title: Naked City (TV series)

text: The series was notable for featuring younger and/or lesser-known/little-known actors, some of whom became major stars, including Alan Alda, Michael Ansara, Ed Asner, Martin Balsam, Barbara Barrie, Orson Bean, Robert Blake, James Caan, Godfrey Cambridge, Joseph Campanella, Diahann Carroll, James Coburn, Michael Constantine, William Daniels, Sandy Dennis, Bruce Dern, David Doyle, Keir Dullea, Robert Duvall, Peter Falk, James Farentino, Peter Fonda, Conard Fowkes, Eileen Fulton, Frank Gorshin, Harry Guardino, Gene Hackman, Barbara Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Dennis Hopper, Diana Hyland, Richard Jaeckel, David Janssen, Salome Jens, Jack Klugman, Shirley Knight, Piper Laurie, Diane Ladd, Audra Lindley, Jack Lord, George Maharis, Nancy Marchand, Sylvia Miles, Vic Morrow, Barry Morse, Robert Morse, Lois Nettleton, Leslie Nielsen, Carroll O'Connor, Susan Oliver, Marisa Pavan, Suzanne Pleshette, Robert Redford, Doris Roberts, Mark Rydell, Telly Savalas, George Segal, William Shatner, Martin Sheen, Tom Simcox, Jean Stapleton, Maureen Stapleton, Rod Steiger, Mel Stuart, Rip Torn, Cicely Tyson, Brenda Vaccaro, Dick Van Patten, Jon Voight, Christopher Walken, Deborah Walley, Jack Warden, Tuesday Weld, and Dick York.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: The show also featured more established and/or better-known actors, including Luther Adler, Eddie Albert, Robert Alda, Louise Allbritton, Kirk Alyn, Richard Basehart, Theodore Bikel, Nancy Carroll, Lee J. Cobb, Gladys Cooper, Hume Cronyn, Ludwig Donath, Diana Douglas, Betty Field, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Nina Foch, Ruth Ford, Martin Gabel, Peggy Ann Garner, Vincent Gardenia, Eileen Heckart, Barnard Hughes, Kim Hunter, Sam Jaffe, Glynis Johns, Kurt Kasznar, Abbe Lane, Eugenie Leontovich, Al Lewis, Viveca Lindfors, Ross Martin, Walter Matthau, Myron McCormick, Roddy McDowall, Burgess Meredith, Jean Muir, Meg Mundy, Mildred Natwick, Cathleen Nesbitt, Jeanette Nolan, Nehemiah Persoff, Claude Rains, Eugenia Rawls, Aldo Ray, Ruth Roman, Mickey Rooney, Albert Salmi, George C. Scott, Sylvia Sidney, Jan Sterling, Beatrice Straight, Akim Tamiroff, Lawrence Tierney, Jo Van Fleet, Eli Wallach, David Wayne, Jesse White, Cara Williams, Roland Winters, and Keenan Wynn.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: Many of the actors listed above played multiple roles for different episodes, as different characters.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: Sanford Meisner, the noted acting coach, made a rare celluloid performance in an episode of the series. Acting coach and actress Peggy Feury also made an appearance, in a different episode. Rocky Graziano made an appearance during his relatively brief post-boxing acting career. Actors such as Conrad Bain, Dabney Coleman, Ken Kercheval, Burt Reynolds, and Jessica Walter appeared in minor roles, long before becoming famous.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: Several actors played recurring roles, "e.g." Suzanne Storrs (as "Janet Halloran" in nine episodes during the series' first version, featuring Franciscus and McIntire), Jimmy Little as "Sgt. Max Higgins", Robert Dryden as "Police Surgeon", and Richard Kronold as "Detective Dutton".


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: "Naked City" was broadcast for four seasons starting in late 1958. A total of 138 episodes were produced during the four season run.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: "Naked City" premiered on ABC as "The Naked City" on September 30, 1958, with the episode "Meridian". The first season was broadcast as 30-minute episodes from September 1958 to June 1959, consisting of 39 episodes. The series was cancelled after the first season. This original 30-minute version was sponsored by Viceroy cigarettes.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: The series was revived as an hour-long show in 1960 with the title, "Naked City". The first episode of the revived series was "A Death of Princes" and premiered on October 12, 1960. This season ran until June 1961 with 32 episodes.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: The third season of "Naked City" premiered on September 27, 1961, with the episode "Take Off Your Hat When a Funeral Passes". This season ran through June 1962 and comprised 33 episodes.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: The fourth season was the last for "Naked City" and started on September 19, 1962, with the episode "Hold for Gloria Christmas". A total of 34 episodes were produced for this last season, which ran from September 1962 through May 1963.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: In July 2011, Retro Television Network started airing episodes of both the 30- and 60-minute versions of "Naked City". In October 2011, Me-TV started carrying the hour-long show airing it weekly overnight, and in mid-2013 started showing two of the 30-minute episodes back to back.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: Between 2003 and 2006 Image Entertainment, under license from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, released a series of single-disc releases containing four of the hour-long episodes per disc, followed by three releases billed as "Box Set" 1 to 3, each of which contained three discs and 12 one-hour episodes, with their original commercials and sponsors' slots included as bonus features. These releases are now out of print. Early 2013 saw the release of a 10-disc "Best of Naked City" set containing 40 episodes, all of which had been included on the earlier DVDs, and "Naked City: 20 Star-Filled Episodes", a five-disc set with 10 more re-releases and 10 previously unreleased shows. It included two half-hour episodes, the earlier series' first appearance on DVD. None of these releases attempted to present the show in chronological order; their contents appeared to have been selected for the episodes' famous guest stars, whose names were prominently featured on their covers and other packaging.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: On November 5, 2013, Image Entertainment released "Naked City: The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The 29-disc set contains all 138 episodes of the series.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: "Naked City" also received Emmy nominations for Best Dramatic Series - Less Than One Hour in 1959; Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama in 1961, 1962 and 1963; Paul Burke for Outstanding Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Series in 1962 and 1963; Horace McMahon for Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor in 1962; Arthur Hiller for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama; Nancy Malone for Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actress in 1963; and Diahann Carroll for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in 1963.


title: Naked City (TV series)

text: A tie-in collection of short stories was written to capitalize on the success of the TV series; it was titled "The Naked City" and was published as a mass-market paperback by Dell in 1959. While it was credited on the book's cover solely to series creator Stirling Silliphant, it actually consisted of writer and newspaperman Charles Einstein's prose adaptations of eight Silliphant stories from the series' first season of half-hour episodes. Einstein is the half-brother of comedian Albert Brooks. The cover featured an evocative photo montage by photographer David Attie. While the book is well regarded by fans of the series, it has long been out of print.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Autumn Patricia Phillips (née Kelly; born May 3, 1978) is the Canadian-born former wife of Peter Phillips, who is the son of Anne, Princess Royal and the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. After graduating from McGill University in 2002, she met Phillips in her birthplace and hometown of Montreal, Quebec. Their engagement was announced on July 28, 2007, and they were married in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, on May 17, 2008. They have two daughters. The couple separated in 2019, and divorced in 2021.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Phillips, her twin brother Christopher "Chris", and her older brother Kevin, were born in Montreal, Quebec, to Kathleen "Kitty" (née McCarthy) and Brian Kelly, an electricity company (Hydro-Québec) executive. She was baptised on June 18, 1978, at Saint John Fisher Parish Church, and raised in Cedar Park, Pointe-Claire, in the English-speaking West Island region of Montreal. Her parents divorced when she was eight, after which her mother married commercial pilot Ron Magas and her father married Lynne, with whom he has two children, Jessica and Patrick.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Autumn's family continued to live in the Pointe-Claire area, where she attended a Roman Catholic parochial school, and then St. Thomas High School, a Roman Catholic foundation. It was reported in 2007 that St Thomas' was where Autumn had both excelled at sports and had also studied alongside fellow student and friend, actress Casey McKinnon. Autumn then attended McGill University, during which time she worked as a bartender, model, and actress, appearing in the 1996 film "Rainbow", taking the non-speaking, though credited, role of Tigrette Number 3, and later in the television series "Sirens". Autumn graduated from McGill in 2002, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in East Asian studies, whereupon she started a career as a management consultant.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Phillips attended the 2003 Canadian Grand Prix where, while interviewing with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, she met Peter Phillips, who was, at the time, working for Williams F1. She did not know until six weeks later, when she saw him on television, that he was Queen Elizabeth II's grandson. She then moved to the United Kingdom, living with Phillips in a Kensington, London, apartment and a cottage on the Gatcombe Park estate. Before meeting him, she had accepted a job with an American computer firm in England, and later worked as a personal assistant to broadcaster Michael Parkinson, while also attending royal events, such as the dinner party at the Ritz Hotel for the Queen's 80th birthday.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Their engagement was announced by the royal family on July 28, 2007, and the Queen subsequently gave her consent to the union, as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772, after a meeting of her British Privy Council on April 9 of the following year. Phillips proposed to her with "a platinum ring containing an oval centre diamond with more diamonds on either side".


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Prior to the marriage, Autumn, raised Roman Catholic and educated at Catholic foundation schools, was received into the Church of England (Anglican), which does not re-confirm people who were raised in churches acknowledging the Apostolic succession. Had she remained Catholic after her marriage, under the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701 her husband would have lost his place in the line of succession to the throne. That fact received widespread press coverage and drew attention to the Act of Settlement's bar on Catholics ascending to the throne, and prompted calls in both Canada and the United Kingdom for the respective prime ministers to consider the issue. She did not give up her Canadian citizenship. Some reported unease was caused in royal circles when Autumn and Phillips were interviewed and photographed by "Hello!" magazine, for a reported fee of £500,000.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: The couple married on May 17, 2008, at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, with 300 guests in attendance. The service was conducted by David Conner, Dean of Windsor, and Autumn's dress was designed by Sassi Holford. For the occasion, the Princess Royal lent Kelly the Festoon Tiara which she had received as a gift in 1973 in Hong Kong, and Kelly wore a necklace and earrings from her husband. Her six bridesmaids included Zara Phillips, her husband's sister. The couple had a carriage procession before going to Frogmore House for a reception. In 2010, they returned to London after living in Hong Kong, where Peter Phillips had a job with the Royal Bank of Scotland, heading its sports sponsorship activities in the region.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Their first child, and the Queen's first great-grandchild, Savannah Anne Kathleen, was born in 2010 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital. With dual citizenship, the child is the first Canadian citizen to be in the line of succession to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms. In 2012, at the same hospital, Autumn gave birth to another girl, Isla Elizabeth.


title: Autumn Phillips

text: Autumn and Peter Phillips separated in 2019. Their divorce was settled on June 14, 2021 after which Autumn began a relationship with Donal Mulryan, founder of the UK development and construction company Rockwell. As of June 2022, she was living in Cirencester, close by to her ex-husband and daughters.


title: Concrete mixer

text: A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.


title: Concrete mixer

text: One of the first concrete mixers ever was developed in 1900 by T.L. Smith in Milwaukee. The mixer already exhibited the still common basic construction with a tiltable conical drum (as double cone at that time) with blades. 1925, at least two mixers, built 25 years ago, were still in use (serial numbers 37 and 82). The "Smith Mascot" in essence has the same construction of the small mixers used today. In the 1920s, the "T.L. Smith Company" in Milwaukee built the world's largest concrete mixers. Mixers of this company were used e. g. for the construction of the Wilson Dam (six 2-yard and two 4-yard mixers, at the time the largest single installation of the largest concrete mixers in the world), the first stadium of the Ohio State University and the Exchequer Dam.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Today's market increasingly requires consistent homogeneity and short mixing times for the industrial production of ready-mix concrete, and more so for precast/prestressed concrete. This has resulted in refinement of mixing technologies for concrete production. Different styles of stationary mixers have been developed, each with its own inherent strengths targeting different parts of the concrete production market. The most common mixers used today fall into three categories:


title: Concrete mixer

text: All the mixer styles have their own inherent strengths and weaknesses, and all are used throughout the world to varying degrees of popularity.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Special concrete transport trucks (in-transit mixers) are made to mix concrete and transport it to the construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. They can also be loaded from a "central mix" plant; with this process the material has already been mixed prior to loading. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery. These trucks have an interior turbine that pushes the mixed concrete up against gravity inside the drum. The interior of the drum on a concrete mixing truck is fitted with a spiral blade. In one rotational direction, the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum. This is the direction the drum is rotated while the concrete is being transported to the building site. This is known as "charging" the mixer. When the drum rotates in the other direction, the Archimedes' screw-type arrangement "discharges", or forces the concrete out of the drum. From there it may go onto chutes to guide the viscous concrete directly to the job site. If the truck cannot get close enough to the site to use the chutes, the concrete may be discharged into a concrete pump, connected to a flexible hose, or onto a conveyor belt which can be extended some distance (typically ten or more metres). A pump provides the means to move the material to precise locations, multi-floor buildings, and other distance-prohibitive locations. Buckets suspended from cranes are also used to place the concrete.


title: Concrete mixer

text: The drum is traditionally made of steel but on some newer trucks, fibreglass has been used as a weight reduction measure.


title: Concrete mixer

text: "Rear discharge" trucks require both a driver and a "chuteman" to guide the truck and chute back and forth to place concrete in the manner suitable to the contractor. Newer "front discharge" trucks have controls inside the cab of the truck to allow the driver to move the chute in all directions. The first front discharge mixer, patented in 1974, was designed and built by Royal W. Sims of Holladay, Utah, United States.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Concrete mixers are equipped with two or more axles. Four-, five- and six-axle trucks are the most common, with the number being determined by the load and local legislation governing allowable loads on the road.


title: Concrete mixer

text: The axles are necessary to distribute the load evenly, allow operation on weight restricted roads, and reduce wear and tear on normal roads. A two- or three-axle truck during the winter when road weight limits are reduced has no usable payload in many jurisdictions. Other areas may require expensive permits to operate.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Additional axles other than those used for steering ("steers") or drivetrain ("drives") may be installed between the steers and drives, or behind the drives. Mixers commonly have multiple steering axles as well, which generally result in very large turning radii. To facilitate maneuvering, the additional axles may be "lift axles", which allows them to be raised off the ground so that they do not scrub (get dragged sideways across the ground) on tight turns, or increase the vehicle's turning radius. Axles installed behind the drives are known as "tag axles" or "booster axles", and are often equipped to turn opposite to the steering axle to reduce scrubbing and automatically lift when the truck is put into a reverse gear.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Tractor trailer combination mixers where the mixer is installed on a trailer instead of a truck chassis are used in some jurisdictions, such as the province of Quebec where even six-axle trucks would have trouble carrying a useful load.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Concrete mixers generally do not travel far from their plant, as the concrete begins to set as soon as it is in the truck. Many contractors require that the concrete be in place within 90 minutes after loading. If the truck breaks down or for some other reason the concrete hardens in the truck, workers may need to enter the barrel with jackhammers.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Trucks weigh , and can carry roughly of concrete although many varying sizes of mixer truck are currently in use. The most common truck capacity is .


title: Concrete mixer

text: A variant of standard concrete transportation is the concrete or cement mixing trailer. These small versions of transit-mix trucks are used to supply short loads of concrete. They have a concrete mixing drum with a capacity of between . Cart-aways are usually pulled behind a pick-up truck and batched from smaller batching systems. The mixing trailer system is popular with rental yards and building material locations, which use them to supply ready-mix to their regular customer base.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Metered concrete trucks or volumetric mobile mixers contain concrete ingredient materials and water to be mixed on the truck at the job site to make and deliver concrete according to the amount needed.


title: Concrete mixer

text: For smaller jobs, such as residential repairs, renovations, or hobbyist-scale projects, many cubic yards of concrete are usually not required. Bagged cement is readily available in small-batch sizes, and aggregate and water are easily obtained in small quantities for the small work site. To service this small-batch concrete market, many types of small portable concrete mixers are available.


title: Concrete mixer

text: A typical portable concrete mixer uses a small revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller jobs the concrete made at the construction site has no time lost in transport, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Portable concrete mixers may be powered by gasoline engines, although it is more common that they are powered by electric motors using standard mains current.


title: Concrete mixer

text: These concrete mixers are further divided based on their loading mechanism. Cement, sand and other aggregates are loaded in a hydraulically operated hopper and then poured into the mixing drum for final mixing. They can be unloaded by tilting the drum. In hand-feed concrete mixers, cement, sand and other aggregates are directly added to the mixing drum manually. Both of these types of concrete mixers are popular in construction activities in Africa, some Middle Eastern countries and in the Indian subcontinent.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Self-loading concrete mixers are unique machines designed to batch, mix and transport concrete. They consist of a rotating drum mounted on an operator-driven cab-mounted chassis frame fitted with a loading bucket.


title: Concrete mixer

text: The operator of the self-loading concrete mixers batches and introduces the ingredients required for mixing concrete (cement, stone aggregates etc.) into the drum using the loading bucket. The drum is usually reversible type, tilt type or a combination of both. A predetermined volume of water is discharged to the drum via a water dispensing unit. The mixture is rotated at mixing speeds within the drum until the concrete discharges via a fitted chute.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Self-loading concrete mixers are suited for construction sites where concrete batching plants are unavailable, underfoot conditions are not suited for concrete transit mixer trucks or labor availability is scarce or constrained. Applications include urban and rural construction, concrete pavement maintenance, bridge and tunnel construction, township-level highways construction, foundation construction, national defense facilities, construction of high-speed railways, etc.


title: Concrete mixer

text: Operating concrete mixers correctly is one of the biggest safety issues in construction zones. Workers whose tasks are related to concrete processing currently number more than 250,000. Over 10 percent of those workers, 28,000, experienced a job-related injury or illness, and 42 died in just one year.


title: 702 (group)

text: 702 (pronounced ""Seven-Oh-Two""), named after the area code of their hometown of Las Vegas, Nevada, is an American girl group, with the final and most known line-up consisting of Kameelah Williams and sisters Irish and LeMisha Grinstead.


title: 702 (group)

text: The group was originally a quartet featuring the Grinstead sisters, which included identical twins Irish and Orish (born June 2, 1980, in Houston, TX), their older sister LeMisha (born June 10, 1978, in Houston, TX), and Amelia Childs whom they debuted as featured artists on Subway's hit single "This Lil' Game We Play". Amelia and Orish were removed from the group due to Mike Bivins not favoring their voices and were briefly replaced by classmates Tiffany Villarreal and Kameelah Williams. Six months before their debut single was released Tiffany would depart the group. Continuing as a trio, they released their debut single "Steelo" with great success.


title: 702 (group)

text: Their first released album "No Doubt" in 1996, sold 500,000 copies in the United States. In 1999 the trio released the most famous 702 song called "Where My Girls At?" on the album "702" which gained a high level of success for the group selling half a million copies in the United States. For undisclosed conflicting personal reasons with the record label, Kameelah Williams distanced herself from the Grinstead sisters after the release of that album, and was replaced by Cree La'More, a solo singer who Irish and LeMisha personally picked to join the group. The new line-up released a single called "Pootie Tangin'" for the "Pootie Tang" soundtrack, though shortly after this, Kameelah Williams returned to the group, and for undisclosed reasons, Cree La'More left the ensemble. With the return of Kameelah Williams, they released the album "Star" which is mostly remembered for the single "I Still Love You". The group then disbanded in 2006. They regrouped again in 2017, and appeared at the 2017 Soul Train Music Awards.


title: 702 (group)

text: In Las Vegas, sisters LeMisha and Irish Grinstead were students at the Las Vegas Academy of Performing Arts. Irish, her twin sister Orish, and LeMisha occasionally sang in the lobby of Caesars Palace where they were discovered by actor/comedian Sinbad. He visited their home to convince their parents to send the trio to Atlanta for a convention and music competition. Though the girls missed the deadline for entry, Sinbad used his name to get them in. "Sweeta than Suga," as they were then called (Sinbad suggested the name), came in second in the competition. As the convention was nearing a close, they met Michael Bivins (of New Edition and Bell Biv DeVoe) who agreed to work with the sisters. They were briefly joined by singer Amelia Childs. The reconfigured group was christened "702," which is Las Vegas' area code, a name that Bivins suggested.


title: 702 (group)

text: With Williams returning to the group, replacing Cree Lamore, 702 returned to record their third album. They released the album "Star" in March 2003, and it made the Top 50 on the Billboard 200. The group worked with singers Mario Winans, Faith Evans and Clipse


title: 702 (group)

text: and producers The Neptunes, Mike City, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs. The single "Star" and "I Still Love You" did not make the "Billboard" Hot 100, but did make Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. "Star" at No. 98 and I Still Love You" at No. 49. The album earned them two Soul Train Lady of Soul Award nominations later in 2003. Also in 2003, 702 shared lead vocals on the track "Gamble It" from the album "Emotions" by Sirena. Irish Grinstead appeared in The Brewster Project in 2004. The group disbanded after their third studio album. In 2006, 702 regrouped on the independent album "E Sharp Presents". The composition of that however did not include Meelah but LeMisha, Irish and Orish Grinstead. The cd cover image from their second album "702" appears on the cover. The group then disbanded in 2006 continuing on solo careers.


title: 702 (group)

text: LeMisha Grinstead, under the name "LeMisha 702", in 2007 released a song titled "What I Got" that appeared on the independent album "E Sharp Presents vol. II". She later got married, and is currently the wedding chapel manager at Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. Lemisha's son is also Tony Fields II who is a football linebacker for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL).


title: 702 (group)

text: Original member Orish Grinstead, twin sister of Irish, died on April 20, 2008, from kidney failure at the age of 27. She can be seen as one of the original four members of 702 in the video, "This Lil' Game We Play" with Subway and has a brief cameo in the video, "Steelo". She can also be heard providing background vocals and lead adlibs for a song on their first album titled ‘Not Gonna’.


title: 702 (group)

text: In 2010, Williams confirmed via her official Twitter that she was now permanently solo and was working on her very own full-length solo LP.


title: 702 (group)

text: In May 2021, Irish and LeMisha Grinstead were officially announced as cast members for the BET Network original reality television show "." The 10-episode series, described as a ""one-of-a-kind music experiment to become the next big musical sensation"" includes members from platinum-selling ensembles from the 1990s and 2000s like Total, Danity Kane, 3LW, Blaque and Cherish.


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: Gerard Paul Greenhalgh (born 12 April 1979), known professionally as Paul Nicholls, is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Joe Wicks in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", DS Sam Casey in the ITV drama "", and Steve Bell in the Channel 4 drama "Ackley Bridge."


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: Nicholls made his television debut in 1990 at the age of 10, in "Children's Ward". In 1994, he appeared in the BBC children's drama "Earthfasts" and "The Biz", a teenage performing arts drama filmed at Hampton Court. In 1996, he appeared in an episode of "Out of the Blue". Later that year, Nicholls began portraying the role of Joe Wicks in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", a role which he played until 1997.


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: Nicholls appeared in several teenage stage roles, notably as Aladdin in "Aladdin - Genie of the Ring" at the Central Theatre in Chatham (1996–1997), and he made his London stage debut as Billy Fisher in the 1998 production of "Billy Liar", at the King's Head Theatre in Islington.


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: Nicholls' 2008 career began as the character Robert Fielding in "Harley Street" alongside Suranne Jones. He also played Harry Keegan in "Secret Diary of a Call Girl", Judas in another BBC series entitled "The Passion", and appeared in "A Thing Called Love". He then appeared in the 2012 feature film "Life Just Is".


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: Nicholls also appeared as Simon Marshall in the BBC hospital drama serial "Holby City" between May and July 2012, and played Cal Beckett in Channel 4's crime thriller, "The Fear". He played the role of DS Sam Casey in ITV's "" until the end of series 7 in 2013.


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: From 2017 to 2018, Nicholls portrayed the role of Steve Bell in the Channel 4 drama "Ackley Bridge". From September to October 2018, Nicholls starred alongside Iwan Rheon in "Foxfinder" at the Ambassadors Theatre. In January 2019, Nicholls took over the role of Raymond from Mathew Horne in the British touring production of "Rain Man".


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: In July 2017, Nicholls was badly injured while on holiday in Thailand after falling from a waterfall in Ko Samui. As his mobile phone was broken, he was left stranded at the bottom of the waterfall for three days, and only rescued by volunteer rescuers, police and medics after locals alerted police to the motorcycle he had travelled on, which lay abandoned nearby. He was later taken to hospital, suffering from broken legs and a shattered knee. Nicholls' agent said he was "recovering well".


title: Paul Nicholls (actor)

text: In May 2021, Nicholls revealed that he suffered a stroke in 2018. The stroke caused him to experience deep depression, which led to him becoming addicted to dihydrocodeine and cocaine throughout 2020. He confirmed that he was attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings and was glad to be in recovery, stating that if he were to relapse again, he "would die".


title: Daylight

text: Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime. This includes direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation, and (often) both of these reflected by Earth and terrestrial objects, like landforms and buildings. Sunlight scattered or reflected by astronomical objects is generally not considered daylight. Therefore, daylight excludes moonlight, despite it being reflected indirect sunlight.


title: Daylight

text: Daylight is present at a particular location, to some degree, whenever the Sun is above the local horizon. (This is true for slightly more than 50% of the Earth at any given time. For an explanation of why it is not exactly half, see here). However, the outdoor illuminance can vary from 120,000 lux for direct sunlight at noon, which may cause eye pain, to less than 5 lux for thick storm clouds with the Sun at the horizon (even <1 lux for the most extreme case), which may make shadows from distant street lights visible. It may be darker under unusual circumstances like a solar eclipse or very high levels of atmospheric particulates, which include smoke (see New England's Dark Day), dust, and volcanic ash.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Rome: Total War is a strategy video game developed by The Creative Assembly and originally published by Activision; its publishing rights have since passed to Sega. The game was released for Microsoft Windows in 2004. The macOS version was released on February 5, 2010 by Feral Interactive, who also released the iPad version on November 10, 2016, the iPhone version on August 23, 2018, and the Android version on December 19, 2018. The game is the third title in The Creative Assembly's "Total War" series.


title: Rome: Total War

text: The game's main campaign takes place from 270 BC to 14 AD, showcasing the rise and final centuries of the Republican period and the early decades of the Imperial period of Ancient Rome. The player initially assumes control of one of three Roman families; other non-Roman factions can be unlocked later. Gameplay is split between real-time tactical battles and a turn-based strategic campaign. Within the campaign, players manage the economy, government, diplomacy, and military of their faction and attempt to accomplish a series of objectives on a map that encompasses most of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East. On the battlefield, the player controls groups of soldiers and uses them to engage in combat with enemy forces.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Upon release, the game received widespread acclaim from critics. In the years since, the game has frequently been referred to by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time. Two official expansion packs, "" and "", have been released for the game and a sequel, "", was released on September 3, 2013.


title: Rome: Total War

text: As with previous games in the "Total War" series, "Rome: Total War" has two primary modes of play: a turn-based, single-player campaign that takes place on an overhead map of the world and a real-time battle system that occurs on 3D battlefields.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Control over territory in the game is represented by capturing and holding a settlement in that territory. New cities are conquered by either training soldiers in cities that are already in the player's control and then using those soldiers to besiege enemy cities or by bribing the city into switching sides. Apart from simply expanding one's faction, cities can have positive or negative effects on a nation. For example, well-managed cities can provide the faction that control them with valuable tax income, but poorly-managed cities may cost the player more money in maintenance than they make in taxes. Cities have a variety of buildings that may be built or upgraded, such as temples, barracks, and amphitheatres. Buildings have different effects on the city; for example, aqueducts improve public health and decrease urban squalor, which in turn makes the inhabitants of the city happier. If cities grow too unhappy, they may revolt and either return to a faction that previously controlled them or become a part of a generic "rebel" faction.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Each faction starts with a set of family members. The head of the family is the leader of the faction; any male above the age of 16 can be designated as the current leader's heir. Males above the age of 16 can govern settlements and command armies as generals. Male family members can be added through births between married family members, adoption, or marriage with a female family member. Family members eventually die; natural causes, battles, assassinations, diseases, and natural disasters can all cause a character's demise. Family members can develop character traits from life experiences or heredity. These traits can have both positive and negative effects on the character's stats, which in turn affect their battlefield performance, how well they manage their settlements, and how persuasive they are in negotiations. The stats of family members can also be affected by members of their personal retinue.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Agents can also acquire traits and retinue members. Agents are special types of characters that can be recruited in cities with the proper buildings. There are three types of agents: spies, diplomats, and assassins. Spies can be used to gather intelligence about the composition of armies, infiltrate foreign cities, and serve in a counter-espionage role in the players own cities. When besieging an enemy city, spies stationed within that city have a chance to open the gates. Assassins can assassinate characters and commit sabotage in settlements. Spies and assassins can both be killed during their missions. Diplomats can offer a variety of diplomatic deals to other factions, such as alliances, tributes, and trade rights. They may also attempt to bribe foreign armies, cities, agents, and family members into either defecting or, if the soldiers being bribed are not "compatible" with the other faction, deserting.


title: Rome: Total War

text: In addition to the turn-based campaign, "Rome: Total War" also features 3D, real-time battles. Battles can be played as a part of the larger campaign, as a custom battle against the AI, as a preset "historical battle" based on a real-life military engagement, or as a multiplayer battle against other players. As opposed to the campaign, which features an overhead map of the world, battles take place on individual battlefields. The terrain of the battlefield can play a key role in how the battle plays out. In most cases, the ultimate goal of the battle is to defeat the enemy forces by either killing or routing all of their troops; in a siege, the attacker can also achieve victory by capturing and holding the town center for a period of time. In battles, the player commands a variety of soldiers that are arranged into units. The game features a variety of units for battle, which may be broadly categorised into infantry, cavalry, archers, and siege weapons. Different units have different morale, hit points, and general combat skills. If a unit's morale drops too low, its soldiers try to flee the field. Units can create different formations that alter how they perform in combat; for example, many types of spearmen can form the phalanx formation, while many Roman soldiers can form the testudo. Both of these formations sacrifice mobility in favour of defensiveness. The player can also employ complex tactics to help them achieve victory; for example, soldiers can ambush enemies from a nearby forest or flank them to avoid a frontal engagement.


title: Rome: Total War

text: "Barbarian Invasion" allows the player to take control of the barbarian nations of Europe and the Middle East during the migration period. It also adds a more complex portrayal of religion, with changes in the state religion affecting unrest and the popularity of the ruling family. The campaign takes place from 363 AD to 476 AD.


title: Rome: Total War

text: The "Alexander" expansion puts the player in the role of Alexander the Great and replays his conquests and battles. The campaign takes place from 336 BC to 323 BC.


title: Rome: Total War

text: A demo was released on 23 August 2004 and is freely available for download. It features a playable version of the Battle of River Trebia, with the player taking the role of the brilliant general Hannibal.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Prior to release, a preliminary but completely workable version of the game engine was used in two series of TV programs: "Decisive Battles" by the History Channel where it was used to recreate famous historical battles, and "Time Commanders" by BBC Two, where teams of novice non-gamers commanded ancient armies to replay key battles of antiquity. The game engine was fine-tuned specifically for these television shows by military historians for maximum historical accuracy. In addition, both series had the same music track as the battles in "Rome: Total War".


title: Rome: Total War

text: The original music soundtrack for the game was composed by Jeff van Dyck, who received a BAFTA (British Academy) Interactive Awards nomination for his work. His wife Angela van Dyck features in some of the vocals including "Forever", which plays during the game's credits; Angela also wrote the lyrics for the song "Divinitus", written in quasi-Latin.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Due to the shutdown of GameSpy's multiplayer services in May 2014, the game was migrated to Steamworks as of patch 1.51.


title: Rome: Total War

text: An iPad version, developed by Feral Interactive, was announced on August 12, 2016 and released on November 10, 2016. The iPhone version was released on August 23, 2018. The Android version has been announced on November 8, 2018 for a release date in winter 2018.


title: Rome: Total War

text: "Rome: Total War" allows for the manipulation of some game resources, including its text files and textures, which has led to the creation of modifications. Among the most notable "Europa Barbarorum" and "Roma Surrectum" that both aim to introduce more historical accuracy and rework how the factions are played.


title: Rome: Total War

text: According to The NPD Group, "Rome: Total War" was the 20th-best-selling computer game of 2004. It maintained this position on NPD's annual computer game sales chart for the following year. In the United States alone, the game sold 390,000 copies and earned $16.8 million by August 2006. At the time, this led "Edge" to declare it the country's 40th-best-selling computer game, and best-selling "Total War" title, released since January 2000. The series as a whole, including "Rome", sold 1.3 million units in the United States by August 2006. By 2013, "Rome: Total War" alone had totaled 876,000 sales in the region. It also received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Rome: Total War

text: The game received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Many reviewers regarded it as one of the best strategy games of all time; it won numerous awards and high scores from gaming websites and magazines alike.


title: Rome: Total War

text: "Computer Games Magazine" named "Rome: Total War" the fifth-best computer game of 2004. The editors wrote, "If there's a magic formula for how to make a great strategy game, Creative Assembly has it down pat." The editors of "Computer Gaming World" nominated "Rome" as their 2004 "Strategy Game of the Year (Real-Time)", although it lost to "". It was nominated for GameSpot's year-end "Best Graphics, Technical" award.


title: Rome: Total War

text: On 2 July 2012, The Creative Assembly announced the development of "" as the next edition of the "Total War" series. "Rome II" became its successor on 3 September 2013 when it was released, featuring gameplay during the time of the Roman Republic and Empire, a larger campaign map, as well as a number of game mechanics both new and carried over from previous "Total War" entries.


title: Rome: Total War

text: On March 25, 2021, 16 and a half years since its initial release, a remastered edition named "Total War: Rome Remastered" was announced. It would feature improved visuals, additional factions and a modernized interface; and cover the original game and all expansions. Developed by Feral Interactive, the remaster was released on April 19 the same year. The reception was positive with reviews stating that the remastered edition was the best way to play "Rome: Total War" today, but that the game mechanics felt outdated compared to more recent releases in the Total War series.


title: Rome: Total War

text: Like the original game, the remaster supports modding. Among the most notable, "Imperial Surrectum" made by the mod developers behind mods "Rome: Total Realism" and "Roma Surrectum" for the original game.


title: Stuart Price

text: Stuart David Price (born 9 September 1977) is an English electronic musician, DJ, songwriter, and record producer known for his work with artists including Madonna, Dua Lipa, The Killers, New Order, Kylie Minogue, DMA's, Example, Take That, Missy Elliott, Scissor Sisters, Pet Shop Boys, Brandon Flowers, Gwen Stefani, Seal, Keane, Jessie Ware, Frankmusik, Hard-Fi, Hurts, Everything Everything, Rina Sawayama, and Darin. His acts include his own band Zoot Woman (with Adam Blake and Johnny Blake), Les Rythmes Digitales (, literally "The Digital Rhythms"), Paper Faces, Man with Guitar, Thin White Duke (not to be confused with David Bowie's earlier persona of the same name), and the parodic French moniker Jacques Lu Cont (though he actually grew up in Reading, England).


title: Stuart Price

text: Price was born in Paris, France, but grew up in Reading, Berkshire. His musical career started with two acts working simultaneously, releasing music on London-based label, Wall of Sound. He formed Zoot Woman with Adam Blake and Johnny Blake, and their debut 12", "Sweet to the Wind EP", was released in 1995. Around the same time, under the pseudonym Jacques Lu Cont, Price was making music as Les Rythmes Digitales. Initially choosing the name as a reference to the explosion in demand for French house in the United Kingdom during the 1990s, Price even went as far as to conduct interviews with British journalists in French via an interpreter. In interviews from around this time, Price also claimed that he had grown up listening exclusively to classical music, until one day encountering the album "Dare" by the Human League.


title: Stuart Price

text: The first Les Rhythmes Digitales album, "Liberation", was released in 1996. A single, ""Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat)"", followed the next year. It was re-released in 1999, reaching #60 on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on that year's album, "Darkdancer". Greatly influenced by 1980s dance music, "Darkdancer" would later be included in Vice magazine's 99 Greatest Dance Albums of All Time list.


title: Stuart Price

text: Zoot Woman released their debut album, "Living in a Magazine," in 2001, following it up in 2003 with an eponymous album. The same year, Price released DJ mix album FabricLive.09, part of a series of mix releases from London club Fabric, under his Jacques Lu Cont moniker. He made his first original release under the name the following year; "...And Dance" was a single featuring General Degree. Another Zoot Woman album, "Things Are What They Used To Be," was released in 2009, and further Jacques Lu Cont singles followed, released both in physical formats and as free downloads from Soundcloud.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price has produced, and at times co-written, numerous songs for popular artists. Price has also remixed and re-produced numerous songs under his own name as well as the names Thin White Duke (originally created by David Bowie), Jacques Lu Cont, and Les Rythmes Digitales. Other aliases include Man with Guitar and Paper Faces (an alias for him and Adam Blake of the band Zoot Woman). Price's remixes are characterised by club-lead beats with arpeggios, riffs, and vocal lines faded and filtered throughout the song for a climactic effect. He favours keeping the original vocal arrangement of songs and re-contextualizing the non-lyrical content in creating his new versions.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price is best known for his work with Madonna's tenth studio album "Confessions on a Dance Floor" (2005). He began collaborating with Madonna as musical director for her 2001 Drowned World Tour after remixing some of the tracks on her Music album via Mirwais. He reprised the role for her 2004 Re-Invention World Tour and 2006 Confessions Tour. Price created remixes for the album's singles "Hung Up", "Sorry" (under the Man with Guitar alias), "Get Together", and "Jump", as well as the album tracks "I Love New York" and "Let It Will Be" (under the Paper Faces alias). Price co-wrote the song "X-Static Process" for Madonna's 2003 album "American Life". Price has also remixed the Madonna songs "Hollywood" from "American Life" and "Miles Away" from the album "Hard Candy". Madonna chose his remix of "Hollywood" for her performance at the MTV Video Music Awards with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price's work with The Killers began with his remix of their hit single "Mr. Brightside", released under the Thin White Duke name. Subsequently, Price remixed the song "When You Were Young", the first single from The Killers album "Sam's Town". Price produced two of the tracks re-recorded for the release of The Killers' B-sides album, "Sawdust": "Leave the Bourbon on the Shelf" and "Sweet Talk". His remix of "Mr. Brightside" appeared as a bonus track on that release. Price went on to produce The Killers' third studio album, "Day & Age", released on 24 November 2008. He also created an extended remix of the lead single "Human" released under the Thin White Duke name. Price also worked for The Killers vocalist Brandon Flowers' debut solo album "Flamingo", producing most of the songs on it, including the second single "Only the Young". The album was released on 6 September in the UK and Ireland and 14 September in the US and Canada.


title: Stuart Price

text: The Killers' album, "Battle Born", contains two tracks that Price produced, as well as a Jacques Lu Cont remix of the album's first track, "Flesh and Bone".


title: Stuart Price

text: Price also produced the song "Just Another Girl", a new track on the Killers compilation album "Direct Hits".


title: Stuart Price

text: In the deluxe version of The Killers' 2017 album, "Wonderful Wonderful", Price did a remix of the album's single, "The Man".


title: Stuart Price

text: Price was the musical director on the Pandemonium tour, and produced their 2013 album "Electric" which was very highly acclaimed by critics and reached No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart – their highest charting album since 1993. He also toured with them on at least several shows in the Electric tour (Las Vegas and Oakland). Price went on to produce their albums "Super" and "Hotspot" released in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Both albums received positive reviews and reached No. 3 on the UK Album Chart.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price is the executive producer for Kylie Minogue's 11th studio album titled "Aphrodite" which was released on June 30, 2010. On 11 June, the hit single "All the Lovers" was released, and later "Get Outta My Way", which was remixed by Price into an extended version.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price was the album producer on Seal's fifth studio album "System", which was released in November 2007. He also co-wrote several of the album's songs. Price was among the producers of Keane's album "Perfect Symmetry", which was released in October 2008.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price was also reported to be working with New Order's Bernard Sumner on a "synthesiser album". However, it appears the project has been shelved


title: Stuart Price

text: Price co-produced the Scissor Sisters album "Night Work", released on 28 June 2010. The first track to be released from the album was "Invisible Light", followed by singles "Fire With Fire" and "Any Which Way".


title: Stuart Price

text: In 2010, Price produced Take That's studio album "Progress" which saw Robbie Williams return to the band. Progress was the biggest selling album of 2010 and the second fastest selling British album of all time. In 2011, he worked as a producer on Hard-Fi's 2011 album "Killer Sounds". He worked with the band for second single "Fire in the House". In May 2012, the fourth Scissor Sisters album "Magic Hour" was released with two tracks produced by Stuart Price: "The Secret Life of Letters" and "Somewhere".


title: Stuart Price

text: For the London 2012 Olympic Games, Price was asked to create a theme song as the keystone of what director Danny Boyle called the "sonic branding" of the games. Intended to be played in multiple venues, Price set out to create a modular piece, "Different elements can layer on top of each other to create a fast-paced version for the velodrome, something slow for the background on TV, or a triumphant version of it for the medal ceremonies."


title: Stuart Price

text: In 2015, Price produced the critically acclaimed studio album "Get to Heaven" by Manchester-based band Everything Everything which Digital Spy described as "a contender for album of the year". Q also awarded the album 5 stars.


title: Stuart Price

text: In 2017, Price produced with many different people. His first venture was with Kiesza on her 2017 single, entitled "Dearly Beloved", which is expected to be the lead single on her upcoming second album. He also was credited as Jacques Lu Cont when remixing The Knocks's single "Trouble", featuring vocals from Absofacto. The song became the second single to be released from their fifth extended play, entitled "Testify".


title: Stuart Price

text: In 2020, Price served as a co-producer and additional producer on the Dua Lipa "Future Nostalgia" album, in 4 songs, where 3 of them: "Hallucinate", "Levitating" and "Love Again" became singles.


title: Stuart Price

text: He also produced the release of Aussie rockers DMA's third studio album The Glow (DMA's album) that has been met with positive reviews.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price is also one of the listed producers on Japanese-British singer/songwriter Rina Sawayama's second studio album "Hold the Girl", which was released on September 16, 2022.


title: Stuart Price

text: Price remixed Coldplay's single "Viva la Vida", released on the band's website as the Thin White Duke remix. Price has also produced and mastered tracks for Frankmusik's debut album, one of which is "3 Little Words". This track was released as a single on the "3 Little Words" EP. He provided two Thin White Duke remixes for the release of Depeche Mode's 2009 single, "Wrong".


title: Stuart Price

text: In 2009, Price remixed "It's Not My Problem" for Sneaky Sound System under the Thin White Duke alias, as well as doing remixes for Depeche Mode's "Wrong", Friendly Fires' "Jump in the Pool", Röyksopp's "This Must Be It" and, most recently, Muse's "Undisclosed Desires". Producing the tour arrangement for the Pandemonium Tour by Pet Shop Boys, Price fulfilled a personal dream. He also produced an exclusive arrangement for Pet Shop Boys' Brit Awards performance in February. Both older hits and brand new songs were combined to create a ten-minute-long mash up that closed the 2009 Brits.


title: Stuart Price

text: He mixed and remixed Miike Snow single "The Rabbit", then produced Take That's album "Progress", featuring their reunion with Robbie Williams, later working again on their first EP, "Progressed", released in summer 2011. Meanwhile, the band promoted their "Progress Live" which featured Price as musical director. Price mixed and co-produced several tracks on Duffy's album "Endlessly", including first single "Well, Well, Well".


title: Stuart Price

text: Under his Jacques Lu Cont alias, he released several massive club remixes including ones for U2, Katy Perry, Miike Snow and Coldplay. Under this alias he also remixed Glasgow band Bis' single Eurodisco.


title: Stuart Price

text: In June 2012 his remix of Charlie Brown was rejected by Coldplay, though Price did end up having it released through Annie Mac's show on BBC Radio One on 13 July.


title: Stuart Price

text: Stuart is managed by Lucas Keller and Alex Harrow at Milk & Honey, and published by Warner Chappell for the world.


title: Tyrolean hat

text: The Tyrolean hat (, ), also Bavarian hat or Alpine hat, is a type of headwear that originally came from the Tyrol in the Alps, in what is now part of Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. It is an essential and distinctive element of the local folk costume, or "tracht".


title: Tyrolean hat

text: A typical Tyrolean hat is made of green felt, which originally had a crown tapering to a point and a brim roughly the width of a hand, something that was especially common in the Zillertal, a Tyrollian valley in Austria.


title: Tyrolean hat

text: In addition to varying in shape and width of brim, the hats are characteristically decorated with a coloured, corded hatband and a spray of flowers, feathers or "brush" at the side of the crown. The traditional "brush", known as a "gamsbart", is made of the beard of the chamois goat. A large and showy one may contain thousands of individual hairs, and cost between $2,500 and $3,000. It takes a variety of forms, and may often be combined with feathers.


title: Tyrolean hat

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, Tyrolean costumes developed a certain degree of uniformity in their appearance. In the local village costumes of the Tyrol, the various styles of Tyrolean hat have survived since the 1830s/1840s, albeit similar to those of contemporary fashion. These original forms vary from the tall, relatively narrow-brimmed hats of North Tyrol which were dented on top, to the small, wide-brimmed hats of the South Tyrolean wine country.


title: Tyrolean hat

text: Later the Tyrolean hat became the image bearer of "Tyrolean culture" as a tourist symbol, very popular at folk gatherings and beer festivals, such as the Munich Oktoberfest, and influenced by folk music bands who wore fanciful "local" costumes. The musician, Billy Mo, wrote a song in 1962 called "Ich kauf' mir lieber einen Tirolerhut" ("I Prefer to Buy a Tyrolean Hat"), which reinforced the link between the hat and traditional Alpine (brass band) folk music. In 1965, a comedy musical appeared under the same title.


title: Tyrolean hat

text: The Tyrolean hat became even better known thanks to Edward VIII of Great Britain, who, after his abdication, frequently stayed in Austrian Styria and often wore a hat of Tyrolean style, although it did not come from there. It is said that the Tyrolean hat was the inspiration for the homburg, a style popularized beyond its native Germanic region by his grandfather, Edward VII.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Margherita Sarfatti (née Grassini; 8 April 1880 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian journalist, art critic, patron, collector, socialite, and prominent propaganda adviser of the National Fascist Party. She was Benito Mussolini's biographer as well as one of his mistresses.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Sarfatti was born in Venice, the daughter of Amedeo Grassini and Emma Levi (whose cousin Giuseppe Levi was the father of Natalia Ginzburg). Amedeo was a wealthy Jewish lawyer and businessman. He was a fiscal attorney for the Venetian government and a close friend of Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, later Pope Pius X. He would later be made a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Sarfatti grew up in a "palazzo" situated at the Canal Grande in Venice and was educated by private tutors. However, she was soon attracted by socialist ideas and escaped her parents' home at age 18 to marry Cesare Sarfatti, a Jewish lawyer from Padua. He was 13 years her senior, but shared her socialist beliefs. In 1902, the couple moved to Milan. There, they became prominent in the city's artistic life, hosting weekly Salons that became the centre of the Futurist and Novecento Italiano artistic movements. The Salons took place at the number 93 of Corso Venezia. Present at these gatherings were Mussolini, Massimo Bontempelli, Ada Negri, and a couple of sculptors Medardo Rosso and Arturo Martini. Margherita Sarfatti and her husband had several children. Their eldest son, Robert, enlisted in the Italian army during World War I, and was killed in action on Monte Baldo in January 1918, aged 18.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Personal friend and private collector of the right-wing avanguardist Umberto Boccioni, in 1911 Sarfatti met Benito Mussolini (three years her junior) and started a relationship with him. During this time she was working as an art critic at the newspaper "Avanti!" After losing her husband in 1924, she wrote a biography of Mussolini. This was first published in 1925 in Britain under the title "The Life of Benito Mussolini"; it was published the following year in Italy with the title "Dux". Because of the fame of Mussolini and the author's familiarity with the dictator, the book was a success. Seventeen editions were printed and it was translated into 18 languages.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Sarfatti is memorialized in Guido Cadorin frescoes in the (now called) Grand Hotel Palace, Via Veneto No. 70, Rome. "Fiammetta and I wanted to pass into immortality in the salon's frescoes," she remarked, referring to her daughter, who is portrayed with her in the frescoes.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Sarfatti had an influence over Mussolini's policies from 1922 until 1938, when Mussolini bowed to German pressure and after the Manifesto of Race enacted racial legislation, the fascist government's politics were not anti-semitic, and the party's membership rolls were open to Jews. In 1922, the group Novecento was enlarged to Anselmo Bucci, Leonardo Dudreville, Achille Funi, Gian Emilio Malerba, Pietro Marussig, Ubaldo Oppi, and Mario Sironi. Probably in reaction to the changing circumstances in Italy, Sarfatti left Italy in 1938 for Argentina and Uruguay; she worked as a journalist for the newspaper "El Diario" of Montevideo. After the war, in 1947, Sarfatti returned to her home country and once again became an influential force in Italian art.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: She had contacts and personal knowledge of more exponents of the Italian Freemasonry., which Mussolini affirmed to badly tolerate.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Actress Susan Sarandon portrayed Sarfatti in the 1999 movie "Cradle Will Rock", written and directed by Sarandon's then longtime companion, Tim Robbins. Sarandon discussed her role, saying:


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: Margherita is someone who is a legitimate historical figure. She really existed. She really was Mussolini's mistress and was very involved in the cultural shaping of Italy's art movements. She was a patron of new painters in Italy. She came over to the United States to sell Mussolini to the American people, and she did that by using Hearst's column. She wrote a column, and that was how they prepared the United States people for the concept of entering the war on the side of Mussolini, I suppose. And also, she was trying to fund the war.


title: Margherita Sarfatti

text: And the complication of this was the fact that she was Jewish, and she in fact supported thus her own crisis, which eventually would make her flee Italy to Argentina and Uruguay for several years until it was safe for her to return. Whether or not she was just in complete denial or she really truly believed that there was a way to sleep with Mussolini and not be held accountable, I don't know. But she ended up in an awkward position. She was hobnobbing with all these rich American people. I think in the context of the film, she's somebody who has a job to do and because she loved art, she sometimes finds herself to be giving all this art away to people she feels don't really appreciate it.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: The Heartbreakers, sometimes referred to as Johnny Thunders' Heartbreakers, were an American punk rock band formed in New York City in 1975. The band spearheaded the first wave of punk rock.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) gained fame in the pioneering proto-punk band the New York Dolls. By early 1975, the Dolls were disintegrating amid poor record sales and tensions within the band, and Thunders and Nolan quit during a tour of Florida in March 1975. Coincidentally, that same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) left Television. After returning to New York, Thunders and Nolan invited Hell to join their new band, and Hell agreed. As Hell said, "I was fed up with Television because it was getting so pretentious...so I thought, this is perfect - we'll make a really good rock & roll band that's dealing with interesting subjects." The three dubbed their new band the Heartbreakers. Their first gig was on May 30 of that year, at the Coventry, a rock club in Queens. (Tom Petty's band was also named the Heartbreakers, but they did not begin gigging until 1976.) The trio auditioned several candidates for a second guitarist, and soon added Walter Lure to the lineup. Lure, who had previously played with a glam-punk band called the Demons, played his first show with the Heartbreakers on July 4, 1975, at CBGB.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: The band quickly became one of the most popular and well-known underground bands in New York City, headlining shows at CBGB, Mother's (located across from the Chelsea Hotel), and Max's Kansas City. In the band's early days, each member took turns on vocals, with Hell bringing in songs (such as "Blank Generation") originally written for Television, and Thunders contributing new material as well. Lure began singing lead on some songs and co-writing with Nolan. The combination of the style-conscious Nolan and Thunders with the beatnik Hell and gangly Lure made for a visually arresting and musically powerful group. As Blondie's Clem Burke said, "You could call them the punk rock Beatles. Each person really stood out." Although popular, the early lineup could not get a recording contract, in no small part due to the band's well-known heroin use - as vividly described in their best-known song, "Chinese Rocks" (which was actually written by Dee Dee Ramone with contributions from Hell). Live recordings of the Thunders/Hell/Nolan/Lure lineup were eventually released on the LP "Live at Mother's", and studio demos were released in 2019.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Although initially the band members shared songwriting and singing, Hell increasingly attempted to impose his will on the band. At a rehearsal in early 1976, Hell laid down an ultimatum - he would sing most of the songs in the set, with Thunders relegated to one or two songs per set. Thunders walked out, and Nolan and Lure followed; with all three united against him, Hell wound up leaving the band. His final show was on May 14, 1976, at the Rathskeller in Boston. After auditioning several bass players, the band settled on Boston transplant Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, Richard Hell and the Voidoids.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Replacing Hell with Rath solidified the Heartbreakers sound, firmly rooted in 1950's rock and rhythm 'n' blues, but with the energy, volume, and attitude of punk. Rath was a better bassist than Hell, meshing with Nolan to form a formidable rhythm section, and was also content with playing a supporting role in the band without seeking the spotlight. Now managed by Leee Black Childers, the band also consciously emphasized their New York street-tough image, abandoning the glam rock look Thunders and Nolan had flaunted in the New York Dolls in favor of short hair and '50's style suits. The first gigs with the new lineup took place on July 23 and 24, 1976 at Max's Kansas City and earned rave reviews. The band continued to gig regularly in New York City throughout the summer and fall, and played several shows in Boston in September. Despite Childers' efforts and a reputation as a must-see live act, no recording contract was forthcoming, a situation that became increasingly frustrating. Lure wrote that "the kind of deals being offered were laughable, sleazy 50-50 splits that the bands could never, ever hope to profit from." Although the band regularly drew packed crowds at Max's and other venues, by this point Thunders, Nolan, and Lure were heroin addicts (Rath preferred methamphetamine), so money was tight.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: The band got what seemed like a break when the Sex Pistols invited the band to open for them on the ill-fated Anarchy Tour (the Sex Pistols at this time were managed by Malcolm McLaren, who had previously managed The New York Dolls). Arriving for the tour just as the UK punk scene was building momentum, the Heartbreakers quickly developed a following in and around London despite most of the shows on the tour being cancelled. As Childers said, "The Heartbreakers blew everyone away, for no more reason than they were just more experienced - they had their roots in rhythm and blues and rock 'n' roll...no matter how anarchic an audience thinks it is, if the bass player can actually play, and the drummer is Jerry Nolan, suddenly they're going 'this is GREAT'!" At Childers' behest, the band stayed in London after the conclusion of the tour in order to play more gigs and earn a recording contract. Sold-out gigs at London clubs Dingwalls and the Roxy established the band as one of the top groups in the nascent punk scene, and eventually they signed a contract with Track Records in the spring of 1977, earning a substantial advance and beginning work on their debut album.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: By this point, the band members' addictions were out of control, despite being enrolled in the British methadone program. Nolan later acknowledged that "everything we did revolved around drugs." Recording sessions for the new album were derailed by drug use - on the part of band members as well as producer Speedy Keen - leading to innumerable attempts at recording and mixing at different studios. The first release from the sessions was the single "Chinese Rocks" b/w "Born To Lose", released in May 1977, which sold well despite being criticized for its poor sound. Nolan admitted "I think it's okay, but not great," and Lure added "The record wasn't really up to par production wise." Band members continued to attempt to remix the album at various studios in London throughout the summer of 1977, but the problems persisted. In the studio, the band could not seem to capture the power of their live shows - the recordings sounded muddy and lifeless, especially Nolan's drums.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: As a live act, at this point the Heartbreakers were second to none - a summer tour of the UK was very successful, with a "New Musical Express" review describing one gig as "the nearest thing I ever saw to Beatlemania." In August, the band returned to New York City to play three nights at the Village Gate, their first shows in their hometown in nearly a year. Recalled Lure, "It was probably the best shows we ever played in New York, only because we were so tight from touring for six months." These now-legendary shows - which one observer called some of the best rock shows ever - were eventually released as a live album in 2015.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: After the Village Gate shows, the band returned to England to attempt to finalize the album, entitled "L.A.M.F." (New York gang slang for "like a motherfucker".) Nolan was most vocal about his dissatisfaction with the recordings, and attempted to remix the album himself - but with no better results. Track Records pressured the band to release the album by October 1977 in order to get it in stores for the holiday season; Nolan threatened to quit if the album was released as is, and when the other three members agreed to Track's demands, Nolan followed through and left the band. Upon its release, the album received excellent reviews, but still drew criticism for its poor sound - especially compared to the Clash and the Sex Pistols albums released the same year. Much of the blame went to Keen, who was not a trained recording engineer, but problems with the mastering process likely affected the record as well. L.A.M.F. would ultimately be remixed and rereleased multiple times to try to extract the band's raw power from the master tapes. As Childers said, the album's failure to capture the Heartbreakers' live sound was "the biggest, hugest fuck-up in the history of rock 'n' roll."


title: The Heartbreakers

text: With Nolan out of the band, Thunders, Lure, and Rath recruited the Sex Pistols' Paul Cook to play drums on a fall tour of the U.K., but soon asked Nolan to rejoin as a hired musician. Nolan finished the tour, but then left again to start a new band, the Idols. The Heartbreakers did a short European tour in November and December with Terry Chimes on drums, after which Lure and Rath returned to New York to attempt to recruit a permanent replacement on drums. The band again found themselves without a recording contract when Track Records went bankrupt - fortunately, due to a provision Childers had inserted in their contract, they were able to recover the master tapes for L.A.M.F. as well as other live recordings. But without a new recording contract, Thunders decided to attempt a solo career, and the band ultimately broke up in early 1978.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Thunders remained in London, playing shows with various musicians, and recording his solo debut "So Alone" (which featured Lure and Rath on a few tracks.) That summer, the three found themselves in New York and decided to play some "farewell" shows - as Lure acknowledged, "we were all strung out, we were all in town, and we all needed money." Minus Nolan, the band booked a series of shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Styx sitting in. Realizing that the band would not last much longer, Max's booker Peter Crowley arranged for the shows on September 16, 1978, to be recorded for a live album, The eventual release, "Live at Max's Kansas City '79," would become an immediate classic, capturing the band's live energy as "L.A.M.F." had conspicuously failed to do.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Nolan eventually rejoined the band in March 1979, and the reunited quartet continued to play regularly in New York throughout 1979 and 1980. But there was no attempt to write new songs or record new material - the gigs were purely "rent parties" to help the members stay afloat financially (and pay for their addictions.) In 1984, the band was able to rerelease a remixed version of "L.A.M.F.," and did a reunion tour of Europe in 1984 that led to a live video and album recorded at The Lyceum Ballroom London on March 25, 1984. Billy Rath left the band and the music business after the reunion tour, and was replaced by Tony Coiro. Thunders and Nolan continued their careers solo and (in Nolan's case) with other bands; they toured together in 1986 and 1987. Lure formed his own band, the Waldos, as well as occasionally playing with Thunders at New York gigs.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: The Heartbreakers' final show was on November 30, 1990, at the Marquee in New York City, with Coiro on bass. Although both Thunders and Nolan were in deteriorating health by this point, the show went well.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Johnny Thunders died in April 1991. His body was found in a hotel room in New Orleans. While Thunders' death may have been drug-related, there is some controversy surrounding the facts of his death as the level of methadone in Thunders' body may not have constituted a fatal dose. Thunders also suffered from various health problems, with his autopsy showing evidence of advanced leukemia. In June 1991, a memorial concert was held for Thunders' family, at which Lure, Jerry Nolan, Coiro, and Joey Pinter played a set of Heartbreakers songs.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Jerry Nolan died in 1992 following a stroke he suffered in hospital, while being treated for meningitis and pneumonia. He had been diagnosed with HIV several years prior to his death.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Richard Hell played with the Voidoids until the early 1980's, but subsequently has focused on writing and spoken word performances.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Walter Lure had an unconventional post-Heartbreakers career, working as a stock broker on Wall Street. He remained active in the music world with his Heartbreakers-style band the Waldos, who played regularly in New York City; Lure would also do an international tour once or twice a year. Lure was diagnosed in July 2020 with liver and lung cancer, which spread rapidly, and he died from complications related to the cancer on August 21, 2020, at the age of 71.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: Billy Rath disappeared from the music scene after leaving the Heartbreakers in the mid-1980s, and he undertook a period of rehabilitation to recover from the effects of sustained abuse of drugs and alcohol. Rath then went on to study for a degree in psychology and a postgraduate qualification in theology, working as a substance use disorder counselor. After being persuaded to attend the Max's Kansas City reunion gig in September 2010, Rath reentered the music world and briefly fronted a new band, the Street Pirates. He died on August 16, 2014, aged 66.


title: The Heartbreakers

text: "L.A.M.F." is now considered one of the most influential albums of the first wave of punk. The album has been remixed multiple times; a 4-CD "Definitive Edition" was released in 2012, which included two remixes of the original LP along with demos and rare tracks. Multiple live recordings have been released as well, from both the early lineup with Hell and the "L.A.M.F." lineup.


title: Delta Dawn

text: "Delta Dawn" is a song written by musician Larry Collins and country songwriter Alex Harvey. The first notable recording of the song was in 1971 by American singer and actress Bette Midler for her debut album. However it is best known as a 1972 top ten country hit for Tanya Tucker and a 1973 US number one hit for Helen Reddy. Though the song is attributed exclusively to Collins and Harvey, the melody of the chorus is nearly identical to the Christian hymn Amazing Grace.


title: Delta Dawn

text: The title character is a faded former Southern belle from Brownsville, Tennessee, who, at 41, is obsessed to unreason with the long-ago memory of a suitor who jilted her. The lyrics describe how the woman regularly "walks downtown with a suitcase in her hand / looking for a mysterious dark haired man" who she says will be taking her "to his mansion in the sky."


title: Delta Dawn

text: Ten years before Harvey wrote the song, he was performing on TV and told his mother not to come, lest she get drunk and embarrass him. That night she died in a car crash, and Harvey believed it was suicide caused by his rejection.


title: Delta Dawn

text: Harvey suffered from guilt over the incident, for years, until a cathartic incident the night he wrote the song. He was at fellow songwriter Larry Collins' house, who was asleep while Harvey noodled around on his guitar. He believed his mother then came to him in a vision:


title: Delta Dawn

text: The first recording of "Delta Dawn" was made by Harvey for his eponymous album released in November 1971. Harvey had performed as the opening act for Helen Reddy at the Troubadour, in January 1972, but at that time Reddy (who also was signed with the Capitol Records label) made no connection with any of Harvey's compositions.


title: Delta Dawn

text: Dianne Davidson sang backup for Harvey's recording. She was the first singer after Harvey to record the song and chart in 1971–1972.


title: Delta Dawn

text: After hearing Tracy Nelson sing "Delta Dawn" at the Bottom Line in New York City, Bette Midler added the song to her repertoire.


title: Delta Dawn

text: During the time Tanya Tucker’s and Helen Reddy’s recordings of the song were being produced (see below), Bette Midler recorded "Delta Dawn" for her "The Divine Miss M" debut album, for which her bluesy version was planned as the lead single. Reddy's single was released June 1973, two days after Midler's. The preemption required a marketing change for Midler, so the original B-side "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was shopped to radio, itself becoming a top ten hit.


title: Delta Dawn

text: Before Bette Midler's recording, Nashville-based producer Billy Sherrill heard her sing "Delta Dawn" on "The Tonight Show" and wanted to sign Midler to Epic Records and have her record it. Upon finding that Midler already signed with Atlantic Records, Sherrill cut the song with Tanya Tucker, who was newly signed to Epic, and Tucker's version was released in April 1972; it reached number six Country that spring.


title: Delta Dawn

text: While Harvey's original version started with the first verse, Sherrill suggested starting with the chorus instead, done a cappella – a term unknown to 13-year-old Tucker. This distinction became a signature of her version.


title: Delta Dawn

text: Record producer Tom Catalano created an instrumental track of "Delta Dawn." Catalano first offered the vocal track to Barbra Streisand, but she refused; after this he gave the vocal to Reddy.


title: Delta Dawn

text: Reddy's version, which added upward modulation to Tucker's cold intro and nonstop vocals throughout, entered the top ten on 18 August 1973, on its way to its lone week at number one on the main "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, on 15 September 1973. "Delta Dawn" was also the first of Reddy's six consecutive — and eight overall — number one hits on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart.<ref name="Billboard A/C #1 Hits"></ref>


title: Delta Dawn

text: Reddy had reached number two with both "I Don't Know How to Love Him" and "I Am Woman" in her native Australia; "Delta Dawn" became her first number one hit there, spending five weeks at the top of the "Kent Music Report" in August and September 1973. "Delta Dawn" also marked Reddy's only chart appearance in South Africa, reaching number 13 in the autumn of 1973.


title: Mukachevo

text: Mukachevo (, ; ; see name section) is a city in the valley of the Latorica river in Zakarpattia Oblast (province), in Western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of Mukachevo Raion (district), the city itself does not belong to the raion and is designated as a city of oblast significance, with the status equal to that of a separate raion. The city is a rail terminus and highway junction, and has beer, wine, tobacco, food, textile, timber, and furniture industries. During the Cold War, it was home to Mukachevo air base and a radar station.


title: Mukachevo

text: Mukachevo lies close to the borders of four neighbouring countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. Today, the population is . The city is a traditional stronghold of the Rusyn language, and the population of Mukachevo is officially reported as 77.1% ethnic Ukrainian. There are also significant minorities of: Russians (9.0%); Hungarians (8.5%); Germans (1.9%); and Roma (1.4%).


title: Mukachevo

text: Up until World War II and the Holocaust, Mukachevo was primarily a Jewish town, and half the population was Jewish (see below), the rest of the population being Russians, Hungarian, Slovak, and other minorities. Formerly in Czechoslovakia, and before that in Hungary, it was incorporated into Soviet Ukraine after World War II.


title: Mukachevo

text: Most probably, the name derived from the Hungarian surname "Muncas" - munkás (worker) which later transformed into Munkács, while another version points that the name contains proto-Slavic root "Muka" which means (flour).


title: Mukachevo

text: On 23 May 2017 the Ukrainian parliament officially renamed Mukacheve ("Мукачеве") into Mukachevo ("Мукачево"), a year after the city council had decided to rename the city. Previously, it was usually spelled in Standard Literary Ukrainian as Mukacheve while Мукачів ("Mukachiv") was sometimes also used. The city's name in Russian is Мукачево ("Mukachevo"), which is also the Russian transliteration () as well as a name adopted by the local authorities and portrayed on the city's coat of arms. Other names are ; Rusyn: "Мукачово" ("Mukachovo"), ; Polish "Mukaczewo"; Slovak and Czech: "Mukačevo"; ; ("Munkatsh").


title: Mukachevo

text: Archaeological excavation suggest that early settlements existed here before the Middle Ages. For example, a Celtic oppidum and metal works center that existed in the 3rd-1st century BC were found between the Halish and Lovachka mountains. A Thracian fort of the Iron Age (10th century BC) was found on the mountain of Tupcha. Around the 1st century the area was occupied by the Carpi people who displaced the local Celts from the area.


title: Mukachevo

text: In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin through the Verecke Pass, about north of present-day Mukachevo. In 1397, the town and its surrounding was granted by King Sigismund of Hungary to his distant cousin, the exiled prince of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Theodor Koriatovich, who used to administrate the Ruthenian Podolia region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, until was exiled for disobedience by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great in 1392. Theodor therefore became a vassal of Hungary and settled many Ruthenians in the territory. Other sources, however, state that Theodor bought the town and the surrounding area in 1396. During the 15th century, the city prospered and became a prominent craft and trade center for the region. In 1445, the town became a Hungarian free royal town. It was also granted the rights of Magdeburg law.


title: Mukachevo

text: During the 16th century, Munkács became part of the Principality of Transylvania. The 17th century (from 1604 to 1711) was a time of continuous struggle against the expansionist intentions of the Habsburg Empire for the Principality. In 1678 the anti-Habsburg Revolt of Imre Thököly started out from Munkács. The region also played an important role in Rákóczi's War of Independence.


title: Mukachevo

text: After the defeat of Francis II Rákóczi the city came under Austrian control in the mid-18th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary and was made a key fortress of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1726, the Palanok Castle and the town, before 1711 owned by the Rákóczi family, was given by the Habsburgs to the Schönborn family, who were responsible for an expansion of the town. They also settled many Germans in the territory, thereby causing an economic boom of the region. During 1796–1897, the city's castle, until then a strong fortress, became a prison. The Greek national hero Alexander Ypsilanti was imprisoned at the Palanok Castle between 1821 and 1823.


title: Mukachevo

text: In 1919, after the American-Rusyns agreed with Tomáš Masaryk on incorporating Carpathian Ruthenia into Czechoslovakia, the whole of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied by Czechoslovak troops. On June 4, 1920, Mukachevo officially became part of Czechoslovakia through the Treaty of Trianon. In November 1938, a part of the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was re-annexed by Hungary as part of the First Vienna Award.


title: Mukachevo

text: Without delay the new authorities decreed the expulsion of all the Jews without Hungarian citizenship. As a consequence Polish and Russian Jews, long-term residents of the now Hungarian-controlled Transcarpathian region, and also from Mukachevo, as well as the native Jews who could not prove their citizenship, were deported over the Ukrainian border where they were turned over to the German Einsatzgruppe commando led by Friedrich Jeckeln. On August 27 and 28 1941 they were all murdered by the Germans in Kamianets-Podilskyi's massacre.


title: Mukachevo

text: Even so, Mukachevo's population still held an important Jewish component, until in 1944 all the Jews were deported to Auschwitz by the Nazi German Eichmann Commando. They were the last Jewish community in Europe to succumb to the Holocaust.


title: Mukachevo

text: In the end of 1944, the Red Army stormed Carpathian Ruthenia. At first the territory was given to the reestablished Czechoslovakia, then became part of the Soviet Union by a treaty between the two countries, later in 1945. The Soviet Union began a policy of expulsion of the Hungarian population. In 1945, the city was ceded to the Ukrainian SSR ("now Ukraine"). Since 2002, Mukachevo has been the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese comprising Transcarpathia.


title: Mukachevo

text: The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces has been based in Mukachevo since after World War II.


title: Mukachevo

text: In 1921, 21,000 people lived in Mukachevo. Of these, 48 percent were Jews, 24 percent were Rusyns, and 22 percent were Hungarians.


title: Mukachevo

text: The city's population in 1966 was 50,500. Of these, 60% were Ukrainians, 18 percent Hungarians, 10% Russians and 6% Jews.


title: Mukachevo

text: According to the 2001 census, 82,200 people live in Mukachevo. The population in 1989 was 91,000, in 2004 77,300 and in 2008 93,738. Its population includes:


title: Mukachevo

text: Residents in seven villages of the Mukachevo Raion have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.


title: Mukachevo

text: Fischer Sports, an Austrian company that produces Nordic skiing, alpine skiing, and ice hockey equipment, has a factory in Mukachevo. The firm benefits from provisional application on January 1, 2016 of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area provisions of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement.


title: Mukachevo

text: There are documents in the Berehove (Beregszász) State Archives which indicate that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Munkács and the surrounding villages as early as the second half of the seventeenth century. The Jewish community of Munkács was an amalgam of Galician and Hungarian Hasidic Jewry, Orthodox Jews, and Zionists. The town is most noted for its Chief Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira who led the community until his death in 1937.


title: Mukachevo

text: By 1851, Munkács supported a large yeshiva, thereby demonstrating the community's commitment to Talmudic learning and piety.


title: Mukachevo

text: Materially impoverished, yet wealthy in ideological debate, the Jews of interwar Munkács constituted almost half of the town's population. The Munkács Jewish community was famous for its Hasidic activity as well as its innovations in Zionism and modern Jewish education.


title: Mukachevo

text: The Jewish population of Munkács grew from 2,131 in 1825 to 5,049 in 1891 (almost 50 percent of the total population) to 7,675 in 1910 (about 44 percent). By 1921, the 10,000 Jews still made up about half the residents, though by 1930, the proportion had dropped to 43 percent, with a little over 11,000 Jews. The Jews of Munkács constituted 11 percent of the Jewry of Subcarpathian Rus.


title: Mukachevo

text: Interwar Munkács had a very large Jewish population, which was most visible on the Shabbat. On that day most stores were closed and, after services, the streets filled with Hasidic Jews in their traditional garb. The first movie house in the town was established by a Hasidic Jew, and it too closed on the Shabbat and Jewish holidays.


title: Mukachevo

text: The Chief Rabbi of Munkács, Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira (who led the community from 1913 until his death in 1937) was the most outspoken voice of religious anti-Zionism. He had succeeded his father, Rabbi Zvi Hirsh Spira, who had earlier inherited the mantle of leadership from his father Rabbi Shlomo Spira. He was also a Hasidic rebbe with a significant number of followers. Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira was succeeded by his son-in-law, Rabbi Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz.


title: Mukachevo

text: Along with the dominant Munkácser hasidic community there co-existed smaller yet vibrant Hasidic groups who were followers of the rebbes Belz, of Spinka, Zidichov, and Vizhnitz. By the time of the Holocaust there were nearly 30 synagogues in town, many of which were "Shtieblech" ("[small] house" - small [Hasidic] synagogues).


title: Mukachevo

text: The Hebrew Gymnasium (high school) was founded in Munkács five years after the first Hebrew speaking elementary school in Czechoslovakia was established there in 1920. It soon became the most prestigious Hebrew high school east of Warsaw. Zionist activism along with chasidic pietism contributed to a community percolating with excitement, intrigue and at times internecine conflict.


title: Mukachevo

text: In 1935, Chaim Kugel, formerly director of the Munkács gymnasium (Jewish high school) and then Jewish Party delegate to the Czechoslovak Parliament, gave a speech during a parliamentary debate: "…It is completely impossible to adequately describe the poverty in the area. The Jews… are affected equally along with the rest…. I strongly wish to protest any attempt to blame the poverty of the Subcarpathian Ruthenian peasantry on the Jews" (Kugel later got to Mandatory Palestine and eventually became mayor of the Israeli city of Holon).


title: Mukachevo

text: Government policies were covertly directed against Jews, who bore a heavy share of taxes and had difficulty getting high civil service positions.


title: Mukachevo

text: In 1939, the Hungarians seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus—including Munkács—taking advantage of the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Though antisemitic legislation was introduced by the Hungarian authorities, Subcarpathian Rus, like the rest of Hungary, remained a relative haven for Jews until Nazi Germany occupied Hungary in 1944.


title: Mukachevo

text: In the spring of 1944 there were nearly 15,000 Jewish residents of the town. This ended on May 30, 1944 when the city was pronounced "Judenrein" (free of Jews after ghettoization and a series of deportations to Auschwitz).


title: Mukachevo

text: Today, Mukachevo is experiencing a Jewish renaissance of sorts with the establishment of a supervised kosher kitchen, a mikveh, Jewish summer camp in addition to the prayer services which take place three times daily. In July 2006, a new synagogue was dedicated on the site of a pre-war hasidic synagogue.


title: Eduard Heger

text: Eduard Heger (; born 3 May 1976) is a Slovak politician, serving as Prime Minister of Slovakia since 1 April 2021. He previously served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Igor Matovič. Heger is a member of the presidium of the populist movement Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO).


title: Eduard Heger

text: Heger was born in 1976 in Bratislava to parents employed in culture. His father, a member of the Communist party, organized big music festivals, which allowed young Heger to meet many local high profile musicians. His family was not religious, but Heger embraced Catholic charismatic renewal as a young adult after the death of his father. Prior to his entry to politics, he was professionally involvement in management of the Charismatic Christian communities in Slovakia. In particular, he was active in the community under the administration of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava.


title: Eduard Heger

text: In 1999, Heger graduated in Trade and Management at the University of Economics in Bratislava. In his early career, he held junior managerial positions at several small companies, including several restaurants and bathroom accessory producer Intercomp. Between 2001 - 2005, Heger worked as a junior consultant for Cubic Corporation on a military modernization project for the Slovak Ministry of Defence. In his early career, he spent about 18 months in the US, where he became acquainted with Juraj Droba, who later went on to become the Governor of the Bratislava Region a prominent liberal politician in Slovakia. Heger, despite being a conservative, formed a strong friendship with Droba. Together with American investors, they established a company called Old Nassau, the producer of Double Cross Vodka, a premium Slovak vodka brand destined mainly for export to the US. At Old Nassau, Heger was responsible for production and marketing until his entry to politics.


title: Eduard Heger

text: In 2016, Heger was persuaded to run for an MP seat by prominent figures of the Slovak Charismatic movement Branislav Škripek and Richard Vašečka, who were themselves active in politics.


title: Eduard Heger

text: In the 2016 parliamentary election, Heger gained a seat in the National Council of the Slovak Republic for the anti-corruption movement Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO). Although his 24 place on electoral list of his party would otherwise not suffice for a seat, he became an MP due to over 15,000 personal votes he received under the Slovakia's optional preferential voting system. As an MP, he got appointed the chairman of the OĽaNO parliamentary group, the chairman of the National Council Committee for Control of Military Intelligence and a member of the Economic and Foreign Affairs committees.


title: Eduard Heger

text: Heger was a very active and vigorous critic of Fico's Third Cabinet in Parliament. During his term, he was evaluated as the 2nd most active member of the National Council. He presented 173 bills and spoke 680 times in Parliament. He was the opposition shadow Minister of Finance and drew up "Program for sound public finances" of his movement and presented a set of measures to fight bureaucracy. He also participated in and organised several anti-corruption and anti-government protests. During the election term, he was a co-organiser of the Zastavme Hazard (Stop Gambling) initiative, which fought to ban gambling.


title: Eduard Heger

text: In the 2020 parliamentary election, Heger ran from the 142 place on the OĽaNO list in line with the tradition of the populist movement, where popular politicians run from the bottom positions on the list that do not guarantee them an automatic MP seat. He was once again elected by preferential votes, having received nearly 63,000 personal votes.


title: Eduard Heger

text: After the 2020 OĽaNO electoral victory, Heger forfeit his parliamentary seat to join the government, which is not compatible with the position of an MP in the Slovak constitutional system. In the cabinet of Prime Minister Igor Matovič he served as Minister of Finance and deputy PM. During his short tenure he had to deal with a major fiscal shock of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The most important tasks with respect to the pandemic were ensuring Slovakia's ability to finance its spending needs and overseeing preparation of the national Recovery and Resilience Plan to access the Next Generation EU funding from the European Union. On 1 April 2021 a government reshuffle in response to the demands of OĽaNO's junior coalition coalition partners Freedom and Solidarity and For the People parties who refused to support a government with Igor Matovič as a PM any longer took place. As a result, Heger became the Prime Minister and the previous PM Matovič took over the Ministry of Finance.