title: Kat Stewart

text: In 2019 Kat Stewart appeared in the Network Ten housemates' drama "Five Bedrooms" co-starring with Stephen Peacocke, Hugh Sheridan, Kate Jenkinson, Doris Younane and Roy Joseph. In an interview with Debi Enker of "The Sydney Morning Herald", Kat Stewart said of her character in "Five Bedrooms", "Liz is brave, but also fragile. I find her heart-breaking, but she can come off as a bit cold. I don’t think people will necessarily warm to her quickly. She’s complicated and I think that the older we get and the more that we’ve marched in the world with our armour, we don’t throw it off in a hurry. Liz’s got a lot of armour". Reflecting on the show itself Stewart commented, "It’s a challenge to make TV that’s fresh and of the time, because we’re competing with such brilliant overseas content. Going off the intelligence of the scripts, the heart and the humility and the humour, I feel like this is very much of the time. It feels fresh to me: it’s something I wanted to be a part of and something I would want to watch". The second and third seasons of "Five Bedrooms" first aired on the streaming service, "Paramount+" in mid 2021 and early 2022 respectively.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart's other TV credits include guest appearances in the Nazeem Hussain sketch comedy series "Orange Is the New Brown" in 2018, "True Story with Hamish & Andy" on the Nine Network in 2017, "No Activity" on Stan in 2015, "It's a Date" and "Jack Irish: Dead Point" in 2014, "Camp" on America's NBC in 2013, "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries" in 2012, various roles in Newstopia on SBS in 2007–08, the BBC2/UKTV comedy series "Supernova", as well as recurring roles on "City Homicide", "Kick", and "Last Man Standing". Earlier in her career Stewart had guest roles on "Blue Heelers", "Stingers", "CrashBurn", "Something in the Air", "The Secret Life of Us", and "Fergus McPhail". In 2015 Kat Stewart appeared with close friend and mentor Ailsa Piper in the contemporary interview program 'The Truth About Us' on Foxtel's Bio. channel.


title: Kat Stewart

text: In 2020 Kat Stewart was one of the featured celebrities on the 11th season of the Australian version of the television documentary reality genealogy series "Who Do You Think You Are?" on SBS.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart has won acclaim on-stage in a range of dramatic and comedic roles. As an ensemble member of Red Stitch Actors Theatre from 2002 to 12 Stewart appeared in over a dozen plays for the company including "The Little Dog Laughed", "The Shape of Things", "Rabbit Hole", "Bug", "Dirty Butterfly", "Play About the Baby" and "Loyal Women". Her final Red Stitch production was in December 2010 in the part of Tekla in an update of August Strindberg's "Creditors".


title: Kat Stewart

text: In 2014, Stewart featured in Melbourne Theatre Company's production of "The Speechmaker". The political satire was the first play from Australian filmmakers Working Dog Productions and the writing trio of Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner and Rob Sitch. When asked about the production and returning to the stage after a four-year break Stewart said "I’ve always wanted to work with [producers and writers] Working Dog. The script is engaging, smart, alarming and funny. I used to do six or seven plays a year. But I think you can lose your nerve if you leave it too long." The play also featured Stewart's "Offspring" cast-mates, Lachy Hulme and Jane Harber. Stewart had previously worked with MTC on productions such as "Festen" in 2006 and 2008's "Frost/Nixon". In August 2016 she had a starring role on stage in the MTC production of the 2013 Pulitzer Prize winning play, "Disgraced", earning critical praise in the part of Emily.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Kat Stewart appeared in the 2019 Melbourne Theatre Company production of the Simon Stephens’ penned romantic comedy, "Heisenberg". The production was directed by Tom Healey and co-stars Peter Kowitz. Stewart earned praise in the role of Georgie with Andrew Fuhrmann of the "Herald Sun" saying, 'This new MTC production is elegantly done, with a slow, almost meditative rhythm. And it features a wonderfully engrossing performance by Offspring star Kat Stewart.' He further summarised, ‘... really, the best reason to see this production is Stewart's finely modulated performance. Her Georgie is both utterly untrustworthy and deeply sympathetic.'


title: Kat Stewart

text: In 2022 Kat Stewart returned to the stage in the Melbourne Theatre Company production of Joshua Harmon's education satire "Admissions". The production was directed by Gary Abrahams and co-starred William McKenna, Heidi Arena, Simon Maiden and Deidre Rubenstein. Cameron Woodhead of The Age described Stewart's performance as '...the glossiest possible portrayal of liberal officiousness and the cynical abyss her wokeness teeters into when the chips are down.'


title: Kat Stewart

text: Kat Stewart appeared in "West of Sunshine", a movie directed by Jason Raftopoulos and released in Australian cinemas in 2018. The urban drama also stars Damian Hill, Ty Perham, Arthur Angel and Kaarin Fairfax.


title: Kat Stewart

text: In 2019 Stewart has a supporting role in "Little Monsters". The zombie comedy horror film, written and directed by Abe Forsythe, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2019 and stars 2013 Oscar winner Lupita Nyong'o, Josh Gad, Stephen Peacocke and Nadia Townsend.


title: Kat Stewart

text: In December 2020 Kat Stewart co-hosted "How Big is My Trailer", an interview series bringing together two well known Australians in a 'revealing and open-hearted conversation hour about the highs, lows and left turns of navigating a truly successful life in film, television and the arts.' Stewart co-hosted with Interviewer/Producer Angela Pulvirenti and each episode paired some of Australia's leading creative talents including George Miller with Tim Minchin, Asher Keddie with Daina Reid, Damon Herriman with Emma Freeman, Eric Bana with Trent Dalton, Eddie Perfect with Tina Arena. "How Big is My Trailer" is available as a podcast.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart married fellow actor David Whiteley in Melbourne in February 2008. The couple met while working at Red Stitch Actors Theatre in 2002. Their first child, a boy named Archie Nicholas Whiteley, was born on 12 January 2012. The actors share parenting duties between work commitments, "The great thing about this profession is it’s a period of intense work but you have great breaks as well. We co-parent; it’s 100 per cent a team effort. We also have parents who are besotted with Archie," Stewart said in 2014.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart and Whiteley had a second child, a daughter named Georgia Kitty Whiteley (known as Gigi) born on 16 March 2016.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Kat Stewart's mother died of pancreatic cancer in 2015. "My mum, Kitty, was the ultimate mother: fiercely protective, sometimes overinvolved, incredibly hospitable, very self-deprecating and oh-so stylish...Losing her felt catastrophic, but I’ve gotten to a point now where I feel grateful for having her at all. Not everyone has that kind of relationship with their mum – I’m so lucky," Stewart confided to Alley Pascoe of "Marie Claire" in 2020. Stewart has a close relationship with her father, Tony, telling Jane Rocca of "The Sydney Morning Herald" in 2018, "Dad and I are very close and talk most days now. I admire and look up to him. He is the kind of person I wanted to be like because he represents the values I want to instil in my kids. He has strong self-belief and is a risk-taker and has always had a strong sense of what's right."


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart was nominated for the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent at the Logie Awards in 2006 and two ASTRA awards in 2006 and 2007 for her role in the comedy series "Supernova". She won acclaim for her role as Roberta Williams in "Underbelly", winning an AFI award for Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama and being nominated for two Logies in 2009, winning the Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress. In 2010 she was nominated again for the Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress, this time for "Tangle", and an ASTRA award for ":30 Seconds". Stewart was rewarded for her work as Billie Proudman in "Offspring" by winning Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama at the 2014 AACTA Awards, a nomination for Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama at the 2015 AACTA Awards and nominations for the Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress in 2011, 2012 and again in 2014. The cast of "Offspring" were also acknowledged with nominations for the Equity Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for 5 years running from 2011 to 2015 and again in 2017. The cast of "Five Bedrooms" was nominated for the Equity Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2020.


title: Kat Stewart

text: For her theatrical work, Stewart has twice won and twice been nominated for Green Room Awards. In 2004, she won the Gerda Nicolson Award (for an Emerging Actress) and in 2006 won Best Actress for the Red Stitch productions "Bug" and "The Shape of Things". She was nominated as Best Actress for her body of work in 2003 and again as Best Actress for the Red Stitch production of "The Little Dog Laughed" in 2008.


title: Kat Stewart

text: Stewart was part of the judging panel at the "Tropfest" Australia 2014 Short Film Festival. In 2014 Stewart also starred in the Matt Holcomb directed short film, "Flat Daddy". The production was nominated for Best Short Fiction Film at the 2015 AACTA Awards.


title: Shyster

text: Shyster (also spelled "schiester", "scheister", "shiester", etc.) is a slang word for someone who acts in a disreputable, unethical, or unscrupulous way, especially in the practice of law, sometimes also politics or economics.


title: Shyster

text: The etymology of the word is not generally agreed upon. The "Oxford English Dictionary" describes it as "of obscure origin", possibly deriving from a historical sense of "shy" meaning disreputable.


title: Shyster

text: The "Merriam-Webster Dictionary" deemed it probably based on the German "Scheißer" (literally "shitter", i.e. "defecator"). A book published in 2013 traces the first use back to 1843, when scammers in New York City would exploit prisoners by pretending to be lawyers. These scammers were disparagingly referred to as "shisers", meaning "worthless people" in British slang, which in turn was originally derived from the German "Scheißer".


title: Shyster

text: Various false etymologies have suggested an antisemitic origin, possibly associated with the character of Shylock from Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice", but there is no clear evidence for this. One source asserts that the term originated in Philadelphia in 1843 from a disreputable attorney named "Schuster."


title: Colors of the day in Thailand

text: According to ancient customs in Thailand, there is an astrological rule (which has influence from Hindu mythology) that assigns a color to each day of the week based on the color of the God who protects the day or Navagraha. For example, the God of Sunday is Surya who has the color red. These colors of the day are traditional Thai birthday colors. As King Bhumibol and his son were born on Mondays, Thailand is decorated with yellow on their birthdays. Thai people often wear clothes corresponding to the color of the day.


title: Terry Riley

text: Terrence Mitchell "Terry" Riley (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer and performing musician best known as a pioneer of the minimalist school of composition. Influenced by jazz and Indian classical music, his music became notable for its innovative use of repetition, tape music techniques, and delay systems. His best known works are the 1964 composition "In C" and the 1969 LP "A Rainbow in Curved Air", both considered landmarks of minimalism and important influences on experimental music, rock, and contemporary electronic music.


title: Terry Riley

text: Raised in California, Riley began studying composition and performing solo piano in the 1950s. He befriended and collaborated with composer La Monte Young, and later became involved with the San Francisco Tape Music Center. A three-record deal with CBS in the late 1960s, resulting in an LP recording of "In C" (1968) and "A Rainbow in Curved Air" (1969), brought his work to wider audiences. In 1970, he began intensive studies under Hindustani singer Pandit Pran Nath, whom he often accompanied in performance. He has collaborated frequently throughout his career, most extensively with chamber ensemble the Kronos Quartet and his son, guitarist Gyan Riley.


title: Terry Riley

text: Born in Colfax, California, in 1935, Riley began performing as a solo pianist during the 1950s. During that decade, he studied composition at San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Conservatory, and University of California, Berkeley, studying with Seymour Shifrin and Robert Erickson. He befriended composer La Monte Young, whose earliest minimalist compositions using sustained tones were an influence; together, Young and Riley performed Riley's improvisatory composition "Concert for Two Pianists and Tape Recorders" in 1959–60. Riley later became involved in the experimental San Francisco Tape Music Center, working with Morton Subotnick, Steve Reich, Pauline Oliveros, and Ramon Sender. Throughout the 1960s he also traveled frequently in Europe, taking in musical influences and supporting himself by playing in piano bars. He also performed briefly with the Theatre of Eternal Music in New York in 1965-1966.


title: Terry Riley

text: His most influential teacher was Pandit Pran Nath (1918–1996), a master of Indian classical voice who also taught La Monte Young, Marian Zazeela, and Michael Harrison. Riley made numerous trips to India over the course of their association to study and accompany him on tabla, tambura, and voice. In 1971 he joined the Mills College faculty to teach Indian classical music. Riley also cites John Cage and "the really great chamber music groups of John Coltrane and Miles Davis, Charles Mingus, Bill Evans, and Gil Evans" as influences on his work. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Music at Chapman University in 2007.


title: Terry Riley

text: Riley began his long-lasting association with the Kronos Quartet when he met their founder David Harrington while at Mills. Over the course of his career, Riley composed 13 string quartets for the ensemble, in addition to other works. He wrote his first orchestral piece, "Jade Palace", in 1991, and has continued to pursue that avenue, with several commissioned orchestral compositions following. He is also currently performing and teaching both as an Indian raga vocalist and as a solo pianist.


title: Terry Riley

text: Riley's music is usually based on improvising through a series of modal figures of different lengths. Works such as "In C" (1964) and the "Keyboard Studies" (1964–1966) demonstrate this technique. The first performance of "In C" was given by Steve Reich, Jon Gibson, Pauline Oliveros and Morton Subotnick. Its form was an innovation: The piece consists of 53 separate modules of roughly one measure apiece, each containing a different musical pattern but each, as the title implies, in the key of C. One performer beats a steady pulse of "C"s on the piano to keep tempo. The others, in any number and on any instrument, perform these musical modules following a few loose guidelines, with the different musical modules interlocking in various ways as time goes on.


title: Terry Riley

text: In the 1950s Riley was already working with tape loops, a technology still in its infancy at the time; he would later, with the help of a sound engineer, create what he called a "time-lag accumulator". He has continued manipulating tapes to musical effect, in the studio and in live performances throughout his career. An early tape loop piece titled "Music for the Gift" (1963) featured the trumpet playing of Chet Baker. It was during Riley's time in Paris, while composing this piece, that he conceived of and created the time-lag accumulator technique. He has composed using just intonation as well as microtones. In New York City in the mid-1960s he played with his longtime friend La Monte Young, as well as with John Cale and tabla player Angus MacLise, who were founding members of The Velvet Underground. Riley is credited as inspiring Cale's keyboard part on Lou Reed's composition "All Tomorrow's Parties", which was sung by German actress Nico and included on the album "The Velvet Underground and Nico", recorded in 1966.


title: Terry Riley

text: Riley's famous overdubbed electronic album "A Rainbow in Curved Air" (recorded 1968, released 1969) inspired many later developments in electronic music. These include Pete Townshend's organ parts on The Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again" and "Baba O'Riley", the latter named in tribute to Riley as well as to Meher Baba. Charles Hazlewood, in his BBC documentary on Minimalism (Part 1) suggests that the album 'Tubular Bells' by Mike Oldfield was also inspired by Riley's example.


title: Terry Riley

text: Riley's collaborators have included the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Pauline Oliveros, the ARTE Quartett, and, as mentioned, the Kronos Quartet. His 1995 "Lisbon Concert" recording features him in a solo piano format, improvising on his own works. In the liner notes Riley cites Art Tatum, Bud Powell and Bill Evans as his piano "heroes", illustrating the importance of jazz to his conceptions.


title: Terry Riley

text: He has three children: one daughter, Colleen, and two sons, Gyan, who is a guitarist, and Shahn. He was married to Ann Riley until her death in 2015.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The Franco-Thai War (October 1940 – January 28, 1941, ; ) was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: Negotiations with France shortly before World War II had shown that the French government was willing to make appropriate changes in the boundaries between Thailand and French Indochina, but only slightly. Following the Fall of France in 1940, Major-General Plaek Pibulsonggram (popularly known as "Phibun"), the prime minister of Thailand, decided that France's defeat gave the Thais an even better chance to regain the vassal state territories that were ceded to France during King Chulalongkorn's reign.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The German military occupation of Metropolitan France rendered France's hold on its overseas possessions, including French Indochina, tenuous. The colonial administration was now cut off from outside help and outside supplies. After the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in September 1940, the French were forced to allow Japan to set up military bases. This seemingly subservient behavior lulled the Phibun regime into believing that France would not seriously resist a military confrontation with Thailand.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The French military forces in Indochina consisted of an army of approximately 50,000 men, 12,000 of whom were French, organized into forty-one infantry battalions, two artillery regiments, and a battalion of engineers. The French Army had a shortage of armor, and it could field only 20 Renault FT tanks against the nearly one hundred Royal Thai Army armored vehicles. The bulk of the French forces stationed near the Thai border


title: Franco-Thai War

text: consisted of the Indochinese infantry of the 3rd and 4th Regiments of Tonkinese Rifles ("Tirailleurs Tonkinois"), together with a battalion of Montagnards (indigenous Vietnamese highlanders), French regulars of the Colonial Infantry ("Troupes coloniales"), and French Foreign Legion units.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The Vichy French Air Force ("Armée de l'Air") had approximately 100 aircraft, of which roughly 60 could be considered front-line. These included thirty Potez 25 TOE reconnaissance/fighter-bombers, four Farman 221 heavy bombers, six Potez 542 bombers, nine Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighters, and eight Loire 130 reconnaissance/bomber flying boats.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The slightly larger Thai Army was a relatively well-equipped force. Consisting of 60,000 men, it was made up of four armies. The largest were the Burapha Army with five divisions and the Isan Army with three divisions. Independent formations under direct control of the army high command included two motorized cavalry battalions, one artillery battalion, one signals battalion, one engineer battalion, and one armored regiment. The artillery was a mixture of Krupp guns and modern Bofors guns and howitzers, while 60 Carden Loyd tankettes and 30 Vickers 6-ton tanks made up the bulk of the army's tank force.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The Royal Thai Navy included two "Thonburi"-class coastal defense ships, 12 torpedo boats, and four Japanese-made submarines. The Royal Thai Navy was inferior to the French naval forces in Southeast Asia, but the Royal Thai Air Force held both a quantitative and qualitative edge over the local "Armée de l'Air" units. Among the 140 aircraft that composed the Royal Thai Air Force's first-line strength were 24 Mitsubishi Ki-30 light bombers, nine Mitsubishi Ki-21 heavy bombers, 25 Curtiss Hawk 75N fighter planes, six Martin B-10 medium bombers, and 70 Vought O2U Corsair observation/attack aircraft.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: While nationalist demonstrations and anti-French rallies were being held in Bangkok, several border skirmishes erupted along the Mekong frontier. The superior Royal Thai Air Force then conducted daytime bombing runs over military targets in Vientiane, Phnom Penh, Sisophon, and Battambang with impunity. The French retaliated with their own air attacks, but the damage they caused was less than equal. The activities of the Thai air force, particularly in the field of dive-bombing, was such that Admiral Jean Decoux, the governor of French Indochina, grudgingly remarked that the Thai planes seemed to have been flown by men with plenty of war experience.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: On 5 January 1941, following the report of a French attack on the Thai border town of Aranyaprathet, the Thai Burapha and Isan Armies launched an offensive on Laos and Cambodia. French response was instantaneous, but many units were simply swept aside by the better-equipped Thai forces. The Thai army swiftly overran Laos, but the French forces in Cambodia managed to rally and offer more resistance.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: At dawn on January 16, 1941, the French launched a large counterattack on the Thai-held villages of Yang Dang Khum and Phum Preav, initiating the fiercest battle of the war. Due to poor coordination and nonexistent intelligence against the entrenched and well-prepared Thai forces, the French operation was stopped and fighting ended with a French retreat from the area. However, the Thais were unable to pursue the retreating French, as their forward tanks were kept in check by the gunnery of French Foreign Legion artillery.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: With the situation on land rapidly deteriorating for the French, Admiral Decoux ordered all available French naval forces into action in the Gulf of Thailand. In the early morning of 17 January, a French naval squadron caught a Thai naval detachment by surprise at anchor off Ko Chang island. The subsequent Battle of Ko Chang was a tactical victory for the French and resulted in the sinking of two Thai torpedo boats and the disabling of a coastal defense ship, with the French suffering no casualties. Fearing the war would turn in France's favor, the Japanese intervened, proposing an armistice be signed.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: On 24 January, the final air battle took place when Thai bombers raided the French airfield at Angkor, near Siem Reap. The last Thai mission bombing Phnom Penh commenced at 07:10 on 28 January, when the Martins of the 50th Bomber Squadron set out on a raid on Sisophon, escorted by thirteen Hawk 75Ns of the 60th Fighter Squadron.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: Japan subsequently stepped in to mediate the conflict. A general ceasefire had been arranged to go into effect at 10:00 on 28 January, and a Japanese-sponsored "Conference for the Cessation of Hostilities" was held at Saigon, with preliminary documents for an armistice between the governments of Marshal Philippe Pétain's French State and the Kingdom of Thailand signed aboard the cruiser "Natori" on 31 January 1941. On 9 May, a peace treaty was signed in Tokyo, with the French being coerced by the Japanese to relinquish their hold on the disputed border territories. France ceded the following provinces to Thailand from Cambodia and Laos:


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The resolution of the conflict was widely acclaimed by the people of Thailand, and was seen as a personal triumph for Phibun. For the first time in its history, Thailand had been able to extract concessions from a European power, albeit a weakened one. For the French in French Indochina, the conflict was a bitter reminder of their isolation after the Fall of France. They felt that an ambitious neighbor had taken advantage of a distant colony being cut off from a weakened parent. Without hope of reinforcements, the French had little chance of offering a sustained resistance.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: To commemorate the victory, Phibun erected the Victory Monument in Bangkok. Thailand invited Japan and Germany to join in the celebration of its construction.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The Japanese wanted to maintain both their working relationship with Vichy and the status quo; therefore, the Thais were forced to accept only a quarter of the territory that they gained from the French, in addition to having to pay six million piastres as a concession to the French.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: However, the real beneficiaries of the conflict were the Japanese, who were able to expand their influence in both Thailand and Indochina. The Japanese wanted to use Thailand and Indochina as their military bases to invade British Burma and British Malaya later. The Japanese won from Phibun a secret verbal promise to support them in an attack on Malaya and Burma.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: Relations between Japan and Thailand were subsequently stressed, as a disappointed Phibun switched to courting the British and Americans to ward off what he saw as an imminent Japanese invasion. However, on 8 December 1941, the Japanese invaded Thailand at the same time as the Japanese invasion of Malaya. Pearl Harbor was attacked one-and-a-half hours after Malaya and Thailand were. Fighting between Japanese and Thai forces lasted only five hours before a ceasefire was agreed. Thailand would be allied with Japan until 1945.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: After the war, in October 1946, northwestern Cambodia and the two Lao enclaves on the Thai side of the Mekong River were returned to French sovereignty when the French provisional government threatened to veto Thailand's membership in the United Nations. This led to the conclusion of the Franco-Siamese Settlement Treaty of 1946 that settled the issue and paved the way to restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The French army suffered a total of 321 casualties, of whom 15 were officers. The total number of missing after 28 January was 178 (six officers, 14 non-commissioned officers and 158 enlisted men). The Thais had captured 222 men (17 North Africans, 80 Frenchmen, and 125 Indochinese).


title: Franco-Thai War

text: The Thai army suffered 54 men killed in action and 307 wounded. 41 sailors and marines of the Thai navy were killed, and 67 wounded. At the Battle of Ko Chang, 36 men were killed, of whom 20 belonged to HTMS "Thonburi", 14 to HTMS "Songkhla", and two to HTMS "Chonburi". The Thai air force lost 13 men. The number of Thai military personnel captured by the French was just 21.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: About 30 percent of the French aircraft were rendered unserviceable by the end of the war, some as a result of minor damage sustained in air raids that remained unrepaired. The Armée de l'Air admitted the loss of one Farman F221 and two Morane M.S.406s destroyed on the ground, but its losses were really greater.


title: Franco-Thai War

text: In its first experience of combat, the Royal Thai Air Force claimed to have shot down five French aircraft and destroyed 17 on the ground, against the loss of three of its own in the air and another five to 10 destroyed in French air raids on Thai airfields.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT Inc., formerly ITT Corporation, is an American worldwide manufacturing company based in Stamford, Connecticut. The company produces specialty components for the aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. ITT's three businesses include Industrial Process, Motion Technologies, and Connect and Control Technologies.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT has approximately 10,000 employees in more than 35 countries and serves customers in well over 100 countries. The company's long-standing brands include Goulds Pumps, Cannon connectors, KONI shock absorbers and Enidine energy absorption components.


title: ITT Inc.

text: The company was founded in 1920 as International Telephone & Telegraph. During the 1960s and 1970s, under the leadership of CEO Harold Geneen, the company rose to prominence as the archetypal conglomerate, deriving its growth from hundreds of acquisitions in diversified industries.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT divested its telecommunications assets in 1986. In 1995, the company sold off its hospitality portfolio, including Sheraton Hotels and Resorts. In 1996, the current company was founded as a spinoff of ITT as ITT Industries, Inc. It later changed its name to ITT Corporation in 2006.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 2011, ITT spun off its defense businesses into a company named Exelis (now part of L3Harris Technologies), and its water technology business into a company named Xylem Inc. ITT Corporation changed its name to ITT Inc. in 2016.


title: ITT Inc.

text: International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) was formed in 1920, created by brokers Colonel Sosthenes Behn and his brother Hernan Behn. The brothers had acquired the Puerto Rico Telephone Company in 1914 along with the Cuban-American Telephone and Telegraph Company and a half-interest in the Cuban Telephone Company. ITT's first major expansion was in 1923 when it consolidated the Spanish Telecoms market into what is now Telefónica. From 1922 to 1925 it purchased a number of European telephone companies.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1925, ITT purchased several companies from Western Electric, as Bell had agreed to "divest" itself of its international operations. They included the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTM) of Antwerp, Belgium, which manufactured rotary system switching equipment, and the British "International Western Electric", which was renamed Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). Compagnie Générale d'Electricité later purchased BTM; Nortel later purchased STC.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In the 1930s, ITT purchased German electronic companies Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft (SEG) and Mix & Genest, both of which were internationally active companies and Romanian telecommunications monopoly Societatea Anonima Română de Telefoane. Its only serious rival was the Theodore Gary & Company conglomerate, which operated a subsidiary, Associated Telephone and Telegraph, with manufacturing plants in Europe.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In the United States, ITT acquired the various companies of the Mackay Companies in 1928 through a specially organized subsidiary corporation, Postal Telegraph & Cable. These companies included the Commercial Cable Company, the Commercial Pacific Cable Company, Postal Telegraph, and the Federal Telegraph Company.


title: ITT Inc.

text: On August 3, 1933, Adolf Hitler received Sosthenes Behn, then the CEO of ITT, and his German representative, Henry Mann, in one of his first meetings with US businessmen.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In his book "Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler", Antony C. Sutton claims that ITT subsidiaries made cash payments to SS leader Heinrich Himmler. ITT, through its subsidiary C. Lorenz AG, owned 25% of Focke-Wulf, the German aircraft manufacturer, builder of some of the most successful Luftwaffe fighter aircraft. In the 1960s, ITT Corporation won $27 million in compensation for damage inflicted on its share of the Focke-Wulf plant by Allied bombing during World War II. In addition, Sutton's book uncovers that ITT owned shares of "Signalbau AG, Dr. Erich F. Huth" (Signalbau Huth), which produced for the German Wehrmacht radar equipment and transceivers in Berlin, Hanover (later Telefunken factory) and other places. While ITT - Focke-Wulf planes were bombing Allied ships, and ITT lines were passing information to German submarines, ITT direction finders were saving other ships from torpedoes.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1943 ITT became the largest shareholder of Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH for the remainder of the war with 29%. This was due to Kaffee HAG's share falling to 27% after the death in May of Kaffee HAG chief, Dr Ludwig Roselius. OMGUS documents reveal that the role of the HAG conglomerate could not be determined during WWII.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1951, ITT purchased Philo Farnsworth's television company to break into that market. At the time Farnsworth was also developing the Fusor fusion reactor, which was funded by ITT until 1967. Also in 1951, ITT bought a majority interest in the Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company, founded in 1897 as a pioneer in "divided-multiple" telephone switchboards, and bought the remaining shares the next year. ITT changed the company's name to ITT Kellogg. After merging Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation into ITT Kellogg and combining manufacturing operations the name was again changed to ITT Telecommunications, eventually reverting to ITT Kellogg.


title: ITT Inc.

text: One prominent subsidiary of this was the American Cable and Radio Corporation, which operated the transatlantic cables of the Commercial Cable Company, among other ventures. It bought Philadelphia based heating and air conditioning manufacturer John J. Nesbitt Inc.


title: ITT Inc.

text: International telecommunications manufacturing subsidiaries included Standard Telephones and Cables in the United Kingdom and Australia, Indosat in Indonesia, Standard Elektrik Lorenz (today part of Nokia Germany) and " Gesellschaft für Metallurgie und Elektronik mbH" (acquired from Clevite in 1965; now TDK-Micronas) in Germany, BTM in Belgium, and CGCT and LMT in France. These companies manufactured equipment according to ITT designs including the (1960s) Pentaconta crossbar switch and (1970s) Metaconta D, L and 10c Stored Program Control exchanges, mostly for sale to their respective national telephone administrations. This equipment was also produced under license in Poznań (Poland), and in Yugoslavia, and elsewhere. ITT was the largest owner of the LM Ericsson company in Sweden but sold out in 1960.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Alec Reeves invented pulse-code modulation (PCM), upon which future digital voice communication was based, and Charles K. Kao pioneered the use of optical fiber, for which he was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1959, Harold Geneen became CEO. Using leveraged buyouts, he turned the minor acquisitions of the 1950s into major growth during the 1960s. In 1965, ITT attempted to purchase the ABC television network for $700 million. The deal was halted by federal antitrust regulators who feared ITT was growing too large. In order to continue growing while not running afoul of antitrust legislation, it moved to acquire companies outside of the telecommunications industry. Under Geneen, ITT bought over 300 companies in the 1960s, including some hostile takeovers. The deals included well-known businesses like the Sheraton Hotel chain, Wonder Bread maker Continental Baking, Rayonier, and Avis Rent-a-Car. ITT also absorbed smaller operations in auto parts, energy, books, semiconductors and cosmetics. In 1966, ITT acquired Educational Services, Inc., an operator of for-profit schools, which became ITT/ESI. When ITT attempted to acquire The Hartford insurance company in 1970, the US Justice Department filed suit, and ITT agreed to divest assets equal to those of Hartford's, including Avis.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT's sales grew from about $700 million in 1960 to about $8 billion in 1970, and its profit from $29 million to $550 million. However, when the higher interest rates started eating away at profits in the late 1960s, ITT's growth slowed considerably.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In the late 1960s, the British electronics manufacturer Kolster-Brandes, KB for short, had run into trouble with its color television manufacturing, and turned to ITT for help; ITT bought out the company, and for a while, UK products were badged "ITT KB" then eventually just ITT. By the late 1970s, ITT had a good presence on the UK domestic electrical market in television, audio and portable radio products.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In February 1962, during the presidency of João Goulart, the State Governor of Rio Grande do Sul Leonel Brizola decided to expropriate a Brazilian subsidiary of ITT, the Companhia Telefônica Nacional. During the next years of Goulart's presidency, the expropriation was one of the most debated Brazilian political issues. The action from the State Governor to expropriate the company was never supported by the Brazilian president at the time and had severe implications in the Brazil–United States relations. Some historians even say that the expropriation was one of the reasons for the federal government of the United States to support the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT became enmeshed in scandal in connection with the 1972 Republican National Convention. In May 1971, ITT president Geneen pledged $400,000 to support a proposal to hold the convention in San Diego; only $100,000 of the contribution was publicly disclosed. The Republican National Committee selected San Diego as the site in July 1971.


title: ITT Inc.

text: However, on February 29, 1972, newspaper columnist Jack Anderson disclosed an interoffice memo from ITT lobbyist Dita Beard to ITT vice president Bill Merriam, dated June 25, 1971. The memo appeared to draw a connection between ITT's contribution to the convention and the favorable settlement of a United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division lawsuit. The resulting scandal, including a Senate investigation and the threat of criminal charges, caused ITT to withdraw its support for the San Diego convention. That combined with a shortage of hotel space and problems with the proposed venue led the RNC to move the convention to Miami. Special prosecutor Leon Jaworski investigated the case but ultimately concluded there was no evidence of criminal conduct by ITT.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Nixon aides such as John Dean and Jeb Stuart Magruder have alleged that the Watergate break-in was motivated by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President's suspicion that the Democratic National Committee was making similar deals to fund its 1972 convention. This theory is supported by conversations and exchanges between President Richard Nixon and his chief of staff H. R. Haldeman before and after the break-in, as well as by testimony by E. Howard Hunt. However, this theory has also been disputed by others involved in the break-in such as G. Gordon Liddy.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1970, ITT owned 70% of CTC (the Chilean Telephone Company, now Movistar Chile) and funded "El Mercurio", a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Declassified documents released by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in 2000 reveal that the company financially helped opponents of Salvador Allende's government prepare a military coup. On September 28, 1973, an ITT building in New York City was bombed by the Weather Underground for involvement in the coup d'état.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In March 1977 Lyman C. Hamilton was appointed CEO, and Geneen became chairman of the board. In June 1979, while Hamilton was in Asia, Geneen became aware of Hamilton's plans to divest ITT's European consumer goods business, and lobbied his fellow board members to dismiss Hamilton. In July 1979 Rand Araskog became CEO. Shortly thereafter, Araskog insisted that the board remove Geneen as Chairman, though Geneen remained on the board for four more years.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Starting in 1977, ITT set out to develop an ambitious new Digital Telephone Exchange, System 1240 (later System 12), which reportedly cost US$1 billion. "Fortune" reported that "Araskog focused the company on an all-consuming push to develop and market System 12" and "shoveled profits from good businesses into System 12's insatiable maw". System 12 was intended to operate in all markets, and in all modes, from local switches to long distance. The design was done at the Advanced Technology Center (Stamford, Connecticut and then Shelton, Connecticut). Manufacturing was by ITT's subsidiaries, such as BTM in Belgium, where the first production system was installed at Brecht, in August 1982. Initial sales, particularly in Europe and Mexico, were strong, but the new system took longer than expected to integrate, with further losses. Against the advice of headquarters, ITT Telecommunications (ITT Kellogg) in Raleigh, North Carolina undertook the conversion in the US market, and although sales were announced in 1984 and 1985, the attempt ultimately failed, in early 1986.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1986 ITT sold its international telecommunications product businesses, including ITT Kellogg, to the Alcatel Alsthom subsidiary of Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), forming Alcatel N.V. (Netherlands). At the time this was the world's second-largest telecommunications company. (Alcatel Alsthom S.A. subsequently merged with Lucent to become Alcatel-Lucent). ITT initially held a 37% stake, but in March 1992 it sold its remaining 30%. "The move ended the involvement of ITT in the telephone industry."


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT Educational Services, Inc. (ESI) was spun off through an IPO in 1994, with ITT as an 83% shareholder. (In September 2016 ESI announced plans to close all of its 130 Technical Institutes in 38 states, because their students were no longer eligible for Federal aid.) ITT merged its long-distance division with Metromedia Long Distance in March 1989, creating "Metromedia-ITT". Metromedia-ITT would eventually be acquired by Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. (LDDS) in 1993. LDDS would later change its name to Worldcom in 1995.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In March 2007, ITT Corporation became the first major defense contractor to be convicted for criminal violations of the U.S. Arms Export Control Act. The fines resulted from ITT's outsourcing program, in which they transferred night vision goggles and classified information about countermeasures against laser weapons, including light interference filters, to engineers in Singapore, the People's Republic of China, and the United Kingdom. They were fined US$100 million although they were also given the option of spending half of that sum on research and development of new night vision technology. The United States government will assume rights to the resulting intellectual property.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In its investigation and subsequent ruling the United States Department of Justice found that the corporation went to significant lengths to circumvent rules regarding the exports including setting up a front company. According to U.S. Attorney John L. Brownlee, the company fought the investigation in order "to essentially run out the clock on the statute of limitations."


title: ITT Inc.

text: An agreement was reached on June 26, 2007, for ITT to acquire privately held "International Motion Control" (IMC) for $395 million. The deal was closed and finalized in September 2007. An announcement was made September 14, 2010, to close the Cleveland site.


title: ITT Inc.

text: An agreement was reached September 18, 2007, for ITT to buy EDO Corporation for $1.7 billion. After EDO shareholders' approval, the deal was closed and finalized on December 20, 2007.


title: ITT Inc.

text: On April 16, 2009, ITT announced it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire Laing GmbH of Germany, a privately held leading producer of energy-efficient circulator pumps primarily used in residential and commercial plumbing and heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.


title: ITT Inc.

text: On January 12, 2011, ITT announced a transformation to separate the remaining company into three publicly traded independent companies. On July 14, 2011, ITT announced the names of the three companies: the Industrial Process & Flow Control division to retain the name ITT Corporation, the Water & Waste Water division, later named Xylem, symbol XYL (a reference to xylem tissue in plants), and the Defense division to be named Exelis Inc., symbol XLS. Then-ITT stockholders subsequently owned shares in all three companies following the spinoff.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1929 ITT's headquarters were at (75) 67 Broad Street, Manhattan, New York, New York. "During World War II the building was a hub for communications with American submarines operating in the Atlantic Ocean."


title: ITT Inc.

text: 1330 Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City, which was ITT's corporate headquarters prior to its merger with Starwood, was originally owned by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), which ITT attempted to acquire in 1963. After a financial downturn, ABC moved out of the building known as "Brown Rock" and sold it to a Japanese conglomerate which then in turn leased a good portion out to ITT Corporation.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 2022, ITT's global headquarters moved out of White Plains, NY and into Harbor Point in Stamford, CT.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT Avionics was a division of ITT Corporation in Nutley, New Jersey. A 300-foot research tower at ITT Avionics was built in 1947 for scientists for microwave communications systems. Research at the tower had stopped in the 1970s. On the morning of April 4, 1996 at 10:00 am, the tower was demolished with explosives to prepare the site for sale.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In October 1989, the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) awarded a contract to ITT Avionics for production of an Airborne Self-Protection Jammer (ASPJ), and a similar contract was issued to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Westinghouse and ITT had worked together with the U S Government to develop the ASPJ. The contract was later terminated by the government for convenience because the ASPJ failed independent operational test and evaluation (OPEVAL) procedures.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1991 the company won a $19.6 million contract from the United States Air Force to develop the "intraflight data link", a communications system for "tactical airborne forces". In 2004 they were awarded a $24.9 million contract from the Naval Air Systems Command Weapons Division for engineering software support services provided to the Tactical Aircraft Electronic Warfare Integrated Program Team at Point Mugu, California and China Lake, California.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Through their then subsidiary Schaub Elektrik Lorenz, ITT manufactured consumer products under the ITT Schaub-Lorenz brand, such as Touring radio receivers and Ideal Color television sets employing Heliochrom picture tubes.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Some television models feature the Ideal-Computer cartridge system, featuring a slot suitable for housing an ultrasonic remote control (acting as front panel buttons while docked), a teletext decoder, or Tele-Match video game dedicated consoles (unrelated to the "ITT Telematch Processor" console, a rebrand of the Fairchild Channel F); the Ideal-Computer system was licensed to other German producers of its time.


title: ITT Inc.

text: ITT Schaub-Lorenz was also behind the Digivision, the first television employing digital signal processing of the image.


title: ITT Inc.

text: For a comparable time span, ITT had also controlled and then fully absorbed English radio and television manufacturer Kolster-Brandes.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 1986 throughout the following year, the ITT Telecommunications division (which included Schaub-Lorenz and Kolster-Brandes) was transferred to Alcatel through the French CGE, then in 1988 the consumer electronics division was further spun off and sold to Nokia, who sold some products under the ITT Nokia brand.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Nokia closed their German TV factories in 1996, although their use of the ITT brand may have been discontinued earlier.


title: ITT Inc.

text: Since 2006, the ITT brand and logo are licensed to the Karcher corporation, which is not part of the ITT group.


title: ITT Inc.

text: In 2007, ITT was awarded a $207 million initial contract by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to lead a team to develop and deploy the Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) system. ADS-B is a key component of the FAA's NextGen air traffic control modernization program intended to increase safety and efficiency to meet the growing needs of air transportation. ITT is responsible for overall system integration and engineering and under contract options will operate and maintain the system after deployment through September 2025. The ITT team includes its partners AT&T, Thales North America, WSI, SAIC, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Aerospace Engineering, Sunhillo, Comsearch, MCS of Tampa, Pragmatics, Washington Consulting Group, Aviation Communications and Surveillance Systems (ACSS), Sandia Aerospace and NCR Corporation.


title: ITT Inc.

text: On September 6, 2008, the ITT-built imaging payload was launched aboard the GeoEye-1 satellite to provide high-resolution earth imaging. The satellite has the ability to collect images at 0.41-meter panchromatic (black and white) and 1.65-meter multispectral (color) resolution. GeoEye-1 can precisely locate an object to within three meters of its true location on the Earth's surface. The satellite will also be able to collect up to 700,000 square kilometers of panchromatic imagery per day.


title: Kim Dae-myung

text: Kim Dae-myung (born February 16, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He began his acting career in theater, then rose to fame in the television series "" (2014), as well as "Hospital Playlist" (2020).


title: Suzy Parker

text: Suzy Parker (born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker; October 28, 1932 – May 3, 2003) was an American model and actress active from 1947 until 1970. Her modeling career reached its zenith during the 1950s, when she appeared on the covers of dozens of magazines and in advertisements and movie and television roles.


title: Suzy Parker

text: She appeared in advertisements for Revlon and many other cosmetic companies, including Solo Products, the largest hair care product company in the country at the time. (Models did not have exclusive cosmetic company contracts until Lauren Hutton and Karen Graham in the early 1970s). In 1956, at the height of her modelling career, she became the first model to earn $100,000 per year ($ today). A song that The Beatles wrote for her, though not released on record, appeared in their 1970 documentary film "Let It Be", which won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Suzy Parker was born Cecilia Ann Renee Parker in Long Island City, New York, to George and Elizabeth Parker, who married in 1916. She had three older sisters: Dorian, Florian, and Georgiabell. Elizabeth believed she was undergoing menopause, but then discovered she was several months pregnant with her youngest child, Cecilia ("Suzy"). Suzy's original names came from three of her mother's best friends. A then-teenaged Dorian advised her mother to arrange the names in the order, Cecilia Renee Ann Parker, so the initials of the names would spell the word "crap". Dorian claimed her mother had no idea what it meant. Parker's father George disliked the name Cecilia and called her Susie, a name which Parker would retain throughout her life. A French "Vogue" photographer later changed the spelling to "Suzy".


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker's family later moved to Highland Park, New Jersey, and then to Florida. Parker was a model with the Walter Thornton agency and later her sister Dorian, herself one of the top models of the era, introduced her to Eileen Ford.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker and two of her sisters were tall, all measuring between and . Sister Dorian (who modelled under the name Dorian Leigh) was the sole exception, standing . In 1944, Dorian worked as an advertising copy writer when a coworker encouraged her to go to the Conover Modeling Agency. Dorian was one of the top models in the world, among the first small group of supermodels, which included Lisa Fonssagrives, Dovima, Barbara Goalen and Bettina Graziani.


title: Suzy Parker

text: When Parker was about age 15, Dorian telephoned Ford Modeling Agency and told Eileen and Jerry Ford that she would sign on with them if they also took her younger sister, sight unseen. Eager to represent Dorian, they agreed. Expecting to meet a similarly petite, extremely thin, flawless, pale-faced, electric blue-eyed, raven-haired younger version of Dorian, they were shocked to meet Suzy for the first time. Parker was already 5'10", big-boned, and had carrot red hair, pale-green eyes, and freckles. She would become more famous than Dorian.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Suzy Parker's photo appeared in "Life" magazine when she was 15. That same year, one of her first magazine advertisements was for DeRosa Jewelry. Although she still lived with her parents in Florida, she stayed in New York City with Dorian when she had modeling assignments there. Dorian introduced Parker to her fashion-photographer friends, Irving Penn, Horst P. Horst, John Rawlings, and a young Richard Avedon. Parker became Avedon's muse, she said years later that "The only joy I ever got out of modeling was working with Dick Avedon." She became the so-called signature face of the Coco Chanel brand. Chanel herself became a close confidante, giving Parker advice on men and money as well as creating numerous Chanel outfits for her.


title: Suzy Parker

text: She was the first model to earn $200 per hour and $100,000 per year. "Vogue" declared her one of the faces of the confident, post-war American woman. By 1955, she owed income taxes on her modeling income from previous years, amounting to more than $60,000 in back taxes and rapidly accumulating penalties, an enormous amount at the time. Jerry Ford paid her tax bill and found her assignments. She worked also non-stop for "Vogue", Revlon, Hertz, Westinghouse, Max Factor, Bliss, DuPont, Simplicity, Smirnoff, and Ronson shavers, to name a few. She also was on the covers of about 70 magazines around the world, including "Vogue", "Elle", "Life", "Look", "Redbook", "Paris Match" and "McCall's". After being introduced to, and taught photography by, war photographer Robert Capa, Parker was briefly listed as a member of Magnum Photos.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Her first film role was in "Kiss Them for Me" (1957), playing the main interest of Cary Grant's character. Soon after she accepted a cameo role in "Funny Face" (1957), on screen for two minutes in a musical number described as "Pink Number". Her other films include: "Ten North Frederick" (1958), "The Best of Everything" (1959), "A Circle of Deception" (1960 - during which she met future husband Bradford Dillman), "Flight from Ashiya" (1964) and "Chamber of Horrors" (1966). She also played dramatic roles in TV shows such as "Burke's Law" and "The Twilight Zone" plus appearances as herself on a number of quiz shows such as "I've Got a Secret".


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker's last role was in a 1970 episode of "Night Gallery". She did, in a way, make one other film "appearance" in The Beatles' 1970 documentary film "Let It Be", in which the band performed their song "Suzy Parker". The song, one of the few credited as written by all four Beatles, was part of their Academy Award-winning score for the original songs they performed in the film.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker was married three times. In 1950, she and her high-school sweetheart, Ronald Staton (some sources cite Charles), drove to Georgia to secretly marry. Parker said that she married him in a bikini with a raincoat on top, adding, "He was very good-looking, and it [the marriage] was just a sheer disaster." The young couple drove back to Florida where she was still living with her parents who were upset because of her age and because Ronald was part Cherokee. They moved to Pennsylvania and rented a house near where Dorian was living with her husband and children. Parker was already modeling in the United States and Europe while Ronald was attending the University of Pennsylvania as a freshman.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker met journalist Pierre de la Salle (Pitou, born July 12, 1925) at a Jacques Fath party outside of Paris. She and Dorian were modeling together and separately on this trip. She returned to the United States and asked Ronald for a divorce, but he would only agree to a quick divorce if Parker gave him a large monetary settlement, paid for plastic surgery on his nose and paid for his acting lessons. She agreed, and their divorce was finalized in Mexico in 1953. Ronald was killed years later in an automobile accident. Parker and Pierre continued to date for years despite Pierre's numerous infidelities. She also was paying for his high cost-of-living expenses. They married about 1957 or 1958, but the couple kept it a secret.


title: Suzy Parker

text: In 1958, Parker was a passenger in a car her father was driving when they were hit by an oncoming train. According to accident reports, neither of them heard or saw the train until it slammed into the car. Her father died of his injuries at the hospital. Parker was hospitalized, with broken bones and embedded glass (with her face untouched), under the name Mrs. Pierre de la Salle. The press jumped on this, but Pierre continued to deny that they were married. Soon thereafter, a photo spread of the couple appeared in the August 19, 1958, "Look" magazine cover story about her. Parker began psychotherapy to cope with her rocky second marriage and the death of her beloved father.


title: Suzy Parker

text: After recovering from her injuries, Parker became pregnant and de la Salle left. She said, "He didn't want to be a father. I already hired a nanny... he was gone, history." She gave birth to their daughter Georgia Belle Florian Coco Chanel de la Salle in December 1959, whose godmother was close friend Coco Chanel. Parker named her daughter after her older sisters Georgiabell and Florian and purposely left Dorian’s name off. Dorian and Parker feuded for many years, as Parker was fed up with Dorian’s promiscuous lifestyle and her not taking care of her children. A March 14, 1977, "People" magazine article featured Parker trying to launch her then 17-year-old daughter Georgia as a model. However, Georgia modeled only a few times during and after college.


title: Suzy Parker

text: In 1960, Parker met actor Bradford Dillman on the set of their 1960 movie, "A Circle of Deception". She was still married to de la Salle but no longer living with him. Dillman was ending his first marriage and dating Juliette Gréco at the time. Parker obtained a divorce and married Bradford in 1963 on board a boat at sea. She changed her name to Suzy Parker Dillman following the marriage.


title: Suzy Parker

text: After marrying Dillman in 1963, then receiving injuries in a car accident in 1964, Parker mostly retired from modeling and acted as a stepmother to Jeffrey and Pamela, Dillman's children from his first marriage. Parker enjoyed being a stay-at-home mother and, like her sister Dorian, who was a Cordon Bleu-level chef, Parker was an excellent cook.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker had three children with Dillman: daughter Dinah and sons Charlie and Christopher. The family lived in Bel Air, Los Angeles, until Dinah was bitten by a rattlesnake in the yard and almost died. They then moved to Montecito in the Santa Barbara area, where Suzy remained until her death in 2003.


title: Suzy Parker

text: A self-described tomboy in her teens, Parker broke several bones as a result. Parker also broke bones in the 1958 car accident that killed her father. In 1964, she was nervously rehearsing for her famous appearance in the well-known "The Twilight Zone" episode "Number 12 Looks Just Like You" when she was in another car accident.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker long suffered from allergies, and in the 1990s, developed ulcers. During surgery for an ulcer, her vital signs disappeared on the operating table, but she was resuscitated. She never fully recovered and developed more ulcers and diabetes. She had multiple hip surgeries, and then her kidneys began to fail. She spent the last five years of her life in and out of the hospital.


title: Suzy Parker

text: Parker decided to end dialysis treatments. She returned home and died at age 70 surrounded by family at her orchard in Montecito, California on May 3, 2003. Her husband Bradford Dillman died in 2018 at age 87.


title: Vector notation

text: In mathematics and physics, vector notation is a commonly used notation for representing vectors, which may be Euclidean vectors, or more generally, members of a vector space.


title: Vector notation

text: For representing a vector, the common typographic convention is lower case, upright boldface type, as in . The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends either bold italic serif, as in , or non-bold italic serif accented by a right arrow, as in formula_1.


title: Vector notation

text: In 1835 Giusto Bellavitis introduced the idea of equipollent directed line segments formula_2 which resulted in the concept of a vector as an equivalence class of such segments.


title: Vector notation

text: The term "vector" was coined by W. R. Hamilton around 1843, as he revealed quaternions, a system which uses vectors and scalars to span a four-dimensional space. For a quaternion "q" = "a" + "b"i + "c"j + "d"k, Hamilton used two projections: S "q" = "a", for the scalar part of "q", and V "q" = "b"i + "c"j + "d"k, the vector part. Using the modern terms "cross product" (×) and "dot product" (.), the "quaternion product" of two vectors "p" and "q" can be written "pq" = –"p"."q" + "p"×"q". In 1878, W. K. Clifford severed the two products to make the quaternion operation useful for students in his textbook "Elements of Dynamic". Lecturing at Yale University, Josiah Willard Gibbs supplied notation for the scalar product and vector products, which was introduced in "Vector Analysis".


title: Vector notation

text: In 1891, Oliver Heaviside argued for Clarendon to distinguish vectors from scalars. He criticized the use of Greek letters by Tait and Gothic letters by Maxwell.


title: Vector notation

text: In 1912, J.B. Shaw contributed his "Comparative Notation for Vector Expressions" to the "Bulletin" of the Quaternion Society. Subsequently, Alexander Macfarlane described 15 criteria for clear expression with vectors in the same publication.


title: Vector notation

text: Vector ideas were advanced by Hermann Grassmann in 1841, and again in 1862 in the German language. But German mathematicians were not taken with quaternions as much as were English-speaking mathematicians. When Felix Klein was organizing the German mathematical encyclopedia, he assigned Arnold Sommerfeld to standardize vector notation. In 1950, when Academic Press published G. Kuerti’s translation of the second edition of volume 2 of "Lectures on Theoretical Physics" by Sommerfeld, vector notation was the subject of a footnote: "In the original German text, vectors "and" their components are printed in the same Gothic types. The more usual way of making a typographical distinction between the two has been adopted for this translation."


title: Vector notation

text: A rectangular vector is a coordinate vector specified by components that define a rectangle (or rectangular prism in three dimensions, and similar shapes in greater dimensions). The starting point and terminal point of the vector lie at opposite ends of the rectangle (or prism, etc.).


title: Vector notation

text: A rectangular vector in formula_3 can be specified using an ordered set of components, enclosed in either parentheses or angle brackets.


title: Vector notation

text: A rectangular vector in formula_3 can also be specified as a row or column matrix containing the ordered set of components. A vector specified as a row matrix is known as a row vector; one specified as a column matrix is known as a column vector.


title: Vector notation

text: Again, an "n"-dimensional vector formula_7 can be specified in either of the following forms using matrices:


title: Vector notation

text: where "v", "v", …, "v", "v" are the components of v. In some advanced contexts, a row and a column vector have different meaning; see covariance and contravariance of vectors for more.


title: Vector notation

text: A rectangular vector in formula_10 (or fewer dimensions, such as formula_11 where "v" below is zero) can be specified as the sum of the scalar multiples of the components of the vector with the members of the standard basis in formula_10. The basis is represented with the unit vectors formula_13, formula_14, and formula_15.


title: Vector notation

text: A three-dimensional vector formula_16 can be specified in the following form, using unit vector notation:


title: Vector notation

text: Where "v", "v", and "v" are the scalar components of v. Scalar components may be positive or negative; the absolute value of a scalar component is its magnitude.


title: Vector notation

text: The two polar coordinates of a point in a plane may be considered as a two dimensional vector. Such a "polar vector" consists of a magnitude (or length) and a direction (or angle). The magnitude, typically represented as "r", is the distance from a starting point, the origin, to the point which is represented. The angle, typically represented as "θ" (the Greek letter theta), is the angle, usually measured , between a fixed direction, typically that of the positive "x"-axis, and the direction from the origin to the point. The angle is typically reduced to lie within the range formula_18 radians or formula_19.


title: Vector notation

text: It must be emphasized that a "polar vector" is not really a vector, since the addition of two polar vectors is not defined.


title: Vector notation

text: Polar vectors can be specified using either ordered pair notation (a subset of ordered set notation using only two components), or matrix notation, as with rectangular vectors. In these forms, the first component of the vector is "r" (instead of "v"), and the second component is "θ" (instead of "v"). To differentiate polar vectors from rectangular vectors, the angle may be prefixed with the angle symbol, formula_20.


title: Vector notation

text: A two-dimensional polar vector "v" can be represented as any of the following, using either ordered pair or matrix notation:


title: Vector notation

text: Polar vectors can also be specified using simplified autonomous equations that define "r" and "θ" explicitly. This can be unwieldy, but is useful for avoiding the confusion with two-dimensional rectangular vectors that arises from using ordered pair or matrix notation.


title: Vector notation

text: A two-dimensional vector whose magnitude is 5 units, and whose direction is "π"/9 radians (20°), can be specified using either of the following forms:


title: Vector notation

text: A cylindrical vector is an extension of the concept of polar vectors into three dimensions. It is akin to an arrow in the cylindrical coordinate system. A cylindrical vector is specified by a distance in the "xy"-plane, an angle, and a distance from the "xy"-plane (a height). The first distance, usually represented as "r" or "ρ" (the Greek letter rho), is the magnitude of the projection of the vector onto the "xy"-plane. The angle, usually represented as "θ" or "φ" (the Greek letter phi), is measured as the offset from the line collinear with the "x"-axis in the positive direction; the angle is typically reduced to lie within the range formula_18. The second distance, usually represented as "h" or "z", is the distance from the "xy"-plane to the endpoint of the vector.


title: Vector notation

text: Cylindrical vectors are specified like polar vectors, where the second distance component is concatenated as a third component to form ordered triplets (again, a subset of ordered set notation) and matrices. The angle may be prefixed with the angle symbol (formula_20); the distance-angle-distance combination distinguishes cylindrical vectors in this notation from spherical vectors in similar notation.


title: Vector notation

text: A three-dimensional cylindrical vector "v" can be represented as any of the following, using either ordered triplet or matrix notation:


title: Vector notation

text: Where "r" is the magnitude of the projection of v onto the "xy"-plane, "θ" is the angle between the positive "x"-axis and v, and "h" is the height from the "xy"-plane to the endpoint of "v". Again, the angle symbol (formula_20) is optional.


title: Vector notation

text: A cylindrical vector can also be specified directly, using simplified autonomous equations that define "r" (or "ρ"), "θ" (or "φ"), and "h" (or "z"). Consistency should be used when choosing the names to use for the variables; "ρ" should not be mixed with "θ" and so on.


title: Vector notation

text: A three-dimensional vector, the magnitude of whose projection onto the "xy"-plane is 5 units, whose angle from the positive "x"-axis is "π"/9 radians (20°), and whose height from the "xy"-plane is 3 units can be specified in any of the following forms:


title: Vector notation

text: A spherical vector is another method for extending the concept of polar vectors into three dimensions. It is akin to an arrow in the spherical coordinate system. A spherical vector is specified by a magnitude, an azimuth angle, and a zenith angle. The magnitude is usually represented as "ρ". The azimuth angle, usually represented as "θ", is the () offset from the positive "x"-axis. The zenith angle, usually represented as "φ", is the offset from the positive "z"-axis. Both angles are typically reduced to lie within the range from zero (inclusive) to 2"π" (exclusive).


title: Vector notation

text: Spherical vectors are specified like polar vectors, where the zenith angle is concatenated as a third component to form ordered triplets and matrices. The azimuth and zenith angles may be both prefixed with the angle symbol (formula_20); the prefix should be used consistently to produce the distance-angle-angle combination that distinguishes spherical vectors from cylindrical ones.


title: Vector notation

text: A three-dimensional spherical vector "v" can be represented as any of the following, using either ordered triplet or matrix notation:


title: Vector notation

text: Like polar and cylindrical vectors, spherical vectors can be specified using simplified autonomous equations, in this case for "ρ", "θ", and "φ".


title: Vector notation

text: A three-dimensional vector whose magnitude is 5 units, whose azimuth angle is "π"/9 radians (20°), and whose zenith angle is "π"/4 radians (45°) can be specified as:


title: Vector notation

text: In any given vector space, the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication are defined. Normed vector spaces also define an operation known as the norm (or determination of magnitude). Inner product spaces also define an operation known as the inner product. In formula_3, the inner product is known as the dot product. In formula_10 and formula_48, an additional operation known as the cross product is also defined.


title: Vector notation

text: Vector addition is represented with the plus sign used as an operator between two vectors. The sum of two vectors u and v would be represented as: formula_49


title: Vector notation

text: Scalar multiplication is represented in the same manners as algebraic multiplication. A scalar beside a vector (either or both of which may be in parentheses) implies scalar multiplication. The two common operators, a dot and a rotated cross, are also acceptable (although the rotated cross is almost never used), but they risk confusion with dot products and cross products, which operate on two vectors. The product of a scalar "k" with a vector v can be represented in any of the following fashions:


title: Vector notation

text: Using the algebraic properties of subtraction and division, along with scalar multiplication, it is also possible to “subtract” two vectors and “divide” a vector by a scalar.


title: Vector notation

text: Vector subtraction is performed by adding the scalar multiple of −1 with the second vector operand to the first vector operand. This can be represented by the use of the minus sign as an operator. The difference between two vectors u and v can be represented in either of the following fashions:


title: Vector notation

text: Scalar division is performed by multiplying the vector operand with the numeric inverse of the scalar operand. This can be represented by the use of the fraction bar or division signs as operators. The quotient of a vector v and a scalar "c" can be represented in any of the following forms:


title: Vector notation

text: The norm of a vector is represented with double bars on both sides of the vector. The norm of a vector v can be represented as: formula_57


title: Vector notation

text: The norm is also sometimes represented with single bars, like formula_58, but this can be confused with absolute value (which is a type of norm).


title: Vector notation

text: The inner product of two vectors (also known as the scalar product, not to be confused with scalar multiplication) is represented as an ordered pair enclosed in angle brackets. The inner product of two vectors u and v would be represented as:


title: Vector notation

text: In formula_3, the inner product is also known as the dot product. In addition to the standard inner product notation, the dot product notation (using the dot as an operator) can also be used (and is more common). The dot product of two vectors u and v can be represented as: formula_61


title: Vector notation

text: In some older literature, the dot product is implied between two vectors written side-by-side. This notation can be confused with the dyadic product between two vectors.


title: Vector notation

text: The cross product of two vectors (in formula_10) is represented using the rotated cross as an operator. The cross product of two vectors u and v would be represented as: formula_63


title: Vector notation

text: By some conventions (e.g. in France and in some areas of higher mathematics), this is also denoted by a wedge, which avoids confusion with the wedge product since the two are functionally equivalent in three dimensions:


title: Telecommunications equipment

text: Telecommunications equipment (also telecoms equipment or communications equipment) are hardware which are used for the purposes of telecommunications. Since the 1990s the boundary between telecoms equipment and IT hardware has become blurred as a result of the growth of the internet and its increasing role in the transfer of telecoms data.


title: Telecommunications equipment

text: Most of the essential elements of modern telecommunication are built from MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), including mobile devices, transceivers, base station modules, routers, RF power amplifiers, microprocessors, memory chips, and telecommunication circuits. As of 2005, telecommunications equipment account for 16.5% of the annual microprocessor market.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Kabuki syndrome (also previously known as Kabuki-makeup syndrome (KMS) or Niikawa–Kuroki syndrome) is a congenital disorder of genetic origin. It affects multiple parts of the body, with varying symptoms and severity, although the most common is the characteristic facial appearance.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: It is quite rare, affecting roughly one in 32,000 births. It was first identified and described in 1981 by two Japanese groups, led by scientists Norio Niikawa and Yoshikazu Kuroki. It is named Kabuki syndrome because of the facial resemblance of affected individuals to stage makeup used in kabuki, a Japanese traditional theatrical form.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Specific symptoms for Kabuki syndrome vary, with large differences between affected individuals. Most people with Kabuki syndrome have distinctive facial features that include arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, elongated eyelids with lower lids that turn out, prominent ears, a flat tip of the nose and a downward slant to the mouth.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Overlapping phenotypic features for patients between KDM6A and KDM6B variations include prominent ears, abnormal dentition, congenital heart disease, feeding difficulties, cryptorchidism, joint hypermobility, developmental delay, hypotonia, and behavioral difficulties.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Other common symptoms are skeletal abnormalities, short stature, heart defects, feeding difficulties and a failure to thrive, vision and hearing difficulties, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), small head size (microcephaly), and frequent infections.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Mild to moderate intellectual disability and mild to severe developmental delay are often associated with Kabuki syndrome. Infants and young children often experience difficulties relating to hypotonia, feeding issues/failure to thrive, infections, surgical repair of heart and palate defects and developmental delays.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Young children with Kabuki syndrome benefit from early intervention services. School age children tend to have fewer medical issues requiring hospitalization, though frequent infections, hearing loss and feeding issues occur. In addition, intellectual impairment, difficulty with visuospatial tasks and maintaining attention usually require an IEP (individualized education plan) if the child attends public school. Older children and adults report difficulties with anxiety. Endocrine abnormalities and immune system abnormalities such as ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia) and CVID (common variable immune deficiency) are medical issues that tend to present in older children, adolescents and adults.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Type 1 Kabuki syndrome is caused by germline heterozygous loss of function variants in "KMT2D" (formerly known as the "MLL2"), located on human chromosome 12. It is estimated that between 55 and 80% of cases of Kabuki syndrome are of Type 1. Type 1 Kabuki syndrome demonstrates an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Type 2 Kabuki syndrome is caused by germline hemizygous (in males) or heterozygous (in females) chromosome deletions or loss of function point variants involving "KDM6A", located on the X chromosome. Approximately 5% of cases of Kabuki syndrome are of Type 2. Type 2 Kabuki syndrome demonstrates an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Most cases of Kabuki syndrome occur "de novo", that is, the parents are unaffected and the gene was mutated early in embryological development. However, several cases of inherited mutations causing Type 1 or Type 2 Kabuki syndrome are now known.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: About 30% of cases have no identifiable causative mutation. These may represent individuals with types of mutations that are challenging to detect via current routine investigations or patients who have disorders that share some features with Kabuki syndrome.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: The "KMT2D" and "KDM6A" genes belong to a family of genes called chromatin-modifying enzymes. Specifically, these genes code for a histone methyltransferase (KMT2D) and a histone demethylase (KDM6A), and play a part in the regulation of gene expression. Under normal circumstances, these enzymes transfer methyl groups on and off histones to regulate genes via epigenetic pathways. When the genes that encode these enzymes are mutated, epigenetic activation of certain developmental genes is impaired and developmental abnormalities occur, leading to the characteristics of Kabuki syndrome patients. The specific developmental genes that are affected by the impaired epigenetic mechanisms in Kabuki syndrome are not yet fully known.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: There are hundreds of different mutations that have been identified in Kabuki syndrome patients. Most of these mutations are in the "KMT2D" gene and involve a change in amino acid sequence that creates a shortened and nonfunctional chromatin-modifying enzyme.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria for Kabuki syndrome (KS) was defined in December 2018 by an international group of experts. The authors propose that a definitive diagnosis can be made in an individual of any age with a history of infantile hypotonia, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, and one or both of the following major criteria: (1) a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in KMT2D or KDM6A; and (2) typical dysmorphic features (defined below) at some point of life. Typical dysmorphic features include long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelid and two or more of the following: (1) arched and broad eyebrows with the lateral third displaying notching or sparseness; (2) short columella with depressed nasal tip; (3) large, prominent or cupped ears; and (4) persistent fingertip pads. Further criteria for a probable and possible diagnosis, including a table of suggestive clinical features, were included in the publication.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: The original description of Kabuki syndrome by Niikawa et al. defined five cardinal manifestations, although some of these “cardinal manifestations” may or may not be present in a patient with Kabuki syndrome.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Kabuki syndrome is diagnosed clinically (through identifying symptoms, physical exams, and lab results), most commonly by a geneticist. Alternatively, it may be discovered using genetic testing (whole exome or whole genome sequencing).


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Diagnosis can be difficult given the large spectrum of disease. The fact that some patients do not carry one of the two known mutations or can carry multiple mutations complicates the diagnosis further.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Due to its rarity, Kabuki syndrome is not screened for in routine prenatal testing including blood tests, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), or amniocentesis. Although not routine for the general population, if Kabuki syndrome is a specific concern (i.e. expectant mother who has been diagnosed with Kabuki syndrome or sibling with KS), it is possible to test for one of the specific mutations. This prenatal testing does require a CVS or amniocentesis. However Kabuki syndrome is usually not inherited and therefore most cases do not have a positive family history. Kabuki syndrome can have positive screening tests, such as cystic hygroma seen on nuchal translucency ultrasound screening, although these findings are non-specific and have a wide differential diagnosis.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Newly diagnosed patients with Kabuki syndrome will often undergo tests that are aimed at detecting common abnormalities associated with the syndrome. They include an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) for detection of structural heart defects, kidney ultrasound for detection of structural renal abnormalities, immunoglobulin levels, pneumococcal titers and a hearing screening test. Further evaluation and testing by specialists may be indicated in addition to cardiology, nephrology, allergy/immunology, audiology-mentioned above. This may include orthopedics (such as hip dysplasia), pulmonary (sleep study to rule out obstructive sleep apnea due to hypotonia), ophthalmology evaluation (vision screen), ENT evaluation (hearing evaluation), Neurology evaluation (i.e. if seizures present), Hematology evaluation (if bleeding disorder), GI evaluation (if gi abnormalities), or others as needed.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: There is no specific treatment for Kabuki syndrome. Treatment plans are customized to address the symptoms the individual is experiencing. For example, someone experiencing seizures will be treated with the standard anti-epilepsy therapies. Additionally, patients with Kabuki syndrome are routinely evaluated and monitored to address problems that may develop, such as vision or hearing problems, or cognitive difficulties. If congenital heart disease is present, prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended before any procedures such as dental work that might cause infection.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Life expectancy is not shortened in most cases of Kabuki syndrome. Some patients have coexisting conditions which may shorten life expectancy, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome or kidney dysfunction. It is important that patients with cardiac, renal, or immunologic issues are identified and well-managed.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Kabuki syndrome occurs about once in every 32,000 births. The disease appears to affect all population groups equally, with no differences based on sex, race, or environment.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Research on Kabuki syndrome is extremely limited due to its low incidence. Despite this, several groups around the world are studying Kabuki syndrome. In the United States, these include the Epigenetics and Chromatin Clinic at Johns Hopkins University (led by Dr. Hans Bjornsson), The Roya Kabuki Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Dr. Mark Hannibal at the University of Michigan, groups at University of Colorado, University of Utah, University of South Florida and others. In the UK, Prof Siddharth Banka's group at the University of Manchester and Manchester University Hospitals has a research program for Kabuki syndrome. Several European groups based in Italy, France, Germany and the Netherlands are also actively working on improving understanding of the condition and to identifying potential treatments.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: In 1969, Norio Niikawa MD, a geneticist in Japan was treating a child patient presenting with unique facial characteristics and various health problems. Never having seen this constellation of symptoms before, Dr Niikawa wondered if he was faced with an undiagnosed condition, a disorder with a genetic basis. Over the next several years, this physician treated several other patients with the same symptoms in his outpatient genetics clinic, furthering support for a disorder never before diagnosed.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: In 1979, Dr Niikawa presented his findings and hypothesis at the first Japan Dysmorphology Conference. A fellow physician at this conference, Yoshikazu Kuroki, recognised the symptoms, and realised that he had also seen several paediatric patients with this presentation; he presented two of his own cases at the second annual conference the following year. In 1981, the two doctors separately submitted articles on this new diagnosis to the "Journal of Pediatrics".


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: Dr Niikawa coined the term ‘Kabuki syndrome’ (also known as Kabuki make-up syndrome or Niikawa–Kuroki syndrome) as a reference to traditional Japanese theatre which he respected greatly. Many of the children presenting with this diagnosis had unusual, elongated lower eyelids, and this feature was reminiscent of the theatrical make-up worn by actors in Kabuki theatre.


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: As reported by Dr. Niikawa "The name, “Kabuki make-up”, of the syndrome was given by myself, because the facial appearance of patients, especially eversion of their lower eyelids, is reminiscent of the makeup of actors in Kabuki, the traditional form of Japanese theater. Kabuki was founded early in the 17th century in Japan and over the next 300 years developed into a sophisticated form of theater. Kabuki actors usually apply traditional makeup to strengthen their eyes, especially in a hero play, and they are very proud of their performing art."


title: Kabuki syndrome

text: The individual kanji, from left to right, mean "sing" (歌), "dance" (舞), and "skill" (伎). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing".


title: Sod

text: Sod, also known as turf, is the upper layer of soil with the grass growing on it that is often harvested into rolls.


title: Sod

text: In Australian and British English, sod is more commonly known as "turf", and the word "sod" is limited mainly to agricultural senses.


title: Sod

text: Sod is generally used for lawns, golf courses, and sports stadiums around the world. In residential construction, it is sold to landscapers, home builders or home owners who use it to establish a lawn quickly and avoid soil erosion. Sod can be used to repair a small area of lawn, golf course, or athletic field that has died and is used as a quicker alternative to re-growing a lawn from seed. Sod is also effective in increasing cooling, improving air and water quality, and assisting in flood prevention by draining water.


title: Sod

text: Scandinavia has a long history of employing sod roofing and a traditional house type is the Icelandic turf house.


title: Sod

text: Following the passage of the Homestead Act by Congress in 1862, settlers in the Great Plains used sod bricks to build entire sod houses. This was effective because the prairie sod of the Great Plains was so dense and difficult to cut it earned the nickname "Nebraska marble". Blacksmith John Deere made his fortune when he became the first to make a plow that could reliably cut the prairie sod.


title: Sod

text: Sod is grown on specialist farms. For 2009, the United States Department of Agriculture reported 1,412 farms had of sod in production.


title: Sod

text: It is usually grown locally (within 100 miles of the target market) to minimize both the cost of transport and also the risk of damage to the product. The farms that produce this grass may have many varieties of grass grown in one location to best suit the consumer's use and preference of appearance.


title: Sod

text: It is usually harvested 10 to 18 months after planting, depending on the growing climate. On the farm, it undergoes fertilization, frequent mowing, watering, and subsequent vacuuming to remove the clippings. It is harvested using specialized equipment, precision cut to standardized sizes. Sod is typically harvested in small square or rectangular slabs, or large rolls.


title: Sod

text: The Mississippi State University has developed a hydroponic method of cultivating sod. For the very few sod farms that export turf internationally, this soilless sod may travel both lighter and better than traditional sod. Additionally, since the sod is not grown in soil, it does not need to be washed clean of soil down to the bare roots (or sprigs), so time to export is shortened.


title: Sod

text: In many applications, such as erosion control and athletic fields, immediacy is a key factor. Seed may be blown about by the wind, eaten by birds, or fail because of drought. It takes some weeks to form a visually appealing lawn and further time before it is robust enough for use. Sod largely avoids these problems, and with proper care, newly laid sod is usually fully functional within 30 days of installation and its root system is comparable to that of a seeding lawn two to three years older. Sod also reduces erosion by stabilizing the soil.


title: Sod

text: Many prized cultivars (such as Bella Bluegrass) only reproduce vegetatively, not sexually (via seed). Sod cultivation is the only means of producing additional plants. To grow these varieties for sale, turf farms use a technique called sprigging, where recently harvested sod mats are cut into slender rows and replanted in the field.


title: Sod

text: Tall fescue ("Festuca" spp.) is a cool-weather group of grasses originating in Europe, commonly used as sod. It is moderately tolerant to both drought and cold, and as such is especially popular in inland temperate environments referred to in the turf and landscaping industries as the "transition zone", where summers are too hot for most cool-weather grasses, yet winters are too cold for most warm-weather grasses. Fescue is well-adapted to clay soils, moderately shade-tolerant, and somewhat resistant to disease, yet vulnerable to the diseases brown patch and Fusarium patch. It grows most actively (and thus provides the most desirable appearance) in spring and fall, and requires frequent watering during summer. Due to its bunch-type growth habit (unique among common sod grasses), it will not spread undesirably or invade adjacent areas once sodded, yet neither will it fill in voids, and periodic maintenance (such as overseeding with Fescue seed) may be required to sustain a homogeneous surface. It has poor wear tolerance compared to Bermuda grass, making it less popular for applications such as athletic fields.


title: Sod

text: Fine fescues ("F. rubra", "F. ovina", "F. trichophylla") are less popular as sod than the tall fescues. As their names suggest, they exhibit much thinner leaf blades, and tolerate lower mowing heights than the tall fescues. They may be somewhat more resistant to common diseases. Otherwise, their characteristics are similar. Fine fescues are generally used in mixtures with other grasses.


title: Sod

text: Bermuda grass is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the southern portions of the United States. It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid lagoons, inlets, and bays of the Gulf Coast, to the arid expanses of terrain like plains and deserts in the Southwest and parts of the Lower Midwest. Established bermuda grass is a network of shoots, rhizomes, stolons, and crown tissue together that usually form a dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs. The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda grass makes it not only an excellent turfgrass but also a challenging and invasive weed in land cultivated for other purposes. Its one noted weakness is its relatively low tolerance of shade. Given the economic importance of Bermuda grass (as a sod product, agricultural forage, and, at times, as an invasive weed), it has been the subject of numerous studies.


title: Sod

text: St. Augustine grass ("Stenotaphrum secundatum") (also known as Charleston grass in South Carolina and Buffalo Turf in Australia) is warm-season, perennial grass that is a widely used. A native grass of tropical origin that extends from marshes (salt and freshwater), lagoon fringes, and sandy beach ridges.


title: Sod

text: St. Augustine lawns are a popular coarse, wide–bladed coarse lawn planted throughout many areas of the Southeastern United States This grass is found in Mexico, Australia, and in tropical parts of Africa. It is a warm-season grass that does not handle cold weather very well. The majority of this grass is planted in vegetative forms (such as plugs and sod), as seeds are not usually available due to production difficulties.


title: Sod

text: Low growing vegetation is referred to as "turf communities" in areas where such growth is not common, as in moss-turf communities of sub Antarctica, some epifauna in the sea, coral reefs and, in New Zealand, as species-rich communities of plants under tall, on coastal headlands, dune hollows, rivers and lakes, where most of the natural cover was forest. A form of turf community is a herbfield.


title: Jacob Bernoulli

text: Jacob Bernoulli (also known as James or Jacques; – 16 August 1705) was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He was an early proponent of Leibnizian calculus and sided with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. He is known for his numerous contributions to calculus, and along with his brother Johann, was one of the founders of the calculus of variations. He also discovered the fundamental mathematical constant . However, his most important contribution was in the field of probability, where he derived the first version of the law of large numbers in his work "Ars Conjectandi".


title: Jacob Bernoulli

text: Jacob Bernoulli was born in Basel, Switzerland. Following his father's wish, he studied theology and entered the ministry. But contrary to the desires of his parents, he also studied mathematics and astronomy. He traveled throughout Europe from 1676 to 1682, learning about the latest discoveries in mathematics and the sciences under leading figures of the time. This included the work of Johannes Hudde, Robert Boyle, and Robert Hooke. During this time he also produced an incorrect theory of comets.


title: Jacob Bernoulli

text: Bernoulli returned to Switzerland, and began teaching mechanics at the University of Basel from 1683. His doctoral dissertation "Solutionem tergemini problematis" was submitted in 1684. It appeared in print in 1687.


title: Jacob Bernoulli

text: In 1684 Bernoulli married Judith Stupanus; they had two children. During this decade, he also began a fertile research career. His travels allowed him to establish correspondence with many leading mathematicians and scientists of his era, which he maintained throughout his life. During this time, he studied the new discoveries in mathematics, including Christiaan Huygens's "De ratiociniis in aleae ludo", Descartes' "La Géométrie" and Frans van Schooten's supplements of it. He also studied Isaac Barrow and John Wallis, leading to his interest in infinitesimal geometry. Apart from these, it was between 1684 and 1689 that many of the results that were to make up "Ars Conjectandi" were discovered.


title: Jacob Bernoulli

text: He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life. By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother Johann Bernoulli on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in "Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis" published in "Acta Eruditorum". They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians of that time and the Bernoullis were among the first to try to understand and apply Leibniz's theories.