title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: The band name's origin had been a subject of debate among fans as the band members had never given full confirmation. It was not until 2013 that Chito Miranda officially addressed it through a post on their Facebook page. The title "Parokya Ni Edgar" came from a joke a classmate named Bambi Cuna made during one of their high school classes. Sources state that the class subject was Filipino. When the teacher asked Cuna where Jose Rizal's fictional hero, Crisostomo Ibarra (in the novel "Noli Me Tangere") was educated, it was said that Cuna made up a daft answer, "sa Parokya ni Edgar". Then-vocalist Jeric Estaco decided on impromptu to introduce the band as "Parokya ni Edgar" in their first live performance. From there, the band name just stuck.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: By the late 1990s, PNE became regular performers in Club Dredd, a popular club in Manila at the time. The band slowly gained popularity during the height of the Filipino rock explosion, with the local rock community welcoming the influence of foreign grunge acts such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya Ni Edgar won their "Best New Artists Award Winner in the 3rd NU 107 Rock Awards in 1996, the same year, they performed in an awards night since becoming an amateur OPM rock band in pinoy rock history, years later, PNE won 8 times overall in the NU Rock awards until 2003.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Eventually, the late managing director of Universal Records, Bella Dy Tan, signed them as contract artists after witnessing one of their Club Dredd performances.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Soon, their initial recordings "Buloy", "Trip (Siopao Na Special)" and "Lutong Bahay (Cooking Ng Ina Mo)" gained radio airplay. Their first album, "Khangkhungkherrnitz" (1996) became a triple platinum hit in the Philippines, having sold 120,000 units. The next albums were equal successes - "Buruguduystunstugudunstuy" (1997) was awarded triple platinum, "Jingle Balls Silent Night Holy Cow" (1998) with gold, and "Gulong Itlog Gulong" (1999) with triple platinum. This included the single "Halaga", one of the most popular songs of the band. "Halaga" was such a hit in the country that it further boosted PNE's career, cementing their name in the OPM scene.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 1999, 2 years after Eraserheads won as Best Southeast Asian Music Video Award Winner for "Ang Huling El Bimbo" in 1997, Parokya won as Best Southeast Asian Music Video Award Moon Man Winner for the music video "Harana" in the MTV Music Video Music Awards 1999 which was held in New York City. Parokya was the second OPM rock band & last MTV Music Video Awards Winner of the Moon Man Trophy after Eraserheads, while in 2001, Kyla won as the last Filipino OPM Performer to win the MTV Award on her entry for the music video "Hanggang Ngayon". The same year, Parokya became popular on television and radio guestings.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: On July 14, 2003, they released the studio album "Bigotilyo", with the main single "Mr. Suave". "Mr. Suave" proved to be just as popular as its predecessors and stayed on the music charts for more than a year. The song became so popular in the Philippines that a few commercials and political campaigns borrowed stanzas from it. In the same year of 2003, Parokya celebrated their 10th Year Anniversary with gigs and concerts in various shows nationwide and internationally like Hong Kong, and Canadian provinces such as Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario. They also toured in the United States specifically in New York, New Jersey, Hawaii, Arizona, and California.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 2004, the band released "Inuman Sessions Vol. 1", PNE's first compilation DVD album celebrating their 11th anniversary. The DVD showcased the band's prerecorded live studio performance of their hit songs to a selected audience. The DVD album was met with commercial success nationwide.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: They released their 8th studio album, "Middle-Aged Juvenile Novelty Pop Rockers" in 2010 with the single "Paki-usap Lang (Lasingin Nyo Ako)". The album was met with moderate success in both charts and sales.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 2011, PNE joined the roster of "Tanduay's First Five" and "RockFest" replacing long running Tanduay endorser 6cyclemind.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: The following year, PNE released their second compilation DVD album "Inuman Sessions Vol. 2" - a follow up to their "Inuman Sessions Vol. 1". Later that same year, Montaner officially left the band on good terms with both the members and crew.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: 2013 marked PNE's 20th anniversary in the OPM industry. The band launched their 13th album "Bente" as commemoration, and as this was a milestone, Vinci Montaner temporarily reunited with the band for the album's cover art and signings.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 2014, PNE was awarded with the "MYX Magna Award" for their artistic contribution to OPM Rock History & also celebrating their 20th anniversary in the OPM rock scene from the mid 1990s. They are the second OPM rock band to receive this award after Eraserheads in 2009.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: All throughout 2015, the band toured selected cities in the United States; they headlined at the Landmark Loews Theater in Jersey City, New Jersey on March 21, 2015. That same year, the band began recording for their next album and contained the tracks "Sing" and "Lagi Mong Tatandaan", the former featuring Rico Blanco. Their 9th studio album and their 14th overall album is entitled "Pogi Years Old". The cover album was revealed on September 2, 2016 through their Facebook page and expected to be released by 2016. Former member Vinci Montaner was said to appear on the album as a featured artist. On September 9, 2016, the band held a free surprise show at the Bonifacio Shrine in Manila. The album was released on October 17, 2016 nationwide and on digital format. The band would held an album launch at Eastwood Central Plaza on October 16, 2016. This marks the return of Vinci Montaner, who would join permanently days later.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: On November 22, 2017, Parokya was named as the newest celebrity music star inductee in the 2017 Eastwood City Walk of Fame in Eastwood City Mall Quezon City for their influence in Pinoy rock music. Parokya was the third related music group and first OPM rock band to be inducted to the Eastwood City Walk Of Fame.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya Ni Edgar also celebrated their 25th silver anniversary in October 2018 following with more concerts and gigs.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: A musical adaptation of Parokya Ni Edgar's discography in cooperation with longest running gag comedy show "Bubble Gang" entitled "Bubble Gang Parokya Na To: A Laugh Story The Musical" was recently performed last February 15, 2019 at Waterfront Hotel Cebu City, produced by GMA Kapuso Concerts. This was Parokya's 1st musical stage play and also the 4th OPM music artist overall for musical staging play after Eraserheads "Ang Huling El Bimbo" in 2015, Apo Hiking Society's "Eto Na: Musical nAPO" in 2017, and Aegis's "Rak of Aegis: The Musical" in 2018.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: The band also performed for their 25th silver anniversary concert in the U.S. & Canada Tour entitled "Parokya 25 Live In The U.S. & Canada" in March 2019.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: As of 2020, Parokya is still active with more gigs and is scheduled to release their new single together with the band Kamikazee. The same year, PNE releases a new single, "Pati Pato", with Gloc9 and Shanti Dope, was released in July 2020. PNE had also released a single for Chito's wife Neri; the song "Smile" was released in October 2020 exclusively on Spotify and later on digital platforms like Deezer, Apple iTunes, and YouTube.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 2021, Parokya's brand new single, "It's Masarap" was released last January 2021, the song was a parody inspired from the longest running noon time variety show, "Eat Bulaga!", plus their official music video was also released on YouTube also the same month. Also in 2021, Parokya released their brand new album called "Borbolen", their 10th studio album and also their 15th overall album and for the first time after 5 years since "Pogi Years Old" released in 2016.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: In 2022, Parokya launched their 1st Vinyl Record for their original release of 1996 album, "Khangkhungkherrnitz" is currently available and the re released LP was launched last February 17, 2022.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya joined PETA's Free Mali campaign in 2013. "Mali has been sentenced to a miserable life of solitary confinement with absolutely nothing to do day after day, year after year", says lead vocalist Chito Miranda. Scientists, politicians, religious leaders, and tens of thousands of other concerned people have joined PETA in calling for Mali to be freed. "We in Parokya ni Edgar do, too. Even if the elephant exhibit at the Manila Zoo were to be doubled or tripled in size, it would still not be adequate to house one elephant, never mind additional ones. While zoos around the world have spent upwards of 2 billion pesos on attempts at more appropriately sized elephant exhibits, more and more zoos have recognized that the needs of these complex and intelligent animals cannot be met in captivity".


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya ni Edgar band vocalist member Chito Miranda is also an occasional movie actor, starring in his debut movie appearance "Coming Soon" which was released in 2013. Miranda is also an occasional solo artist, having collaborations with Abra, Gloc-9, Maysh Baay of Moonstar88, former Rivermaya frontman Rico Blanco, and Eunice Jorge of Gracenote. Parokya also had collaborations with Francis M and with former Eraserheads frontman Ely Buendia for the single "Hosanna Ngayong Pasko" as part of the band's Christmas album, "Jingle Balls Silent Night Holy Cow" which was released in 1998. Miranda is also a T-shirt brand ambassador endorser of Uniqlo Philippines in 2012 together with former singer-actress Nikki Gil-Albert and other actors and sports personalities. Miranda was also their first solo T-shirt endorser. Miranda has recently endorsed, with wife Neri and his Miggy, for a Bonakid Kids Milk Commercial in 2021. Chito is now the newest judge in a brand new season of Idol Philippines replacing original judge James Reid and comedian Vice Ganda now replaces Gary V. as the newest judge while original Idol PH judges Asia's songbird TV host and actress Regine Velasquez-Alcasid and commercial jingle singer and TV host Moira Dela Torre will return again also in a new season in 2022.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Parokya's backing vocalist Vinci Montaner is also a solo artist and also worked with Pinoy hip hop artist Gloc-9 in 2019. Monataner also covered Jose Mari Chan's iconic signature song, "Beautiful Girl", which was his all-time favorite love song. This cover single becomes a rock ballad cover song and was also part of Parokya's 14th overall album, "Pogi Years Old" released in 2016.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Buwi Meneses is also a commercial endorser for "RJ Guitars" which he had his first solo commercial, playing bass. Meneses is also a former member of the band Franco in 2010, with Franco Reyes.


title: Parokya ni Edgar

text: Paolo Bernaldo is the band's regular touring and session bassist filling in for long time bassist Buwi Meneses who is currently residing in the US. Meneses still plays in the band in US tours and occasional visits in the Philippines. Bernaldo is also a former member of the band Moonstar88 along with Maysh Baay who also had a duet with Parokya lead singer Chito Miranda.


title: Star Blazers: Space Battleship Yamato 2199

text: Star Blazers 2199, known in Japan as , is a 2012–2013 Japanese military science fiction anime television series that is a remake of the first "Space Battleship Yamato" television series created by Yoshinobu Nishizaki and Leiji Matsumoto in 1974, known in the United States as "Star Blazers". The series is a space opera, and was originally screened back-to-back in theaters across Japan, a few episodes at a time prior to release on home video, and aired on television from April 7, 2013 to September 29, 2013. Voyager Entertainment currently licensed the series outside Japan, with Funimation streaming their English dub of the series starting on November 8, 2017.


text: Two movies based on the series were released in 2014. A sequel series, titled "", was released in theaters from February 27, 2017.


text: In 2191, Earth made first contact with aliens called "Gamilas". The first attempt at peaceful contact with the Gamilas failed, resulting in interstellar war. The United Nations Cosmo Navy, even though outmatched by the Gamilas’ space naval forces, was able to stop their direct assaults on Earth in the Second Battle for Mars, though it suffered heavy losses in the process. The Gamilas, from their military base on Pluto, then began planetary bombardment with modified asteroids called "planet bombs". These bombs hampered the United Nations’s efforts to rebuild their space fleet and forced Earth to construct underground cities to protect humanity. The planet bombs altered the atmosphere and irradiated the planetary surface, causing the complete destruction of the planet's biosphere. The Gamilas then started what is believed to be their first step in terraforming—preparing the Earth to be inhabited by themselves—by introducing plant life that was lethal to any life on Earth. With mankind facing extinction, the United Nations started planning for a small colony of humans to leave Earth in an attempt at the survival of humanity, called the "Izumo Plan". But in early 2198, "Starsha", from the planet Iscandar, learned of Earth's situation and dispatched her sister "Yurisha" to Earth. Yurisha brought with her the designs to what is called the "Dimensional Wave Motion Engine", providing for interstellar flight along with other technological assistance to Earth. The Iscandarans revealed that they could reverse the damage done to the Earth with the "Cosmo Reverse System". For technical reasons they could not send the system directly and would need Earth to send a ship for it. The United Nations then scrapped the Izumo Plan in order to build a new Cosmo Navy ship to retrieve the Cosmo Reverse System. The new ship was designed as a heavily armed space battleship. To conceal the ship's construction from the Gamilas, Earth built the new ship at the same site as the sunken World War II Yamato battleship. The new space battleship was also named the "Yamato," for which the series "Space Battleship Yamato 2199" is named.


text: Over the course of the series, the "Yamato" and its crew were continually attacked by Gamilan forces on Jupiter, the moons of Saturn, and Pluto. As the "Yamato" battled its way out of the Solar System and the Milky Way Galaxy, Gamilas leader Abert Dessler took a personal interest in the unusually advanced and seemingly unstoppable Earth vessel. Suspicious of Iscandar's involvement in the humans' quest, Dessler schemed to stop the "Yamato" at all costs before it could fulfill its mission—even as political intrigue plagued his empire. To this end, he ordered his top military commanders and most sophisticated spacecraft into the fight, putting the determination of the "Yamato" crew to even more rigorous tests as they coped with questions about their mission and strange incidents aboard their own ship.


text: The new series is a remake of the original "Space Battleship Yamato" television series from 1974, with some changes in the main story, new characters (including several female ones), a more modern tech design, and an animation style inspired by that of the original series. The original intro music theme from the first series composed by Hiroshi Miyagawa with vocals by Isao Sasaki has also been re-scored for this new production by Hiroshi's son Akira. The producers of the series worked with the public relations office for the Maritime Staff Office, part of the MSDF, which was listed as a "technical consultant" in closing credits, while pronunciation and speech used by characters was "based on MSDF vernacular."


text: Yutaka Izubuchi serves as supervising director, with character designs by Nobuteru Yuki, and Junichiro Tamamori and Makoto Kobayashi in charge of mecha and conceptual designs. The series is animated by AIC (episodes 1 to 10) and later by Xebec (episodes 11 to 26). Famous anime director and creator Hideaki Anno designed the new series' opening sequence, which is a homage to the one that appeared in the first television series.


text: The full anime series started airing on April 7, 2013, in the MBS/TBS's 5:00 p.m timeslot, replacing "".


text: The "Yamato" wreck in the 1974 series where the Space Battleship Yamato was built under was based on the general assumption in the 1970s that the warship sank intact. When the actual wreck was found in 1985, it was in a much more mangled shape than previously thought. In an April 2013 interview with Japanese online hobby shop "Ami Ami", Bandai model developer Hirofumi Kishiyama said the emergence of the space battleship itself in "2199" was a plot device that needed to be resolved. Taking into account the 1985 discovery, he said the new "Yamato" "wreck" is simply camouflage for the warship being built underneath. Where the 1974 space battleship Yamato was conceptualized to be the same length as the original battleship at 263 meters, the spaceship in the new series was enlarged to 333m to address design discrepancies found in the first show.


text: Characters who appeared in the original series' second and third seasons are included in "2199" as well.


text: The first episode of the show has been dubbed into English by Bang Zoom! Entertainment, and was shown at both Anime Expo and San Diego Comic-Con in the Summer of 2013.


text: In 2014, a feature-length compilation of the "Space Battleship Yamato 2199" series titled "Space Battleship Yamato 2199: A Voyage to Remember" and an original movie based on the series, "", were released.


text: On November 3, 2017, FUNimation announced that they had acquired streaming rights to the series and would stream the English dub on November 8.


text: Episode 1 of the series was previewed on April 6, 2012 on Family Gekijo channel, although the remaining 25-minute episodes did not run on television until 2013.


text: Episodes 1 and 2 of the new series were released as a fifty-minute anime film called "Dai-Isshō Harukanaru Tabidachi" (Chapter 1: "The Long Journey") premiering in Japanese cinemas on April 7, 2012 (the sixty-seventh anniversary of the loss of the "Yamato" during the Battle of Okinawa). It was also released on May 25, 2012 as Blu-ray and DVD format volumes in Japan. Six more anime films, containing four episodes each, for a total of twenty-six, were released every few months in select theaters across Japan through 2013. The series commenced weekly broadcast on April 7, 2013.


text: The second film, "Dai-nishō: Taiyōken no Shitō" (Chapter 2: "Desperate Struggle in the Heliosphere"), featured episodes 3-6. It opened in ten theaters in Japan on June 30, 2012. The Blu-ray Disc and DVD volumes were released on July 27, 2012.


text: The third film, "Dai-sanshō: Hateshinaki Kōkai" (Chapter 3: "The Endless Voyage"), featuring Episodes 7-10, opened in twelve Japanese theaters from October 13 through October 26, 2012 (expanding from ten theaters for the previous films). The Blu-ray and DVD volumes were released on November 22, 2012.


text: The fourth film, "Dai-yonshō: Ginga Henkyō no Kōbō" (Chapter 4: "Defense of the Galactic March"), featured Episodes 11-14, and opened in twelve Japanese theaters from January 12 through January 26, 2013. The Blu-ray and DVD volumes were released on February 22, 2013.


text: The fifth film, "Dai-goshō: Bōkyō no Gingakan Kukan" (Chapter 5: "The Redolence of Intergalactic Space") featuring Episodes 15-18, was released in twelve Japanese theaters on April 13, 2013. The Blu-ray and DVD volumes were released on May 28, 2013.


text: The sixth film, "Dai-rokushō: Tōtatsu! Dai Magellan" (Chapter 6: "Arrival! Large Magellanic Cloud") featuring episodes 19-22 was released in sixteen Japanese theaters on June 15, 2013. The Blu-ray and DVD volumes were released on July 26, 2013.


text: The seventh and final film, "Dai-nanashō: Soshite Kan wa Iku" (Chapter 7: "And Now the Warship Comes") featuring episodes 23-26 was released in Japanese theaters on August 24, 2013. Unlike the previous episodes (other than the first one), they first aired on TV before the Blu-ray and DVD volumes were released on October 25, 2013.


text: , also known as "Space Battleship Yamato 2199: Voyage of Remembrance", is a 2014 Japanese anime recap film that compiles the twenty-six episodes of the "Space Battleship Yamato 2199" anime series, analogous to the 1977 film compilation of the original series. Writers have unofficially used the English translations "Space Battleship Yamato 2199: Voyage of Remembrance" and "Space Battleship Yamato 2199: A Voyage to Remember". However, the distributor has yet to choose an official English language title.


text: As of January 2015, the company produced 1/1000 scale models of the "Yamato", two sets of UNCN warships, four sets of Garmilas warships, the Gamilas "Polmeria"-class Assault Carrier, the "Gelvades"-class Assault Carrier "Darold," and the "Guipellon"-class multi-deck carriers "Lambea", "Balgray", and the "Schderg". Some of these kits also contain bonus kits, including reissues of certain warship kits from the original series' Mecha Collection line. The line Garmillas warships are also available as online-exclusive Imperial Guard sets, sporting green blue colors. Test shots of a 1/1000 version of the "Zelguud"-class dreadnought "Domelus III" and the "Deusula II" dreadnought were made public in 2013. Bandai originally held back on a full release for the "Domelus III", stating that the model's size - around two feet long - was too big for the average Japanese home. The 1/500 release of the "Yamato", measuring at over two feet, two inches - eventually prompted the release. The Gatlantis Empire's ships also appeared in the main kit line and the Mecha Collection line in 2014.


text: Vehicles from the series are available in 1/72 scale. The line started with the α-1 and α-2 Cosmo Zeroes in 2012. The March 2013 issue of "Dengeki Hobby" magazine had a free 1/72 Cosmo Falcon fighter packaged and Bandai followed suit with recast of the Cosmo Falcon (in Saburo Kato and Akira Yamamoto's paint schemes) later in 2013. Some of the 1/1000 kits also have their own space fighter models, with the Polmeria including a free DWG229 Melanka flying-wing bomber, two FG14 Zedora fighters with the Balgray, a DWG262 Czvarke fighter with Garmillas Warship set III and the FG156 Sumaruhi recon plane with Garmillas Warship Set IV.


text: Taking off from previous efforts to produce specific paint sets for Gundam HGUC models, Gunze Sangyo is also producing special paint sets for the 2199 warship kits.


text: In January 2014, Bandai also released a Yamato 2199 version of the Battleship Yamato (number GX-64) in their Soul of Chogokin line of adult collector's toys, which is a total redesign from their previous release (number GX-57.)


text: "Kotaku" reviewer Richard Eisenbeis praised Yamato 2199, stating that "as a series, it succeeded on nearly every level. It took one of the classic 70s anime, "Space Battleship Yamato" (called "Starblazers" in the West), and brought it to a new generation by adding new characters, a deeper story, and stunning visuals"; however, he also gave the film "A Voyage to Remember" an unequivocally negative judgment. In his review, Eisenbeis noted that unlike many other recap anime movies, "A Voyage to Remember" added virtually no meaningful new content to the "Yamato 2199" story. He went on to point out that the twenty-six episodes of the series had already been shown in cinemas and therefore did not benefit from an additional big screen showing, and with nine and a half hours of original story cut to two and a half for the recap film, backstory and character development were almost completely sacrificed.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins is a 1992 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy. It is the sequel to "Super Mario Land". In "Super Mario Land 2," the player assumes the role of the protagonist Mario, whose main objective is to reclaim his personal island, Mario Land, from the clutches of his greedy rival Wario. The gameplay builds and expands on that of its precursor with innovations carried over from "Super Mario World".


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: "Super Mario Land 2" received critical acclaim upon release and sold over 10 million copies, becoming one of the most successful and highest-rated titles on the Game Boy. Reviewers emphasized that the game surpassed its predecessor in all aspects. "Super Mario Land 2" marks the debut appearance of Wario, who would become a prominent character in the "Super Mario" series as the antihero of several games, the first being this game's sequel "". "Super Mario Land 2" was re-released in 2011 as a downloadable title for the Nintendo 3DS.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: "Super Mario Land 2" takes place immediately following the events of "Super Mario Land". While Mario was away in Sarasaland, a jealous childhood acquaintance named Wario puts an evil spell over Mario's private island, Mario Land, brainwashing its inhabitants into believing Wario is their master and Mario is their enemy. Wario's motive behind this sudden attack is to steal Mario's castle out of a desire to have a palace of his own. After traveling through Mario Land and collecting the six Golden Coins, Mario regains entry to his castle. Inside, Mario confronts and defeats Wario, who shrinks and flees, breaking his spell and causing Mario's castle to revert to its normal form.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The objective of "Super Mario Land 2" is to reach the end of each level, defeating or avoiding enemies while doing so. The game retains several enemies from the "Mario" series, such as the Goomba and the Koopa Troopa, and also introduces several new enemies. Enemies can usually be defeated by jumping on their head, but also may need to be defeated by different means, such as by use of fireballs. Other established mechanics include Warp Pipes which allow the player to enter hidden areas or find shortcuts, coins, and ? blocks which hide coins and items. Unlike in previous "Mario" games, coins are not accumulated to automatically grant extra lives; instead, they are used to play games in a special area that awards lives and other power-ups. To gain lives, instead, the player must find hearts like they did in the previous Game Boy entry. After killing 100 enemies, a star drifts down to provide a short period of invincibility when touched. The star can also be found in other places in the game. While Mario is invincible, the 5th and each subsequent enemy he defeats will provide one extra life.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: While its predecessor was similar to the original "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Land 2" has more in common with "Super Mario Bros. 3" and "Super Mario World": there is an overworld map, the player is no longer restricted to moving only right in a stage, many stages contain higher and lower areas instead of entire stages all at a single level, and any stage (except for the introductory stage and "boss" levels) can be replayed multiple times. At the end of a level, there is a door that must be touched to clear a level. In addition, there is also a bell high above the door which, if touched, activates a mini-game where the player can try to get either a power-up or 1-ups. The game saves the player's progress after beating a stage, being the first Mario game released on a portable system to have a save feature.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: There are 32 levels in total, based in several different themed zones. There are some secret levels that can only be accessed by finding alternative exits found in regular levels. Once a player clears or loses a life in these secret levels, they are returned to the level where the secret exit was found. Each zone has its own boss, which must be defeated to get one of the 6 Coins. If the player loses all of Mario's lives, all of the Coins Mario retrieved are returned to the bosses, which must be defeated again to retrieve the coins. From the beginning of the game, the player may choose to complete the zones in any order.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: "Super Mario Land 2" features three returning power-ups—the Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, and Starman. The Super Mushroom increases Mario's size, the Fire Flower gives him the ability to shoot fireballs, and the Starman makes Mario invincible for a short time to anything besides pits. Both the Super Mushroom and the Fire Flower also allow Mario to do a spin jump like in "Super Mario World". Due to the grayscale palette, Fire Mario is differentiated from Super Mario by having a feather in his cap, a feature not seen in any other "Mario" series game. Also unique to "Super Mario Land 2" is the Magic Carrot power-up, which turns Mario into Bunny Mario. Bunny Mario can jump higher, jump repeatedly by holding down the jump button, and descend slowly using his ears.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: Upon collecting all Golden Coins, Mario's Palace is unlocked, where Mario must fight Wario in the castle throne room. To defeat Wario, Mario must jump on his head three times, a process that must subsequently be repeated in two additional rooms where Wario uses power-ups identical to Mario's.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: "Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins", the sequel to 1989's "Super Mario Land", was developed by Nintendo's Nintendo Research & Development 1 (R&D1) department led by Gunpei Yokoi, who were responsible for several other Game Boy titles including the first "Super Mario Land" game. As with its predecessor, Yokoi served as the game's producer, while it was directed by Hiroji Kiyotake, who had previously worked on other R&D1 titles such as "Dr. Mario" and "", and Takehiko Hosokawa, who also designed several of the game's enemies. Hosokawa initially came onto the project as "assistant character designer" before ultimately becoming "half a director" alongside Kiyotake.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: Development for "Super Mario Land 2" began in November 1991, lasting about a year and ending in September 1992. According to Kiyotake in an interview included within the game's official strategy guide, the development team wanted the game not to feel "bound by the conventions of the previous games", striving to make it feel unique compared to the previous "Super Mario" games. This attitude was toned down slightly after the team completed the first draft and concluded that what they were making didn't feel much like a "Super Mario" title, opting to make the game closer in design to "Super Mario World".


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The plot of "Super Mario Land 2", which depicts Mario trying to reclaim ownership of his castle, was intended to be a change in routine from other "Super Mario" games by having him pursue something for his own benefit, as opposed to other entries in which he is fighting to help another individual, such as Princess Peach. The game's antagonist, Wario, was designed by Kiyotake, who described the character as "the Bluto to Mario's Popeye." The name "Wario" is a play on "Mario" and "Warui", the Japanese phrase literally meaning "bad". The team also realized that the letter "W" was coincidentally similar to the letter "M" turned upside-down, and chose to stylize the character as such, giving him a hat similar to Mario's but with a "W" emblem rather than an "M". Additionally, the creation of Wario is said to have been representative of R&D1's attitude towards having to work on "Super Mario Land" at the time of development. Apparently, the R&D1 team had little creative passion for the "Super Mario" series, which was originally created by Nintendo's Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) team led by Shigeru Miyamoto, who was busy working on "Wave Race" and "Super Mario Kart"; thus, Wario was created by R&D1 out of the disdain they felt towards having to work on a game starring a character that they didn't create.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The music and sound effects were made by Kazumi Totaka, who had previously done sound design for "Mario Paint". "Totaka's Song", a signature piece of Totaka's found in most of his works, is also hidden in the game and can be heard in the Game Over screen after waiting for 2 minutes and 30 seconds. According to Totaka, the team chose to use different sound effects from those in other "Super Mario" games, as they were worried that players would otherwise become subconsciously aware of the game's hardware inferiorities compared to the Super NES's "Super Mario World", such as its small screen size and lack of sprite scaling.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: In the United Kingdom, the game was released on November 28, 1992. Nintendo UK marketed it with an print ad and slogan that states: "Why did the Hedgehog cross the road? To get to "Super Mario Land 2"."


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: On December 25, 2017, a ROM hack of "Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins" was released entitled "Super Mario Land 2 DX: 6 Golden Coins," which removed lag and screen flickering issues present in the original game, as well as adding color and the ability to play as Luigi: who, much like he does in "Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels", jumps higher than Mario at the cost of having worse traction.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS's Virtual Console service via the eShop on September 29, 2011, in North America and PAL regions, on October 12, 2011, in Japan, and on June 1, 2016, in South Korea.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: In Japan, it topped the "Famitsu" sales chart in November 1992, and went on to sell units in Japan alone. In the United States, the game topped Babbage's Game Boy sales charts for two months in 1992, from November to December. By March 1993, more than 5 million cartridges had been sold worldwide. The game sold a total of approximately copies worldwide, making it the fifth best-selling Game Boy game of all time.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: Like its predecessor, "Super Mario Land 2" received critical acclaim, with many of them considering it an improvement over the original. "Official Nintendo Magazine" ranked the game 44th on their list of the "100 Greatest Nintendo Games". Nintendo Power listed it as the seventh best Game Boy/Game Boy Color video game, praising it for its improvements over "Super Mario Land" and for having impressive visuals for a handheld game. Allgame also commented on the graphics, stating that the similar platform game "Donkey Kong Land" displays "more detailed graphics, the downside to this is that levels tend to blur quite a bit more when in motion. So in this respect, you get a fair trade off." The review concluded that "In overall fun and enjoyment, it's hard to go wrong with this title. It's not a very long game, but even experienced players should find a little challenge in it. It's excellent for road-trips where you may only play in short sessions."


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: Before it became available for the Nintendo 3DS, "GamesRadar" listed "Super Mario Land 2" as one of the titles that they want on the 3DS Virtual Console. "PC Magazine" listed it in the "Top 10 Best Game Boy Games". In their ranking of every "Super Mario" game from best to worst, Digital Trends listed "Super Mario Land 2" as the 19th best game in the series, calling it "likely the game fans were hoping for" due to its comparable gameplay to the home console games, but considering it somewhat obsolete now that there are other options for playing "Super Mario" games portably. The UK-based magazine "Total" gave the first "Super Mario Land" game 94%, but only gave the sequel 70%. "The Washington Post" ranked "Super Mario Land 2" the 15th best "Mario" game overall, stating: "This is when Nintendo started to think outside of the box when it came to level settings."


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The character Wario, introduced in this game, would go on to star in his own spin-off series beginning with 1993's "". Wario has also continued to regularly appear in various "Mario" spin-offs such as the "Mario Kart" series, as well as crossover games such as the "Super Smash Bros." series.


title: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

text: The January 1993 issue of "Nintendo Power" magazine contained a 10-page comic entitled "Mario vs. Wario" which was a loose retelling of "Super Mario Land 2"'s plot. In the comic, Mario's childhood playmate Wario invites him over to his castle to "catch up on things". Unbeknownst to Mario, however, Wario is secretly plotting revenge on Mario, whom he believes used to bully him when they were children. During his trip to Wario's castle, Mario encounters several of the bosses from the game who were sent by Wario to eliminate Mario, a detail of which Mario is unaware. Upon reaching Wario's castle, Mario encounters a giant Wario, whom he defeats by pulling a plug on his overalls. The comic ends with Mario apologizing to Wario and playing cowboys, with Wario once again vowing revenge on Mario. In August 2016, it was reported that "Mario vs. Wario" and its predecessor "Super Mario Adventures" would be re-released by VIZ Communications.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (; January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and author. She won the Pulitzer Prize twice, for "The Guns of August" (1962), a best-selling history of the prelude to and the first month of World War I, and "Stilwell and the American Experience in China" (1971), a biography of General Joseph Stilwell.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Barbara Wertheim was born January 30, 1912, the daughter of the banker Maurice Wertheim and his first wife Alma Morgenthau. Her father was an individual of wealth and prestige, the owner of "The Nation" magazine, president of the American Jewish Committee, prominent art collector, and a founder of the Theatre Guild. Her mother was the daughter of Henry Morgenthau, Woodrow Wilson's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: While she did not explicitly mention it in her book "The Guns of August", Tuchman was present for one of the pivotal events of the book: the pursuit of the German battle cruiser "Goeben" and light cruiser "Breslau". In her account of the pursuit she wrote, "That morning [August 10, 1914] there arrived in Constantinople the small Italian passenger steamer which had witnessed the "Gloucester"'s action against "Goeben" and "Breslau". Among its passengers were the daughter, son-in-law and three grandchildren of the American ambassador Mr. Henry Morgenthau." As she was a grandchild of Henry Morgenthau, she is referring to herself, which is confirmed in her later book "Practicing History", in which she tells the story of her father, Maurice Wertheim, traveling from Constantinople to Jerusalem on August 29, 1914, to deliver funds to the Jewish community there. Thus, at two, Tuchman was present during the pursuit of "Goeben" and "Breslau", which she documented 48 years later.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Wertheim was influenced at an early age by the books of Lucy Fitch Perkins and G.A. Henty, as well as the historical novels of Alexandre Dumas. She attended the Walden School on Manhattan's Upper West Side. She received her Bachelor of Arts from Radcliffe College in 1933, having studied history and literature.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Following graduation, Wertheim worked as a volunteer research assistant at the Institute of Pacific Relations in New York, spending a year in Tokyo in 1934–35, including a month in China, then returning to the United States via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Moscow and on to Paris. She also contributed to "The Nation" as a correspondent until her father's sale of the publication in 1937, traveling to Valencia and Madrid to cover the Spanish Civil War. A first book resulted from her Spanish experience, "The Lost British Policy: Britain and Spain Since 1700," published in 1938.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: In 1940 Wertheim married Lester R. Tuchman, an internist, medical researcher and professor of clinical medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in Manhattan. They had three daughters, including Jessica Mathews, who became president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: During the years of World War II, Tuchman worked in the Office of War Information. Following the war, Tuchman spent the next decade working to raise the children while doing basic research for what would ultimately become the 1956 book "Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour."


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: With the publication of "Bible and Sword" in 1956, Tuchman dedicated herself to historical research and writing, turning out a new book approximately every four years. Rather than feeling hampered by the lack of an advanced degree in history, Tuchman argued that freedom from the rigors and expectations of academia was actually liberating, as the norms of academic writing would have "stifled any writing capacity."


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Tuchman favored a literary approach to the writing of history, providing eloquent explanatory narratives rather than concentration upon discovery and publication of fresh archival sources. In the words of one biographer, Tuchman was "not a historian's historian; she was a layperson's historian who made the past interesting to millions of readers". Tuchman's storytelling prowess was rewarded in 1963 when she received the Pulitzer Prize for her book "The Guns of August," dealing with the behind-the-scenes political machinations which led to the eruption of World War I in the summer of 1914.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: In 1971, Tuchman received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Tuchman received a second Pulitzer in 1972 for her biography of Joseph Stilwell, "Stilwell and the American Experience in China."


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: In 1978, Tuchman was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She became the first female president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1979. She won a U.S. National Book Award in History for the first paperback edition of "A Distant Mirror" in 1980. Also in 1980 Tuchman gave the National Endowment for the Humanities' (NEH) Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. Tuchman's lecture was titled "Mankind's Better Moments".


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Tuchman was a trustee of Radcliffe College and a lecturer at Harvard, the University of California, and the Naval War College. Although she never received a formal graduate degree in history, Tuchman was the recipient of a number of honorary degrees from leading American universities, including Yale University, Harvard University, New York University, Columbia University, Boston University, and Smith College, among others.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: A tower of Currier House, a residential division first of Radcliffe College and now of Harvard College, was named in Tuchman's honor.


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: The Historical International Relations Section of the International Studies Association has named a prize in Tuchman's honor, the "Barbara W. Tuchman Prize for Best Paper in Historical International Relations by a Graduate Student".


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: In the introduction to her 1978 book "A Distant Mirror", Tuchman playfully identified a historical phenomenon which she termed "Tuchman's Law", to wit:


title: Barbara W. Tuchman

text: Tuchman's Law has been defined as a psychological principle of "perceptual readiness" or "subjective probability".


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: Alessandro Juliani (born July 6) is a Canadian actor and singer. He is notable for playing the roles of Tactical Officer Lieutenant Felix Gaeta on the Sci-Fi Channel television program "Battlestar Galactica", Emil Hamilton in "Smallville", Jacapo Sinclair on The CW series "The 100", and Dr. Cerberus on the Netflix series "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina". He is also known for voicing the character L in the English version of the anime series "Death Note" and its live action films, as well as several other animation projects. Juliani provided the voice of Aaron Fox on "Nexo Knights".


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: Juliani was born to John Juliani, a producer, actor and writer, and Donna Wong, who co-founded Savage God and Opera Breve in Vancouver. He graduated from McGill University in Montreal, where he earned a Bachelor of Music in Vocal/Opera Performance.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: He was the voice of Pit/Kid Icarus in the "" cartoon series, and offered his voice in many other cartoons and anime including the English version of Death Note's L, "Ranma ½" (as Toma), "" (as Gambit), the three "My Scene" films (in the role of River) and two of the "Bionicle" films (as Toa Vakama). He played the voice of Nightscream in "Beast Machines", he was also the voice of Julian in "Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper", a Barbie movie based on the Mark Twain story "The Prince and the Pauper", in which he also performed his own singing; he also voiced the merman prince Nalu in "" and "", and most recently did both the speaking and singing role of Prince Antonio in "Barbie as the Island Princess". He was also in the movie "Barbie Mariposa" as "Prince Carlos" and "" as River. He also voices the character Koji in the English version of "Ōban Star-Racers". Made his TV debut at age 11 in the MacGyver episode "The Madonna. He also played two minor roles in "Stargate SG-1" as Eliam in the Season 4 episode "Scorched Earth" and Katep in Season 8's finale episodes "Moebius: Part 1 and 2". He voices the character L in the anime series "Death Note" and its dubbed live action counterpart. He was also in the two-night Syfy event "Alice" as the 9 of Clubs. He appeared in the web series "Riese" as Garin. He played a small role as "Druid" in the TV series "Dark Angel".


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: In addition to his television and film work, Juliani frequently appears on stage, both in Vancouver (where he has earned multiple nominations and wins for Vancouver theatre's Jessie Awards) and elsewhere. In Vancouver, he has been in productions staged by Bard on the Beach, Vancouver Playhouse, and the Vancouver Opera. Further afield, he has appeared in the Aldeburgh Festival in England and the Orlando Shakespeare Festival.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: In 2003, the 1978 television series, "Battlestar Galactica" was brought back to the small screen in what was termed a "reimagined" form, as a three-hour miniseries. The project was written and produced by Ronald D. Moore and directed by Michael Rymer. Alessandro Juliani starred as Felix Gaeta, a lieutenant in the Colonial Fleet. The miniseries effectively served as pilot for a potential TV series which was later commissioned in a collaborative effort between the Sci Fi Channel and Sky TV (the British broadcaster). "Battlestar Galactica" (2004–2009) was filmed mostly in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: In the episode "Guess What's Coming to Dinner?", Alessandro's vocal skills were featured prominently. His character's singing is explained as a method of dealing with the pain of a severe physical injury. His voice is heard often when flashing through other scenes and characters.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: In March 2009, Juliani won the Streamy Award for Best Male Actor in a Dramatic Web Series for his work in the webisode, "".


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: Juliani sings in "Gaeta's Lament", the first track of the "Battlestar Galactica" Season 4 soundtrack.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: Juliani had a small part in the 2009 movie "Watchmen", as a Rockefeller Military Base Technician. From April 2009 to May 2011, Juliani appeared on "Smallville" as Dr. Emil Hamilton. The actor will be narrating a twenty-five part serialization of Robert J. Sawyer's "Rollback" for CBC Radio One. In December 2009, Juliani appeared in the Syfy miniseries "Alice", and the web series "". In the "Battlestar Galactica" spinoff "Caprica" episode "End of Line", Juliani sang in an opera composed for the episode's soundtrack by Bear McCreary.


title: Alessandro Juliani

text: In 2010, Juliani appeared in "Riverworld" on the SyFy Channel. In the summer of 2010, he played Henry V in Bard on the Beach's productions of Shakespeare's "Falstaff" and "Henry V" in Vancouver, British Columbia. Juliani has performed the narration for audio books, including "METAtropolis" and in 2011 Stanislaw Lem's "Solaris: The Definitive Edition". In 2012, he narrated for a new audio book version of Roger Zelazny's "Chronicles of Amber". In 2013 Juliani played a minor role in "Man of Steel" as Officer Sekowsky. From 2014 to 2017, Juliani had a recurring role as Sinclair, a member of the Ark crew on The CW science fiction series "The 100". In October 2020, he played Adam in the "Supernatural" episode "Unity".


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom are the titles, relative seniority and responsibility of employees in universities. In general the country has three academic career pathways: one focused on research, one on teaching, and one that combines the two.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: In the United Kingdom, like most Commonwealth countries (excluding Australia and Canada), as well as in Ireland, traditionally a professor held either an established chair or a personal chair. An established chair is established by the university to meet its needs for academic leadership and standing in a particular area or discipline and the post is filled from a shortlist of applicants; only a suitably qualified person will be appointed. A personal chair is awarded specifically to an individual in recognition of their high levels of achievements and standing in their particular area or discipline.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: In most universities, professorships are reserved for only the most senior academic staff, and other academics are generally known as 'lecturers', 'senior lecturers' and 'readers' (in some Commonwealth countries such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the title 'associate professor' can be used instead of 'reader'). In some countries, senior lecturers are generally paid the same as readers, but the latter title is awarded primarily for research excellence, and traditionally carries higher prestige. Traditionally, heads of departments and other senior academic leadership roles within a university were undertaken by professors.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: During the 1990s, however, the University of Oxford introduced Titles of Distinction, enabling their holders to be termed professors or readers while holding academic posts at the level of lecturer. This results in a two-tier professoriate, with statutory professors – or named chairs – having higher status than the relatively recently created category of titular professors. Similar hierarchies among the professoriate exist in a small number of other UK universities. The University of Exeter, University of Reading, University of Warwick, Staffordshire University, Swansea University, University of Birmingham and Kingston University have adopted the style of 'associate professor' in lieu of 'reader'. The varied practices these changes have brought about have meant that academic ranks in the United Kingdom and in Australia are no longer quite as consistent as they once were.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: In 2021, the University of Cambridge introduced a new structure. The academic rank structure is superseded by the new structure.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: In the UK the title 'Professor' has historically been reserved for full professors, with lecturers, senior lecturers, and readers generally addressed by their academic qualification (Dr for the holder of a doctorate, Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms/Mx otherwise). However, the current University of Oxford "Style Guide" now notes that Associate Professors ""may, if they wish, use the title of ‘Professor’, or they may keep their previous title of ‘Dr"’. As in the USA, the title of 'professor emeritus' may be awarded to a retired or former professor, who may well retain formal or informal links with the institution where the chair was formerly held.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: Many professorships are named in honour of a distinguished person or after the person who endowed the chair. Some chairs have a long history and considerable prestige attached, such as the , which date back to the 16th century, Regius professorships, and the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Some academic societies and professional institutions also award or designate certain post holders or members as 'professor'; these are usually personal awards. The College of Teachers, formerly the College of Preceptors, is a long-standing example of this, as are the amalgamated bodies included in the Society of Teachers in Business Education.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: Somewhat confusingly, instructors at many music conservatoires in the UK are known as professors; for example 'professor of violin'. In the United Kingdom and Ireland the term 'professor' is properly and in formal situations given to singing and instrumental tutors in the music colleges / conservatories of music, usually the older and more august ones: The Royal College of Music, Royal Academy of Music, Trinity College of Music. The expression has become almost obsolete for singing and instrumental tuition in the universities. The same convention applies throughout Europe in the National Colleges of Music.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: However, it is becoming increasingly common for Russell Group universities to use some form of hybrid terminology: LSE has adopted the American terminology entirely, while UCL has retained the role of Lecturer, but replaced Senior lecturer and Reader with Associate Professor.


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: Academic staff whose main focus is essential teaching, educational needs, and for senior grades, often pedagogic research:


title: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

text: Note that some universities (for example, the University of Glasgow) give the same titles as Research & Teaching track academics to give parity to the roles.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Luke Joseph Scarpa (October 4, 1928 – April 3, 2012) was an American professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer who was best known by the ring name Chief Jay Strongbow. Much like his contemporary Wahoo McDaniel, he portrayed a Native American wrestler, who wore a war bonnet to the ring and would "go on the warpath" when the fans started cheering him against an opponent. In reality (and unlike McDaniel, who was an actual Choctaw-Chickasaw Native-American), Jay was an Italian-American who much like actor Iron Eyes Cody portrayed an Indian to stand-out more. His best accomplishments are in WWWF where he was a 4-time World Tag-Team Champion.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Scarpa's wrestling career began in 1947, under his real name. He was trained by legendary second generation Native American wrestler Chief Don Eagle. He was a standout in the Georgia and Florida territories of the National Wrestling Alliance throughout the 1950s and 1960s, winning several championships and becoming a fan favorite. He won the NWA (Georgia) Southern Tag Team titles with Chief Little Eagle in Georgia Championship wrestling in 1965. During his time in Georgia he was also the Inaugural NWA National Television Championship when he won an 8-man tournament by beating Assassin #2 in the finals.By the time he went over to WWWF, he was already a 12 Tag-Team and 6 Time singles champion.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: In 1970, Scarpa began working for Vincent J. McMahon's World Wide Wrestling Federation as Chief Jay Strongbow, a Native American gimmick complete with a traditional headdress and Native themed wrestling moves. He feuded with the likes of "The Golden Greek" Spiros Arion, "Handsome Jimmy" Valiant, and Superstar Billy Graham, nearly winning the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship. A memorable match against "Iron Mike" McCord featured Strongbow applying his sleeper hold. But Lou Albano, McCord's manager, interfered by smashing a cast on the Chief's forehead. It was alleged that Strongbow had previously jumped Albano in the locker room, breaking his arm. McCord was disqualified, but Strongbow was cut wide open by Albano's blows. Strongbow settled the score in front of a sold-out crowd at Madison Square Garden, beating Captain Lou Albano convincingly.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Strongbow picked up a win at Madison Square Garden in the summer of 1970, shortly after he entered the WWWF, pinning top contender Crusher Verdu, who was managed by Lou Albano.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: In 1975, he began feuding with Spiros Arion. Arion, a popular and seemingly unbeatable babyface, returned to the WWWF after an absence and teamed with Strongbow. Arion turned on Strongbow, destroying his headdress on Philadelphia television after he had tied Strongbow in the ropes, and rubbed the feathers in his face. Arion was now a heel, and pinned Strongbow in eastern arenas as he went on to challenge champion Bruno Sammartino.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Strongbow won his first WWWF World Tag Team Championship on May 22, 1972 with partner Sonny King. They defeated the team of Baron Mikel Scicluna and King Curtis Iaukea. Strongbow and King held the title for a month before losing it to the team of Mr. Fuji and Professor Toru Tanaka on June 27.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Four and a half years later, on December 7, 1976, Strongbow won his second WWWF World Tag Team Championship, this time with partner Billy White Wolf. The team won the title in a three-team tournament, defeating The Executioners and Nikolai Volkoff and Tor Kamata. Their reign was cut short in August 1977 when the belts were vacated due to White Wolf suffering a neck injury at the hands of Ken Patera's Swinging Neckbreaker. In October 1978, Strongbow came to blows with his tag-team partner, 'High Chief' Peter Maivia in a match with The Yukon Lumberjacks, both of them feuding over who should start the match. When things seemed to settle, Maivia came up behind Strongbow and clubbed him on the back of the head before walking off back to the dressing room leaving Strongbow to be assaulted by the Yukon Lumberjacks.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: In 1979, he feuded with Greg "The Hammer" Valentine, who broke Strongbow's leg. The two wrestled all over the WWF circuit, including an "Indian Strap match" at Madison Square Garden on July 30, 1979.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Strongbow also competed for The Sheik's Big Time Wrestling promotion in Detroit. He had a memorable feud with "Bulldog" Don Kent, which culminated in a "shark cage match" in 1976. Strongbow and Kent fought inside of a small shark cage, with the first man to escape being declared the winner. With an assist from fellow fan favorite Mark Lewin, Strongbow was able to escape the shark cage victorious.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: After wrestling in the WWF for 9 years, Strongbow went to work for Georgia Championship Wrestling and Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. In Detroit he feuded with Don Kent once again. Then he feuded with Baron Von Raschke in Georgia. He won the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship defeating Luke Graham on October 11, 1980 in Puerto Rico. Then dropped the title on December 20 to Danny Condrey. In 1981 he went to Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling where he feuded with Kevin Sullivan.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: In 1982, Strongbow formed a tag team with his on-screen brother, Jules Strongbow. On June 28, the Strongbows won the tag team championship from the team of Mr. Fuji and Mr. Saito in New York City's Madison Square Garden. During the match, special guest referee Ivan Putski counted the winning fall, but did not see Fuji's foot draped over the bottom rope. On the July 13 episode of "Championship Wrestling", the Strongbows lost the titles back to Fuji and Saito, but on the October 26 episode of "Championship Wrestling", the Strongbows defeated Fuji and Saito for their second WWF Tag Team Championship reign as a team. On the March 8, 1983 episode of "Championship Wrestling", the Strongbows lost the titles to The Wild Samoans (Afa and Sika). After failing in regaining the belts, the Strongbows disbanded.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Strongbow retired in 1986, but would still step back into the ring from time to time, most notably for a legends battle royal in East Rutherford, New Jersey in 1987. In retirement, Strongbow became a WWF road agent and worked in the company's front office. He also participated in a 1994 storyline in which he mentored Tatanka (an actual Native American of the Lumbee tribe). Strongbow was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame class of 1994 by Gorilla Monsoon. Strongbow's last appearance in WWE was a brief appearance on the November 17, 2008 episode of "Monday Night Raw" when Stephanie McMahon introduced him to the audience in Atlanta.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: His son, Joe Jr. wrestled in the 1980s and early 1990s mainly as Mark Pyle and Mark Young in the WWF from 1986–1990 and Vince Young in WCW. Joe Jr. died in 2016 at the age of 48. He also has a daughter Connie Pacheco of Portland, Oregon. Following his retirement, he lived in a farm in Georgia.


title: Chief Jay Strongbow

text: Scarpa fell at his home in late 2011 and was hospitalized. He died in that hospital on April 3, 2012, at the age of 83. He was buried in Griffin, Georgia.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: In electrical engineering, the armature is the winding (or set of windings) of an electric machine which carries alternating current. The armature windings conduct AC even on DC machines, due to the commutator action (which periodically reverses current direction) or due to electronic commutation, as in brushless DC motors. The armature can be on either the rotor (rotating part) or the stator (stationary part), depending on the type of electric machine.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The armature windings interact with the magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the air-gap; the magnetic field is generated either by permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The armature must carry current, so it is always a conductor or a conductive coil, oriented normal to both the field and to the direction of motion, torque (rotating machine), or force (linear machine). The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current across the field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate an electromotive force (EMF).


title: Armature (electrical)

text: In the armature, an electromotive force is created by the relative motion of the armature and the field. When the machine or motor is used as a motor, this EMF opposes the armature current, and the armature converts electrical power to mechanical power in the form of torque, and transfers it via the shaft. When the machine is used as a generator, the armature EMF drives the armature current, and the shaft's movement is converted to electrical power. In an induction generator, generated power is drawn from the stator.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The word "armature" was first used in its electrical sense, i.e. "keeper of a magnet", in mid 19th century.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The parts of an alternator or related equipment can be expressed in either mechanical terms or electrical terms. Although distinctly separate these two sets of terminology are frequently used interchangeably or in combinations that include one mechanical term and one electrical term. This may cause confusion when working with compound machines like brushless alternators, or in conversation among people who are accustomed to work with differently configured machinery.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: In most generators, the field magnet is rotating, and is part of the rotor, while the armature is stationary, and is part of the stator. Both motors and generators can be built either with a stationary armature and a rotating field or a rotating armature and a stationary field. The pole piece of a permanent magnet or electromagnet and the moving, iron part of a solenoid, especially if the latter acts as a switch or relay, may also be referred to as armatures.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: In a DC machine, two sources of magnetic fluxes are present; 'armature flux' and 'main field flux'. The effect of armature flux on the main field flux is called "armature reaction". The armature reaction changes the distribution of the magnetic field, which affects the operation of the machine. The effects of the armature flux can be offset by adding a compensating winding to the main poles, or in some machines adding intermediate magnetic poles, connected in the armature circuit.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Armature reaction drop is the effect of a magnetic field on the distribution of the flux under main poles of a generator.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Since an armature is wound with coils of wire, a magnetic field is set up in the armature whenever a current flows in the coils. This field is at right angles to the generator field and is called cross magnetization of the armature. The effect of the armature field is to distort the generator field and shift the neutral plane. The neutral plane is the position where the armature windings are moving parallel to the magnetic flux lines, that is why an axis lying in this plane is called as magnetic neutral axis (MNA). This effect is known as armature reaction and is proportional to the current flowing in the armature coils.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The geometrical neutral axis (GNA) is the axis that bisects the angle between the centre line of adjacent poles. The magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is the axis drawn perpendicular to the mean direction of the flux passing through the centre of the armature. No e.m.f. is produced in the armature conductors along this axis because then they cut no flux. When no current is there in the armature conductors, the MNA coincides with GNA.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The brushes of a generator must be set in the neutral plane; that is, they must contact segments of the commutator that are connected to armature coils having no induced emf. If the brushes were contacting commutator segments outside the neutral plane, they would short-circuit "live" coils and cause arcing and loss of power.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Without armature reaction, the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) would coincide with geometrical neutral axis (GNA). Armature reaction causes the neutral plane to shift in the direction of rotation, and if the brushes are in the neutral plane at no load, that is, when no armature current is flowing, they will not be in the neutral plane when armature current is flowing. For this reason it is desirable to incorporate a corrective system into the generator design.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: These are two principal methods by which the effect of armature reaction is overcome. The first method is to shift the position of the brushes so that they are in the neutral plane when the generator is producing its normal load current. in the other method, special field poles, called interpoles, are installed in the generator to counteract the effect of armature reaction.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: The brush-setting method is satisfactory in installations in which the generator operates under a fairly constant load. If the load varies to a marked degree, the neutral plane will shift proportionately, and the brushes will not be the correct position at all times. The brush-setting method is the most common means of correcting for armature reaction in small generators (those producing approximately 1,000 W or less). Larger generators require the use of interpoles.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Coils of the winding are distributed over the entire surface of the air gap, which may be the rotor or the stator of the machine. In a "lap" winding, there are as many current paths between the brush (or line) connections as there are poles in the field winding. In a "wave" winding, there are only two paths, and there are as many coils in series as half the number of poles. So, for a given rating of machine, a wave winding is more suitable for large currents and low voltages.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Windings are held in slots in the rotor or armature covered by stator magnets. The exact distribution of the windings and selection of the number of slots per pole of the field greatly influences the design of the machine and its performance, affecting such factors as commutation in a DC machine or the waveform of an AC machine.


title: Armature (electrical)

text: Armature wiring is made from copper or aluminum. Copper armature wiring enhances electrical efficiencies due to its higher electrical conductivity. Aluminum armature wiring is lighter and less expensive than copper.


title: Samantha Robinson (American actress)

text: Samantha Robinson (born October 19, 1991) is an American actress. She is known for playing the lead role in the film "The Love Witch", directed by Anna Biller. Her other roles include coffee heiress Abigail Folger in the 2019 film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", directed by Quentin Tarantino.


title: Samantha Robinson (American actress)

text: Samantha Robinson was born on October 19, 1991 in New York City to a Panamanian mother and an English father. She was raised in London, England. She attended the all girls' school Queen's Gate in South Kensington and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Robinson landed a role in the West End production of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". At the age of 14, her family relocated to Miami, Florida where she attended the New World School of the Arts. Robinson later graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with a concentration in acting in 2014.


title: Samantha Robinson (American actress)

text: Robinson's early roles included the independent films "Serenade of Sonnets", "Dreamgirl", and "Labyrinths".


title: Samantha Robinson (American actress)

text: Her breakthrough came in 2016 with the lead role as Elaine, a seductive witch, in the film "The Love Witch" directed by Anna Biller. Robinson earned acclaim for her role in "The Love Witch". Frank Scheck, writing for "The Hollywood Reporter," called Robinson's performance "intense" and "alluring in a way that goes far beyond her lithe dancer's body and stunning looks." "Variety's" Dennis Harvey said Robinson "does a great job encapsulating another era’s kitten-with-a-whip affectations." Charles Bramesco wrote in "Rolling Stone" that director Biller and Robinson "have created a three-dimensional version of the stock eroticized woman." IndieWire's David Ehrlich labeled Robinson's role "unforgettable" and "a breakthrough performance for the ages." "The LA Times" film critics Justin Chang and Michael Rechtshaffen called Robinson "superb" and "simultaneously channeling Tippi Hedren and '60s scream queen Barbara Steele," respectively. "Elle" magazine called Robinson's performance "pitch-perfect," while The Nerdist reviewer Scott Weinberg said that Robinson "owns the whole movie," and that her performance was "brave, sexy, (and) commanding." "The New Yorker" ranked Robinson as one of the best actresses of 2016 for her role in "The Love Witch."


title: Samantha Robinson (American actress)

text: Robinson played Abigail Folger, one of the victims of the Tate-LaBianca murders, in the 2019 film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" directed by Quentin Tarantino.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: The Prado "Mona Lisa" is a painting by the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci and depicts the same subject and composition as Leonardo's better known "Mona Lisa" at the Louvre, Paris. The Prado "Mona Lisa" has been in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain since 1819, but was considered for decades a relatively unimportant copy. Following its restoration in 2012, however, the Prado's "Mona Lisa" has come to be understood as the earliest known studio copy of Leonardo's masterpiece.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: Although there are dozens of surviving copies of the "Mona Lisa" from the 16th and 17th centuries, the Prado's "Mona Lisa" may have been painted simultaneously by a student of Leonardo in the same studio where he painted his own "Mona Lisa", so it is said to be the copy with the most historical value. Among the pupils of Leonardo, Salaì or Francesco Melzi are the most plausible authors of the Prado's version, though other experts argue that the painting could have been executed by one of Leonardo's Spanish students.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: The origins of the Prado's "Mona Lisa" are linked to those of Leonardo's original, as both paintings were likely created simultaneously in the same studio. The first documentary reference was made in the 1666 inventory in the Galleria del Mediodia of the Alcazar in Madrid as "Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince" ("Woman by Leonardo da Vinci's hand"). However, it is still unknown when the portrait entered the Spanish Royal Collection, though it could have been already in Spain in the early years of the 17th century. Since the Prado's founding in 1819, the copy has been part of its permanent collection.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: Previous to its restoration, the painting was catalogued as an anonymous copy from the first quarter of the 16th century. However, it usually hung in the Prado alongside masterpieces of Italian artists such as Raphael or Andrea del Sarto. A lithograph of the painting also exists, which is unusual for an anonymous copy.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: Although there were elements that clearly distinguished the copy from the Louvre's version, the most striking point was the fact that until the restoration of the Prado's version, no landscape background was visible. That landscape was fully recovered through the restoration carried out by the Prado between 2011 and 2012, for a request to include the Prado's work in a temporary exhibition in the Louvre called "Leonardo's last masterpiece: The Sainte Anne", from 29 March to 25 June 2012. The oxidized varnishes indicated that the black repaint had been made 200 years after the copy was painted, that is to say, not before 1750. During this restoration process, the copy was also submitted to a study of infrared reflectography and radiography, where the results revealed that the painting had been made in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci at the same time the original "Mona Lisa" was painted. The "key" of this discovery was the underlying drawing, as it is the same but with different style in both paintings, as well as the drawing's corrections.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: These findings, coupled with the excellent state of preservation in regard to the Louvre's version, show the original colours of the Prado's painting and indicates what the copy must have originally looked like, as the varnish on the original has become cracked and yellowed with age. It is anticipated that such revelations also may offer further insight into Leonardo's original.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: The suggestion that the Prado version was painted in the workshop of Leonardo at the same time as the Louvre version, presumably by an apprentice, is supported by the observation that it appears to have been rendered from a slightly different perspective than the original. This has fuelled speculation that the pair may constitute the world’s first stereoscopic image, and hence when viewed dichoptically (i.e. with the Prado version viewed by the left eye, and the Louvre version by the right) may produce a distinct 3D appearance. This possibility is plausible, given the fact that Leonardo discussed the rudiments of stereoscopic vision in his "Trattato della pittura." However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: Before the restoration, the Prado's copy was sometimes attributed to a painter of the Flemish school. This conclusion was based on the long-held belief that the copy's wooden frame was thought to be oak and due to its repainting. However, during the 2010 restoration, conservators realized the frame's material is walnut, an expensive wood frequently used in works of Leonardo, such as "Lady with an Ermine", "La Belle Ferronnière" or "Saint John the Baptist".


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: After the restoration, it was suggested that two of Leonardo's pupils, Francesco Melzi or Salaì, were among the probable painters, though others questioned this assumption; they suggest the author could have been a Spanish student of Leonardo, namely Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina or Hernando de los Llanos. The painting cannot be considered as a typical workshop copy due to its careful and thorough execution, as well as its use of materials such as "lapis lazuli" or red lacquer.


title: Mona Lisa (Prado)

text: Ana Gonzáles Mozo, curator at the Prado Museum in Madrid, wrote in the catalog for the exhibition "Leonardo and the Copy of the Mona Lisa" that the so-called Ganay copy of the "Salvador Mundi" was likely done by the same artist that painted the Prado "Mona Lisa".


title: Racing 92

text: Racing 92 () is a French rugby union club based in suburban Paris that was formed in 2001 with the collaboration of the Racing Club de France and US Métro. They were called Racing Métro 92 between 2001 and 2015, when they changed the name to Racing 92. "92" is the number of Hauts-de-Seine, a département of Île-de-France, bordering Paris to the west, where they play, and whose council gives financial backing to the club. They currently play in the Top 14, having been promoted as 2008–09 champions of Rugby Pro D2. After starting the 2017–18 season at the Stade Yves-du-Manoir stadium at Colombes, where the France national team played for several decades, Racing played their first match at the new U Arena, since renamed Paris La Défense Arena, in Nanterre on 22 December 2017.


title: Racing 92

text: Racing Club was established in 1882 (it became Racing Club de France in 1885) as an athletics club, one of the first in France. New sections were regularly added thereafter (17 as of 2006, accounting for some 20,000 members). A rugby section was founded in 1890, which became an immediate protagonist of the early French championship to which, until 1898, only Parisian teams were invited. On 20 March 1892 the USFSA organised the first ever French rugby championship, a one off game between Racing and Stade Français. The game was refereed by Pierre de Coubertin and saw Racing win 4–3. Racing were awarded the Bouclier de Brennus, which is still awarded to the winners of the French championship today.


title: Racing 92

text: Both clubs would contest the championship game the following season as well, though in 1893 it would be Stade Français who would win the event, defeating the Racing Club 7–3. Stade went on to dominate the following years and the Racing Club would make their next final appearance in the 1898 season, where they met Stade yet again. However the title was awarded after a round-robin with six clubs. Stade Français won with 10 points, Racing came in second with 6.


title: Racing 92

text: Racing contested the 1900 season final against the Stade Bordelais club, as provincial clubs had been allowed to compete in 1899. Racing easily won the match, defeating Stade Bordelais 37–7. The two clubs would meet again in the 1902 championship game, where Racing would again win, 6–0. A decade passed until Racing Club made another championship final, which would be on 31 March 1912, where they would play Toulouse in Toulouse. They lost the match 8–6.


title: Racing 92

text: Due to World War I the French championship was replaced with a competition called the Coupe de l'Espérance. The Racing Club won the competition in 1918, defeating FC Grenoble 22 points to 9. Normal competition resumed for the 1920 season. That season the Racing Club made their first final since 1912, though they lost 8 to 3 to Stadoceste Tarbais, a club from the Pyrénées.


title: Racing 92

text: After the 1920 season, the Racing Club would not win any championships for a number of years. In 1931 they created the Challenge Yves du Manoir competition. In the 1950s the club had some success, making their first championship final in 30 years, losing to Castres Olympique, 11 points to 8, becoming runners-up in the Challenge Yves du Manoir and winning the Challenge Rutherford in the 1952 season. After losing the 1957 final to FC Lourdes, the club then won the championship in the 1959 season, defeating Mont-de-Marsan 8 points to 3.


title: Racing 92

text: The Racing Club would next play in the championship final in the 1987 season, where they met Toulon at Parc des Princes in Paris. Toulon won the match 15 points to 12. Three seasons later the Racing Club defeated Agen 22 to 12 in Paris, capturing their first title since the 1959 season.


title: Racing 92

text: But in the wake of the 1990 title, Racing Club had a hard time adapting to the professional era and started to decline, until they were relegated to Division 2 at the end of the 1995–96 season. They jumped back to the top tier in 1998 but went down again in 2000 and played in Division 2 for most of the next decade. In 2001 the rugby section split off from the general sports club to merge with the rugby section of US Métro, the Paris public transport sports club, to form the current professional concern, known as Racing Métro 92. Both Racing Club de France and US Métro retained their other amateur general sports sections.


title: Racing 92

text: Racing 92's president is Jacky Lorenzetti, who heads a giant real estate company called Foncia. When Lorenzetti took over in 2006, the board set goals of bringing Racing into the Top 14 within the next two years and into the Heineken Cup by 2011. They missed their Top 14 goal by one year, not entering the top flight until 2009, but achieved their Heineken Cup goal by qualifying for the 2010–11 edition.


title: Racing 92

text: After 2003 the Challenge Yves du Manoir has been taken over by Racing Club as a youth competition for under 15s clubs. Racing Club de France provided 76 players to the national team, including 12 captains. It is second only to Stade Toulousain (almost 100) in that category. Three "Racingmen" played in France's first international match against the All Blacks on 1 January 1906. Laurent Cabannes, a France flanker, also played for Harlequins.


title: Racing 92

text: At the end of the 2014–15 season, the team's name was shortened from Racing Métro 92 to simply Racing 92.


title: Racing 92

text: In France, early organised sport was a matter for rich people. Racing Club became the epitome of the exclusive athletics club, located in the heart of the Bois de Boulogne in the affluent western district of Paris. As the club's name, Racing, indicates, it was modelled after fashionable English sports organisations, whose ideal of "mens sana in corpore sano" ("a healthy mind in a healthy body") appealed very much to its members. Many of them were actually aristocrats, and four nobles took part in the first championship final. Although fewer aristocrats belong to the club now, it is still very complicated to join it, and the identity and image is one of exclusivity.


title: Racing 92

text: Racing Club has also always defended the amateur spirit of the game and of sports in general. The creation of the Challenge Yves du Manoir responded to this ideal in a period (late 1920s–early 1930s) where French rugby was marred by violence and undergoing creeping professionalism. Yves du Manoir symbolised the romantic side of rugby, its carefree dimension, "le jeu pour le jeu" ("playing for the fun of playing").


title: Racing 92

text: In a very different vein, much later, in the 1980s, a talented generation of players revived the club's spirit. They carried it back to the top of French rugby thanks to their performances on the pitch, but they also wanted to bring the fun back into the game, to take rugby out of its Parisian anonymity. They did so through a combination of serious football, humour and self-mockery. Their famous antics were invented by the club's backs (including France flyhalf Franck Mesnel and France wing Jean-Baptiste Lafond) who once played a game in Bayonne with berets on their heads as a tribute to the tradition of attacking play of the Basque club Aviron Bayonnais (11 Jan 1987). As members of a gang which they called "le show bizz", they played other matches with black make-up on (10 April 1988 at Stade Toulousain), hair dyed yellow, bald caps (26 Feb 1989 against Béziers), wigs and even dressed up as pelote players (white shirts, black jackets and berets, again) in March 1990 at Biarritz Olympique. In April 1989, they wore long red and white striped shorts to celebrate the sans-culotte who took the Bastille on 14 July 1789. They wore long white trousers to look like players of old in the French championship semi-final on 26 April 1987—and won. Their best prank was in the next game though: they played the 1987 final against Toulon with a pink bow tie (2 May). Just before kick-off, Lafond presented French president François Mitterrand, who always attended the national final, with one of those bow ties. They lost that match but went on to play the 1990 final with the same bow ties. At half-time, they had a drink of champagne on the pitch to recover from the efforts of the first half—and won what proved to be the club's last top-flight title for a quarter-century.


title: Racing 92

text: They were also famous for their love of nightlife, which attracted a lot of criticism, especially because so many of them had international duties with France. All this contributed to the image of Racing Club as an eccentric institution, but these players have also been seen as trail blazers for Stade Français's president Max Guazzini, who a few years later, took up the provocative (such as the use of the pink colour) and imaginative spirit to boost his club's image and shake off the conservative traditionalism of French rugby.


title: Racing 92

text: As the club hit the front pages, five players capitalised on the success and went on to start a sportswear clothing business called Eden Park (after the famous Auckland stadium) in late 1987. Their development was boosted when the French Federation chose them as official suppliers of France's formal wear in 1998. The company has 270 outlets throughout the world. One of them is in Richmond as Eden Park developed a partnership with Harlequins. Others are to be found in Northampton, Leeds, Belfast, Dublin and Cardiff. In 2003, Eden Park became the official supplier of the Welsh Rugby Union's formal wear for the World Cup in Australia. Eden Park is also directly involved in the Racing 92 club since one of its founders, Eric Blanc—who happens to be Franck Mesnel's brother-in-law, is the club's vice-president.


title: Racing 92

text: This particular period ended in the early 1990s when those players left the club. Racing then spent several years in the second division, but retained plenty of ambition. In 2007–08, Racing finished second on the ladder to equally ambitious Toulon, but fell short of promotion with an extra-time loss to Mont-de-Marsan in the Pro D2 promotion playoff final. The following year saw Racing's ambitions realised with a romp to the Pro D2 crown, clinching promotion with four rounds to spare.


title: Racing 92

text: In their return to the top flight in 2009–10, Racing finished sixth on the regular-season table, two spots ahead of their Parisian rivals, securing the final spot in the newly expanded playoffs—despite actually being outscored by their opponents on the season. This finish also gave Racing a place in the 2010–11 Heineken Cup. Their season ended with a 21–17 first-round loss at eventual champions Clermont. The 2010–11 season saw Racing emphatically, though only temporarily, reestablish themselves as the top club in Paris, finishing second on the regular-season table to Stade Français' 11th.


title: Racing 92

text: Lorenzetti's model for success has been to combine young French talent with big-name imports. More significantly, while he largely bankrolled the team during the first years of his tenure as president, he is committed to making the club self-supporting. To that end, he financed the construction of a new 32,000-seat stadium for the club in the Paris suburb of Nanterre, near La Défense. The new ground, known at its October 2017 opening as U Arena and renamed Paris La Défense Arena in June 2018, has been Racing's home since December 2017. It is also designed to host major concerts, potentially providing Racing with substantial non-match revenue.


title: Racing 92

text: Racing made headlines in December 2014, announcing that it had signed All Blacks fly-half Dan Carter, the all-time leading points scorer in international rugby, to a three-year deal effective after the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The contract reportedly made Carter the first player in rugby history to make £1 million (€1.3 million at late-2014 exchange rates) a season, with reports of his annual salary as high as £1.3 million (€1.7 million). When the signing was announced, Lorenzetti said, "Carter will be the best-paid player at Racing but also the least expensive because of the economic benefits." Carter filled the void at fly-half left by the return of Johnny Sexton to Leinster Rugby at the end of the 2014–15 season.


title: Racing 92

text: Still more recently, Racing became the first Top 14 side to establish a satellite club in the United States, signing a partnership agreement in 2016 with Austin Huns, a club from Austin, Texas that planned to turn fully professional. The partnership includes youth player development, player exchanges, Racing 92 exhibitions in Austin, and marketing.


title: Juana Maria

text: Juana Maria (died October 19, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her Native American name is unknown), was a Native Californian woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of Alta California from 1835 until her removal from the island in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel "Island of the Blue Dolphins" (1960) was inspired by her story. She was the last native speaker of the Nicoleño language.


title: Juana Maria

text: The Channel Islands have long been inhabited by humans, with Native American colonization occurring 10,000 years ago or earlier. At the time of European contact, two distinct ethnic groups occupied the archipelago: the Chumash lived on the Northern Channel Islands and the Tongva on the Southern Islands. (Juana Maria's tribe, the Nicoleño, were believed to be closely related to the Tongva.) In the early 1540s, Spanish (or Portuguese, according to some accounts) conquistador Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored the California coast, claiming it on behalf of Spain.


title: Juana Maria

text: In 1814, the brig "Il’mena" brought a party of Native Alaskan otter hunters working for the Russian-American Company (RAC), who massacred most of the islanders after accusing them of killing a Native Alaskan hunter.


title: Juana Maria

text: Although there was speculation that the Franciscan padres of the California missions requested that the remaining Nicoleños be removed from the island, there is no documentary evidence to back that claim. The missions were undergoing secularization in the 1830s and there was no Franciscan priest at Mission San Gabriel from mid-1835 through spring of 1836 to receive any Nicoleños brought to the mainland.


title: Juana Maria

text: In late November 1835, the schooner "Peor es Nada", commanded by Charles Hubbard, left southern California to remove the remaining people living on San Nicolas. Upon arriving at the island, Hubbard's party, which included Isaac Sparks, gathered the islanders on the beach and brought them aboard. Juana Maria, however, was not among them by the time a strong storm arose, and the "Peor es Nada"'s crew, realizing the imminent danger of being wrecked by the surf and rocks, panicked and sailed toward the mainland, leaving her behind.


title: Juana Maria

text: A more romantic version tells of Juana Maria diving overboard after realizing her younger brother had been left behind, although archaeologist Steven J. Schwartz notes, "The story of her jumping overboard does not show up until the 1880s ... By then the Victorian era is well underway, and literature takes on a flowery, even romantic flavor." This version is recorded by Juana Maria's eventual rescuer, George Nidever, who heard it from a hunter who had been on the "Peor es Nada"; however, Nidever makes it clear he may be misremembering what he heard.


title: Juana Maria

text: According to Emma Hardacre, there are differing accounts as to the discovery of the Lone Woman. The first is that Father José González Rubio of the Santa Barbara Mission offered a man named Carl Dittman $100 to find her. The second, and what appears to be the original account, from George Nidever states that Father José González Rubio paid one Thomas Jeffries $200 to find Juana Maria, though he was unsuccessful. However, the tales Jeffries told upon returning managed to capture the imagination of George Nidever, a Santa Barbara fur trapper, who launched several expeditions of his own. His first two attempts failed to find her, but on his third attempt in the autumn of 1853, one of Nidever's men, Carl Dittman, discovered human footprints on the beach and pieces of seal blubber which had been left out to dry. Further investigation led to the discovery of Juana Maria, who was living on the island in a crude hut partially constructed of whale bones. She was dressed in a skirt made of greenish cormorant feathers. It was believed that she also lived in a nearby cave.


title: Juana Maria

text: Afterwards, Juana Maria was taken to the Santa Barbara Mission, but was only able to communicate with the three or four remaining members of her tribe. The local Chumash Indians could not understand her, so the mission sent for a group of Tongva who had formerly lived on Santa Catalina Island, but they were unsuccessful as well. Four words and two songs recorded from Juana Maria suggest she spoke one of the Uto-Aztecan languages native to Southern California, but it is not clear to which branch it is related. A University of California, Los Angeles study by linguist Pamela Munro focusing on the words and songs suggests that her language was most similar to those of the Luiseños of Northern San Diego County and of the Juaneños near San Juan Capistrano. Both groups traded with the San Nicolas islanders and their languages may have had some influence. This evidence, when taken as a whole, suggests that Juana Maria was a native Nicoleño.


title: Juana Maria

text: Juana Maria was reportedly fascinated and ecstatic upon arrival, marveling at the sight of horses, along with European clothing and food. She was allowed to stay with Nidever, who described her as a woman of "medium height, but rather thick ... She was probably about 50 years old, but she was still strong and active. Her face was pleasing as she was continually smiling. Her teeth were entire but worn to the gums."


title: Juana Maria

text: Juana Maria apparently enjoyed visits by curious Santa Barbara residents, singing and dancing for her audiences. One of the songs Juana Maria sang is popularly called the "Toki Toki" song. Knowledge of this song came from a Ventureño man named Malquiares, an otter hunter who had joined Nidever's expedition to the island and who had heard Juana Maria sing it. Malquiares later recited the words to his friend Fernando Kitsepawit Librado (1839–1915). The song's words are as follows:


title: Juana Maria

text: Librado recited the words to a Cruzeño Indian named Aravio Talawiyashwit, who translated them as "I live contented because I can see the day when I want to get out of this island"; however, given the lack of any other information on Juana Maria's language, this translation's accuracy is dubious, and was perhaps an intuitive guess. Anthropologist and linguist John Peabody Harrington recorded Librado singing the song on a wax cylinder in 1913.


title: Juana Maria

text: The following text was published by an anonymous writer in Sacramento's "Daily Democratic State Journal" on October 13, 1853:


title: Juana Maria

text: The wild woman who was found on the island of San Nicolas about 70 miles from the coast, west of Santa Barbara, is now at the latter place and is looked upon as a curiosity. It is stated she has been some 18 to 20 years alone on the island. She existed on shell fish and the fat of the seal, and dressed in the skins and feathers of wild ducks, which she sewed together with sinews of the seal. She cannot speak any known language, is good-looking and about middle age. She seems to be contented in her new home among the good people of Santa Barbara.