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was well known for his signature on-air catchphrases "Touch 'em all" (for home runs) and "Oh, my!" (for particularly exciting and outstanding athletic plays). He also announced or hosted the Tournament of Roses Parade for many years, sometimes with the help of family members. Enberg retired from broadcasting in 2016, after seven seasons as the Padres' primary television announcer.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was born on January 9, 1935, in Mount Clemens, Michigan, as the first child to Belle Elizabeth (Weiss) and Arnie Enberg. His paternal grandparents were Finnish immigrants, whose original name was "Katajavuori", which means juniper mountain. Before they lived in America, they changed their name to the Swedish-sounding Enberg. His mother was of English, French, German and Native American descent. He had a younger brother, Dennis. Enberg's family first moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, when he was two years old, then to southern California in 1940 for several years, and then back to a farm near Armada, Michigan.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Following high school in Armada, Enberg attended Central Michigan University, where he played college baseball and earned a bachelor's degree in 1957. In his senior year at Central Michigan, Enberg was elected president of the student body. During this time, he was employed at WSAM in Saginaw, Michigan, then a Detroit Tigers radio affiliate. Enberg then went on to graduate school at Indiana University Bloomington, where he earned master's and doctorate degrees in health sciences. While at Indiana, Enberg voiced the first radio broadcast of the Little 500, the bicycle racing event popularized in the film "Breaking Away".


title: Dick Enberg

text: He was also the play-by-play announcer for Indiana Hoosiers football and basketball games and in 1961 called his first NCAA basketball tournament event, the championship game between Cincinnati and Ohio State. From 1961 to 1965, he was an assistant professor and baseball coach at Cal State Northridge, then known as San Fernando Valley State College. Enberg was also a member of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In the late 1960s, Enberg began a full-time sportscasting career in Los Angeles, working for KTLA television (anchoring a nightly sports report and calling UCLA Bruins basketball) and KMPC radio (calling Los Angeles Rams football and California Angels baseball). After every Angels victory, he would wrap up his broadcast with "And the halo shines tonight" in reference to the "Big A" scoreboard at Anaheim Stadium and the halo at the top, which would light up for everyone in the area to see, particularly from the adjacent freeway. Enberg was named California Sportscaster of the Year four times during this period.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In the 1960s, Enberg announced boxing matches at L.A.'s Olympic Auditorium. Enberg also presided over the Trophy presentation for Super Bowl VII in 1973.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 1968, Enberg was recommended by UCLA athletic director J.D. Morgan to be the national broadcaster for the syndicated TVS Television Network to cover the "Game of the Century" between the Houston Cougars, led by Elvin Hayes, and the UCLA Bruins, led by Lew Alcindor (later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar). The "Prime Time" nationally televised game demonstrated that college basketball had a national "Prime Time" audience and stands as a seminal contest in the evolution of nationally televised evening college basketball broadcasts. Enberg continued to call the occasional UCLA game for TVS through the early 1970s, usually teaming with Rod Hundley. In 1973, Enberg traveled to Beijing, China, to host the groundbreaking TVS Television Network telecast of the US vs. China basketball game. It was the first team sporting event ever played between China and the US.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In the 1970s, Enberg called the 1979 NCAA Championship game between Michigan State, led by Magic Johnson, and Indiana State, led by Larry Bird. He also hosted the syndicated television game show "Sports Challenge" and co-produced the Emmy Award-winning sports-history series "The Way It Was" for PBS.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In the 1970 opening conference game in Pauley Pavilion, Oregon went into a stall against the UCLA Bruins. Enberg had run out of statistics and began to fill his radio broadcast with small talk. The movie "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" had just been released, and Enberg was humming the tune to "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", but did not know the words. Two nights later, in a home game against Oregon State, many UCLA students brought the lyrics to the song. Enberg promised that he would sing the song if UCLA won the conference championship. He sang the song following the final game of the season. The event was recorded in the "Los Angeles Times" and was later recounted in the book "Pauley Pavilion: College Basketball's Showplace" by David Smale. During the 2006 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship broadcast, there was a short feature on the event.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 1973, Enberg hosted the game show "Baffle", which lasted just a year before being cancelled in 1974. A year later, producer Monty Hall hired Enberg to host the shorter-lived "Three for the Money".


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 1975, Enberg joined NBC Sports. For the next 25 years, he broadcast a plethora of sports and events for NBC, including the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the U.S. Open golf championship, college football, college basketball, the Wimbledon and French Open tennis tournaments, heavyweight boxing, Breeders' Cup and other horse racing events, and the Olympic Games.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg replaced Curt Gowdy as lead play-by-play announcer for the "NFL on NBC" in 1979, and on the network's telecast of the Rose Bowl in January 1980. He was in the booth in Pasadena for nine straight years, until ABC took over the broadcast in 1989.


title: Dick Enberg

text: While on "The NFL on NBC", Enberg called eight Super Bowls (alongside such former NFL players Merlin Olsen, Bob Trumpy, Phil Simms, and Paul Maguire), the last being Super Bowl XXXII in January 1998. Enberg also anchored NBC's coverage of Super Bowl XIII (called by Curt Gowdy) in 1979. He also called three Canadian Football League games in 1982 during the NFL strike.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Among the notable games called by Enberg was the 1986 Week 3 51–45 shootout between the Jets and Dolphins and the 1987 playoff game between Denver and Cleveland.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 1977, Enberg provided play-by-play for Game 2 of the American League Championship Series and Game 4 of the National League Championship Series Series alongside Don Drysdale. Two years later, Enberg teamed with Wes Parker and Sparky Anderson to call the ALCS for NBC. And then in 1981, Enberg alongside Tom Seaver, called the National League Division Series between the Montreal Expos and Philadelphia Phillies and then, the NLCS between Montreal and the Los Angeles Dodgers.


title: Dick Enberg

text: According to his autobiography, "Oh My!", Enberg was informed by NBC that he would become the lead play-by-play voice of "Major League Baseball Game of the Week" beginning with the 1982 World Series (for which he served as pregame host and shared play-by-play duties with Joe Garagiola alongside analyst Tony Kubek) and through subsequent regular seasons. He wrote that on his football trips, he would read every "Sporting News" to make sure he was current with all the baseball news and notes. Then he met with NBC executives in September 1982, and they informed him that Vin Scully was in negotiations to be their lead baseball play-by-play man (teaming with Garagiola while Kubek would team with Bob Costas) and would begin with the network in the spring of 1983.


title: Dick Enberg

text: According to the book, Enberg wasn't pleased about the decision (since he loved being the California Angels' radio and television voice in the 1970s and was eager to return to baseball) but the fact that NBC was bringing in Scully, arguably baseball's best announcer, was understandable. Enberg added that NBC also gave him a significant pay increase as a pseudo-apology for not coming through on the promise to make him the lead baseball play-by-play man. Enberg returned to the Angels' radio booth to call 40 games in 1985, citing a desire to reconnect with the sport, which he has described as having been "in my DNA since I was in diapers".


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg hosted NBC's of the 1985 National League Championship Series with Joe Morgan. It was Enberg who broke the news to most of the nation that Vince Coleman was injured before Game 4. NBC even aired an interview with one of the few people who actually saw the incident, a Dodger batboy. Enberg was also in Toronto to do the pregame for Games 1 and 7 of the 1985 American League Championship Series alongside Rick Dempsey (who was still active with Baltimore at the time).


title: Dick Enberg

text: NBC planned to use Enberg as one of its announcers for The Baseball Network coverage in 1994, but the players' strike that year ended the season before he had the opportunity to call any games.


title: Dick Enberg

text: As NBC's voice of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, the last tournament for him being in 1999 (alongside Bud Collins and, later, John McEnroe), Enberg regularly concluded the network's coverage of the two-week event with thematically appropriate observations accompanied by a montage of video clips.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was hired by CBS Sports in 2000, serving as a play-by-play announcer for the network's NFL, college basketball, and US Open Tennis coverage. For several years he also contributed to CBS's coverage of The Masters and PGA Championship golf as an interviewer and essayist.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg during his tenure at CBS, was notably on the call alongside Dan Dierdorf for an NFL game between the New England Patriots and New York Jets on September 23, 2001. It was during this game that New York linebacker Mo Lewis injured the Patriots' starting quarterback Drew Bledsoe. Bledsoe's injury resulted in Tom Brady becoming New England's quarterback, beginning the Brady–Belichick era for the Patriots that saw them enjoy nearly two decades of dominance and win six Super Bowl titles. As a result, Lewis' hit on Bledsoe is often noted for its impact on NFL history.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Another enduring element of Enberg's broadcasting legacy was his ability to provide warm and poignant reflections on the sporting events he covered. "Enberg Essays", as they came to be known, were a regular feature of CBS's coverage of college basketball's Final Four.


title: Dick Enberg

text: On March 27, 2010, Enberg called his final college basketball game for CBS, an East Regional tournament final featuring the Kentucky Wildcats versus the West Virginia Mountaineers. After becoming the Padres' play-by-play announcer, Enberg said he hoped to continue calling late-season NFL games for CBS, but his name was omitted from the network's announcing roster for 2010. He continued to call the US Open for CBS through 2011.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg returned to call one match and serve as an essayist during the 2014 US Open, to help commemorate CBS's last year covering the event before ESPN took over in 2015.


title: Dick Enberg

text: On September 14, 2009, Juan Martín del Potro defeated Roger Federer to win the Men's US Open Championship. Enberg hosted the post-match ceremony during which del Potro requested to address his fans in Spanish. Enberg declined the request saying that he was running out of time but went on to list the corporate sponsored prizes del Potro won. A couple of minutes later, Del Potro made the same request again and only then Enberg relented saying "Very quickly, in Spanish, he wants to say hello to his friends here and in Argentina". An emotional del Potro finally spoke a few sentences in Spanish to a cheering crowd. Many viewers expressed disappointment with Enberg and CBS over the interview. A CBS executive later defended Enberg, noting that the contract with the United States Tennis Association required that certain sponsors receive time during the ceremony.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Beginning in 2004, Enberg served as a play-by-play announcer for ESPN2's coverage of the Wimbledon and French Open tennis tournaments, adding the Australian Open the following year. Enberg came to ESPN on lease from CBS, where he already called the US Open, the one Grand Slam tournament not covered by ESPN until 2009. At the 2004 French Open, Enberg called a match per day and also provided his "Enberg Moments". At Wimbledon in 2004, he participated in a new one-hour morning show called "Breakfast at Wimbledon". ESPN asked CBS for permission to use Enberg during the summer of 2004 at both the French Open and Wimbledon. Enberg then surprised his new bosses by volunteering for the 2005 Australian Open in January 2005. "I've never been to Australia," he said. "At my age then [69], to be able to work a full Grand Slam is something I'd like to have at the back of my book." Enberg stopped calling the French Open after 2009 due to his Padres commitments, though he continued to call the Wimbledon and Australian Open tournaments over the next two years. In June 2011, it was reported that his ESPN contract had ended and that the 2011 Wimbledon tournament would be his final one for the network.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In December 2009, Enberg was hired as a television play-by-play announcer by the San Diego Padres, signing a multi-year deal to call 110–120 games a season for channel 4SD. Enberg primarily teamed with Mark Grant on the Padres' telecasts.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In his debut season as a Padres broadcaster, Enberg took some criticism from fans over a perceived lack of enthusiasm for the home team. Told that he was regarded by some viewers as getting "too excited" over plays by opposing players, Enberg responded, "I find that a real compliment." He did move to placate the critics, however, by limiting the use of his signature home run call of "Touch 'em all!" to Padres home runs.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 2012, Enberg returned as play-by-play voice of the Padres as they moved their telecasts from 4SD to Fox Sports San Diego, in the first year of a 20-year deal between the team and the newly formed network. On September 23, 2015, Enberg indicated he would call Padre games for one more season in 2016, then retire.


title: Dick Enberg

text: On May 21, 2016, Enberg served as a special guest play-by-play broadcaster for the Detroit Tigers in their home game with the Tampa Bay Rays, calling the game on Fox Sports Detroit alongside analyst Kirk Gibson. The Tigers were Enberg's boyhood team, as he lived in the Detroit area. Enberg also called a weekend series for the Tigers post retirement, an interleague series between the Tigers and the Dodgers, August 18–20, 2017 for FSD and one game for FS1.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg's last game with the Padres was October 2, 2016. In his last week on air, he made a guest appearance with Los Angeles Dodgers announcer Vin Scully, who also was retiring at the end of the baseball season, after a 67-year career.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 2006 and 2007, Enberg called Thursday night and postseason NFL games for Westwood One radio. Also in 2006, he began narrating a documentary style television series for Fox Sports Net called "In Focus on FSN". For Fox Sports Net, he called his final college basketball game on November 11, 2012, aboard the USS Midway alongside Steve Kerr.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In addition to his career in sports broadcasting, Enberg hosted three game shows besides the aforementioned "Sports Challenge": "The Perfect Match" in 1967, "Baffle" on NBC from 1973 through 1974, and "Three for the Money" on NBC in 1975. He also lent his voice to the animated CBS cartoon series "Where's Huddles?" (1970), the film "Rollerball" (1975), and the American-dubbed version of the animated UK Christmas special "Robbie the Reindeer: Hooves of Fire" (2002); made appearances in the films "Two-Minute Warning" (1976), "Gus" (1976), "Heaven Can Wait" (1978), "The Longshot" (1986), "" (1988), and "Mr. 3000" (2004); and appeared as himself in episodes of such television programs as "The King of Queens" and "". In addition, Enberg was seen in a series of commercials for GTE during the 1980s and early 1990s, and was the voice of the announcer in the classic "Talking Football" tabletop game from Mattel.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg garnered many awards and honors over the years, including 13 Sports Emmy Awards (as well as a Lifetime Achievement Emmy), nine National Sportscaster of the Year awards from the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association (and induction into that organization's Hall of Fame), five Sportscaster of the Year awards from the American Sportscasters Association (which also ranked Enberg tenth in its 2009 listing of the Top 50 Sportscasters of All Time), the Pete Rozelle Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Curt Gowdy Award from the Basketball Hall of Fame, the Ford Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Enberg is the only sportscaster thus far to win Emmys in three categories (broadcasting, writing, and producing), and in 1973 became the first U.S. sportscaster to visit the People's Republic of China.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was inducted into Central Michigan University's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1993. The university named an academic center for him in 2007. A student-athlete award in Enberg's name is presented annually to a Central Michigan student.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was raised in Armada, Michigan and was responsible for the naming of the Armada High School yearbook, the Regit (Tiger spelled backwards), a name it has to this day. A hallway in the Macomb Academy of Arts and Sciences, which is run by Armada school district and shares the building with its administration office, was named after him.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Indiana University awarded Enberg an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 2002. He would be inducted into the Indiana University Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame in the fall of 2006.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg also received honorary doctorates of humane letters from his alma mater Central Michigan University in 1980 and Marquette University in 2009, and gave the addresses at both universities' May commencement ceremonies.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 1997, the College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) honored Enberg with an award in recognition of his longtime support of the organization's Academic All-America program. The Dick Enberg Award is given annually to a person whose actions and commitment have furthered the meaning and reach of the Academic All-America Teams Program and/or the student-athlete while promoting the values of education and academics. Past recipients include Gerald Ford, Mike Krzyzewski, Pat Summitt, and Joe Paterno. Enberg continued to be an avid supporter of the program, often lending his voice to video presentations related to CoSIDA's annual Academic All-America Hall of Fame ceremony.


title: Dick Enberg

text: In 2006, Enberg was Awarded the Ambassador Award of Excellence by the LA Sports & Entertainment Commission for his involvement in the community.


title: Dick Enberg

text: For his contributions to the Rose Bowl game and parade through the years, Enberg was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 31, 2011.


title: Dick Enberg

text: The National Baseball Hall of Fame named Enberg the 2015 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award for excellence in baseball broadcasting. He was presented with the award in a ceremony during the Hall's induction weekend on July 25, 2015. Enberg was the second American sportscaster (after Curt Gowdy) to be selected for broadcasting awards from each of the Halls of Fame in professional football, basketball and baseball.


title: Dick Enberg

text: On August 20, 2017, the Detroit Sports Media (formerly Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association) named Enberg the 2017 recipient of the DSM Ernie Harwell Lifetime Contribution Award for a lifetime of service to the sports broadcasting community.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Although Enberg was Finnish on his paternal side, his surname was of Swedish origin. During an ESPN television broadcast from the Wimbledon tennis championships on June 24, 2010, Enberg said his father was born in Finland, and changed his name from the Finnish "Katajavuori" to the Swedish equivalent Enberg on arrival in the U.S. as he felt it would be a simpler name. The surname means "juniper mountain." Enberg said it pleased him that Jarkko Nieminen was doing so well as Finland is close to his heart and it is a small nation with few tennis facilities.


title: Dick Enberg

text: While working at Saginaw, Michigan radio station WSAM early in his career, Enberg considered changing his name professionally to "Dick Breen" after being told that "Enberg" was too Jewish-sounding. The story of his surname is also detailed in his autobiography, "Oh My!"


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg was the father of actor Alexander Enberg, actor-musician Andrew Enberg, and daughter Jennifer Enberg by former wife Jeri Taylor. At the time of his death, he was married to his second wife, Barbara (née Almori), with whom he had one son, Ted Enberg (also a sportscaster), and two daughters, Nicole and Emily.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Ted Enberg is a play-by-play broadcaster for ESPN, Pac-12 Network and called the U.S. Open Tennis Championships in 2017. Ted currently resides in San Diego and has a sports podcast with PodcastOne entitled, "Sound of Success". He is married to Sara Elizabeth Miller. Ted would ultimately portray his father in the 2022 HBO series "".


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg penned a one-man theatrical play titled "COACH", as a tribute to his former television broadcast partner and late friend, Al McGuire, the extraordinary college basketball coach and commentator. It debuted at Marquette University's Helfaer Theater in 2005. It drew positive reviews as an accurate portrayal of the eccentric coach. At the 2007 NCAA Final Four in Atlanta, Enberg presented three performances of "COACH" at the Alliance Theater. Those attending the April 1 matinée included Hall of Famers coach Dean Smith (whom McGuire defeated in the 1977 NCAA Championship in Atlanta) and former UCLA All-American center Bill Walton. The play was then performed at Hofstra University, near Al's old neighborhood on Long Island in New York. It has since been booked in San Diego, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Chicago, Portland, Maine, North Carolina and Indiana. The most recent performance was at the New York Athletic Club in Manhattan. Actor Cotter Smith portrayed McGuire in the one-man show.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Enberg served as Chairman of the American Sportscasters Association from 1983 until 2017. He was also a Board Member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy, which is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive back Ronnie Lott and is given annually to college football's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year.


title: Dick Enberg

text: Dick Enberg died on December 21, 2017, in La Jolla, California, from a suspected heart attack. He was 82.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly frequently performs at the Comedy Cellar. He often appeared on "The Opie and Anthony Show" on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and has also appeared on "Last Call with Carson Daly", "Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn" and "Premium Blend".


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly was born in Medford, Massachusetts, three miles away from Boston. He was raised in a three-bedroom house with thirteen family members. He is of Irish ancestry, and was raised Catholic. Kelly is a self-confessed addict. He began drinking at age ten before he quit alcohol and drugs at fifteen. He has remained sober since. Kelly was arrested as a teenager, and spent time in a youth detention center.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly discovered stand-up comedy in 1987 while attending the International Conference of Young People in Alcoholics Anonymous, after which he began to listen to comedy albums. He performed his first stand-up routine on stage in 1991 at a school talent competition as part of a sketch comedy troupe, Al and the Monkeys. His plan was to enroll at Bunker Hill Community College in Boston to study fine arts, but gained interest in pursuing comedy and quit shortly before he was to earn an associate degree. After one member of the group quit, they were replaced by Dane Cook. His first solo performance took place at Catch a Rising Star in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which his family attended.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Before taking on stand-up comedy full-time, Kelly worked several jobs including a waiter, delivering flowers, and working with juvenile delinquents. After his comedy troupe split in the early 1990s, Kelly did not perform stand-up for two years. Kelly lived in Los Angeles for a short period of time until he was encouraged to return to the East coast by Patrice O'Neal.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: In 1998, Kelly was spotted by an agent through his acting work and went to New York City to further his career.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: In 2004, Kelly made his first of many appearances on the "Opie and Anthony" radio show. In 2005, Kelly toured with comedians Dane Cook, Gary Gulman, and Jay Davis on the cross-country tour entitled "Tourgasm". After tearing (ACL) and straining (MCL) ligaments in his knee, he managed to finish the tour which began airing on HBO as a comedy documentary series in June 2006. Kelly later toured with Cook and Al Del Bene as part of Cook's Global Thermo Comedy Tour: Isolated Incident.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: In 2005 and 2006, Kelly accompanied fellow comedian Colin Quinn to Iraq, where they each performed stand-up for American troops stationed in Baghdad.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly was a part of the New Jersey Bamboozle Festival in 2007 as part of the Pass the Mic Comedy Tour on May 6. Kelly also appeared in the 2008 comedy "Ghost Town" as the ghost of a fat construction worker. That same year, Kelly also had a small voice part in the 2008 video game "Grand Theft Auto IV" as Luca Silvestri, a member of the Pegorino crime family and associate of Ray Boccino, who accompanied the main character in a mission.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: From 2010 to 2015, Kelly starred as Louis CK's brother Robbie during the first, fourth, and fifth seasons of the FX sitcom "Louie". Kelly rated his performance on the show as among the best of his acting career.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly started his podcast "You Know What Dude!" in April 2010 on RiotCast, a podcast network that he co-owns. It is recorded weekly in a studio at the Comedy Cellar. Kelly described the podcast as "a true comic hang". It regularly features Kelly curating a discussion with three to five comedians, with an emphasis on honesty and "ball-busting". His regular guests include Dan Soder, Joe List, and Luis J. Gomez. The show was produced until September 2014 by Kelly Fastuca, and has since been produced by Chris Scopo.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: In 2012, a comedy book by Kelly, Burr, and Joe DeRosa entitled "Cheat: A Man's Guide to Infidelity" was released. The book followed a short film that the three wrote named "Cheat".


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: On August 8, 2014, Kelly released the hour-long special "Live at the Village Underground", directed by Bobcat Goldthwait. It premiered on Comedy Central in January 2015.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly co-starred in "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" for two seasons, beginning in 2015. It was his first acting role as a regular cast member, and received formal drum lessons for the part.


title: Robert Kelly (comedian)

text: Kelly is married to his wife Dawn; they have one son, Max. In 2015, the family moved from New York City to Westchester, New York.


title: Product design

text: Product design as a verb is to create a new product to be sold by a business to its customers. A very broad coefficient and effective generation and development of ideas through a process that leads to new products. Thus, it is a major aspect of new product development.


title: Product design

text: Product design process: the set of strategic and tactical activities, from idea generation to commercialization, used to create a product design. In a systematic approach, product designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, turning them into tangible inventions and products. The product designer's role is to combine art, science, and technology to create new products that people can use. Their evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that now allow designers to do things that include communicate, visualize, analyze, 3D modeling and actually produce tangible ideas in a way that would have taken greater human resources in the past.


title: Product design

text: Product design is sometimes confused with (and certainly overlaps with) industrial design, and has recently become a broad term inclusive of service, software, and physical product design. Industrial design is concerned with bringing artistic form and usability, usually associated with craft design and ergonomics, together in order to mass-produce goods. Other aspects of product design and industrial design include engineering design, particularly when matters of functionality or utility (e.g. problem-solving) are at issue, though such boundaries are not always clear.


title: Product design

text: There are various product design processes and many focus on different aspects. One example formulation/model of the process is described by Don Koberg and Jim Bagnellin in "The Seven Universal Stages of Creative Problem-Solving." The process is usually completed by a group of people with different skills and training—e.g. industrial designers, field experts (prospective users), engineers (for engineering design aspects), depending upon the nature and type of the product involved. The process often involves figuring out what is required, brainstorming possible ideas, creating mock prototypes and then generating the product. However, that is not the end. Product designers would still need to execute the idea, making it into an actual product and evaluating its success (seeing if any improvements are necessary).


title: Product design

text: The product design process has experienced huge leaps in evolution over the last few years with the rise and adoption of 3D printing. New consumer-friendly 3D printers can produce dimensional objects and print upwards with a plastic like substance opposed to traditional printers that spread ink across a page.


title: Product design

text: The product design process, as expressed by Koberg and Bagnell, typically involves three main aspects:


title: Product design

text: Depending on the kind of product being designed, the latter two sections are most often revisited (e.g. depending on how often the design needs revision, to improve it or to better fit the criteria). This is a continuous loop, where feedback is the main component. Koberg and Bagnell offer more specifics on the process: In their model, "analysis" consists of two stages, "concept" is only one stage, and "synthesis" encompasses the other four. (These terms notably vary in usage in different design frameworks. Here, they are used in the way they're used by Koberg and Bagnell.)


title: Product design

text: Most product designs fall under one of two categories: demand-pull innovation or invention-push innovation.


title: Product design

text: Demand-pull happens when there is an opportunity in the market to be explored by the design of a product. This product design attempts to solve a design problem. The design solution may be the development of a new product or developing a product that's already on the market, such as developing an existing invention for another purpose.


title: Product design

text: Invention-push innovation happens when there is an advancement in intelligence. This can occur through research or it can occur when the product designer comes up with a new product design idea.


title: Product design

text: Design expression comes from the combined effect of all elements in a product. Colour tone, shape and size should direct a person's thoughts towards buying the product. Therefore, it is in the product designer's best interest to consider the audiences who are most likely to be the product's end consumers. Keeping in mind how consumers will perceive the product during the design process will direct towards the product’s success in the market. However, even within a specific audience, it is challenging to cater to each possible personality within that group.


title: Product design

text: One solution to that is to create a product that, in its designed appearance and function, expresses a personality or tells a story. Products that carry such attributes are more likely to give off a stronger expression that will attract more consumers. On that note it is important to keep in mind that design expression does not only concern the appearance of a product, but also its function. For example, as humans our appearance as well as our actions are subject to people's judgment when they are making a first impression of us. People usually do not appreciate a rude person even if they are good looking. Similarly, a product can have an attractive appearance but if its function does not follow through it will most likely drop in regards to consumer interest. In this sense, designers are like communicators, they use the language of different elements in the product to express something.


title: Product design

text: Product designers need to consider all of the details: the ways people use and abuse objects, faulty products, errors made in the design process, and the desirable ways in which people wish they could use objects. Many new designs will fail and many won't even make it to market. Some designs eventually become obsolete. The design process itself can be quite frustrating usually taking 5 or 6 tries to get the product design right. A product that fails in the marketplace the first time may be re-introduced to the market 2 more times. If it continues to fail, the product is then considered to be dead because the market believes it to be a failure. Most new products fail, even if there's a great idea behind them.


title: Product design

text: All types of product design are clearly linked to the economic health of manufacturing sectors. Innovation provides much of the competitive impetus for the development of new products, with new technology often requiring a new design interpretation. It only takes one manufacturer to create a new product paradigm to force the rest of the industry to catch up—fueling further innovation. Products designed to benefit people of all ages and abilities—without penalty to any group—accommodate our swelling aging population by extending independence and supporting the changing physical and sensory needs we all encounter as we grow older.


title: Fiddler crab

text: The fiddler crab or calling crab may be any of more than one hundred species of semiterrestrial marine crabs in the family Ocypodidae, well known for their sexually dimorphic claws; the males' major claw is much larger than the minor claw, while the females' claws are both the same size. A smaller number of ghost crab and mangrove crab species are also found in the family Ocypodidae. This entire group is composed of small crabs, the largest being slightly over two inches (5 cm) across. Fiddler crabs are found along sea beaches and brackish intertidal mud flats, lagoons, swamps, and various other types of brackish or salt-water wetlands.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Like all crabs, fiddler crabs shed their shells as they grow. If they have lost legs or claws during their present growth cycle, a new one will be present when they molt. If the large fiddle claw is lost, males will develop one on the same side after their next molt. Newly molted crabs are very vulnerable because of their soft shells. They are reclusive and hide until the new shell hardens.


title: Fiddler crab

text: In a controlled laboratory setting, fiddler crabs exhibit a constant circadian rhythm that mimics the ebb and flow of the tides: they turn dark during the day and light at night.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Found in mangroves, in salt marshes, and on sandy or muddy beaches of West Africa, the Western Atlantic, the Eastern Pacific, Indo-Pacific and Algarve region of Portugal, fiddler crabs are easily recognized by their distinctively asymmetric claws.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Fiddler crabs communicate by a sequence of waves and gestures; males have an oversized claw or "chela"; used in clashes of ritualised combat of courtship over a female and signal their intentions between conspecifics. The movement of the smaller claw from ground to mouth during feeding explains the crabs' common name; it looks as if the animal were playing the larger claw like a fiddle.


title: Fiddler crab

text: The crab's smaller claw picks up a chunk of sediment from the ground and brings it to the mouth, where its contents are sifted through (making the crab a detritivore). After anything edible is salvaged, be it algae, microbes, fungus, or other decaying detritus, the sediment is replaced in the form of a little ball. The presence of these sediment balls near the entrance to a burrow is a good indication of its occupation. Some experts believe that the feeding habits of fiddler crabs play a vital role in the preservation of wetland environments; by sifting through the sands, they aerate the substrate and prevent anaerobic conditions.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Fiddler crabs live rather brief lives of no more than two years (up to three years in captivity). Male fiddler crabs use the major claw to perform a waving display as a form of female courtship. Females choose their mate based on claw size and also quality of the waving display. In many fiddler crab species, the female occupies the burrow of their mate while she lays her clutch of eggs. Research shows that the male major claw size is also correlated with burrow width; the width of the burrow influences incubation temperature. Therefore, the female will choose a male mate whose claw size indicates the best burrow environment for her clutch of eggs. The waving display is also thought to indicate to females the overall healthiness of the male; a more vigorous display is more difficult to do and thus requires the male to be in prime health condition, which suggests that the male will help produce viable offspring.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Male versus male competition also occurs as fighting with the major claws. If a male loses his larger claw, the smaller one will begin to grow larger and the lost claw will regenerate into a new (small) claw. For at least some species of fiddler crabs, however, the small claw remains small, while the larger claw regenerates over a period of several molts, being about half its former size after the first molt. The female fiddler carries her eggs in a mass on the underside of her body. She remains in her burrow during a two-week gestation period, after which she ventures out to release her eggs into the receding tide. The larvae remain planktonic for a further two weeks.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Fiddler crabs such as "Austruca mjoebergi" have been shown to bluff about their fighting ability. Upon regrowing a lost claw, a crab will occasionally regrow a weaker claw that nevertheless intimidates crabs with smaller but stronger claws. This is an example of dishonest signalling.


title: Fiddler crab

text: The dual functionality of the major claw of fiddler crabs has presented an evolutionary conundrum in that the claw mechanics best suited for fighting do not match up with the mechanics best suited for a waving display.


title: Fiddler crab

text: More than 100 species of fiddler crabs make up 11 of the 13 genera in the crab family Ocypodidae. These were formerly members of the genus "Uca". In 2016, most of the subgenera of "Uca" were elevated to genus rank, and the fiddler crabs now occupy 11 genera making up the subfamilies Gelasiminae and Ucinae.


title: Fiddler crab

text: Fiddler crabs are occasionally kept as pets. The fiddler crabs sold in pet stores generally come from brackish water lagoons. Because they live in lower salinity water, pet stores may call them fresh-water crabs, but they cannot survive indefinitely in fresh water. Fiddler crabs have been known to attack small fish in captivity, as opposed to their natural feeding habits.


title: Kachin State

text: Kachin State (; Kachin: ), also known by the endonym Kachinland, is the northernmost state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet and Yunnan, specifically and respectively); Shan State to the south; and Sagaing Region and India (Arunachal Pradesh) to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is . The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo, Mohnyin and Putao.


title: Kachin State

text: Kachin State has Myanmar's highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi (), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas, and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake.


title: Kachin State

text: Traditional Kachin society was based on shifting hill agriculture. According to "The Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure", written by E. R. Leach, Kachin was not a linguistic category. Political authority was based on chieftains who depended on support from immediate kinsmen. Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists of the Kachin custom of maternal cousin marriage, wherein it is permissible for a man to marry his mother's brother's daughter, but not with the father's sister's daughter. In pre-colonial times, the Kachin were animist.


title: Kachin State

text: After the Qing-Konbaung war, the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the present-day northeastern Kachin State. During the British colonization of Burma, the Kachin Hills tribes autonomy was accepted by the British government. British forces carried out two expeditions against the Kachin in 1892 and 1896. In 1910, the British occupied Hpimaw (Chinese characters: 片马, pinyin: Piànmǎ) in the Pianma Incident.


title: Kachin State

text: The pre-independence Burmese government under Aung San reached the Panglong Agreement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. The agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas" in principle and envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. Burma attained independence on 4 January 1948. Kachin State was formed in the same year out of the former British Burma civil districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina, together with the larger northern district of Puta-o. Kachin State was officially announced on 10 January 1948 and Kachin State Government held "Mungdaw Masat Masat Manau" (forming of Kacahin State Manau) for three consecutive days since 9 to 11 January as happiness since that year they held Manau on 10 January every year until Military in coup 1962. The vast mountainous hinterlands are predominantly Kachin, whereas the more densely populated railway corridor and southern valleys are mostly Shan and Bamar. The northern frontier was not demarcated and until the 1960s Chinese governments had claimed the northern-half of Kachin State as Chinese territory since the 18th century. Before the British rule, roughly 75% of all Kachin jadeite ended up in China, where it was prized much more highly than the local Chinese nephrite.


title: Kachin State

text: Kachin troops formerly formed a significant part of the Burmese army. With the unilateral abrogation of the Union of Burma constitution by the Ne Win regime in 1962, Kachin forces withdrew and formed the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) under the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO). Aside from the major towns and railway corridor, Kachin State has been virtually independent from the mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on agriculture and trade with China, including of jade. After a Myanmar army offensive in 1994 seized the jade mines from the KIO, a peace treaty was signed, permitting continued KIO effective control of most of the State, under aegis of the Myanmar military. This ceasefire immediately resulted in the creation of numerous splinter factions from the KIO and KIA of groups opposed to the SPDC's sham peace accord, and the political landscape remains highly unstable.


title: Kachin State

text: The complex political situation started when the Kachin armed group was established on 25 October 1960, after the U Nu government announced the state religion as Buddhism, as the Kachin people stopped believing in the government administration system, established after the federal union was agreed upon in the 1947 Panglong agreement. Between 1962 and 2010, the military government ruled over Myanmar. Cease fire agreements between ethnic armed groups and the government were made starting in 1989. And then in 2011 the new government led by President Thein Sein, broke the cease fire agreement which was agreed upon by the former military government and the Kachin ethnic armed group in 1994, resuming fighting against the Kachin who are living in the northern part of Myanmar, northern part of Shan, near the China border on 9 June 2011. Because of the abrupt internal conflict, thousands of internally displaced people fled to refugee camps which are located in the government controlled area as well in the Kachin Independence Army controlled area (Hlaing, 2005).


title: Kachin State

text: KIO made a ceasefire agreement with the military government in 1994 while leaving political issues to be discussed with the next elected government. Throughout its struggle, both in the ceasefire and non-ceasefire period, KIO also made agreements with other ethnic rebels and alliances including the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB), the National Democratic Front (NDF), and United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC). The main goal was to pressure the military government and restore the federal democratic government with greater autonomy to Kachin State. During its 17 years of ceasefire from 1994 to 2011 the KIO actively participated in the military-led constitution-drafting-process, attending the National Convention, which was boycotted by the democratic icon Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy and ethnic political parties. The KIO together with 12 other ethnic groups demanded amendments of the draft to be more in line with a federal democratic system and to give autonomy to states (Zaw Oo & Win Min 2007).


title: Kachin State

text: The seventeen-year ceasefire broke down and fighting between the Kachin Independence Organization and the government resumed in June 2011 after the Kachin Independent Army disallowed the government's order to transform into a Border Guard Force and it claimed that the regime's 2008 Constitution lacked federal democratic principles and equal political rights for ethnic minorities based on the Panglong Agreement. Renewed fighting between the Kachin Independence Army and the Burmese army began on 9 June 2011 at Ta-pein hydropower plan and continued throughout 2012. Initial reports suggested that from June to September 2011 a total of 5,580 Internally Displaced Persons from 1,397 households arrived at 38 IDP camps under Myanmar Government control. In August 2012 thousands of Kachin refugees were forced by the Chinese Government back into Myanmar despite the continued fighting there; NGOs like Human Rights Watch called to cease such action and pointed the illegality of doing so under international law. As of 9 October 2012, over 100,000 IDPs are taking shelter in various camps across Kachin State. The majority of IDPs (est. 70,000) are currently sheltering in KIA controlled territory. Fatality estimates were difficult to estimate but most reports suggested that between government troops, Kachin Independence Army rebels, and civilians upwards of 1,000 people had died in the conflict.


title: Kachin State

text: Even though many Kachins were already displaced internally, only around 150,000 people are reported as IDPs. The Kachins are currently the major target for the Burmese government, yet relatively few Kachins have chosen to resettle in countries such as the United States or Australia, in comparison to other Myanmar ethnic minorities, such as the Karens and Chins.


title: Kachin State

text: The Kachin State Government consists of an executive, a legislature (Kachin State Hluttaw), and a judiciary.


title: Kachin State

text: According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists, who make up 64.0% of Kachin State's population, form the largest religious community there. Religious minority communities include Christians (33.8%), Muslims (1.6%), Hindus (0.4%), and animists (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Kachin State's population. 2.8% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.


title: Kachin State

text: According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 7,966 Buddhist monks were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.5% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (95.3%), followed by the Shwegyin Nikaya (4.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders. 1,103 thilashin were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.8% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.


title: Kachin State

text: The Jingpho language was the traditional language of the area, and is the state's lingua franca. The Bamar people (Burmese) were a minority in Kachin State before the independence of Burma from the British, but after 1948, groups of Bamar (Burmese) came to Kachin State to settle down so that offices could be run with the Burmese language, which has caused language shift and commenced the decline of the Kachin (Jingpho) language. Many later Kachin generations did not have a chance to speak or learn their language properly at school.


title: Kachin State

text: Some Kachin tribes speak and write their own language: the Zaiwa, the Rawang, and the Lisu, who speak both the Lisu language and the Lipo language.


title: Kachin State

text: The ethnic data from the 2014 census is available only with the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and not released to the public. As per the 1983 Census, the ethnic composition was Bamar: 29.3%, Shan: 24.2% and Kachin: 38.1%. In a speech delivered on 2016, Min Aung Hlaing of Tatmadaw gave the ethnic composition of the Kachin state as follows: Bamar – 29.2%, Shan – 23.6%, Jingphaw – 18.97%, Lisu – 7%, Rawam – 5%, Lawwaw – 3.33%, Lacheik – 2.89%, Zaikwa – 1.57% and Others – 8%.


title: Kachin State

text: The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak, sugar cane, opium. Mineral products include gold and jade. Hpakan is a well known place for its jade mines. Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakan aka Pha-Khant Township in Kachine State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of the jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakan in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year.


title: Kachin State

text: Kachin has deep economic ties with China, which acts as the regions biggest trading partner and chief investor in development project. In 2006, the Prime Minister General Thein Sein made an agreement with the China Power Investment Cooperation in Beijing to build seven dams in Kachin State. The controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, the Myitsone Dam, is ongoing. It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metres high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawady River.


title: Kachin State

text: There is a railroad between Myitkyina and Mandalay (through Sagaing). The train will takes 21–30 hours from Mandalay to Myitkyina.


title: Kachin State

text: Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. It is especially a problem in Kachin State where over 60 years of fighting between the government and insurgents has displaced thousands of people. The following is a summary of the education system in the state.


title: Kachin State

text: The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor but is especially worse in remote areas like Kachin State. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: British Bulldog is a tag-based playground and sporting game, commonly played in schoolyards and on athletic fields in the UK, Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia, and related Commonwealth countries, as well as in the U.S. The object of the game is for one player to attempt to intercept other players who are obliged to run from one designated area to another. British Bulldog is characterised by its physicality (i.e. the captor inevitably has to use force to stop a player from crossing) and is often regarded as violent, leading it to be banned from many schools due to injuries to the participants.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The game is a descendant of traditional chasing games recorded from the 18th and 19th centuries, which partially evolved into collision-sport-related games during the early 20th century by the inclusion of lifting and tackling techniques. In a sport's historical context, like its predecessors, British Bulldog has been used as a skill-and-drill device to reinforce and further develop locomotion skills fundamentally vital to American football, rugby, soccer, hockey and related team sports.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: While the game of British Bulldog is a conglomerate of different sources and pre-existing rules, the origin of the name is not entirely clear. In his book "The Nation's Favourite", "Guardian" author Mathew Clayton (Free University of Glastonbury) clarified that, unlike other games, British Bulldog did not emerge until the 1930s. According to "Cambridge District Scouts" the game has been practiced under that name since then at several British Scout meetings.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Around that time, the game is mentioned in various newspapers, e. g. in February 1933 in "The Kingston Whig-Standard", Ontario, Canada, and in April 1934 in the "Londonderry Sentinel", Derry, Northern Ireland.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: One of these early sources dates back to 1 March 1934. In an article from the "Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail", it is described how Cub Scouts managed to lift a player off the ground as they shouted "British Bulldog!" In the "Buckinghamshire Examiner" from June 15, 1934, British Bulldog has been called "the most popular of all games" among the Scouts. Sources appear throughout England, always in connection with the Boy Scout movement, especially from the area of Great Yarmouth (Norfolk).


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: After spreading northwards, British Bulldog has been recorded in Roxburghshire and Stirlingshire, Scotland, several years later. "Falkirk Herald" stated that the game "was successfully tried out in the dark" by the Scouts, which soon became a variation of the game ("British Bulldog in the dark").


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In December 1942, "Burnley Express" in Lancashire reported a modified form of the game, incorporating rules of rugby football. More details appeared in 1949, when the rule of lifting a person was gradually displaced in favour of football tackling.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Although the game has already been known in the United States under different names, and possibly originated there from earlier decades, the name 'British Bulldog' was adopted by the Boy Scouts of America, likely during the turmoil of World War II. At the time, the national emblem of British Bulldog not only represented the economic and political strength of the British Empire but has also been applied to Winston Churchill, characterizing a person of sheer will and fortitude and a staunch antagonist against the Nazi regime.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Apart from that, extensive game descriptions in connection with the name 'British Bulldog' did not appear in scientific treatises and periodical literature until the 1940s (e.g. in January 1941 in a dissertation by athlete Winston Alexander McCatty in the Canadian journal "The School, Secondary Edition", published by the Ontario College of Education, University of Toronto, and in June 1944 in "Boys' Life" magazine in an article by William "Bill" Hillcourt, Boy Scouts of America).


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the U.S., the game spread slowly. While Scout troops in Tulsa, Oklahoma or Bluffton, Ohio were still playing their own school ground game of 'Black Man', Boy Scouts in Paterson, New Jersey had been practicing British Bulldog since the second half of the 1940s. "The Daily Republican" newspaper (Monongahela, Pennsylvania), published in May 13, 1949, proclaims that "a new game entitled "British Bulldog" was introduced to the Scouts".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Most commonly one or two players – though this number may be higher in large spaces – are selected to be the "bulldogs". The bulldogs stand in the middle of the playing field. All remaining players stand at one end of the area (home). The aim of the game is to run from one end of the playing field to the other, without being caught by the bulldogs. When the players are caught, they become bulldogs themselves. The last player is the winner and starts the next game as bulldog.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The playing area is flexible—it can be played on a street, a playground, between cloisters, in a large sports hall or on an area of a playing field—though there is no set size of the pitch nor set number of players as long as there is enough space for the participants. The selected location consists of one main playing area, with two 'home' areas on opposing sides (similar to the try-zone areas used in rugby or American football). The home areas are usually marked by a line or some other marker.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Each game of British Bulldog consists of a sequence of rounds, and it is usual to play a number of games one after another with different players as bulldogs each time. The game is initiated with a single player (or sometimes two) chosen as bulldog, standing between the home areas. The rush (also known as 'open gates' or 'stampede') is started by the bulldog shouting the phrase "British Bulldog!". The other players run across the field simultaneously, and once they left their home area the bulldog(s) must attempt to catch them. The players caught become bulldogs as well. The round is then repeated in the opposite direction until all players have become bulldogs.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the later stages of the game the bulldogs will outnumber the remaining players, which can make captures especially rough as many bulldogs attempt to capture individual players.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Commonly, a player is caught by either being lifted off the ground by the bulldog or being tackled and held stationary, while the bulldog exclaims a phrase (e.g. "British Bulldog!" or "British Bulldog; one, two, three!"). If the runner can escape before the phrase is complete, or if they are able to continue moving (if being held stationary is required), then they are not considered to be caught.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Since the early 20th century, capture by tackling or lifting was a well-known feature of chasing and "running across" games such as "Black Man" and "Pom-Pom-Pull-Away", although tackling has become more common than lifting. The tackle variant is sometimes referred to as 'Take-down Bulldog'.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: One of the predecessors of 'Take-down Bulldog' was described in 1935 by Elmer Dayton Mitchell and Bernard Sterling Mason in the widely received publication "Active Games and Contests" under the name 'Tackling Pom-Pom-Pull-Away'. The book is primarily concerned with tag, running and combat games and provides further instructions of exercises solely connected to sports such as soccer and rugby football, basketball, baseball, and hockey. In this context, 'Take-down Bulldog' can be considered a football version of traditional chasing games.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Alternatively, the runners also become bulldogs if they cross a boundary equivalent to a touch-line. It can be a valid method of capture for a bulldog to force a runner over the boundary.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: If the runners successfully enter the opposing home area without being captured, they are considered 'safe'. The bulldog(s) may usually catch any number of players in a single rush, all of whom become bulldogs.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The aim of the game for the bulldogs is to catch all the players as quickly as possible, whilst the aim for the other players is to stay uncaught for as long as possible. The last player to be caught is usually considered the winner.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: "British Bulldog" is a descendant of a range of games from the 18th and 19th centuries, which were widespread in Western and Central Europe (UK and Germany in particular) and later – in the course of emigration – in North America and Australia.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In contrast to British Bulldog, many of these ancient games were strongly connected to mythical and superstitious subjects.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Before "British Bulldog" became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, "Black Man", "Black Tom", "Pom-Pom-Pull-Away", "Chinese Wall", and "Crows and Cranes" were the favorite schoolyard and sporting games. Those games also used to be part of the physical education programs for boy scouts, football players and in public schools across the United States. Some of the games, especially "Black Man" and "Pom-Pom-Pull-Away", had been systematically enhanced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the inclusion of tackling and lifting techniques and thus became progenitors of "British Bulldog".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Black Man ("Der schwarze Mann"), sometimes called Bogey Man, is a traditional German game and one of the oldest games in the line of Western European chasing games that had been described already in 1796 by Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths. It draws on ancient "plague games" in which the catcher epitomizes the Black Death. Everyone he touches becomes a bearer of the plague. In a broader sense, the character in the game represents death itself. The game ends in the triumph of the Black Man, whose power goes on increasing with each new capture.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The game of "Black Man" spread across the globe by the rise of the German Turner movement with Friedrich Ludwig Jahn as its iconic figure. An early translation of the game by Karl Ludwig Beck was published in 1828 in Northampton, Massachusetts in the book "A Treatise on Gymnastics". The game was brought to Australia by German settlers, and has been mentioned by Gustav Adolph Techow in the "Manual of Gymnastic Exercises", published in 1866 in Melbourne.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the UK and Canada, "Black Man" was partially known as "Black Peter" (not to be confused with the card game) and has been regarded as a "primary rugby game". According to figureheads such as Steve Owen and Chet Grant, "Black Man" was an integral component of American football exercises. Other prominent players include Bernard Darwin, Dwight D. and Edgar N. Eisenhower, Daniel Carter Beard, Annette Kellerman and Luther Halsey Gulick Jr. who have mentioned the game of "Black Man" in their literary works and (auto-)biographies. It also appears in several books by Dorothea Frances Canfield.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The playground is divided into three fields: two small opposite goals and one long middle field required for the chasing process. The distance between the goals can be increased according to the ability and the number of players. The players choose their goals, one of which the Black Man takes (Field A), while all the other players line up on the opposite goal (Field B). The Black Man calls out: ""Who is afraid of the Black Man?"", whereupon the other players yell: ""No one!"" and start for the opposite goal without being caught by the Black Man, who simultaneously leaves his goal to chase the players. With three slaps on the shoulder or back, and the call ""One, two, three!"", the Black Man must try to catch as many of the players as possible while on their way to the opposite goal. Every player tagged joins the Black Man and helps him tag the others. The Black Man and his helpers may join hands to catch the remaining players (a rule repeatedly described as "Bound Hands"). Anyone who runs beyond the boundaries of the playing field to evade the approaching Black Man is considered caught. The game continues until all have been caught. The last (sometimes the first) one caught becomes the Black Man in the new game. Alternatively, if the last remaining player runs through three rounds undefeated, he is allowed to choose a player to be Black Man for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Due to the risk of significant injuries (e. g. if the children crowd too close to one another, accidents occur as they turn and run), "Black Man" was intended to be played by boys only. It was not until the late 19th century that the game became a part of the physical education of girls in public schools, although it remained highly controversial.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Comparable games and derivatives from the 19th century were Black Tom, Blackthorn, Pom-Pom-Pull-Away, Rushing Bases (also known as "King Cæsar") and Hill Dill, mostly with different dialogues and with the catcher placed in the middle of the field.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Black Tom is a street game from the New York area. It was described in 1891 in Stewart Culin's publication "Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn, New York". The game has also been mentioned in 1899 in Kate Upson Clark's book "Bringing up Boys. A Study".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the game the player chosen as "Black Tom" takes his place in the middle of the street, all the others on the pavement on one side. When the catcher calls ""Black Tom"" three times, the other players must run across to the opposite curb, and may be caught, in which case they must join Black Tom in capturing the rest.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Unlike the other chasing games the catcher may attempt to confuse and trick the players by shouting a false signal, such as ""Blue Tom"" or ""Red Tom"". Any players who attempt to run on such a signal are automatically caught and join the catcher. A player is also considered caught if another catcher gives the correct signal. Only Black Tom is authorized to call out the phrase. The first one caught is Black Tom for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In Daniel Carter Beard's work "The American Boy’s Book of Sport" from 1896 the main character "Black Tom" is described as a malicious fiend, an "ogre", possibly related to the game of Black Man. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, in the context of the Dance of Death, "Schwarzer Knabe" (black 'tom' or black 'fellow') was a synonym for the Grim Reaper. In several game and education manuals of the late 1920s, both Black Man and Black Tom appeared temporarily in the form of hybridized game descriptions.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Blackthorn, a game from the region of Lancashire, Derbyshire and Sheffield similar to Fox and Dowdy and King Cæsar, was played in the 19th and 20th century. It is named in 1837 in the book "An Historical and Descriptive Account of Blackpool and its Neighbourhood" by William Thornber.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A base is marked off at either end of the playground, leaving a wide space in the middle. One of the children volunteers for, or is chosen, "it" and takes up his position in the middle between the two bases, one of which serves as a gathering point for the rest of the players. The following dialogue then takes place:


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: After finishing the rhyme, the players start running across from base to base. "It" endeavors to catch and hold one or two of them temporarily while counting to ten. The captives made join "it" and become assistants in the capture. While the number of catchers increases, the remaining players reform at the opposite end of the playground and start again. The game continues until all have been caught. In Liverpool a similar game was known by the name Shepherds, in which the catcher and his assistants join hands to catch the rest of the players.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In another variant of "Blackthorn" one set of children takes its position behind a line, the other set stands opposite, facing them. The players then run all together towards each other's line. Anyone caught before reaching the goal must piggyback his catcher to the goal, where he takes his place as an additional catcher. In Suffolk this game was called Rakes and Roans.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The game of "Blackthorn" may be a possible predecessor of British Bulldog, as it was described in 1897 as a tackling variation after ""carrying away became obsolete"", but it only appears in a fictional school story by author Don Ralpho in "The Boy's Own Paper". The actual existence of this variation remains unclear.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Chinese Wall is a 19th-century combat game from Germany invented by Karl Wassmannsdorff. It was first published in 1866 in the sport journal "Deutsche Turnzeitung". An English translation appeared in 1897 in the U.S. in the "Mind & Body" gymnastics magazine. It is primarily a game of organized play and usually supervised by an instructor.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Two parallel lines are marked off from side to side straight across the center of the playground, leaving a narrow space between them of about ten feet in width, which represents the building ground for the wall. On each end of the playground, a line is drawn across parallel to the building ground at a distance of fifteen to thirty feet, which marks the goal for the runners. One of the players is chosen to create the wall on the building ground, and takes his place upon it, facing all the other players who line up in one of the goals. At an agreed signal (e. g. ""Start!"" or a similar call), the runners must cross the building ground to reach the opposite goal, the builder endeavoring to tag as many as possible during their rush without leaving the boundaries of the marked ground himself. All the runners caught that way become a "stanchion" of the wall and assist the builder in trying to capture the rest of the players. After crossing the ground several times, the remaining runners must attempt to break through the increasing wall, which gradually becomes denser due to the growing number of catchers. Anyone refusing to break the wall is automatically considered caught. The game ends when all of the runners have been caught, the last player taken being the "builder" for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A catch-and-hold game, related to King Cæsar and Blackthorn, was recorded in 19th century Lancashire and Warwickshire under the name of Fox and Dowdy (or Fox-a'-Dowdy). It has been mentioned in 1875 in the "Notes to The Sad Shepherd" "(The Works of Ben Jonson – Vol. VI)" and is played across a lane or similar area. In this version, the person who is "It" catches the runners by holding them and reciting the phrase ""Fox a' Dowdy—Catch a Candle!"".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In King Edward's School, Birmingham the same game was known as Bacca (or Action!). In this version, the home areas were at both ends of the cloisters. The catcher in the middle must hold the players who run across and say the phrase ""One, two, three, caught, tobacco!"" to capture them. The phrase was the source of the game's name. In a similarly titled version called Baccare, the rush is triggered by the "leader" of the runners calling ""Baccare!"" or by any of the runners being tricked by one of the catchers into saying it. An example given is a catcher asking ""What does your father smoke?"", to which a player might answer ""Bacca!"" (as a short form of "tobacco"), thus triggering the rush.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Another local variant recorded in Marlborough, Wiltshire, was called Click. In this game, being the catcher was known as "going Click". The catcher(s) caught other players by holding them while saying the phrase ""One, two, three, I catch thee; help me catch another!"". If the last remaining player successfully made the run between the home areas three times without being caught, they could nominate a person to "go Click" in the next game; if they failed then they had to do it themselves.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A variant of the English game of King Cæsar (Rushing Bases) is Hopping Bases that has been described in 1844 in the book "The Boy's Treasury of Sports, Pastimes, and Recreations".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the game there is an area in the centre between the two home areas called the "castle". The catcher is known as the "king" and starts in the castle; anyone caught by the King becomes one of the king's "soldiers". The non-catcher players must hop between the home areas with their arms folded across their chests. The king and soldiers capture other players by barging into them or forcing them to put both feet down. If the king puts both feet down, they have to return to the castle before they can capture any more players.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: There is also a team version of Hopping Bases, related to Prisoner's Base and Cops and Robbers, in which players split into teams and each own one of the home areas. Players who are forced to put both legs down are captured by the other side and become "prisoners". Prisoners are placed in home area of the capturing team and can be rescued by a teammate hopping across the playing area and touching them; after which both the rescuer and rescuee are allowed to walk or run back to their own home area. The team with the most prisoners wins.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: King Cæsar (also known as King Senio and Rushing Bases) dates back to the first half of the 19th century. It has been mentioned in 1831 in "The Olio" journal and was fully described in 1844 in the London book "The Boy's Treasury of Sports, Pastimes, and Recreations".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Two bases are marked out, one at each end of the playground. The elected player (chosen by lot or counted out) is called "King" and places himself midway. All the other players take up position in one of the bases. At a signal, the players attempt to dash across the intervening ground and avoid being caught by the King who strives to hold one of them as they rush to the other base. The King accomplishes the task by patting his captive on the head while calling out the phrase ""I crown thee, King Cæsar!"" (alternatively ""One, two, three, i crown thee. Now thou art in Senio's fee!""). The players caught join the center and must assist King Caesar in endeavouring to crown the rest. When the kings outnumber the remainder they may enter the bases and try to drag out the players to crown them. The last child captured being King Cæsar for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In Inverness-shire, the game was called Rax (Latin "rex" = king) and King of Scotland. In the game, the "King" triggers the rush with the phrase ""Rexa-boxa-King"", or simply ""Rexa-boxa"", and seeks to "caron" (crown) his captives.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Another local variation played in Nairn, that had been recorded in the late 19th century, is Cock. In this version, the catcher is known as "Cock" and attempts to capture (or "croon") his opponents by putting his hand upon a player's head.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A game once played since the 1860s at the Northeastern Seaboard is Pom-Pom-Pull-Away (also known as Pom-Pom-Peel-Away). It has been mentioned in 1862 in Diocletian Lewis' treatise "The New Gymnastics", published in the "American Journal of Education." Heavily inspired by the German system of gymnastics, Lewis developed a new system of exercises meant for people with physical impairment and reduced mobility.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Similar to the German game of Black Man, the runners in "Pom-Pom-Pull-Away" start in one of the home areas but with the catcher standing in the middle of the playground, as standard. There is no named player and the rush starts with the catcher calling out the phrase ""Pom-Pom-Pull-Away; come away or I'll fetch you away!"". The players then are usually caught by being touched on the back or shoulder while running across, although the rules may differ among regional variants. All of those caught in the run assist the catcher in tagging the others. The first player to be caught starts as the catcher in the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A variant of this game called Hill Dill has also been recorded. In this version the only difference is the phrase which is ""Hill Dill, come over the hill; or else I'll catch you standing still.""


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Red Rover, initially a New York chasing game like Black Tom, has been described in 1891 in Stewart Culin's publication "Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn, New York".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: One person, the "Red Rover", is chosen as catcher and stands in the middle of the street, while the other players form a line on the pavement on one side. He calls any boy he wants by name: ""Red Rover, Red Rover, let" [player's name] "come over!"", and that boy must then run to the opposite sidewalk. If he is caught as he runs across, he must help the Red Rover to catch the others. When the Red Rover catches a player, he must call ""Red Rover!"" three times or he cannot hold his captive. Only the Red Rover has authority to call out for the others by name, and if any of the boys start when one of the captives who is aiding the Red Rover calls him, that boy is considered caught. The game is continued until all are caught. The first one caught is Red Rover for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the 20th century, the game changed into a team game, incorporating rules of "Kettenreißen" (literally "chain breaking"), a German game that has been described in 1862 in the education handbook "Merkbüchlein für Turner", published by Eduard Angerstein. In 1949 Warren E. Roberts of the Indiana University Folklore Institute tried to delineate the particularities of the traditional Red Rover and the team game of the same name and phrase. In the latter, a group of players split into two even-numbered teams on both sides of the playing field. The teams face each other at about 15–20 yards apart. Then the players within each team join hands. One team picks out a player they want to come over. The selected player runs to the opposite team and tries to break through the human chain. If successful, he can choose one of the defeated team members and bring him into his own group. If he can't break the chain, he becomes a member of the opposite team.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Bullrush, in Auckland also called Kingasini, a cacography of "King O'Seenie" alias King Senio, is commonly played in New Zealand, combining rules similar to those in the games of Red Rover and British Bulldog. Initially, the name "Bullrush" was not applied to a game but to the rushing crowd within the game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Two parallel goal lines are drawn about 20–30 metres apart. One chosen person, the catcher, stands between the goals; the other players line up behind one of the goal lines in front of the catcher. The latter calls a person by name who must run from one goal to another. The person who is touched or tackled has to call out the next runner. The person who safely reaches the other side has the choice to call out ""Bullrush!"" and everyone else starts running across the open space without being tagged (or tackled) by the catcher who must then try to tag as many players as possible. Everyone caught becomes a helper of the catcher and has to take place in the middle of the field. The first (or last) one caught is the catcher for the next game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Both the catcher and the successful runner are authorized to call out ""Bullrush!"" for starting the run. The runners caught are tackled to the ground by the catcher who calls ""1–2–3 – You’re in the middle with me!"".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A tackle variant played in some suburbs of Wellington during the 1970s was called "Downhill Bullrush". Runners begin at the top of a steep, heavily forested hill and catchers are positioned about half-way down the hill.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Crows and Cranes, also known as Black and Blue, is an early 20th century team game brought from England to the States by American soldiers. It was described in November 1918 in The Youth's Companion magazine. Its roots go back to a German combat game called "Day and Night" or "Black and White", published in 1796 by J. C. F. GutsMuths, which in turn is based on the ancient Greek game of "Ostracinda."


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the middle of the playground two groups of players of equal numbers are formed in parallel lines about one yard apart. A player, chosen as instructor, designates one line as the "Crows" and the other as the "Cranes". All players stand facing the instructor, who takes his place apart from the game (e. g. about two yards from one end of the lines). The goals are located thirty feet back of each line. The instructor starts the game by calling (and drawling) the consonants of each group's name: ""K – r – r – r – r..."", and then suddenly runs it off into either ""Crows!"" or ""Cranes!"". The aim of the game is to think ahead and react immediately to the possible situation of being the chaser or being chased. The players of one group, whose name the instructor calls, turn quickly and run towards their goal while the other players cross over the middle of the playground and chase them, tagging as many as possible. Those tagged must join the opposite group (in another variant they have to leave the game). The instructor can switch the call while the chasing process to reverse the action. If the Crows were chasing the Cranes and the instructor calls ""Crows!"", all the players must switch roles and directions. After the first round the players go back to the starting point and build new lines. The game continues until one group is successful by retaining a larger number of players at a given time.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A children's game from the Edwardian era commonly played in the United Kingdom. The player who is "It" may variously be known as "Mr. Crocodile", "Farmer", "Jack", "Charlie", "Old Witch" or "Mr. Jellyfish". A recurring feature in the game is a (golden) river which the players must cross.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: One player chosen to be the catcher pretends to guard the river and takes his place in the middle of a designated area. All the others line up in front of the "guardian" 30 feet away and call out ""Please, Mr. Crocodile, may we cross your golden river?"". The guardian responds and lays down conditions, e. g. by choosing a colour or something else: ""You may not cross my river unless you... [are wearing blue; have green eyes; have laced shoes etc.]."" If the players have something that matches the criteria they are allowed free passage across the river without being caught. Those left behind must rush across the river trying to evade the guardian. Players caught must leave the game (or alternatively assist the guardian in capturing the others). When the players ask if they may cross the river from the opposing side, the guardian sets a new condition, e. g. another colour, including a colour that none of the players are wearing, and the rush across the river is repeated. The game continues with a specific condition each time (such as age, hair colour, owning a pet, having a certain letter in the name) until all the players have been caught.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Different rhymes have been documented across the United Kingdom, for example ""Farmer, farmer, may we pass, over the hills and over the grass?"", ""Please, Mr. Crocodile, may we cross the water, in a cup and saucer?"" and ""Old mother witch, may we cross your ditch?"", and even more macabre variants such as ""Please, Jack, may we cross your golden water, to see the Queen's (or King's) daughter, who fell into the water, one hundred years ago?"".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: A game related to freeze tag is called Octopus. It was described in 1957 in the book "Children in Action. Physical Education Instruction Guide".


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In this version one (or two) player(s) are chosen as "octopus(es)" and stand in the middle while all the other players line up as "fishes" at one side of the playing area. The catcher calls out ""Octopus!"" and all the players must run across the field to the other side of the boundary without being caught. If they are caught, they are rooted to one spot and become seaweed. Within the next round they then try to tag the other players, using only one foot to pivot and waving their arms without leaving their tagging spot.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Any person who runs across the boundary of the playing field is considered caught and the catcher can decide where that person has to take place. The last person to be tagged is the winner.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: Another variant of Pom-Pom-Pull-Away ("Swimming Pom-Pom-Pull-Away") called Sharks and Minnows is played in swimming pools (in Annette Kellermann's book "How to Swim" referred to as Water Blackman). One player is selected as the "shark" and starts at one side (or alternatively in the middle) of the pool while the "minnows" (i.e. runners) take place on the opposite area. In each round, the minnows must swim from one side of the pool to the other without being "eaten" (touched or tagged) by the shark(s). All the minnows who are tagged above the water's surface while crossing the pool then join the shark for the next round. The game finishes when only one, or zero depending on local variation, "minnow" is left.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: In the traditional variant of "Swimming Pom-Pom-Pull-Away", already mentioned in the early 20th century, the catcher calls out "Pom-Pom-Pull-Away!" ("Let the fishes swim away!") to start the game.


title: British Bulldog (game)

text: The game is normally played by children and offers an interesting means of letting off energy and involves rugged physical contact. It appeals to competitive spirits but at the same time produces "ad-hoc" team activity with all the "losers" endeavouring to bring the "non-losers" to the ground. The strongest, most athletic competitors will find it extremely difficult to win British Bulldog as the number of bulldogs grows. Parents tend to deplore the game since it results in muddied and even torn clothes, bruises, bloody noses, knees and elbows and sometimes tears (when played on tarmac) but both boys and girls participate in it.