title: Tench-class submarine

text: Ten of the 29 "Tench"-class submarines were completed in time to conduct war patrols in World War II, entering service beginning in late 1944. They finished what the previous classes had largely accomplished: the near-destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet. Another significant contribution was the rescue of downed aviators near Okinawa and Japan. Two additional boats ("Cutlass" and "Diablo") entered Japanese waters on their first war patrols immediately after the 13 August 1945 cease-fire. Construction on the last four of the class was suspended, and they were completed 1948–1951.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: Postwar, 24 of the 29 "Tench"es were modernized under the Fleet Snorkel and Greater Underwater Propulsion Power (GUPPY) programs, with most continuing in US service into the early 1970s. Fourteen were transferred to foreign navies for years of additional service, and the former remained active in Taiwan's Republic of China Navy as "Hai Shih" as of July 2021, the last of the class in service with any navy.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: Interested in maintaining a ready pool of trained reservists, the Navy assigned at least 58 submarines from 1946 to 1971 to various coastal and inland ports (even in Great Lakes ports such as Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago), where they served as training platforms during the Reservists' weekend drills. At least three "Tench"-class boats served in this capacity. In this role, the boats were rendered incapable of diving and had their propellers removed. They were used strictly as pierside trainers. These were in commission but classed as "in commission in reserve", thus some were decommissioned and recommissioned on the same day to reflect the change in status.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: The large numbers of relatively modern, but surplus U.S. fleet submarines proved to be popular in sales, loans, or leases to allied foreign navies. Fourteen "Tench"-class submarines were transferred to foreign navies, most after serving over 25 years in the US Navy. These included 2 to Turkey, 1 to Greece, 2 to Italy, 1 to Pakistan, 1 to Canada, 4 to Brazil, 1 to Venezuela, 1 to Peru, and 1 to Taiwan. The "Tench"-class submarine ex- was transferred along with the "Balao"-class ex- to the Republic of China Navy as "Hai Shih" and "Hai Pao" in 1973; as of 2015 they remained in commission as the last US-built World War II-era submarines in service. was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1968, renamed , decommissioned in 1974, and returned to the US for scrapping in 1977. was leased to the Pakistan Navy in 1963 and then as PNS "Ghazi" participated in two further wars, finally sinking during a minelaying mission in the Bay of Bengal with the loss of all 92 hands, on 4 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. "Diablo" was thus the last "Tench"-class submarine to see action.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: As of 2020 the Taiwanese Hai Shih-class had largest weapons load of any conventional submarines in the world.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: At the end of World War II, the US submarine force found itself in an awkward position. The 29 "Tench"-class submarines, designed to fight an enemy that no longer existed, were obsolescent despite the fact they were only one to three years old. The German Type XXI U-boat, with a large battery capacity, streamlining to maximize underwater speed, and a snorkel, was the submarine of the immediate future. The Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) conversion program was developed to give some "Balao"- and "Tench"-class submarines similar capabilities to the Type XXI. When the cost of upgrading numerous submarines to GUPPY standard became apparent, the austere "Fleet Snorkel" conversion was developed to add snorkels and partial streamlining to some boats. A total of 16 "Tench"-class submarines were converted to one of the GUPPY configurations, with 8 additional boats receiving Fleet Snorkel modifications. "Diablo", one of the Fleet Snorkel boats, was converted immediately prior to transfer to Pakistan. Most of the converted submarines were active into the early 1970s, when many were transferred to foreign navies for further service and others were decommissioned and disposed of.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: Although there was some variation in the GUPPY conversion programs, generally the original two "Sargo" batteries were replaced by four more compact Guppy (GUPPY I and II only) or Sargo II batteries via significant re-utilization of below-deck space, usually including removal of auxiliary diesels. All of these battery designs were of the lead-acid type. This increased the total number of battery cells from 252 to 504; the downside was the compact batteries had to be replaced every 18 months instead of every 5 years. The Sargo II battery was developed as a lower-cost alternative to the expensive Guppy battery. All GUPPYs received a snorkel, with a streamlined sail and bow. Also, the electric motors were upgraded to the direct drive double-armature type, along with modernized electrical and air conditioning systems. All "Tench"-class GUPPYs received sonar, fire control, and Electronic Support Measures (ESM) upgrades.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: The Fleet Snorkel program was much more austere than the GUPPY modernizations, but is included here as it occurred during the GUPPY era. The GUPPY and Fleet Snorkel programs are listed in chronological order: GUPPY I, GUPPY II, GUPPY IA, Fleet Snorkel, GUPPY IIA, GUPPY IB, and GUPPY III.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: Two "Tench"-class boats, and , were converted as prototypes for the GUPPY program in 1947. They proved very successful, though not initially fitted with snorkels. "Pomodon" achieved while Odax made 18.2 Knots submerged on trials, though even the increased battery capacity only allowed one hour of operation at that speed. However, banking and depth control problems resulting from the high speed were noted and eventually compensated for. An advantage of streamlining was that active sonar detection range against a GUPPY was reduced by about 10%, and the higher submerged speed also severely impacted anti-submarine warfare efforts.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: This was the first production GUPPY conversion, with most conversions occurring in 1947–49. Eleven "Tench"-class boats received GUPPY II upgrades (, , , , "Odax", , "Pomodon", , , , and ), including the two GUPPY I prototypes in 1951. This was the only production conversion with Guppy batteries.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: This was developed as a more cost-effective alternative to GUPPY II. "Tench" was converted in 1951. The less expensive Sargo II battery was introduced, along with other cost-saving measures.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: The Fleet Snorkel program was developed as an austere, cost-effective alternative to full GUPPY conversions, with significantly less improvement in submerged performance. Eight "Tench"-class boats received this upgrade (, - immediately prior to foreign transfer to Pakistan as "Ghazi", , , , , , and ). Most Fleet Snorkel conversions occurred 1951–52. Notably, the original pair of Sargo batteries was not upgraded. Each boat received a streamlined sail with a snorkel, along with upgraded sonar, air conditioning, and ESM. A few boats initially retained a 5-inch/25 caliber deck gun, but this was removed in the 1950s.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: This was generally similar to GUPPY IA, except one of the forward diesel engines was removed to relieve machinery overcrowding. Four "Tench"-class boats (, , , and ) received GUPPY IIA upgrades in 1952–54.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: This was developed as an austere upgrade for two "Gato"-class and two "Balao"-class boats prior to transfer to foreign navies ( 2 each to Italy and The Netherlands ) in 1953–55. They lacked the sonar and electronics upgrades of other GUPPY conversions. No "Tench"-class boats were converted under this upgrade.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: Nine submarines, three of them belonging to the "Tench" class ("Pickerel", "Remora", and "Volador"), were upgraded from GUPPY II to GUPPY III in 1959–63 as part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization II (FRAM II) program. The three "Tenches" were lengthened by in the forward part of the control room to provide a new sonar space, berthing, electronics space, and storerooms. A taller "Northern" sail was included for improved surfaced operations in rough seas; this was also backfitted to some other GUPPY and Fleet Snorkel boats. The BQG-4 Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility Study (PUFFS) sonar system, with three tall domes topside, was fitted. Additionally, fire control upgrades allowed the Mark 45 nuclear torpedo to be used.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: The advent of the "kamikaze" demonstrated the need for a long range radar umbrella around the fleet. Radar picket destroyers and destroyer escorts were put into service, but they proved vulnerable in this role as they could be attacked as well, leaving the fleet blind. A submarine, though, could dive and escape aerial attack. Four submarines including the "Tench"-class boat "Remora" prototyped the concept at the end of World War II but were not used in this role. Ten fleet submarines were later converted for this role in 1946–53 and redesignated SSR as radar picket submarines. Three "Tench"-class boats ("Requin", "Spinax", and "Tigrone") were among those converted, the first two in 1946 under Project Migraine I. "Tigrone" would be converted under Migraine II (aka project SCB 12) in 1948, and the other two would be upgraded to this standard with powerful air search and height finding radars installed on masts, and with the after torpedo room converted into an electronics space with torpedoes and tubes removed.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: The SSRs proved only moderately successful, as the radars themselves proved troublesome and somewhat unreliable, and the boats' surface speed was insufficient to protect a fast-moving carrier group. The radars were removed and the boats reverted to general purpose submarines after 1959.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: was fitted with Bottom Reflection Active Sonar System II (BRASS II) sonar equipment in 1961 and was redesignated as an auxiliary submarine (AGSS) in 1962. BRASS II led to the sonar sphere used on the "Thresher" class and all subsequent US attack submarines.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: "Tigrone", formerly a radar picket submarine, was redesignated as an AGSS and converted to a sonar test submarine in 1963–64. She was given a unique configuration to test developmental sonar for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory. This included the removal of all torpedoes and tubes to allow room for sonar-related electronics. A large upper bow sonar dome and a forward extension of the sail were included, with a side-facing square sonar rack eventually added aft of the sail. The bow and sail domes were for BRASS III equipment.


title: Tench-class submarine

text: In late 1944, the Bureau of Ships consulted with a group of submarine officers chaired by COMSUBPAC Admiral Charles A. Lockwood on specifications for a future submarine. Several designs were considered. The submarine officers wanted a deeper test depth, more torpedo tubes, and a higher speed, but got only part of what they wanted. The final design merged ambition with realism. Known as Design B, it was developed by May 1945. It was to be long, surfaced displacement ( submerged), with larger engines (12-cylinder Fairbanks-Morse with two-stage supercharging) for a speed of surfaced. Armament was to be twelve torpedo tubes (six forward, six aft), with six short external torpedo tubes in the superstructure for the swim-out Mark 27 acoustic homing anti-escort torpedo. The external tubes would be arranged with three each firing to port and starboard. Test depth would be increased to . The wind-down of submarine production in 1945 brought an end to this project. Had SS-551 through SS-562 not been cancelled, it is possible they would have been built to the new design.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: Terrace Marshall Jr. (born June 9, 2000) is an American football wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at LSU, and was drafted by the Panthers in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: Marshall attended Parkway High School in Bossier City, Louisiana. As a junior he had 55 receptions for 1,250 yards with 15 touchdowns and was named the "Shreveport Times" Male Athlete of the Year. He missed most of his senior season due to an ankle injury. Despite the injury he was still named a 2018 Under Armour All-American. A five star recruit, he committed to Louisiana State University (LSU) to play college football.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: As a true freshman at LSU in 2018, Marshall played in 13 games with one start and had 12 receptions for 192 yards. He returned to LSU in 2019 as one of LSU's top three receivers along with Justin Jefferson and Ja'Marr Chase. Although he missed 3 games due to injury, he still managed to score 13 touchdowns, including 2 vs Georgia in the SEC Championship, 2 vs Oklahoma in the Sugar Bowl, and 1 vs Clemson in the College Football Championship game win. Against the Texas Longhorns, Marshall, Jefferson and Chase each had 100 receiving yards, the first time in school history three players had over 100 yards receiving.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: On November 29, 2020, Marshall declared for the 2021 NFL Draft and opted out of the remainder of the 2020 college football season. Up until that point, Marshall recorded 731 receiving yards and 10 receiving touchdowns (both third in the SEC) in seven games played.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: Marshall was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the second round (59th overall) of the 2021 NFL Draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract with Carolina on June 17, 2021, worth $5.7 million.


title: Terrace Marshall Jr.

text: His uncle, Joe Delaney, played in the NFL and died in 1983 attempting to rescue three children from drowning in a pond, before Marshall was born.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. They are innervated by the third to the eight cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8).


title: Scalene muscles

text: The anterior and middle scalene muscles lift the first rib and bend the neck to the same side; the posterior scalene lifts the second rib and tilts the neck to the same side.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The scalene muscles originate from the transverse processes from the cervical vertebrae of C2 to C7 and insert onto the first and second ribs.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The anterior scalene muscle (), lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the second rib in front of the subclavian groove. It is supplied by the anterior ramus of cervical nerve 5 and 6.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The middle scalene, (), is the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles. The middle scalene arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebrae. It descends along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, posterior to the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The posterior scalene, () is the smallest and most deeply seated of the scalene muscles. It arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebrae, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the anterior scalene. It is supplied by cervical nerves C5, C6 and C7. It is occasionally blended with the middle scalene.


title: Scalene muscles

text: A fourth muscle, the scalenus minimus (Sibson's muscle), is sometimes present behind the lower portion of the anterior scalene.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The anterior and middle scalene muscles lift the first rib and bend the neck to the same side as the acting muscle; the posterior scalene lifts the second rib and tilts the neck to the same side.


title: Scalene muscles

text: Because they elevate the upper ribs, they also act as accessory muscles of respiration, along with the sternocleidomastoids.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The scalene muscles have an important relationship to other structures in the neck. The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between the anterior and middle scalenes. The subclavian vein and phrenic nerve pass anteriorly to the anterior scalene as the muscle crosses over the first rib. The phrenic nerve is oriented vertically as it passes in front of the anterior scalene, while the subclavian vein is oriented horizontally as it passes in front of the anterior scalene muscle.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The passing of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery through the space of the anterior and middle scalene muscles constitute the scalene hiatus (the term "scalene fissure" is also used). The region in which this lies is referred to as the scaleotracheal fossa. It is bounded by the clavicle inferior anteriorly, the trachea medially, posteriorly by the trapezius, and anteriorly by the platysma muscle.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The anterior and middle scalene muscles can be involved in certain forms of thoracic outlet syndrome as well as myofascial pain syndrome, the symptoms of which may mimic a spinal disc herniation of the cervical vertebrae.


title: Scalene muscles

text: Since the nerves of the brachial plexus pass through the space between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, that area is sometimes targeted with the administration of regional anesthesia by an anesthesia provider. The nerve block, called an interscalene block, may be performed prior to arm or shoulder surgery.


title: Scalene muscles

text: According to the medical codes in the 2016 Procedural Coding Expert, published by the American Academy of Professional Coders, for Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and other medical codes, the scalenus anticus muscle can be divided by reparative or reconstructive surgery, with (# 21705) or without (# 21700) resection of the cervical rib.


title: Scalene muscles

text: The muscles are named from Greek σκαληνός, or "skalenos", meaning uneven as the pairs are all of differing length


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: Geoff Bell (born 8th January, 1963) is an English actor. He is most notable for his performances in "Green Street", "The Business", "", "Suffragette", "War Horse "and "King Arthur". Geoff has won awards for his own directorial debut with his short film, "Bacon" which he also wrote and produced. He also has the strange habit of calling out his own name when leaving a room. “I’m off now, Geoff Bell” Geoff Bell


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: He has appeared in many films, mostly as a cameo appearance or as a supporting role. Among them are "Girl with a Pearl Earring", "Stardust", "The Long Firm", "Making Waves", "The Business" and "RocknRolla".


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: He played the captain of England's football team, Gary Wackett, known as Wacko, an extremely violent centre back, a parody of Stuart Pearce, in the film "".


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: In "War Horse" he had a cameo role as Sgt. Sam Perkins in the British Army, who briefly looks after the horses Joey and Topthorn at the start of the film.


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: One of his best known films is "Green Street", where he appeared as Tommy Hatcher, the rival of the main characters.


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: In 2008, Bell starred in the UK film "Freebird", directed by Jon Ivay. Appearing alongside Gary Stretch and Phil Daniels, the film followed three bikers across a drug fuelled ride in the Welsh countryside.


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: He appeared in "Tormented", as the sports teacher, which was released on 22 May 2009 in the UK, alongside Alex Pettyfer, April Pearson and Calvin Dean and he has appeared in a supporting role in "Wild Target" as Dixon's assistant, alongside Rupert Grint, Bill Nighy and Martin Freeman.


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: In spring 2010 Bell appeared in "Five Daughters" as DC Roy Lambert in the drama about the five prostitutes murdered in Ipswich, Suffolk.


title: Geoff Bell (actor)

text: In 2019, Bell played Jack Verhoeven in the television adaptation of the novel series "His Dark Materials" by Philip Pullman.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Lucas Rodrigo Biglia (; born 30 January 1986) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish Süper Lig club İstanbul Başakşehir.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Formerly of Argentinos Juniors and Independiente, he spent seven seasons with Anderlecht, where he made 312 appearances in the Belgian Pro League, winning four league titles. He later spent four seasons with Italian side Lazio, before joining Milan in 2017, spending three seasons with the "Rossoneri", leaving in 2020.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Biglia's first senior international call-up for Argentina was in 2011 and he previously played for the Argentina U20 national team, who won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. He represented his nation at two FIFA World Cups, reaching the final of the 2014 edition of the tournament, and in three Copa América tournaments, winning runners-up medals in the 2015 and 2016 editions of the tournament. He retired from international football after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with 58 caps and one goal.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Biglia started his career at Argentinos Juniors and signed his first professional contract in 2004. After scoring against Godoy Cruz on 21 June 2004 in two appearances, he made his Argentinos Juniors debut on 1 July 2004, making his first start, in a 2–1 win over Talleres in play-offs. Eventually, Argentinos Juniors wins 4–2 in the play-offs and is promoted to Argentine First Division. The following season saw Biglia making 15 appearances and scoring 1 goal against Huracán on 28 November 2004. However, a lack of first team appearances led to Biglia leaving the club after only 17 appearances and one goal scored during his time there.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In February 2005, he moved to Independiente for an undisclosed fee following his performance at the South American U-20 Championship. Biglia made his Independiente debut on 26 February 2005, in a 1–0 loss against Lanús. In the first half of his season there, he made 11 appearances before becoming a first team player the following season, where he played in every match.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In July 2006, after one-and-a-half seasons at Independiente, Biglia signed with Belgian Pro League club Anderlecht on a four-year contract and upon joining the club, he took up the number five shirt. Soon after, he was joined by his compatriot teammate Nicolás Pareja, Nicolás Frutos and Cristian Leiva.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2006–07 season, Biglia made his debut against K. Sint-Truidense on the opening match of the season, coming on for an injured Mark De Man, in a 4–2 win. Bigila had a difficult start at Anderlecht, having been left out of the Belgian Supercup squad, which Anderlecht won for the second time in a row. Teammate Yves Vanderhaeghe felt sympathy for him and helped him to settle in Belgium and only speak Spanish there. A month later, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, as Anderlecht drew 1–1 against Lille in the group stage. As the season progressed, Biglia established himself in the starting 11 at Anderlecht in a midfield position. With his impressive performance at the club, he was awarded the Young Professional Footballer of the Year in January 2007. He then scored his first goal for the club, which came from a penalty kick, as well as, assisting two times during the game, in a 6–0 victory against FC Brussels to win the league this season. He went on to finish the season, making forty-six appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2007–08 season, Bigila started the season well when he helped the side win the Belgian Super Cup against Club Brugge. and then setting up a goal for Marcin Wasilewski to score the only goal in the match against KV Mechelen 1–0 in the season opener. After the club was eliminated in the UEFA Champions League, Bigila was considering his future at the club, but remained. Eventually, on 15 December 2007, Biglia signed a contract that kept him at the club until 2012. After sidelined from injury and suspension, he scored on his return from suspension, in a 5–0 win over Roeselare on 16 March 2008. After making 50 appearances and scoring once in the 2007–08 season, the club finished second place after losing to Standard Liège for the league title, but nevertheless won the Belgium Cup.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Ahead of the 2008–09 season, Biglia expressed desire to leave the club after they won the league, but stayed at the club throughout the summer transfer window and then scored his first European goal in a 2–2 draw against BATE Borisov during the Champions League qualification. Despite suffering minor injuries, Biglia continued to be the first team regular and scored two more goals, which were against Westerlo and Roeselare. In the January transfer window, he was linked with European clubs such as Barcelona, Inter Milan, Valencia, Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Birmingham City. However, he remained at Anderlecht, insisting the club wanted him to stay. The club failed to win the league title in 2008–09. In all competitions, Biglia made 35 appearances and scored three goals.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Biglia announced his desire to leave the club in the summer. Despite this, Biglia continued to make a good start at the club when he set up two goals in two matches between 8 August 2009 and 15 August against Cercle Brugge and Westerlo. Biglia then scored his first Anderlecht goal of the season, in the round of 16 of the Belgium Cup, in a 3–0 win over FCV Dender EH. On 17 October 2009, after scoring against Charleroi, Biglia stated his goal was the greatest goal in his Anderlecht career. Biglia suffered a potentially serious injury to his ligament but managed to recover after it was found to be not as serious as first thought. Bigila then scored two more goals in the UEFA Europa League campaign against Athletic Bilbao and Hamburger SV. Despite elimination from the Europa League, the club would win the league title in the 2009–10 season, in which he dedicated the league title to his late father. Biglia went on to make forty-eight appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2010–11 season, Biglia started the season well when he set up a goal for Cheikhou Kouyaté to score the winning goal, in a 1–0 win over Gent in the Belgian Super Cup. However, in a 4–1 win over Eupen in the opening match of the season, Biglia suffered a shoulder injury and was sidelined for weeks. Following Deschacht's injury, he was served as club captain for the time being until Deschacht returned, only to be injured himself and sidelined for several weeks. He further suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out for the rest of the year. In the January transfer window, Turkish Galatasaray renewed their interest in him and made a bid of €4.5 million. However, the move never materialized due to a lack of funding. Prior to the interests, Biglia said he would not leave the club in January. Although he was injured again for the fourth time in the 2010–11 season, Biglia made 35 appearances in all competitions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In 2011–12 season, Biglia signed a new contract that would have kept him at the club until 2015. After the 2011 Copa América, Biglia said he wanted to leave Anderlecht to seek new challenges in a more competitive league. Notwithstanding, Biglia stayed at the club throughout summer and was appointed vice-captain by new manager Ariël Jacobs, with Olivier Deschacht remaining as captain. Biglia then scored his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Monss on 21 August 2011. One month later, he captained his first Anderlecht match on 15 September 2011, a 4–1 win over AEK Athens. He then went on assisting spree when he assisted five times in four league appearances between 25 September and 23 October, including twice against Beerschot and Westerlo. Biglia was later awarded the captaincy after Deschacht was no longer able to continue the role. Deschacht's captaincy was met with disapproval by supporters. Towards the end of October, Biglia suffered a shoulder injury which had to be operated on; he was sidelined for four months. He made his return on 15 January 2012, setting up one of the goals in a 3–0 win over Club Brugge. It was not until on 18 March 2012 when he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Sint-Truiden. Despite missing out with a shoulder injury, Biglia helped the club win the league this season, his first in two years, and went on to make 38 appearances and scored two goals in all competitions. For his performance, Biglia was awarded the club's Player of the Year by club supporters.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2012–13 season, Biglia was linked with a move away from Anderlecht, with Arsenal, Norwich City, Real Madrid and Internazionale showing interest. However, he remained at Anderlecht when the summer transfer window closed. In the first half of the season, Biglia continued to impress as a captain and performance and scored three times by the end of 2012 against Waasland-Beveren, Club Brugge and Cercle Brugge. In the January transfer window, Biglia again said he wanted to leave Anderlecht, with Southampton wanting to sign him. Biglia attempted to force a move by failing to show up for training. After the transfer window ended, the club announced Biglia would leave the club in the summer, along with Dieumerci Mbokani. Biglia would claim his absence was due to depression. He also said he never wanted to leave the club. Later in the 2012–13 season, Biglia scored his fourth goal of the season, but received his first red card in his Anderlecht career, as they drew 2–2 against Standard Liège on 3 February 2013. In the last match of the Pro League play-off, Biglia scored the equaliser against Zulte Waregem, which gave Anderlecht the title. Again leading the club to the league title, Biglia made 51 appearances and scored five goals in all competitions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Shortly after winning the title, general manager Herman Van Holsbeeck confirmed Biglia would leave the club. During the final match, he performed a lap of honour for the fans. During his time at Anderlecht, Biglia's playing style was often compared with that of compatriot Fernando Redondo due to his accurate passing and hard tackling.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: On 23 July 2013, Italian side Lazio announced Biglia would be signing a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Previously, the club had been Biglia's main transfer target since 2010. According to Lazio's financial report, Biglia cost Lazio about €8.4 million, including €750,000 to his agent.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Biglia made his Lazio debut in the opening match of the season, starting and playing the entirety of a 2–1 win over Udinese. Later in the season, he was sidelined with a calf injury that kept him out twice throughout 2013. Despite this, Biglia established himself in the starting 11 under the management of Vladimir Petković, becoming the club's first-choice defensive midfielder. Biglia then scored his first goal for the club on 22 December in a 4–1 loss against Hellas Verona. In a match against A.C. Milan on 23 March 2014, he set up a goal for Álvaro González to score the equaliser in an ultimate 1–1 draw. However, after being sidelined with a rib injury, Biglia was sent-off on his return from injury after a second bookable offence in a 2–0 victory against Sampdoria on 6 April. In the last match of the season, Biglia scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Bologna. In his first season at the club, in all competitions, Biglia made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2014–15 season, Biglia continued to start in the first team before suffering a foot injury during a match against Genoa that kept him out for weeks. After returning to the first team, he scored his first goal of the season on 26 October 2014 in a 2–1 win over Torino. He then suffered another injury by the end of the year, but this time, it was a tear in the abductor muscle. Biglia then scored a penalty in the quarter-final of Coppa Italia in a 1–0 win over Milan. Subsequently, he helped the club reach the final, but he did not play, due to injury and Lazio lost 2–1 to Juventus. It was not until 9 March 2015 when Biglia scored again, in a 4–0 win over Fiorentina. He then scored again on 4 April 2015 in a 3–1 win over Cagliari. Despite suffering from another injury, Biglia finished his second season, making 31 appearances and scoring 4 goals in all competitions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In the 2015–16 season, Biglia was appointed as the new Lazio captain following Stefano Mauri's departure (eventually returning to the club soon after) and captained his first match in the Supercoppa Italiana match, losing 2–0 against Juventus. Following the match, Bigila regained a good start in the opening game of the season and scoring in a 2–1 win over Bologna. After suffering a calf injury during the latter match, he marked his return from injury by setting up a goal in a 2–0 win over Hellas Verona on 27 September 2015. He then scored in a 3–2 win over Saint-Étienne the UEFA Europa League. After recovering from a hamstring injury, Biglia scored again on 28 October 2015 in a 2–1 loss against Atalanta. Despite being sidelined due to suspension and injury, it was not until on 6 March 2016 when he scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Torino. However, Biglia was sent-off on 8 May 2016 after a second bookable offence in a 3–1 win over Carpi.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Biglia's future at the club became uncertain after there were no contract offers and would discussed his future following the end of the Copa América Centenario. Eventually, he stayed at the club throughout the summer and continued to remain in the first team, despite suffering from injuries. After returning to the first team, Biglia scored his second goal of the season in a 3–1 win over Genoa on 20 November 2016, then scored one month later in a 3–1 win over Fiorentina. In January 2017, Biglia began negotiations over a new contract with the club. However, his future was in doubt after he rejected a new contract, prompting interests from La Liga clubs, including Atlético Madrid. Amid the transfer speculation, Biglia scored two more goals, against Internazionale and Milan. In a match against Bologna on 5 March 2017, Biglia suffered an injury and was substituted as a result, in a 2–0 win. Although the injury turned out to be less threatening, he suffered a tore in the abductor muscle that ruled him out for one match. Biglia scored on his return from injury in a 2–2 draw against Genoa on 15 April 2017. In a 7–3 win over Sampdoria on 7 May 2017, Biglia set-up two of the goals to help the club qualify for Europe next season. In total, Biglia made 34 appearances and scored 5 goals in all competitions in the 2016–17 season.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: After several rumours in the media over Biglia's uncertain future with the club, Lazio and A.C. Milan announced an agreement in July 2017 that brought Biglia to Milan. The move was confirmed on 16 July 2017 when Biglia officially signed a contract that would keep him at the club until 2020 in a deal that reportedly cost Milan €17 million. Biglia was released by the club at the end of the 2019–20 season, following the expiration of his contract.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: On 14 September 2020, Biglia joined newly promoted Süper Lig side Fatih Karagümrük on a free transfer.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Biglia made his first international appearance for the Argentina U-17 squad and was part of the squad that won South American Under-17 Football Championship, and came third in the FIFA U-17 World Championship, in which he was named Player of the Year. During the U17 World Cup, Biglia scored his first national goal in a semi-final, in a 3–2 loss against Spain. While playing for the Argentina U17, Biglia captained the side on numerous of occasions.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In January 2005, Biglia played for the Argentina U-20 team, participating in the South American U-20 Championship in Colombia and the side went on to win the tournament. Later in the year, Biglia played for FIFA World Youth Championship and once again win the tournament this year.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Three years later, there was a potential chance when Biglia would play for Argentine Olympic team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, along with teammate Pareja, after being called up for the pre-selection. Later in July, it was announced that Biglia would not be part of the Olympic team squad after Sergio Batista announced the final squad.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In October 2009, Biglia hoped his performance at Anderlecht could lead him to get his first call up by then Manager Diego Maradona, but it never happened. It wasn't until in November 2010 when Biglia was called up by Batista for the match against Brazil, but did not play.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In February 2011, Biglia was called up again, a decision that surprised him. Unlike his first call up, his first match for Argentina, in a friendly match against Portugal, which saw them win 2–1. During the same year, Biglia was included by manager Sergio Batista ahead of the Copa América tournament despite an injury, he sustained at Anderlecht, could threaten his chance to play in the tournament. At Copa América tournament, Biglia went on to make two brief substitute appearances as the hosts lost to Uruguay in the quarter-finals on a penalty shootout.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: On 2 June 2014, Biglia was called up for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. A late substitute in every match up to that point, he was an undisputed starter from the quarter-finals onward, as his nation lost 0–1 to Germany in the final. Biglia also appeared as a starter in five of Argentina's six 2015 Copa América matches, including the final where "La Albiceleste" lost in a penalty shootout to hosts Chile.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: On 17 November 2015, Biglia scored his first and only international goal in a 1–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying win over Colombia in Barranquilla.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Biglia was named to Gerardo Martino's 23-man Argentine side that reached the Copa América Centenario Final. He played in the final of the competition against Chile for the full 120-minutes, which ended in a 0–0 draw after extra-time; in the resulting penalty shoot-out, his penalty was saved by Claudio Bravo, and Chile went on to win 4–2 after netting the next kick. Following the end of the tournament, Biglia was among seven players considering retirement after Lionel Messi announced his retirement, but this never happened.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In May 2018, Biglia was named by manager Jorge Sampaoli in Argentina's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He made his only appearance in the competition in his team's opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, which ended in a 1–1 draw; he was replaced in the second half by Éver Banega. On 30 June 2018, after Argentina's 4–3 loss to France in the round of 16 of the tournament, Biglia announced his retirement from international duty with 58 caps and one goal.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: Nicknamed "El Principito" (Spanish for "Little Prince"), due to his diminutive stature, Biglia is usually deployed as a defensive midfielder, where he normally functions as deep-lying playmaker in midfield; during his time with Belgian side Anderlecht, his playing style drew comparisons with compatriot Fernando Redondo. Although Biglia is competent defensively, due to his work-rate and aggression, as well as his ability to read the game and break down opposing attacks, he is also known for his ability to dictate the tempo of his team's play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after winning back the ball, courtesy of his good technique, vision, passing accuracy, and anticipation, as well as his personality, temperament and leadership. He is also known for his ball-striking ability from outside the area, and is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker. His role has also been likened to that of a "metodista" ("centre-half," in Italian football jargon), due to his ability to dictate play in midfield as well as assist his team defensively.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: On 20 December 2011, "De Standaard" reported that Biglia had married his childhood friend, Cecilia Ambrosio. The wedding took place at The Place Tokeh Sands in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Together, the couple has a daughter (born in 2009) After three years living in Belgium, Biglia was granted Italian citizenship through his Italian heritage.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: During his early career at Anderlecht, Biglia earned a nickname: "the little prince", as well as being as a perfectionist and notorious brooder. In March 2008, Biglia, along with Frutos and Pareja, were involved in a humanitarian aid to help disadvantaged young people in Argentina.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: However, in July 2008, Biglia rushed back to Argentina after his father died of a heart attack. He spoke out for the first time with "Het Nieuwsblad" in October 2008, saying that losing his father affected him. Biglia has an older brother, Christian, also a footballer, who went on a trial at Royal Antwerp in August 2009, but the trial was unsuccessful.


title: Lucas Biglia

text: In June 2009, Biglia was reportedly in hospital in his homeland, claiming that he had H1N1 (Swine flu) virus, but test revealed at the end that he did not.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, FBA (; 7 February 1837 – 26 July 1915) was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED") from 1879 until his death.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: James Murray was born in the village of Denholm near Hawick in the Scottish Borders, the eldest son of a draper, Thomas Murray. His brothers included Charles Oliver Murray and A. D. Murray, later editor of the "Newcastle Daily Journal". He was christened plain "James Murray", but in 1855 he assumed the extra names "Augustus Henry" in order to distinguish himself from other James Murrays in the Hawick area. A precocious child with a voracious appetite for learning, he left school at fourteen because his parents were not able to afford to pay the fees to continue his education. At seventeen he became a teacher at Hawick Grammar School (now Hawick High School) and three years later he was headmaster of the Subscription Academy there. In 1856, he was one of the founders of the Hawick Archaeological Society.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: In 1861, Murray met a music teacher, Maggie Scott, whom he married the following year. Two years later, they had a daughter Anna, who soon died of tuberculosis, then known as consumption. Maggie, too, fell ill with the same disease, and on the advice of doctors, the couple moved to London to escape the Scottish winters. Once there, Murray took an administrative job with the Chartered Bank of India while continuing in his spare time to pursue his many and varied academic interests. Maggie died within a year of arrival in London. A year later Murray was engaged to Ada Agnes Ruthven and the following year he married her. Their best man was his friend Alexander Graham Bell, who had earlier received instruction from Murray in elementary electricity, and often referred to him as "the grandfather of the telephone".


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: By this time Murray was primarily interested in languages and etymology, the origin of words. Some idea of the depth and range of his linguistic erudition may be gained from a letter of application he wrote to Thomas Watts, Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum, in which he claimed an 'intimate acquaintance' with Italian, French, Catalan, Spanish and Latin, and 'to a lesser degree' Portuguese, Vaudois, Provençal & various dialects'. In addition, he was 'tolerably familiar' with Dutch, German and Danish. His studies of Anglo-Saxon and Mœso-Gothic had been 'much closer', he knew 'a little of the Celtic' and was at the time 'engaged with the Slavonic, having obtained a useful knowledge of the Russian'. He had 'sufficient knowledge of Hebrew and Syriac to read and cite the Old Testament and Peshito' and to a lesser degree he knew Aramaic, Arabic, Coptic and Phoenician. However, he did not get the job.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: By 1869, Murray was on the council of the Philological Society, and by 1873 had given up his job at the bank and returned to teaching at Mill Hill School. He then published "The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland", which served to enhance his reputation in philological circles. In 1881, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: Murray had eleven children with Ada (all having "Ruthven" in their name, by arrangement with his father-in-law, George Ruthven); the eldest, Harold James Ruthven Murray became a prominent chess historian, Sir Oswyn Murray was permanent secretary at the Admiralty (United Kingdom) from 1917 to 1936, and Wilfrid George Ruthven Murray wrote an account of his father. All the eleven children survived to maturity (which was unusual at that time) and helped him in the compilation of the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED).


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: He died of pleurisy on 26 July 1915 and requested to be buried in Oxford beside the grave of his best friend, James Legge.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: On 26 April 1878, Murray was invited to Oxford to meet the Delegates of the Oxford University Press, with a view to his taking on the job of editor of a new dictionary of the English language, to replace "Johnson's" and to capture all the words then extant in the English speaking world in all their various shades of meaning.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: On 1 March 1879, a formal agreement was put in place to the effect that Murray was to edit a new English Dictionary, which would eventually become the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED). It was expected to take ten years to complete and be some 7,000 pages long, in four volumes. In fact, when the final results were published in 1928, it ran to twelve volumes, with 414,825 words defined and 1,827,306 citations employed to illustrate their meanings.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: In preparation for the work ahead, Murray built a corrugated-iron shed in the grounds of Mill Hill School, called the Scriptorium, to house his small team of assistants as well as the flood of slips (bearing quotations illustrating the use of words to be defined in the dictionary) which started to flow in as a result of his appeal. As work continued on the early part of the dictionary, Murray gave up his job as a teacher and became a full-time lexicographer.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: In the summer of 1884, Murray and his family moved to a large house on the Banbury Road in north Oxford. Murray had a second Scriptorium built in its back garden, a larger building than the first, with more storage space for the ever-increasing number of slips being sent to Murray and his team. Anything addressed to "Mr Murray, Oxford" would always find its way to him, and such was the volume of post sent by Murray and his team that the Post Office erected a special post box outside Murray's house. Murray became president of the Oxford Philatelic Society, making use of the substantial collection of postage stamps he received from his many readers around the world.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: Murray continued his work on the dictionary, age and failing health doing nothing to diminish his enthusiasm for the work to which he had devoted much of his life. Despite his devotion to the dictionary, which was recognised by his knighthood in 1908, Murray remained a relative outsider in Oxford, never fully taking part in university academic and Senior Common Room life. He was never made a Fellow of an Oxford college, and received an Oxford honorary doctorate only the year before his death.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: William Chester Minor was a major contributor to the OED. He became one of the project's most effective volunteers, and came to the attention of Murray, who visited him in January 1891. In 1899, Murray paid compliment to Minor's enormous contributions to the dictionary, stating, "we could easily illustrate the last four centuries from his quotations alone".


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: The book "The Surgeon of Crowthorne" (published in America as "The Professor and the Madman"), by Simon Winchester, was published in 1998 and chronicles both Minor's later life and his contributions to the creation of the "Oxford English Dictionary".


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: The movie rights for the book were bought by Mel Gibson's Icon Productions in 1998. Farhad Safinia directed the film adaptation, called "The Professor and the Madman", starring Gibson as Murray and Sean Penn as Minor. The film was released in May 2019.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: In 2003, Winchester published a broader history, "The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary," including the origins of the Oxford English Dictionary through to its completion nearly seventy years later.


title: James Murray (lexicographer)

text: "The Dictionary of Lost Words" (2020) is a best-selling novel by Australian author Pip Williams, much of which is set in the scriptorium where Murray and his team worked on the OED.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: The Blaze are the French Paris-based music and video duo Guillaume and Jonathan Alric. The duo are cousins who are mostly known for their cinematographic videos.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: Guillaume Alric and Jonathan Alric began making music together when Jonathan, who was at film school in Brussels, asked Guillaume to work with him on a music video soundtrack.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: As a duo they took the name The Blaze. They have explained that in addition to the strength and warmth suggested by the name, it means "name" in French slang.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: Their distinctive integrative method involves producing sound and visuals at the same time, creating an especially strong link between music and image.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: In January 2016 they released their debut video, "Virile," on Brodinski's Bromance Records. It won the UK Music Video Award (UKMVA) for Best Alternative Video - International in 2016.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: On 7 April 2017 they released their debut EP, "Territory", on the new Animal 63 label (headed by management and publishing company Savoir Faire and Believe Digital). The EP's six tracks included "Virile" and "Territory." Their "Territory" music video, released in February 2017, produced and directed by themselves, won the Film Craft Grand Prix at the 2017 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, Best Director at the Berlin Music Video Awards and the Best International Dance Video UK MVA.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: "Heaven," their third video, was released in February 2018. It captures an idyllic outdoor scene amid a community of family and friends. "Heaven" was the final instalment of the video triptych.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: Their 2018 touring schedule included European and US festivals including Coachella, Primavera Sound, the Roskilde Festival, Lollapalooza, Pitchfork Paris, Parklife, Lovebox, and Reading and Leeds Festivals.


title: The Blaze (band)

text: Their debut full-length album "Dancehall" was released in September 2018. Its 10 tracks include the single "Heaven," along with the singles "She" and "Faces" which were released in summer 2018.


title: Punch-Out!!

text: A reboot of the series entitled "Punch-Out!!", was released in May 2009 on the Wii, along with a Club Nintendo exclusive WiiWare prequel "Doc Louis's Punch-Out!!" in October 2009. The series also had a spin-off called "Arm Wrestling", which was released only in North American arcades, and was Nintendo's last arcade game they independently developed and released.


title: Punch-Out!!

text: Playing as Little Mac, a 17-year old boxer from Bronx, New York called The Bruiser from the Bronx, he must climb the ranks of the World Video Boxing Association (WVBA for short), and fight his way against other boxers from around the world, going from the Minor Circuit then the Major Circuit and then the World Circuit, while fighting challengers including Glass Joe, King Hippo, Piston Hondo, Don Flamenco, Bald Bull, Mr. Sandman, or in the original NES version, the former heavyweight boxing champion himself, Mike Tyson. Gameplay differs slightly between each game, but generally, Mac can attack with his left and right fists, at the head or the body, and can also dodge and block to avoid the opponent's attacks. Many games in the series give the player a powerful uppercut ability; its use is limited, must be earned during matches, and has a star punch that can be obtained by hitting an opponent while taunting or at just the right time. Little Mac can also block, causing him to take minimal damage.


title: Punch-Out!!

text: The key to defeating each opponent is to learn their fighting patterns, avoid their attacks and respond with a counterattack. Opponents will often give a visual or audible cue to signal their attacks. If the player successfully dodges an attack, the opponent will be left vulnerable for a while, allowing the player to strike back. Little Mac can block some of his opponent's punches by holding up his gloves, but he will eventually tire out if he blocks too much.


title: Punch-Out!!

text: The series has made multiple appearances in other games as well. The Super NES version of "Super Punch-Out!!" was included in the Nintendo GameCube version of Electronic Arts' "Fight Night Round 2". The protagonist of the Super NES version of "Super Punch-Out!!" appears as a secret boxer in full 3D with the name "MAC" on his boxers and was referred to as "Little Mac" as part of the Nintendo-exclusives deal between Nintendo and EA in allowing several Nintendo characters to star in EA sports games. Due to the third-party nature of his role in the game, it is considered by several fans of the series, to be uncanon. Little Mac further made a cameo appearance in skip Ltd.'s Wii video game "Captain Rainbow", where the title character has to help train Little Mac to get in shape to regain his championship title. Little Mac also appears as an assist trophy in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" before becoming a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U" and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Intelligence officer

text: An intelligence officer is a person employed by an organization to collect, compile or analyze information (known as intelligence) which is of use to that organization. The word of "officer" is a working title, not a rank, used in the same way a "police officer" can also be a sergeant, or in the military, in which non-commissioned personnel may serve as intelligence officers.


title: Intelligence officer

text: The actual role carried out by an intelligence officer varies depending on the remit of their parent organization. Officers of foreign intelligence agencies (e.g. the United States' Central Intelligence Agency, the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) may spend much of their careers abroad. Officers of domestic intelligence agencies (such as the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the UK's Security Service (MI5) and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) are responsible for counter-terrorism, counter-espionage, counter-proliferation and the detection and prevention of serious organized crime within their own countries (although, in Britain, the National Crime Agency is responsible for dealing with serious organized crime).


title: Intelligence officer

text: Intelligence agents are individuals that work for or have been recruited by an Intelligence Officer, but who are not employed by the intelligence agency of the intelligence officer. Sometime around 2000, the United States Intelligence Community adopted a more "corporate" vocabulary and began referring to agents as assets. Intelligence agents can be of several types:


title: Intelligence officer

text: Contrary to popular belief or what is seen in Hollywood films, professionally trained intelligence officers are never referred to as agents, secret agents or special agents, (except in the case of FBI Special Agents). They are most often referred to as case officers or operations officers. Agents are the foreigners who betray their own countries to pass information to the officer; agents are also known as confidential informants or assets.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Geethaanjali is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language horror film directed by Priyadarshan and written by Abhilash Nair, with dialogue by Dennis Joseph. Though promoted as spin-off of the 1993 Malayalam film "Manichitrathazhu", it was an official remake of the 2007 Thai film "Alone" which was loosely based on the novel "Elephants Can Remember". Mohanlal reprises his role from "Manichitrathazhu" and Suresh Gopi appears in a cameo role. It also features Nishan, Keerthy Suresh, Swapna Menon, Siddique, Madhu, Innocent, and K. B. Ganesh Kumar. In the film, psychologist Dr. Sunny Joseph (Mohanlal) arrives at a mansion to treat Anjali (Keerthy), who is haunted by her deceased twin sister Geetha (Keerthy), and investigates the paranormal activities. The film was originally planned to be shot in 3D and Auro-3D formats but this was abandoned because the technology was time-consuming and only a few theatres in Kerala were equipped with Auro sound equipment at that time. Principal photography commenced on 6 July 2013 at Thiruvananthapuram and was completed in September. Most of the filming took place at the Chitranjali Studio and in and around Thiruvananthapuram. The cinematographer was Tirru and editing was done by T. S. Suresh. It marked the Malayalam and film debut of Keerthy Suresh, having previously worked in few films as a child artiste (in the early 2000s). "Geethaanjali" was released worldwide on 14 November 2013. The film being an official remake of "Alone" was undisclosed before release, as a result, it was criticised as an imitation of "Alone" and its source material, the novel "Elephants Can Remember" and other Indian films adapted from the film or novel. Mohanlal's performance, the cinematography and the graphics received praise.


title: Geethaanjali

text: It is believed that Anjali's twin sister Geetha has committed suicide. Anjali is betrothed to Anoop, a member of a prominent family who works in Mumbai. When her mother falls from a terrace and is bedridden paralysed, Anjali and Anoop go to her house in Arackal, Kerala. Once there, Geetha's spirit begins to haunt Anjali, which disturbs her a lot. Within days, a series of horrifying incidents occur. Anoop contacts Nakulan; in order to reach Dr. Sunny Joseph. Sunny eventually arrives from Machu Picchu to treat Anjali and to help her out of her crisis.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Since everyone believes the house to be haunted, the family buys a new house. The future owner of the house Vasu claims that he had seen Geetha in a car and wrote down the number on a file. He says that he could give it to them the next day, but he gets a phone call from Geetha's spirit asking him to meet her in the church next morning. He goes there and calls Sunny for help, but gets killed before Sunny could help him. Sunny then spots a car driving out of the church and follows it, but the killer already got out of the car before Sunny could spot him. Anjali tells Sunny that Geetha had committed suicide after she learned that Anjali and Anoop loved each other. Sunny then seeks help from Kadalikkattu Thirumeni who too discovered that Anjali was possessed by Geetha's ghost.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Gruesome events follow, including the death of Thambichayan, a caretaker at Arakal. Sunny tells everyone that the ghost haunting Anjali is just a psychological effect and not real. For some reason, he tries to postpone the marriage, but in vain. Anoop assumes that Sunny is trying to separate Anjali from him, and thus Anoop drives Sunny out of the house. It is then that he sees the death of Thambichayan who was caught in a fire from a cottage. On their engagement day, Sunny grabs Anoop and shoves him into his car. He drives to a small graveyard and tells Anoop that the so-called Anjali is actually Geetha, who has criminal intentions.


title: Geethaanjali

text: In a flashback, it is revealed that Anjali and Anoop fall in love with each other, but Geetha misunderstands that Anoop loved her and she loves him back. Geetha became angry that Anoop is going to marry Anjali and not her, and decided to take revenge on Anjali. Sunny then shows Anjali's grave to Anoop and tells him the whole truth about her. The feeling of guilt in her mind led her to see Anjali wherever she goes, and all the horrible incidents that happened were just illusions seen by Geetha. Vasu was actually killed by Thambi, the only person who knew the truth, apart from Geetha and her mother. It is also shown that it was Geetha who accidentally shoved her mother off the terrace, when she was told that Anjali's spirit was in the house. Thambi is later killed by Geetha so that there is no way anyone could unravel the truth. Sunny, still unsure, tried to postpone their marriage until he had collected enough evidence to reveal the truth.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Hearing this, Anoop storms into the house and accused Geetha of taking Anjali's name. Geetha tries to kill Anoop when he says that he does not want her anymore. She finally revealed that it was she who killed Anjali during the argument in the beach (while she conveniently concocted a different version when Sunny had earlier asked about the beach incident). Anoop almost gets paralyzed by Geetha and is about to be killed. Sunny breaks into the house and rescues Anoop, but she takes a gun and tries to aim at them but as the gun was not loaded, it didn't fire. An image of Anjali's spirit appears in Geetha's mind (on a mirror) and prevents her from shooting Anoop. Geetha is killed by a fire in the house, and Anjali's "spirit" watches over Geetha while she is dying. Later, Geetha's grave is built alongside Anjali's, and Anoop, his family, and Thankappan thank Sunny for helping them.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Priyadarshan had earlier worked as a second-unit director, along with Siddique, Lal, and Sibi Malayil, on "Manichitrathazhu" (1993), which was directed by his friend Fazil. Priyadarsan said Mohanlal wanted to revive Sunny and was looking for a suitable subject and storyline. He said, "I had been telling [Priyadarshan] that he should revive Sunny as I felt that he was a character with immense potential for a new film; someone who can fit into any background or period. In this movie, Sunny reappears, a little older, but no less wacky than in his previous outing." The film is not an official sequel to "Manichitrathazhu", but Mohanlal portrays the psychiatrist Dr. Sunny Joseph, the character he acted in "Manichitrathazhu".


title: Geethaanjali

text: About the genre, Priyadarshan described: "It is more of a thriller and a whodunit. To maintain the feel of the theme, there is no slapstick comedy or forced attempts at humor. At the same time, I have infused humour into some of the scenes to ease the tension". According to the director, "Geethanjali" is a psychological thriller set in a supposedly-haunted bungalow. Since the story has a Christian backdrop, he engaged screenwriter Dennis Joseph to help with the dialogue. Shobana, who played Ganga in "Manichitrathazhu" was to make a guest appearance to introduce Dr. Sunny as the psychiatrist who cured her. However, that plan did not work out. "Geethaanjali" was an official remake of the 2007 Thai film "Alone".


title: Geethaanjali

text: Mohanlal reprised the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph, the protagonist in "Manichithrathazhu". The production team were looking for a heroine; they shortlisted a few people from the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi film industries during pre-production in June 2012. Keerthy Suresh, daughter of veteran actress Menaka and producer Suresh Kumar was selected for her debut lead role; she has earlier appeared as a child artiste in films "Pilots" (2000), "Achaneyanenikkishtam" (2001), and "Kuberan" (2002), and in a tele-film by Suresh Krishna. Her father Kumar is a family friend of Mohanlal and Priyadarshan. Nishan K. P. Nanaiah was cast as Anoop, the fiancée of the character acted by Keerthy Suresh. Actor Innocent made a comeback to films with "Geethanjali" after his cancer treatment, he agreed to act on the insistence of Priyadarshan and Mohanlal and allotted ten days for the shoot.


title: Geethaanjali

text: K. B. Ganesh Kumar was also signed in a role. Although Innocent and Ganesh appeared in Manichitrathazhu, they portrayed two new characters in "Geethaanjali". Swapna Menon was cast as the daughter of Thankappan (Innocent); her characterisation was similar to that of the female version of Chanthu (Sudheesh) in "Manichithrathazhu". Late actor-director Cochin Haneefa's twin daughters Safa and Marwa played the childhood of Geetha and Anjali. They have no dialogue and are only seen in a song sequence. Suresh Gopi reprised his role as Nakulan in a cameo appearance. It was the first time Priyadarshan worked with veteran actors Madhu, Siddique, and Harisree Ashokan.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Principal photography commenced on 6 July 2013 at Thiruvananthapuram. Priyadarshan began initial filming with two units—one at Kovalam and another on a set at the Pothencode palace. He tried to finish the shoot by 20 August, which left three weeks to complete post-production. The film was shot on locations in and around Thiruvananthapuram and Chitranjali Studio. Ninety percent of it was shot in Thiruvananthapuram and the remaining ten percent was shot in Dubai and New Delhi. In early September, Mohanlal announced he had completed shooting and had moved on to another film.


title: Geethaanjali

text: The film's makers had initially planned to make the film in 3D format, but this was abandoned because of the cost of production and the technology was time-consuming and filming would take much longer than planned. Priyadarshan also intended to use the Auro sound format, but no theatre in Kerala was equipped with that technology at that time, so he abandoned that idea too. Tirru was the director of photography. The music for the film was provided by Vidyasagar and the film was edited by T. S. Suresh. Lalgudi N. Ilaiyaraja was in charge of the art department.


title: Geethaanjali

text: "Geethaanjali" was awarded a U/A certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification. The film's theatrical release, which was earlier planned for October 2013, was postponed until 14 November because of a delay in graphics works. "Geethanjali" was released in over 300 theatres worldwide on 14 November 2013, including 90 theatres in Kerala, distribution was done by Seven Arts Release in India. PJ Entertainments bought the distribution rights for Europe; they released in the United Kingdom in 61 theatres, Austria, Finland, Germany, Sweden, and Italy. The release in Singapore was delayed until 16 November; there it was distributed by Singapore Coliseum. The film also had a release in Japan. The television satellite rights were purchased by Asianet before release.


title: Geethaanjali

text: Veeyen of "Nowrunning.com" rated the film two stars out of five, and said, "Very rarely does the film rise above the conventions of a horror film that seem to be stuck on its back like a duct tape. No amount of incredible performances or stunning cinematography by Thiru can save 'Geethanjali' from collapsing into another cluttered film that bites the dust". He also said the story is similar to that of "Chaarulatha" (2012). "Sify.com" criticised the film's similarity to the 2007 Thai film "Alone" and its Kannada-Tamil bilingual remake film "Chaarulatha" (2012). Sify.com also said, "Even if you haven't watched the original, this film is badly written and is barely engaging". Paresh C. Palicha of "Rediff.com" awarded it two stars out of five stars; he said the story is borrowed from many sources including the Thai film "Alone" and its Indian adaptation "Chaarulatha", and also noted a "striking" similarity to the 2007 Malayalam film "Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri". Ajin Krishna of "Filmibeat.com" awarded two stars out of five, he appreciated Mohanlal's performance and the cinematography, he said, "Geethanjali fails to entertain and horrify, even by following the same path of the usual horror movies. Priyadarshan could have worked better on this movie, at least to do justice to the tagline of a horror movie."


title: Geethaanjali

text: Aswin J. Kumar of "The Times of India" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of five, and stated, "Geethanjali plays around a script that is constantly unsteady, giving away hints far too quickly or getting immersed in trifles just for the purpose of stretching the narrative. Even without comparisons, the movie never attains the arresting enigma of a psychological narrative." "IndiaGlitz.com" rated it four-and-a-half stars out of ten, and said it is a "rip-off" of "Alone", "Chaarulatha", and "Nadiya Kollapetta Rathri"; he said, "'Geethanjali' stands on a weak script, which scares and shocks in bits and spurts. The film rides on Mohanlal's brand value, but its writing plays the spoilsport." however, the reviewer gave a special mention to the makeup and prosthetics. Raj Vikram of "MetroMatinee.com" gave a mixed review, saying, "The script of Abhilash Nair has loopholes dime a dozen but the directorial experience of Priyadarshan supported by some excellent camera work by Tirru and well crafted graphics do make the movie a watchable one", and, "As a standalone horror thriller 'Geethanjali' has its moments and Dr. Sunny's presence indeed may prove to be its backbone!".


title: Geethaanjali

text: "Geethanjaly" was released in around 300 theatres worldwide on 14 November. Seven Arts Release distributed the film in India. The film collected on the opening day in Kerala; it grossed from Kerala and from other Indian states within four days of its release, totalling gross from four days in India. In the UK, "Geethanjaly" grossed £14,403; considering the theatrical revenue, it was unsuccessful at the box office in its final run. In 2016, the film was dubbed into Tamil as "Vennila Minnala", with the makers hoping to gain revenue from Keerthy Suresh's new-found popularity in the Tamil film industry.movie was flop


title: Geethaanjali

text: Although it was an official remake of "Alone" it was kept under wrap. The screenplay of "Geethaanjali" was criticised for its similarity to the films "Alone" (2007), "Chaarulatha" (2012), and "Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri" (2007). "Geethanjali" was mentioned in an online article published by "International Business Times" in 2014 which described that the film was partially inspired by the detective novel "Elephants Can Remember" written by Agatha Christie. The Kannada-Tamil bilingual film "Chaarulatha" was released in 2012 as an official remake of the 2007 Thai film "Alone". Both "Alone" and "Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri", released in the same year, were loosely based on "Elephants Can Remember", which was published in 1972.


title: Geethaanjali

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by Vidyasagar, with lyrics written by O. N. V. Kurup. The tracks "Koodilla Kuyilamme" and "Pavizha Munthiri" were revisions of "Jaana Hai Tujhko" and "Maine Hawa Ke Paron" from Priyadarshan's 2008 Hindi film "Mere Baap Pehle Aap". The original soundtrack album of the film was officially released at a function held at Dreams Hotel, Kochi, in November 2013.


title: Execution by elephant

text: Execution by elephant was a method of capital punishment in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, where Asian elephants were used to crush, dismember or torture captives in public executions. The animals were trained to kill victims immediately or to torture them slowly over a prolonged period. Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's power of life and death over his subjects and his ability to control wild animals.


title: Execution by elephant

text: The sight of elephants executing captives was recorded in contemporary journals and accounts of life in Asia by European travellers. The practice was eventually suppressed by the European colonial powers that colonised the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. While primarily confined to Asia, the practice was occasionally used by Western and African powers, such as Ancient Rome and Carthage, particularly to deal with mutinous soldiers.


title: Execution by elephant

text: Historically, the elephants were under the constant control of a driver or "mahout", thus enabling a ruler to grant a last-minute reprieve and display merciful qualities. Several such exercises of mercy are recorded in various Asian kingdoms. The kings of Siam trained their elephants to roll the convicted person "about the ground rather slowly so that he is not badly hurt". The Mughal Emperor Akbar is said to have "used this technique to chastise 'rebels' and then in the end the prisoners, presumably much chastened, were given their lives". On one occasion, Akbar was recorded to have had a man thrown to the elephants to suffer five days of such treatment before pardoning him. Elephants were occasionally used in trial by ordeal in which the condemned prisoner was released if he managed to fend off the elephant.


title: Execution by elephant

text: The use of elephants in such fashion went beyond the common royal power to dispense life and death. Elephants have long been used as symbols of royal authority (and still are in some places, such as Thailand, where white elephants are held in reverence). Their use as instruments of state power sent the message that the ruler was able to preside over very powerful creatures who were under total command. The ruler was thus seen as maintaining a moral and spiritual domination over wild beasts, adding to their authority and mystique among subjects.


title: Execution by elephant

text: Elephants were used for execution in Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Brunei in the pre-modern period as well as in the kingdom of Champa. In Siam, elephants were trained to throw the condemned into the air before trampling them to death. There exists an account in the 1560s of men being trampled to death by elephants in Ayutthaya due to their unruly behaviour. Alexander Hamilton provides the following account from Siam:


title: Execution by elephant

text: The journal of John Crawfurd records another method of execution by elephant in the kingdom of Cochinchina (modern south Vietnam), where he served as a British envoy in 1821. Crawfurd recalls an event where "the criminal is tied to a stake, and [Excellency's favourite] elephant runs down upon him and crushes him to death."


title: Execution by elephant

text: Hindu and Muslim rulers in India executed tax evaders, rebels and enemy soldiers alike "under the feet of elephants". The Hindu "Manu Smriti" or Laws of Manu, written sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE, prescribed execution by elephants for a number of offences. If property was stolen, for instance, "the king should have any thieves caught in connection with its disappearance executed by an elephant." For example, in 1305, the sultan of Delhi turned the deaths of Mongol prisoners into public entertainment by having them crushed by elephants.


title: Execution by elephant

text: During the Mughal era, "it was a common mode of execution in those days to have the offender trampled underfoot by an elephant." Captain Alexander Hamilton, writing in 1727, described how the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan ordered an offending military commander to be carried "to the Elephant Garden, and there to be executed by an Elephant, which is reckoned to be a shameful and terrible Death". The Mughal Emperor Humayun ordered the crushing by elephant of an imam he mistakenly believed to be critical of his reign. Some monarchs also adopted this form of execution for their own entertainment. The emperor Jahangir, another Mughal emperor, is said to have ordered a huge number of criminals to be crushed for his amusement. The French traveler François Bernier, who witnessed such executions, recorded his dismay at the pleasure that the emperor derived from this cruel punishment. Nor was crushing the only method used by the Mughals' execution elephants; in the Mughal sultanate of Delhi, elephants were trained to slice prisoners to pieces "with pointed blades fitted to their tusks".


title: Execution by elephant

text: The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi in the 1330s, has left the following eyewitness account of this particular type of execution by elephants:


title: Execution by elephant

text: Other Indian polities also carried out executions by elephant. The Maratha Chatrapati Sambhaji ordered this form of death for a number of conspirators, including the Maratha official Anaji Datto in the late seventeenth century. Another Maratha leader, the general Santaji, inflicted the punishment for breaches in military discipline. The contemporary historian Khafi Khan reported that "for a trifling offense he [Santaji] would cast a man under the feet of an elephant."


title: Execution by elephant

text: The early-19th-century writer Robert Kerr relates how the king of Goa "keeps certain elephants for the execution of malefactors. When one of these is brought forth to dispatch a criminal, if his keeper desires that the offender be destroyed speedily, this vast creature will instantly crush him to atoms under his foot; but if desired to torture him, will break his limbs successively, as men are broken on the wheel." The naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon cited this flexibility of purpose as evidence that elephants were capable of "human reasoning, [rather] than a simple, natural instinct".


title: Execution by elephant

text: Such executions were often held in public as a warning to any who may transgress. To that end, many of the elephants were especially large, often weighing in excess of nine tons. The executions were intended to be, and often were, gruesome. They were sometimes preceded by torture publicly inflicted by the same elephant used for the execution. An account of one such torture-and-execution at Baroda in 1814 has been preserved in "The Percy Anecdotes":


title: Execution by elephant

text: The use of elephants as executioners continued well into the latter half of the 19th century. During an expedition to central India in 1868, Louis Rousselet described the execution of a criminal by an elephant. A sketch depicting the execution showed the condemned being forced to place his head upon a pedestal, and then being held there while an elephant crushed his head underfoot. The sketch was made into a woodcut and printed in "Le Tour du Monde", a widely circulated French journal of travel and adventure, as well as foreign journals such as "Harper's Weekly".


title: Execution by elephant

text: The growing power of the British Empire led to the decline and eventual end of elephant executions in India. Writing in 1914, Eleanor Maddock noted that in Kashmir, since the arrival of Europeans, "many of the old customs are disappearing – and one of these is the dreadful custom of the execution of criminals by an elephant trained for the purpose and which was known by the hereditary name of 'Gunga Rao'."


title: Execution by elephant

text: Elephants were widely used across the Indian subcontinent and South Asia as a method of execution. The English sailor Robert Knox, writing in 1681, described a method of execution by elephant which he had witnessed while being held captive in Sri Lanka. Knox says the elephants he witnessed had their tusks fitted with "sharp Iron with a socket with three edges". After impaling the victim's body with its tusks, the elephant would "then tear it in pieces, and throw it limb from limb".


title: Execution by elephant

text: The 19th-century traveler James Emerson Tennent comments that "a Kandyan [Sri Lankan] chief, who was witness to such scenes, has assured us that the elephant never once applied his tusks, but, placing his foot on the prostrate victim, plucked off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of his trunk." Knox's book depicts exactly this method of execution in a famous drawing, "An Execution by an Eliphant".


title: Execution by elephant

text: Writing in 1850, the British diplomat Henry Charles Sirr described a visit to one of the elephants that had been used by Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last king of Kandy, to execute criminals. Crushing by elephant had been abolished by the British after they annexed the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 but the king's execution elephant was still alive and evidently remembered its former duties. Sirr comments:


title: Execution by elephant

text: During the medieval period, executions by elephants were used by several West Asian imperial powers, including the Byzantine, Sassanid, Seljuq and Timurid empires. When the Sassanid king Khosrau II, who had a harem of 3,000 wives and 12,000 female slaves, demanded as a wife Hadiqah, the daughter of the Christian Arab Na'aman, Na'aman refused to permit his Christian daughter to enter the harem of a Zoroastrian; for this refusal, he was trampled to death by an elephant.


title: Execution by elephant

text: The practice appears to have been adopted in parts of the Muslim Middle East. Rabbi Petachiah of Ratisbon, a 12th-century Jewish traveler, reported an execution by this means during his stay in Seljuk-ruled northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq):


title: Execution by elephant

text: Perdiccas, who became regent of Macedon on the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, had mutineers from the faction of Meleager thrown to the elephants to be crushed in the city of Babylon. The Roman writer Quintus Curtius Rufus relates the story in his "Historiae Alexandri Magni":


title: Execution by elephant

text: Similarly, the Roman writer Valerius Maximus records how the general Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus "after King Perseus was vanquished [in 167 BC], for the same fault (desertion) threw men under elephants to be trampled ... And indeed military discipline needs this kind of severe and abrupt punishment, because this is how strength of arms stands firm, which, when it falls away from the right course, will be subverted."


title: Execution by elephant

text: In 240 BC, a Carthaginian army led by Hamilcar Barca was fighting a coalition of mutinous soldiers and rebellious African cities led by Spendius. After losing a battle when a force of Numidian cavalry deserted to the Carthaginians, Spendius had 700 Carthaginian prisoners tortured to death. From this point, prisoners taken by the Carthaginians were trampled to death by their war elephants. This unusual ferocity caused the conflict to be termed the "Truceless War".


title: Execution by elephant

text: There are fewer records of elephants being used as straightforward executioners for the civil population. One such example is mentioned by Josephus and the deuterocanonical book of 3 Maccabees in connection with the Egyptian Jews, though the story is likely apocryphal. 3 Maccabees describes an attempt by Ptolemy IV Philopator (ruled 221–204 BC) to enslave and brand Egypt's Jews with the symbol of Dionysus. When the majority of the Jews resisted, the king is said to have rounded them up and ordered them to be trampled on by elephants. The mass execution was ultimately thwarted, supposedly by the intervention of angels, following which Ptolemy took an altogether more forgiving attitude towards his Jewish subjects.


title: Unbinilium

text: Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. "Unbinilium" and "Ubn" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability.


title: Unbinilium

text: Unbinilium has not yet been synthesized, despite multiple attempts from German and Russian teams. Another attempt by the Russian team is planned, but the precise timeframe has not been publicly released. Experimental evidence from these attempts shows that the period 8 elements would likely be far more difficult to synthesise than the previous known elements, and that unbinilium may even be the last element that can be synthesized with current technology.


title: Unbinilium

text: Unbinilium's position as the seventh alkaline earth metal suggests that it would have similar properties to its lighter congeners; however, relativistic effects may cause some of its properties to differ from those expected from a straight application of periodic trends. For example, unbinilium is expected to be less reactive than barium and radium and be closer in behavior to strontium, and while it should show the characteristic +2 oxidation state of the alkaline earth metals, it is also predicted to show the +4 and +6 oxidation states, which are unknown in any other alkaline earth metal.


title: Unbinilium

text: Elements 114 to 118 (flerovium through oganesson) were discovered in "hot fusion" reactions bombarding the actinides plutonium through californium with calcium-48, a quasi-stable neutron-rich isotope which could be used as a projectile to produce more neutron-rich isotopes of superheavy elements. This cannot easily be continued to elements 119 and 120, because it would require a target of the next actinides einsteinium and fermium. Tens of milligrams of these would be needed to create such targets, but only micrograms of einsteinium and picograms of fermium have so far been produced. More practical production of further superheavy elements would require projectiles heavier than Ca, but this is expected to be more difficult. Attempts to synthesize elements 119 and 120 push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing cross sections of the production reactions and their probably short half-lives, expected to be on the order of microseconds.


title: Unbinilium

text: Following their success in obtaining oganesson by the reaction between Cf and Ca in 2006, the team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna started experiments in March–April 2007 to attempt to create unbinilium with a Fe beam and a Pu target. The attempt was unsuccessful, and the Russian team planned to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.


title: Unbinilium

text: In April 2007, the team at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany attempted to create unbinilium using a U target and a Ni beam:


title: Unbinilium

text: No atoms were detected. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs in April–May 2007, January–March 2008, and September–October 2008, all with negative results, reaching a cross section limit of 90 fb.


title: Unbinilium

text: In 2011, after upgrading their equipment to allow the use of more radioactive targets, scientists at the GSI attempted the rather asymmetrical fusion reaction:


title: Unbinilium

text: It was expected that the change in reaction would quintuple the probability of synthesizing unbinilium, as the yield of such reactions is strongly dependent on their asymmetry. Although this reaction is less asymmetric than the Cf+Ti reaction, it also creates more neutron-rich unbinilium isotopes that should receive increased stability from their proximity to the shell closure at "N" = 184. Three signals were observed in May 2011; a possible assignment to Ubn and its daughters was considered, but could not be confirmed, and a different analysis suggested that what was observed was simply a random sequence of events.


title: Unbinilium

text: In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried a new, even more asymmetrical reaction:


title: Unbinilium

text: Because of its asymmetry, the reaction between Cf and Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for synthesizing unbinilium, though it produces a less neutron-rich isotope of unbinilium than any other reaction studied. No unbinilium atoms were identified.


title: Unbinilium

text: This reaction was investigated again in April to September 2012 at the GSI. This experiment used a Bk target and a Ti beam to produce element 119, but since Bk decays to Cf with a half-life of about 327 days, both elements 119 and 120 could be searched for simultaneously:


title: Unbinilium

text: In May 2021, the JINR announced plans to investigate the Cf+Ti reaction in their new facility. The Cf target would be produced by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States; the Ti beam would be produced by the Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. If diplomatic relations between Russia and the United States make this impossible, then the Cm+Cr reaction may be investigated instead, with a Russian-produced Cm target and a French-produced Cr beam, though the cross section would likely be three to ten times lower.


title: Unbinilium

text: In March 2022, Yuri Oganessian gave a seminar at the JINR considering how one could synthesise element 120 in the Cm+Cr reaction.


title: Unbinilium

text: Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements would call unbinilium "eka-radium". The 1979 IUPAC recommendations temporarily call it "unbinilium" (symbol "Ubn") until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed and a permanent name chosen. Although the IUPAC systematic names are widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy elements typically call it "element 120", with the symbol "E120", "(120)" or "120".


title: Unbinilium

text: The stability of nuclei decreases greatly with the increase in atomic number after curium, element 96, whose half-life is four orders of magnitude longer than that of any currently known higher-numbered element. All isotopes with an atomic number above 101 undergo radioactive decay with half-lives of less than 30 hours. No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after lead) have stable isotopes. Nevertheless, because of reasons not yet well understood, there is a slight increase of nuclear stability around atomic numbers 110–114, which leads to the appearance of what is known in nuclear physics as the "island of stability". This concept, proposed by University of California professor Glenn Seaborg, explains why superheavy elements last longer than predicted.


title: Unbinilium

text: Isotopes of unbinilium are predicted to have alpha decay half-lives of the order of microseconds. In a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model, the alpha-decay half-lives of several unbinilium isotopes (Ubn) have been predicted to be around 1–20 microseconds. Some heavier isotopes may be more stable; Fricke and Waber predicted Ubn to be the most stable unbinilium isotope in 1971. Since unbinilium is expected to decay via a cascade of alpha decays leading to spontaneous fission around copernicium, the total half-lives of unbinilium isotopes are also predicted to be measured in microseconds. This has consequences for the synthesis of unbinilium, as isotopes with half-lives below one microsecond would decay before reaching the detector. Nevertheless, new theoretical models show that the expected gap in energy between the proton orbitals 2f (filled at element 114) and 2f (filled at element 120) is smaller than expected, so that element 114 no longer appears to be a stable spherical closed nuclear shell, and this energy gap may increase the stability of elements 119 and 120. The next doubly magic nucleus is now expected to be around the spherical Ubb (element 122), but the expected low half-life and low production cross section of this nuclide makes its synthesis challenging.


title: Unbinilium

text: Given that element 120 fills the 2f proton orbital, much attention has been given to the compound nucleus Ubn* and its properties. Several experiments have been performed between 2000 and 2008 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus Ubn*. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely Pu+Fe and U+Ni. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as Sn ("Z" = 50, "N" = 82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between Ca and Fe projectiles, suggesting a possible future use of Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.


title: Unbinilium

text: In 2008, the team at GANIL, France, described the results from a new technique which attempts to measure the fission half-life of a compound nucleus at high excitation energy, since the yields are significantly higher than from neutron evaporation channels. It is also a useful method for probing the effects of shell closures on the survivability of compound nuclei in the super-heavy region, which can indicate the exact position of the next proton shell ("Z" = 114, 120, 124, or 126). The team studied the nuclear fusion reaction between uranium ions and a target of natural nickel:


title: Unbinilium

text: The results indicated that nuclei of unbinilium were produced at high (~70 MeV) excitation energy which underwent fission with measurable half-lives just over 10 s. Although very short (indeed insufficient for the element to be considered by IUPAC to exist, because a compound nucleus has no internal structure and its nucleons have not been arranged into shells until it has survived for 10 s, when it forms an electronic cloud), the ability to measure such a process indicates a strong shell effect at "Z" = 120. At lower excitation energy (see neutron evaporation), the effect of the shell will be enhanced and ground-state nuclei can be expected to have relatively long half-lives. This result could partially explain the relatively long half-life of Og measured in experiments at Dubna. Similar experiments have indicated a similar phenomenon at element 124 but not for flerovium, suggesting that the next proton shell does in fact lie beyond element 120. In September 2007, the team at RIKEN began a program utilizing Cm targets and have indicated future experiments to probe the possibility of 120 being the next proton magic number (and 184 being the next neutron magic number) using the aforementioned nuclear reactions to form Ubn*, as well as Cm+Cr. They also planned to further chart the region by investigating the nearby compound nuclei Og*, Og*, Ubb*, and Ubb*.


title: Unbinilium

text: Being the second period 8 element, unbinilium is predicted to be an alkaline earth metal, below beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Each of these elements has two valence electrons in the outermost s-orbital (valence electron configuration "n"s), which is easily lost in chemical reactions to form the +2 oxidation state: thus the alkaline earth metals are rather reactive elements, with the exception of beryllium due to its small size. Unbinilium is predicted to continue the trend and have a valence electron configuration of 8s. It is therefore expected to behave much like its lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkaline earth metals in some properties.


title: Unbinilium

text: The main reason for the predicted differences between unbinilium and the other alkaline earth metals is the spin–orbit (SO) interaction—the mutual interaction between the electrons' motion and spin. The SO interaction is especially strong for the superheavy elements because their electrons move faster—at velocities comparable to the speed of light—than those in lighter atoms. In unbinilium atoms, it lowers the 7p and 8s electron energy levels, stabilizing the corresponding electrons, but two of the 7p electron energy levels are more stabilized than the other four. The effect is called subshell splitting, as it splits the 7p subshell into more-stabilized and the less-stabilized parts. Computational chemists understand the split as a change of the second (azimuthal) quantum number "l" from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more-stabilized and less-stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively. Thus, the outer 8s electrons of unbinilium are stabilized and become harder to remove than expected, while the 7p electrons are correspondingly destabilized, perhaps allowing them to participate in chemical reactions. This stabilization of the outermost s-orbital (already significant in radium) is the key factor affecting unbinilium's chemistry, and causes all the trends for atomic and molecular properties of alkaline earth metals to reverse direction after barium.