title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Rob Harvilla of "The Ringer" highlighted "Break My Heart" as "Future Nostalgia"s lustiest track, and Bianca Gracie, for "Billboard" called it a "downright sexy jam". For "Under the Radar", Conrad Duncan complimented it for playing to Lipa's strengths as a "fantastically sleek dance record for those who suspect they may be better off single rather than forcing love with people too immature to give or receive it". In the "Gay Times", Daniel Megarry called the song "effortlessly cool" and stated it "culminates in one of the catchiest sure-to-be-hits of the year". "Gigwise" editor Jordan Emery complimented the sample saying it sounds "even more fun now than it ever did". Bailey Slater of "Wonderland" praised Lipa for tackling the subject of "romance and all its tribulations" in a "more hedonistic way than before", giving listeners the "well-needed hope and self-assurance that love isn’t all doom and gloom after all".


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Chris Willman of "Variety" compared the song's funk guitar line to the music of Chic, while "musicOMH"s Nick Smith compared the line to "Lovefool" (1996) by The Cardigans. The "PopMatters" staff gave mixed reviews, averaging "Break My Heart" at 5.67/10. Ian Rushbury gave a 5/10, calling it a "forgettable piece of airbrushed pop", while Jordan Blum rated the song 4/10, comparing it to "Just Give Me a Reason" (2013) by Pink, as well as calling it "unoriginal", "disposable", and "blatant plagiarism". Steve Horowitz provided the most positive review at "PopMatters", giving the song an 8/10, praising its meaning and production. Jim Farber of "Vogue" opined that "Break My Heart" is a contender for song of the summer, viewing it as "exciting, catchy and totally danceable". In "Time", Raisa Bruner wrote that the song is "bouncy and sparkling with a get-up-and-dance spirit".


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: "Break My Heart" placed on year-end, best of 2020 lists by numerous publications. "Genius" ranked it as the fourth best song of the year. "Billboard" hailed the song as 2020's tenth best song. That publication also placed the "Need You Tonight" interpolation as one of the best interpolations of the 21st century with writer Andrew Unterberger saying it "adds to both the anxiety and allure" of the song's hook. NPR placed it as 2020's 39th best song while writer Otis Hart ranked it at number two on his year-end list. In "The New York Times", writer Jon Caramanica ranked it as the 29th best song of the year on his year-end list. "Break My Heart" also received numerous awards and nominations. It was nominated for Most Performed Australian Work and Most Performed Pop Work at the APRA Music Awards of 2021, Favorite International Hit at the 2020 Nickelodeon Meus Prêmios Nick, Global Hit at the 2020 MTV Millennial Awards Brazil, Song of Summer at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, and Song of the Year at the 46th People's Choice Awards. The song won an ASCAP Pop Music Award for Winning Songwriters at the 2021 ceremony as well as a 202 Hito Pop Music Award for Western Songs of the Year. It was awarded an iHeartRadio Titanium Award for receiving one billions spins on the station in the United States.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Break My Heart" debuted at number 76 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart dated 27 March 2020. The following week, it entered the UK Singles Chart at its peak position of number six, becoming Lipa's fifteenth entry on the chart and her ninth single to appear in the top ten. The song spent a total of 20 consecutive weeks on the chart, dropping out in August 2020. In January 2021, the song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling 600,000 track-equivalent units in the United Kingdom. On the Irish Singles Chart, the song debuted at number three, its peak position, behind Lipa's previous single "Physical" (2020) and "Roses" (2019) by Saint Jhn. The song debuted at number 83 on the Scottish Singles Chart dated 27 March 2020, after only one day of tracking. It later peaked at number 14 on the chart four weeks later.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: In Germany, "Break My Heart" reached number 26 while it peaked at number 56 in France. The song was awarded a platinum certification for selling 200,000 track-equivalent units in France, from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). In Australia, the song debuted at its peak position of number seven on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Lipa's sixth top ten entry on the chart. It spent two non-consecutive weeks in the position and spent 27 weeks on the chart. The song was awarded a double platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling 140,000 track-equivalent units. On the New Zealand singles chart, the song spent 20 weeks with a debut and peak of number 12. The Recorded Music NZ awarded the song a platinum certification for selling 30,000 track-equivalent units in New Zealand.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: In the United States, "Break My Heart" debuted at number 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated 11 April 2020, Lipa's highest debut on the chart. In its 20th week on the chart, the song peaked at number 13, and left the chart 12 weeks later. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awarded the song a platinum certification for sales of 1,000,000 track-equivalent units in the US. On the Canadian Hot 100, "Break My Heart" debuted at number 47 in April 2020 and later peaked at number 13 in July of the year. For track-equivalent unit sales of 320,000 in Canada, the song was awarded a four times platinum certification from Music Canada. In Brazil, the song reached number 43 and was awarded a double diamond certification from Pro-Música Brasil for track-equivalent sales of 320,000 units. It also charted at number 23 on Brazil's April 2020 monthly streaming chart.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Break My Heart" premiered via YouTube on 26 March 2020. It was directed by Henry Scholfield, who also directed Lipa's videos for "Lost in Your Light", "New Rules" (both 2017), and "IDGAF" (2018). The visual was shot in Bulgaria in January 2020 over the course of three days. It features slide clips that were inspired by the 1990s as well as a colour palette from the early works of Pedro Almodóvar and iridescent landscapes from Japanese hotels. During filming for the video, Lipa had a case of the flu. For creation of it, VFX, wire work, and a tilting set were used. The sets for the music video were built across three stages and designed by Mark Connell.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: The music video begins with Lipa jumping on cars and walking through a traffic-jammed city block, while wearing a red jacket and black pants. The passengers in the cars are couples going through different parts of a relationship, with some kissing and some arguing. As she walks, one of the cars turns into a toy car being played with by a child outside of a man's vibrant, futuristic apartment. Lipa is then seen wearing a purple cardigan, black tights, white shoes and a skirt of the same colour. She walks into the man's apartment, struggling to maintain her balance in the apartment. This is a metaphor for Lipa being uncertain about whether her feelings are being reciprocated. After the scene, the apartment turns into a model boat on display in a neon-lit club, that tips to signify their relationship has taken a turn for the worst. In the club, Lipa observes various couples going through issues. She starts to dance on a disco floor in the middle of the restaurant before a wall explodes and she is sucked out.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Lipa lands on an airplane seat, followed by her getting up on the plane and walking to the back before it breaks in two. Lipa wears a pink wool jacket, and skirt with black lining, over a black shirt. She then begins to dance on the end of the plane before a life raft explodes on her, leading to Lipa waking up in a bed with a confused partner. She is seen wearing a pink Bambi wool sweater with white pants. Lipa runs scared into the bathroom, picking up her shoes, and beds with other men begin cycling through in the background. She then falls into the bathtub, which turns into a frothy pink martini that one of Lipa's backup dancers is holding while she dances on a bar couch. Lipa wears a Mirror Palais cropped red shirt and red and white checked tweed mini skirt. The music video concludes by looking at all the previous scenes and undoing some of the transitions, before Lipa blows a bubble sitting on a car from the first scene.


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: Shannon Miller of "The A.V. Club" called the visual a "colorful music video punctuated with mind-bending effects and LED-lit sets". Rushbury labelled it a "multi-million-dollar remake" of the video for "Common People" (1995) by Pulp, writing that the clip has "snazzy visuals and couture outfits". In "Soundigest", Kenly Campos wrote that the video is "extremely well-made" with its "colorful outfits and bubbly choreography". Callie Ahlgrim of "Insider" described the video as "Lipa serving a variety of retro looks, dancing her cares away, and cycling through suitors in a surreal dreamscape." "NME"s Tom Skinner branded the visual "eye-popping" and "location-hopping". Writing for "Idolator", Mike Wass called the sets "candy-colored", the choreography "laissez-faire", and wrote "Dua treats us to look after look, sullen glances".


title: Break My Heart (Dua Lipa song)

text: The "Break My Heart" music video was ranked as the 22nd best music video of 2020 by "Billboard" while "Insider" ranked it at number 32 on their year-end list for music videos. The video was a winning video at the 2020 MTV Video Play Awards, won International Female Video at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards Japan and was nominated for Best International Video at the 2020 MVPA Awards. At the UK Music Video Awards, the video won for Best Pop Video, and was nominated for Best Colour Grading in a Video in association with CHEAT, and Best Visual Effects in a Video at the 2020 UK Music Video Awards.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Leslie Erin Mahaffy (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a Canadian murder victim of killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. At the time of her death, she was a resident of Burlington, Ontario and a Grade 9 student at M.M. Robinson High School. Mahaffy's kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka. Prior to killing Mahaffy in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990. The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Leslie Erin Mahaffy was born July 5, 1976. Her brother Ryan was born some years later. Her father was an oceanographer for the Canadian federal Fisheries and Oceans department, and sometimes would be on assignments away from home for weeks at a time. Her mother was a teacher.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Though she had been close to her family, when she turned fourteen, Mahaffy began to rebel and spend periods of time away from the family home but always phoned home during her absences and kept in touch with her younger brother Ryan, with whom she was very close. Shortly before her abduction, some friends had been killed in a car accident. The evening prior to her abduction, Leslie attended a memorial for one of the teens as well as an informal get-together and subsequently missed her Friday night curfew. Finding the door locked, Leslie traveled to a nearby plaza to use the pay telephone to ask a friend if she might spend the night at the friend's home but was refused. Returning home, she crossed paths with Bernardo who had been out looking into back yards, hoping to find a victim. Bernardo lured Leslie back to his nearby car and took her to the house he shared with Homolka. Later that day, Leslie's friend telephoned the Mahaffy house to inquire about Leslie's well-being and explained the call that Leslie had made after discovering that she had been locked out, prompting Leslie's mother to start searching for Leslie. Finding no trace of her daughter, she eventually became concerned and contacted the police. When Mahaffy failed to phone home on her own birthday about two weeks later, her family was certain that she had not called them because she could not.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Her mother Debbie would later become prominent in the struggle to maintain and enforce the judge's gag order about the trials of Mahaffy's killers and the videotapes they made of their own crimes, which were used as evidence against them.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Mahaffy's remains are interred under a family headstone at Burlington Memorial Gardens in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. There is also a heart-shaped garden with a plaque in Leslie's honour at M.M. Robinson High School, and a memorial bench close to her family headstone.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: At the time of her abduction and subsequent murder in mid-June 1991, a few weeks before her fifteenth birthday, Leslie Mahaffy was a Grade 9 student at M.M. Robinson High School in Burlington. Like many teens that age, she wore braces on her teeth.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: On the evening of June 14, 1991, Mahaffy went to a funeral home to attend a wake for her friend Chris Evans, a boy who had died in a car accident earlier that week.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: After the wake, a large group of teens met in the woods to drink and console one another. As the evening wound down, a couple of friends walked her home shortly before 2:00 AM, where they stayed with her while she found the side door locked. She told them the front door would surely be unlocked, and sent them home. After they left her, she found the front door was locked as well.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Now alone, Mahaffy walked to a pay phone at Macs Milk and called a friend's house for permission to sleep over. Her friend told her no, and after a lengthy conversation that ended after 2:30 AM, Mahaffy said she would go back home and wake up her own mother to get in the house.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: When Mahaffy failed to appear later that day at the funerals for her friend Chris Evans and the three teens killed with him, her mother phoned the police. On June 18, Debbie Mahaffy filed the official paperwork to have her daughter sought and arrested as a runaway.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Paul Bernardo eventually admitted he had been on Keller Court, where the Mahaffy home was located, to steal license plates. He saw Leslie Mahaffy alone. He claims he told her he was breaking into the house next door and then offered her a cigarette, which he said was back at his car. When she was close enough to the car, he said he wrapped his sweatshirt quickly around her head, forced her into the vehicle, and took her to the home he shared with Homolka. Homolka's version of the story is similar, but she claims that once he got Mahaffy to the car to fetch the cigarette, he pulled a knife on the girl to get her compliance. Both agree that Homolka was not present during the kidnapping.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: After 24 hours of rape and abuse by both of the killers, Mahaffy was murdered sometime on June 15, 1991. According to Homolka, Bernardo strangled Mahaffy with an electrical cord a second time when the first attempt left her unconscious for a few minutes. Homolka, a veterinary technician, had access to sedative drugs which were used to subdue Mahaffy, the same technique the pair used in the rape and inadvertent murder of Homolka's sister six months before.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Bernardo stated that he was out of the room, preparing the car to transport Mahaffy to a location where she would be released, when the heavily-drugged Mahaffy died. He has claimed he did not even know she was dead until, after putting gas in the car and taking a shower, he tried to pick her up to carry her away. He said he and Homolka panicked, and that he tried to give Mahaffy artificial respiration. Both killers agree that they gave her a teddy bear to hold during breaks between assaults.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: On June 16, 1991, Bernardo and Homolka moved Mahaffy's body from an upstairs bedroom to the basement. During this time, Bernardo and Homolka hosted Homolka's family for a Father's Day dinner on the main floor of the house, with Homolka making a special effort to keep her mother from going downstairs. When the family left, Bernardo and Homolka used his grandfather's circular saw to dismember Mahaffy's body into pieces small enough to lift when covered with concrete. Later, in a confession to her aunt before revealing details to the police, Homolka claimed that Bernardo did this while she was at work on Monday. Bernardo's version asserts that she did not help him rinse and bag the body parts.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Mahaffy's body was found dismembered and encased in concrete on June 29, 1991 in Lake Gibson near St. Catharines, Ontario. The concrete block containing the torso weighed over 200 pounds. Her braces and dental records confirmed her identity.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Investigators immediately believed she had been raped and tortured. This was confirmed when videotapes were discovered in the home of Bernardo and Homolka. The tapes show that she was held hostage for approximately 24 hours and repeatedly assaulted and sodomized. After Bernardo's final bid for an appeal before the Supreme Court was rejected, the tapes were all destroyed by the Ontario government.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: Several days before Homolka's release from prison in 2005, Bernardo was interviewed by police and his lawyer, Tony Bryant. Bryant was subsequently interviewed by the media, providing Bernardo's thoughts about the release.


title: Murder of Leslie Mahaffy

text: According to Bryant, Bernardo claimed that he had always intended to free the girls he and Homolka had held captive. Bernardo claimed that Homolka was worried that Leslie Mahaffy's blindfold had fallen off, and that she would be able to identify them. Further, Bernardo claimed that Homolka's plan was to murder Mahaffy by injecting an air bubble into her bloodstream, eventually causing an embolism.


title: Methylation

text: In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and the biological sciences.


title: Methylation

text: In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation.


title: Methylation

text: In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. It has been recognized as a key process underlying epigenetics.


title: Methylation

text: Methanogenesis, the process that generates methane from CO, involves a series of methylation reactions. These reactions are effected by a set of enzymes harbored by a family of anaerobic microbes.


title: Methylation

text: A wide variety of phenols undergo O-methylation to give anisole derivatives. This process, catalyzed by enzymes such as caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of lignols, percursors to lignin, a major structural component of plants.


title: Methylation

text: Plants produce flavonoids and isoflavones with methylations on hydroxyl groups, i.e. methoxy bonds. This 5-O-methylation affects the flavonoid´s water solubility. Examples are 5-O-methylgenistein, 5-O-methylmyricetin or 5-O-methylquercetin, also known as azaleatin.


title: Methylation

text: Together with ubiquitin and phosphorylation, methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. The most prevalent protein methylations affect arginine and lysine residue of specific histones. Otherwise histidine, glutamate, asparagine, cysteine are susceptible to methylation. Some of these products include "S"-methylcysteine, two isomers of "N"-methylhistidine, and two isomers of "N"-methylarginine.


title: Methylation

text: Methionine synthase regenerates methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). The overall reaction transforms 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N-MeTHF) into tetrahydrofolate (THF) while transferring a methyl group to Hcy to form Met. Methionine Synthases can be cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent: Plants have both, animals depend on the methylcobalamin-dependent form.


title: Methylation

text: In methylcobalamin-dependent forms of the enzyme, the reaction proceeds by two steps in a ping-pong reaction. The enzyme is initially primed into a reactive state by the transfer of a methyl group from N-MeTHF to Co(I) in enzyme-bound cobalamin (Cob), forming methyl-cobalamin(Me-Cob) that now contains Me-Co(III) and activating the enzyme. Then, a Hcy that has coordinated to an enzyme-bound zinc to form a reactive thiolate reacts with the Me-Cob. The activated methyl group is transferred from Me-Cob to the Hcy thiolate, which regenerates Co(I) in Cob, and Met is released from the enzyme.


title: Methylation

text: Biomethylation is the pathway for converting some heavy elements into more mobile or more lethal derivatives that can enter the food chain. The biomethylation of arsenic compounds starts with the formation of methanearsonates. Thus, trivalent inorganic arsenic compounds are methylated to give methanearsonate. S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl donor. The methanearsonates are the precursors to dimethylarsonates, again by the cycle of reduction (to methylarsonous acid) followed by a second methylation. Related pathways apply to the biosynthesis of methylmercury.


title: Methylation

text: DNA methylation in vertebrates typically occurs at CpG sites (cytosine-phosphate-guanine sitesthat is, where a cytosine is directly followed by a guanine in the DNA sequence). This methylation results in the conversion of the cytosine to 5-methylcytosine. The formation of Me-CpG is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase. In mammals, DNA methylation is common in body cells, and methylation of CpG sites seems to be the default. Human DNA has about 80–90% of CpG sites methylated, but there are certain areas, known as CpG islands, that are CG-rich (high cytosine and guanine content, made up of about 65% CG residues), wherein none is methylated. These are associated with the promoters of 56% of mammalian genes, including all ubiquitously expressed genes. One to two percent of the human genome are CpG clusters, and there is an inverse relationship between CpG methylation and transcriptional activity. Methylation contributing to epigenetic inheritance can occur through either DNA methylation or protein methylation. Improper methylations of human genes can lead to disease development, including cancer.


title: Methylation

text: Similarly, RNA methylation occurs in different RNA species viz. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, tmRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA, and viral RNA. Different catalytic strategies are employed for RNA methylation by a variety of RNA-methyltransferases. RNA methylation is thought to have existed before DNA methylation in the early forms of life evolving on earth.


title: Methylation

text: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common and abundant methylation modification in RNA molecules (mRNA) present in eukaryotes. 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) also commonly occurs in various RNA molecules. Recent data strongly suggest that m6A and 5-mC RNA methylation affects the regulation of various biological processes such as RNA stability and mRNA translation, and that abnormal RNA methylation contributes to etiology of human diseases.


title: Methylation

text: Protein methylation typically takes place on arginine or lysine amino acid residues in the protein sequence. Arginine can be methylated once (monomethylated arginine) or twice, with either both methyl groups on one terminal nitrogen (asymmetric dimethylarginine) or one on both nitrogens (symmetric dimethylarginine), by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Lysine can be methylated once, twice, or three times by lysine methyltransferases. Protein methylation has been most studied in the histones. The transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine to histones is catalyzed by enzymes known as histone methyltransferases. Histones that are methylated on certain residues can act epigenetically to repress or activate gene expression. Protein methylation is one type of post-translational modification.


title: Methylation

text: Methyl metabolism is very ancient and can be found in all organisms on earth, from bacteria to humans, indicating the importance of methyl metabolism for physiology. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of global methylation in species ranging from human, mouse, fish, fly, round worm, plant, algae and cyanobacteria causes the same effects on their biological rhythms, demonstrating conserved physiological roles of methylation during evolution.


title: Methylation

text: The term methylation in organic chemistry refers to the alkylation process used to describe the delivery of a group.


title: Methylation

text: Methylations are commonly performed using "electrophilic" methyl sources such as iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, or tetramethylammonium chloride. Less common but more powerful (and more dangerous) methylating reagents include methyl triflate, diazomethane, and methyl fluorosulfonate (magic methyl). These reagents all react via S2 nucleophilic substitutions. For example, a carboxylate may be methylated on oxygen to give a methyl ester; an alkoxide salt may be likewise methylated to give an ether, ; or a ketone enolate may be methylated on carbon to produce a new ketone.


title: Methylation

text: The Purdie methylation is a specific for the methylation at oxygen of carbohydrates using iodomethane and silver oxide.


title: Methylation

text: The Eschweiler–Clarke reaction is a method for methylation of amines. This method avoids the risk of quaternization, which occurs when amines are methylated with methyl halides.


title: Methylation

text: Diazomethane and the safer analogue trimethylsilyldiazomethane methylate carboxylic acids, phenols, and even alcohols:


title: Methylation

text: Methylation sometimes involve use of "nucleophilic" methyl reagents. Strongly nucleophilic methylating agents include methyllithium () or Grignard reagents such as methylmagnesium bromide (). For example, will add methyl groups to the carbonyl (C=O) of ketones and aldehyde.:


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Times Beach is a ghost town in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, southwest of St. Louis and east of Eureka. Once home to more than two thousand people, the town was completely evacuated early in 1983 due to TCDD—also known as dioxin—contamination. It was the largest civilian exposure to the compound in the history of the United States.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In 1985, the State of Missouri officially disincorporated the city of Times Beach. The site of Times Beach now houses a state park commemorating U.S. Route 66—the famous highway that stretched from Chicago, Illinois, to Santa Monica, California, and passed by the community on its southern end—as well as the history of the Times Beach area. The park opened in 1999. In 2001, the EPA removed Times Beach from its Superfund list.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Times Beach was founded in 1925 on the flood plain of the Meramec River, southwest of the river, in a promotion by the now-defunct "St. Louis Star-Times" newspaper. A purchase of a 20 × 100 ft (6 by 30 m) lot for $67.50 included a six-month newspaper subscription.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In its early years, the town was primarily a summer resort, but the Great Depression combined with gasoline rationing during World War II reduced the feasibility of summer homes. The town became a community of mostly low-income housing, and a small population (1,240) lived in Times Beach by 1970. In the years immediately before its evacuation, Times Beach had become a lower-middle-class town. Historically, there had always been a small grocery store and gas station on Route 66 to serve the residents.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Prone to flooding throughout its history—its first buildings were built on stilts—the town experienced a devastating flood in December 1982. It happened just as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was confirming that dioxin contaminated the soil, leading to the town's evacuation by 1985 and complete demolition by 1992. The town was disincorporated by executive order of Missouri governor John Ashcroft on April 2, 1985.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The story of Times Beach was featured on History Channel's "Modern Marvels", in the episode "Engineering Disasters 20".


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: During the late 1960s, the Northeastern Pharmaceutical and Chemical Company, Inc. (NEPACCO) began operating out of a facility located near Verona, in southwestern Missouri. This facility was owned by Hoffman-Taff, a company that produced the Agent Orange herbicide for use during the Vietnam War. By the time NEPACCO ceased its operations in 1972, Hoffman-Taff had been taken over by Syntex Agribusiness.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: From 1970 to 1972, NEPACCO was primarily involved in the production of hexachlorophene (3), an antibacterial agent used in soap, toothpaste, and common household disinfectants, from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (1) and formaldehyde (2).


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is synthesized from 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Unfortunately, instantaneous dimerization of the resulting phenol produces trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an extremely toxic compound known to have both acute and chronic adverse effects.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Beginning the process of production with 2,4,5-trichlorophenol that contained 3–5 parts per million (ppm) of dioxin, NEPACCO was able to reduce the concentration of dioxin in hexachlorophene to 0.1 ppm. The result of this purification process led to the storage and accumulation of heavily concentrated dioxin still bottoms, or thick, oily residues, in a storage tank located near the facility in Verona. When NEPACCO first began operations, the still bottoms were sent to a waste facility in Louisiana for incineration. Although incineration was the best method to destroy dioxins at the time, it was also very expensive. Looking for less costly alternatives, NEPACCO contracted the services of the Independent Petrochemical Corporation (IPC). However, IPC, a chemical supplier company, knew very little about waste disposal, and subcontracted the NEPACCO job to Russell Martin Bliss, the owner of a small, local waste oil business. Charging NEPACCO $3000 per load, IPC paid Bliss $125 per load.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Between February and October 1971, Bliss collected six truckloads (nearly 18,500 gallons) of chemical waste heavily contaminated with dioxin. Bliss took most of the still bottoms to his storage facility near Frontenac, Missouri, where the contaminated NEPACCO waste was unloaded and mixed into tanks containing used motor oils. Subsequently, some of the contaminated oil was sold to MT Richards, a fuel company in Illinois, and to the Midwest Oil Refining Company in Overland, Missouri.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In addition to his waste oil business, Bliss owned a horse arena and farm, where he sprayed waste oils to control the problem of dust. One application kept the dust down for several months. Those who visited Bliss' property were impressed by how well the technique worked. It was not long before people began to hire him for his dust-suppressant services.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: On May 26, 1971, the owners of Shenandoah Stable, located near Moscow Mills, Missouri, Judy Piatt and Frank Hampel, paid Bliss $150 to spray the floor of their indoor arena. The waste oil sprayed, which totaled a volume of 2,000 gallons, was uncharacteristically thick, and left a pungent, burning odor. Within a few days of the spraying, birds began to drop dead from the rafters of the barns, and horses began to develop sores and lose their hair. Piatt and Hampel blamed these occurrences on Bliss, who denied responsibility, claiming that the material he sprayed was nothing more than old motor oil.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Acting on their suspicions, Piatt and Hampel removed the top six inches of soil from the entire arena and disposed of it in a landfill. Despite the removal of another 12 inches of soil a few months later, the horses that came to the arena still became ill. After several months, 62 horses died or became so emaciated that they had to be euthanized. Hampel, Piatt, and Piatt's two young daughters also became ill, developing headaches, nosebleeds, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: A month after the spraying at Shenandoah, Bliss was hired to spray the arena at Timberline Stables, near Jefferson City, Missouri. Twelve horses died, and children exposed to the arena were diagnosed with chloracne, a skin condition associated with dioxin poisoning. Suspecting that Bliss' oil was the source of their problems, the owners of Timberline removed the top layer of soil from their property.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: A third arena, at Bubbling Springs Ranch, near St. Louis, was also sprayed around the same time as Timberline and faced similar problems. As at Shenandoah and Timberline, the owners decided to remove the top layer of soil from their arena. Vernon Stout, a road-grading contractor, completed the removal in March 1973. Instead of bringing the soil to a landfill, however, Stout unloaded the soil onto one of his properties and at the nearby home of Harold Minker.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The unexplained deaths and illnesses at Shenandoah immediately caught the attention of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In August 1971, the CDC completed an inspection of Shenandoah Stable, and collected human and animal blood samples, as well as soil samples. Although initial results revealed that the soil at Shenandoah Stable contained PCBs and chlorinated insecticides, the CDC was unable to identify a specific chemical culprit. It was not until 1973 that tests revealed the presence of trichlorophenol. When trace amounts of the crude trichlorophenol contaminant were administered to the inner surfaces of rabbit ears, blisters developed, which was a characteristic result of trichlorophenol poisoning. The unexpected death of some of the affected rabbits however, led the CDC to run more complex tests.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: On July 30, 1974, the CDC found that, in addition to 5,000 ppm of trichlorophenol and 1,590 ppm of PCBs, the soil samples collected from Shenandoah contained over 30 ppm of dioxin. Although little was known about the effects of dioxin on humans, the lethality of small doses in animals was alarming. As a result, the CDC immediately set out to locate other possible sites of contamination. When confronted by the CDC, Bliss stated that he did not know where the dioxin could have come from.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Because dioxin was a by-product of only a handful of chemicals, trichlorophenol being the most common, the CDC narrowed their search to companies in Missouri using or producing trichlorophenol. NEPACCO was the only company on the search list that had come into contact with Bliss.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: NEPACCO went out of business in 1972, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had issued a ban that limited the use of hexachlorophene. The ban was motivated by the death of thirty-two infants in France who were exposed to high levels of hexachlorophene in baby powder. During an inspection of the old NEPACCO facility in Verona, which was now entirely owned by Syntex Agribusiness, the CDC discovered an old tank filled with 4,300 gallons of NEPACCO still bottoms at a dioxin concentration of more than 340 ppm. Due to a lack of incinerators in proximity to the Verona plant, the proper disposal of the leftover still bottoms would not be completed until 1979.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: With further investigation of contaminated locations, the CDC advised residents of the Minker and Stout properties to minimize contact with the soil. Soil samples had revealed a dioxin concentration of 0.85 ppm at Minker's property, and a concentration of 0.44 ppm at Stout's property. In a 1975 confidential report to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the CDC also further advised the removal and burial of contaminated soil from both properties. In the same document, however, the CDC reported that the half-life of dioxin was one year. Based on this estimate, which was later found to be incorrect, Missouri officials decided to forgo the recommended cleanup. Today, the half-life of dioxin is estimated to be seven to eleven years.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The EPA did not become heavily involved with the Missouri dioxin contaminations until 1979 when a former NEPACCO employee reported the burial of toxic waste on a farm located about seven miles from Verona. NEPACCO had paid James Denney, the owner of the farm, $150 for the use of his property. Under the investigations of the EPA, a total of 90 drums, all of which were corroded and leaky, were unearthed. Eleven of these drums contained still bottoms with dioxin concentrations as high as 2,000 ppm.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In May and June 1982, the EPA decided to revisit the Shenandoah, Timberline, and Bubbling Springs stables, as well as the Minker and Stout properties. New soil samples revealed that concentrations of dioxin had not decreased since the last test results obtained by the CDC several years earlier. Although eleven years had passed since the spraying, areas in the Shenandoah arena still contained as much as 1.8 ppm of dioxin. Regional EPA officials advised owners of the contaminated stables to temporarily close and urged the national EPA office to begin cleanup operations at each of the contaminated locations. These cleanup requests were delayed when Rita Lavelle, an assistant administrator at EPA headquarters in Washington, announced that the EPA would be collecting and testing an additional 600 soil samples in order to better understand the extent of contamination.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The EPA's handling of the events in Missouri caught national attention in late 1982 when the Environmental Defense Fund, a public interest group, published a leaked EPA document that listed a total of 14 confirmed and 41 possibly contaminated sites in the state of Missouri. The town of Times Beach was one of the locations listed. The Environmental Defense Fund also claimed that the EPA had decided to lower dioxin cleanup protocol standards. Although the CDC advised for cleanups in locations where dioxin levels were as low as 0.001 ppm, the Environmental Defense Fund report suggested that new EPA protocols would only necessitate clean up in locations where dioxin concentrations were above 0.1 ppm.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In 1972, Times Beach hired Bliss to oil its 23 miles of dirt roads (due to lack of funding, Times Beach was unable to pave its roads). For $2,400, Bliss sprayed approximately 160,000 gallons of waste oil in Times Beach over a period of four years. The release of the leaked EPA document in 1982 was the first time that Times Beach had learned of its contamination. Residents felt betrayed and publicly criticized the EPA for not informing them of the toxic hazards around their homes. Since Times Beach had the largest population out of the listed sites, Times Beach became the subject of national media and attention.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: With pressure from the public, the EPA soon began investigation in Times Beach. Soil sampling was fortuitously completed on December 3, 1982, a day before Times Beach suffered its worst flood in history when the Meramec River breached its banks and rose over 14 feet above flood stage. The residents of Times Beach were evacuated, and by the time the waters began to recede, the EPA had concluded its analysis. Results revealed dioxin concentrations as high as 0.3 ppm along the town's entire network of roads.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: On December 23, 1982, the CDC publicly recommended that Times Beach not be re-inhabited. Officials were uncertain about the health effects of extensive dioxin exposure and even more uncertain of how to rid an entire town of dioxin. Because the town was situated on a flood plain, officials were further concerned that subsequent flooding would spread the contamination beyond control.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Discussions of a federal buyout commenced on January 7, 1983, when President Ronald Reagan created the Times Beach Dioxin Task Force, which consisted of representatives from the EPA, CDC, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and Army Corps of Engineers. During a press conference on February 22, 1983, the EPA announced that the federal government would pay $33.0 million of the estimated $36.7 million cost to buy out the 800 residential properties and 30 businesses of Times Beach. The remaining $3.7 million would be the responsibility of the state.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: By 1985, Times Beach's entire population of well over 2,000 residents had been relocated, and Governor John Ashcroft had issued an executive order for the town's dis-incorporation.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Since it contained over 50 percent of the dioxin in the state of Missouri and because it was no longer inhabited, Times Beach was the logical choice for the placement of a new incinerator. The construction of the incinerator began in June 1995. Once built, it burned more than 265,000 tons of dioxin-contaminated materials from across the state. The cleanup of Missouri was completed in 1997 and had cost close to $200 million.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: In response to the events that transpired in Missouri during the 1970s, a number of laws were passed to regulate the generation and disposal of potentially hazardous products. In 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which required the testing of chemicals that could pose an unreasonable risk to the environment. In 1976, Congress also passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which regulated the transportation and disposal of hazardous waste. In 1980, the passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) established a multibillion-dollar Superfund to investigate and clean up old, abandoned hazardous waste sites.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The passage of CERCLA also defined the liability of a company and ensured that parties responsible for the release of toxic substances are held liable in the case of environmental damage or harm. In 1983, the federal government sued NEPACCO and its officers, Edwin Michaels and John W. Lee, in "United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co.". Under the provisions of CERCLA, NEPACCO was forced to repay the federal government for its cleanup efforts at the farm of James Denney, the site where NEPACCO had buried ninety drums of its chemical waste over a decade earlier.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Because the RCRA was not implemented until 1976, Bliss was not legally required to keep records of the chemical wastes he had collected from NEPACCO. During investigations surrounding the dioxin contamination in Missouri, Bliss maintained that he had no knowledge of the presence of dioxin in the chemical waste he collected from NEPACCO. Still, Bliss was the object of many legal pursuits. Over 14,000 citizens' suits were filed against NEPACCO and its officers, Syntex Agribusiness, IPC, and Bliss. Among these were the cases of Piatt and Hample, who in 1976 settled their suit against Bliss for $10,000 and against IPC for $100,000. In 1981, Piatt and Hample also settled for $65,000 from NEPACCO. IPC paid $1 million to each of Piatt's daughters in 1983.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Although the decision for relocation in 1982 was made in the best interests and safety of the Times Beach residents, the evacuation was not an easy transition. Eight hundred families had to leave their lives completely behind. Initially, parents worried about what to do and where to go for financial assistance. As they began to settle into their new lives, their logistical and financial worries were soon replaced by the fear that their children would be afflicted by sudden chronic illnesses. The psychological trauma caused by relocation was immeasurable.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: The land that was once Times Beach is now Route 66 State Park. One building from the town still exists: the park's visitor center was once a roadhouse from Times Beach's glory days and was the EPA's headquarters for the area. There is a large grass mound beneath which is the debris of the demolished buildings of the former town. The EPA revisited and tested the soil at the Route 66 State Park in June 2012. On November 19, 2012, it was reported that "Soil samples from Route 66 State Park show no significant health risks for park visitors or workers."


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: Several months after the evacuation, the American Medical Association (AMA) publicly criticized the news media for spreading unscientific information about dioxin and the health hazards associated with it. The AMA stated that there was no evidence of adverse consequences from low-level dioxin exposure. Subsequent studies of potentially exposed people from Times Beach and some other contaminated locations in Missouri have revealed no adverse health outcomes that can be directly linked to dioxin. In a study conducted by the CDC and the Missouri Division of Health, no cases of chloracne, a common symptom of acute dioxin poisoning, were observed in Times Beach residents.


title: Times Beach, Missouri

text: By May 1991, Dr Vernon Houk, the director of the CDC's Center for Environmental Health, had come to the same conclusion as the AMA. Although he had made the official recommendation to permanently relocate Times Beach residents in 1982, by 1991, he no longer believed that evacuation had been necessary.


title: Windbreaker

text: A windbreaker, or a windcheater, is a thin fabric jacket designed to resist wind chill and light rain, making it a lighter version of the jacket. It is usually of lightweight construction and characteristically made of a synthetic material. A windbreaker often uses elastic waistbands, and/or armbands, and a zipper to allow adjustments for the current


title: Windbreaker

text: Regular jackets, coats, etc. may include a type of windbreaker as an interlining that can be removed when desired. Windbreakers sometimes include a hood that may be removable and/or stowable. Many windbreakers may also include large pockets on the inside or the outside which allows belongings to be covered from weather such as light wind or rain as mentioned above. Windbreakers may offer "light to moderate" insulating protection, more so than a sweater, but less than an overcoat.


title: Windbreaker

text: Windbreakers are primarily worn during the warmer seasons when wind or rain are expected, or as part of a layering strategy during colder seasons. Brightly colored windbreakers may also be worn by runners as protection from the weather, and as a reflective garment used for safety. A 2012 study demonstrated that adding windbreaker pants and jackets offer a lightweight but effective means of delaying hypothermia if the user is outside walking and encounters unexpected low temperatures.


title: Windbreaker

text: "Windbreaker" is used in the United Kingdom and certain Commonwealth countries, including Australia and India. It can also refer to any glossy synthetic material used to make clothing. Windcheater tops are also commonly known as cagoules or windbreakers in the United Kingdom.


title: Windbreaker

text: Windbreakers can also be called “windcheaters”. The term predates the term windbreaker and was originally used to describe a sort of garment that was more akin to a pullover anorak than a modern zippered windbreaker.


title: Windbreaker

text: Windcheater is also used to describe a retail item used on the beach and camping to prevent wind from disturbing social enjoyment. Normally made from cotton, nylon, canvas and recycled sails, these windbreaks tend to have three or more panels held in place with poles that slide into pockets sewn into the panel (like many tents).The poles are then hammered into the ground and a windbreak is formed.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: My Life as a Courgette (; also titled My Life as a Zucchini) is a 2016 stop-motion animated comedy-drama film directed by Claude Barras, and co-written by Céline Sciamma. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: This is the second adaptation of Gilles Paris' 2002 novel "Autobiographie d'une Courgette", as there was a French live-action television film adaptation called "C'est mieux la vie quand on est grand" which aired in 2007.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: The film received acclaim for its emotional tone and story and won Best Animated Film and Best Adapted Screenplay at the 42nd César Awards. At the 89th Academy Awards, it was nominated for the Best Animated Feature Film and was selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards, making the December shortlist.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: Set in Switzerland in the 2010s, Icare lives with his mother who has become an alcoholic after Icare's father abandoned their family. One day when his mom comes after him in a drunken rage, Icare accidentally pushes her down the stairs, causing her death. Later on, Icare makes a deposition to Police Officer Raymond. He informs him that he prefers to be called "Courgette", his mother's nickname for him. As mementos, he keeps one of his mom's beer cans and a kite he made with a drawing of his father as a superhero.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: Raymond brings Courgette to an orphanage. Simon, one of the kids there, initially picks on Courgette and tries to force him to say what happened to his parents. After a fight over the kite, Simon warms up to Courgette and explains that he's the one who knows about all the kids' backgrounds. He then points out the backstories of the other kids, whose parents are either deceased or, as in Simon's case, in trouble with the law. Courgette then tells him about what happened to his own mother.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: One day, a new girl named Camille arrives and Courgette develops a crush on her at first sight. Simon and Courgette sneak a look at her files and find that she had witnessed her father murder her mother for cheating on him, and then kill himself. Camille does have a living aunt, but she is a spiteful woman who wants custody of Camille only for the money she'll get in taking her in. Courgette and Camille start to bond during an overnight vacation at a snow resort, where he refashions his mom's beer can into a toy boat for her.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: Courgette grows close to Officer Raymond as he regularly sends letters and drawings to him. Raymond plans to spend a holiday with Courgette, on the same weekend that Camille is supposed to spend with her aunt. Camille stows away in Raymond's car instead. Raymond reluctantly agrees to bring both kids to the outing. The three have fun at an amusement park and return to Raymond's house, where Raymond reveals that he has a son that never talks to him. Camille's aunt suddenly appears and angrily takes Camille away.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: A few weeks later comes the custody meeting with the judge. There, Camille reveals that Simon had snuck an MP3 player into her toy boat that she's used to record her aunt insulting her mom and yelling at her. The aunt loses her temper at Camille right in front of the judge, destroying her bid for custody.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: Raymond finally decides to take both Courgette and Camille in as foster children. Simon is initially angry, but he ultimately coaxes a reluctant Courgette to go with Raymond. Raymond takes some group photos of the kids before he leaves with Courgette and Camille. While living with Raymond, Courgette still writes letters to the kids at the orphanage, maintaining that he, Camille and Raymond are people that still love them all. Courgette now keeps a group photo of the kids on his kite.


title: My Life as a Courgette

text: The film has a rating of 99% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""My Life as a Zucchini"s silly title and adorable characters belie a sober story whose colorful visuals delight the senses even as it braves dark emotional depths." On Metacritic, the film received a rating of 85 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Don (2007 film)

text: Don is a 2007 Indian Telugu-language action film produced by M.L. Kumar Chowdary on Sri Keerthi Creations banner and directed by Raghava Lawrence, starring himself along with Nagarjuna, Anushka Shetty, while Nikita Thukral and Kelly Dorji play supporting roles. Raghava Lawrence made his debut as music director for the film. "Don" released on 20 December 2007 and film was remade in Bangladesh as "Don Number One" and in Odia as "with same name" starring Siddhanta Mahapatra And Anubhav Mohanty.


title: Don (2007 film)

text: The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as "Don No. 1" in 2008 and in Tamil under the same title.


title: Don (2007 film)

text: 1987: Surya aka Suri finds a drug dealer tormenting little boys. Surya guns down the drug dealer and One of the boys, Raghava, expresses his wish to join him where the rest of the boys become Surya's friends and eventually his henchmen.


title: Don (2007 film)

text: 2007: Surya is a don with a golden heart and Raghava is his lieutenant. They rule the underworld of India together and help the police to bust down corrupt activities. Stephen is a feared don throughout globally, who wants to add India to his underworld business with Surya working under him. Surya refuses to work with Stephen and warns him that he should never set eyes on the country again. Enraged, Stephan arranges many attempts to kill Surya, but Stephen's men get killed. Rathnam wants to kill Raghava due to some reason, but Raghava kills Rathnam because the latter had hosted a hideout for Stephen in Hyderabad. Meanwhile, Suri falls in love with Priya. At first, she does not like him but later finds that he is a good person and reciprocated.


title: Don (2007 film)

text: Raghava also finds a girl Nandhini and falls for her, who accepts his feelings. In the process, he is cornered, where Nandhini is revealed to be Stephan's henchwoman. Raghava is killed. In a final meeting between Surya and Stephen, the latter returns Raghava's corpse. Stephen challenges Surya to a fight on the condition that "(A person will lose two of his men for each fall he takes)". Enraged and heartbroken by Raghava's death, Surya accepts his challenge. As the combat progresses where Surya loses two of his men. Determined to win, Surya continues the fight and thrashes up Stephen and his two women bodyguards. The fight ends with Stephen getting killed by Surya, avenging Raghava's death and Surya warns Stephen's remaining henchmen, not to be like their boss and finally, Surya becomes the unopposed don of India.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, officially abbreviated MPO, is a 2006 action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami for the PlayStation Portable. The game was directed by Masahiro Yamamoto and written by Gakuto Mikumo, with series creator Hideo Kojima acting as producer.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: While not the first Metal Gear game for the PSP, unlike the previously released "Metal Gear Acid" and its sequel, as well as the "", it retains the action-based play mechanics from the mainline series. Set in 1970, six years after the events of "", the game follows the exploits of Naked Snake after he finds himself captured in Colombia by the now renegade FOX unit.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "Portable Ops" draws heavily from "", utilizing the camera system from the "" edition of the game. The main addition to "MPO" is the Comrade System. Instead of the solo missions of previous "MGS" games, "MPO" goes for a squad-based approach, with Snake having to recruit allies and form a team of trained specialists. Before each mission, the player must compose a four-man squad. The squad is then sent into battle. Each member of Snake's squad has his or her own strengths and weaknesses. While some units are best utilized on the battlefield, others may specialize in producing items, healing allies, or providing intel for each of the game's maps.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: During missions, the player controls only one squad member at a time. Squad members not in use will hide themselves inside a cardboard box, and can be swapped into play when the player-controlled character finds a hiding spot, where he or she will hide in a cardboard box.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: A variety of methods can be employed to expand one's squad. If an enemy character is tranquilized or stunned, they can be dragged to a waiting vehicle and captured. After a few in-game days, the captured soldier will become a member of Snake's team. The player can also drag enemy characters to any ally waiting in a cardboard box, where, through the use of a transceiver frequency, or by giving the cardboard box a "nudge", the ally will transport the enemy for the player, saving stamina. Alternatively, by accessing the PSP in certain hotspots using the system's Wi-Fi feature, soldiers and even special bonus characters can be recruited. The PSP GPS Receiver can also be used to similar effect. Since the player's team consists primarily of former enemy soldiers and personnel, generic characters can walk among their own kind undetected as long as the player avoids suspicious actions such as pointing a gun or being spotted by an enemy of another type. Characters that can be recruited by the player include Soviet soldiers, FOX unit members, high-ranking officers, scientists, engineers and government officials. In addition to the standard male characters, the player can recruit and control women scientists and officers as well. The player can also recruit the GRU, KGB and Ocelot unit soldiers from "MGS3", but these are only attainable by AP Scan.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Characters who are killed in combat are eliminated from the player's squad permanently. "Unique characters" (i.e. characters important to the game's story, who can only be added into the player's squad by fulfilling certain tasks) are exempt from this rule. If a unique character is wounded in combat, they are sent to an infirmary to recover, making them unusable for a few in-game days. The player can also restart or abort a mission at any moment.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Another new feature is the surround indicator added to the game's HUD. Similar to the radar in previous titles, the surround indicator allows players to determine the relative proximity of enemy soldiers by the noises they make. The surround indicator is composed of two circles; the outer circle displays the noises made by enemies and inner circle displays noises made by the player's character.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The game contains a Wi-Fi-enabled multiplayer mode, which is an expansion of the "Metal Gear Online" mode previously featured in "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence". The player's performance in the Online Mode may affect his or her performance in the single player campaign; the player can recruit and trade soldiers from beaten opponents, or vice versa. Additionally, certain multiplayer options result in recruits being removed from the one's single player roster permanently.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: In contrast to the console games in the series, the cutscenes that drive the story are not rendered using the usual real time engine. Instead, they are presented using an animated comic style consisting of hand-drawn artwork by artist Ashley Wood. This style was previously utilized in "". The game also features voice acting, consisting of returning cast members from "Snake Eater" and new actors. However, mission briefings and CODEC calls are text only.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "Portable Ops" takes place in 1970, six years after "Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater". It follows the soldier Naked Snake (David Hayter/Akio Ōtsuka) who is forced to fight off his former unit, FOX, after they instigate a revolt in a South American base. In his fight he meets Roy Campbell (David Agranov/Toshio Furukawa), a surviving member of the Green Berets team that was sent to investigate the affair. Snake's former teammates including his commanding officer Major Zero (Jim Piddock/Banjō Ginga), Para-Medic (Heather Halley/Houko Kuwashima) and Sigint (James C. Mathis III/Keiji Fujiwara) return as the support crew as they are suspected for treason alongside Snake.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The main antagonist is Gene (Steven Blum/Norio Wakamoto), the current commander of the FOX unit who seeks to establish his own military nation. He is a product of the Successor Project that aimed to artificially create the perfect commander, patterned after The Boss. He is assisted by Lt. Cunningham (Noah Nelson/Daisuke Gōri), an expert in interrogation techniques. (who is later revealed to be a double agent of the Pentagon sent to tarnish the CIA's reputation) Gene also has a protégé named Elisa (Tara Strong/Saori Goto) who is gifted with extraordinary psychic abilities, implied to be the result of exposure to nuclear fallout during the Kyshtym disaster. Elisa suffers from dissociative identity disorder and has developed a second personality called "Ursula", whose psychic abilities are stronger than her "Elisa" personality. As "Ursula", she works as a member of FOX, while her "Elisa" personality is a medic who takes care of Null and an informant for Snake. Snake meets Elisa, who initially tells Snake that she and Ursula are twin sisters, only to later learn the truth. Two FOX members previously associated with Snake include Null (Larc Spies/Jun Fukuyama), a teenage assassin trained to be the perfect soldier. and Python (Dwight Schultz/Yusaku Yara), a former war buddy of Snake who was previously presumed dead during the Vietnam War.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Other characters include Ghost (Brian Cummings/Naoki Tatsuta), an informant who comes into contact with Snake, revealing the existence of ICBMG, the new Metal Gear prototype, Ocelot (Josh Keaton/Takumi Yamazaki), a former Spetsnaz Major who assists Gene from behind-the-scenes, EVA (Vanessa Marshall/Misa Watanabe), a spy for the PLA who assisted Snake in "Snake Eater", and Raikov (Charlie Schlatter/Kenyu Horiuchi), a GRU Major. Teliko Friedman (Kari Wahlgren/Yūko Nagashima) and Venus (Kathryn Fiore/Rika Komatsu), the heroines from "Metal Gear Acid" and "Metal Gear Acid 2" respectively, can both be added to the player's squad by either: completing certain side-missions or by starting the second playthrough with save data from their respective games.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: In 1970, six years after the events of "Snake Eater", Naked Snake's former team, FOX unit, has broken their allegiance with the CIA and gone rogue. Snake is also targeted by the FOX unit, which has sent renegade FOX unit soldiers to capture him. The game begins with the torture and interrogation of Snake by one of the FOX members, Lieutenant Cunningham. Lt. Cunningham is trying to locate the missing half of the Philosopher's Legacy, with the United States Government having already acquired the other half of the Legacy from the Soviet Union at the conclusion of "Snake Eater". Snake is imprisoned in a cell next to Roy Campbell, the sole survivor of an American Green Beret team sent in to investigate the base. Snake learns through Roy that they are on the San Hieronymo Peninsula (a Russian transliteration of "San Jerónimo Peninsula") or "La Península de los Muertos", the site of an abandoned Soviet missile silo in Colombia.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The two escape and Snake makes his way to a communications base, where he attempts to contact his old CO, Major Zero. Instead, he is greeted by his old FOX comrades Para-Medic and Sigint, who reveal that Snake and Zero are being charged for treason and that the only way for Snake to be exonerated from the charges is to find and apprehend the leader of the rebellion, Gene. To complicate matters, Gene has also convinced most of the Soviet soldiers stationed at the base to join their side by simply taking over the chain of command belonging to a Soviet unit which was secretly stationed inside the Colombian territory. In order to complete his mission, Snake must persuade enemy soldiers to join his ranks due to the scale of his mission.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Snake and his squad defeat the top members of the FOX unit and eventually they make their way into Gene's guesthouse. Snake learns many things on his way. Cunningham was working for the Pentagon and wanted Snake to push Gene into launching a nuke at the Soviet Union to tarnish the CIA's reputation and to prolong the Cold War. Gene was actually aware of this plan from the beginning due to information from Ocelot. Gene really wanted to launch a nuke at America to destroy the Philosophers and to make his nation of soldiers, "Army's Heaven". Snake destroys an experimental model of the ICBMG (the Metal Gear model) codenamed RAXA and eventually defeats Gene, destroying the finished ICBMG model afterward. After Gene is defeated he gives Snake the funds, equipment, personnel, and all other information regarding "Army's Heaven". On his return home, Snake is awarded for his actions, he then establishes FOXHOUND afterwards. Elsewhere, Ocelot kills the DCI (Director of Central Intelligence) and takes documents containing the identities of the Philosophers in an effort to "end them".


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: In the post-credits epilogue, Ocelot speaks with an unknown man on the phone, they are plotting to use the Legacy to fulfill their own agenda. Ocelot actually wanted the trajectory data of the nuke to point to the DCI, in order to black mail the DCI into giving Ocelot the documents containing the true identities of the Philosophers. Ocelot agrees to join his new employer's project under the condition that Snake/Big Boss participates as well.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The game was conceptualized when the Kojima Productions staff decided to make the first "Metal Gear Solid" chapter rather than another spin-off for the PlayStation Portable. Hideo Kojima had the idea of the player being able to recruit comrades with the Wi-Fi play. As a result, the game was specifically designed for a portable platform, rather than a home console. Most of the staff had previously worked in the spin-off "Metal Gear Acid 2" making "Portable Ops" their first time doing a main installment. Their biggest challenge was adapting the play mechanics from "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence" (the latest console installment at the time) to "Portable Ops" as the PlayStation Portable lacked a right analog. Since players cannot spin the camera with the PlayStation Portable the game was added a sound indicator system that helps them to see where there are enemies. Impressed with Ashley Wood's work in "Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel" the studio asked his collaboration to illustrate the events accompanied with voice-overs from the story replacing the typical use of real time graphics previously used for cutscenes.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "MPO" is notably the first "Metal Gear" game for a portable platform that was written to be part of the series' main continuity. However, the game was not directed nor written by Hideo Kojima (who at the time was leading the development of "" on PlayStation 3), but by a separate team led by Masahiro Yamamoto and written by Japanese novelist Gakuto Mikumo. The marketing for "MPO" attempted to distance the game from prior "Metal Gear" entries on portable platforms, particularly the 2D action game "" for the Game Boy Color and the turn-based "Metal Gear Acid" series also on PSP (both which were set in their own alternate continuity), with one promotional video on the official English website (narrated by Ryan Payton, Kojima Productions' international coordinator at the time) referring to "MPO" as "a true action-based chapter in the "Metal Gear Saga"." This would carry over with the promotion of the series' 20th Anniversary campaign, in which "MPO" was packaged alongside the three mainline "MGS" games at the time as part of a box set released in Japan, and later on with the release of "MGS4", in which the "Metal Gear Solid 4: Database" (a downloadable encyclopedia for the PS3 covering the lore of the "Metal Gear" series up to that point) include entries for characters, items and events depicted in "MPO". Kojima also claimed that "MPO" was a necessary component to the story of "MGS4", to the extent that he refused to finalize the story for "MGS4" until after the story for "MPO" was finalized.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: This would change when Kojima started the development of "" (or "MGSPW"), a later action-based entry also released on the PSP. Unlike "MPO", "MGSPW" was directed and written by Kojima, much like the numbered console entries of the series. Set four years after the events of "MPO", "MGSPW" would be written as a direct sequel to "MGS3" and the events of "MPO" are only given one brief direct mention by one character. Kojima describes "MGSPW" as a true mainline installment in the series, contrasting it with "MPO" and the "Acid" series (which he regards as spinoffs). The official timelines and retrospectives published by Kojima Productions since then tend to omit "MPO" as a canonical entry, with the 25th Anniversary page going as far as to describe "MGSPW" as the "first game in the canonical "Metal Gear Saga" released for the PlayStation Portable platform", while the summary of "MGSPW" on the main page describing Metal Gear ZEKE as the "world's first Metal Gear." Kojima would later clarify his stance on "MPO", saying that he views the series' canon from an authoritative status, setting apart the "Metal Gear" games that he personally worked on (which carry the "A Hideo Kojima Game" byline) from the games that he only worked on as a producer or didn't have a direct involvement in its development.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The game was first released in North America on December 5, 2006. In Japan, it was released two weeks later, on December 21, in two limited edition packages, with both of them sharing most of its unique bonus content, such as a special camouflage for the PlayStation Portable, as well as a set of three original lapel pins.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: In Europe, the game was set to be released in April, yet it was delayed for a month. In the United Kingdom, the game could only be released on May 25, 2007, after it was revealed that the required BBFC rating was missing, forcing retailers to send back their stocks. The added features for the European release included new maps for the single-player campaign and multiplayer mode, characters, missions, player careers, as well as a new "Boss Rush" mode.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: On November 1, 2009, the game was released digitally on the PlayStation Store on the PSP in all three regions. In June 2016, the game PSP digital version of the game was also made available for the PlayStation Vita and PlayStation TV.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: The musical score of "Portable Ops" was composed by Norihiko Hibino, Takahiro Izutani, Yoshitaka Suzuki, Kazuma Jinnouchi, Nobuko Toda and Akihiro Honda. The ending theme ("Calling To The Night") was composed by Akihiro Honda and arranged by Norihiko Hibino and Akihiro Honda, with vocals by Natasha Farrow and lyrics by Nobuko Toda. "Calling to the Night" was later featured in "" as an iPod track, and Nintendo's "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" as one of the songs played on the Shadow Moses Island stage. Recently the song was adopted in as a playable in-game track via the Walkman tool. The soundtrack was first released in Japan on December 20, 2006.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops" received positive reviews. The game scored an average of 86.95% based on 43 reviews on GameRankings and an 87/100 based on 54 reviews on Metacritic. IGN and GameSpot in particular both awarded the game 9 out of 10.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus" (officially abbreviated "MPO+") is a stand-alone expansion of the original "MPO", focused primarily on online play. It was first announced on July 17, 2007 and was released in Japan on September 20, 2007, in North America on November 13, 2007 and in Europe on March 28, 2008. A digital version was released on the PlayStation Store in 2009.


title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: "MPO+" include new general and unique character types from other "MGS" titles, as well as new items and weapons, new multiplayer maps, and new game modes. While "MPO+" does not require the original "MPO", players who have save data from the original game can transfer their squad to the expansion and any unique character that the players recruit in the original "MPO" since their initial save file was created will be added automatically in "MPO+" if detected. The following changes have been made to the game.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Lancia Ypsilon is a supermini manufactured and marketed by Lancia, now in its third generation and as of 2022, the marque's only model. The Ypsilon was released in 1995, as a larger and more expensive replacement to the Y10. Between 1995 and 2005 Lancia produced more than 870,000 Ypsilons in the Melfi plant in the Potenza region.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The third generation Ypsilon, sharing its platform with the Fiat 500, was marketed also as the Chrysler Ypsilon in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Japan. Fiat Group discontinued the Chrysler variant in 2017, having marketed 2,000 units in 2014. It is also no longer sold in Japan, with the discontinuation of both the Lancia Voyager and Lancia Thema branding on Chrysler-built vehicles in 2015. It is currently only available in the Italian market.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Lancia Y (Type 840) was designed by Enrico Fumia in 1992. It was developed over 24 months at a cost of around 400 billion Italian lira and was presented in Rome in January 1996. The arches defined the car, repeating themselves on all sides of the car. The length is 3.72 m, 33 cm longer than the Y10. The Lancia Y was built on the platform of the Fiat Punto series 176 (the same platform as the Palio and Barchetta), with a redesigned trailing arm independent rear suspension, connected by a stabilizer bar, to provide a more comfortable and refined driving experience, while suspension at the front remained of the independent MacPherson type.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The main features of the Lancia Y include five seats, a soft plastic dashboard, and accessories, and options, including body colors in 100 shades from the Lancia Kaleidoscope catalog. Another design property that distinguished the Y was the instrument cluster in the center of the dashboard, which was adopted by the Musa and Ypsilon later in 2003.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Initially, the range featured three trim levels: LE, LS, and LX. A "Cosmopolitan" special edition of 600 pieces was later added. It was created through collaboration with the magazine, based on the LX trim. It was sold in the European market outside of Italy.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Air conditioning was standard on the LX and an option on the LS. The LX also offered an enhanced instrument cluster with a rev counter and a larger display that also displayed the outside temperature.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The engines were part of the FIRE series that debuted in the Y10 in 1985 and later was used in other Fiat and Lancia vehicles. They were available in displacements of 1,108 and 1,242cc with eight valves in an overhead camshaft arrangement. The top-of-the-line 1.4 12 valve "Pratola Serra" engine with was carried over from the Fiat Bravo/Brava. Given the limited success of the Pratola Serra engine, it was soon replaced by the first so-called SuperFIRE engine, featuring four valves per cylinder and multipoint fuel injection. The Lancia Y was the first car to receive this evolution of the FIRE.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The 1,242cc SuperFIRE developed at 6,000 rpm and a maximum torque of 113 Nm at 4,500 rpm. This engine remains available on the 2013 Lancia Ypsilon, 2013 Ford Ka, and the Fiat 500.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The SuperFIRE features a unique control system of the engine timing distribution: A toothed belt drives the camshaft of the exhaust valves, which in turn drives the intake camshaft via a gear.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Elefantino Rosso (English: Tiny Red Elephant, which was the symbol of the historic Lancia HF sports cars that won numerous rally competitions) is the sports version of the Lancia Y and the sister car to the Fiat Punto Sporting. It features an interior in grey Alcantara, seats also in grey Alcantara and accentuated with dark grey fabric insets that echo the exterior color of the car, a center console, 15" wheels and rear-view mirrors in a titanium look, the steering wheel and gearshift in grey leather with red stitching, air conditioning, a shorter gearbox ratio for quicker acceleration from 0–100 km/h and in 5th gear, a lowered and stiffened suspension with bigger roll bars and more direct power steering. It reached a top speed of 177 km/h and was the only car in the lineup to receive 15" wheels with 195/50R15 tires. For those who desired a more discreet, comfortable, and luxurious ride, the LX (with an Alcantara and walnut veneer interior) and LS were also available with SuperFIRE. They were able to reach the same top speed as the "Pratola Serra" versions. The 1.2 8V was available with an automatic ECVT transmission.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Lancia had pulled out of RHD markets two years prior to the Y's launch. Thus, no RHD version was developed.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Italian magazine "Quattroruote" test drove the "Ypsilon 16V LX" beyond its usual city use and praised its excellent power reserves while offering the comforts of a car worthy of a higher price. The Lancia Ypsilon was featured in Gran Turismo 2. The model was an immediate success selling over 42,000 units in the first two months.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In October 2000 the exterior and interior were restyled. The external changes included a new, larger grille, new bumpers, new taillights, new wheel cover designs, new fog lights. The side moldings of the car became much smoother and body-colored. The most significant internal change was the headrests (instead of drilled solids) and new seats and new steering wheel (similar to that of the Lancia Lybra). The material was no longer available with "soft touch", reflective security was removed from the doors, the climate control button was replaced with a lever, and the instrument panel was made more readable and modern, especially in the use of the LED display. The length of the car increased slightly from 3.72 metres to 3.74 metres.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The LX and Red Elephant versions, which cost €15,060 list, came with the standard including driver and passenger airbags, air conditioning, ABS, power steering, Blaupunkt radio/navigation system with 6 speakers, split rear seat with headrests, the Alcantara interior, outdoor temperature display, electrically operated door mirrors painted in body color, the helm station and instrument panel were red instead of green, central locking with remote control, power windows, adjustable seat and steering wheel, leather interior with red stitching on the Red Elephant, fog lamps and alloy wheels with 185/60 R 14 tires for the LX and 195/50 R15 for the Red Elephant.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The following years were marketed by other special versions: DoDo, Vanity and Unica. 16v versions reduce their output of due to new Euro 3 pollution standards. Emissions were reduced with a more linear delivery, while maintaining, and sometimes even increasing, consumption.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Lancia reduced power from 60 PS on the 1242 cc, due to the addition of the sequential multipoint fuel injection system, costing power.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: It also removed the engine 1108 option, as it had not yet been adapted to the new Euro 3 directive, leaving the 1.2 8v and 1.2 16v .


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In September 2003, after nearly nine years of career and just above 804,600 units sold, its successor, the Lancia Ypsilon debuted, replacing it completely the following year.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Y was awarded 2 stars in the Euro NCAP crash test for adult protection and Euro NCAP 2-star certification for pedestrian safety.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Ypsilon (Type 843) was Introduced in 2003 to access the Lancia range. It was designed to meet the needs of a young audience, and over time found sales, especially to females. It became the best-selling car of the Lancia range with an annual production of about 60,000 units. It was initially assembled at the Fiat plant in Melfi. In June 2005 production was moved to Sicily at the plant in Termini Imerese Palermo. The car uses a three-door body about 3.78 meters long, with the design inspired by the historic Lancia Ardea.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The front is characterized by a large chrome grille with lobes at the top. The lighting is placed at the ends of the front arch. Bumpers are characterized by the presence of a coating applied to the fascia. Above the air, intakes are the fog lights (in versions of the tip). A prominent rib runs along the sides. The glazing frames are chrome-plated versions of the tip. The tail has vertically oriented headlamps that culminate in the bumper and are integrated into the fenders. The rear tailgate has a small size that limits visibility, embellished by chromed fascia above the license plate.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The frame used a shortened version of the B platform debuted with the Fiat Punto (188) and adopted also by the Fiat Idea and Lancia Musa. The engine is transverse front-mounted, with front-wheel drive. The front independent suspensions are MacPherson struts with stabilizer bar, with steel arms, while at the rear there is a semi-independent torsion beam suspension. Ventilated front disc and rear drum brakes were available only for the home versions. Sport MomoDesign provided the four-disc brakes with stiffened suspension and trim for other models. All versions included anti-wheel drive lock (ABS) with Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD) and an electric power steering system that stiffens gradually, but among the options are combined electronic stability control and traction.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The interior is covered with plastic inserts on door panels and instrument panel is covered with Airtex fabric, leather or Alcantara depending on the model. Two-tone upholstery and plastic inserts mimic aluminium. The upholstery is available in four different materials: "glamorous", Airtex, suede, and leather. It offers large storage space in front of the driver and passenger. The air conditioning and radio controls were located in the central area, including the optional navigation system.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In autumn 2006 the Ypsilon received a touch-up that affected the engines and internals. It had a new front grille, more rounded bumpers with enlarged air intakes, and rear light clusters with chrome-effect ice. There are five versions: Silver, Passion, White Gold, Yellow Gold, and Platinum. New fabrics for the seats came with new combinations of colors. Finishes on the bridge are painted silver or dark gray. The car has a new 1.3 Multijet 16v engine of 75, 90, or 105 horses. It also offered Blue&Me hands-free (Bluetooth with USB port), new colors, and new wheels.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The new Ypsilon can be equipped with pay-Electronic Stability Control and Hill Holder, a 0.93 g of grip, even if the rolling is accentuated by the soft suspension calibration. The shift lever is in a raised position and the split rear bench seat and sliding. The 2008 model introduced a DPF particulate filter as standard on all diesel engines except the 105 horsepower 1.3 Multijet diesel with the automated manual transmission D.F.N. (Dolce Far Niente).


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In 2010, the exterior mirrors increased in size and darkened headlamps appeared. In 2011 Lancia introduced the final version called Ypsilon Unyca.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Production of the second generation Lancia Ypsilon ended on 23 November 2011 because Fiat Group closed the Termini Imerese factory where the Ypsilon was assembled. The third generation of Lancia Ypsilon is produced at Tychy in Poland.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Ypsilon was produced in two body colours version (called B-colore), which recalls Lancia tradition. The best-selling Ypsilons were the Passion, the Momo Design and Sport Momo Design characterized by the double body-colour, distinct from the top (roof, side mirrors and rear hatch) and the rest of the fairing, as well as some mostly sporty details (alloy wheels, interior). It derives directly from a concept called Ypsilon Sport, presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 2005 and developed in collaboration with Zagato Design Centre. It differs from the parent version of the engine, 1.4 Fire 95 PS and 1.3 Multijet 75, 90 and 105 horsepower, the four-disc braking system with lowered suspension, tires and its "sporty" design features.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In May 2008, as in 2006, the limited edition makeover ModaMilano returned with colour changes (TOP Borromini Grey colour), Bi-colour multi-spoke wheels, chrome trim and dashboard instrumentation cupolotto covered with skin.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Since 2009, the Ypsilon Versus was a limited edition of just 1,000, designed by Versace, with Bronzino Bronze body and interior. The Paris 2009 concept car was presented as Ypsilon Elle carried out in collaboration with the women's magazine. Elle was characterized by special pink bodywork and interior trim. Also in 2009, the Ypsilon E-Collection arrived, characterized by low environmental impact engines with reduced carbon dioxide emissions dioxide and B-body colour.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: By 2011, the full range met the Euro 5 emission standard. It offered a new interior trim color palette. The interior had parabolic mirrors painted in Gloss Black. In 2011 the Ypsilon Unyca debuted.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The engine range included a four-cylinder 1.2 Fire, expanded from 60 PS to 69 PS in October 2010. The 1.2 version was joined by a 16-valve, , replaced in 2006 by a 1.4 Fire 8 valve . The 1.4 engine was produced in 95 PS 16-valve version, while the 1.4 8 valve was produced beginning in 2009 from version EcoChic powered by LPG or petrol.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The 1.3 Multijet diesel engine was produced from 2003 to 2006. It varied from to . It was subsequently expanded to offer 90 and 105. The Multijet with D.P.F. had reduced emissions and fuel consumption.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The first drawings of Type 846 were developed in late 2006 and early 2007 by the Lancia Style Centre, directed by Alberto Dilillo, before the Fiat/Chrysler alliance. The final model included only a few changes from the original, especially in the grille that recalls the style of most Chrysler models, with horizontal slats replacing the two lobes with vertical slats. As of 2022, it is the sole model available in Lancia's range.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The third series of Ypsilon adopted a five-door body with rear door handles recessed into the door's trailing edge.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The third generation shares the Fiat Mini platform with the Fiat 500 and Panda. Production was moved to Fiat's Tychy plant, reaching 100,000 units per year at full capacity. The front suspension continued with independent wheel MacPherson struts at the front and the semi-independent torsion beam with a stabilizer bar at the rear.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The Ypsilon Type 846 received investment of (150 for development, 40 for the industrial structure and the remainder for production). The body is 3.84 meters long with a wheelbase of 2.39 meters. The cabin is approved for 5 seats. At the launch up to 600 possible customization combinations with 16 exterior colors (including 4 Bi-color version).


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Accessories included an automatic parking system, marketed as "Magic Parking", bi-xenon headlights and LED rear lights in addition to available automatic Start & Stop.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: All models were equipped with standard four airbags and stability and traction control (ESP and ASR) with Hill Holder, and ABS with EBD. European versions included Silver, Gold intermediate, and Platinum option packages. Type 846 continued to feature center-dash instrumentation.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Type 846 included a right-hand-drive variant for the UK and Ireland, where it was sold as the Chrysler Ypsilon. It is sold in Morocco and Israel through the Fiat dealer network. In 2012 it began selling in Japan under the Chrysler brand at Yanase Co., Ltd. Japanese dealerships. It isn't exported to the US in order to avoid competition with the Fiat 500, which is produced at Chrysler's Toluca plant in Mexico.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: At the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, Lancia debuted Ypsilon Diamond concept cars, which anticipated the release of a luxury model. The Diamond features two-tone paint with a top layer called "eco-chrome" covering pillars, roof, hood, and mirrors. The lower part of the body is painted in Chiffon Blanc (a particular kind of white). The interior is fully lined in leather and Alcantara with two-tone seats covered in Galuchat black bronze leather. Head restraints display the Y logo. The outside of the seats, dashboard and some door details are covered with Nubuck light-colored leather with shift knob made of transparent acrylic to get the diamond effect. The Ypsilon Diamond has remained a concept car only.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: At the Bologna Motor Show in December 2011 Lancia presented the Ypsilon Black&Red, with special equipment proposed for young buyers, including special paint and hi-fi audio. Offered in 4 paint styles (Rosso Argilla, Nero Vulcano, Rosso Fiamma, and the bi-color Rosso Argilla with roof and hood in Nero Vulcano) the interior offers the same color as the body with alternation of black and red. The Ypsilon Black&Red is sold in most markets (including UK and Ireland) with 1.2 Fire petrol engine, 0.9 TwinAir Turbo and 1.3 Multijet diesel.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The engine range consists of the 1.2L eight-valve Fire petrol capable of , already present on the previous version and coupled to a 5-speed manual gearbox. A new option is the 0.9 L TwinAir two-cylinder with turbocharger capable of and with Multiair. The 0.9 L TwinAir has emissions of 99 g/km of in the version with 5-speed manual transmission while the version with a DFN (Dolce Far Niente) automatic 5-speed transmission has emissions down to 97 g/km of . The Ypsilon 0.9 L TwinAir declares consumption between 23.8 and 24.4 km/L. The diesel engine is the classic 1.3 L Multijet 16 valve with a DPF capable of emitting 99 g/km of and is mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. Lancia Ypsilon 1.3 Multijet states for the consumption of 26.3 km/L.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: Premiered at Frankfurt International Salon, the new Ypsilon brings redesigned front end with a different lower bumper, featuring a horizontal bar, and new, wider, grille. Available will be two new colors: "Blu di Blu", a classic Lancia tone, and "Ivory Chic" aimed at modern trends. All engines meet Euro 6 emission standards with "Ecochic" versions including LPG or methane fuelled. Inside, the UConnect infotainment system with a 5-inch LCD touch screen debuts, while the basic versions introduce a new DAB radio. New seat covers also make their debut. In September 2018 the engines were re-homologated according to Euro 6D-Temp regulations in the new WLTP cycle. The 1.3 Multijet diesel engine goes out of production following low sales.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In March 2020 Lancia introduces the Ypsilon EcoChic Hybrid powered by the GSE FireFly 1.0-liter, three-cylinder gasoline engine that churns out , coupled to a 12-volt BSG (belt-integrated starter generator) electric motor.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: The electric motor draws power from a small 0.13 kWh lithium battery and the vehicle should reduce fuel consumption and emission by as much as 24 percent when compared to its non-hybrid counterpart. The Ypsilon Hybrid has a new 6-speed manual transmission and is homologated Euro 6D-Final.


title: Lancia Ypsilon

text: In 2021 Stellantis gave the car a grille with vertical strips according to the Lancia tradition and updated headlights with new daytime running lights. It was also announced that the maker will now be considered a premium car maker and will be part of the Stellantis group's "premium pool" sharing parts with DS and Alfa Romeo.


title: Ifugao

text: Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao (; ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.


title: Ifugao

text: The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province. These terraces are believed to have been hand-carved into the mountains 2,000 years ago to plant rice. However, recent research by carbon dating suggests that they were built much later. In 1995, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2008 and 2015, the "Hudhud chants of the Ifugao" and the "Punnuk (Tugging rituals and games)" were inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.


title: Ifugao

text: Ifugao is named after the term "i-pugo" (""i"" [from/people] and "pugo" [hill]), which translates to "people of the hill". Alternatively, the province's name may have come from the word "pugaw", which means "the cosmic earth", "ipugaw" then referring to "mortals". Finally, the name may have been derived from "ipugo", a type of grain in local mythology given to the people by Matungulan, the god of grains.


title: Ifugao

text: The Spanish had great difficulty in taking over Ifugao, like most of the Cordilleras due to the fierce belief of the Cordillera people of their rights since ancient times. The Ifugao battled colonizers for hundreds of years, even after the state was colonized and was transformed into a part of Nueva Vizcaya province of the Spanish-administered Philippines. In 1891, the Spanish government established Quiangan as a "comandancia-politico-militar" for the Ifugao area. The Spanish occupation in the province ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.


title: Ifugao

text: In the Northern Philippines, the Ifugao people are one of many minority ethnolinguistic groups best documented by ethnohistoric and anthropological scholars. However, there is a dearth of historical information in the region particularly during the Spanish conquest. Changes in both demographics and cultural orientation among existing communities were to be expected during the time as certain groups resulted to migration towards the highlands. According to studies, the Ifugao succeeded multiple times resisting against the Spanish at conquest. The groups that migrated to the highlands were believed to be those that resisted the Spanish colonial control, which became prevalent in the lowlands. According to Acabado, the rugged nature of the highlands around the Ifugao region did not out rightly provide a hindrance to the Spanish conquest. Other regions that had similar rugged environment as found in Ifugao were subjected to colonial rule. Archeological research shows Ifugao practices of successful resistance by strengthening their political and economic resources. Spanish conquest and population increase was the source of shifting to wet-rice agriculture.


title: Ifugao

text: On August 18, 1908, Ifugao was separated from Nueva Vizcaya and, along with Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, was annexed to the newly created Mountain Province established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of "Act No. 1876".