title: Runner Runner

text: Richie slowly begins a romantic relationship with Rebecca Shafran, ex-lover of Ivan, who appears to have no objections. Ivan has Richie blackmail a gaming affiliate with videos of his infidelity to force him to sign with Ivan. FBI Agent Shavers kidnaps Richie and threatens to ruin his life in various ways if he does not assist in getting Ivan convicted. Shavers cannot do anything legally as he has no authority in Costa Rica, but he takes advantage of this to use tactics that would be illegal and unethical for law enforcement inside the U.S. Ivan tells Richie that everyone in the organization ends up confronted by Shavers at some point.


title: Runner Runner

text: Over time, Ivan's organization is revealed to be less than ethical. He sends Richie to bribe Costa Rica gaming director Herrera with too small a payment, which leads to Richie being beaten. Ivan tells him it comes with the territory of such a lucrative career. When Richie tries to leave the country, Shavers has drugs planted in his bag and offers to overlook them if Richie agrees to cooperate. A local police officer reveals that the police dislike Ivan but that he would buy his way out of any trouble and destroy whoever tried to take him down.


title: Runner Runner

text: Richie's friend Andrew Cronin, who works on the software design for Ivan, suggests that Ivan is running a Ponzi scheme; the players' accounts have no actual money, and Ivan uses the money as his bank account, keeping just enough to allow players to cash out when they need to. Aware that Richie might be wanting out, Ivan buys the massive poker debts of Richie's father and brings him to Costa Rica, using him as a hostage.


title: Runner Runner

text: Ivan throws Herrera and his bodyguard into the river to get eaten by the crocodiles but pulls them out before they are eaten. Cronin disappears and is later found nearly beaten to death. Thanks to Rebecca betraying Ivan, Richie finds out that he has been setting him up all along; Ivan is about to move his operations out of Costa Rica, planning to leave Richie behind as the fall guy. Richie gives out massive bribes to local officials, including low-level police officers. When the moving day hits, Ivan calls to sarcastically apologize to Richie, telling him he will be busted, as Ivan flies away on a private jet.


title: Runner Runner

text: When Ivan lands, he finds he has been betrayed: the bribed pilot has instead flown him to Puerto Rico, an American territory. Shavers and other FBI agents move in to arrest him as Richie and Rebecca fly away on the private jet. Shavers says they are free to go because Richie left a flash drive for him containing sufficient evidence to convict Ivan.


title: Runner Runner

text: Principal photography took place in the summer through the winter of 2012 in Puerto Rico and on the Princeton University campus. Despite the fact the film has several graphic indications that all events are taking place in Costa Rica none of the scenes were shot in the Central America nation.


title: Runner Runner

text: In its opening weekend, the film came in third place with $7.8 million behind "Gravity" and "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2". It grossed $19.3 million in North America and $43.4 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $62.7 million.


title: Runner Runner

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 7% based on 122 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It has an impressive cast and an intriguing premise, but "Runner Runner" wastes them on a bland, haphazardly assembled thriller with very little payoff." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Export

text: An export in international trade is a good produced in one country that is sold into another country or a service provided in one country for a national or resident of another country. The seller of such goods or the service provider is an "exporter"; the foreign buyer is an "importer". Services that figure in international trade include financial, accounting and other professional services, tourism, education as well as intellectual property rights.


title: Export

text: Many manufacturing firms begin their global expansion as exporters and only later switch to another mode for serving a foreign market.


title: Export

text: There are four main types of export barriers: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge.


title: Export

text: Trade barriers are laws, regulations, policy, or practices that protect domestically made products from foreign competition. While restrictive business practices sometimes have a similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the international exchange of goods and services.


title: Export

text: International agreements limit trade-in and the transfer of certain types of goods and information, e.g., goods associated with weapons of mass destruction, advanced telecommunications, arms and torture and also some art and archaeological artifacts. For example:


title: Export

text: Although the outbreak of COVID-19 sufficiently changed the world economy, people started doing business, so international trade is a key for economic growth. Armenia's economy is dependent on international flows, tourism, and inner production. Competitive export Industries were established which helped the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to generate financial resources. The market shifted to more efficient exporters, which is the effect of trade liberalization on aggregate productivity. Due to the increase of the number of international business activities through a multilateral trading system, RA Government Program, which was approved in February 2019, the government policy became the objective of economic growth. The period established for the program was 2019-2024. Export quality is developed by developing the export volumes and services.


title: Export

text: Tariffs, a tax on a specific good or category of goods exported from or imported to a country, is an economic barrier to trade. A tariff increases the cost of imported or exported goods, and may be used when domestic producers are having difficulty competing with imports. Tariffs may also be used to protect an industry viewed as being of national security concern. Some industries receive protection that has a similar effect to subsidies; tariffs reduce the industry's incentives to produce goods quicker, cheaper, and more efficiently, becoming ever less competitive.


title: Export

text: The third basis for a tariff involves dumping. When a producer exports at a loss, its competitors may term this "dumping". Another case is when the exporter prices a good lower in the export market than in its domestic market. The purpose and expected outcome of a tariff is to encourage spending on domestic goods and services rather than their imported equivalents.


title: Export

text: Tariffs may create tension between countries, such as the United States steel tariff in 2002, and when China placed a 14% tariff on imported auto parts. Such tariffs may lead to a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO) which sets rules and attempts to resolve trade disputes. If that is unsatisfactory, the exporting country may choose to put a tariff of its own on imports from the other country.


title: Export

text: Exporting may help a company achieve experience curve effects and location economies in their home country. Ownership advantages include the firm's assets, international experience, and the ability to develop either low-cost or differentiated products. The locational advantages of a particular market are a combination of costs, market potential and investment risk. Internationalization advantages are the benefits of retaining a core competence within the company and threading it though the value chain rather than to license, outsource, or sell it.


title: Export

text: In relation to the eclectic paradigm, companies with meager ownership advantages do not enter foreign markets. If the company and its products are equipped with ownership advantage and internalization advantage, they enter through low-risk modes such as exporting. Exporting requires significantly less investment than other modes, such as direct investment. Export's lower risk typically reduces the rate of return on sales versus other modes. Exporting allows managers to exercise production control, but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing management and marketing activities.


title: Export

text: Exports also has effect on the Economy. Businesses export goods and services where they have a competitive advantage. This means they are better than any other country at providing that product or have a natural ability to produce either due to their climate or geographical location etc.


title: Export

text: For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees, export is generally more difficult than serving the domestic market. The lack of knowledge of trade regulations, cultural differences, different languages and foreign-exchange situations, as well as the strain of resources and staff, complicate the process. Two-thirds of SME exporters pursue only one foreign market.


title: Export

text: Another disadvantage is the dependency on almost unpredictable exchange rates. The depreciation of foreign currency badly affects exporters. For example, Armenia exports different things - from foodstuff to software. In 2022, the country had an enormous number of Russian visitors and tourists because of the military situation in Russia. This resulted in a change in exchange rates and the appreciation of the Armenian dram. At first, it may seem that Armenia’s economy is growing. In fact, the GDP growth is expected to hit 7% by the IMF. However, exporters, who export products and get paid mostly in dollars, suffer because of the depreciation of the dollar against the Armenian dram. Moreover, Armenia’s other exporting bright spot is the IT industry, since a lot of companies and individuals work for US-based companies and get paid in US dollars. Because of the drastic change in the exchange rates, these people and companies who export their service to the US or other countries and get paid in US dollars, make around 25% less revenue.


title: Export

text: Exports could also devalue a local currency to lower export prices. It could also lead to imposition of tariffs on imported goods.


title: Export

text: The variety of export motivators can lead to selection bias. Size, knowledge of foreign markets, and unsolicited orders motivate firms to along specific dimensions (research, external, reactive).


title: Export

text: In macroeconomics, net exports (exports minus imports) are a component of gross domestic product, along with domestic consumption, physical investment, and government spending. Foreign demand for a country's exports depends positively on income in foreign countries and negatively on the strength of the producing country's currency (i.e., on how expensive it is for foreign customers to buy the producing country's currency in the foreign exchange market).


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Sherwood Charles Schwartz (; November 14, 1916 – July 12, 2011) was an American television screenwriter and producer. He worked on radio shows in the 1940s, but he now is best known for creating the 1960s television series "Gilligan's Island" on CBS and "The Brady Bunch" on ABC. On March 7, 2008, Schwartz, at the time still active in his 90s, was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. That same year, Schwartz was also inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Schwartz was born in Passaic, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. His parents were Herman and Rose Schwartz. He was a younger brother of writer Al Schwartz. His younger brother, Elroy Schwartz (1923-2013), a comedy writer, became a principal screenwriter for "Gilligan's Island" and other series. Sherwood Schwartz is the uncle of Douglas Schwartz (who created the "Baywatch" TV series), Bruce Schwartz and Judithe Randall.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Schwartz's entertainment career came "by accident". He relocated from New York to Southern California to pursue a Master of Science degree in Biology. In need of employment, he began writing jokes for Bob Hope's radio program, for which Schwartz's brother, Al Schwartz, worked. Schwartz recalled that Hope "liked my jokes, used them on his show and got big laughs. Then he asked me to join his writing staff. Schwartz had hoped to become a doctor, but found that he was unable to be admitted to medical school at that time, due to a quota limiting the number of Jewish students.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: He went on to write for Ozzie Nelson's "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" and other radio shows. Schwartz served in the United States Army for over four years. While serving, he was a writer on the Armed Forces Radio Network before he got his break in television. From 1956 to 1962, Schwartz was head writer for "The Red Skelton Show", for which he won an Emmy Award in 1961. He went on to create and produce "Gilligan's Island" and "The Brady Bunch". He wrote the theme song for three of his shows: "Gilligan's Island" (co-wrote), "It's About Time", and "The Brady Bunch".


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Syndication turned his two major successes into TV institutions with cultural relevance. He made them icons and as a result became a television icon himself.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: During the late 1990s and the 2000s, he made many appearances on TV talking about his series, on shows such as the "CBS Evening News", "20/20", "TV Land's Top Ten" and A&E's "Biography". He also took part in a "Creators" marathon on Nick at Nite in the late 1990s. He was also a guest at the 2004 TV Land Awards.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: In 1988, Schwartz appeared on "The Late Show with Ross Shafer" for a "Gilligan's Island" reunion, along with all seven castaways from "Gilligan's Island". This was the last time they were all together on television. He also appeared as himself in a 1995 episode of "Roseanne" titled "Sherwood Schwartz, A Loving Tribute", which also featured the four surviving "Gilligan's Island" cast members.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: On December 23, 1941, Sherwood Schwartz married Mildred Seidman, and together they had four children: Donald Schwartz, who became an ophthalmologist; Lloyd J. Schwartz, who worked with his father in a show business; Ross Schwartz, who became an attorney; and Hope Juber, a writer and producer. His granddaughter is singer-songwriter Ilsey Juber, the daughter of Hope and guitarist Laurence Juber, the former lead guitarist for the band Wings.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Sherwood Schwartz's play, "Rockers", a comedy-drama, had a production at Theatre West in honor of his 90th birthday.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: Schwartz was portrayed by Aaron Lustig in the TV movie "Surviving Gilligan's Island" and by Michael Tucker in "Growing Up Brady".


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: In 1990, he wrote "Gilligan's Island: The Musical", still in production as of 2011. His son Lloyd, daughter Hope, and son-in-law Laurence Juber worked on the play as well.


title: Sherwood Schwartz

text: On November 10, 2006, his play "Rockers" opened in Theatre West in California. The play concerns the lives of three women living in a retirement home. The cast included Pat Crawford Brown, Lee Meriwether, and Elsa Raven.


title: Property management

text: Property management is the operation, control, maintenance, and oversight of real estate and physical property. This can include residential, commercial, and land real estate. Management indicates the need for real estate to be cared for and monitored, with accountability for and attention to its useful life and condition. This is much akin to the role of management in any business.


title: Property management

text: Property management is the management of personal property, equipment, tooling, and physical capital assets acquired and used to build, repair, and maintain end item deliverables. Property management involves the processes, systems, and workforce required to manage the life cycle of all acquired property as defined above, including acquisition, control, accountability, responsibility, maintenance, utilization, and disposition.


title: Property management

text: An owner of a single-family home, condominium, or multi-family building may engage the services of a professional property management company. The company will then advertise the rental property, handle tenant inquiries, screen applicants, select suitable candidates, draw up a lease agreement, conduct a move-in inspection, move the tenant(s) into the property and collect rental income. The company will then coordinate any maintenance issues, supply the owner(s) with financial statements and any relevant information regarding the property, etc.


title: Property management

text: This profession has many facets, including managing the accounts and finances of real estate properties and participating in or initiating litigation with tenants, contractors, and insurance agencies. Litigation is sometimes considered a separate function set aside for trained attorneys. Although a person will be responsible for this in their job description, there may be an attorney working under a property manager. Special attention is given to landlord/tenant law; most commonly, evictions, non-payment, harassment, reduction of pre-arranged services, and public nuisance are legal subjects that gain the most attention from property managers. Therefore, it is a necessity that a property manager is current with applicable municipal, county, state, and Federal Fair Housing laws and practices.


title: Property management

text: Every state of Australia except South Australia require a proper license in order to manage a property. The purpose of this regulation is to ensure that a property manager is as well-prepared for the job as possible. (There may be exceptions like managing an extremely small property for a relative.) In South Australia, if you run a property management business, you must be a registered land agent.


title: Property management

text: All tenancy applications received are reference checked inclusive of identification, means of income, previous tenancy references and workplace references. Additionally tenants are checked against the National Tenancy Information Centre of Australia which records details of defaulting tenants.. In recent year property management in Australia has changed from a brick and mortar business to virtual online.


title: Property management

text: In Canada, the laws governing property management and landlord/tenant relations are, generally speaking, a Provincial responsibility. Each Province and Territory makes its own laws on these matters. In most cases, any person or company can offer property management services, and there are licensing requirements. Other than specific laws in each Province and Territory governing these matters, they are governed by English Common Law, except in the Province of Quebec where the Civil Code is used in place of English Common Law. In some cities, the Provincial Legislation is supplemented by City by-laws.


title: Property management

text: The licensing of property managers is regulated by the provincial government and licensing by the BC Real Estate Council (RECBC).


title: Property management

text: The Real Estate Council of British Columbia is a regulatory agency established by the provincial government in 1958. Its mandate is to protect the public interest by enforcing the licensing and licensee conduct requirements of the Real Estate Services Act. The Council is responsible for licensing individuals and brokerages engaged in real estate sales, rental and strata property management. The Council also enforces entry qualifications, investigates complaints against licensees and imposes disciplinary sanctions under the Act.


title: Property management

text: The Council is responsible for ensuring that the interests of consumers who use the services of real estate licensees are adequately protected against wrongful actions by the licensees. A wrongful action may be deliberate or may be the consequence of inadequate exercise of reasonable judgment by a licensee in carrying out their duties and responsibilities.


title: Property management

text: The Council is responsible for determining what is appropriate education in real estate matters for individuals seeking to be licensed as real estate practitioners and arranging for licensing courses and examinations as part of the qualification requirement for licensing. Under the authority of the Council, licensing courses are delivered by the UBC Sauder School of Business, Real Estate Division.


title: Property management

text: In Ontario, no licensing is required to operate, however ACMO – the Association of Condo Managers of Ontario is a self-governing body for certification and designation of its members who run buildings with more than 600 units. (RECO) the Real Estate Council of Ontario, regulates licensed realtors in Ontario. The provincial government is revising its condominium act. After public consultation, it hopes to put forth legislation during the 2015–2016 session requiring Condo Management firms and staff or condo employees and boards to be accredited.


title: Property management

text: In Germany, property management is divided into the areas of home owner‘s association management (WEG-Verwaltung), rental management (Mietverwaltung), and special property management (Sondereigentumsverwaltung) with different clients and tasks. Since 2018, a license in accordance with the Trade Regulation Act (§ 34 C GewO) is mandatory for property managers. This requires sufficient insurance as well as sound financial circumstances and reliability. There are no requirements regarding professional trainings or degrees. However, there is a training obligation of twenty hours within a period of three years. Receiving a license as a property manager in Germany is accompanied by membership of the relevant chamber of industry and commerce.


title: Property management

text: In Hong Kong, property management companies (PMCs) and property management practitioners (PMPs) are regulated under the Property Management Services Ordinance (PMSO) (Chapter 626 of the Laws of Hong Kong), which was enacted in 2016. Only some sections under the PMSO have commenced operation and they are the ones concerning the establishment of the Property Management Services Authority (PMSA) as the regulator for the industry. Apart from establishing the PMSA, the PMSO provides a legal framework for the regulatory regime, and the details of the regime, including the licensing criteria for PMCs and PMPs, are being formulated by the PMSA (public consultation underway) and will be set out in subsidiary legislation. Other sections of the PMSO will commence operation after the subsidiary legislation is passed by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and commences operation.


title: Property management

text: Certain classes of persons are exempted from the licensing requirement. Those not exempted are required to obtain a licence and failure to do so is a criminal offence subject to a maximum penalty of a fine of HK$500,000 and imprisonment for two years. Those who are licensed are subject to disciplinary actions (including verbal warning, written reprimand, penalty up to HK$300,000, imposition of a condition on licence, suspension and revocation of licences) by the PMSA if they commit a "disciplinary offence" as defined under section 4 of the PMSO. The PMSA may issue codes of conduct containing practical guidance to licensees, including the matters that the PMSA considers to be relevant to determining whether a licensee has committed a disciplinary offence.


title: Property management

text: Under the PMSO, property management services (PMSs) are to be prescribed under seven specified categories as follows:


title: Property management

text: Only those PMCs providing PMSs falling within more than one category of PMSs are required to be licensed, and individuals who assume a managerial or supervisory role in these PMCs are also required to be licensed. In other words, PMCs providing PMSs falling within only one category of PMSs are not required to be licensed, and individuals working in the front line without assuming a managerial or supervisory role are not required to be licensed either. All types of properties (i.e. whether residential, commercial or otherwise) are covered by the PMSO, but "property" is given a technical meaning and refers to those which have a deed of mutual covenant (DMC) (a document containing terms that are binding on all flat owners of a multi-unit or multi-storey building) since only PMSs provided to buildings with multi-ownership are intended to be regulated. In other words, PMCs and PMPs providing PMSs to properties without a DMC are not to be regulated under the PMSO.


title: Property management

text: In India, there is no statutory regulation of property management companies, real estate agents or developers. In 2013, a Real Estate Regulation and Development Bill was passed by the Union Cabinet, but has yet to take effect. The bill seeks to set up 3 regulatory bodies in the country. The Real Estate Regulation and Development Bill was passed by the Union Cabinet in early 2016 and this is expected to bring about a sea change in the management of real estate in India.


title: Property management

text: Commercial Property Management leasing agents in New Zealand are required to have a real estate agents licence and operate and audited trust bank account. Commercial leases are covered by the Property Law Act 1952.


title: Property management

text: Residential property management in New Zealand is an unlicensed and unregulated industry. Property managers in New Zealand do not require any registration, minimum knowledge or skill. The New Zealand Government reviewed whether all forms of property management need any legislation. Following completion of the review, the Associate Minister of Justice, Hon Nathan Guy, announced on 2 July 2009 that no new occupational regulation would be imposed on property managers in part due to there already being existing laws which could be used to protect consumers.


title: Property management

text: New Zealand licensed Real Estate Agents may offer Residential Property Management service with qualified Real Estate Agents as Property Managers, or property manager's working under the Licensed Real estate agency. Member Agents are supposed to adhere to the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand property management code of practice which according to the REAA outlines industry best practices for dealing with the public. Critics state the Real Estate Agents Authority complaint committee as having less scope or jurisdiction for adverse judgement against negligent Property Management licences as they would otherwise to those in "real estate agency work", unsatisfactory property management conduct cases can receive findings of "no further action" as opposed to "unsatisfactory conduct" due to "conduct unrelated to estate agency work". Best practice guidelines imply Licensed Real Estate agencies conducting property management business should collect rent through an audited trust account which brings some certainty to the security of the Landlord and Tenants rental Monies though REAA cases implies that this is not always so.


title: Property management

text: The Residential Tenancies Act 1986 sets out the rights and responsibilities of residential landlords and tenants, including the requirement to have a written tenancy agreement and the need to lodge tenancy bonds (if one is required) with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The Tenancy Tribunal and its adjudicators/mediators hear and make judgement on disputes (between landlord and tenants) in relation to any breaches of The Residential Tenancies Act 1986 and The Unit Titles Act 2010.


title: Property management

text: On July 1 2019, the Healthy Homes Standards became law. The healthy homes standards introduce specific and minimum standards for heating, insulation, ventilation, moisture ingress and drainage, and draught stopping in rental properties. All private rentals must comply within 90 days of any new or renewed tenancy after 1 July 2021, with all private rentals complying by 1 July 2024


title: Property management

text: The Unit Titles Act 2010 sets out the law for the ownership and management of unit title developments, where multiple owners each hold a unit title. The Act covers the set-up of such developments, body corporate governance, the rights and obligations of the body corporate and unit owners, disclosure between buyers and sellers, dispute resolution etc. The Unit Titles Regulations 2011 provide operational guidelines. The body corporate is responsible for financial and administrative functions relating to the common property and the development. All unit owners are members of the body corporate. A body corporate can delegate some of its powers and duties to a body corporate committee and a professional body corporate manager may be contracted to provide services.


title: Property management

text: In the Republic of Ireland, there is no legal obligation to form a property management company. However, management companies are generally formed to manage multi-unit developments, and must then follow the general rules of company law in terms of ownership and administration.


title: Property management

text: Since July 2012, it has become mandatory for all property service providers, including property management companies, to be registered and fully licensed by the Property Services Regulatory Authority of Ireland.


title: Property management

text: The National Consumer Agency (NCA) has campaigned in this area, and in September 2008 it launched a website explaining consumer rights. The NCA does not have a legislative or regulatory function in the area, unless a consumer complaint is in relation to a breach of consumer law.


title: Property management

text: No specific regulatory or licensing body exists at this time (November 2012). However, under financial business law, Any business offering Property Management as a chargeable, fee earning act of commerce may only do so if such services are listed in their Company Acts of Constitutions, i.e., legally pre-declared list of business activities. Under Romanian law, no business can derive income from any such service that is not declared in this way and should be demonstrable upon request by the client of legal entities.


title: Property management

text: In the United Kingdom, there is no statutory regulation concerning property management companies. Companies that manage rented residential property are often members of the Association of Residential Letting Agents. Companies or individual landlords who accept tenancy deposits for "assured shorthold tenancies" (the usual form of residential tenancy) are required by statute to be members of a Tenancy Deposit Scheme.


title: Property management

text: Most states, such as New York, and Colorado, require property management companies to be licensed real estate brokers if they are collecting rent, listing properties for rent, or helping negotiate leases and doing inspections as a third-party. A property manager may be a licensed real estate salesperson but generally they must be working under a licensed real estate broker. Most states have a public license check system online for anyone holding a real estate salesperson or real estate broker's license. A few states, such as Idaho, Maine, and Vermont do not require property managers to have real estate licenses. Other states, such as Montana, Oregon, and South Carolina, allow property managers to work under a property management license rather than a broker's license. Some states, like Pennsylvania, allow property managers to work without a real estate license if they do not negotiate leases, hold tenants' money, or enter into leases on the property owner's behalf.


title: Property management

text: Owners who manage their own property are not required to have a real estate license in many states; however, they must at least have a business license to rent out their own home. Owners who do not live near the rental property may be required, by local government, to hire the services of a property management company. Some states with high tourism numbers, such as Hawaii, have strict property management rules.


title: Property management

text: In California, third-party apartment property managers must be licensed with the California Bureau of Real Estate as a Real Estate Broker. A broker's license is required for any person or company that, for compensation, leases or rents or offers to lease or rent, or places for rent, or solicits listing of places for rent, or solicits for prospective tenants, or negotiates the sale, purchase or exchanges of leases on real property, or on a business opportunity, or collects rents from real property, or improvements thereon, or from business opportunities. California Code of Regulations, Title 25, section 42, requires property owners of apartment buildings with 16 or more units to have on-site resident managers living on their properties. There is no such requirement for apartment buildings with less than 16 units.


title: Property management

text: The designation Real Estate Broker is often confused by those unfamiliar with terms of the industry as Realtor, Agent, or Salesperson.


title: Property management

text: In order to be able to manage properties in Panama, at that moment, no licenses are required, as long as the company is focused on managing properties. Nevertheless, a real estate company which plans to buy and sell properties requires a license.


title: Property management

text: In Kenya the Estate Agents Registration Board (EARB) is the regulatory body for estate agency practice in Kenya and it derives its mandate from Estate Agents Act, 1984 Cap 533 which was operationalized in 1987. As per the provisions of the Act, the Board is charged with the responsibility of registering estate agents and ensuring that the competence and conduct of practicing estate agents are of a standard sufficiently high to ensure the protection of the public. The Board also keeps a list of registered members on its website that is accessible to members of public, In accordance with section 9 of the Estate Agents Act. The Board recently drafted a proposal with a set of amendments to the Estate Agents Act.


title: Property management

text: Associations that real estate agents and property developers can join include: Kenya Property Developers Association (KPDA) KPDA was established in Nairobi in 2006 as the representative body of the residential, commercial and industrial property development sector in Kenya. It is an emerging Business Member Organisation which works in proactive partnership with policy-makers, financiers and citizens to ensure that the property development industry grows rapidly but in an organized, efficient, economical and ethical manner. Another Association is the Kenya Professional Realtors Association (KPRA). KPRA is a professional organization that advances Real Estate Professional Services for Real Estate Professionals who buy, sell and manage real estate and related businesses. KPRA Provides a variety of services to its members including professional designation, training certification, education and legislative representation, as well as membership in local and regional businesses affiliated with KPRA.


title: Property management

text: Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA International) offers industry-standard designations that certify the training to property managers:


title: Property management

text: National Association of Residential Property Managers (NARPM) offers designations to certify ethical and professional standards of conduct for property managers:


title: Property management

text: The Community Associations Institute also has designations in the United States for residential property managers who manage planned communities such as Condominiums, Home Owners Associations and Cooperatives. National designations include:


title: Property management

text: The National Association of Home Builders has a specialized designation for the affordable housing industry through the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program:


title: Property management

text: Property management software continues to grow in popularity and importance. As it decreases in price, smaller companies and amateur property managers can function using some of the same best practices and efficiency as larger companies. Online asset management software (OPMS, or online property management software) has been a significant cause of the price declines. In addition to the core property management software options, a quickly growing number of closely related software products are being introduced to the industry.


title: Property management

text: A property management system, also known as a PMS, is a comprehensive software application used to cover objectives like coordinating the operational functions of the front office, bookings, communication with guests, planning, reporting, etc. This kind of software is used to run large-scale hotels and vacation properties.


title: Property management

text: This is the most common model, and is used by property management companies in the residential space that manage multi-home units and single family homes. The property owner in this case signs a property management agreement with the company, giving the latter the right to let it out to new tenants and collect rent. The owners don't usually even know who the tenants are. The property management company usually keeps 10-15% of the rent amount, and shares the rest with the property owner.


title: Property management

text: This is the most common revenue model used by companies when monitoring empty homes or empty land sites. The work here involves monitoring the property and ensuring that it is safe and secure, and reporting back to the owner. As there is no income from these properties, a fixed monthly fee is usually charged to the owner.


title: Property management

text: This model is also used in the residential space, but mostly for small units in high demand locations. Here, the company signs a rental agreement with the owner and pays them a fixed rent. As per the agreement, the company is given the right to sublet the property for a higher rent. The company's income is the difference between the two rents. As is evident, in this case, the company minimizes the rent paid to the owner, which is usually lower than market rates.


title: Property management

text: This model applies to the service apartment space and other commercial establishments, such as retail or business centers that generate revenue. In this case, the property manager signs an agreement with the property owner, with the right to convert the property into a revenue generating business such as a business center, service apartment, etc. Instead of paying rent to the owner, the management company shares a percentage of revenue. There are also hybrid structures here, where a combination of a fixed rent and a share of revenue is shared with the property owner.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOCCH=CHCOH. A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297. The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also refer to the ion (in solution). Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.


title: Fumaric acid

text: It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are "trans" ("E") and in maleic acid they are "cis" ("Z").


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid is found in fumitory ("Fumaria officinalis"), bolete mushrooms (specifically "Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius"), lichen, and Iceland moss.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297. It is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity. Fumaric acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening. It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used. As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, it is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.


title: Fumaric acid

text: The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that fumaric acid is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe. Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.


title: Fumaric acid

text: In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial. It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid was first prepared from succinic acid. A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Currently, industrial synthesis of fumaric acid is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low p"H". Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.


title: Fumaric acid

text: The chemical properties of fumaric acid can be anticipated from its component functional groups. This weak acid forms a diester, it undergoes additions across the double bond, and it is an excellent dienophile.


title: Fumaric acid

text: Fumaric acid does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly. For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.


Freedom of movement under United States law is governed primarily by the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the United States Constitution which states, "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States." Since the circuit court ruling in "Corfield v. Coryell", 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (1823), freedom of movement has been judicially recognized as a fundamental Constitutional right. In "Paul v. Virginia", 75 U.S. 168 (1869), the court defined freedom of movement as "right of free ingress into other States, and egress from them." However, the Supreme Court did not invest the federal government with the authority to protect freedom of movement. Under the "privileges and immunities" clause, this authority was given to the states, a position the court held consistently through the years in cases such as "Ward v. Maryland", 79 U.S. 418 (1871), the "Slaughter-House Cases", 83 U.S. 36 (1873) and "United States v. Harris", 106 U.S. 629 (1883).


title: Freedom of movement under United States law

text: As early as the Articles of Confederation the Congress recognized freedom of movement (Article 4), though the right was thought to be so fundamental during the drafting of the Constitution as to not need explicit enumeration.


text: The U.S. Supreme Court in "Crandall v. Nevada", declared that freedom of movement is a fundamental right and therefore a state cannot inhibit people from leaving the state by taxing them. In "United States v. Wheeler". 254 U.S. 281 (1920), the Supreme Court reiterated its position that the Constitution did not grant the federal government the power to protect freedom of movement. However, "Wheeler" had a significant impact in other ways. For many years, the roots of the Constitution's "privileges and immunities" clause had only vaguely been determined. In 1823, the circuit court in "Corfield" had provided a list of the rights (some fundamental, some not) which the clause could cover. The "Wheeler" court dramatically changed this. It was the first to locate the right to travel in the privileges and immunities clause, providing the right with a specific guarantee of constitutional protection. By reasoning that the clause derived from Article IV of the Articles of Confederation, the decision suggested a narrower set of rights than those enumerated in "Corfield", but also more clearly defined those rights as absolutely fundamental. The Supreme Court began rejecting "Wheeler's" reasoning within a few years. Finally, in "United States v. Guest", 383 U.S. 745 (1966), the Supreme Court overruled Chief Justice White's conclusion that the federal government could protect the right to travel only against state infringement.


text: The Supreme Court has specifically ruled that "Crandall" does not imply a right to use any particular "mode" of travel, such as driving an automobile. In "Hendrick v. Maryland" (1915), the appellant asked the court to void Maryland's motor vehicle statute as a violation of the freedom of movement. The court found "no solid foundation" for the appellant's argument and unanimously held that "in the absence of national legislation covering the subject, a state may rightfully prescribe uniform regulations necessary for public safety and order in respect to the operation upon its highways of all motor vehicles — those moving in interstate commerce as well as others."


text: The U.S. Supreme Court also dealt with the right to travel in the case of "Saenz v. Roe", 526 U.S. 489 (1999). In that case, Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for the majority, held that the United States Constitution protected three separate aspects of the right to travel among the states:


text: (1) the right to enter one state and leave another (an inherent right with historical support from the Articles of Confederation),


text: (2) the right to be treated as a welcome visitor rather than a hostile stranger (protected by the "Privileges and Immunities" clause in Article IV, § 2), and


text: (3) (for those who become permanent residents of a state) the right to be treated equally to native-born citizens (this is protected by the 14th Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause; citing the majority opinion in the Slaughter-House Cases, Justice Stevens said, "the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ... has always been common ground that this Clause protects the third component of the right to travel.").


text: The 1910 Mann Act (White-Slave Traffic Act) among other things banned the interstate transport of females for otherwise undefined "immoral purposes", which were taken to include consensual extramarital sex. This act was used, in addition to less controversial cases, to allow federal prosecution of unmarried couples who had for some reason come to the attention of the authorities; interracial couples (e.g. boxer Jack Johnson) and people with left-wing views (e.g. Charlie Chaplin) were prosecuted. The Act has since been amended to be gender-neutral and now applies only to sexual activity which is separately illegal (such as prostitution and sex with a minor).


text: The court's establishment of a strong constitutional right to freedom of movement has had far-reaching effects. For example, the Supreme Court overturned state prohibitions on welfare payments to individuals who had not resided within the jurisdiction for at least one year as an impermissible burden on the right to travel ("Shapiro v. Thompson", 394 U.S. 618 (1969)). The court has also struck down one-year residency requirements for voting in state elections ("Dunn v. Blumstein", 405 U.S. 330 (1972)), one-year waiting periods before receiving state-provided medical care ("Memorial Hospital v. Maricopa County", 415 U.S. 250 (1974)), civil service preferences for state veterans ("Attorney Gen. of New York v. Soto-Lopez", 476 U.S. 898 (1986)), but upheld higher fishing and hunting license fees for out-of-state residents ("Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana", 436 U.S. 371 (1978)).


text: Current US Code addresses air travel specifically. In , "Sovereignty and use of airspace", the Code specifies that "A citizen of the United States has a public right of transit through the navigable airspace."


text: A strong right to freedom of movement may yet have even farther-reaching implications. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that freedom of movement is closely related to freedom of association and to freedom of expression. Strong constitutional protection for the right to travel may have significant implications for state attempts to limit abortion rights, ban or refuse to recognize same-sex marriage, and enact anti-crime or consumer protection laws. It may even undermine current court-fashioned concepts of federalism.


text: A related issue deals with free speech zones designated during political protests. Although such zones were in use by the 1960s and 1970 due to the Vietnam-era protests, they were not widely reported in the media. However, the controversy over their use resurfaced during the 2001-2009 Bush presidency. In essence, Free Speech Zones prevent a person from having complete mobility as a consequence of their exercising their right to speak freely. Courts have accepted time, place, and manner restrictions on free speech in the United States, but such restrictions must be narrowly tailored, and free speech zones have been the subject of lawsuits.


text: From 1776 to 1783, no state government had a passport requirement. The Articles of Confederation government (1783–1789) did not have a passport requirement. From 1789 through late 1941, the government established under the Constitution required United States passports of citizens only during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and during and shortly after World War I (1914–1918). The passport requirement of the Civil War era lacked statutory authority. After the outbreak of World War I, passports were required by executive order, though there was no statutory authority for the requirement. The of May 22, 1918, permitted the president, when the United States was at war, to proclaim a passport requirement, and a proclamation was issued on August 18, 1918. Though World War I ended on November 11, 1918, the passport requirement lingered until March 3, 1921. There was an absence of a passport requirement under United States law between 1921 and 1941. World War II (1939–1945) again led to passport requirements under the Travel Control Act of 1918. A 1978 amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 made it illegal to enter or depart the United States without an issued passport even in peacetime. Note that the amendment does permit the President to make exceptions; historically, these exceptions have been used to permit travel to certain countries (particularly Canada) without a passport. As of 2016-08-10, tourism sites still discuss which alternative documents are acceptable, and which ceased to be sufficient in 2007 or 2008.


text: As per § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (currently codified at ), it is unlawful for a United States citizen to enter or exit the United States without a valid United States passport.


text: As per "Haig v. Agee" and the (currently codified at et seq.), the presidential administration may deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons at any time. The Secretary of State has historically in times of peace refused passports for one of three reasons: citizenship or loyalty, criminal conduct, or when the applicant was seeking to "escape the toils of law". Laws and regulations on restricting passports have generally been categorized as personal restrictions or area restrictions and have generally been justified for national security or foreign policy reasons. Perhaps the most notable example of enforcement of this ability was the 1948 denial of a passport to U.S. Representative Leo Isacson, who sought to go to Paris to attend a conference as an observer for the American Council for a Democratic Greece, a communist front organization, because of the group's role in opposing the Greek government in the Greek Civil War.


text: In "Kent v. Dulles", 357 U.S. 116 (1958), the United States Secretary of State had refused to issue a passport to an American citizen based on the suspicion that the plaintiff was going abroad to promote communism (personal restrictions/national security). Although the court did not reach the question of constitutionality in this case, the court, in an opinion by Justice William O. Douglas, held that the federal government may not restrict the right to travel without due process:


text: Six years later, the court struck down a federal ban restricting travel by communists ("Aptheker v. Secretary of State", 378 U.S. 500 (1964))(personal restrictions, national security, First Amendment). But the court struggled to find a way to protect national interests (such as national security) in light of these decisions. Just a year after "Aptheker", the Supreme Court fashioned the rational basis test for constitutionality in "Zemel v. Rusk", 381 U.S. 1 (1965) (area restrictions, foreign policy), as a way of reconciling the rights of the individual with the interests of the state.


text: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), codified at 42 USC 652(k), saw the beginning of restrictions on freedom of movement as a punishment for child support debtors. Constitutional challenges to these restrictions have thus far failed in "Weinstein v. Albright" and "Eunique v. Powell". Federal appeals courts in the Second and Ninth circuits, although expressing due process concerns, have held that collection of child support is an important government interest, that the right to travel internationally was not a fundamental right and that laws restricting this right need not pass strict scrutiny. In a dissenting opinion in "Eunique", Judge Andrew Kleinfeld categorized the measure as a punishment for unpaid debts. "This passport ban is more reasonably seen, in light of the penalties the states are required to impose for nonpayment of child support ... not as a means of facilitating collection, but as a penalty for past nonpayment." "All debtors should pay their debts. Debts for child support have special moral force. But that does not justify tossing away a constitutional liberty so important that it has been a constant of Anglo-American law since Magna Carta, and of civilized thought since Plato."


text: A number of constitutional scholars and advocates for reform strongly oppose restricting the human right to travel for a person who has committed no crime, and assert that the practice violates basic constitutional rights. Similarly, anyone claimed to be in arrears on child support can have certain types of vehicular driver's license revoked or suspended, severely restricting their freedom to travel. Critics point to cases where the lapse in support payments was caused by loss of employment yet the response of revoking the right to freely travel by car further impedes the ability to resume payments by limiting the ability to find employment and travel to a workplace.


text: The International Bill of Human Rights is an informal name given to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).


text: Article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights incorporates this right into treaty law:


title: Drew Tarver

text: Andrew Tarver (born May 6, 1986) is an American actor and comedian from the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in Los Angeles. He is known for starring in the Seeso show "Bajillion Dollar Propertie$" and for his appearances on comedy podcasts, including "Comedy Bang! Bang!" and "Big Grande Teachers' Lounge". He currently stars as Cary Dubek on the comedy series "The Other Two".


title: Drew Tarver

text: Tarver was born in Glennville, Georgia. His graduating class had 20 people total. His family owned a local candy factory. Tarver is the oldest of four children: he has two sisters; Amanda, actress and singer Katelyn Tarver; and a younger brother, Jake.


title: Drew Tarver

text: Tarver moved to New York City when he was 18. He worked several jobs to support himself and pay for acting classes. After taking improv classes at Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York, he eventually moved to Los Angeles and continued to perform at the Los Angeles UCB.


title: Drew Tarver

text: Tarver has performed comedy with the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in Los Angeles since 2010. He is a member of the sketch and improv comedy group Big Grande (alongside comedians Jon Mackey, Ryan Rosenberg, and Dan Lippert) and plays Bill Cravy on their podcast, "Big Grande Teachers' Lounge". With Big Grande, Tarver co-wrote and starred in a 22-minute original comedy pilot for Funny or Die and several episodes of "The UCB Show". Tarver is also a regular guest on the podcasts "Comedy Bang! Bang!", Matt Besser's podcast "improv4humans", and Paul F. Tompkins' podcast "Spontaneanation".


title: Drew Tarver

text: In 2014, Tarver played Todd, the gay best friend of lead Greta Gerwig on the pilot "How I Met Your Dad", which was not picked up by CBS.


title: Drew Tarver

text: He was an ensemble cast member on "Bajillion Dollar Propertie$", in which he portrayed the role of Baxter Reynolds. The first three seasons streamed on Seeso from 2016 to 2017. The fourth and final season aired on Pluto TV in 2019.


title: Drew Tarver

text: In 2017 Tarver played the fictional Carl Hardee Jr. in a series of commercials for Carl's Jr. and Hardee's.


title: Drew Tarver

text: Tarver was cast in the lead role of Cary Dubek in the 2019 Comedy Central series "The Other Two". He described it as his first series role that is not an exaggerated comedic character as seen in his previous work in improv and sketch comedy. The show received positive critical reception and in September 2021 was renewed for a third season.


title: Drew Tarver

text: Tarver has a recurring role as a local oddball named Randy on "Bless the Harts", an animated series on Fox.


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: Parikshit Sahni (born 1 January 1944) is an Indian actor who is known for playing the lead in TV series Barrister Vinod, "Gul Gulshan Gulfaam" (Doordarshan) and "Gaatha" (Star Plus). He has also appeared in three of Rajkumar Hirani's blockbuster films "Lage Raho Munna Bhai", "3 Idiots", and "PK".


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: He was born in Muree in the Rawalpindi District of the Punjab Province of British India (present day in the Murree District of Punjab, Pakistan), into a Punjabi Hindu family, while his father was teaching English at Visva-Bharati University in Shantiniketan of Rabindranath Tagore, and his mother was doing her Bachelors. Most of his schooling was done at the Lawrence school Sanawar. He then went to study at Delhi's St. Stephen's College. Later, Sahni began his career as a child artist.


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: Sahni's parents were both theatre and film actors, although his mother acted in only a couple of films before her death at an early age in 1947. After her death, his father married Santosh Chandhok two years later.


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: On the advice of his uncle, Bhishm Sahani, Parikshit Sahni was sent by his father to attend a five-year course in architecture in Moscow. However, since he was poor in maths, he was advised to get admission in Cinema Institute. He cleared the aptitude test and joined the five-year course in film direction in the Moscow Cinema Institute. He returned in 1966 and started his film career in India. He assisted Raj Kapoor in "Mera Naam Joker" because Kapoor needed a person who could help him in working with the Russian Circus but he left that to act in "Anokhi Raat."


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: Sahni even changed his screen name to Ajay Sahni at the suggestion of his friend Sanjeev Kumar during the shooting of their 1968 film "Anokhi Raat", before eventually reverting to his own name a few years later.


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: Sahni starred in the classic Punjabi film "Marhi Da Diva" (1989), with Raj Babbar, Pankaj Kapur, Kanwaljit Singh, and Deepti Naval. He played a remarkable role in the Hindi film "Pavitra Paapi" (1970) which was based on a Punjabi novel by Nanak Singh (a famous novelist). Pavitra Paapi also featured his real life father, Balraj Sahni in a pivotal role.


title: Parikshit Sahni

text: He acted in the film "3 Idiots" in which he played the rolse of R. Madhavan's father. He acted in the TV series "Heena" as Nawab Mirza, Heena's father. "Heena" ended in 2003. Sahni played Veer Singh (Kakasa) on the popular Zee TV serial "" opposite Nivedita Bhattacharya.


title: Ex on the Beach (American TV series)

text: Ex on the Beach is an American reality television series, based on the British series of the same name. The series was announced on March 15, 2018 and premiered on MTV on Thursday, April 19. It features cast members from various reality television series living together with their exes.


title: Ex on the Beach (American TV series)

text: On March 10, 2022, the series was renewed for a fifth and a sixth season, with the fifth season premiering later that month, on March 31, 2022.


title: Ex on the Beach (American TV series)

text: In April 2022, MTV released a casting call for a new season, and also announced a new format for the show, which will feature civilian couples for the first time.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Jefferson H. Van Drew (born February 23, 1953) is an American politician and dentist serving as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district since 2019. Formerly a Democrat, he has been a member of the Republican Party since 2020.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Before being elected to Congress, Van Drew held several public offices, including fire commissioner, town committee member, mayor of Dennis Township, New Jersey, and Cape May County freeholder. He represented New Jersey's 1st legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2002 to 2008, and represented the same district in the New Jersey Senate from 2008 to 2018.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew was the Democratic nominee in New Jersey's 2nd congressional district in the 2018 election. He was elected with 52.9% of the vote to Republican Seth Grossman's 45.2%. After opposing the first impeachment of Donald Trump, Van Drew joined the Republican Party the next year. He was reelected in 2020, defeating Democratic challenger Amy Kennedy. Van Drew later supported the unsuccessful attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew was born in New York City. He graduated with a B.S. from Rutgers University and received a D.M.D. degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew served on the Dennis Township Committee in 1991, and as mayor from 1994 to 1995 and from 1997 to 2003. He served on the Cape May County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 1994 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2002. He was a Dennis Township Fire Commissioner from 1983 to 1986.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In 1994, as a Cape May County Freeholder, Van Drew made support for a local community college a major campaign issue. In 2002, ground was broken on the site of the future Atlantic Cape Community College campus in Cape May County.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2002 to 2008. He represented the same district in the New Jersey Senate from 2008 to 2018. He was a Democrat during this period.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On November 6, 2007, Van Drew was elected to the New Jersey Senate, defeating Republican incumbent Nicholas Asselta. In November 2011, Van Drew defeated Republican challenger David S. DeWeese, 24,557 votes to 20,857. He was reelected in 2013, defeating Upper Township Republican businesswoman Susan Adelizzi Schmidt by 20 points.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: For the 2018–19 session, Van Drew served in the Senate on the Community and Urban Affairs Committee (as chair), the Military and Veterans' Affairs (as vice chair), the Joint Committee on Housing Affordability and the Intergovernmental Relations Commission. In 2008, he sponsored the Fair Market Drug Pricing Act to establish the "New Jersey Rx Card Program to reduce prescription drug prices."


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: New Jersey's 2nd congressional district had been represented by Republican Frank LoBiondo since 1995, who served 11 terms before announcing his retirement on November 7, 2017. The district is the southernmost in New Jersey and the state's largest by area, encompassing rural farms from Salem County to the Jersey Shore and Atlantic City. President Barack Obama won the district in 2008 and 2012, and President Donald Trump won in 2016. Upon LoBiondo's retirement announcement, "The Cook Political Report" changed the district's rating in the 2018 midterms from "Safe Republican" to "Toss-Up".


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On November 29, 2017, Van Drew announced he would run for the open seat, aiming "to bring economic opportunity and good jobs to South Jersey." Eight county chairs in the district endorsed him, as did New Jersey Democratic leader George Norcross. In February 2018, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee included Van Drew in its Red to Blue program, which provided resources and donors to candidates in districts that were targeted to be flipped from Republican to Democratic. In the June 5 primary, Van Drew faced William Cunningham, Tanzie Youngblood, and Nate Kleinman. Sean Thom dropped out ahead of the primary. As of May 16, Van Drew had raised $412,555 for his campaign. Van Drew won the primary with 55.4% of the vote. The same night, former Atlantic County Freeholder Seth Grossman won the Republican nomination.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: After Van Drew's primary win, "The Cook Political Report" and "Sabato's Crystal Ball" changed the district's rating to "Likely Democratic". In the November 6 general election, Van Drew defeated Grossman, 52.9%-45.2%. His district was one of four New Jersey congressional districts to flip from Republican to Democratic in 2018.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In late November 2019, Van Drew vowed that he would remain a Democrat even though he opposed Trump's impeachment. In December 2019, it was reported that Van Drew was considering switching to the Republican Party for the 2020 elections, after internal polling showed his stance against Trump's impeachment imperiled him with Democratic voters in his district. After a private meeting between Van Drew and Trump, most of his senior aides resigned in protest. The planned conversion was met with praise and criticism by members of both parties. After reports that he was planning to switch parties, the Blue Dog Coalition, a caucus of fiscally conservative Democrats, dropped him from their ranks. "The Cook Political Report" changed the rating for the district from "Toss-up" to "Leans Republican" on December 16. On December 19, Van Drew announced that he would join the Republican Party.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew hired former Trump administration political director Bill Stepien as a campaign adviser. Van Drew officially switched his party affiliation on January 7, 2020. On January 28, Trump held a rally for Van Drew at the Wildwoods Convention Center, joined by Van Drew, State Senators Chris Brown and Mike Testa, and White House counselor Kellyanne Conway.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: After the primary, Van Drew became the Republican nominee and faced Democratic nominee Amy Kennedy. In August 2020, the Cook Political Report rated the congressional race a "toss up". On August 27, Van Drew spoke at the 2020 Republican National Convention, discussing his discomfort in his relationship with his former Democratic colleagues in the House and why he supported Trump's reelection. Van Drew defeated Kennedy in the general election, 52% to 46%, or by about 20,000 votes.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew ran for reelection in the 2022 elections. He won the primary with 82% of the vote, defeating two challengers for the Republican nomination. He won the general election with 59.3% of the vote to Democratic nominee Tim Alexander's 39.6%.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew said during his campaign that, if elected, he would not support Nancy Pelosi to be the next Speaker of the House. His first vote in Congress was "no" for Speaker which was recorded as "present" under the rules.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In October 2019, he announced that he would oppose the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. On October 31, 2019, he and Collin Peterson were the only Democrats to vote against the rules for an impeachment inquiry against Trump. He was also one of two Democrats to vote against both articles of impeachment on December 18, 2019, along with Peterson, although it had already been leaked before the vote that he was planning to switch parties.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Before switching parties, Van Drew voted in line with Democrats 89.7% of the time during his tenure in Congress.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On December 19, 2019, Van Drew publicly announced his decision to join the Republican Party, telling Trump that he had his "undying support." As a result, Trump endorsed him for reelection. Van Drew officially switched his party affiliation on January 7, 2020.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In December 2020, Van Drew was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump, though the filing erroneously placed Van Drew as representing a district in South Carolina. On January 6, 2021, Van Drew was one of 147 Republican lawmakers who objected to the certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election after Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol and forced an emergency recess of Congress. Van Drew and his wife received a death threat from a journalist because of the objection.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On February 4, 2021, Van Drew voted against removing Marjorie Taylor Greene from her positions on the House Budget and the Education and Labor committees over comments she had made and conspiracy theories she had espoused.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In May 2021, Van Drew joined a majority of Republicans who voted to oust Liz Cheney from House Republican leadership, saying, "she is not providing the leadership that would create unity within our caucus and it's very important as we go into the next election, it's very important as we deal with policy issues, that we are unified and we are strong, and I don't think that brand and style of leadership that she used was creating that but rather was splitting people apart."


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On November 5, 2021, Van Drew and 12 other House Republicans broke with their party to vote with a majority of Democrats for the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In September 2021, Van Drew was among 135 House Republicans to vote for the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022, which contains a provision that would require women to register for the draft.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In July 2021, Van Drew voted for the bipartisan ALLIES Act, which would increase by 8,000 the number of special immigrant visas for Afghan allies of the U.S. military during its invasion of Afghanistan, while also reducing some application requirements that caused long application backlogs; the bill passed the House, 407–16.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew voted against H.R. 7691, the Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, which would provide $40 billion in emergency aid to the Ukrainian government.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In 2021, Van Drew co-sponsored the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act. The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In 2021, Van Drew was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act. The bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew was one of 31 Republicans to vote for the LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: On July 19, 2022, Van Drew and 46 other Republican representatives voted for the Respect for Marriage Act, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law. On December 8, 2022, he voted against the final passage of the Respect for Marriage Act as amended by the US Senate.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In his run for State Senate in 2007, Van Drew remarked, "I’m proud to be a Democrat because to me it always represented working people, middle-class people and issues of compassion." He represented Republican-leaning Cape May County in the assembly, and accordingly took politically moderate positions. He was one of the most conservative Democrats in the state senate. As of January 2021, "FiveThirtyEight", which tracks congressional votes, reports that Van Drew voted with Trump 27.5% of the time. During the 116th Congress he voted with Trump's position 25% of the time and in the 117th Congress, he voted with Trump's position 100% of the time. As of November 2022, he had voted with Biden's position in Congress 24% of the time.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: During his congressional primary campaign, Van Drew had a 100% rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA). In 2007 and 2008, he received $2,700 from the National Shooting Sports Foundation Inc., and in 2008, he received $1,000 from the NRA. In 2010, Van Drew sponsored legislation that would allow residents to carry a handgun after going through a background check, taking a firearms training course, passing a test, and paying a $500 fee. In 2013, he was the only Democrat to vote against a series of ten gun control bills after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Van Drew also voiced support for expanded background checks and the regulation for silencers. Despite his pro-gun stance, the gun-control group Moms Demand Action designated Van Drew a "Gun Sense Candidate".


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In 2012, while serving in the State Senate, Van Drew was one of two Democrats to vote against a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in New Jersey. During his 2013 reelection campaign, the socially conservative nonprofit group New Jersey Family First sent out flyers stating that Van Drew "supports traditional marriage and letting the people vote on the definition of marriage", while his Republican opponent Susan Adelizzi Schmidt was supportive of same-sex marriage. In 2022, Van Drew initially voted for the passage of the Respect for Marriage Act; however, he later reversed that position and voted against the final passage of the Respect for Marriage Act as amended by the US Senate.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Also in 2012, Van Drew was the only Democrat to vote against raising the state minimum wage above the federal minimum wage of $7.25. On his campaign website, he highlighted his support for fully funding the Children’s Health Insurance Program and protecting net neutrality. Van Drew also supported a state constitutional amendment requiring parental approval for abortions, which he later withdrew. As state senator, he also withdrew sponsorship of a bill to reinstate the death penalty in the state, which he had favored while serving as a state assemblyman.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew opposes offshore drilling on the Atlantic coast. In 2019, he joined Republican John Rutherford to introduce the Atlantic Coastal Economies Protection Act, which would prohibit seismic air gun testing in the Atlantic Ocean. Van Drew previously voted to withdraw from Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and supported the construction of a pipeline through the Pinelands.


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: In 2020, Van Drew said that he was pro-choice but opposed late-term abortions, and in 2018, he expressed his support for "Roe v. Wade" (the landmark decision that legalized abortion nationwide), saying, "any efforts to weaken or undermine [abortion rights] will face my fierce opposition." In 2022, Van Drew criticized those responsible for leaking Justice Samuel Alito's "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization" draft opinion, saying, "This is a clear effort to inflict public backlash of a Supreme Court decision to intimidate the justices to reverse their position". After the Supreme Court overturned "Roe", his office issued a press release saying that Van Drew supports the overturning of "Roe" and letting the states set abortion law. In a 2022 debate, he said, "Personally I am pro-life."


title: Jeff Van Drew

text: Van Drew and his wife, Ricarda, have two children. He is a resident of Dennis Township. Van Drew has served as president of the New Jersey Dental Society and a board expert of the New Jersey Board of Dentistry.


title: Anna (name)

text: Anna is a feminine given name, the Latin form of the and the Hebrew name Hannah (), meaning "favour" or "grace" or "beautiful".


title: Anna (name)

text: Anna is in wide use in countries across the world as are its variants Ana, Anne, originally a French version of the name, though in use in English speaking countries for hundreds of years, and Ann, which was originally the English spelling. Saint Anne is traditionally the name of the mother of the Virgin Mary, which accounts for its wide use and popularity among Christians. The name has also been used for numerous saints and queens. In the context of pre-Christian Europe, the name can be found in Virgil's "Aeneid", where Anna appears as the sister of Dido advising her to keep Aeneas in her city.


title: Anna (name)

text: Alternate forms of Anna, including spelling variants, short forms, diminutives and transliterations are:


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)

text: Bigg Boss 6 is a reality show is the sixth season of the Telugu version of the Indian reality television series "Bigg Boss" based on the Dutch series "Big Brother" and produced by Endemol Shine India (now merged with Banijay). The show was launched on 4 September 2022 on Star Maa and Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)

text: On 26 May 2022, the makers of the show released a promo where Nagarjuna announced that commonere can participate in season 6. The auditions were done by the starmaa.startv.com website. The show organizers officially released a teaser using the show's logo on 4 August 2022. On 9 August 2022, a new teaser released with Nagarjuna as a host and promo shoot directed by Prasanth Varma. On 19 August 2022, it was confirmed that the show would premiere on 4 September 2022 on Star Maa and Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)

text: The show stands out for the fact that it streamed day and night on Disney+ Hotstar and an hour-long episode every day on Star Maa. The episodes were shown on a 24-hour live stream, from Monday to Friday.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)

text: Bigg Boss 6 Buzzz is an Indian Telugu-language television talk show about the reality television series Bigg Boss Telugu. The show premiered on 5 September 2022 on Star Maa Music and unaired portions of episodes are streamed on Disney+ Hotstar and aired on Star Maa Music.


title: Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)

text: BB Cafe is a review-based show about the reality television series "Bigg Boss Telugu". The host Ariyana Glory discusses all the topics of "Bigg Boss Season 6" every Monday to Friday at 7:30 pm. The show premiered on 5 September 2022 on Star Maa Music. The host Shiva conducts the evictee interview show with the evicted contestants every Monday.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: Noel Fitzpatrick is an Irish veterinary surgeon, based in Eashing, Surrey who came to prominence through the television programme The Supervet.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: Originally from Ballyfin, in Laois, Ireland, he moved to Guildford, Surrey, in 1993, where he is director and managing clinician at Fitzpatrick Referrals. His veterinary practice includes two hospitals specialising in orthopaedics and neurosurgery in Eashing, Surrey, and another specialising in oncology and soft tissue surgery in Guildford. He is director of a number of biotechnology companies spun off from his practice.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: In November 2014, he was awarded the UCD Alumni Award for veterinary medicine. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Surrey for the concept of One Medicine: the advancement of human and animal treatments in tandem. He is an Associate Professor at the University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine and Professor and founding member of Orthopaedics in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Surrey.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: In 2017, he was presented with the Blaine Award by British Small Animal Veterinary Association for outstanding contributions to the advancement of small animal veterinary medicine and surgery. The award acknowledges him as the creator of more than 30 new techniques in the field.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: In 2009, he became the first veterinary surgeon in the world to successfully apply an amputation prosthesis (PerFiTS) to a cat named Oscar who had lost both hind feet in an accident. In 2014, Fitzpatrick was recognised by Guinness World Records for being the first veterinary surgeon to conduct that operation.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: Fitzpatrick and his team at Fitzpatrick Referrals have been the subject of television series, including "The Bionic Vet" and "The Supervet". Fitzpatrick has also appeared on "The One Show", Graham Norton's BBC Radio 2 show, "Steve Wright in the Afternoon", and "The Chris Evans Breakfast Show". In October 2018, Fitzpatrick was the subject of BBC Radio 4's "The Life Scientific", discussing his life and work with the programme's presenter, Jim Al-Khalili.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: The 2010 BBC documentary television series "The Bionic Vet" followed the work of vet Fitzpatrick and his team at Fitzpatrick Referrals. The series saw Fitzpatrick develop new methods and techniques to help pets with unique problems.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: In 2014, Fitzpatrick and his practice became the subject of the Channel 4 television series "The Supervet". It continues to run, and Series 12 was being broadcast in September 2018.


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: Outside of his veterinary career, Fitzpatrick has a keen interest in acting. He has been cast in two episodes of ITV's "Heartbeat" as vet Andrew Lawrence, first broadcast in November 2002, and as sheep rustler Gabriel broadcast in January 2000. He appeared in an episode of the BBC medical drama "Casualty" (2005), around the same time he appeared in the documentary TV series "Wildlife SOS", resulting in the BBC receiving complaints that the latter show included an actor who was pretending to be a vet. He has appeared in the ITV series "London's Burning" (2001), and two episodes of ITV's "The Bill".


title: Noel Fitzpatrick

text: Fitzpatrick's first film appearance was in the horror film "The Devil's Tattoo" (2003). He took the lead role in the film "Live for the Moment" (2004) in which he starred as David Fowler, and starred as Inspector Beckett in the film "Framed" (2008).


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" is a song by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea featuring British singer Charli XCX, taken from the former's debut studio album, "The New Classic" (2014). It was released on 17 February 2014 by Def Jam Recordings as the fourth single from the album. "Fancy" was described as an electro-hop, electropop, and pop rap song. It was written by Azalea and XCX, composed and produced by production team the Invisible Men, alongside additional producers The Arcade. It was leaked under the title "Leave It" in December 2013.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming both Azalea's and XCX's first number-one on that chart. It held the spot for seven consecutive weeks. It also topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand and had general chart success around the world. It reached the top ten in several countries such as Azalea's native country Australia and the United Kingdom. It is XCX's second top-ten single, after her guest spot on Icona Pop's "I Love It" in 2013. "Fancy" was named "Billboard"s Song of the Summer for 2014, as well as the most-streamed song on Spotify and most-watched music video on Vevo in 2014. It won the Top Rap Song category at the 2015 "Billboard" Music Awards and was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards. It is one of the best-selling singles worldwide, with combined sales and track-equivalent streams of 9.1 million units according to IFPI. In 2017, "Billboard" named "Fancy" as the biggest hit by a female rapper in history.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Fancy" was directed by Director X and released in March 2014. The visuals are inspired by 1995 American comedy film "Clueless", with Azalea playing Beverly Hills socialite Cher Horowitz and XCX as Tai Frasier. The music video was nominated for four awards at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, although it did not win any of them. The song was performed by Azalea and XCX on "Good Morning America", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" and the 2014 Billboard Music Awards. "Fancy" was also covered by many artists, such as Anna Kendrick on the 39th season of "Saturday Night Live."


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" is a three-minute and 19-second electro-hop, electropop, and pop rap song, which was written by Iggy Azalea and Charli XCX. The song was also composed and co-produced by the Invisible Men (Jason Pebworth, George Astasio and Jon Shave) and the Arcade (Kurtis Mckenzie). The song is played in the key of C minor without any chord progression followed, and Charli XCX's vocals range from G to C. It is in common time and is played at a tempo of 95 beats per minute. Stabby synths, and hip hop chants that repeat the word hey that are similar to DJ Mustard's produced songs. Finger snaps are heard in the original mix.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: On 5 December 2013, an unfinished song by Azalea, which surfaced with the title "Leave It", was leaked online. Azalea later revealed the song was produced by the Invisible Men and the Arcade, whom she collaborated with on her entire album. On 5 February 2014, Azalea announced that she would be releasing a new single titled "Fancy", featuring English singer-songwriter Charli XCX, later that week. The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 Xtra the evening of 6 February 2014. After the song's premiere, it was revealed "Fancy" was the song that had leaked titled "Leave It". On 17 February 2014, the song was serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom as the album's fourth single.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" received overall positive reception from music critics. Brad Stern of "MTV Buzzworthy" remarked, "Not since Fergie's 'Glamorous' has there been such a spectacularly sass-filled ode to the glam life," praising their chemistry, calling it "a match made in heaven that we never would've expected." Chris Tomas of "Hip Hop Wired" wrote that the song "could be the hit record Iggy Azalea has been looking for," noting that "Charli XCX also provides a very potent chorus that women will be chanting in their clubs, cars, and the like." Mike Wass of "Idolator" claimed the track is "the duet we've all been waiting for" and "a swag-drenched hip hop/pop delight." Janice Llamoca of "Hip Hop DX" defined it as "a hip hop-slash-pop party anthem in which the emcee lyrically displays her confidence."


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: Joe Gross of "Rolling Stone" gave the song a mixed score of 3 out of 5 stars, writing that Azalea "deftly handles the ratchet beat while Charli XCX's earworm hook holds it all down," writing that the song "[doesn't] bring '88 back [but] they can swing on chandeliers with the best of them". Jamie Parmenter of "Renowned for Sound" noted that the song showed the influence of Missy Elliott, and that "Iggy is almost playing a character or parody of herself like Eminem is renowned for," praising Charli XCX for "nicely breaking up the song, sounding like an edgy Gwen Stefani, matching with Iggy's rebel style." Bill Lamb of "About.com", like Jake Gross, gave a mixed response, but echoed the same thought as Parmenter, praising "Charli XCX's Gwen Stefani styled vocals on the chorus" and noting that its lyrics has been done even better by Stefani nearly 10 years ago on 'Luxurious'." However, Lamb also stated that the entire song seemed "a bit too recycled" and had a "tiresome obsession with material culture delivered with a straight face." The track was placed at number nineteen on "Rolling Stones"'s 50 Best Songs of 2014 list. It was named iTunes' best song of 2014 on Apple's annual Best-Ofs. "Fancy" was also placed at number one on MTV's Best Songs of 2014. "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll listed "Fancy" at number 26 on their poll for the best music of 2014, along with Ariana Grande's "Problem", on which Azalea was featured.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: In the United States, "Fancy" has peaked at number one, becoming Azalea's first song to chart on the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song is Charli XCX's second top 10 as a featured artist on the Hot 100 — the first being "I Love It" — and her first number 1. On the issue-date 17 May 2014 "Fancy" reached number two of the "Billboard" Digital Songs chart, selling 222,000 units, occupying simultaneously the top two slots of the chart as "Problem" by Ariana Grande, in which Azalea featured, debuted at the summit of Digital Songs chart. With this achievement, Azalea became only the sixth artist to occupy the top two position and the first to do so since Taylor Swift with the singles "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "Ronan" in 2012. Azalea also became just the third female artist to place her first two Hot 100 hits in the top five simultaneously, first two being Ashanti and Mariah Carey. It also marked Azalea as the first female rapper ever to have two songs concurrently in the top five of the Hot 100 chart. Moreover, Azalea passed Lil' Kim as the female rapper with the longest-leading number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and moved into a tie for fifth place among lead women who have scored the longest commands on the Hot 100 during the 2010s. The song led the chart for seven weeks, before being succeeded by MAGIC's "Rude". "Fancy" remained in the top ten for 17 consecutive weeks.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: On the following week, Azalea became only the second artist in the nearly 10-year history of the Hot Digital Songs chart to have the top two songs concurrently for two weeks and, eventually, for three consecutive weeks. On the week-ending 31 May 2014 the song ascended to number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, selling 234,000 units, topped the Streaming Songs chart with 8.4 million impressions and continued to dominate the On-Demand Songs chart for a third week. As it led the Streaming Songs chart for a thirteenth week it tied Miley Cyrus' "Wrecking Ball" for the most weeks tallied at number one. "Fancy" also reached number one on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs, where it remained for 16 and 18 weeks respectively making it the longest running number one on these charts. Additionally, she is the first female Australian artist to top the Hot 100 since Olivia Newton-John reached the summit in 1981 with "Physical". Along with "Problem", Azalea has the distinction of being the first act to have its first two Hot 100-charting singles at numbers one and two at the same time since The Beatles, as "Fancy" and "Problem" did, respectively. She is also only the second female artist to have the top 2 singles for multiple weeks, with the first being Ashanti. Azalea also became the fourth female rapper to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart. The song set new single-week records on Spotify's U.S. streaming service for four consecutive weeks. On 3 September 2014, "Fancy" was named Billboard's top Song of the Summer for 2014 having led their weekly Songs of the Summer chart from start to finish. "Fancy" was also named the most streamed song on Spotify in America in 2014. The song became the fifth best-selling song of 2014 in the United States with 3,970,000 copies sold for the year. By 5 February 2015, the song had sold 4,100,000 copies.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Fancy" became her highest charting single as a lead artist at the time, debuting at number five on the UK Singles Chart and selling 38,320 copies in its first week. In Australia, the song peaked at number five, and has been certified quadruple platinum for sales of over 280,000 copies. In its ninth week on the New Zealand Singles Chart, the song climbed from number three to the top position, giving Azalea her second number-one single there, after Ariana Grande's "Problem", having replaced herself at the top, and first number-one there as a lead artist. It also marks Charli XCX's second top-ten single, after Icona Pop's "I Love It", and first number-one single in New Zealand. It has also been certified Platinum in New Zealand. The track had sold over 7 million copies worldwide, as of October 2014, making it one of the best-selling singles worldwide. On 23 December 2014, it was certified Triple Platinum in Canada after peaking at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, with 346,000 copies sold digitally throughout 2014. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), "Fancy" achieved combined sales and track-equivalent streams of 9.1 million units in 2014, ranking as the seventh best-selling single of the year.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: The music video for the song was shot in February 2014 in Los Angeles and premiered on 4 March 2014, on Vevo. Directed by Director X, the visuals are inspired by the famous 1990s coming-of-age comedy film "Clueless", with Azalea playing Beverly Hills socialite Cher Horowitz and XCX as Tai Frasier (as well as a redheaded rival filling in as Amber, and the brief character appearance of Dionne and Murray lookalikes) in a remake of the cult classic originally starring Alicia Silverstone, Stacey Dash, Elisa Donovan and Brittany Murphy. On 4 March, behind the scenes footage for "Fancy" was released shortly before the music video premiere. Over 250 extras were individually styled, taking over two weeks to prepare the styling for the video. The video shoot was the very first time Azalea and XCX met in person.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: Many scenes in the video are remakes of key "Clueless" scenes, with outfits designed to channel the look of the film's clothing, but with a slight update. Like "Clueless", the music video for "Fancy" was shot in Los Angeles' Grant High School.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: The video opens with Azalea in her wardrobe finding the perfect outfit for a speech at school, using a tablet computer, similar to the protagonist of "Clueless" Cher Horowitz. After a scene with some cheerleaders, the video moves in the schoolyard; there, Charli XCX and Azalea are sitting at a table, with the former singing the hook. The video later includes a tennis lesson, with Azalea and others dancing close to a chain-link fence. Azalea with two other characters are seen driving in the highway; the characters of the best friend and her boyfriend are inspired by the role of Dionne Davenport and her boyfriend Murray. The video shifts to a modern version of the Christmas "Val party" from the movie, where the two protagonists arrive with their convertible. The video ends with Azalea and XCX in the school.