title: American Megatrends

text: By pressing the Delete key during power-on self-test when a prompt is displayed, the BIOS setup utility program is invoked. Some earlier AMIBIOS versions also included a cut-down version of the AMIDIAG utility that AMI also sold separately, but most later AMI BIOSes do not include this program as the BIOS DMI already incorporates detailed diagnostics.


title: American Megatrends

text: AMIBIOS is only sold through distributors, not directly available from the manufacturer or from eSupport.


title: American Megatrends

text: AMI supplies both DOS and Windows firmware upgrade utilities for its own motherboards. eSupport only supplies a Windows upgrade utility.


title: American Megatrends

text: AMIDiag is a family of PC diagnostic utilities sold to OEMs only. The AMIDiag Suite was introduced in 1991 and made available for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) platforms. It includes both the Windows and DOS PC diagnostics programs. Later versions of AMIDiag support UEFI, which allows diagnostics to be performed directly on the hardware components, without having to use operating system drivers or facilities.


title: American Megatrends

text: MegaRAC is a product line of Service Processors providing Out-of-band, or Lights-out remote management of computer systems. These service processors operate independently of the Operating System status or location, to manage and troubleshoot computers.


title: American Megatrends

text: The StorTrends family of network-based backup and storage management software and hardware includes several NAS and iSCSI-based SAN servers with 4, 12, or 16 drive bays.


title: American Megatrends

text: AMI couples off-the-shelf hardware with the StorTrends iTX storage management firmware platform. StorTrends offers synchronous, asynchronous and snap-assisted replication, thin provisioning, high-availability grouping and advanced caching.


title: American Megatrends

text: Reliability and performance is the key for any storage server. StorTrends iTX 2.8 is designed to support Storage Bridge Bay specification that provide Auto-Failover capability to ensure that any interruption is handled without affecting data. It supports High-availability cluster, redundancy, scalability, replication, disaster recovery and multiple site backups.


title: American Megatrends

text: "DuOS-M" was commercial software developed by American Megatrends for Intel x86-based computers using the Microsoft Windows operating system to provide a "dual operating system" environment in which the user can simultaneously deploy the Android operating system in tandem with Microsoft Windows.


title: American Megatrends

text: Because DuOS-M has the capability to run both Windows and Android simultaneously, the user can switch between the two operating systems without having to dual boot or suspend operation of one operating system in order to utilize the other.


title: American Megatrends

text: DuOS-M supports key hardware peripherals in Windows including cameras, audio, microphone and sensors such as ambient light sensor, accelerometer, gyrometer, compass and orientation sensors. It also supports various screen sizes, resolutions, and screen orientation (portrait and landscape) along with 3D acceleration and HD video playback.


title: American Megatrends

text: The first version of DuOS-M was released in June 2014. The software is available for download for a free 30-day trial, and is available for purchase for a complete license.


title: American Megatrends

text: On March 7, 2018, American Megatrends officially announced that it ceased development of DuOS-M. No further updates were being released at this time, including bug fixes and security patches.


title: American Megatrends

text: On November 13, 1993, a number of PCs that used the AMIBIOS firmware started at boot-up to play the tune to Happy Birthday repeatedly while halting the computer until a key was pressed. The problem was resolved with a Trojan-free firmware upgrade from most manufacturers.


title: American Megatrends

text: The AMI WinBIOS was a 1994 update to AMIBIOS, with a graphical user interface setup screen that mimicked the appearance of Windows 3.1 and supported mouse navigation, unusual at the time. WinBIOS was viewed favourably by Anand Lal Shimpi at AnandTech, but described by Thomas Pabst at Tom's Hardware as a "big disappointment", in part because of problems with distributing IRQ signals to every PCI and ISA expansion slot.


title: American Megatrends

text: In July 2008 Linux developers discovered issues with ACPI tables on certain AMIBIOS BIOSes supplied by Foxconn, ASUS, and MSI. The problem is related to the ACPI _OSI method, which is used by ACPI to determine the OS version (in case an ACPI patch only applies to one specific OS). In some cases, the OSI method caused problems on Linux systems, skipping code that was only executed on Windows systems. Foxconn and AMI worked together to develop a solution, which was included in later revisions of AMIBIOS. The issue affected motherboards with Intel Socket 775. Actual system behavior differed based on BIOS version, system hardware and Linux distribution.


title: American Megatrends

text: In October 2021 a supply chain issue was discovered where Baseboard Management Controllers were shipped with a license/royalty sticker that included a typo where the company name was written as "American Megatrands". It was determined to use the issue sticker as is and so many BMCs will continue to ship with this typo until further notice.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: Rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) is a type of vehicle armour made of a single steel composition hot-rolled to improve its material characteristics, as opposed to layered or cemented armour. Its first common application was in tanks. After World War II, it began to fall out of use on main battle tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles intended to see front-line combat as new anti-tank weapon technologies were developed which were capable of relatively easily penetrating rolled homogeneous armour plating even of significant thickness.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: Today, the term is primarily used as a unit of measurement of the protection offered by armour on a vehicle (often composed of materials that may not actually contain steel, or even contain any metals) in equivalent "millimetres of RHA", referring to the thickness of RHA that would provide the same protection. Typically, modern composite armour can provide the same amount of protection with much thinner and lighter construction than its protective equivalence in RHA. Likewise, the term is also used as a unit of measurement of penetration capability of armour-piercing weaponry, in terms of the millimetres of RHA that the weapon system can reliably penetrate.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: Armoured steel must be hard, yet resistant to shock, in order to resist high velocity metal projectiles. Steel with these characteristics is produced by processing cast steel billets of appropriate size and then rolling them into plates of required thickness. Hot rolling homogenizes the grain structure of the steel, changing the crystalline structure of the steel and normalizing it.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: RHA is homogeneous because its structure and composition are uniform throughout its thickness. The opposite of homogeneous steel plate is cemented or face-hardened steel plate, where the face of the steel is composed differently from the substrate. The face of the steel, which starts as an RHA plate, is hardened by a heat-treatment process.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: From the invention of tanks through to the Second World War, tank armour increased in thickness to resist the increasing size and power of anti-tank guns. A tank with sufficient armour could resist the largest anti-tank guns then in use.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: RHA was commonly used during this period (combined with other plate alloys and cast steel armour), and the power of anti-tank guns was measured by the thickness of RHA they could penetrate. This standard test has remained in use despite the modern usage of many other types of armour, some of which do not include steel or any other metals.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: RHA was in common use as primary armour until after World War II, during which a new generation of anti-tank rounds using shaped charges came into use instead of heavy high-velocity projectiles.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: Since World War II, because of a reduction in effectiveness against new weapons (mainly shaped charges and improved kinetic energy penetrators), RHA has largely been superseded by composite armour, which incorporates air spaces and materials such as ceramics or plastics in addition to steel, and explosive reactive armour.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: For the testing and calibration of anti-tank guns, the term "rolled homogeneous armour equivalency" ("RHAe") is used when giving an estimate of either the penetrative capability of a projectile or the protective capability of a type of armour which may or may not be steel. Because of variations in armour shape, quality, material, and case-by-case performance, the usefulness of RHAe in comparing different armour is only approximate.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: Currently, most armoured vehicles have their basic structures formed from RHA to lend general strength and toughness.


title: Rolled homogeneous armour

text: For current United States Army use, RHA is produced to military standard MIL-DTL-12560 by several manufacturers. Another standard is MIL-DTL-46177; however, this standard has been inactivated, and all new designs use MIL-DTL-12560. MIL-DTL-46177 RHA is nearly identical to AR500 in terms of tensile and yield strength.


title: Kia India

text: Kia India Private Limited is a subsidiary of Kia for its operations in India. The company was founded on 19 May 2017 following an announcement of the construction of a new 536-acre manufacturing facility in Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh. The plant started its trial production in January 2019 and the mass production of its first product, the Kia Seltos started on 31 July 2019. The billion manufacturing plant is capable of producing 300,000 vehicles annually.


title: Kia India

text: Kia India is producing several models that was developed specifically for the Indian market, namely the SP2i version of the Seltos and the sub-4 metre SUV Sonet. The plant also manufactures the Kia Carnival exclusively for the domestic market. Within less than four years of operations, in December 2022 the company announced that it has achieved a milestone of 600,000 vehicle sales.


title: Campari Group

text: Davide Campari-Milano N.V., trading as Campari Group, is an Italian company active since 1860 in the branded beverage industry. It produces spirits, wines, and non-alcoholic apéritifs. From its signature product, Campari, its portfolio has been extended to include over 50 brands, including Aperol, Appleton, Cinzano, SKYY vodka, Espolón, Wild Turkey, Grand Marnier, and Forty Creek whisky.


title: Campari Group

text: Founded in Milan by Gaspare Campari and currently headquartered in Sesto San Giovanni, the Group is now a global company (sixth-largest spirits group worldwide), marketing and distributing its products in over 190 countries. Production is concentrated in 22 manufacturing plants.


title: Campari Group

text: Campari Group employs approximately 4,000 people and has its own distribution network. The company operates in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Russia, Switzerland, the UK and Ukraine in Europe; Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico and the United States in the Americas, as well as in Australia and China. Local distributors are additionally used in over 180 other markets. Campari Group has improved its performance over the years, doubling its size since the year of its first listing on Piazza Affari, combining organic and external growth. Sales for 2012 amounted to €1,340.8 million, 76.7% of which was in spirits, 14.6% in wines, and around 8% in soft drinks.


title: Campari Group

text: Campari Group traces its beginnings back to 1860, with the birth of its flagship brand and signature, red aperitif beverage- Campari. Born in 1828, Gaspare Campari, the inventor of the recipe, was the 10th child of a farming family. At 14 he began working as a waiter and started developing a strong interest in people's drinking habits, coming to create the product that would take his name. Deciding to open his own bar, it became so successful that he opened another in the heart of Milan, making his own cordials, cream liqueurs and bitters in the basement. His choice of location near the Duomo coincided with the opening of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, contributing to the fame of its bar and its bitters, then called Bitter all'Uso d'Olanda, which became extremely popular at the time.


title: Campari Group

text: In 1904 the historic production site at Sesto San Giovanni was inaugurated. It would remain in operation until 2005 when a new production site was opened in Novi Ligure.


title: Campari Group

text: In 1926 Davide, Gaspare's son, transformed the company by dropping the production of all drinks other than a Campari bitter and Cordial Campari. Davide dedicated his considerable energy and determination to making the brand known across the world.


title: Campari Group

text: In 1932 Camparisoda, the first single-serve aperitif in the world, was launched. The bottle was designed by Fortunato Depero, one of the most famous Futurist artists of the time. The iconic bottle, unchanged to this day, has become a symbol of everyday “usable” design objects in Italy and the world. According to Italy's important newsmagazine La Domenica del Corriere [The Sunday Courrier] the new object was a “genuine novelty and wonder of the season.” Depero's invention had many highly innovative features. It was the first single-dose product, it was ready for consumption and it contained the perfect pre-dinner drink mix of Campari and soda. The bottle's striking design resembled an upside down glass.


title: Campari Group

text: Davide Campari died in 1936; ten years later, the company incorporated as Davide Campari-Milano S.p.A. The company remained concentrated on this core product for most of the rest of the century, even after Domenico Garavoglia gained control of it in the 1970s.


title: Campari Group

text: Sales grew especially strongly during the 1960s; by then, the Campari brands were distributed in over 80 countries, and over another 30 years distribution would cover 190 countries.


title: Campari Group

text: The critical step took place at the beginning of the 1990s. The rapid consolidation of the global drinks market, and especially the creation of a small number of dominant players such as Diageo and Allied Domecq, led Campari to make a choice between joining the race for market size or simply defending its core but niche product. The first step towards building a competitive portfolio on the global market came in 1995 with the acquisition of the Italian business of the Dutch Group BolsWessanen.


title: Campari Group

text: This brought a number of front-ranking names such as Crodino, Cynar, Lemonsoda, Oransoda, Biancosarti and Crodo.


title: Campari Group

text: In 1998, the group underwent a further expansion with the acquisition of a minority holding and world distribution rights (except for the USA) in Skyy Spirits LLC, owner of SKYY Vodka. Skyy Spirits, LLC became the distributor for the whole Campari portfolio in the US as part of the deal. Later in 1998 the group gained the Italian distribution rights of Lipton Ice Tea, from Unilever Group.


title: Campari Group

text: In 1999, expansion continued with the acquisition of Ouzo 12, the anise-based Greek spirit. In 1999 the group also acquired Cinzano, producing vermouth and sparkling wines and one of the most internationally known Italian brands.


title: Campari Group

text: In July 2001, the group completed its IPO on Piazza Affari, in Italy's biggest IPO of the year. The shares were priced at the lower end of the indicative price range of 30 to 38. The initial public offering was three times oversubscribed.


title: Campari Group

text: The group later acquired leading brands like the Dreher aguardiente, the Old Eight, Drury's, Gregson's and Gold Cup whiskies and Liebfraumilch wine.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2002, Campari finalized the acquisition of Zedda Piras S.p.A. (Mirto di Sardegna), owning a majority stake in Sella & Mosca S.p.A., both companies based in Sardinia, Italy. The same focus on wine brought the group to acquire Riccadonna in 2003, producing Asti sparkling white wine.


title: Campari Group

text: In December 2003, Campari Group announced the acquisition of Barbero 1891 S.p.A. that brought to the portfolio brands including Aperol, Aperol Soda and Barbieri liqueurs in the spirit segment and Mondoro and Enrico Serafino in wines.


title: Campari Group

text: In December 2005, Campari Group acquired the Teruzzi & Puthod winery in the Tuscan town of San Gimignano. Teruzzi & Puthod is one of the leading Tuscan wineries for the production of high-quality wines sold in over 20 countries worldwide.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2006, Campari Group acquired from Pernod Ricard Glen Grant, Old Smuggler and Braemar, along with the distillery where Glen Grant is produced in Rothes, Scotland. Thanks to this acquisition, the group strengthened its presence in the spirits segment and officially entered the key Scotch whisky segment.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2007, Campari Group announced the acquisition of Cabo Wabo tequila, created by Van Halen lead singer Sammy Hagar, adding the Tequila segment to the already wide portfolio.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2009, Campari Group announced the largest acquisition in its history, buying the world's top premium Kentucky bourbon whiskey, Wild Turkey. Along with Wild Turkey bourbon, American Honey liqueur, a honey and bourbon-based cordial, joined the portfolio. The group also took ownership of the distillery in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky as part of the deal.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2010, Campari Group announced an agreement to acquire Carolans Irish Cream, Frangelico Hazelnut Liqueur and Irish Mist Whiskey Honey Liqueur.


title: Campari Group

text: In December 2012, Campari Group announced the successful acquisition of Lascelles deMercado & Co. Limited, including four brands: Appleton Estate, Appleton Special/White, Wray & Nephew and Coruba, the related upstream supply chain and the local distribution company.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2014, Campari Group announced the successful acquisition of Averna, Italy's second best-selling bitter, at 103.75 million euros ($143 million). The Averna group owns a portfolio of premium brands, among which are Braulio, a herb-based bitter, and Grappa Frattina, through which Campari entered the grappa category.


title: Campari Group

text: In March 2014, Campari Group purchased Canadian whisky producer Forty Creek Distillery Ltd. for $185.6 million (Canadian). The sale included 100% of the distillery, including all Forty Creek facilities and whisky stocks. Founder John Hall stayed on as master distiller and blender.


title: Campari Group

text: Campari Group's biggest acquisition to date was of Grand Marnier in 2016. In 2017, Campari acquired Bulldog London Dry Gin and then acquired French brand Bisquit Cognac in 2018.


title: Campari Group

text: In 2019, Campari Group purchased Rhumantilles, maker of French rums Trois Rivières and Maison La Mauny; as well as Licorera Ancho Reyes and Casa Montelobos.


title: Campari Group

text: Campari Group celebrated its 160th anniversary that year with the "Infinito Campari" installation, designed by sculptor Oliviero Rainaldi. The company also curated "The Spiritheque", an editorial collection of illustrated and animated stories relaying anecdotes behind the main brands of Campari Group's product portfolio represented in a virtual art gallery.


title: Campari Group

text: 2021 marked Campari Group's 20th anniversary on the Italian Stock Exchange. In August 2022, Campari Group acquired 15% stake in Howler Head, a flavoured bourbon brand from Catalyst Spirits. In October 2022, it was announced Campari Group had acquired a minority stake in the global spirits incubator, Catalyst Sprits, for an undisclosed sum.


title: George Maryan

text: George Maryan (born 23 March 1963) is an Indian actor and comedian, who has appeared in Tamil cinema. He started his career in theatre, before working in Tamil cinema and has often collaborated with film-makers A. L. Vijay, Sundar C and Priyadarshan.


title: George Maryan

text: George Maryan began his career as an actor in theatre during 1989 and continued to perform in plays until 2002. Thereafter, he moved on to work in Tamil cinema, often portraying supporting and comedy roles. George made a breakthrough as an actor in Tamil films after being cast as a bumbling police officer in Priyadarshan's "Kanchivaram" (2008), where he was selected by the casting director A. L. Vijay, who was impressed by George's work in theatre.


title: George Maryan

text: Vijay then cast George in his own venture "Poi Solla Porom" (2008), before giving him progressively larger roles in "Madrasapattinam" (2010) as an English teacher and in "Deiva Thirumagal" (2011) as an intellectually disabled person. His role as a house servant in A. L. Vijay's "Saivam" (2014), also won him critical acclaim, with a reviewer from "The Times of India" stating George was "well-cast". The review from Behindwoods.com noted George's "expressions are topnotch", while Saraswathi of Rediff praised his "impeccable comic timing". Likewise, the reviewer from the Deccan Chronicle also noted he "shines with his natural feat", while Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu also praised his performance. Furthermore, the reviewer from Indiaglitz.com also stated "George as the servant, and Malathi who plays his wife and the servant maid, in the house steal the show with their comic timing and also perform in the only emotional scenes without any mistake". George has also collaborated with Sundar C three times, in "Aambala" and as a part of the "Kalakalappu" franchise. He then received critical acclaim for his role in "Kaithi" (2019) as a constable.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Popé's Rebellion or Popay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards reconquered New Mexico twelve years later.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: For more than 100 years beginning in 1540, the Pueblo people of present-day New Mexico were subjected to successive waves of soldiers, missionaries, and settlers. These encounters, referred to as "entradas" (incursions), were characterized by violent confrontations between Spanish colonists and Pueblo peoples. The Tiguex War, fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Native Americans, was particularly destructive to Pueblo and Spanish relations.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In 1598 Juan de Oñate led 129 soldiers and 10 Franciscan priests, plus a large number of women, children, servants, slaves, and livestock, into the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico. There were at the time approximately 40,000 Pueblo Native Americans inhabiting the region. Oñate put down a revolt at Acoma Pueblo by killing and enslaving hundreds of the Native Americans and sentencing all men 25 or older to have their foot cut off. The Acoma Massacre would instill fear of and anger at the Spanish in the region for years to come, though Franciscan missionaries were assigned to several of the Pueblo towns to Christianize the natives.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Spanish colonial policies in the 1500s regarding the humane treatment of native citizens were often ignored on the northern frontier. With the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement in 1598, the Pueblos were forced to provide tribute to the colonists in the form of labor, ground corn, and textiles. Encomiendas were soon established by colonists along the Rio Grande, restricting Pueblo access to fertile farmlands and water supplies and placing a heavy burden upon Pueblo labor. Especially egregious to the Pueblo was the assault on their traditional religion. Franciscan priests established theocracies in many of the Pueblo villages. In 1608, when it looked as though Spain might abandon the province, the Franciscans baptized seven thousand Pueblos to try to convince the Crown otherwise. Although the Franciscans initially tolerated manifestations of the old religion as long as the Puebloans attended mass and maintained a public veneer of Catholicism, Fray Alonso de Posada (in New Mexico 1656–1665) outlawed Kachina dances by the Pueblo people and ordered the missionaries to seize and burn their masks, prayer sticks, and effigies. The Franciscan missionaries also forbade the use of entheogenic substances in the traditional religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. Several Spanish officials, such as Nicolas de Aguilar, who attempted to curb the power of the Franciscans were charged with heresy and tried before the Inquisition.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In the 1670s drought swept the region, causing a famine among the Pueblo and increased raids by the Apache, which Spanish and Pueblo soldiers were unable to prevent. Fray Alonso de Benavides wrote multiple letters to the King, describing the conditions, noting "the Spanish inhabitants and Indians alike to eat hides and straps of carts". The unrest among the Pueblos came to a head in 1675. Governor Juan Francisco Treviño ordered the arrest of forty-seven Pueblo medicine men and accused them of practicing "sorcery". Four medicine men were sentenced to death by hanging; three of those sentences were carried out, while the fourth prisoner committed suicide. The remaining men were publicly whipped and sentenced to prison. When this news reached the Pueblo leaders, they moved in force to Santa Fe, where the prisoners were held. Because a large number of Spanish soldiers were away fighting the Apache, Governor Treviño was forced to accede to the Pueblo demand for the release of the prisoners. Among those released was a San Juan ("Ohkay Owingeh" in the Tewa Language) native named "Popé".


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Following his release, Popé, along with a number of other Pueblo leaders (see list below), planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. Popé took up residence in Taos Pueblo far from the capital of Santa Fe and spent the next five years seeking support for a revolt among the 46 Pueblo towns. He gained the support of the Northern Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley. The Pecos Pueblo, 50 miles east of the Rio Grande pledged its participation in the revolt as did the Zuni and Hopi, 120 and 200 miles respectively west of the Rio Grande. The Pueblos not joining the revolt were the four southern Tiwa (Tiguex) towns near Santa Fe and the Piro Pueblos south of the principal Pueblo population centers near the present day city of Socorro. The southern Tiwa and the Piro were more thoroughly integrated into Spanish culture than the other groups. The Spanish population of about 2,400, including mixed-blood mestizos, and native servants and retainers, was scattered thinly throughout the region. Santa Fe was the only place that approximated being a town. The Spanish could only muster 170 men with arms. The Pueblos joining the revolt probably had 2,000 or more adult men capable of using native weapons such as the bow and arrow. It is possible that some Apache and Navajo participated in the revolt.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The Pueblo revolt was typical of millenarian movements in colonial societies. Popé promised that, once the Spanish were killed or expelled, the ancient Pueblo gods would reward them with health and prosperity. Popé's plan was that the inhabitants of each Pueblo would rise up and kill the Spanish in their area and then all would advance on Santa Fe to kill or expel all the remaining Spanish. The date set for the uprising was August 11, 1680. Popé dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Each morning the Pueblo leadership was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. On August 9, however, the Spaniards were warned of the impending revolt by southern Tiwa leaders and they captured two Tesuque Pueblo youths entrusted with carrying the message to the pueblos. They were tortured to make them reveal the significance of the knotted cord.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Popé then ordered the revolt to begin a day early. The Hopi pueblos located on the remote Hopi Mesas of Arizona did not receive the advanced notice for the beginning of the revolt and followed the schedule for the revolt. On August 10, the Puebloans rose up, stole the Spaniards' horses to prevent them from fleeing, sealed off roads leading to Santa Fe, and pillaged Spanish settlements. A total of 400 people were killed, including men, women, children, and 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. In the rebellion at "Tusayan" (Hopi) churches at Awatovi, Shungopavi, and Oraibi were destroyed and the attending priests were killed. Survivors fled to Santa Fe and Isleta Pueblo, 10 miles south of Albuquerque and one of the Pueblos that did not participate in the rebellion. By August 13, all the Spanish settlements in New Mexico had been destroyed and Santa Fe was besieged. The Puebloans surrounded the city and cut off its water supply. In desperation, on August 21, New Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermín, barricaded in the Palace of the Governors, sallied outside the palace with all of his available men and forced the Puebloans to retreat with heavy losses. He then led the Spaniards out of the city and retreated southward along the Rio Grande, headed for El Paso del Norte. The Puebloans shadowed the Spaniards but did not attack. The Spaniards who had taken refuge in Isleta had also retreated southward on August 15, and on September 6 the two groups of survivors, numbering 1,946, met at Socorro. About 500 of the survivors were Native American slaves. They were escorted to El Paso by a Spanish supply train. The Puebloans did not block their passage out of New Mexico.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico in the power of the Puebloans. Popé was a mysterious figure in the history of the southwest as there are many tales among the Puebloans of what happened to him after the revolt. Later testimony to the Spanish by the Pueblo people was probably colored by anti-Popé sentiments and a desire to tell the Spanish what they wanted to hear.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Apparently, Popé and his two lieutenants, Alonso Catiti from Santo Domingo and Luis Tupatu from Picuris, traveled from town to town ordering a return "to the state of their antiquity." All crosses, churches, and Christian images were to be destroyed. The people were ordered to cleanse themselves in ritual baths, to use their Puebloan names, and to destroy all vestiges of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees. Popé, it was said, forbade the planting of wheat and barley and commanded those natives who had been married according to the rites of the Catholic Church to dismiss their wives and to take others after the old native tradition.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The Puebloans had no tradition of political unity. Popé was a man of trust and strict policy. Therefore, each pueblo was self-governing, and some, or all, apparently resisted Popé's demands for a return to a pre-Spanish existence. The paradise Popé had promised when the Spanish were expelled did not materialize. A drought continued, destroying Puebloan crops, and the raids by Apache and Navajo increased. Initially, however, the Puebloans were united in their objective of preventing a return of the Spanish.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Popé was deposed as the leader of the Puebloans about a year after the revolt and disappears from history. He is believed to have died shortly before the Spanish reconquest in 1692.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In November 1681, Antonio de Otermin attempted to return to New Mexico. He assembled a force of 146 Spanish and an equal number of native soldiers in El Paso and marched north along the Rio Grande. He first encountered the Piro pueblos, which had been abandoned and their churches destroyed. At Isleta pueblo he fought a brief battle with the inhabitants and then accepted their surrender. Staying in Isleta, he dispatched a company of soldiers and natives to establish Spanish authority. The Puebloans feigned surrender while gathering a large force to oppose Otermin. With the threat of a Puebloan attack growing, on January 1, 1682 Otermin decided to return to El Paso, burning pueblos and taking the people of Isleta with him. The first Spanish attempt to regain control of New Mexico had failed.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Some of the Isleta later returned to New Mexico, but others remained in El Paso, living in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. The Piro also moved to El Paso to live among the Spaniards, eventually forming part of the Piro, Manso, and Tiwa tribe.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The Spanish were never able to re-convince some Puebloans to join Santa Fe de Nuevo México, and the Spanish often returned seeking peace instead of reconquest. For example, the Hopi remained free of any Spanish attempt at reconquest; though they did, at several non-violent attempts, try for unsuccessful peace treaties and unsuccessful trade agreements. For some Puebloans, the Revolt was a success in its objective to drive away Spanish influence.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The Spanish return to New Mexico was prompted by their fears of French advances into the Mississippi valley and their desire to create a defensive frontier against the increasingly aggressive nomadic tribes on their northern borders. In August 1692, Diego de Vargas marched to Santa Fe unopposed along with a converted Zia war captain, Bartolomé de Ojeda. De Vargas, with only sixty soldiers, one hundred Indian auxiliaries or native soldiers, seven cannons (which he used as leverage against the Pueblo inside Santa Fe), and one Franciscan priest, arrived at Santa Fe on September 13. He promised the 1,000 Pueblo people assembled there clemency and protection if they would swear allegiance to the King of Spain and return to the Christian faith. After a while the Pueblo rejected the Spaniards. After much persuading, the Spanish finally made the Pueblo agree to peace. On September 14, 1692, de Vargas proclaimed a formal act of repossession. It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to the Conde de Galve, viceroy of New Spain. During the next month de Vargas visited other Pueblos and accepted their acquiescence to Spanish rule.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: Though the 1692 agreement to peace was bloodless, in the years that followed de Vargas maintained increasingly severe control over the increasingly defiant Pueblo. De Vargas returned to Mexico and gathered together about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe on December 16, 1693. This time, however, 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town opposed his entry. De Vargas and his forces staged a quick and bloody recapture that concluded with the surrender and execution of the 70 Pueblo warriors on December 30, and their surviving families (about 400 women and children) were sentenced to ten years' servitude and distributed to the Spanish colonists as slaves.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In 1696 the residents of fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the murders of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the natives over the years; de Vargas's retribution was unmerciful, thorough and prolonged. By the end of the century the last resisting Pueblo town had surrendered and the Spanish reconquest was essentially complete. Many of the Pueblos, however, fled New Mexico to join the Apache or Navajo or to attempt to re-settle on the Great Plains. One of their settlements has been found in Kansas at El Cuartelejo.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: While the independence of many pueblos from the Spaniards was short-lived, the Pueblo Revolt gained the Pueblo people a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Native Americans and argue their legal cases in the Spanish courts. The Franciscan priests returning to New Mexico did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religion.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The rebels seized over 1000 horses. Prior to this, virtually no native group in the Americas had horses. The horses seized by the Pueblos were traded over the mountains, and when plains Indians – in particular the Comanche – learned how to breed and use them, it altered the balance of power in the region.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: The 1994 episode "" references the Pueblo Revolt, in the context of ancestors of different characters having been involved in the revolt.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In 1995, in Albuquerque, La Compañía de Teatro de Albuquerque produced the bilingual play "Casi Hermanos", written by Ramon Flores and James Lujan. It depicted events leading up to the Pueblo Revolt, inspired by accounts of two half-brothers who met on opposite sides of the battlefield.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: A statue of Po'Pay by sculptor Cliff Fragua was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the US Capitol Building in 2005 as one of New Mexico's two statues.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In 2005, in Los Angeles, Native Voices at the Autry produced "Kino and Teresa", an adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet" written by Taos Pueblo playwright James Lujan. Set five years after the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, the play links actual historical figures with their literary counterparts to dramatize how both sides learned to live together and form the culture that is present-day New Mexico.


title: Pueblo Revolt

text: In 2010, students Clara Natonabah, Nolan Eskeets, Ariel Antone, members of the Santa Fe Indian School Spoken Word Team wrote and performed their spoken word piece telling the story of the Pueblo Revolt, "Po'pay" to critical acclaim in New Mexico and the US. The team performed in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The track can be found on iTunes.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus clouds are low-level clouds characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base, as opposed to convective or cumuliform clouds that are formed by rising thermals. More specifically, the term "stratus" is used to describe flat, hazy, featureless clouds at low altitudes varying in color from dark gray to nearly white. The word "stratus" comes from the Latin prefix "strato-", meaning "layer". Stratus clouds may produce a light drizzle or a small amount of snow. These clouds are essentially above-ground fog formed either through the lifting of morning fog or through cold air moving at low altitudes over a region. Some call these clouds "high fog" for their fog-like form. While light rain may fall, this cloud does not indicate much meteorological precipitation.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus clouds form when weak vertical currents lift a layer of air off the ground and it depressurizes, following the lapse rate. This causes the relative humidity to increase due to the adiabatic cooling. This occurs in environments where atmospheric "stability" is abundant.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus clouds look like featureless gray to white sheets of cloud. They can be composed of water droplets, supercooled water droplets, or ice crystals depending upon the ambient temperature.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus nebulosus clouds appear as a featureless or nebulous veil or layer of stratus clouds with no distinctive features or structure. They are found at low altitudes, and are a good sign of atmospheric stability, which indicates continuous stable weather. Stratus nebulosus may produce light rain and drizzle or flakes of snow. Stratus fractus clouds on the other hand, appear with an irregular shape, and forms with a clearly fragmented or ragged appearance. They mostly appear under the precipitation of major rain-bearing clouds; these are nimbostratus and cumulonimbus clouds, and are classified as pannus clouds. Stratus fractus can also form beside mountain slopes, without the presence of nimbus clouds (clouds that precipitate), and their color can be from dark grey to almost white.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus fractus are not divided into varieties, but stratus nebulosus on the other hand, are divided into two. The Stratus opacus variety appears as a nebulous or milky sheet of the nebulosus species, but are opaque enough to block the sun from view. Stratus Translucidus is another variety of the nebulosus species. These clouds are considered more thin than the opacus variety because this cloud is rather translucent, allowing the position of the sun or moon to be observed from earth's surface.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus clouds only have one pattern-based variety. This is the "stratus undulatus" variety. Mild undulations can be observed from this cloud, only associated by the nebulosus species. Though rare, this cloud formation is caused by disturbances on the gentle wind shear. Stratus undulatus clouds are more common on stratus stratocumulomutatus clouds where the wind is stronger as height increases.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus cumulogenitus clouds occur when the base of cumulus clouds spreads, creating a nebulous sheet of stratiform clouds. This can also occur on nimbostratus clouds (stratus nimbostratogenitus) and on cumulonimbus clouds (stratus cumulonimbogenitus). Stratus fractus clouds can also form under the base of precipitation-bearing clouds and are classified as pannus clouds. Stratus clouds may also form from formation mechanisms that aren't typical for the cloud type, for example, Stratus homogenitus, which are stratus formed by human activity, Stratus caractagenitus, which are formed from the spray of waterfalls, and Stratus silvagenitus, which are formed by evaporation or evapotranspiration occurring in a forest.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus only has one mutatus mother cloud. Stratus stratocumulomutatus clouds occur when stratocumulus opacus patches fuse to create a stratiform layer.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Stratus clouds don't produce accessory clouds, but a supplementary feature praecipitatio is derived from Latin, which means "precipitation". Stratus clouds are too low to produce virga, or rain shears that evaporate before reaching the ground, although higher stratus clouds can produce it.


title: Stratus cloud

text: A stratus cloud can form from stratocumulus spreading out under an inversion, indicating a continuation of prolonged cloudy weather with drizzle for several hours and then an improvement as it breaks into stratocumulus. Stratus clouds can persist for days in anticyclone conditions. It is common for a stratus to form on a weak warm front, rather than the usual nimbostratus.


title: Stratus cloud

text: According to Sednev, Menon, and McFarquhar, Arctic stratus and other low-level clouds form roughly 50% of the annual cloud cover in Arctic regions, causing a large effect on the energy emissions and absorptions through radiation.


title: Stratus cloud

text: Cirrostratus clouds, a very high ice-crystal form of stratiform clouds, can appear as a milky sheen in the sky or as a striated sheet. They are sometimes similar to altostratus and are distinguishable from the latter because the sun or moon is always clearly visible through transparent cirrostratus, in contrast to altostratus which tends to be opaque or translucent. Cirrostratus come in two species, "fibratus" and "nebulosus". The ice crystals in these clouds vary depending upon the height in the cloud. Towards the bottom, at temperatures of around to , the crystals tend to be long, solid, hexagonal columns. Towards the top of the cloud, at temperatures of around to , the predominant crystal types are thick, hexagonal plates and short, solid, hexagonal columns. These clouds commonly produce halos, and sometimes the halo is the only indication that such clouds are present. They are formed by warm, moist air being lifted slowly to a very high altitude. When a warm front approaches, cirrostratus clouds become thicker and descend forming altostratus clouds, and rain usually begins 12 to 24 hours later.


title: Stratus cloud

text: A stratocumulus cloud is another type of a cumuliform or stratiform cloud. Like stratus clouds, they form at low levels; but like cumulus clouds (and unlike stratus clouds), they form via convection. Unlike cumulus clouds, their growth is almost completely retarded by a strong inversion, causing them to flatten out like stratus clouds and giving them a layered appearance. These clouds are extremely common, covering on average around twenty-three percent of the earth's oceans and twelve percent of the earth's continents. They are less common in tropical areas and commonly form after cold fronts. Additionally, stratocumulus clouds reflect a large amount of the incoming sunlight, producing a net cooling effect. Stratocumulus clouds can produce drizzle, which stabilizes the cloud by warming it and reducing turbulent mixing.


title: Jack MacGowran

text: John Joseph MacGowran (13 October 1918 – 30 January 1973) was an Irish actor, probably best known for his work with Samuel Beckett.


title: Jack MacGowran

text: MacGowran was born on 13 October 1918 in Dublin, and educated at Synge Street CBS. He established his professional reputation as a member of the Abbey Players in Dublin, while he achieved stage renown for his knowing interpretations of the works of Samuel Beckett. He appeared as Lucky in "Waiting for Godot" at the Royal Court Theatre, and with the Royal Shakespeare Company in "Endgame" at the Aldwych Theatre. He released an LP record titled "MacGowran Speaking Beckett" to coincide with Samuel Beckett's 60th birthday in 1966, and he won the 1970–71 Obie for Best Performance By an Actor in the off-Broadway play "MacGowran in the Works of Beckett".


title: Jack MacGowran

text: He also specialised in the work of Seán O'Casey, creating the role of Joxer in the Broadway musical "Juno" in 1959, based on "Juno and the Paycock", O'Casey's 1924 play about the Irish Civil War. He played O'Casey's brother Archie in "Young Cassidy" (1965), one of John Ford's later films (which the director had to abandon due to ill health).


title: Jack MacGowran

text: In 1954, he moved to London, where he became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he struck up a lasting friendship with actor Peter O'Toole, with whom he later appeared in Richard Brooks' "Lord Jim" (1965). He apparently had a fractious relationship with RSC director Peter Hall. He was Old Gobbo in "The Merchant of Venice", and when the set arrived, Hall called all the cast into the theatre to view it. MacGowran was not there, still in his dressing room. An assistant was sent to fetch him. He returned alone: "Mr MacGowran says, Mr. Hall, that if you had read the play you would know that Old Gobbo was blind."


title: Jack MacGowran

text: MacGowran played the title role of Gandhi in the Broadway play written by Gurney Campbell in 1971, directed by José Quintero.


title: Jack MacGowran

text: MacGowran's film career started in Ireland with the film "No Resting Place" (1951), and many of his earlier films were set in Ireland. Notably "The Quiet Man" (1952), "The Gentle Gunman" (1952), "Rooney" (1958) and "Darby O'Gill and the Little People" (1959).


title: Jack MacGowran

text: In 1966 Roman Polanski cast him as the gangster Albie in "Cul-de-sac", before creating Professor Abronsius in "The Fearless Vampire Killers" (1967) especially for him. Other notable film appearances include the Ealing comedy "The Titfield Thunderbolt" (1953), Tony Richardson's "Tom Jones" (1963), David Lean's "Doctor Zhivago" (1965), Richard Lester's "How I Won the War" (1967), Peter Brook's "King Lear", the leading role of Professor Collins in "Wonderwall" (1968), and "Age of Consent" (1969). On TV, he appeared in "The Happening", episode 5 of "The Champions" as Banner B. Banner, (Old prospector), and in The Winged Avenger episode of "The Avengers". He played a safecracker opposite Kenneth Cope in "The Ghost Talks" episode of "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)". His last film was "The Exorcist" (1973), where he played Burke Dennings, an alcoholic director and Regan's first victim.


title: Jack MacGowran

text: Shortly after completing work on "The Exorcist", while in New York City appearing as Fluther in Seán O'Casey's "The Plough and the Stars", MacGowran died at 54 from influenza after complications resulting from the London flu epidemic. He was survived by his wife and daughter.


title: Rock art

text: In archaeology, rock art is human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also may be called cave art or parietal art. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history. In terms of technique, the main groups are:


title: Rock art

text: The oldest known rock art dates from the Upper Palaeolithic period, having been found in Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Anthropologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had magico-religious significance.


title: Rock art

text: The archaeological sub-discipline of rock art studies first developed in the late-19th century among Francophone scholars studying the rock art of the Upper Palaeolithic found in the cave systems of parts of Western Europe. Rock art continues to be of importance to indigenous peoples in various parts of the world, who view them as both sacred items and significant components of their cultural heritage. Such archaeological sites may become significant sources of cultural tourism and have been used in popular culture for their aesthetic qualities.


title: Rock art

text: The term "rock art" appears in the published literature as early as the 1940s. It has also been described as "rock carvings", "rock drawings", "rock engravings", "rock inscriptions", "rock paintings", "rock pictures", "rock records", and "rock sculptures."


title: Rock art

text: Parietal art is a term for art in caves, the definition usually extended to art in rock shelters under cliff overhangs. Popularly, it is called "cave art", and is a subset of the wider term, rock art. It is mostly on rock walls, but may be on ceilings and floors. A wide variety of techniques have been used in its creation. The term usually is applied only to prehistoric art, but it may be used for art of any date. Sheltered parietal art has had a far better chance of surviving for very long periods, and what now survives may represent only a very small proportion of what was created.


title: Rock art

text: Both parietal and cave art refer to cave paintings, drawings, etchings, carvings, and pecked artwork on the interior of caves and rock shelters. Generally, these either are engraved (essentially meaning scratched) or painted, or, they are created using a combination of the two techniques. Parietal art is found very widely throughout the world, and in many places new examples are being discovered.


title: Rock art

text: The defining characteristic of rock art is that it is placed on natural rock surfaces; in this way it is distinct from artworks placed on constructed walls or free-standing sculpture. As such, rock art is a form of landscape art, and includes designs that have been placed on boulder and cliff faces, cave walls, and ceilings, and on the ground surface. Rock art is a global phenomenon, being found in many different regions of the world. There are various forms of rock art. Some archaeologists also consider pits and grooves in the rock known as "cupules", or "cups" or "rings", as a form of rock art.


title: Rock art

text: Although there are exceptions, the majority of rock art whose creation was recorded by ethnographers had been produced during rituals. As such, the study of rock art is a component of the archaeology of religion.


title: Rock art

text: Rock art serves multiple purposes in the contemporary world. In several regions, it remains spiritually important to indigenous peoples, who view it as a significant component of their cultural heritage. It also serves as an important source of cultural tourism, and hence as economic revenue in certain parts of the world. As such, images taken from cave art have appeared on memorabilia and other artefacts sold as a part of the tourist industry.


title: Rock art

text: In most climates, only paintings in sheltered site, in particular caves, have survived for any length of time. Therefore, these are usually called "cave paintings", although many do survive in "rock-shelters" or cliff-faces under an overhang. In prehistoric times these were often popular places for various human purposes, providing some shelter from the weather, as well as light. There may have been many more paintings in more exposed sites, that are now lost. Pictographs are paintings or drawings that have been placed onto the rock face. Such artworks have typically been made with mineral earths and other natural compounds found across much of the world. The predominantly used colours are red, black and white. Red paint is usually attained through the use of ground ochre, while black paint is typically composed of charcoal, or sometimes from minerals such as manganese. White paint is usually created from natural chalk, kaolinite clay or diatomaceous earth. Once the pigments had been obtained, they would be ground and mixed with a liquid, such as water, blood, urine, or egg yolk, and then applied to the stone as paint using a brush, fingers, or a stamp. Alternately, the pigment could have been applied on dry, such as with a stick of charcoal. In some societies, the paint itself has symbolic and religious meaning; for instance, among hunter-gatherer groups in California, paint was only allowed to be traded by the group shamans, while in other parts of North America, the word for "paint" was the same as the word for "supernatural spirit".


title: Rock art

text: One common form of pictograph, found in many, although not all rock-art producing cultures, is the hand print. There are three forms of this; the first involves covering the hand in wet paint and then applying it to the rock. The second involves a design being painted onto the hand, which is then in turn added to the surface. The third involves the hand first being placed against the panel, with dry paint then being blown onto it through a tube, in a process that is akin to air-brush or spray-painting. The resulting image is a negative print of the hand, and is sometimes described as a "stencil" in Australian archaeology. Miniature stencilled art has been found at two locations in Australia and one in Indonesia.


title: Rock art

text: Petroglyphs are engravings or carvings into rock which is left "in situ". They can be created with a range of scratching, engraving or carving techniques, often with the use of a hard hammerstone, which is battered against the stone surface. In certain societies, the choice of hammerstone itself has religious significance. In other instances, the rock art is pecked out through indirect percussion, as a second rock is used like a chisel between the hammerstone and the panel. A third, rarer form of engraving rock art was through incision, or scratching, into the surface of the stone with a lithic flake or metal blade. The motifs produced using this technique are fine-lined and often difficult to see.


title: Rock art

text: Normally found in literate cultures, a rock relief or rock-cut relief is a relief sculpture carved on solid or "living rock" such as a cliff, rather than a detached piece of stone. They are a category of rock art, and sometimes found in conjunction with rock-cut architecture. However, they tend to be omitted in most works on rock art, which concentrate on engravings and paintings by prehistoric peoples. A few such works exploit the natural contours of the rock and use them to define an image, but they do not amount to man-made reliefs. Rock reliefs have been made in many cultures, and were especially important in the art of the Ancient Near East. Rock reliefs are generally fairly large, as they need to be to make an impact in the open air. Most have figures that are over life-size, and in many the figures are multiples of life-size.


title: Rock art

text: Stylistically they normally relate to other types of sculpture from the culture and period concerned, and except for Hittite and Persian examples they are generally discussed as part of that wider subject. The vertical relief is most common, but reliefs on essentially horizontal surfaces are also found. The term typically excludes relief carvings inside caves, whether natural or themselves man-made, which are especially found in India. Natural rock formations made into statues or other sculpture in the round, most famously at the Great Sphinx of Giza, are also usually excluded. Reliefs on large boulders left in their natural location, like the Hittite İmamkullu relief, are likely to be included, but smaller boulders may be called stelae or carved orthostats.


title: Rock art

text: Earth figures are large designs and motifs that are created on the stone ground surface. They can be classified through their method of manufacture. "Intaglios" are created by scraping away the desert pavements (pebbles covering the ground) to reveal a negative image on the bedrock below. The best known example of such intaglio rock art is the Nazca Lines of Peru. In contrast, "geoglyphs" are positive images, which are created by piling up rocks on the ground surface to resulting in a visible motif or design.


title: Rock art

text: Traditionally, individual markings are called motifs and groups of motifs are known as "panels". Sequences of panels are treated as archaeological sites. This method of classifying rock art however has become less popular as the structure imposed is unlikely to have had any relevance to the art's creators. Even the word 'art' carries with it many modern prejudices about the purpose of the features.


title: Rock art

text: Rock art can be found across a wide geographical and temporal spread of cultures perhaps to mark territory, to record historical events or stories or to help enact rituals. Some art seems to depict real events whilst many other examples are apparently entirely abstract.


title: Rock art

text: Prehistoric rock depictions were not purely descriptive. Each motif and design had a "deep significance" that is not always understandable to modern scholars.


title: Rock art

text: In the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe, rock art was produced inside cave systems by the hunter-gatherer peoples who inhabited the continent. The oldest known example is the Chauvet Cave in France, although others have been located, including Lascaux in France, Alta Mira in Spain and Creswell Crags in Britain and Grotta del Genovese in Sicily.


title: Rock art

text: The late prehistoric rock art of Europe has been divided into three regions by archaeologists. In Atlantic Europe, the coastal seaboard on the west of the continent, which stretches from Iberia up through France and encompasses the British Isles, a variety of different rock arts were produced from the Neolithic through to the Late Bronze Age. A second area of the continent to contain a significant rock art tradition was that of Alpine Europe, with the majority of artworks being clustered in the southern slopes of the mountainous region, in what is now south-eastern France and northern Italy.


title: Rock art

text: Cave paintings are found in most parts of Southern Africa that have rock overhangs with smooth surfaces. Among these sites are the cave sandstone of Natal, Orange Free State and North-Eastern Cape, the granite and Waterberg sandstone of the Northern Transvaal, and the Table Mountain sandstone of the Southern and Western Cape.


title: Rock art

text: The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known as the "Horny Little Man." It is petroglyph depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in Lapa do Santo, a cave in central-eastern Brazil. The most important site is Serra da Capivara National Park at Piauí state. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with the largest collection in the American continent and one of the most studied.


title: Rock art

text: A site including eight miles of paintings or pictographs that is under study in Colombia, South America at Serranía de la Lindosa was revealed in November 2020. Their age is suggested as being 12,500 years old (c. 10,480 B.C.) by the anthropologists working on the site because of extinct fauna depicted.


title: Rock art

text: Rock paintings or pictographs are located in many areas across Canada. There are over 400 sites attributed to the Ojibway from northern Saskatchewan to the Ottawa River.


title: Rock art

text: Australian Indigenous art represents the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the world. There are more than 100,000 recorded rock art sites in Australia.


title: Rock art

text: The oldest firmly dated rock-art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a rock fragment found during the excavation of the Nawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter in south western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Dated at 28,000 years, it is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth with a confirmed date. Nawarla Gabarnmang is considered to have one of the most extensive collections of rock art in the world and predates both Lascaux and Chauvet cave art - the earliest known art in Europe - by at least 10,000 years.


title: Rock art

text: In 2008 rock art depicting what is thought to be a Thylacoleo was discovered on the north-western coast of the Kimberley. As the Thylacoleo is believed to have become extinct 45000–46000 years ago (Roberts et al. 2001) (Gillespie 2004), this suggests a similar age for the associated Gwion Gwion rock paintings. Archaeologist Kim Akerman however believes that the megafauna may have persisted later in refugia (wetter areas of the continent) as suggested by Wells (1985: 228) and has suggested a much younger age for the paintings. Pigments from the Gwion Gwion of the Kimberley are so old they have become part of the rock itself, making carbon dating impossible. Some experts suggest that these paintings are in the vicinity of 50,000 years old and may even pre-date Aboriginal settlement.


title: Rock art

text: Miniature rock art of the stencilled variety at a rock shelter known as Yilbilinji, in the Limmen National Park in the Northern Territory, is one of only three known examples of such art. Usually stencilled art is life-size, using body parts as the stencil, but the 17 images of designs of human figures, boomerangs, animals such as crabs and long-necked turtles, wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare. Found in 2017 by archaeologists, the only other recorded examples are at Nielson's Creek in New South Wales and at Kisar Island in Indonesia. It is thought that the designs may have been created by stencils fashioned out of beeswax.


title: Rock art

text: The archaeological sub-discipline devoted to the investigation of rock art is known as "rock art studies." Rock art specialist David S. Whitley noted that research in this area required an "integrated effort" that brings together archaeological theory, method, fieldwork, analytical techniques and interpretation.


title: Rock art

text: Although French archaeologists had undertaken much research into rock art, Anglophone archaeology had largely neglected the subject for decades.


title: Rock art

text: The discipline of rock art studies witnessed what Whitley called a "revolution" during the 1980s and 1990s, as increasing numbers of archaeologists in the Anglophone world and Latin America turned their attention to the subject. In doing so, they recognised that rock art could be used to understand symbolic and religious systems, gender relations, cultural boundaries, cultural change and the origins of art and belief. One of the most significant figures in this movement was the South African archaeologist David Lewis-Williams, who published his studies of San rock art from southern Africa, in which he combined ethnographic data to reveal the original purpose of the artworks. Lewis-Williams would come to be praised for elevating rock art studies to a "theoretically sophisticated research domain" by Whitley. However, the study of rock art worldwide is marked by considerable differences of opinion with respect to the appropriateness of various methods and the most relevant and defensible theoretical framework.


title: Rock art

text: The UNESCO World Rock Art Archive Working Group met in 2011 to discuss the base model for a World Rock Art Archive. While no official output has been generated to date various projects around the world, such as for example The Global Rock Art Database, are looking at making rock art heritage information more accessible and more visible to assist with rock art awareness, conservation and preservation issues.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Snowy Mountains, known informally as "The Snowies", is an IBRA subregion in southern New South Wales, Australia, and is the tallest mountain range in mainland Australia, being part of the continent's Great Dividing Range cordillera system. It makes up the northeastern half of the Australian Alps (the other half being the Victorian Alps) and contains Australia's five tallest peaks, all of which are above , including the tallest Mount Kosciuszko, which reaches to a height of above sea level. The offshore Tasmanian highlands makes up the only other major alpine region present in the whole of Australia.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Snowy Mountains experiences large natural snowfalls every winter, normally during June, July, August and early September, with the snow cover melting by late spring. It is considered to be one of the centers of the Australian ski industry during the winter months, with all four snow resorts in New South Wales being located in the region. The range is host to the mountain plum-pine, a low-lying type of conifer.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The mountain range is thought to have had Aboriginal occupation for 20,000 years. Large gatherings were held in the High Country during summer for collective feasting on the Bogong moth.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The area was first explored by Europeans in 1835, and in 1840, Edmund Strzelecki ascended Mount Kosciuszko and named it after the Polish patriot. High country stockmen followed who used the Snowy Mountains for grazing during the summer months. Banjo Paterson's famous poem The Man From Snowy River recalls this era. The cattle graziers have left a legacy of mountain huts scattered across the area. Today these huts are maintained by the National Parks and Wildlife Service or volunteer organisations like the Kosciuszko Huts Association.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: In the 19th century gold was mined on the high plains near Kiandra. At its height this community had a population of about 4,000 people, and ran 14 hotels. Since the last resident left in 1974, Kiandra has become a ghost town of ruins and abandoned diggings.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Kosciuszko National Park came into existence as the National Chase Snowy Mountains on 5 December 1906. In 1944 this became the Kosciuszko State Park, and then the Kosciuszko National Park in 1967.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: Recreational skiing began at Kiandra in the 1860s and experienced a boom in the 20th century following the commencement of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme between 1949 and 1976 which brought many European workers to the district and opened up access to the ranges.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The discovery of gold at Kiandra (elevation ), in 1859, briefly enticed a population of thousands above the snowline and saw the introduction of recreational skiing to the Snowy Mountains around 1861. The Kiandra Goldrush was short-lived, but the township remained a service centre for recreational and survival skiing for over a century. Australia's first T-Bar was installed at Kiandra in 1957, but the ski facilities were finally shifted up the hill to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th Century, the focus of recreational skiing in New South Wales shifted southward, to the Mount Kosciuszko region.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Kosciuszko Chalet was built at Charlotte Pass in 1930, giving relatively comfortable access to Australia's highest terrain. In 1964, Australia briefly boasted the "World's Longest Chairlift", designed to carry skiers from the Thredbo Valley to Charlotte Pass, but technical difficulties soon closed the facility. At , Charlotte Pass has the highest village base elevation of any Australia ski resort and can only be accessed via over-snow transport in winter. The growing number of ski enthusiasts heading to Charlotte Pass led to the establishment of a cafe at Smiggin Holes around 1939, where horse-drawn sleighs would deliver skiers to begin the arduous ski to the Kosciusko Chalet. It was the construction of the vast Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme from 1949 that really opened up the Snowy Mountains for large scale development of a ski industry and led to the establishment of Thredbo and Perisher as leading Australian resorts. The Construction of Guthega Dam brought skiers to the isolated Guthega district and a rope tow was installed there in 1957.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: Skifields up by Kosciusko's side were also established during this period, though their existence is now little realised. The Australian Alpine Club was founded in 1950 by Charles Anton. Huts were constructed in the "Backcountry" close to Mount Kosciusko, including Kunama Hut, which opened for the 1953 season. A rope tow was installed on Mount Northcote at the site and opened in 1954. The site proved excellent for speed skiing, but the hut was destroyed in an avalanche, which also killed one person, in 1956.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: Anton also recognised the potential of the Thredbo Valley for construction of a major resort and village, with good vertical terrain. Construction began in 1957. Today, Thredbo has 14 ski-lifts and possesses Australia's longest ski resort run, the 5.9 km from Karel's T-Bar to Friday Flat; Australia's greatest vertical drop of 672 m; and the highest lifted point in Australia at 2037 m.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The last establishment of a major skifield in NSW came with the development of Mount Blue Cow in the 1980s. In 1987 the Swiss designed Skitube Alpine Railway opened to deliver skiers from Bullocks Flat, on the Alpine Way, to Perisher Valley and to Blue Cow, which also opened in 1987. The operators of Blue Cow purchased Guthega in 1991, and the new combined resort later merged with Perisher-Smiggins to become the largest ski resort in the Southern Hemisphere. In 2022, Perisher had 48 lifts covering 1,245 hectares and four village base areas: Perisher Valley, Blue Cow, Smiggin Holes and Guthega.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Snowy Mountains also feed the Murrumbidgee and Murray rivers from the Tooma River, Whites River and Yarrangobilly River. The range is perhaps best known for the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a project to dam the Snowy River, providing both water for irrigation and hydroelectricity.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The project began in 1949 employing 100,000 men, two-thirds of whom came from thirty other countries during the post-World War II years. Socially this project symbolises a period during which Australia became an ethnic "melting pot" of the twentieth century but which also changed Australia's character and increased its appreciation for a wide range of cultural diversity.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Scheme built several temporary towns for its construction workers, several of which have become permanent: Cabramurra (the highest town in Australia); and Khancoban. Additionally, the economy of Cooma has been sustained by the Scheme. Townships at Adaminaby, Jindabyne and Talbingo were inundated by the construction of Lakes Eucumbene, Jindabyne and Talbingo. Improved vehicular access to the High Country enabled ski-resort villages to be constructed at Thredbo and Guthega in the 1950s by ex-Snowy Scheme workers who realised the potential for expansion of the Australian ski industry.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: By 1974, of tunnels and of aqueducts connected the sixteen dams, seven power stations (two underground), and one pumping station. The American Society of Civil Engineers has rated the Snowy Scheme as "a world-class civil engineering project".


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The principal lakes created by the scheme include: Lake Eucumbene, Blowering Dam, Talbingo Dam, Lake Jindabyne and Tantangara Dam.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The higher regions of the park experience an alpine climate which is unusual on mainland Australia. However, only the peaks of the main range are subject to consistent heavy winter snow. The climate station at Charlotte Pass recorded Australia's lowest temperature of -23.0 °C on 28 June 1994.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: Part of the mountains known as Main Range contains mainland Australia's five glacial lakes. The largest of these lakes is Blue Lake, one of the headwaters of the Snowy River. The other four glacial lakes are Lake Albina, Lake Cootapatamba, Club Lake and Headley Tarn.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: During the last ice age, which peaked about 20,000 years ago in the Pleistocene epoch, the highest peaks of the main range near Mount Kosciuszko experienced a climate which favoured the formation of glaciers, evidence of which can still be seen today. Cirques moraines, tarn lakes, roche moutonnées and other glacial features can all be seen in the area. Lake Cootapatamba, which was formed by an ice spilling from Mount Kosciuszko's southern flank, is the highest lake on the Australian mainland. Lake Albina, Club Lake, Blue Lake, and Hedley Tarn also have glacial origins.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: There is some disagreement as to exactly how widespread Pleistocene glaciation was on the main range, and little or no evidence from earlier glacial periods exists. The 'David Moraine', a one kilometre long ridge running across Spencers Creek valley seems to indicate a larger glacier existed in this area at some time, however the glacial origin of this feature is disputed.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: There is evidence of periglacial activity in the area. Solifluction appears to have created terraces on the north west flank of Mount Northcote. Frost heave is also a significant agent of soil erosion in the Kosciuszko Area.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The Snowy Mountains cover a variety of climatic regions which support several distinct ecosystems. The alpine area above the tree line is one of the most fragile and covers the smallest area. This area is a patchwork of alpine heaths, herbfields, feldmarks, bogs and fens. The windswept feldmark ecotope is endemic to the alpine region, and covers a mere .


title: Snowy Mountains

text: Many rare or threatened plant and animal species live within the Snowy Mountains. The Kosciuszko National Park is home to one of Australia's most threatened species (the corroboree frog), the endangered mountain pygmy possum and the more common dusky antechinus are located in the high country of the park.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: By 2008, wild horse numbers in the National Park had reached 1,700 with that figure growing by up to 300 each year, resulting in park authorities coordinating their culling and relocation.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: The high country is dominated by alpine woodlands, characterised by the snow gum. Montane and wet sclerophyll forests also occur across the ranges, supporting large stands of alpine ash and mountain gum. In the southern Byadbo wilderness area, dry sclerophyll and wattle forests predominate. Amongst the many different native trees in the park, the large Chinese elm has become naturalised.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: In summer 2003, the Australian Alps experienced their largest bush-fires for over 60 years with an estimated 1.73 million hectares burning. The bush-fires burnt across Victoria, New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) during a drought that ranks as one of the worst in 103 years of official Australian weather records. Fires are a natural feature of the park's ecosystem.


title: Snowy Mountains

text: In November 2004, a committee "The Snowy Mountains Bush-fire Recovery Taskforce" was set up by the NSW State Premier's Department to help residents in the region recover from the fires. The Taskforce commissioned Louise Darmody from Sound Memories to produce a documentary involving 26 people from the Snowy Mountains to talk about their experiences. The interviewees included farmers, school children, volunteers and employees from the NSW Rural Fire Service and National Park Snowy Hydro.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: Saloni Aswani is an Indian actress and model who appears in Telugu and Kannada films. After finishing her education, Saloni ventured into modelling, appearing in various television advertisements. She went on to pursue a career in acting, debuting in the Hindi film "Dil Pardesi Ho Gayaa" (2003), following which she starred in several Telugu films, failing to achieve notable commercial success. She gained notice through her performances in Buddhivantha and S. S. Rajamouli's "Maryada Ramanna" (2010), leading to roles in further major Telugu productions.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: Aswani was born in Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra into a Sindhi-speaking family as Vandana. Her father was an assistant commissioner of narcotics. The family moved to CGS quarters at Wadala, Mumbai, when she was around five years old. After completing school, she enrolled at the Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University (SNDT) near New Marine Lines/Churchgate, Mumbai, and graduated in Psychology.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: She was always interested in acting and was supported by her mother, while her father wanted her to "do a respectable job". Without her father's knowledge, she created a portfolio and sent it to modelling agencies. She appeared in several television advertisements like Vaseline, Lifebuoy, Parachute Oil, Moove, Chic Shampoo, Three Roses tea and Meera soaps. Throughout her academic career, she had always participated in dramas, especially mimicking Sridevi. She also participated with a theatre group Kala Sansad and took acting lessons in Ashok Kumar's Academy of Dramatic Arts, run by his daughter, Preeti Ganguly.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: She made her acting debut in the 2003 Hindi film "Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya", directed by Sawaan Kumar Tak, who rechristened her as Saloni. She then got to appear in her first Telugu film "Dhana 51" (2005) and followed it up with "Oka Oorillo", both of them ending up as commercial failures. In 2006 she starred in 5 films, performing lead roles in "Chukkallo Chandrudu" and "Kokila" in Telugu and "Rehguzar" and "Saawan... The Love Season" in Hindi, the latter featuring her as Salman Khan's romantic interest, while doing a special appearance in the song "Nachindey Chesey" for the film "Boss, I Love You". She debuted in the Tamil film industry with a starring role in "Madurai Veeran" (2007), and in the Kannada cinema the following year, playing one of the five lead actresses in "Buddhivanta", both being her only releases in 2007 and 2008, respectively; the latter went on to become a blockbuster.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: Her first release in 2009 was the Kannada film "Dubai Babu", in which she played a minor supporting role, with her performance being appreciated by critics. Later that year, she appeared in a cameo role in the high-budget fantasy adventure "Magadheera" by S. S. Rajamouli, which garnered attention and prompted Rajamouli to cast her as the lead female character in his subsequent project "Maryada Ramanna", with Sunil as the protagonist. Described as a "musical comedy", the film received positive reviews, while also emerging commercially successful. Saloni garnered positive feedback as well, with Jeevi from Idlebrain noting that she was "refreshing" and looked "pretty good". Her other 2010 release was "Mr. Theertha" in Kannada language, with Saloni citing that she was upset with the attitude of the makers, resulting in her declining further Kannada projects. She has finished shooting for the film "Telugu Ammayi", which she terms as a "female-oriented film", revolving around her character, Balatripura Sundari, a "typical traditional innocent Telugu girl" who "turns ferocious to save her struggling family". For the film, she had to ride a horse in one particular scene and speak the Godavari slang throughout. In late 2011, she made a special appearance in the Tamil film "Rajapattai", starring Vikram.


title: Saloni Aswani

text: In 2012, Saloni played a lead female role in "Bodyguard" alongside Venkatesh and Trisha Krishnan. She next appeared in "Adhinayakudu" opposite Balakrishna and two Kannada films "Lakshmi" and "Benki Birugali". Saloni Aswani's upcoming films include the Kannada films "Jaggi" directed by Sultan Raja and "Shivam" directed by Srinivasa Raju and the Telugu film "Race Gurram".


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Teterboro Airport is a general aviation relief airport in the boroughs of Teterboro, Moonachie, and Hasbrouck Heights in Bergen County, New Jersey. It is owned and managed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and operated by AFCO AvPORTS Management. The airport is in the New Jersey Meadowlands, from Midtown Manhattan, which makes it popular for private and corporate aircraft. The airport has a weight limit of on aircraft, making it nonviable as an airline airport.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: The airport takes up almost all of Teterboro and consists of : for aircraft hangar and offices, for aeronautical use and runways, and undeveloped. The airport has more than 1,137 employees, of whom more than 90% are full-time.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In April 2009, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reported that the airport had the third highest rate of wildlife strikes of any airport in the United States, based on takeoffs and landings (43 per 100,000).


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Teterboro Airport is the oldest operating airport in the New York City area. Walter C. Teter (1863–1929) acquired the property in 1917. North American Aviation operated a manufacturing plant on the site during World War I. After the war, the airport served as a base of operations for Anthony Fokker, the Dutch aircraft designer. The first flight from the present airport site was made in 1919. In 1926,


title: Teterboro Airport

text: During World War II, the United States Army operated the airport. The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey purchased it on April 1, 1949, from Fred L. Wehran, a private owner, and later leased it to Pan American World Airways (and its successor organization Johnson Controls) for 30 years until December 1, 2000, when the Port Authority assumed full responsibility for the operation of Teterboro.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 2003, U.S. Congressman Steve Rothman helped authorize a federal bill to retain a ban on aircraft exceeding a weight of from taking off from Teterboro because of excessive noise in the surrounding residential areas.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 2019, Teterboro Airport trailed Republic Airport in total number of aircraft operations by 46,047 (173,625 at TEB vs 219,672 at FRG), making it the second busiest general aviation airport in the region and fifth busiest airport when including operations from Kennedy Airport (463,198), Newark Airport (449,543), and LaGuardia Airport (374,539).


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport saw a significant drop in total number of aircraft operations, with a reduction in traffic to 86,465 (difference in 87,160 flights); however, Teterboro leads Republic Airport in transient flights while Republic has more local general aviation traffic and had 165,250 flights during the pandemic.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Two large office buildings are centrally located, one at 90 Moonachie Avenue and the other on Fred Wehran Drive, which houses the Department of Homeland Security. Both buildings have a total area of .


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Additional office and shop space totals an area of . There is also an operations building, maintenance facility and two fuel farms.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: The control tower was built on the east side of the airport by the FAA and went into operation on October 29, 1975. The original control tower is not operational but is still part of the original wooden Atlantic Aviation hangar on Industrial Avenue. It is on the northeast corner of the hangar.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Runway 6-24 is long and wide, with High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL). Runway 6 approach has an Instrument Landing System (ILS) and a Medium Approach Lighting System-R (MALS-R). Runway 24 approach is equipped with both a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) and Runway End Identification Lights (REIL) systems. Runway 6-24 underwent complete overlay and grooving in 1987.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Runway 1-19 is long and wide, with HIRL. Both runways 1 and 19 are equipped with REIL systems. Runway 1 approach is equipped with a VASI system. Runway 19 approach has an ILS and a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). Runway 1-19 was overlaid and grooved in the summer of 2000, and included the installation of centerline and touchdown zone lighting. Runway 19 is the preferred runway for noise abatement procedures.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 2017 the airport had 178,369 aircraft operations, averaging 488 per day: 65.6% general aviation, 34% air taxi, 0.3% military, and <1% airline. 121 aircraft were then based at this airport: 81% jet, 10.7% helicopter, 6.6% single-engine, and 1.7% multi-engine.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: The Aviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey is on the airport grounds. Founded in 1972, it is the first state aviation hall of fame in the nation, honoring the men and women who brought outstanding aeronautical achievements to the state. The museum offers visitors an opportunity to view historic air and space equipment and artifacts, photographs, fine art and an extensive model collection. The library has more than 4,000 volumes and hundreds of aviation video tapes.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Teterboro Airport can be reached from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on New Jersey Transit bus routes 161 (regular service), 165 (limited weekday service) and 144 (peak periods weekdays). The Teterboro station is the closest rail station along NJ Transit's Pascack Valley Line, but the Wood-Ridge station is also close to the southwest of the airport.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 1956 and again in 1958, Thomas Fitzpatrick flew stolen aircraft from Teterboro and landed them along city streets in the Hudson Heights, Manhattan neighborhood.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In June 1966, in Hasbrouck Heights, a two-engine Piper Aztec going to Teterboro Airport crashed, striking a tree and narrowly missing homes on Burton Avenue near U.S. Route 46 (US 46). The pilot sustained injuries including a skull fracture and was taken to Hackensack Hospital by ambulance. He was carrying film for Eastman Kodak.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On September 23, 1981, a Ronson Aviation Bell 206B helicopter and a Seminole Air Charier Piper PA-34 airplane collided in flight over East Rutherford, about south of Teterboro Airport. The airplane had a flight plan to Teterboro from Syracuse, New York. The helicopter was inbound to Teterboro from Woodbridge, NJ. The two collided at an altitude of about . The helicopter fell into the Meadowlands Sports Complex parking lot, and both persons aboard were killed. The airplane, with about of its left wing and its right engine missing, made a gear-up landing in a marsh about east of the collision point. The pilot was seriously injured, and the passenger received minor injuries.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On December 9, 1999, a small plane crashed between two houses in neighboring Hasbrouck Heights, killing all four people aboard, injuring three people on the ground and setting a garage on fire.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On March 9, 2002 a single-engine Cessna 210 with a flight plan to Montauk, NY, crashed shortly after takeoff about 2 p.m. killing the only occupant and pilot. Upon impact the plane skidded about before it burst into flames, narrowly missing cars on US 46 about away.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On September 9, 2002, a Piper Saratoga carrying a Canadian family took off from Teterboro Airport and crashed into a housing development in Hunterdon County 10 minutes later. The parents were killed, and the two children were critically injured. The incident caused millions in damage.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On February 2, 2005 at 7:18 a.m., a Bombardier Challenger CL-600-1A11, N370V, hurtled off a runway at Teterboro Airport, skidded across US 46 and slammed into a warehouse during the morning rush, injuring 20 people, 11 of them on the plane. It was mere coincidence – a red traffic signal – that thwarted a full-scale disaster. A moment later, and the intersection would have been swarming with commuter traffic. Forty-five minutes later classes would have been in session at the nearby Teterboro campus of Bergen County Technical High School. An hour later the warehouse would have been filled with 200 workers. The two pilots were seriously injured, as were two occupants in a vehicle. The cabin aide, eight passengers, and one person in the building received minor injuries. Five people remained hospitalized, one of them gravely injured. A 66-year-old Paterson man who was riding in a car the jet struck was on life support, authorities said. Later that year, Congress passed legislation authored by U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg that directed the FAA to install arrestor beds at all U.S. airports.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On September 2, 2005 at 21:22 local time, a Cessna 177A, N30491, crashed in South Hackensack during an emergency landing at Teterboro airport. A Teterboro employee observed the plane descending toward runway 24, lost sight of it as it descended below the horizon, then saw two or three bright flashes. The pilot sustained fatal injuries and the passenger serious injuries.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On October 11, 2006 a Cirrus SR20 took off from Teterboro and crashed in New York City at 2:42 pm local time. The aircraft struck the north side of an apartment building on the Upper East Side of Manhattan; it caused a fire in two apartments on the 40th and 41st floors, which was extinguished within an hour. The aircraft was owned and piloted by New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle, who died in the accident along with his flight instructor. As a result of this accident the FAA established restrictions on flying up the East River.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: Two midair collisions have occurred over the Hudson River involving aircraft that departed from Teterboro, one in 1976, and one in 2009. As a result of the later accident the FAA came up with new guidelines for pilots flying the Hudson River, including mandatory reporting points and separating slower helicopter traffic from faster fixed-wing traffic via assigned altitude blocks.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On January 15, 2009, Teterboro Airport was suggested as a potential landing site for the crippled US Airways Flight 1549, whose engines were disabled on takeoff from nearby LaGuardia Airport after a flock of birds flew into the plane. The pilots determined that they did not have enough altitude to make it to Teterboro, instead choosing to attempt a landing in the Hudson River. The successful landing is referred to as the Miracle on the Hudson.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On August 21, 2009, around 3:00 a.m., a Beechcraft Baron crashed while attempting to land. The pilot and passenger survived but sustained burns requiring the attention of Saint Barnabas Medical Center's burn unit, the only one in the state of New Jersey. The plane was believed to have originated at Reading, PA, and was carrying blood samples for Quest Diagnostics, which has a lab on property adjacent to Teterboro Airport.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On October 1, 2010, at about 1:45 p.m., a G-4 Gulfstream overshot the runway. It was stopped by an arrester bed. Seven passengers and two pilots were on the plane. No one was injured. The cause of the accident has not been determined.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On December 20, 2011, a single-engine TBM700 crashed on Interstate 287 near Morristown after leaving Teterboro Airport headed for Georgia. Five people, including a family of four and one other passenger, were killed.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On May 15, 2017 at about 3:30 p.m., a Learjet 35 crashed about away while approaching Runway 1. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; no others were on board. It had departed Philadelphia International Airport shortly before. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) safety recommendations from this accident included a requirement for "operators to establish programs for flight crewmembers who have demonstrated performance deficiencies or experienced failures during training and administer additional oversight and training to address and correct performance deficiencies."


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On August 21, 2018, a Gulf Stream IV jet transporting musician Post Malone took off from Teterboro Airport on its way to London Luton Airport in Luton, England. Shortly after takeoff, the pilots discovered that the two left main tires of the landing gear had blown out. After circling the airport for nearly an hour, in hopes of making an emergency landing, the plane was diverted to Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport in western Massachusetts where it once again circled the airspace, burning fuel before its descent attempt in order to lighten the plane's weight. Once again, the plane was diverted to Stewart International Airport, a public/military airport equipped with longer runways, meaning pilots would not need to engage reverse thrusters or spoilers, thereby lessening the weight on the landing gear and the plane's remaining tires. Ultimately, the plane landed on the approximately 12,000 foot long Runway 9, which is nearly double the length of the longest runway at Teterboro Airport. All passengers and crew members survived the landing with no injuries.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In January 1954, Arthur Godfrey buzzed the Teterboro control tower with his Douglas DC-3, resulting in a six-month suspension of his license. Godfrey claimed that windy conditions forced him to turn immediately after takeoff when, in fact, he was angry with the tower due to him not getting clearance on the runway that he requested. Seven years later, in 1961, Godfrey recorded a satirical song about the incident called "Teterboro Tower." The song, performed roughly to the tune of "Wabash Cannonball", was released as a 45-inch single by Contempo Records.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: On July 24, 1973, Bob Gruen photographed Led Zeppelin in front of "The Starship", the band's private Boeing 720 passenger jet, before it departed for a gig at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh. The photo is considered an iconic shot of the band.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In the final scene of the 1994 film "Wolf", Michelle Pfeiffer's character, Laura Alden, tells detectives that Jack Nicholson's character, Will Randall, is most likely on his way to Teterboro Airport. Moments later, a detective confirms that a plane chartered by Alden is waiting at the airport.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: The airport can be seen in two episodes of "The Sopranos". In the first episode of the second season, the airport can be seen in the background of a driving scene, doubling as Newark Liberty International Airport. The airport is also seen and mentioned, by name, in the series finale.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In 2003, Jay-Z coined the nickname "clearport" for Teterboro on his song "Excuse Me Miss", in reference to Teterboro having less traffic than other major commercial airports in the New York metropolitan area.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: The airport is mentioned as a potential emergency landing location for US Airways Flight 1549 in the 2016 biographical drama film "Sully", as it was in the true life 2009 event the film is based on.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In the first season finale of the 2021 television series "Chucky", the airport is mentioned as the destination for a truckload of Good Guy dolls.


title: Teterboro Airport

text: In the 2022 film "Uncharted", the characters Nathan Drake and Victor Sullivan travel to Barcelona via Teterboro Airport. In May 2022, the airport was used as a location in the fourth episode of the Netflix comedy series, "The Pentaverate" when a helicopter piloted by the Mike Myers character, Ken Scarborough, is remotely controlled to land at Teterboro Airport. In the debut issue of "New Fantastic Four", published by Marvel Comics in June 2022, Wolverine informs Spider-Man that he has a cab waiting to bring them to Teterboro Airport.