title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: President Svetlana Belikova meets agent Ada Wong, who is posing as a BSAA agent. Ada explains a human infected with the dominant Las Plagas parasite will have a brief master-slave relationship with lesser BOWs infected with the T-virus (Lickers Beta themselves). Elsewhere, Leon tries to warn the soldiers of Ivan's infection look, but Buddy starts a shoot-out. Buddy kills Ivan after being asked. Leon escapes and meets JD, only for Plaga hosts to attack them. JD leads Leon to a church, where they regroup with other rebels. JD helps Leon escape, urging him to stop Buddy, as he is obsessed with his hatred of the government, which bombed his school and killed his fiancée and students. Leon runs into Ada, who admits she is in the country to collect a sample of Las Plagas. She leaves and warns him the city will soon be bombed. Leon returns to the church to find Ganados have attacked it, killing the other rebels and infecting JD. After Buddy arrives, Leon kills JD. Leon then asks Buddy to give up Las Plagas, but he refuses and escapes when military jets bomb the church.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: Svetlana exposes Ada as a fraud and captures her after a fight. Leon enters the bunker where Ada is held, and the two meet at the main hive control. When Svetlana and her army troops surround them, Ada releases a smoke bomb and escapes while Leon kills several soldiers. Buddy arrives and sends Lickers to attack the troops. Svetlana dispatches Tyrants to eliminate Leon, Buddy and the Lickers but they are defeated. Just as Svetlana prepares for her press conference, she is informed of a joint Russian and American invasion, which forces her to resign.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: As Leon and Buddy watch the invasion, Buddy asks Leon to kill him before his Plaga takes control. Leon refuses, telling him to live to serve as the living memory of those who died and then shoots Buddy's spine, severing the Plaga's control over him. Afterwards, Leon speaks to Hunnigan about the mission, while elsewhere Ada speaks to her employer about a Las Plagas sample she retrieved, but does not make clear if she will hand it over or not.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: At the end of 2008, when "" was released, the producers talked about a possible sequel. As a result of "Degeneration"s commercial success, Capcom and SPEJ decided to co-operate again to produce the sequel. Production for the sequel officially began in September 2010. The director is Makoto Kamiya, who often spoke with producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi due to his experience with the "Resident Evil" video games. The character models were created based on Capcom's input in "Resident Evil 6", which was released shortly before the film. Leon's recurring appearances in the games and previous films led to him being the film's protagonist. The team received the Licker's CGI model from Capcom. However, the team created original creatures in order to make "Damnation" a more unique film. In order to make the film faithful to the series, Kamiya often consulted Capcom over how should characters interact. He found the CGI animation challenging, and described the film as a standalone, but still recommended fans to play certain games and watch "Degeneration" to understand the film better. Kamiya initially wanted "Damnation" to follow the dysfunctional romance between Leon and Ada, but the idea was scrapped. He stated that the film is meant to foreshadow elements of "Resident Evil 6".


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: The film was produced with motion capture and 3D. Kobayashi spoke of the team's desire to make the CGI films as appealing as Hollywood films. Kobayashi had produced "Resident Evil 4" and wanted to make a sequel to it. To contrast Claire's role from "Degeneration", Ada Wong was picked as the returning heroine. The film features buddy elements but with focus on how more mature Leon is depicted. While there is focus on action, Kobayashi also introduced more horror elements. The inclusion of the Tyrants is meant to give the audience a shock due to how menacing he is. Another change in regards to the films is the handling of post-Soviet Russia rather than having another story set in North America.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: Writer Shotaro Suga returned from writing "Degenaration". He further elaborated on the romance between Leon and Ada was briefly explored in "Resident Evil 4" and since both never met in "Resident Evil 5", there might have been a time when the two met. For the film, Suga went to Eastern Europe and created the East Slavic Republic, a fictional post-Soviet country formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The ending is meant to be a cliffhanger as the story is meant to continue in "Resident Evil 6". In retrospect, Suga claims that "Damnation" surpassed "Degeneration". The theme song by Anna Tsuchiya, "Carry On", is played during the credits.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: Toshiyuki Morikawa returned to voice Leon in Japanese while Matthew Mercer dubbed in English. The latter had previously done the motion capture for "Resident Evil 6" too but was replaced for the film by Kevin Dorman. Mercer elaborates the Leon from "Damnation" is a more "younger, cockier" character, and "actually follows his transition" in contrast to the "broken, downtrodden Leon that "Resident Evil 6" begins with". "Damnation" was recorded over five days according to Mercer, which lasted longer than the video game. Mercer said the script was "pretty stringent, but we [the staff] were able to improvise a bit". Thanks to discussions with the director, Mercer was able to give his character more personality, linking him to Spider-Man, who also has a tendency to perform one-liners. He claimed that since some of Leon's enemies are silent, there was not a lot of opportunity to perform jokes. Courtenay Taylor, who plays Ada Wong, said that she felt pressure when voicing her character since it was her major debut as "Operation Raccoon City" was not popular, unlike "Damnation" and "Resident Evil 6", and had more knowledge about the live-action films. Val Tasso said that JD was his most memorable work and said that he also did the motion capture unlike other actors, and said he enjoyed his character for the multiple facets the script gives him most notably when interacting with Leon despite their initial antagonism.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: The first trailer and first seven minutes of the film debuted in the panel discussion at the San Diego Comic-Con on July 13, 2012. The film was released theatrically in Shinjuku, Aichi, and Osaka on October 27, 2012.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: Capcom and Sony Pictures released "Damnation" as a digital download on Xbox Live, Zune and PlayStation Network on September 15, 2012, and on DVD and Blu-ray on September 25, 2012. The "Damnation" bonus contents include an art gallery of conceptual sketches, a 7-minute short film about the creatures seen in the film, a 30-minute documentary about the making of the film, a 6-minute gag reel, and video game and film trailers (such as "Resident Evil 6", "" and "Dragon's Dogma").


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: The film grossed at the Japanese box office, with its debut week earning $666,837. In the United States, "Resident Evil: Damnation" has earned in home video sales. In Japan, the DVD sold 24,952 units while the Blu-ray sold 23,917 units.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 5 reviews are positive for the film, and the average rating is 8/10. Blu-ray.com found the story to be accessible to newcomers, and named "Damnation" as one of the faithful video game adaptations especially thanks to the characters' dynamics. "IGN" gave the film a score of 7.8 out of 10, named it "the best "Resident Evil" film to-date" but stated that there was a lack of accessibility for newcomers. Joel Harley from "Starburst" rated the film 7/10, and criticized the lack of introduction to the characters for viewers who are new to the series, though felt that fans of the franchise would enjoy the installment, the CGI of which allowed for compelling action sequences. Blu-ray.com was more positive, finding the story accessible to newcomers and naming "Damnation" as one of the faithful video game adaptations. Otaku USA found the premise confusing and noted that the relationship Leon has with Ada comes across underdeveloped while the horror elements are removed in the climax.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: Reviewing the home media releases, the audio was commended by Blu-ray.com for evoking a battlefield and fitting into the setting due to the use of several weapon powers, while the various characters was stated to have "heavy Eastern Bloc accents" by DVD Talk, but "the crispness and clarity of the center channel will not leave [the viewer] scratching [their] head as to what was said." "IGN" said that the audio of the Blu-ray version was well presented along with the soundtrack. "The Hollywood News" commented that the animation was one of the major outstanding parts of the film for giving the enemy creatures horror-like looks.


title: Resident Evil: Damnation

text: In a retrospective article, "Escapist Magazine" wrote that "Damnation" was the best film in the entire franchise, citing a narrative similar to "Resident Evil 4", and lauded the film for its accessibility, visuals, and action sequences. Looper gave "Degeneration", "Damnation" and "Vendetta" the title of "Honorable Mention" when listing all "Resident Evil" movies as a result of the live-actions having generally been reviewed more than the CGI ones.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Postpartum psychosis, also known as puerperal psychosis, involves the abrupt onset of severe mental illness shortly following childbirth. While symptoms of postpartum psychosis have long been observed in mothers, the phenomenon eventually came to be understood as comprising a group of at least twenty distinct disorders.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Psychosis is a condition marked by symptoms such as mania, stupor or catatonia, perplexity, confusion, disorders of the will and self, delusions and/or hallucinations. Psychiatric disorders that lack these symptoms, such as non-psychotic depression, are not included in the group of disorders that comprise postpartum psychosis. Of that group, the most common in high-income nations is postpartum bipolar disorder.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Almost every symptom known to psychiatry occurs in these mothers – every kind of delusion including the rare delusional parasitosis, delusional misidentification syndrome, Cotard delusion, erotomania, the changeling delusion, denial of pregnancy or birth, command hallucinations, disorders of the will and self, catalepsy and other symptoms of catatonia, self-mutilation and all the severe disturbances of mood. In addition, literature from the 18th century also describes symptoms not generally recognized, such as rhyming speech, enhanced intellect, and enhanced perception.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: As for collections of symptoms (syndromes), about 40% have puerperal mania, with increased vitality and sociability, reduced need for sleep, rapid thinking and pressured speech, euphoria and irritability, loss of inhibition, violence, recklessness and grandiosity (including religious and expansive delusions); puerperal mania is considered to be particularly severe, with highly disorganized speech, extreme excitement and eroticism.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Another 25% have an acute polymorphic (cycloid) syndrome. This is a changing clinical state, with transient delusions, fragments of other syndromes, extreme fear or ecstasy, perplexity, confusion, and motility disturbances. In the past, some experts regarded this as pathognomonic (specific) for puerperal psychosis, but this syndrome is found in other settings, not just the reproductive process, and in men. These psychoses are placed in the World Health Organization's ICD-10 under the rubric of acute and transient psychotic disorders. In general psychiatry, manic and cycloid syndromes are regarded as distinct, but, studied long-term among childbearing women, the bipolar and cycloid variants are intermingled in a bewildering variety of combinations, and, in this context, it seems best to regard them as members of the same 'bipolar/cycloid' group. Together, the manic and cycloid variants make up about two thirds of childbearing psychoses.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Postpartum bipolar disorders must be distinguished from a long list of organic psychoses that can present in the puerperium, and from other non-organic psychoses; both of these groups are described below. It is also necessary to distinguish them from other psychiatric disorders associated with childbirth, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, complaining disorders and bonding disorders (emotional rejection of the infant), which occasionally cause diagnostic difficulties.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Clinical assessment requires obtaining the history from the mother herself and, because she is often severely ill, lacking in insight and unable to give a clear account of events, from at least one close relative. A social work report and, in mothers admitted to hospital, nursing observations are information sources of great value. A physical examination and laboratory investigations may disclose somatic illness complicating the obstetric events, which sometimes provokes psychosis. It is important to obtain the case records of previous episodes of mental illness, and, in patients with multiple episodes, to construct a summary of the whole course of her psychiatric history in relation to her life.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: In the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, published in 1992, the recommendation is to classify these cases by the form of the illness, without highlighting the postpartum state. There is, however, a category F53.1, entitled 'severe mental and behavioural disorders associated with the puerperium', which can be used when it is not possible to diagnose some variety of affective disorder or schizophrenia. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, whose 5th edition was published in May 2013, allows the use of a 'peripartum onset specifier' in episodes of mania, hypomania or major depression if the symptoms occur during pregnancy or the first four weeks of the puerperium. The failure to recognize postpartum psychosis, and its complexity, is unhelpful to clinicians, epidemiologists, and other researchers.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Postpartum bipolar disease belongs to the bipolar spectrum, whose disorders exist in two contrasting forms – mania and depression. They are highly heritable, and affected individuals (less than 1% of the population ) have a lifelong tendency (diathesis) to develop psychotic episodes in certain circumstances. The 'triggers' include a number of pharmaceutical agents, surgical operations, adrenal corticosteroids, seasonal changes, menstruation and childbearing. Research into puerperal mania is, therefore, not the study of a 'disease-in-its-own right', but an investigation into the childbearing triggers of bipolar disorder.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Psychoses triggered in the first two weeks after the birth – between the first postpartum day (or even during parturition until about the 15th day – complicate approximately 1/1,000 pregnancies. The impression is sometimes given that this is the only trigger associated with childbearing. But there is evidence of four other triggers – late postpartum, prepartum, post-abortion and weaning. Marcé, widely considered an authority on puerperal psychoses, claimed that they could be divided into early and late forms; the late form begins about six weeks after childbirth, associated with the return of the menses. His view is supported by the large number of cases in the literature with onset 4–13 weeks after the birth, mothers with serial 4-13 week onsets and some survey evidence. The evidence for a trigger acting in pregnancy is also based on the large number of reported cases, and particularly on the frequency of mothers experiencing two or more prepartum episodes. There is evidence, especially from surveys, of bipolar episodes triggered by abortion (miscarriage or termination). The evidence for a weaning trigger rests on 32 cases in the literature, of which 14 were recurrent. The relative frequency of these five triggers is given by the number of cases in the literature – just over half early postpartum onset, 20% each late postpartum and prepartum onset, and the rest post-abortion and weaning onset.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: In addition, episodes starting after childbirth may be triggered by adrenal corticosteroids, surgical operations (such as Caesarean section) or bromocriptine as an alternative to, or in addition to, the postpartum trigger.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: With modern treatment, a full recovery can be expected within 6–10 weeks. After recovery from the psychosis, some mothers have depression, which can last for weeks or months. About one third have a relapse, with a return of psychotic symptoms a few weeks after recovery; these relapses are not due to a failure to comply with medication, because they were often described before pharmaceutical treatment was discovered. A minority have a series of periodic relapses related to the menstrual cycle. Complete recovery, with a resumption of normal life and a normal mother-infant relationship is the rule.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Many of these mothers experience other bipolar episodes, on the average about one every six years. Although suicide is almost unknown in an acute puerperal manic or cycloid episode, depressive episodes later in life carry an increased risk, and it is wise for mothers to maintain contact with psychiatric services in the long term.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: In the event of a further pregnancy, the recurrence rate is high – in the largest series, about three quarters had a recurrence, but not always in the early puerperium; the recurrence could occur during pregnancy, or later in the postpartum period. This suggests a link between early onset and other onset groups.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: It is known that women with a personal or family history of puerperal psychosis or bipolar disorder are at risk of a puerperal episode. The highest risk of all (82%) is a combination of a previous postpartum episode and at least one earlier non-puerperal episode. There is a need to counsel women at high risk before they embark on pregnancy, especially those on prophylactic treatment. The issues include the teratogenic risk, the frequency of recurrence and the risks and benefit of various treatments during pregnancy and breast-feeding; a personal analysis should be made for each individual, and is best shared with close family members. The teratogenic risks of antipsychotic agents are small, but are higher with lithium and anti-convulsant agents. Carbamazepine, when taken in early pregnancy, has some teratogenic effects, but valproate is associated with spina bifida and other major malformations, and a foetal valproate syndrome; it is contra-indicated in women who may become pregnant. Given late in pregnancy, antipsychotic agents and lithium can have adverse effects on the infant. Stopping mood-stabilisers has a high risk of recurrence during pregnancy.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: If a woman at high risk becomes pregnant, it is essential to convene a planning meeting. This is urgent because the diagnosis of pregnancy may be late, and the birth may be premature. The meeting should be attended by primary care, obstetric and psychiatric staff, together (if possible) with the expectant mother and her family and (if appropriate) a social worker. There are many issues – pharmaceutical treatment, antenatal care, early signs of a recurrence, the management of the puerperium, and the care and safety of the infant. It is important that the psychiatric team is notified as soon as the infant is born.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: It has been recognized since the 19th century that it is optimal for a woman with puerperal psychosis to be treated at home, where she can maintain her role as homemaker and mother to her other children, and develop her relationship with the new-born. But there are many risks, and it is essential that she is monitored by a competent adult round the clock, and visited frequently by professional staff. Home treatment is a counsel of perfection and most women will be admitted to a psychiatric hospital, many as an emergency, and usually without their babies. In a few countries, especially Australia, Belgium, France, India, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, special units allow the admission of both woman and infant. Conjoint admission has many advantages, but the risks to the infant of admission to a ward full of severely ill mothers should not be understated, and the high ratio of nursing staff, required to safeguard the infants, make these among the most expensive psychiatric units.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: These mothers require sedation with anti-psychotic (neuroleptic) agents, but are liable to extrapyramidal symptoms, including the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Since the link with bipolar disorder was recognized (about 1970), treatment with mood-stabilizing agents, such as lithium and anti-convulsant drugs, has been employed with success. Electroconvulsive therapy has the reputation of efficacy in this disorder, and it can be given during pregnancy (avoiding the risk of pharmaceutical treatment), with due precautions. But there have been no trials, and Dutch experience has shown that almost all mothers recover quickly without it. After recovery the mother may need antidepressant treatment and/or prophylactic mood stabilizers; she will need counselling about the risk of recurrence and will often appreciate psychotherapeutic support.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: There is much evidence that lithium can at least partly prevent episodes in mothers at high risk. It is dangerous during parturition, when pressure in the pelvis can obstruct the ureters and raise blood levels. Started after the birth its adverse effects are minimal, even in breast-fed infants.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: The cause of postpartum bipolar disorder breaks down into two parts – the nature of the brain anomalies that predispose to manic and depressive symptoms, and the triggers that provoke these symptoms in those with the bipolar diathesis. The genetic, anatomical and neurochemical basis of bipolar disorder is at present unknown, and is one of the most important projects in psychiatry; but is not the main concern here. The challenge and opportunity presented by the childbearing psychoses is to identify the triggers of early postpartum onset and other onset groups.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Considering that these psychoses have been known for centuries, little effort has so far been made to understand the underlying biology. Research has lagged far behind other areas of medicine and psychiatry. There is a dearth of knowledge and of theories. There is a much evidence of heritability, both from family studies and molecular genetics. Early onset cases occur more frequently in first time mothers, but this is not true of late postpartum or pregnancy onset. There are not many other predictors. Sleep deprivation has been suggested. Inhibition of steroid sulphatase caused behavioural abnormalities in mice. A recent hypothesis, supported by collateral studies, invokes the re-awakening of auto-immunity after its suppression during pregnancy, on the model of multiple sclerosis or autoimmune thyroiditis; a related hypothesis has proposed that abnormal immune system processes (regulatory T cell biology) and consequent changes in myelinogenesis may increase postpartum psychosis risk. Aberrant steroid hormone–dependent regulation of neuronal calcium influx via extracellular matrix proteins and membrane receptors involved in responding to the cell's microenvironment might be important in conferring biological risk. Another promising lead is based on the similarity of bipolar-cycloid puerperal and menstrual psychosis; many women have had both. Late-onset puerperal psychoses, and relapses may be linked to menstruation. Since almost all reproductive onsets occur when the menstrual cycle is released from a long period of inhibition, this may be a common factor, but it can hardly explain episodes starting in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Between the 16th and 18th centuries about 50 brief reports were published; among them is the observation that these psychoses could recur, and that they occur both in breast-feeding and non-lactating women. In 1797, Osiander, an obstetrician from Tübingen, reported two cases at length – masterly descriptions which are among the treasures of medical literature. In 1819, Esquirol conducted a survey of cases admitted to the Salpêtrière, and pioneered long-term studies. From that time, puerperal psychosis became widely known to the medical profession. In the next 200 years over 2,500 theses, articles and books were published. Among the outstanding contributions were Delay's unique investigation using serial curettage and Kendell's record-linkage study comparing 8 trimesters before and 8 trimesters after the birth. In the last few years, two monographs reviewed over 2,400 works, with more than 4,000 cases of childbearing psychoses from the literature and a personal series of more than 320 cases.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: The lack of a formal diagnosis in the DSM and ICD has hindered research. Research is needed to improve the care and treatment of affected mothers, but it is of paramount importance to investigate the causes, because this can lead to long term control and elimination of the disease. The opportunities come under the heading of clinical observation, the study of the acute episode, long-term studies, epidemiology, genetics and neuroscience. In a disorder with a strong genetic element and links to the reproductive process, costly imaging, molecular-genetic and neuroendocrinological investigations will be decisive. These depend on expert laboratory methods. It is important that the clinical study is also 'state-of-the-art'– that scientists understand the complexity of these psychoses, and the need for multiple and reliable information sources to establish the diagnosis.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: This is the name given to a psychosis whose theme, onset and course are all related to an extremely stressful event. The psychotic symptom is usually a delusion. Over 50 cases have been described, but usually in unusual circumstances, such as abortion or adoption, or in fathers at the time of the birth of one of their children. They are occasionally seen after normal childbirth.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: These are so uncommon in the puerperium that it seems reasonable to regard them as sporadic events, not puerperal complications.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Brief states of stupor have rarely been described in the first few hours or days after the birth. They are similar to parturient delirium and stupor, which are among the psychiatric disorders of childbirth.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: There are at least a dozen organic (neuropsychiatric) psychoses that can present in pregnancy or soon after childbirth. The clinical picture is usually delirium – a global disturbance of cognition, affecting consciousness, attention, comprehension, perception and memory – but amnesic syndromes and a mania-like state also occur. The two most recent were described in 1980 and 2010, and it is quite likely that others will be described. Organic psychoses, especially those due to infection, may be more common in nations with high parturient morbidity.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: The most common organic postpartum psychosis is infective delirium. This was mentioned by Hippocrates: there are 8 cases of puerperal or post-abortion sepsis among the 17 women in the 1st and 3rd books of epidemics, all complicated by delirium. In Europe and North America the foundation of the metropolitan maternity hospitals, together with instrumental deliveries and the practice of attending necropsies, led to epidemics of streptococcal puerperal fever, resulting in maternal mortality rates up to 10%. The peak was about 1870, after which antisepsis and asepsis gradually brought them under control. These severe infections were often complicated by delirium, but it was not until the nosological advances of Chaslin and Bonhöffer that they could be distinguished from other causes of postpartum psychosis. Infective delirium hardly ever starts during pregnancy, and usually begins in the first postpartum week. The onset of sepsis and delirium are closely related, and the course parallels the infection, although about 20% of patients continue to have chronic confusional states after recovery from the infection. Recurrences after another pregnancy are rare. Their frequency began to decline at the end of the 19th century, and fell steeply after the discovery of the sulphonamides. Puerperal sepsis is still common in Bangladesh, Nigeria and Zambia. Even in the United Kingdom, cases are still occasionally seen. It would be a mistake to forget this cause of puerperal psychosis.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Eclampsia is the sudden eruption of convulsions in a pregnant woman, usually around the time of delivery. It is the late complication of pre-eclamptic toxaemia (gestosis). Although its frequency in nations with excellent obstetric services has fallen below 1/500 pregnancies, it is still common in many other countries. The primary pathology is in the placenta, which secretes an anti-angiogenic factor in response to ischaemia, leading to endothelial dysfunction. In fatal cases, there are arterial lesions in many organs including the brain. This is the second most frequent organic psychosis, and the second to be described. Psychoses occur in about 5% of cases, and about 240 detailed cases have been reported. It particularly affects first time mothers. Seizures may begin before, during or after labour, but the onset of psychosis is almost always postpartum. These mothers usually experience delirium but some have manic features. The duration is remarkably short, with a median duration of 8 days. This, together with the absence of a family history and of recurrences, contrasts with puerperal bipolar/cycloid psychoses. After recovery, amnesia and sometimes retrograde memory loss may occur, as well as other permanent cerebral lesions such as dysphasia, hemiplegia or blindness.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: A variant was described by Donkin . He had been trained by Simpson (one of those who first recognized the importance of albuminuria) in Edinburgh, and recognized that some cases of eclamptic psychosis occurred without seizures; this explains the interval between seizures (or coma) and psychosis, a gap that has occasionally exceeded 4 days: seizures and psychosis are two different consequences of severe gestosis. Donkin psychosis may not be rare: a British series included 13 possible cases; but clarifying its distinction from postpartum bipolar disorder requires prospective investigations in collaboration with obstetricians.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: This was described by Wernicke and Korsakoff. The pathology is damage to the core of the brain including the thalamus and mamillary bodies. Its most striking clinical feature is loss of memory, which can be permanent. It is usually found in severe alcoholics, but can also result from pernicious vomiting of pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum), because the requirement for thiamine is much increased in pregnancy; nearly 200 cases have been reported. The cause is vitamin B (thiamine) deficiency. This has been available for treatment and prevention since 1936, so the occurrence of this syndrome in pregnancy should be extinct. But these cases continue to be reported – more than 50 in this century – from all over the world, including some from countries with advanced medical services; most are due to rehydration without vitamin supplements. A pregnant woman who presents in a dehydrated state due to pernicious vomiting urgently needs thiamine, as well as intravenous fluids.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Various vascular disorders occasionally cause psychosis, especially cerebral venous thrombosis. Puerperal women are liable to thrombosis, especially thrombophlebitis of the leg and pelvic veins; aseptic thrombi can also form in the dural venous sinuses and the cerebral veins draining into them. Most patients present with headache, vomiting, seizures and focal signs such as hemiplegia or dysphasia, but a minority of cases have a psychiatric presentation. The incidence is about 1 in 1,000 births in Europe and North America, but much higher in India, where large series have been collected. Psychosis is occasionally associated with other arterial or venous lesions: epidural anaesthesia can, if the dura is punctured, lead to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural haematoma. Arterial occlusion may be due to thrombi, amniotic fragments or air embolism. Postpartum cerebral angiopathy is a transitory arterial spasm of medium caliber cerebral arteries; it was first described in cocaine and amphetamine addicts, but can also complicate ergot and bromocriptine prescribed to inhibit lactation. Subarachnoid haemorrhage can occur after miscarriage or childbirth. All these usually present with neurological symptoms, and occasionally with delirium.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Women with a lifelong epileptic history are liable to psychoses during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium. Women occasionally develop epilepsy for the first time in relation to their first pregnancy, and psychotic episodes have been described. There are over 30 cases in the literature.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Pituitary necrosis following postpartum haemorrhage (Sheehan's syndrome) leads to failure and atrophy of the gonads, adrenal and thyroid. Chronic psychoses can supervene many years later, based on myxoedema, hypoglycaemia or Addisonian crisis. But these patients can also develop acute and recurrent psychoses, even as early as the puerperium.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Hyponatraemia (which leads to delirium) can complicate oxytocin treatment, usually when given to induce an abortion. By 1975, 29 cases had been reported, of which three were severe or fatal.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Inborn errors of the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle lead to hyperammonaemia. In carriers and heterozygotes, encephalopathy can develop in pregnancy or the puerperium. Cases have been described in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1, argino-succinate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: The most recent form of organic childbearing psychosis to be described is encephalitis associated with antibodies to the NMDA receptor; these women often have ovarian teratomas. A Japanese review found ten reported during pregnancy and five after delivery.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Sydenham's chorea, of which chorea gravidarum is a severe variant, has a number of psychiatric complications, which include psychosis. This usually develops during pregnancy, and occasionally after the birth or abortion. Its symptoms include severe hypnagogic hallucinations (hypnagogia), possibly the result of the extreme sleep disorder. This form of chorea was caused by streptococcal infections, which at present respond to antibiotics; it still occurs as a result of systemic lupus or anti-phospholipid syndromes. Only about 50 chorea psychoses have been reported, and only one this century; but it could return if the streptococcus escapes control. Alcohol withdrawal states (delirium tremens) occur in addicts whose intake has been interrupted by trauma or surgery; this can happen after childbirth. Postpartum confusional states have also been reported during withdrawal from opium and barbiturates. One would expect acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) encephalitis to present in pregnancy or the puerperium, because it is a venereal disease that can progress rapidly; one case of AIDS encephalitis, presenting in the 28th week of gestation, has been reported from Haiti, and there may be others in countries where AIDS is rife. Anaemia is common in pregnancy and the puerperium, and folate deficiency has been linked to psychosis.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: The psychoses, mentioned above, all had a recognized connection with childbearing. But medical disorders with no specific link have presented with psychotic symptoms in the puerperium; in them the association seems to be fortuitous. They include neurosyphilis, encephalitis including von Economo's, meningitis, cerebral tumours, thyroid disease and ischaemic heart disease.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: In the UK, a series of workshops called "Unravelling Eve" were held in 2011, where women who had experienced postpartum depression shared their stories.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Harriet Sarah, Lady Mordaunt (1848–1906), formerly Harriet Moncreiffe, was the Scottish wife of an English baronet and Member of Parliament, Sir Charles Mordaunt. She was the defendant in a sensational divorce case in which the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) was embroiled; after a controversial trial lasting seven days, the jury determined that Lady Mordaunt had "puerperal mania" and her husband's petition for divorce was dismissed, while Lady Mordaunt was committed to an asylum.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Andrea Yates had depression and, four months after the birth of her fifth child, relapsed, with psychotic features. Several weeks later she drowned all five children. Under the law in Texas, she was sentenced to life imprisonment, but, after a retrial, was committed to a mental hospital.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) described severe depression with psychotic features starting after childbirth, perhaps similar to that experienced by the author herself.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Stacey Slater, a fictional character in the long-running BBC soap-opera "EastEnders" had postpartum psychosis in 2016, and was one of the show's biggest storylines that year.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Postpartum psychosis, especially when there is a marked component of depression, has a small risk of filicide. In acute manic or cycloid cases, this risk is about 1%. Most of these incidents have occurred before the mother came under treatment, and some have been accidental. Several nations including Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and Italy recognize postpartum mental illness as a mitigating factor in cases where mothers kill their children. In the United States, such a legal distinction was not made as of 2009, and an insanity defense is not available in all states.


title: Postpartum psychosis

text: Apart from the two monographs mentioned in the text (references 1 and 86), the following books have been published about these psychoses:


title: Richard Kyanka

text: Richard Charles "Lowtax" Kyanka (May 11, 1976 – November 9, 2021) was an American internet personality who created the website "Something Awful".


title: Richard Kyanka

text: The nickname "Lowtax" is a reference to Tennessee politician Byron (Low Tax) Looper, who achieved national notoriety at about the same time Something Awful was being launched. In Kyanka's own words,


title: Richard Kyanka

text: Kyanka started Something Awful several months before being forced to resign from his job at PlanetQuake for writing a derogatory website update about a fellow employee. He moved the "Cranky Steve" personality in question to the site in 1999.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: Originally, the site was limited mostly to personal content, in which Kyanka personally reviewed video games, movies, and comics which he felt were "something awful". However in later years the site grew to feature numerous writers and columnists, putting Kyanka's own writings in the minority. Kyanka is the creator of the characters Jeff K. and Cliff Yablonski, that are featured on the Something Awful site.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: In addition to administrating Something Awful, he also owned the movie publishing company Awful Video, which released the first and second DVDs of the computer and video game-themed show "Mega64". In addition to that, he owned and operated City Name Sports Team, a clothing line that mocked sports fanaticism and team loyalty; and released his first CD of original music under his ARC moniker, which he derived from his email address at university. He later added Moofwear to this list, a second clothing line featuring drawings by SA frontpage writer and forums member Tom "Moof" Davies. In November 2005, Lowtax released the DVD of "Doom House", a horror movie parody he and fellow SA writer and Internet personality Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen created in 2003.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: In 2001, Kyanka was entered into the "Entertainment Weekly" (EW) Entertainer of the Year online poll, and went on to receive the most votes. Although he received "thousands" of votes, he was manually removed from the top results by "EW", which stated that many of the votes for Kyanka came from relatively few IP addresses. This in turn caused an email support campaign, but "EW" did not change its decision, pointing out that "similar phrasing" in the many emails proved that only a few people were sending multiple emails. "EW" awarded "Entertainer of the Year" to Britney Spears.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: In October 2005, Kyanka appeared at a seminar hosted by the Association for Computing Machinery at the University of Illinois and showed a presentation on maintaining an online community.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: As a writer with an audience of video game enthusiasts, Kyanka made some mark in video game culture. One of the most obvious references to him is in the game "Icewind Dale II" where a tombstone bears the inscription "Richard Kyanka – Writer of Humorous Stories."


title: Richard Kyanka

text: A character named "Lowtax" appeared in the comic "Smallville" #11 (based on the show of the same name). The character was named Lowtax by a member of the Something Awful Forums as a homage to Kyanka.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: On June 20, 2006, Kyanka announced that he had accepted Uwe Boll's challenge to a boxing match, which Boll had issued to all his online critics. This boxing match took place on September 23 of the same year in Vancouver resulting in Lowtax's defeat. Kyanka subsequently claimed Boll had given assurances that neither were expected to actively compete, as it was a publicity stunt. Wired magazine covered Raging Boll.


title: Richard Kyanka

text: In 2007, Kyanka joined former "Mystery Science Theater 3000" host Michael J. Nelson in an audio commentary mocking the film "Troll 2" for Nelson's RiffTrax website.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Sakshi Malik (born 3 September 1992) is an Indian freestyle wrestler. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics. She is a part of the JSW Sports Excellence Program, along with fellow female wrestlers Vinesh Phogat, Babita Kumari and Geeta Phogat.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik had previously won the silver medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, and the bronze medal at the 2015 Asian Wrestling Championships in Doha.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik was born on 3 September 1992 in Mokhra village of Haryana's Rohtak district to Sukhbir, a bus conductor with Delhi Transport Corporation, and Sudesh Malik, a supervisor at a local health clinic. According to her father, she was motivated to take up wrestling from seeing her grandfather Badlu Ram, who was also a wrestler. She began training in wrestling at the age of 12 under a coach, Ishwar Dahiya, at an Akhara in Chhotu Ram Stadium, Rohtak. However, there were four people out there namely, Kuldeep Malik, Ishwar Dahiya, Mandeep Singh, and Rajbir Singh who claimed themselves as the coach of Sakshi Malik. Later on, Sakshi herself submitted an affidavit with the sports department, informing that Ishwar Dahiya and Mandeep Singh are her coaches.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik's first success as a professional wrestler in the international arena came in 2010 at the Junior World Championships where she won the bronze medal in the 58 kg  freestyle event. At the 2014 Dave Schultz International Tournament, she won gold in the 60 kg category. And after that, she never stopped and maintained her passion and dedication to the game.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik began her campaign at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games winning her quarterfinal bout against Edwige Ngono Eyia of Cameroon by a 4–0 margin. In the semifinal, she faced Braxton Stone of Canada whom she defeated 3–1 to assure herself of a medal. Her opponent in the final was Aminat Adeniyi of Nigeria who defeated her 4–0 in a closely contested bout. At the 2014 World Championships in Tashkent, she faced Anta Sambou of Senegal in the Round of 16, and won the bout 4–1. She crashed out of the tournament after a 1–3 loss to Petra Olli of Finland.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: At the 2015 Asian Championships in Doha, Qatar, in a total of five rounds in the 60  kg category, Malik battled through two rounds to finish in the third position and claim a bronze medal. In the first round, she faced Luo Xiaojuan of China but was beaten 4–5 by the fall verdict. She came back strongly in the second round to beat Munkhtuya Tungalag of Mongolia 13–0, before losing in the third round to Yoshimi Kayama of Japan. She was able to clinch the bronze medal in the fourth round, beating Ayaulym Kassymova of Kazakhstan.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics by defeating China's Zhang Lan in the semifinal of the 58  kg category at the Olympic World Qualifying Tournament in May 2016. At the Olympics, she won her Round of 32 bout against Sweden's Johanna Mattsson and Round of 16 bout against Moldova's Mariana Cherdivara. After losing to the eventual finalist Valeria Koblova of Russia in the quarterfinal, she qualified for the repechage round where she defeated Pürevdorjiin Orkhon of Mongolia in her first bout. She won the bronze medal after an 8–5 victory over the reigning Asian champion Aisuluu Tynybekova of Kyrgyzstan, despite trailing 0–5 at one stage, in the repechage medal playoff, and became India's first female wrestler to win an Olympic medal.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Sakshi Malik represented 'Colors Delhi Sultans' in the second edition of the Pro Wrestling League held in January 2017. She has also been featured in the women's day campaign called #EveryWomanStrong for her sponsor JSW Group.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: In 2022, she competed at the Yasar Dogu Tournament held in Istanbul, Turkey. She won the bronze medal in her event at the 2022 Tunis Ranking Series event held in Tunis, Tunisia. She then went on to win the gold medal at 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik is currently employed with Indian Railways in the commercial department of its Delhi division, in the Northern Railway zone and she is a part of the JSW Sports Excellence Program. Following her bronze medal win at Rio, she was promoted from senior clerk to gazetted officer rank.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: Malik has completed a master's degree in physical education from Maharshi Dayanand University in Rohtak. In September 2016, she was appointed as the university's wrestling director.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: In an interview shortly after the Rio Olympics, Malik said she was engaged to be married to a fellow wrestler Satyawart Kadian later in 2016. Satyawart Kadian is also an international level wrestler and has won medals in Asian Games and Commonwealth Games.


title: Sakshi Malik

text: In 2022, Malik appeared in a short documentary by German broadcaster Deutsche Welle about women in wrestling, featuring young wrestler Payal Sharma. The documentary features Malik training Sharma on her way to be a professional wrestler, as well as a view into Indian culture with regards to traditionally held gender roles and, in particular, women in sports.


title: Alline Bullock

text: Alline Bullock (December 1, 1936 – September 4, 2010) was an American songwriter and the older sister of singer Tina Turner. Bullock was the one-time manager of the girl group the Ikettes. She wrote songs for Ike & Tina Turner as well as their band the Kings of Rhythm, most notably "Funkier Than a Mosquita's Tweeter" which was covered by Nina Simone.


title: Alline Bullock

text: Ruby Alline Bullock was born on December 1, 1936, the second child of Zelma Priscilla (née Currie) and first to Floyd Richard Bullock. She had a half-sister, Evelyn Juanita Currie, who was two years older and a younger sister, Anna Mae Bullock, three years her junior. Her family lived in Nutbush, Tennessee where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180.


title: Alline Bullock

text: During World War II, her parents moved up north for work and she stayed at her maternal grandparents' home while her younger sister stayed with their paternal grandparents. After the war, Bullock and her sisters were reunited with their parents in Knoxville, Tennessee. Shortly after, the family returned to Haywood County and she attended Flagg Grove Elementary School. In 1950, her mother left without notice, moving to St. Louis, Missouri, to escape her volatile marriage. Her father remarried soon after and moved to Detroit, Michigan. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna Currie in Brownsville, Tennessee. As a teenager, her half-sister Evelyn died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans. After graduating from Carver High School in Brownsville, Bullock moved to Detroit to live with some relatives for a short while before reuniting with her mother in St. Louis.


title: Alline Bullock

text: In 1956, Bullock's grandmother Georgeanna died and her sister Anna Mae joined them in St. Louis. Bullock introduced her sister to the club scene in St. Louis and the neighboring East St. Louis, Illinois. Bullock worked as a barmaid at the Manhattan Club where the house band was Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm. Turner had the most popular band in the Greater St. Louis area. Bullock was dating Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington when he gave Anna Mae the microphone during an intermission in 1957. Anna Mae joined the band as Little Ann, one of Turner's vocalists.


title: Alline Bullock

text: In 1960, Turner renamed Little Ann, giving her the name Tina Turner, and formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. The duo released a string of hit records, including "A Fool in Love" (1960), "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1961), and "I Idolize You" (1961). Bullock eventually relocated to Los Angeles and lived with Ike and Tina's four sons while they toured across the country. She worked in the business side of the Ike & Tina Turner organization. She briefly managed the Ikettes (Robbie Montgomery, Venetta Fields, and Jessie Smith) after they left the revue in 1965, but Ike prevented them from using the name; they became the Mirettes. As a songwriter, Bullock wrote songs for Ike & Tina Turner, most notably "Funkier Than a Mosquita's Tweeter" on their album "Workin' Together" (1970). The song has been covered by various artists, including Nina Simone. She also wrote three songs on the 1972 album, "Strange Fruit", by Family Vibes (formerly the Kings of Rhythm).


title: Alline Bullock

text: After her sister's acrimonious divorce from Ike in 1978, Bullock still considered him her brother-in-law and attended his funeral in 2007. She told "Ebony" in 2008: "He was generous and jovial. He seemed like he was forgiving and wanted to be forgiven for the things he did in his early years. The media after he died, tried to destroy his name." By then, she was using the surname Selico. She died at 73 in Valley Village, California, on September 4, 2010. She is survived by her daughter, Jacquline Bullock, and her grandchildren.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: Pac-Man Museum + is a 2022 compilation video game developed by Now Production and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. Being a sequel to the 2014 compilation title "Pac-Man Museum", "Pac-Man Museum +" includes 14 games from the "Pac-Man" series, with additional features such as missions and online leaderboards.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: The compilation was released worldwide on May 27, 2022 on Windows via Steam, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: Like the previous collection, "Pac-Man Museum +" features fourteen games from the "Pac-Man" franchise, ranging from arcade titles to home console/handheld releases. These games are presented as playable machines in a virtual arcade, where the player can control Pac-Man and explore. The classic games are playable via modified emulation, while some of the modern games are source ports. Select games in the collection are locked upon first startup, and require the player to complete two play sessions of specific games. The game features an in-game currency system known as coins. Coins can be earned by obtaining high scores or by completing missions in games, and can be spent to play the arcade games in the collection, as well as to purchase objects from a vending machine and gashapon capsules at a gashapon machine. These items can be placed throughout the arcade to customize it to the player's liking. Additional features include a CRT filter, save points for select classic games and online leaderboards.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: "Pac-Man Arrangement (2005)" lacks the two-player mode found in the original game, similar to previous ports of the game.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: "Pac-Man Museum +" was originally announced on social media platforms by Bandai Namco Entertainment on November 19, 2021, slated for an early 2022 release. On February 25, 2022, "Famitsu" announced a livestream showcasing first "hands-on" footage of "Pac-Man Museum +", which was streamed on March 4, 2022. On February 28, 2022, the game was given a May 27, 2022 release date through social media announcements, alongside the game scheduled to be included on Xbox Game Pass the day it launches. In Japan, the game was scheduled to launch on Steam on May 28, 2022; the release moved a day earlier on May 25, 2022.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: The versions of "Pac-Land", "Pac-In-Time" and "Pac-Attack" in the collection are modified to remove any references of Ms. Pac-Man appearing in-game, with the Pac-Mom character created specifically for the game taking her place instead – as previously seen in the "Arcade Archives" re-release of "Pac-Land", released a month earlier. The designs for Pac-Baby (named Pac-Sis in the collection) and Jr. Pac-Man (named Pac-Boy in the collection) have also been altered to remove resemblance to Ms. Pac-Man, as well as Chomp-Chomp's name being altered to Pac-Buddy. While it hasn't been officially clarified to why the changes were made, it is assumed to be tied to Ms. Pac-Man's ongoing AtGames dispute.


title: Pac-Man Museum +

text: "Nintendo Life" gave the title an 8 out of 10 and praised its emulation quality, interesting overworld setup, missions, online leaderboards, and the comprehensive collection of Pac-Man's history while criticizing the implementation of the CRT filter, the arcade overworld framerate, and a V-sync issue present in "Pac-Land." "Push Square" thought favorably of the large variety of games, interactive wrapper, and emulation quality, but took minor issue with input lag and a few poor game selections.


title: John Diamond (journalist)

text: John Diamond (10 May 1953 – 2 March 2001) was an English journalist and broadcaster. In 1997 he was diagnosed with throat cancer, a subject he wrote about in his weekly column at "The Times", as well as in two books (one published posthumously). He was married to food writer and celebrity chef Nigella Lawson from 1992 until his death in 2001, and had two children.


title: John Diamond (journalist)

text: Diamond was the son of a biochemist and a fashion designer, and had a secular Jewish upbringing. He grew up in Upper Clapton and Woodford Green, he then attended the City of London School and trained as an English teacher at Trent Park College of Education, now part of Middlesex University. Later he taught at an all-girls secondary school, Dalston Mount Comprehensive in Hackney, London, before switching to journalism.


title: John Diamond (journalist)

text: Diamond wrote a regular column for the Saturday edition of "The Times" from 1992 onwards called "Something for the Weekend", and worked as a presenter on BBC radio and television. He met his second wife, Nigella Lawson, when they were both writing for "The Sunday Times". They married in Venice in 1992 and had two children.


title: John Diamond (journalist)

text: In 1997, Diamond was diagnosed with throat cancer. He wrote about his experiences with cancer in his newspaper column, for which he won a "What The Papers Say" award. In 1999, he was shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize for his book "C: Because Cowards Get Cancer Too...". A BBC documentary was filmed for "Inside Story" which followed him through treatment, and showed his frustration with his speech difficulties following throat, and later tongue, surgery.


title: John Diamond (journalist)

text: "C: Because Cowards Get Cancer Too..." was adapted into a play by Victoria Coren Mitchell called "A Lump In My Throat", which was itself later adapted for television. Diamond's second book, "Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations", was edited by his brother-in-law Dominic Lawson, editor of "The Sunday Telegraph", and published posthumously (with a foreword by Richard Dawkins). It contained the six chapters of his "uncomplimentary look at the world of complementary medicine" which he had completed before his death, and some of his columns from "The Times" and "The Jewish Chronicle".


title: Lou Christie

text: Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American pop and soft rock singer-songwriter known for several hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 US chart-topper "Lightnin' Strikes" and 1969 UK number-two "I'm Gonna Make You Mine".


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie was born Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh. While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and voice, served as student conductor of the choir and sang solos at holiday concerts. His teacher, Frank Cummings, wanted him to pursue a career in classical music, but Sacco wanted to cut a record to get on "American Bandstand". At age 15 he met and befriended Twyla Herbert, a classically trained musician 20 years his senior, who became his regular songwriting partner and wrote hundreds of songs with him over the next 30 years until her death in 2009. Sacco performed with several vocal groups and between 1959 and 1962 released several records on small Pittsburgh labels, achieving a local hit with "The Jury" by Lugee & The Lions (a group consisting of Sacco, Twyla Herbert's daughter Shirley, and two others) released on the Robbee label. After graduating from high school in 1961, Sacco traveled to New York City and worked as a session vocalist.


title: Lou Christie

text: In 1962, Sacco approached Nick Cenci with some demo tapes. One of the first things Cenci did was change the name Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco to Lou Christie. Cenci told Sacco that there was only one great Italian singer and that he had to change his name. Sacco's father liked the name change, because it had "Christ" in it.


title: Lou Christie

text: Cenci liked Sacco's falsetto voice and suggested that he listen to the Four Seasons' recent hit "Sherry". Sacco and Herbert used the song as a model to write an original song called "The Gypsy Cried". Cenci produced a recording of Sacco performing the song at Gateway Studio in Pittsburgh and initially released it on his own C & C label as a single in 1962, credited to "Lou Christie," the name Sacco used thereafter. The name "Lou Christie" was chosen by C & C Records, and "The Gypsy Cried" was credited to "Lou Christie" before they had consulted with Sacco about the name.


title: Lou Christie

text: "The Gypsy Cried" became a regional hit, selling 30,000 copies in Pittsburgh. Cenci contacted Morris Levy of Roulette Records, saying that he had a hit that needed national distribution. Levy released the single on Roulette, but initially nothing happened. Airplay slowly spread across the country, and "The Gypsy Cried" reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, selling over one million copies. Cenci produced additional recording sessions for Christie in 1963 that generated two more hits. "Two Faces Have I", his second million-seller, reached number 6 on the chart in June 1963. Roulette released an album of 12 Lou Christie / Twyla Herbert songs in 1963 that reached 124 on the Billboard 200. With those hits, Christie joined Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars Tour, alongside Diana Ross, Brian Hyland, and others.


title: Lou Christie

text: During this pre-Army phase of his career, the female vocalists featured on Christie's records were The Tammys, a trio from Pleasantville, Venango County, Pennsylvania. Christie and Herbert wrote the single "Egyptian Shumba" for the group, and although it was not a hit, it became a cult favorite in the Northern Soul scene in the early 1970s.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie made numerous TV appearances on "Where the Action Is" (1965–1967), and also appeared on "American Bandstand" and "The Buddy Deane Show" (1962–1964) in Baltimore. He also sang with Del Shannon.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie's third Roulette release, "How Many Teardrops" (written by Milan), stalled at No. 46 as Christie's career was temporarily derailed by his induction into the US Army. Christie did not have another charting single for two and a half years. Despite threats from Roulette owner Morris Levy, Christie managed to get out of his contract with the company.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie's career was quickly re-established after his discharge from the military when he signed with the MGM label. MGM reportedly disliked Christie's first single for the label, the Christie-Herbert song "Lightnin' Strikes". But Christie's new management promoted the record in California, and when it gained some traction (eventually reaching No. 2 on KHJ the last two weeks of 1965), MGM released it. "Lightnin' Strikes" reached #1 in the US on Christie's 23rd birthday on February 19, 1966, entered the UK Top 20, becoming his first hit in that country, and peaked at #1 in Canada. The song featured his signature falsetto and included a female chorus (Bernadette Carroll, Denise Ferri, and Peggy Santiglia) shouting "Stop!" in counterpoint to the lead vocal:


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie's next release in the spring of 1966, "Rhapsody in the Rain", featured a melody inspired by Tchaikovsky's "Romeo and Juliet", telling of a teenager's memory of his sexual experience in the back seat of a car during a rainstorm as the windshield wipers made a rhythmic sound of "together, together". Later, after the romance ends, the wipers seem to say "never, never". Many radio stations banned the song after hearing the opening lyrics:


title: Lou Christie

text: MGM insisted on a re-recorded version that toned down the lyrical content. The third and fourth lines were changed to:


title: Lou Christie

text: Despite the edited version, many radio stations instead played two older songs re-released by other labels for which Christie had once recorded: "Outside the Gates of Heaven" (on Co & Ce Records) peaked at #45, while "Big Time" (on Colpix Records) hit #95. All three singles hit nationally within three weeks of one another, in March 1966, while "Lightnin' Strikes" was falling down the chart. However, later records for MGM, including "If My Car Could Only Talk" arranged and produced by Jack Nitzsche, failed to chart.


title: Lou Christie

text: in the late 1960s, after being dropped by MGM, Christie had an unfruitful stint with Columbia Records. He then joined Buddah Records in 1968, a move prompted by his business manager Stan Polley and bubblegum music record producer Tony Romeo. He had a surprise Wall of Sound constant uptempo hit "I'm Gonna Make You Mine", which Romeo wrote, in the early autumn of 1969. Helped by backing vocalists Linda Scott, Lesley Gore, and Valerie Simpson, and by two promotional videos distinctly different from each other, the song peaked at No. 10 in the US, but climbed to No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and thus became his biggest hit there.


title: Lou Christie

text: A follow up, "She Sold Me Magic", never released as a single in the US, charted in the UK where it peaked at No. 25, and in Japan where it reached No.1. It was later covered by Elton John. Conversely, "Are You Getting Any Sunshine?" only charted in America, where it reached No. 73.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie spent the early 1970s between London and New York City. In 1971 he released a concept album called "Paint America Love", regarded by some as his best LP, and married former UK beauty queen Francesca Winfield in London. In the US, he recorded "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", but after a dispute between his manager Stan Polley and Neil Bogart of Buddah, Christie's vocals were removed and replaced by those of the similar-sounding Robert John, whose version became a major hit. Christie was also peripherally involved in the legal issues around Five Arts Management, a company set up by Polley, which contributed to the suicides of Badfinger members Pete Ham and Tom Evans.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie returned to the United States, and lived for a time in Lake Charles, Louisiana. In 1974, he tried a new musical style, going country on his album "Lou Christie". This album is also known unofficially as "Beyond the Blue Horizon" after its best known track, a cover of a hit song from 1930 written for the film "Monte Carlo". The song missed the Country charts and only made No. 80 on the pop chart but managed No. 12 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The song has been used in several film soundtracks, including 1988's "Rain Man".


title: Lou Christie

text: In the spring of 1978 Christie returned home to Pittsburgh to head the upstart record Label 2001 records, a branch of the 2001 and VIP nightclubs nationwide. While visiting local friends at the Staircase Lounge, Christie heard a local group, Sweet Breeze, and loved the band's harmonies and music. Christie signed the band Sweet Breeze to their first recording contract and the band recorded a song written by Christie and Herbert called "Summer in Malibu" that was a regional hit for the band.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie became active on the oldies circuit starting in the early 1980s, scoring a final US chart hit, credited as "Summer '81 Medley" by The Cantina Band (featuring Lou Christie), in 1981, performing a medley of Beach Boys classics.


title: Lou Christie

text: In 1986, he recorded a duet with Lesley Gore of a medley of "Since I Don't Have You"/"It's Only Make Believe" for Manhattan Records, a division of EMI-America. The two singers were touring together at the time, and the song was released only as a one-off single.


title: Lou Christie

text: Christie was credited as special music collaborator on the movie "Barcelona", released in 1994. He and Mark Suozzo wrote a song, "Breakin' Up", which Christie performed and which was included in the soundtrack album for the film.


title: Lou Christie

text: In 1997, Christie recorded his first all-new album since the 1970s, entitled "Pledging My Love" and produced by Alan Grossman & Jimm Mosher of Hit Music Studio in Spencer, North Carolina. "Billboard" labeled this new album "Most Impressive Comeback" album. Most of it was penned by Christie, presented in a contemporary manner, and included the songs "What Happened to the Nights", "Techno Pop" (a diatribe about the loss of communication in our lives), and "I Sure Fell in Love" and covers of the Critters' "Mr. Dieingly Sad" and Johnny Ace's title tune. Cub Koda said it was "loaded with AOR hits".


title: Lou Christie

text: In 2004, Christie released his first concert album, "Greatest Hits Live From The Bottom Line", which featured studio recording "Christmas In New York" as a bonus track. In addition to the occasional new release, Christie remains a concert act on the oldies circuit in the US and UK. He has also hosted a series of programs on SiriusXM radio for the 1960s channel. In 2015, Christie released his first new recording in several years, entitled "Drive In Dreams", written by Gregory Scharpf, who is a former member of Sweet Breeze, the Pittsburgh-based band that Christie signed to their first recording contract. His next release was 2016's "When You Were Young", also penned by Scharpf.


title: Todd Grinnell

text: Todd A. Grinnell (born March 29, 1976) is an American actor, known for playing Jason in the series "Four Kings" and for playing building superintendent Schneider in the Netflix original sitcom "One Day at a Time", based on the 1970s sitcom of the same name.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The , one of the largest land battles to be fought before World War I and the last and the most decisive major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February to 10 March 1905 between Japan and Russia near Mukden in Manchuria. The city is now called Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province in China.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Involving 610,000 combat participants and 164,000 combatant casualties, it was the largest modern-era battle fought prior to World War I, and possibly the largest battle in world history at that point. The scale of the battle, particularly in the amount of ordnance being expended, was unprecedented in world history. The Japanese side alone fired 20.11 million rifle and machine gun rounds and 279,394 artillery shells in just over ten days of fighting (yet the Russians still fired more), matching the ammunition consumption of the German army in the entire 191-day Franco-Prussian War. The battle was a decisive strategic victory for the Japanese and, coupled with their victory at the Battle of Tsushima four months later, proved critical in ending the war in their favor.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Following the Battle of Liaoyang (24 August to 4 September 1904), Russian forces retreated to the river Sha Ho south of Mukden and regrouped. From 5 October 1904 to 17 October 1904, during the Battle of Shaho, the Russians unsuccessfully counter-attacked, but managed to temporarily slow the Japanese advance. A second Russian counter-offensive, the Battle of Sandepu, fought from 25 to 29 January 1905 was likewise unsuccessful.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Though the combined Russian army led by General Aleksey Kuropatkin was set to receive reinforcements via the unfinished Trans-Siberian Railroad, the effects of the Bloody Sunday and the now-ongoing unrest at home placed a strain on the manpower of the whole Imperial Army as much of its resources now had to be dedicated in the quelling of the uprisings throughout its territories. Therefore, the Russian force was expected to receive little to no reinforcements and supplies from home.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The situation for the Japanese was hardly better. Though the capture of Port Arthur by General Maresuke Nogi freed up their 3rd Army, which then advanced north to reinforce the Japanese lines near Mukden in preparation for an attack, the manpower reserves of the Japanese army had been drained by February 1905. With the arrival of General Nogi's 3rd Army, Japan's entire fighting strength was concentrated at the vicinity of Mukden. The severe casualties, bitter cold climate, and approach of the Russian Baltic Fleet created pressure on Marshal Ōyama to effect the complete destruction of the Russian forces, rather than just another victory from which the Russians could withdraw farther into Manchuria.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: General Kuropatkin had thus disposed his forces in a purely defensive layout, from which it would be difficult to impossible to execute an offensive without opening a major gap in the lines.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The Yalu River Army was much under strength, and consisted only of the IJA 11th Division (from Port Arthur) and reservists. Despite that it was technically not under the Japanese Manchurian Army but directly under Imperial General Headquarters to attack Primorsky Krai politically, the division was substantially under Manchuria HQ under the commander's decision.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: General Kuropatkin was convinced that the main Japanese thrust would come from the mountainous eastern side, as the Japanese had proven themselves effective in such terrain, and the presence of the former 3rd Army veterans from the 11th Division in that area reinforced his convictions.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Field Marshal Ōyama's plan was to form his armies into a crescent to encircle Mukden, cutting off the possibility of Russian escape. He was explicit in his orders that combat within the city of Mukden itself was to be avoided. All during the war, the Japanese had pursued a meticulous civil affairs policy aimed at avoiding civilian casualties and keeping the Chinese populace on their side – a stark contrast with the previous First Sino-Japanese War and subsequent Second Sino-Japanese War.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The battle opened with the Japanese 5th Army attacking the left flank of the Russian forces on 20 February. On 27 February 1905 the Japanese 4th Army attacked the right flank, while other Japanese forces also attacked the Russian front lines. On the same day, the Japanese 3rd Army began its movement in a wide circle northwest of Mukden.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: By 1 March 1905, action on the eastern and center fronts was largely static. The Japanese had made small advances but under heavy casualties. However, by 7 March, General Kuropatkin began withdrawing forces from the eastern front to counter the Japanese 3rd Army's moves on the western flank of Mukden, and was so concerned about General Nogi's movements that he decided to lead the counterattack himself. The shifting of forces from east to west was not well coordinated by the Russians, causing the 1st and 3rd Manchurian Armies to all but disintegrate into chaos. Then Kuropatkin decided to withdraw his troops north towards Mukden to face the Japanese forces head-on on the city's southwest and at the banks of the Hun River in the city's southeast.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Then Field Marshal Ōyama seized the chance he had been waiting for, and his orders to "attack" were changed to "pursue and destroy". Luck was further with the Japanese due to the late thaw in the weather. The Hun River, guarded by the Russian left flank commanded by Major General Mikhail Alekseyev, remained frozen, and was not an obstacle to the Japanese attack. However, as they crossed the river, the Japanese attack was hampered when they encountered stiff resistance and heavy artillery fire coming from the Russians, now commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf, resulting in yet more heavy casualties. After heavy fighting the Japanese succeeded in taking the northern bank of the river, causing the Russian defense lines defending the bank to collapse and the far edge of their left flank to be partially cut off from the rest of the main body of Kuropatkin's army. At the same time a salient was formed just 15 kilometers west of Mukden, enabling the Japanese to totally encircle the Russians on their right flank in the process.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: All but encircled and with no hope for victory, General Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat to the north at 18:45 on 9 March. The Russian withdrawal was complicated by General Nozu's breach through Russian rearlines over the Hun River.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: At 10:00 AM on 10 March, Japanese forces occupied Mukden. After they occupied Mukden the Japanese continued their hard-driven pursuit of the Russians, but this was hampered when Ōyama knew that his army's supply lines were stretching too thin; however, he continued the pursuit of the enemy, though in a lazy, slow manner. The pursuit was stopped 20 kilometers short of Mukden, but the Russians were already fleeing farther north from Tiehling towards the Sino-Russian border at a fast pace, and the battle was over with the Japanese as the victor.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Throughout the battle, many foreign military observers were present in order to observe how the next great war might be fought. The Battle of Mukden heavily foreshadowed the tactics to be used in World War I.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Russian casualties amounted to nearly 90,000. The Russians had also lost most of their combat supplies as well as most of their artillery and heavy machine guns. Fearing further Japanese advances, General Kuropatkin ordered that the town of Tieling be put to the torch, and marched his remaining men 10 days further north to a new defense line at Hspingkai (modern Siping, Jilin province, China), where General Mikhail Batyanov (who replaced General von Bilderling as commander of the Third Manchurian Army) organized defenses against a possible renewed Japanese offensive. However, Kuropatkin did not hold this line for very long, and soon organized a complete withdrawal of Russian forces from the region. The Japanese forces suffered 75,000 casualties which included a higher percentage of killed and wounded over the Russians. The Japanese captured 58 artillery pieces.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: No serious fighting on land occurred after this battle as both Russian and Japanese armies were exhausted from the conflict.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: With the defeat of the Russian Manchurian Army in Mukden, the Russian forces were driven out of southern Manchuria. However, with problems concerning its overstretched supply lines, the Japanese army failed to destroy the Russian forces stationed in the region completely and Kuropatkin's forces, though severely demoralized and short of supplies, were still largely intact. But the battle of Mukden was decisive enough to shatter the Russians' morale and, with the unfinished Trans-Siberian railroad now in Japanese hands, undermined the tsarist government's war effort. The final, decisive battle of the war would be eventually fought on the waters of Tsushima.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The victory shocked the imperial powers of Europe, as the Japanese proved overwhelming throughout the battle despite the Russians having more manpower and material. It showed that European armies were not automatically superior to those of other nations, and could be even decisively outmatched in battle. The battle had confirmed the Japanese army the 6th largest army in the world.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: Tsar Nicholas II was particularly shocked, when the news reached the palace in St. Petersburg, that the tiny Asian island nation of Japan - approximately 2% of Russia's landmass - could defeat the powerful and huge Russian empire.


title: Battle of Mukden

text: The tsarist government was irritated over the incompetence and clumsiness of their commanders during the battle. The generals Aleksandr Samsonov and Paul von Rennenkampf began to loathe each other as Samsonov very publicly accused von Rennenkampf of failing to assist him. In World War I these Generals would command the two armies involved in the even more disastrous Battle of Tannenberg.


title: Marvel Future Avengers

text: The series follows Makoto, Adi, and Chloe, three teenagers who have been raised by Hydra to believe that they are being trained to become superheroes and that the Avengers are villains. The three have been genetically modified by Hydra, resulting in each gaining the unique superhuman abilities of air manipulation, technology control, and shapeshifting respectively. Upon being sent out on a mission for the first time, Adi and Chloe come to realize Hydra's evil intentions and decide to leave the organization, and get Makoto to join their escape attempt. Makoto becomes the only one who gets away, and he goes to Tony Stark seeking help to save Adi and Chloe. Tony brings in the other Avengers, and with Makoto's help, they succeed in defeating Hydra, liberating Adi and Chloe. Realizing the potential they have, the Avengers decide to take the three in and train them to become superheroes, dubbing the team the "Future Avengers". While training the new recruits, the Avengers also seek to learn more about the "Emerald Rain Project", a dangerous scheme being orchestrated by Hydra and the Masters of Evil, and what connection it has to Makoto. The matter becomes further complicated when Bruno, another genetically-modified teen and also Makoto's former training partner, is manipulated into joining the Masters of Evil's ranks.


title: Marvel Future Avengers

text: In the show's second season, exposure to Terrigen Mist in the wake of Kang the Conqueror's defeat leads to several humans developing superpowers. With anti-Inhuman sentiment on the rise and the Inhuman royal family claiming custody of the afflicted, the Avengers and Future Avengers must manage the fallout of the outbreak and attempt to broker peace between Earth and Attilan before they are forced to go to war.


title: Marvel Future Avengers

text: The series was first announced in February 2017 for broadcast on Disney's Dlife satellite channel the following summer. The series' premiere date, cast and staff were later confirmed the following May. Yūzō Satō, the director of "Marvel Anime: Iron Man", was announced as the series director, with Takahiro Umehara providing the character designs. Ryū King, the lead writer on 2014's "", returned to write "Marvel Future Avengers"; the "Disk Wars" voice cast also reprise their respective roles. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered in July of that same year. The anime was later announced for a western release via Disney+, with the first season added on February 28, 2020, and the second season on May 22, 2020.


title: Marvel Future Avengers

text: Outside of the anime series, a "Marvel Future Avengers" manga series by Teruaki Mizuno ran from April 2017 to February 2018 in Shogakukan's "CoroCoro Comic Special" magazine. The characters subsequently made their Marvel Comics debut in the "Future Fight Firsts" miniseries, released in October 2019.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Edward Everett Horton Jr. (March 18, 1886 – September 29, 1970) was an American character actor. He had a long career in film, theater, radio, television, and voice work for animated cartoons.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton was born in Kings County, New York (now Brooklyn, New York City) to Edward Everett Horton, a compositor for "The New York Times", and his wife, Isabella S. ( Diack) Horton. His father had English and German ancestry, and his mother was born in Matanzas, Cuba to George and Mary ( Orr) Diack, natives of Scotland. He attended Boys' High School, Brooklyn and Baltimore City College, where he later was inducted into its Hall of Fame.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: He was a student at Oberlin College in Ohio, where he majored in German. However, he was asked to leave after he climbed to the top of a building and, after a crowd gathered, threw off a dummy, making them think he had jumped. He attended the Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn for one year, until the school discontinued its arts courses; he moved on to Columbia University, "until I got fouled up with "The Varsity Show of 1909". This was the first time I had really ever been on the stage... After that, to put it gently, Columbia and I came to an amicable parting of the ways. They were just as glad to see me go as I was to get out." That concluded Horton's collegiate period.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton had begun his stage career in 1906, singing and dancing and playing small parts in college, vaudeville, and Broadway productions. His father persuaded him to adopt his full name professionally. ""Originally, I went under the name of Edward Horton. My father said, 'I think you're making a mistake, Edward. Anybody could be Edward Horton, but nobody else could be Edward Everett Horton.' I said, 'I think I like that.'""


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: In 1919, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he began acting in Hollywood films. His first starring role was in the comedy "Too Much Business" (1922), and he portrayed the lead role of an idealistic young classical composer in the comedy "Beggar on Horseback" (1925). In 1927–29, he starred in eight two-reel silent comedies produced by Harold Lloyd for Paramount Pictures release. He made the transition to sound films with Educational Pictures in 1929, in a series of sound-comedy playlets. As a stage-trained performer, he found more film work easily and appeared in some of Warner Bros.' movies, including "The Terror" (1928) and "Sonny Boy" (1929).


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton soon cultivated his own special variation of the double take (an actor's reaction to something, followed by a delayed, more extreme reaction). In Horton's version, he smiled ingratiatingly and nodded in agreement with what just happened; then, when realization set in, his facial features collapsed entirely into a sober, troubled mask.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton starred in many comedy features in the 1930s, usually playing a mousy fellow who put up with domestic or professional problems to a certain point and then finally asserted himself for a happy ending. He is best remembered, however, for his work in supporting roles. These include "The Front Page" (1931), "Trouble in Paradise" (1932), "Alice in Wonderland" (1933), "The Gay Divorcee" (1934, the first of several Astaire/Rogers films in which Horton appeared), "Top Hat" (1935), "Biography of a Bachelor Girl" (1935), "Danger - Love at Work" (1937), "Lost Horizon" (1937), "Holiday" (1938), "Here Comes Mr. Jordan" (1941), "Arsenic and Old Lace" (1944), "Pocketful of Miracles" (1961), "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), and "Sex and the Single Girl" (1964). His last role was in the comedy film "Cold Turkey" (1971), in which his character communicated only through facial expressions.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton continued to appear in stage productions, often in summer stock. His performance in the play "Springtime for Henry" became a perennial in summer theaters.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton was so prolific he sometimes found himself committed to two projects at the same time. One project would be in progress while the second project suddenly came up sooner than expected, forcing Horton to make other arrangements. In 1953, Horton announced on the ABC-TV game show "The Name's the Same" that his next picture would be one of the "Ma and Pa Kettle" comedies. A scheduling conflict compelled Horton to bow out, and his role in "Ma and Pa Kettle at Home" was played by Alan Mowbray.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: In 1960, Horton was approached by his former director Frank Capra to work in the new film "Pocketful of Miracles". Horton wanted to rejoin Capra, but had a commitment to finish a stage run of the play "Once Upon a Mattress"; the show wouldn't be closing for another two weeks. Horton phoned Buster Keaton, who had played the same role in an earlier production, and asked if Keaton could replace him. Keaton finished the play's run, and Horton made the Capra film.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: From 1945 to 1947, Horton hosted radio's "Kraft Music Hall". An early television appearance came in the play "Sham", shown on "The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre" on December 13, 1948. During the 1950s, Horton worked primarily in television. One of his best-remembered appearances is in an episode of "I Love Lucy", broadcast in 1952, in which he is cast against type as a frisky, amorous suitor. In 1960, he guest-starred on "The Real McCoys" as J. Luther Medwick, grandfather of the boyfriend of series character Hassie McCoy (Lydia Reed). In the story, Medwick clashes with the equally outspoken Grandpa Amos McCoy (played by Walter Brennan).


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: He remains, however, best known to the Baby Boomer generation as the venerable narrator of "Fractured Fairy Tales" on "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show" (1959–61), an American animated television series that originally aired from November 19, 1959, to June 27, 1964.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: In 1962, he portrayed the character Uncle Ned in three episodes of "Dennis the Menace". In 1965, he guest-starred in an episode of "The Cara Williams Show" and also played the medicine man, Roaring Chicken, in "F Troop". He echoed this role, portraying Chief Screaming Chicken, on "Batman" as a pawn to Vincent Price's Egghead.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Edward Everett Horton never discussed his private life publicly, but in 1968 he granted an interview to writers Bernard Rosenberg and Harry Silverstein in which he reviewed his life and career, punctuated by self-effacing remarks ("Nobody's older than I am. Oh, a few people are, but they are not in circulation"). Published in 1970, the interview only touches on his personal relationships: Horton recalled that, rather than dating or nightclubbing, he would invite his female co-stars to attend parties he was throwing. "I never married. However, I have not given up hope. This is Leap Year [1968], you know."


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Horton died of cancer in 1970 at age 84 in Encino, California. His remains were interred in Glendale's Whispering Pines section of Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: In 1925, Horton purchased several acres in the district of Encino, Los Angeles and lived on the property at 5521 Amestoy Avenue until his death. He named the estate Belleigh Acres, and it contained Horton's own house and houses for his brother, his sister and their respective families. In 1939, the author F. Scott Fitzgerald rented a house on the estate - he was working on his unfinished novel "The Last Tycoon" in his final years. In the 1950s, the state of California forced Horton to sell a portion of his property for construction of the Ventura Freeway. The freeway construction left a short stump of Amestoy Avenue south of Burbank Boulevard, and shortly after his death the city of Los Angeles renamed that portion Edward Everett Horton Lane.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: Edward Everett Horton Lane begins in the shadow of the Ventura Freeway and ends at Burbank Boulevard. On the other side of the boulevard is a bus stop, also named for Edward Everett Horton, between bus stops at Aldea and Balboa. The borderline of Anthony C. Beilenson Park is directly across the street from the corner of Burbank Boulevard and Edward Everett Horton Lane. The opposite end of the lane leads to a foot bridge that overlooks the Ventura Freeway and ends on the Amestoy Avenue side.


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: British radio DJ and comedian Kenny Everett adopted the name of Everett in honor of Horton, who was a childhood hero of his. (His real name was Maurice Cole).


title: Edward Everett Horton

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Horton has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6427 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: Coyote is a mythological character common to many cultures of the Indigenous peoples of North America, based on the coyote ("Canis latrans") animal. This character is usually male and is generally anthropomorphic, although he may have some coyote-like physical features such as fur, pointed ears, yellow eyes, a tail and blunt claws. The myths and legends which include Coyote vary widely from culture to culture.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: The role Coyote takes in traditional stories shares some traits with the Raven figure in other cultures.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: Coyote is the tutelary spirit of "Coyoteway", one of the Navajo curing ceremonies. The ceremony is intended to restore the patient's harmonious relationship with Coyote and the world, and to bring about a return to good health.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: Coyote is featured in the mythology of numerous peoples from the area covered by the modern state of California, including the Achomawi and Atsugewi, the Dieguenos, the Gallinomero the Juaneno, the Karok, the Luiseno, the Maidu, the Miwok, the Pomo the Rumsen, the Shasta the Shastika, the Sinkyone, the Wappo, the Yana and the Yokut. In many of these stories he is a major sacred character with divine creative powers; in others he is a malevolent and often comical trickster. In some stories he combines both roles.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: An example is a Maidu myth that says that at the beginning of time, a primal being called Earth Maker is floating on the infinite waters, when Coyote calls out to him. Together they sing to create the world. After it is completed, and Earth Maker has created the people, Coyote vows to spoil the world and introduce evil to it. Earth Maker orders the people to destroy Coyote, but despite their best efforts, Coyote uses supernatural trickery to outwit them. In the end, Earth Maker is forced to recognize that Coyote's power is equal to his own.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: A common theme is of Coyote benefiting the human community by organizing the theft of fire, or of the sun, from the supernatural beings who have been keeping it for themselves; in these myths he is portrayed as a benefactor of the people. In a Shasta myth, Coyote saves the world from ten evil moons which have afflicted it with everlasting winter.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: In a Miwok myth, Coyote creates all animals, then calls them to a council to discuss the creation of human beings. Each animal wants people to be imbued with its own best qualities, causing an argument. Coyote mocks them all, vowing that human beings should have his own wit and cunning. Each animal makes a human model in their own likeness; but overnight Coyote destroys the other models, so that only his own model comes to life.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: A Maidu myth says that as the Creator was fashioning various creatures out of clay, Coyote tried to do the same. However, as he kept laughing, his efforts did not turn out well. The Creator suggested that if he stopped laughing, he might do better. Coyote denied laughing - thus telling the world's first lie.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: Some stories depict Coyote as the embodiment of evil lechery: a serial rapist who uses trickery to attack a variety of victims including, for example, his own mother-in-law and his sister. Such tales may have served to reinforce the community moral code, by using outrageous humor to portray examples of intolerable behavior.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: Coyote is featured in myths of the Chemehuevi, Paiute, Shoshone and Ute peoples. In this region most of the stories feature him as a malevolent and lecherous trickster. However, there are some echoes of his divine role as expressed in the myths of California, in particular obtaining fire for the people.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: One such myth from the Chemehuevi involves Coyote enlisting the help of other animals in order to achieve his goals. In the later half of a myth called "Coyote Went to get Basketry Material" Coyote enlists the help of the Black Spider and Parotsokitapitsi, an unknown bird species, to take revenge on the Sky-Down-feather-Brothers for killing his grandson. This myth also involves Coyote discovering the first horse, who happens to be his own grandson.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: It begins with Coyote's grandson being sent by his mother to go see Coyote and before the grandson leaves he is explicitly told not to enter a cave that lies between his mother's house and Coyote's house. However, after the grandson had traveled for some time it began to get dark and rain began to fall. Deciding to disobey his mother's instruction, the grandson spends the night and the subsequent morning in the cave.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: When the youth awakens, he finds that his head feels heavy, his hands now look completely different, and he is covered in hair. As he leaves the cave, he is approached by some mountain sheep who accompany him on his journey to his grandfather's house. When he reaches Coyote's home, Coyote sees them coming and notices that one of the mountain sheep is much bigger than the rest. He plans on killing the big one before Wolf tells him that that mountain sheep is actually his own grandson and urges him to not only not kill it, but also to feed the big mountain sheep bunchgrass. Coyote obliges and decides to settle for killing some of the smaller mountain sheep instead. After eating, his grandson goes off to spend the night with the other mountain sheep before returning in the morning. Once again, Coyote kills some of the smaller sheep and feeds the biggest one some bunchgrass. This same process repeats itself several times with Coyote gaining an enormous amount of meat.


title: Coyote (mythology)

text: One morning, however, the big mountain sheep is spied by the two Sky-Down-feather-Brothers. The eldest, knowing who the big mountain sheep really is, plans on leaving him alone but the younger brother ignores his older brother's warning and decides to kill the big mountain sheep. After shooting the big mountain sheep the younger brother finds that his big catch has suddenly turned into a boy wearing moccasins. The two brothers then butcher the body and fly away. The following morning Wolf mourns the loss of their grandson and devises a plan for revenge. Wolf tells Coyote to hide almost all the water, have the Black Spider spin a web to fill the sky's hole, and to hide near the little water still uncovered with Parotsok^^itapitsi with a hot rock from a fire pit. Coyote agrees to this plan but before he sets it in motion, he goes to the spot where his grandson was killed where he finds some blood and a little bit of hair which he packs in a basket before leaving.