title: Scrub typhus

text: Although the disease is similar in presentation to other forms of typhus, its pathogen is no longer included in genus "Rickettsia" with the typhus bacteria proper, but in "Orientia". The disease is thus frequently classified separately from the other typhi.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Signs and symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms. More virulent strains of "O. tsutsugamushi" can cause hemorrhaging and intravascular coagulation. Morbilliform rash, eschar, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathies are typical signs. Leukopenia and abnormal liver function tests are commonly seen in the early phase of the illness. Pneumonitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis occur in the late phase of illness. It has particularly been shown to be the most common cause of acute encephalitis syndrome in Bihar, India.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Scrub typhus is transmitted by some species of trombiculid mites ("chiggers", particularly "Leptotrombidium deliense"), which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. The mites feed on infected rodent hosts and subsequently transmit the parasite to other rodents and humans. The bite of this mite leaves a characteristic black eschar that is useful to the doctor for making the diagnosis.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Scrub typhus is endemic to a part of the world known as the tsutsugamushi triangle (after "O. tsutsugamushi"). This extends from northern Japan and far-eastern Russia in the north, to the territories around the Solomon Sea into northern Australia in the south, and to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west. It may also be endemic in parts of South America.


title: Scrub typhus

text: The precise incidence of the disease is unknown, as diagnostic facilities are not available in much of its large native range, which spans vast regions of equatorial jungle to the subtropics. In rural Thailand and Laos, murine and scrub typhus account for around a quarter of all adults presenting to hospital with fever and negative blood cultures. The incidence in Japan has fallen over the past few decades, probably due to land development driving decreasing exposure, and many prefectures report fewer than 50 cases per year.


title: Scrub typhus

text: It affects females more than males in Korea, but not in Japan, which may be because sex-differentiated cultural roles have women tending garden plots more often, thus being exposed to vegetation inhabited by chiggers.


title: Scrub typhus

text: The incidence is increasing in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent and in northern areas around Darjeeling.


title: Scrub typhus

text: In endemic areas, diagnosis is generally made on clinical grounds alone. However, overshadowing of the diagnosis is quite often as the clinical symptoms overlap with other infectious diseases such as dengue fever, paratyphoid, and pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO). If the eschar can be identified, it is quite diagnostic of scrub typhus, but this can be unreliable on dark skin, and moreover, the site of eschar which is usually where the mite bites is often located in covered areas. Unless it is actively searched for, the eschar can easily be missed. History of mite bite is often absent since the bite does not inflict pain and the mites are almost too small to be seen by the naked eye. Usually, scrub typhus is often labelled as PUO in remote endemic areas, since blood culture is often negative, yet it can be treated effectively with chloramphenicol. Where doubt exists, the diagnosis may be confirmed by a laboratory test such as serology. Again, this is often unavailable in most endemic areas, since the serological test involved is not included in the routine screening tests for PUO, especially in Burma (Myanmar).


title: Scrub typhus

text: The choice of laboratory test is not straightforward, and all currently available tests have their limitations. The cheapest and most easily available serological test is the Weil-Felix test, but this is notoriously unreliable. The gold standard is indirect immunofluorescence, but the main limitation of this method is the availability of fluorescent microscopes, which are not often available in resource-poor settings where scrub typhus is endemic. Indirect immunoperoxidase, a modification of the standard IFA method, can be used with a light microscope, and the results of these tests are comparable to those from IFA. Rapid bedside kits have been described that produce a result within one hour, but the availability of these tests is severely limited by their cost. Serological methods are most reliable when a four-fold rise in antibody titre is found. If the patient is from a nonendemic area, then diagnosis can be made from a single acute serum sample. In patients from endemic areas, this is not possible because antibodies may be found in up to 18% of healthy individuals.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Other methods include culture and polymerase chain reaction, but these are not routinely available and the results do not always correlate with serological testing, and are affected by prior antibiotic treatment. The currently available diagnostic methods have been summarised.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Without treatment, the disease is often fatal. Since the use of antibiotics, case fatalities have decreased from 4–40% to less than 2%.


title: Scrub typhus

text: The drug most commonly used is doxycycline or tetracycline, but chloramphenicol is an alternative. Strains that are resistant to doxycycline and chloramphenicol have been reported in northern Thailand. Rifampicin and azithromycin are alternatives. Azithromycin is an alternative in children and pregnant women with scrub typhus, and when doxycycline resistance is suspected. Ciprofloxacin cannot be used safely in pregnancy and is associated with stillbirths and miscarriage.


title: Scrub typhus

text: An early attempt to create a scrub typhus vaccine occurred in the United Kingdom in 1937 (with the Wellcome Foundation infecting around 300,000 cotton rats in a classified project called "Operation Tyburn"), but the vaccine was not used. The first known batch of scrub typhus vaccine actually used to inoculate human subjects was dispatched to India for use by Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia Command in June 1945. By December 1945, 268,000 cc had been dispatched. The vaccine was produced at Wellcome's laboratory at Ely Grange, Frant, Sussex. An attempt to verify the efficacy of the vaccine by using a placebo group for comparison was vetoed by the military commanders, who objected to the experiment.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Enormous antigenic variation in "Orientia tsutsugamushi" strains is now recognized, and immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to another. Any scrub typhus vaccine should give protection to all the strains present locally, to give an acceptable level of protection. A vaccine developed for one locality may not be protective in another, because of antigenic variation. This complexity continues to hamper efforts to produce a viable vaccine.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Dora Lush, an Australian bacterioloigist, died after accidentally pricking her finger with a needle containing scrub typhus while inoculating a mouse in an attempt to develop a vaccine.


title: Scrub typhus

text: Severe epidemics of the disease occurred among troops in Burma and Ceylon during World War II. Several members of the U.S. Army's 5307th Composite Unit (Merrill's Marauders) died of the disease, as well as many soldiers in the Burma theatre; and before 1944, no effective antibiotics or vaccines were available.


title: Scrub typhus

text: World War II provides some indicators that the disease is endemic to undeveloped areas in all of Oceania in the Pacific theater, although war records frequently lack definitive diagnoses, and many records of "high fever" evacuations were also likely to be other tropical illnesses. In the chapter entitled "The Green War", General MacArthur's biographer William Manchester identifies that the disease was one of a number of debilitating afflictions affecting both sides on New Guinea in the running bloody Kokoda battles over extremely harsh terrains under intense hardships— fought during a six-month span all along the Kokoda Track in 1942–43, and mentions that to be hospital-evacuated, Allied soldiers (who cycled forces) had to run a fever of , and that sickness casualties outnumbered weapons-inflicted casualties 5:1. Similarly, the illness was a casualty producer in all the jungle fighting of the land battles of the New Guinea campaign and the Guadalcanal campaign. Where the Allies had bases, they could remove and cut back vegetation, or use DDT as a prophylaxis area barrier treatment, so mite- and tick-induced sickness rates in forces off the front lines were diminished.


title: Scrub typhus

text: The disease was also a problem for US troops stationed in Japan after WWII, and was variously known as "Shichitō fever" (by troops stationed in the Izu Seven Islands) or "Hatsuka fever" (Chiba prefecture).


title: Scrub typhus

text: Scrub typhus was first reported in Chile in 2006. This is likely the result of underdiagnosis and underreporting and not of a recent spread to Chile. In January 2020 the disease was for the first time reported in Chile's southernmost region.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: In 2063, space travel has become possible and commercially viable; a group of students from Caird High School departs to the nearby planet of McPa for their Planetary Camp. Soon after the group arrives on the planet, the nine children encounter a mysterious and unforeseen intelligent sphere of light; it attacks them, transporting them into the distant depths of space. Floating in orbit around an unknown planet, they discover an old abandoned spacecraft nearby. Finding it in working order, they resolve to use the ship to return home. To do so, they must cross the 5,012-light-year gulf of space separating them from home by visiting alien planets harboring life to replenish and manage their limited resources.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: The long and dangerous journey home aboard their vessel, which they name "Astra", brings with it new character revelations, strengthening the bonds they share, and the eventual realization that the stakes of their journey are far higher than any of them could ever have realized.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: "Astra Lost in Space", written and illustrated by Kenta Shinohara, was serialized on Shueisha's digital magazine app and website "Shōnen Jump+" from May 9, 2016, to December 30, 2017. Shueisha collected its chapters in five "tankōbon" volumes, released from July 4, 2016, to February 2, 2018.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on February 5, 2019. The series was animated by Lerche and directed by Masaomi Andō, with Norimitsu Kaihō handling series composition, and Keiko Kurosawa designing the characters. Masaru Yokoyama and Nobuaki Nobusawa composed the series' music. It aired from July 3 to September 18, 2019, on AT-X, Tokyo MX, TVA, KBS, SUN, and BS11. The first and last episodes aired as one-hour specials. Nonoc performed the series' opening theme song "star*frost", while the ending theme, "Glow at the Velocity of Light", was performed by Riko Azuna. Funimation licensed the series in North America and the British Isles, and streamed it in both subtitled and dubbed formats.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: The manga was ranked third in the 2019 edition of Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" guidebook and won the twelfth Manga Taishō Awards. It was also nominated for the 23rd Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. The anime adaptation won "Best Media" at the 51st Seiun Award during the 59th Nihon SF Taikai.


title: Astra Lost in Space

text: Michele Liu of Anime News Network said that the series is "unique" because Luca is a main character who is born intersex rather than "altered by sci-fi space diseases or external influence," with Liu also describing Luca as bisexual.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: Raven Shamira Goodwin is an American actress. She made her debut with the comedy film "Lovely & Amazing" (2001), which earned her an Independent Spirit Award nomination, and next received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the drama film "The Station Agent" She made her shift to television roles starring in the Nickelodeon comedy series "Just Jordan" (2007–2008).


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2010, Goodwin transitioned to mature roles with the series "Huge" (2010), and subsequently came to mainstream recognition with a recurring role on the sitcom "Good Luck Charlie" (2010–2014). Her widespread breakthrough came with a leading role on the BET series "Being Mary Jane" (2013–2019), for which her performance received praise. She has since appeared as Eliza on the comedy series "SMILF" (2017–2019) and as Denise Clark-Bradford in the television film "" (2020), the latter of which earned her a Black Reel Award nomination. She made her return to film with a cameo in the action film "Snatched" (2017).


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2019, Goodwin announced her engagement to finance executive Wiley Battle, through Instagram, which was picked up across various media outlets. In 2020, they welcomed their first child, a daughter.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: Goodwin began acting in 2001, making her debut with the comedy drama film "Lovely & Amazing", starring as Annie Marks. Goodwin's performance was praised, leading her to receive a number of award nominations for the role, of which includes a Black Reel Award nomination and an Independent Spirit Award. The New York Times wrote on her performance that "Of the three daughters, Annie (Goodwin) seems the most grounded", and "Empire" magazine named Goodwin a "stand-out" of the film.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2003, Goodwin was cast in Tom McCarthy's independent comedy-drama "The Station Agent" as Cleo. Filmed over a strain of time in the same year, "The Station Agent" and the performances of the ensemble were acclaimed upon release. She earned a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for the role, which ranks her among the youngest actresses to be nominated. On Goodwin's acting, Roger Ebert, who previously reviewed "Lovely & Amazing", said that she "like (Peter) Dinklage, has a particular and unshakable presence on the screen, and I hope the movies do not misplace her, as they do so many child actors."


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2004, Goodwin began working on television, making guest appearances on various shows, of which include the sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle," and the television series "Strong Medicine" and "Everybody Hates Chris". In 2006, Goodwin appeared in the critically-panned comedy film "Phat Girlz" as Young Jazmin Biltmore. Goodwin landed the main role of Tangie Cunningham on Nickelodeon sitcom "Just Jordan," which began airing in 2007, running for two seasons.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2010, Goodwin was cast in the main role of Becca in the sitcom "Huge", which ran for a season. The show averaged roughly a million viewers per episode. Later that year, Goodwin was cast as the recurring role of Ivy Wentz in Disney Channel sitcom "Good Luck Charlie". Following this, Goodwin played the role of Sheila on Fox's comedy drama "Glee" for three episodes, and appeared as Desiree in American sitcom "New Girl". Her role on "Good Luck Charlie" earned particular praise.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2013, Goodwin was cast in the main role of Niecy Patterson, the niece of Gabrielle Union's character, in the American drama series "Being Mary Jane", which she played until the show ended in 2019. "Being Mary Jane" polarized critics and audiences, and broke records for the BET network, and gave Goodwin recognition in mature roles. On the transition from Disney, she said that "it was very necessary. At one point I was doing Disney and "Being Mary Jane" at the same time. But it still felt natural. It still felt organic." She played the role until 2019, a period of time in which she sporadically took television and film roles.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2017, she was cast in the role of Eliza in the American television program "SMILF"; she was initially set to portray a recurring role, though she was promoted to a series regular for the show's second season. The series ran for 2 years, and was cancelled following several misconduct allegations made by "SMILF"'s cast and crew against Frankie Shaw. In spite of this, "SMILF" obtained widespread acclaim throughout its run, and received a Golden Globe Award nomination. Goodwin had a minor role in the 2017 action-comedy film "Snatched" as Lew.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In 2019, Goodwin starred in the BET television film "Christmas Belles". In the same year, she was cast as Denise Clark-Bradford in the Lifetime television film "". Released in 2020, the feature was Lifetime's most-watched in four years, and Goodwin's acting was lauded by critics; she received a nomination for another Black Reel Award.


title: Raven Goodwin

text: In January 2021, Goodwin portrayed actress Hattie McDaniel in the independent biographical film "Behind the Smile". On being cast in the role, Goodwin stated that "I am forever honored. I look forward to bringing this important historical and relevant life story to the screen." In August of that same year, Goodwin began playing the recurring character of Josephine on the drama series "Our Kind of Peopl"e.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: The Lone Ranger is an American Western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role. Jay Silverheels, a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada, played The Lone Ranger's Indian companion Tonto.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1953 owing to a contract dispute. Fred Foy, who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending, was the announcer. Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television series, but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes. "The Lone Ranger" was the highest-rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true "hit". The series finished number 7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950–1951 season, number 18 for 1951–1952 and number 29 for 1952–1953.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: A group of six Texas Rangers is ambushed and all are shot, apparently dead. In the hot sun, one lives and crawls to a pool of cool water which saves his life. He is found by a native Indian, Tonto, who buries the five other rangers, one of whom is the survivor's brother. Tonto tends to the survivor's health and complies with his wish to make him a mask from his brother's clothes and to create an empty sixth grave to appear that he is dead.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: The "lone" surviving ranger thereafter disguises himself with the black mask Tonto made and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements. In the first episode they are attacked from above just after he recovers and Tonto distracts the attacker from above as the Lone Ranger first shoots the attacker then tries to climb the cliff he is on. The episode ends with him on the cliff but slipping.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: A silver mine in the second episode supplies The Lone Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering lifestyle and the raw material for his signature bullets. At the end of most episodes, after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave, someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was. The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger, who is then heard yelling "Hi-Yo Silver, away!" as he and Tonto ride away on their horses.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: George W. Trendle retained the title of producer, although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for producing the television series. For this, he hired veteran MGM film producer Jack Chertok. Chertok served as the producer for the first 182 episodes.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: The first 78 episodes were produced and broadcast for 78 consecutive weeks without any breaks or reruns. Then the entire 78 episodes were shown again before any new episodes were produced. All were shot in Kanab, Utah and California. Much of the series was filmed on the former Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, California, including the opening sequence to each episode, in which the cry of "Hi-yo Silver" is heard before the Lone Ranger and Silver gallop to a distinctive rock and Silver rears up on his hind legs. The rock seen next to Silver is known as Lone Ranger Rock and remains in place today on the site of the former movie ranch.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: When it came time to produce another batch of 52 episodes, there is speculation of a wage dispute with Clayton Moore (although he stated in his autobiography "I Was That Masked Man" that he never really knew exactly why he was dismissed), and John Hart was hired to play the role of the Lone Ranger. Once again, the 52 new episodes were aired in sequence followed by 52 weeks rerunning them. Despite expectations that the mask would make the switch workable, Hart was not accepted in the role, and his episodes were not seen again until the 1980s.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: At the end of the fifth year of the television series, Trendle sold the Lone Ranger rights to Jack Wrather, who bought them on August 3, 1954. Wrather immediately rehired Clayton Moore to play the Lone Ranger, and another 52 episodes were produced. Once again, they were broadcast as a full year of new episodes followed by a full year of reruns.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: The final season saw a number of changes, including an episode count of 39, which had become the industry standard. Wrather invested money from his own pocket to film in color, although ABC telecast only in black and white. Wrather also went outdoors for action footage. Otherwise, the series was mostly filmed on a studio sound stage. Another big change, not readily detectable by the viewers, was replacing Jack Chertok with producer Sherman A. Harris. By this time, Chertok had established his own television production company and was busy producing other programs.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: Wrather decided not to negotiate further with the network and took the property to the big screen and canceled television production. The last new episode of the color series was broadcast on June 6, 1957, and the series ended September 12, 1957, although ABC reaped the benefits of daytime reruns for several more years. Wrather's company produced two modestly budgeted theatrical features, "The Lone Ranger" (1956) and "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" (1958). The cast included former child actress Bonita Granville, who had married Wrather after his divorce from a daughter of former Texas Governor W. Lee O'Daniel.


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: On March 31, 2009, Mill Creek Entertainment released the box set "Gun Justice featuring The Lone Ranger" with other westerns, including "Annie Oakley", "The Adventures of Kit Carson", "The Cisco Kid", "Cowboy G-Men", "Judge Roy Bean", "The Gabby Hayes Show", and "The Roy Rogers Show".


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

text: On November 11, 2009, Classic Media released "The Lone Ranger: 75th Anniversary Edition" to commemorate the show. On June 4, 2013, Classic Media released "The Lone Ranger: Collector's Edition", a 30-disc set featuring all 221 episodes of the series on DVD, though many of the episodes are the syndicated edits missing two to three minutes.


title: WWE 2K15

text: WWE 2K15 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by 2K Sports for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to "WWE 2K14", and was succeeded by "WWE 2K16". It was released on October 28, 2014, in North America and on October 31, 2014, in Europe for last generation consoles and released on November 18, 2014, in North America and on November 21, 2014, in Europe for current generation consoles. It was released for Microsoft Windows on April 28, 2015, and was the first WWE game to be released on the platform since "WWE Raw", which was released in 2002. It is the first game in the series to use the new WWE logo since it was introduced earlier in 2014, which was originally used as the logo of the WWE Network.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The game is based on the professional wrestling promotion WWE and "WWE 2K15" serves as the first game in the series to signify the "new generation", placing a heavy emphasis on traditional and more relaxed gameplay, unlike the arcade-like combat prominent in previous installments. It also adds several new features to complement the main theme based around naturalism, adding a new chain grapple system at the beginning of matches, slowing the pacing of the matches and adding a new stamina bar to reflect and portray the quality of matches produced on WWE television.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "WWE 2K15" signifies as the start of a "new generation", which focuses on turning the franchise into a true wrestling game rather than "a fighting game with WWE Superstars in it." The new chain wrestling mini-game has been implemented (exclusive to current generation consoles and PC only) to make matches play out more realistically. Pressing the grapple button at the beginning of the match will initiate a collar-and-elbow tie up. At the beginning of the tie up, each opponent will press one of three face buttons to place their opponent into a side headlock, a wrist lock or a waist lock with a rock-paper-scissors style outcome. (Headlock beats Wrist lock, Wrist lock beats Waist lock, Waist lock beats Headlock.) Whomever wins will place their opponent in the corresponding hold, while both players rotate the right analog stick (space + movement keys on PC) to find a "sweet spot". If the attacker finds it first, they'll perform a move, if the defender finds it first, they'll gain the upper hand. Additionally, the attacking wrestler can strike or wrench the opponent's limb, making it harder for them to find the sweet spot. This mini-game only happens 2-3 times during the match and can be turned off via the options menu. Strikes have returned to their normal speed, with the improved collision and selling animations from the opponent. Unlike in previous games, superstars will not stand up immediately, after taking a bump or slam.


title: WWE 2K15

text: This game also introduces the three-tier stamina meter, which controls the pace of a match. Through each move the player performs, especially striking and running, will drain the stamina meter. During the first tier, the wrestler will be full of energy and perform moves easily. During the second tier, the wrestler will begin to slow down. In the third tier, the wrestler will be completely exhausted, even being unable to perform their finishing moves should it drop too low. The stamina meter can also be turned off or adjusted to drain more slowly, and will slowly regenerate as long as a meter is not depleted. The game's submission system has been revamped. The "Breaking Point" gauge has been replaced with a two part circular gauge. The mechanic of the system remains mostly the same, but players only have to mash a single button rather than all four. Wake-up taunt finishers are now known as "Charged Finishers" which combines the taunt & finisher into a single animation by pressing and holding the finisher button when the opponent is grounded and then releasing it when they're on their feet (whereas on PC, holding the key is not necessary). Signature moves can now be stored as well. Catch and Catapult finishers have also returned. Both fighting styles and skill sets have been brought in to ensure that the characters behave more like their real-life counterparts. For example, high flyers like Rey Mysterio will not do power moves and will focus on diving and springboard moves while giants like Big Show cannot climb the turnbuckle and will focus on power moves. Superstars who cannot climb to the top rope can climb to the second rope and deliver moves such as Bret Hart's elbow drop or Big Show's slingshot body splash.


title: WWE 2K15

text: Gameplay on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions remains largely the same blueprint as previous entries in the series. However, new rosters, new arenas, new championship titles and new contents have been introduced.


title: WWE 2K15

text: On August 4, 2014, IGN revealed that the game will feature a historical mode, which focuses on past WWE rivalries. Called the "2K Showcase", the story mode is similar to "WWE 2K14"s 30 Years of WrestleMania mode in that it focuses on historical events, but will be more like the Attitude Era mode in "WWE '13" where it emphasizes specifics rather than generalities. The mode goes into more depth, giving a more detailed look at personal rivalries, treating them as mini-documentaries, with in-match cut scenes and historical objectives to complete.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The 2K Showcase features 33 matches in total and is highlighted by two rivalries. The first rivalry "Hustle, Loyalty, Disrespect" is between John Cena and CM Punk from 2011 to 2013. The rivalry started with Punk beginning to rebel against Vince McMahon and the way he ran the company and later when he claimed he did not earn the respect he deserved. The rivalry ends with CM Punk's defeat by John Cena at Raw.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The second rivalry "Best Friends, Bitter Enemies" chronicles the feud between Triple H, Shawn Michaels and the wrestling stable Evolution. The showcase begins at SummerSlam (2002) and covers various matches from Raw and PPV's ending with Triple H defeating Shawn Michaels at Bad Blood 2004 in a Hell in a Cell match.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The 2K Showcase also allows players to unlock various arenas, wrestlers and attires from each rivalry period, including Triple H's 2003 and 2004 attire and the stable Evolution from 2004.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "WWE 2K15" has three additional Showcases, which were available as DLCs. "One More Match" features the rivalry between Christian and Randy Orton during 2011, focusing in on Christian's quest for the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "Hall of Pain" features Mark Henry's domination through 2011 and early 2012 and his path towards winning the World Heavyweight Championship and his brief resurgence challenging for the WWE Championship in early 2013.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "Path of Warrior" focuses on the career of The Ultimate Warrior, chronicling in on the rise of The Ultimate Warrior during the 1980s, commenting on the passing of the torch that Hulk Hogan demonstrated at "WrestleMania VI" and detailing Warrior's legacy within the WWE.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The game also has a "MyCareer" mode similar to "NBA 2K15". Players take on the role of a Superstar made in the Creative Suite and follow the evolution of their WWE career, from the WWE Performance Center and NXT to the main event at WrestleMania, then your career is simulated 15 years into the future where you take place in one final match. This is the first time that the "WWE 2K" series features a Career mode and the first for the series overall since "SmackDown vs. Raw 2010". Designed to be a branching, but linear, storyline in which players actions have effects on the future, MyCareer is reminiscent to story modes of earlier "SmackDown" games and "WWF No Mercy" in which decisions affected outcomes. The mode also features a morality system to allow players to decide whether they want to play as a face (fan favorite) or a heel (rule breaker) with each choice having an effect on the meter. There is also a 1-5 star match rating system that rates matches based on technique, pacing and momentum, with squash matches getting lower ratings and back-and-forth matches getting higher ratings. Wins and losses have little effect on match ratings with the goal being to put on the best match possible. This mode is exclusive to the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows versions of the game.


title: WWE 2K15

text: Replacing MyCareer on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 is a mode called "Who Got NXT?" which is a story mode focusing on up-and-comers from NXT: Adrian Neville, Bo Dallas, Corey Graves, Rusev and Sami Zayn, the 5 playable NXT Superstars in the game. The NXT Arrival arena was also exclusive to the PS3/360 version of the game.


title: WWE 2K15

text: Designed to be the spiritual successor to "Defeat The Streak" from "WWE 2K14", "Proving Ground" pits players against John Cena, the top guy in WWE. This mode is only unlockable after completing the "Who Got NXT?" mode. The player will choose one of the 5 playable NXT Superstars to face Cena in a one-on-one match with a 30-minute time limit. Defeating Cena with all 5 NXT stars will unlock the entire roster (including created Superstars) to play the mode with.


title: WWE 2K15

text: Several features that were present in previous games like: Story Designer, Create-A-Finisher and Custom Soundtracks were removed from the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions for unknown reasons nor are they present on next gen consoles though Create-A-Diva, Paint Tool, Create-A-Championship & Create-An-Arena are still available on last gen.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "Create-A-Superstar" has returned with only 25 available slots for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4 versions while the PC version has 50 slots when the player updates the game on Steam. Superstar Heads has been reworked to allow all in-game wrestlers to be fully editable for the first time since "WWE Raw 2", creating or editing a superstar takes up a slot. The paint tool has been removed on Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC and replaced with a new feature called "Superstar Studio" that allows players to import custom logos and fully edit or change a superstar attire.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows versions of the game feature the same face and body scanning tech that was used for "NBA 2K14" to ensure that the models look as close to their real-life counterparts as possible. Textures for clothing, beards & long hair have been updated, with 2K creating an entirely new development tool to more realistically portray beards. However, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions have similar graphics to its predecessor, but with improved clothing textures and a new lighting system that lessens the shine from the superstar models. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions are displayed in 1080p resolution and have an improved frame rate. Visual Concepts motion captured wrestlers performing their moves in an actual WWE ring over the course of forty days with the sound of each bump being recorded to ensure that it sounds like the actual move rather than using generic sounds of someone hitting the mat. The game has five times the amount of animation data than the previous game. Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler recorded new commentary, with approximately 30 hours of new commentary per commentator. The commentary was recorded with Cole and Lawler in the room at the same time to create more natural conversations and banter.


title: WWE 2K15

text: For the first time since "Smackdown vs. Raw 2010", "WWE 2K15" features a licensed soundtrack. "WWE 2K15: The Soundtrack" was curated by John Cena. It consists of music from a variety of artists from various music genres including hip-hop, rock, and country. In addition to the songs from the soundtrack, the game also includes four additional songs. The album version features two exclusive songs by Cena and Wiz Khalifa.


title: WWE 2K15

text: In July 2014, it was announced that Sting would be the game's pre-order bonus as two playable characters: One being the black and white Crow-inspired persona and the other being his surfer gimmick with the blond flattop hairstyle. A collector's edition of the game was announced on August 4. It includes premium packaging, a collectable art card hand-signed by Hulk Hogan, an exclusive Funko "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan vinyl figure, a piece of the ring canvas from Hogan's appearance on "WWE Monday Night Raw" on March 10, 2014, two playable pre-order launch-exclusive Hulk Hogan characters (nWo "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan and modern day Hulk Hogan), and the two playable Sting characters. A total of 25,000 collector's editions were made available for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. CM Punk's inclusion in the game caused legal issues before release, as Punk had walked out of the company by release, however, 2K and Punk reached an agreement before release.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game were delayed three weeks from their original October 28 release date. 2K stated "The additional development time enables our talented teams to ensure the "WWE 2K15" next-gen experience fully meets our expectations." The next gen versions were released on November 18, 2014.


title: WWE 2K15

text: On April 21, 2015, WWE announced an upcoming Windows PC release in Spring of 2015. A week later, 2K announced the release date of April 28, 2015. This marks the first game in the "WWE 2K" series to be released on PC, as well as the first WWE game to be released on PC since "WWE Raw" which was released in 2002. All previously released downloadable content was included at no extra cost, except Paige, who was exclusive to the Season Pass. The PC version is similar to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, featuring MyCareer and 2K Showcase game modes. The PC version is exclusive to Steam, with no retail release planned.


title: WWE 2K15

text: A version of the game for mobile devices, developed by n-Space, was released for Android and iOS on April 16, 2015. 2K called it the "first simulation-based WWE video game for mobile devices". The mobile version features 10 playable superstars, three match types, full entrances & move sets, create a superstar, live multiplayer and a career mode. In July 2015, an update was released that improved controls and responsiveness.


title: WWE 2K15

text: On October 14, 2014, it was announced that the batch of upcoming DLC will include the "Accelerator", which unlocks all in-game content, and three additional rivalries for the 2K Showcase mode. "One More Match", which chronicles the feud between Christian and Randy Orton from 2011, was the first added alongside "Hall of Pain", which highlights Mark Henry's domination from 2011–2013, and "Path of the Warrior", which is the career retrospective of WWE Hall of Famer The Ultimate Warrior.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The "One More Match" DLC adds Christian and Edge as playable characters. The "Hall of Pain" DLC awards the player The Great Khali and unmasked Kane as playable characters. Also, additional attires are added for Mark Henry, Big Show, Sheamus, Randy Orton, Daniel Bryan and The Usos. "The Path of Warrior" DLC includes another attire for The Ultimate Warrior and adds Hulk Hogan, Rick Rude, Andre The Giant, Col. Mustafa, General Adnan, Sgt. Slaughter, Honky Tonk Man and "Macho Man" Randy Savage as playable characters.


title: WWE 2K15

text: Various packs were available at unspecified dates with Superstars, Legends, managers, and new moves included. The first pack available was the "NXT ArRival" DLC, which added The Ascension, Adam Rose, Emma and John "Bradshaw" Layfield as playable characters. The second pack added was the "WCW Pack" DLC which added WCW legends Fit Finlay, Lord Steven Regal, Bam Bam Bigelow, Diamond Dallas Page, and Lex Luger. All the DLC packs were freely included for the PC version of the game, except for Paige, who was an exclusive addition to the Season Pass.


title: WWE 2K15

text: On July 27, 2015, the pre-order Hulk Hogan DLC was removed from sale on PlayStation Network and Xbox Games Store following the controversy surrounding racist remarks made by Hogan, then after four years it was announced that Hogan will return for "WWE 2K20" in 2019.


title: WWE 2K15

text: The Season Pass includes all three 2K Showcase story mode DLCs, the Accelerator DLC, and exclusive access to WWE Diva Paige.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "WWE 2K15" received "mixed or average" reviews across all platforms, according to review aggregator website Metacritic.


title: WWE 2K15

text: "IGN" gave the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions a 5.9 out of 10, saying: ""WWE 2K15" is like seeing Brock Lesnar going from breaking The Undertaker's streak to losing to Hornswoggle during the pre-show in back-to-back WrestleManias. Not only is it surprising, it's also pretty sad. I would frequently grab my copy of last year's grappler with the intent to quickly check some changes, only to find myself reluctant to switch back due to the far better roster and single-player experience. Do yourself a favor, save your money, and buy "WWE 2K14". The minor improvements to combat and commentary in "2K15" don't even come close to making up for what was lost." Game Informer gave the game a 7 out of 10, stating "This version of "WWE 2K15" works if you're not planning on buying a new-gen console anytime soon... Custom creators, on the other hand, might as well continue to build up their creations on "2K14".


title: WWE 2K15

text: "IGN" gave the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions a 7 out of 10, stating ""WWE 2K15" on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One doesn't quite meet the expectations set by previous entries in the series. While the wrestlers look amazing and the combat feels significantly better, "MyCareer" mode is an absolute slog and everything else has been done better in previous years. Between the narrower historical mode, the shuttered creation suites, and the dearth of combat options for bigger groups, "WWE 2K15" has lost some of the tools that brought previous entries to the main event." "Eurogamer" gave the game a 3 out of 10, stating ""WWE 2K15" is a kick in the teeth. Graphically assured as it is, almost every other element of the 15-year-old series has been cut back, tampered with pointlessly or outright ruined. The series hasn't been good for a long time now, but this year is the first it's been actively bad. The wait for a great new WWE game continues." Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 3/5, saying "some players may pine for the older days of this franchise, where gameplay was frenetic and fast-measured. "WWE 2K15" steps away from that methodology, and in turn delivers a much more deliberately-paced game, and one that is more intent on providing an authentic, one-to-one recreation of the drama that goes down in the squared circle."


title: WWE 2K15

text: "PC Gamer" gave the Microsoft Windows version of the game a 67 out of 100, calling the game "a capable attempt to recapture the magic of WWE, let down by the decision not to update any single element of the console versions." "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" stated "It's a disappointing game," adding ""WWE 2K15" is a lot like the WWE itself – burying its female performers, mishandling its roster, screwing up its own booking and failing to establish characters". GameWatcher gave the game a 7.5 out of 10, stating "unlike the game's release on consoles, the presence of mod support means that "WWE 2K15" will actively evolve over time on PC. Until the mod community flourishes however and assuming the game's rough edges prove tolerable, "WWE 2K15" remains an enjoyable wrestling yarn the likes of which PC players haven't been graced with in, well, forever. Maybe not the best there was or the best there is and certainly not the best there ever will be then, but it's a good start all the same and after all, legends have been fashioned from less."


title: WWE 2K15

text: "Pocket Gamer" gave the mobile version a 7 out of 10, commenting that it is "a pretty solid experience, and it flourishes the deeper you get into it", while criticizing the price of the game. Gamezebo rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising the graphics, multiplayer and controls but lamenting the overall lack of content. Technology Tell gave the album a "D" rating, calling it "a lazy, unresponsive, and completely shallow experience" 148 Apps gave a 4 out of 5 stars rating and called the game "surprisingly complex". Game Informer stated the game is "a bare-bones, yet mechanically functional mobile title" and said it laid down a good groundwork for the next game.


title: WWE 2K15

text: In December 2014, it was announced that "WWE 2K15" had outperformed "WWE '13" and "WWE 2K14" in the same holiday sales time period. As of August 2015, "WWE 2K15" has shipped over three million copies.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: Kannana Kanne is a 2020 Indian Tamil soap opera that airs on Sun TV from 2 November 2020 with starring Nimeshika Radhakrishnan, Babloo Prithiveeraj and Rahul Ravi. The serial is a remake of Telugu television series "Pournami" that aired on Gemini TV.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: Gautam and Kausalya live a happy married life but, after ten years, they have no child. One day, Kausalya gets pregnant, but she learns that she is having complications. Gautam, who is not aware of Kausalya having complications, learns of it when Kausalya's doctor says to him in Kausalya's Baby Shower function. Gautum refuses to grow the baby but Kausalya does not listens to Gautum. But she died during the birth of her daughter. Gautam doesn't accept his wife death. So he starts blaming and hating the child. But his mother raised the child and named her Meera.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: After two to three years he meets a poor woman named Chithoor Chitra in a temple. Her mother is ill and needs a huge amount of money for her mother's operation. Her mother's brother Rangareddy, who is a greedy, careless about his family. He suggests Chitra to ask a rich babu who lives in their area. When the babu sees Chitra, he was drawn towards her. He decided to give her as much money as she wanted only if she stays with him for one day. The rich Babu asks Rangareddy to bring Chitra. He happily goes to Chitra to say about the Babu's decision. First she disagrees but later accepts for her mother. The Babu first gave her the money. Chitra asks her friend to go and pay the money in the counter. She goes to the Babu's house. While this happens, Gautum who is still in the temple with his mother. He plans to abandon the baby. So Gautam asks her mother to go the temple gate to pray the lord and asks to give Meera. She happily gives Meera to Gautam unaware of Gautam's plan and thought that he accepted Meera as his daughter. While she goes to the lord, Gautam drops Meera into a truck which runs to the rich Babu's house. Gautam's mother sees it and she yelled at Gautam and started running towards the truck. When the truck reaches the Babu's house. The little Meera gets down from the truck and enters a room where the Babu brings Chitra forcefully . When little Meera sees Chitra and started calling her "amma" (Tamil word for mother). When Gautam reaches the babu's house the babu starts hitting Meera's grandmother, Gautam starts hitting him. Seeing this, the area president decides to marry Gautam and Chitra. With no choice, they marry each other and live happily afterwards.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: Meera, a beautiful and well-raised woman, is now grown up. But till now, her father Gautam hates and blames her for his first wife's death. Meera lives in a house with her grandmother, stepmother and stepsister, who try their best to reunite Meera and her father. Meera craves the love and attention from her father.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: Meera falls in love with Yuva but hides her feelings to her family due to her father's hatred. Situations lead to her step sister getting engaged to Yuva. She obeying her father's wishes and asks Yuva to forget her. Yuva unwillingly agrees to the wedding. Yuva's father's sister, Renuka, is desperate to get yuva married to her daughter Aparna. Aparna, who is aware of Yuva and Meera's love, tries to unite them with her mother's crooked plans to get her and Yuva married. On the wedding day, step sister Preethi claims that she's in love with Santhosh and will not marry Yuva. Meera's stepmother and her aunt plan for her to marry Yuva and convince everyone to agree. Meera's father agrees and the wedding happens. Happily married Yuva and Meera go to Yuva's house but Yuva's father does not accept their marriage. He throws them out of the house. Then Yamuna, Meera's stepmother, takes her to her house then Gautam starts to hate Preethi and Yamuna as Gauthum feels that they were disloyal to him. Meera then finds out that Preethi does not love Santhosh and made it an act just so Meera and Yuva can get married. Meera decides to unite Preethi and Santosh aware of Santosh's good deeds with Yamuna. Later, Gauthum invites Santhosh to his home to make a deal of leaving Preethi for a large amount of money. But Santhosh wins Gauthum's heart and Gauthum accepts Santhosh and Preethi's love. However it is then revealed that Santhosh is in fact evil and is the nephew of Gautam's enemy Menaka, who plan on ruining the family once Preethi marries Santhosh of this. Meera tries her best to stop the wedding but fails. Gautam is shocked to discover Santhosh's real identity. Menaka demands Gautam to write all of his wealth in Santosh's name for Preethi and Santhosh to live happily together. Gautam does so and is forced to leave the house alongside Meera and the rest his family.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: As Gautam's family enters poverty, the family settles in a home and starts a canteen business, which becomes immensely successful. Preethi learns of her family's poor financial condition one day and leaves Santosh's house to stay with her own family. The story now follows the how Meera and Yuva will restore their family to their original status amidst Menaka's attempts to stop them and Meera's slow but ever growing bond with her father Gautam.


title: Kannana Kanne

text: The titular soundtrack, named "Kannana Kanne", was sung by Carnatic musician K. S. Chitra. The song's music and background score was composed by Sam C. S. In within a month of release, the song reached 5.5 Million Views, a record for a television series' titular track.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: "Breathe" is the second episode of the fourth season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", a spin-off series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on August 13, 2018, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy McGill looks for a job while serving the suspension of his law license. He interviews for a sales position at Neff Copiers and notices a collection of Hummel figurines in their office. The owners show apprehension about his recent exit from the law and say they will get back to him after interviewing other candidates. He starts to leave but turns back and makes an aggressive case to be hired on the spot. The owners are impressed and offer him the job. He then refuses, contemptuous at how easily they fell for his con.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: Lydia Rodarte-Quayle meets with Mike Ehrmantraut to discuss his recent security audit, reminding him that his contracted consulting work for Madrigal was only meant to be a paper transaction to launder the money he stole. Mike says the audits provide a plausible cover story if anyone questions the payments. When Lydia complains to Gus Fring, he tacitly approves of Mike's actions.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: Howard Hamlin meets with Kim Wexler and Rebecca Bois to discuss Chuck McGill's estate. The bequests include a sealed letter from Chuck and for Jimmy, which Kim recognizes as a tactic that prevents Jimmy from challenging the will. After Rebecca leaves, Kim furiously accuses Howard of treating Jimmy poorly to ease his own guilt about Chuck's death. That evening, Kim holds off on giving the documents to Jimmy. Suspecting from his previous knowledge that a Neff Hummel is worth thousands of dollars, Jimmy searches online to confirm his hunch, then calls Mike.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: Gus learns that Hector Salamanca is comatose and arranges for Dr. Bruckner, a skilled physician from Johns Hopkins to oversee his recovery. She speaks fluent Spanish and explains Hector's course of treatment to Leonel and Marco Salamanca. Tyrus Kitt brings Gus a copy of Hector's medical file, and Gus realizes that Nacho Varga tried to kill Hector.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: Nacho and Arturo arrive at the Los Pollos Hermanos chicken farm to pick up their share of the next drug shipment. Arturo strongarms Gus's men for an extra kilo as he saw Nacho do on a previous occasion. As they leave, Arturo brags about his success, but Gus ambushes them and suffocates Arturo with a plastic bag. He then tells Nacho that he knows Nacho switched Hector's medication but has not told the Salamancas, so Nacho is now under his control.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode's centerpiece, Kim's confrontation with Howard over how he has treated Jimmy in the wake of Chuck's death, was written by the series' executive producer Thomas Schnauz. The producers considered how both Howard and Kim had been reacting to Jimmy, with Howard feeling guilt for ousting Chuck from HHM and believing it led to Chuck's suicide, and Kim aware that something was causing Jimmy to feel emotionally hurt, but neither aware of Jimmy's role in Chuck's ouster. This led the producers to consider the situation between the characters from Kim's point of view, rather than Jimmy's. When coupled with Howard's past treatment of Kim, they believed the interplay between Howard and Kim would result in a powerfully emotional scene.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: One scene in "Breathe" shows Mike watching his granddaughter Kaylee on a playground swing. This shot was added as an Easter egg, as it is similar to a scene in the "Breaking Bad" episode "Say My Name", which was Mike's final appearance. In "Say My Name", Mike is watching Kaylee swing in a park when he learns that the DEA is about to arrest him, and he is forced to flee without saying goodbye. Both "Say My Name" and "Breathe" were written by Thomas Schnauz.


title: Breathe (Better Call Saul)

text: "Breathe" received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a 94% rating with an average score of 8.4/10 based on 17 reviews. The site consensus reads, ""Better Call Saul"s exceptional ensemble continues its excellent character work in 'Breathe'." Matt Fowler of IGN gave "Breathe" a positive review, with an 8.8 out of 10 rating and wrote that the episode "was a sublime example of how an excellently-crafted, extended scene, featuring impeccable character beats, can easily outshine the grit and grime of TV's natural tendency to wow us with shocking violence."


title: Sunny Wayne

text: Sujith Unnikrishnan (born 19 August 1983), known by his stage name Sunny Wayne is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema. He made his acting debut in "Second Show" (2012).


title: Sunny Wayne

text: Wayne was born to Unnikrishnan and Soumini in Wayanad, on 19 August 1983. His original name is Sujith. He is an alumnus of Calicut University Institute of Engineering and Technology at Tenhipalam in Malappuram district, Kerala. He married his longtime girlfriend Renjini at Guruvayoor Temple on 10 April 2019.


title: Sunny Wayne

text: Sunny Wayne's first work was "Second Show" which was released in 2012. Indiaglitz.com praised Wayne's portrayal of Kurudi. After that he did a cameo appearance in Vineeth Sreenivasan's musical-romance film "Thattathin Marayathu". In 2013, Wayne played a supporting character in Rajeev Ravi's "Annayum Rasoolum". He portrayed Rasool's friend Ashley and story unveils through his narration. The Sify.com reviewer stated "Sunny Wayne underlines why he is regarded as one of the most talented actors to have happened to Malayalam cinema during recent times and his narration sets the mood very well." Wayne went on to play the cosmetic surgeon Roshan in "Nee Ko Njaa Cha" directed by debutant Gireesh. "The Times of India" wrote "Sunny Wayne throws himself into the character of Dr Roshan, a seasoned playboy with calm elegance. He looks sleek, stylish and sometimes genuinely funny." He appeared in "Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi" directed by Sameer Thahir. He also portrayed the character Satan Xavier in the film "Aadu" directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas. The next year, his character Poombata Gireesh in the film "Annmariya Kalippilannu"(2016) was well acclaimed by the audience. He portrayed the role of Vijay fan in the Movie "Pokkiri Simon"(2017). Wayne made his Tamil debut with "Gypsy".


title: Sunny Wayne

text: In 2018, he launched a production company named Sunny Wayne Productions which produced a theatre drama titled Moment Just Before Death. It produced 2 films: Nivin Pauly movie Padavettu and Appan movie starring Sunny Wayne.


title: Leonids

text: The Leonids ( ) are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle, which are also known for their spectacular meteor storms that occur about every 33 years. The Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the constellation Leo: the meteors appear to radiate from that point in the sky. Their proper Greek name should be Leonids (), but the word was initially constructed as a Greek/Latin hybrid and it has been used since. The meteor shower peak should be on November 17, 2022, but any outburst is likely to be from the 1733 meteoroid stream.


title: Leonids

text: Earth moves through the meteoroid stream of particles left from the passages of a comet. The stream comprises solid particles, known as meteoroids, ejected by the comet as its frozen gases evaporate under the heat of the Sun when it is close enough – typically closer than Jupiter's orbit. The Leonids are a fast moving stream which encounter the path of Earth and impact at . Larger Leonids which are about across have a mass of and are known for generating bright (apparent magnitude −1.5) meteors. An annual Leonid shower may deposit 12 or 13 tons of particles across the entire planet.


title: Leonids

text: The meteoroids left by the comet are organized in trails in orbits similar tothough different fromthat of the comet. They are differentially disturbed by the planets, in particular Jupiter, and to a lesser extent by radiation pressure from the Sunthe Poynting–Robertson effect and the Yarkovsky effect. These trails of meteoroids cause meteor showers when Earth encounters them. Old trails are spatially not dense and compose the meteor shower with a few meteors per minute. In the case of the Leonids, that tends to peak around 18 November, but some are spread through several days on either side and the specific peak changes every year. Conversely, young trails are spatially very dense and the cause of meteor outbursts when the Earth enters one.


title: Leonids

text: The Leonids also produce meteor storms (very large outbursts) about every 33 years, during which activity exceeds 1,000 meteors per hour, with some events exceeding 100,000 meteors per hour, in contrast to the sporadic background (5 to 8 meteors per hour) and the shower background (several meteors per hour).


title: Leonids

text: The Leonids are famous because their meteor showers, or storms, can be among the most spectacular. Because of the storm of 1833 and the recent developments in scientific thought of the time (see for example the identification of Halley's Comet), the Leonids have had a major effect on the development of the scientific study of meteors, which had previously been thought to be atmospheric phenomena. Although it has been suggested the Leonid meteor shower and storms have been noted in ancient times, it was the meteor storm of 1833 that broke into people's modern day awareness – it was of truly superlative strength. One estimate of the peak rate is over one hundred thousand meteors an hour, while another, done as the storm abated, estimated in excess of 240,000 meteors during the nine hours of the storm, over the entire region of North America east of the Rocky Mountains.


title: Leonids

text: It was marked by several nations of Native Americans: the Cheyenne established a peace treaty and the Lakota calendar was reset. Many Native American birthdays were calculated by reference to the 1833 Leonid event. Abolitionists including Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass as well as slave-owners took note and others. The "New York Evening Post" carried a series of articles on the event including reports from Canada to Jamaica, it made news in several states beyond New York and though it appeared in North America was talked about in Europe. The journalism of the event tended to rise above the partisan debates of the time and reviewed facts as they could be sought out. Abraham Lincoln commented on it years later. Near Independence, Missouri, in Clay County, a refugee Mormon community watched the meteor shower on the banks of the Missouri River after having been driven from their homes by local settlers. Joseph Smith, the founder and first leader of Mormonism, afterwards noted in his journal for November 1833 his belief that this event was "a litteral ["sic"] fulfillment of the word of God" and a harbinger of the imminent second coming of Christ. Though it was noted in the midwest and eastern areas it was also noted in Far West, Missouri.


title: Leonids

text: Denison Olmsted explained the event most accurately. After spending the last weeks of 1833 collecting information, he presented his findings in January 1834 to the "American Journal of Science and Arts", published in January–April 1834, and January 1836. He noted the shower was of short duration and was not seen in Europe, and that the meteors radiated from a point in the constellation of Leo and he speculated the meteors had originated from a cloud of particles in space. Accounts of the 1866 repeat of the Leonids counted hundreds per minute/a few thousand per hr in Europe. The Leonids were again seen in 1867, when moonlight reduced the rates to 1,000 meteors per hour. Another strong appearance of the Leonids in 1868 reached an intensity of 1,000 meteors per hour in dark skies. It was in 1866–67 that information on Comet Tempel-Tuttle was gathered, pointing it out as the source of the meteor shower and meteor storms. When the storms failed to return in 1899, it was generally thought that the dust had moved on and the storms were a thing of the past.


title: Leonids

text: In 1966, a spectacular meteor storm was seen over the Americas. Historical notes were gathered thus noting the Leonids back to 900 AD. Radar studies showed the 1966 storm included a relatively high percentage of smaller particles while 1965's lower activity had a much higher proportion of larger particles. In 1981 Donald K. Yeomans of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory reviewed the history of meteor showers for the Leonids and the history of the dynamic orbit of Comet Tempel-Tuttle. A graph from it was adapted and re-published in "Sky and Telescope". It showed relative positions of the Earth and Tempel-Tuttle and marks where Earth encountered dense dust. This showed that the meteoroids are mostly behind and outside the path of the comet, but paths of the Earth through the cloud of particles resulting in powerful storms were very near paths of nearly no activity. But overall the 1998 Leonids were in a favorable position so interest was rising.


title: Leonids

text: Leading up to the 1998 return, an airborne observing campaign was organized to mobilize modern observing techniques by Peter Jenniskens at NASA Ames Research Center. In 1999, there were also efforts to observe impacts of meteoroids on the Moon, as an example of transient lunar phenomenon. A particular reason to observe the Moon is that our vantage from a location on Earth sees only meteors coming into the atmosphere relatively close to us, while impacts on the Moon would be visible from across the Moon in a single view. The sodium tail of the Moon tripled just after the 1998 Leonid shower which was composed of larger meteoroids (which in the case of the Earth was witnessed as fireballs.) However, in 1999 the sodium tail of the Moon did not change from the Leonid impacts.


title: Leonids

text: Research by Kondrat'eva, Reznikov and colleagues at Kazan University had shown how meteor storms could be accurately predicted, but for some years the worldwide meteor community remained largely unaware of these results. The work of David J. Asher, Armagh Observatory and Robert H. McNaught, Siding Spring Observatory and independently by Esko Lyytinen in 1999, following on from the Kazan research, is considered by most meteor experts as the breakthrough in modern analysis of meteor storms. Whereas previously it was hazardous to guess if there would be a storm or little activity, the predictions of Asher and McNaught timed bursts in activity down to ten minutes by narrowing down the clouds of particles to individual streams from each passage of the comet, and their trajectories amended by subsequent passage near planets. However, whether a specific meteoroid trail will be primarily composed of small or large particles, and thus the relative brightness of the meteors, was not understood. But McNaught did extend the work to examine the placement of the Moon with trails and saw a large chance of a storm impacting in 1999 from a trail while there were less direct impacts from trails in 2000 and 2001 (successive contact with trails through 2006 showed no hits.)


title: Leonids

text: Viewing campaigns resulted in spectacular footage from the 1999, 2001, and 2002 storms which produced up to 3,000 Leonid meteors per hour. Predictions for the Moon's Leonid impacts also noted that in 2000 the side of the Moon facing the stream was away from the Earth, but that impacts should be in number enough to raise a cloud of particles kicked off the Moon which could cause a detectable increase in the sodium tail of the Moon. Research using the explanation of meteor trails/streams have explained the storms of the past. The 1833 storm was not due to the recent passage of the comet, but from a direct impact with the previous 1800 dust trail. The meteoroids from the 1733 passage of Comet Tempel-Tuttle resulted in the 1866 storm and the 1966 storm was from the 1899 passage of the comet. The double spikes in Leonid activity in 2001 and in 2002 were due to the passage of the comet's dust ejected in 1767 and 1866. This ground breaking work was soon applied to other meteor showers – for example the 2004 June Bootids. Peter Jenniskens has published predictions for the next 50 years. However, a close encounter with Jupiter is expected to perturb the comet's path, and many streams, making storms of historic magnitude unlikely for many decades. Recent work tries to take into account the roles of differences in parent bodies and the specifics of their orbits, ejection velocities off the solid mass of the core of a comet, radiation pressure from the Sun, the Poynting–Robertson effect, and the Yarkovsky effect on the particles of different sizes and rates of rotation to explain differences between meteor showers in terms of being predominantly fireballs or small meteors.


title: Leonids

text: Two appearances of the Leonids frame the story of the 1985 novel "Blood Meridian" by Cormac McCarthy.


title: Leonids

text: The 1833 shower is referenced in the fourth section of William Faulkner's short story "The Bear," as published in his 1942 novel "Go Down, Moses". As Ike reads the entries chronicling the slaves owned by his family, the recording for Tomy lists her death as June 1833, "Yr stars fell"."


title: Leonids

text: The plot of "Halloween Approximately", a 2000 episode of "Malcolm in the Middle", revolves around an attempt to view the Leonids.


title: Leonids

text: In season 1, Episode 15 of "Thunderbirds Are Go", "Relic", Tracy family members, Alan and Scott, travel to the far side of the Moon to rescue one of their father's old friends from an almost-decommissioned moonbase at risk of being destroyed by the Leonid meteor shower. The series is set in the year 2060.


title: Leonids

text: In season 1, Episode 1 of (The Brokenwood Mysteries) The Leonids meteor shower is watched by a character in the episode as he proposed to his wife on the 17th November and his killer knew where he would be.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The Spanish Golden Age ( , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs. The greatest patron of Spanish art and culture during this period was King Philip II (1556–1598), whose royal palace, El Escorial, invited the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters such as El Greco, who infused Spanish art with foreign styles and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting. It is associated with the reigns of Isabella I, Ferdinand II, Charles V, Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV, when Spain was one of the most powerful countries in the world.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The start of the Golden Age can be placed in 1492, with the end of the "Reconquista", the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the New World, and the publication of Antonio de Nebrija's "Grammar of the Castilian Language". It roughly ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 that ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1635 to 1659. Some extend the Golden Age up to 1681 with the death of the Pedro Calderón de la Barca, the last great writer of the age. It can be divided into a Plateresque/Renaissance period and the early part of the Spanish Baroque period.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Spanish literature blossomed as well, most famously demonstrated in the work of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of "Don Quixote de la Mancha". Spain's most prolific playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote possibly one thousand plays during his lifetime, of which over four hundred survive to the present day. Diego Velázquez, regarded as one of the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time, was patronized by King Philip IV and his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares. The legacy of Diego Velázquez includes several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Some of Spain's greatest music is regarded as having been written in the period. Such composers as Tomás Luis de Victoria, Cristóbal de Morales, Francisco Guerrero, Luis de Milán and Alonso Lobo helped to shape Renaissance music and the styles of counterpoint and polychoral music, and their influence lasted far into the Baroque period which resulted in a revolution of music.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Spain, in the time of the Italian Renaissance, had seen few great artists come to its shores. The Italian holdings and relationships made by Queen Isabella's husband and later Spain's sole monarch, Ferdinand of Aragon, launched a steady traffic of intellectuals across the Mediterranean between Valencia, Seville, and Florence. Luis de Morales, one of the leading exponents of Spanish Mannerist painting, retained a distinctly Spanish style in his work, reminiscent of medieval art. Spanish art, particularly that of Morales, contained a strong mark of mysticism and religion that was encouraged by the counter-reformation and the patronage of Spain's strongly Catholic monarchs and aristocracy. Spanish rule of Naples was important for making connections between Italian and Spanish art, with many Spanish administrators bringing Italian works back to Spain.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Known for his unique expressionistic style that met with both puzzlement and admiration, El Greco (which means "The Greek") was not Spanish, having been born Domenikos Theotokopoulos in Crete. He studied the great Italian masters of his time—Titian, Tintoretto, and Michelangelo—when he lived in Italy from 1568 to 1577. According to legend, he asserted that he would paint a mural that would be as good as one of Michelangelo's, "if" one of the Italian artist's murals was demolished first. El Greco quickly fell out of favor in Italy, but soon found a new home in the city of Toledo, in central Spain. He was influential in creating a style based on impressions and emotion, featuring elongated fingers and vibrant color and brushwork. Uniquely, his works featured faces that captured expressions of sombre attitudes and withdrawal while still having his subjects bear witness to the terrestrial world. His paintings of the city of Toledo became models for a new European tradition in landscapes, and influenced the work of later Dutch masters. Spain at this time was an ideal environment for the Venetian-trained painter. Art was flourishing in the empire and Toledo was a great place to get commissions.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Diego Velázquez was born on June 6, 1599, in Seville. Both parents were from minor nobility. He was the oldest of six children. Velázquez is widely regarded as one of Spain's most important and influential artists. He was a court painter for King Philip IV and found an increasingly high demand for his portraits from statesmen, aristocrats, and clergymen across Europe. His portraits of the King, his chief minister, the Count-duke of Olivares, and the Pope himself demonstrated a belief in artistic realism and a style comparable to many of the Dutch masters. In the wake of the Thirty Years' War, Velázquez met the Marqués de Spinola and painted his famous "Surrender of Breda" celebrating Spinola's earlier victory. Spinola was struck by his ability to express emotion through realism in both his portraits and landscapes; his work in the latter, in which he launched one of European art's first experiments in outdoor lighting, became another lasting influence on Western painting. Velázquez's friendship with Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, a leading Spanish painter of the next generation, ensured the enduring influence of his artistic approach.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Velázquez's most famous painting is the celebrated "Las Meninas", in which the artist includes himself as one of the subjects.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The religious element in Spanish art, in many circles, grew in importance with the counter-reformation. The austere, ascetic, and severe work of Francisco de Zurbarán exemplified this thread in Spanish art, along with the work of composer Tomás Luis de Victoria. Philip IV actively patronized artists who agreed with his views on the counter-reformation and religion. The mysticism of Zurbarán's work—influenced by Saint Theresa of Avila—became a hallmark of Spanish art in later generations. Influenced by Michelangelo da Caravaggio and the Italian masters, Zurbarán devoted himself to an artistic expression of religion and faith. His paintings of St. Francis of Assisi, the immaculate conception, and the crucifixion of Christ reflected a third facet of Spanish culture in the seventeenth century, against the backdrop of religious war across Europe. Zurbarán broke from Velázquez's sharp realist interpretation of art and looked, to some extent, to the emotive content of El Greco and the earlier mannerist painters for inspiration and technique, though Zurbarán respected and maintained the lighting and physical nuance of Velázquez.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: It is unknown whether Zurbarán had the opportunity to copy the paintings of Caravaggio; at any rate, he adopted Caravaggio's realistic use of chiaroscuro. The painter who may have had the greatest influence on his characteristically severe compositions was Juan Sánchez Cotán. Polychrome sculpture—which by the time of Zurbarán's apprenticeship had reached a level of sophistication in Seville that surpassed that of the local painters—provided another important stylistic model for the young artist; the work of Juan Martínez Montañés is especially close to Zurbarán's in spirit.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: He painted directly from nature, and he made great use of the lay-figure in the study of draperies, in which he was particularly proficient. He had a special gift for white draperies; as a consequence, the houses of the white-robed Carthusians are abundant in his paintings. To these rigid methods, Zurbarán is said to have adhered throughout his career, which was prosperous, wholly confined to Spain, and varied by few incidents beyond those of his daily labour. His subjects were mostly severe and ascetic religious vigils, the spirit chastising the flesh into subjection, the compositions often reduced to a single figure. The style is more reserved and chastened than Caravaggio's, the tone of color often quite bluish. Exceptional effects are attained by the precisely finished foregrounds, massed out largely in light and shade.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Bartolomé Esteban Murillo began his art studies under Juan del Castillo in Seville. Murillo became familiar with Flemish painting; the great commercial importance of Seville at the time ensured that he was also subject to influences from other regions. His first works were influenced by Zurbarán, Jusepe de Ribera and Alonso Cano, and he shared their strongly realist approach. As his painting developed, his more important works evolved towards the polished style that suited the bourgeois and aristocratic tastes of the time, demonstrated especially in his Roman Catholic religious works.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: In 1642, at the age of 26 he moved to Madrid, where he most likely became familiar with the work of Velázquez, and would have seen the work of Venetian and Flemish masters in the royal collections; the rich colors and softly modeled forms of his subsequent work suggest these influences. He returned to Seville in 1645. In that year, he painted thirteen canvases for the monastery of St. Francisco el Grande in Seville which gave his reputation a well-deserved boost. Following the completion of a pair of pictures for the Seville Cathedral, he began to specialise in the themes that brought him his greatest successes, Mary and child Jesus, and the Immaculate Conception.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: After another period in Madrid, from 1658 to 1660, he returned to Seville, where he died. Here he was one of the founders of the Academia de Bellas Artes (Academy of Fine Arts), sharing its direction, in 1660, with the architect, Francisco Herrera the Younger. This was his period of greatest activity, and he received numerous important commissions, among them the altarpieces for the Augustinian monastery, the paintings for Santa María la Blanca (completed in 1665), and others.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The Palace of Charles V is a Renacentist construction, located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra. It was commanded by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra palaces. Although the Catholic Monarchs had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to Pedro Machuca, an architect whose biography and influences are poorly understood. Even if accounts that place Machuca in the atelier of Michelangelo are accepted, at the time of the construction of the palace in 1527 the latter had yet to design the majority of his architectural works. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the Plateresque style, still with traces of Gothic origin. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to Mannerism, a mode still in its infancy in Italy.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: El Escorial is a historical residence of the king of Spain. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum, and school. It is located about northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. El Escorial comprises two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: El Real Monasterio de El Escorial itself and La Granjilla de La Fresneda, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres away. These sites have a dual nature; that is to say, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were places in which the temporal power of the Spanish monarchy "and" the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman Catholic religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was, at once, a monastery and a Spanish royal palace. Originally a property of the Hieronymite monks, it is now a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Philip II of Spain, reacting to the Protestant Reformation sweeping through Europe during the sixteenth century, devoted much of his lengthy reign (1556–1598) and much of his seemingly inexhaustible supply of New World silver to stemming the Protestant tide sweeping through Europe, while simultaneously fighting the Islamic Ottoman Empire. His protracted efforts were, in the long run, partly successful. However, the same counter-reformational impulse had a much more benign expression, thirty years earlier, in Philip's decision to build the complex at El Escorial.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Philip engaged the Spanish architect, Juan Bautista de Toledo, to be his collaborator in the design of El Escorial. Juan Bautista had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on the basilica of St. Peter's, and in Naples, where he had served the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and together they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The Plaza Mayor in Madrid was built during the Habsburg period is a central plaza in the city of Madrid, Spain. It is located only a few blocks away from another famous plaza, the Puerta del Sol. The Plaza Mayor is rectangular in shape, measuring 129 by 94 meters, and is surrounded by three-story residential buildings having 237 balconies facing the Plaza. It has a total of nine entranceways. The Casa de la Panadería, serving municipal and cultural functions, dominates the Plaza Mayor.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The origins of the Plaza go back to 1589 when Philip II of Spain asked Juan de Herrera, a renowned Renaissance architect, to discuss a plan to remodel the busy and chaotic area of the old Plaza del Arrabal. Juan de Herrera was the architect who designed the first project in 1581 to remodel the old Plaza del Arrabal but construction didn't start until 1617, during Philip III's reign. The king asked Juan Gómez de Mora to continue with the project, and he finished the porticoes in 1619. Nevertheless, the Plaza Mayor as we know it today is the work of the architect Juan de Villanueva who was entrusted with its reconstruction in 1790 after a spate of big fires. Giambologna's equestrian statue of Philip III dates to 1616, but it was not placed in the center of the square until 1848.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Unlike most cathedrals in Spain, construction of this cathedral had to await the acquisition of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada from its Muslim rulers in 1492; while its very early plans had Gothic designs, such as are evident in the Royal Chapel of Granada by Enrique Egas, the construction of the church in the main occurred at a time when Renaissance designs were supplanting the Gothic regnant in Spanish architecture of prior centuries. Foundations for the church were laid by the architect Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main mosque; by 1529, Egas was replaced by Diego de Siloé who labored for nearly four decades on the structure from ground to cornice, planning the triforium and five naves instead of the usual three. Most unusually, he created a circular capilla mayor rather than a semicircular apse, perhaps inspired by Italian ideas for circular 'perfect buildings' (e.g. in Alberti's works). Within its structure the cathedral combines other orders of architecture. It took 181 years for the cathedral to be built.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Subsequent architects included Juan de Maena (1563–1571), followed by Juan de Orea (1571–1590), and Ambrosio de Vico (1590-?). In 1667 Alonso Cano, working with Gaspar de la Peña, altered the initial plan for the main façade, introducing Baroque elements. The magnificence of the building would be even greater, if the two large 81 meter towers foreseen in the plans had been built; however the project remained incomplete for various reasons, among them, financial.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The Granada Cathedral had been intended to become the royal mausoleum for Charles I of Spain, but Philip II of Spain moved the site for his father and subsequent kings to El Escorial outside of Madrid.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The main chapel contains two kneeling effigies of the Catholic King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabel, by Pedro de Mena y Medrano. The busts of Adam and Eve were made by Alonso Cano. The Chapel of the Trinity has a marvelous retablo with paintings by El Greco, Alonso Cano, and José de Ribera (The "Spagnoletto").


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The Cathedral of Valladolid, like all the buildings of the late Spanish Renaissance built by Herrera and his followers, is known for its purist and sober decoration, its style being the typical Spanish "clasicismo", also called "Herrerian". Using classical and renaissance decorative motifs, Herrerian buildings are characterized by their extremely sober decorations, its formal austerity, and its like for monumentality.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The cathedral has its origins in a late gothic Collegiate which was started during the late 15th century, for before becoming capital of Spain Valladolid was not a bishopry see, and thus it lacked the right of building a cathedral. However, soon enough the Collegiate became obsolete due to the changes of taste of the day, and thanks to the newly established episcopal see in the city, the Town Council decided to build a cathedral that would shade similar constructions in neighbouring capitals.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Had the building been finished, it would have been one of the biggest cathedrals in Spain. When the building was started, Valladolid was the "de facto" capital of Spain, housing king Philip II and his court. However, due to strategical and geopolitical reasons, by the 1560s the capital was moved to Madrid, thus Valladolid losing its political and economical relevance. By the late sixteenth century, Valladolid's importance had been severely resented, and many of the monumental projects such as the cathedral, started during its former and glorious days, had to be modified due to the lack of proper finance. Thus, the building that nowadays stands could not be finished in all its splendour, and because of several additions built during the 17th and 18th centuries, it lacks the purported stylistical uniformity sought by Herrera. Indeed, although mainly faithful to the project of Juan de Herrera, the building would undergo many modifications, such as the addition to the top of the main façade, a work by Churriguera.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Tomás Luis de Victoria, a Spanish composer of the sixteenth century, mainly of choral music, is widely regarded as one of the greatest Spanish classical composers. He joined the cause of Ignatius of Loyola in the fight against the Reformation and in 1575 became a priest. He lived for a short time in Italy, where he became acquainted with the polyphonic work of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Like Zurbarán, Victoria mixed the technical qualities of Italian art with the religion and culture of his native Spain. He invigorated his work with emotional appeal and experimental, mystical rhythm and choruses. He broke from the dominant tendency among his contemporaries by avoiding complex counterpoint, preferring longer, simpler, less technical and more mysterious melodies, employing dissonance in ways that the Italian members of the Roman School shunned. He demonstrated considerable invention in musical thought by connecting the tone and emotion of his music to those of his lyrics, particularly in his motets. Like Velázquez, Victoria was employed by the monarch – in Victoria's case, in the service of the queen. The Requiem he wrote upon her death in 1603 is regarded as one of his most enduring and complex works.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Francisco Guerrero, a Spanish composer of the 16th century. He was second only to Victoria as a major Spanish composer of church music in the second half of the 16th century. Of all the Spanish Renaissance composers, he was the one who lived and worked the most in Spain. Others, e.g. Morales and Victoria, spent large portions of their careers in Italy. Guerrero's music was both religious and secular, unlike that of Victoria and Morales, the two other Spanish 16th-century composers of the first rank. He wrote numerous secular songs and instrumental pieces, in addition to masses, motets, and Passions. He was able to capture an astonishing variety of moods in his music, from elation to despair, longing, depression, and devotion; his music remained popular for hundreds of years, especially in cathedrals in Latin America. Stylistically he preferred homophonic textures, rather like his Spanish contemporaries, and he wrote memorable, singable lines. One interesting feature of his style is how he anticipated functional harmonic usage: there is a case of a Magnificat discovered in Lima, Peru, once thought to be an anonymous 18th century work, which turned out to be a work of his.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Victoria's work was complemented by Alonso Lobo – a man Victoria respected as his equal. Lobo's work – also choral and religious in its content – stressed the austere, minimalist nature of religious music. Lobo sought out a medium between the emotional intensity of Victoria and the technical ability of Palestrina; the solution he found became the foundation of the Baroque musical style in Spain.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Regarded as one of the finest composers in Europe around the middle of the 16th century, Cristóbal de Morales was born in Seville in 1500 and employed in Rome from 1535 until 1545 by the Vatican. Almost all of his music is religious, and all of it is vocal, though instruments may have been used in an accompanying role in performance. Morales also wrote two masses on the famous "L'homme armé" tune, which was often set by composers in the late 15th and 16th centuries. One of these masses is for four voices, and the other for five. The four voice mass uses the tune as a strict cantus firmus, and the setting for five voices treats it more freely, migrating it from one voice to another.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: Regarded by many as one of the finest works in any language, "El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha" by Miguel de Cervantes was the first novel published in Europe; it gave Cervantes a stature in the Spanish-speaking world comparable to his contemporary William Shakespeare in English. The novel, like Spain itself, was caught between the Middle Ages and the modern world. A veteran of the Battle of Lepanto (1571), Cervantes had fallen on hard times in the late 1590s and was imprisoned for debt in 1597, and some believe that during these years he began work on his best-remembered novel. The first part of the novel was published in 1605; the second in 1615, a year before the author's death. "Don Quixote" resembled both the medieval, chivalric romances of an earlier time and the novels of the early modern world. It parodied classical morality and chivalry, found comedy in knighthood, and criticized social structures and the perceived madness of Spain's rigid society. The work has endured to the present day as a landmark in world literary history, and it was an immediate international hit in its own time, interpreted variously as a satirical comedy, social commentary and forbearer of self-referential literature.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: A contemporary of Cervantes, Lope de Vega consolidated the essential genres and structures which would characterize the Spanish commercial drama, also known as the "Comedia", throughout the 17th century. While Lope de Vega wrote prose and poetry as well, he is best remembered for his plays, particularly those grounded in Spanish history. Like Cervantes, Lope de Vega served with the Spanish army and was fascinated with the Spanish nobility. In the hundreds of plays he wrote, with settings ranging from the Biblical times to legendary Spanish history to classical mythology to his own time, Lope de Vega frequently took a comical approach just as Cervantes did, taking a conventional moral play and dressing it up in good humor and cynicism. His stated goal was to entertain the public, much as Cervantes's was. In bringing morality, comedy, drama, and popular wit together, Lope de Vega is often compared to his English contemporary Shakespeare. Some have argued that as a social critic, Lope de Vega attacked, like Cervantes, many of the ancient institutions of his country – aristocracy, chivalry, and rigid morality, among others. Lope de Vega and Cervantes represented an alternative artistic perspective to the religious asceticism of Francisco Zurbarán. Lope de Vega's "cloak-and-sword" plays, which mingled intrigue, romance, and comedy together were carried on by his literary successor, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, in the later seventeenth century.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: This period also produced some of the most important Spanish works of poetry. The introduction and influence of Italian Renaissance verse is apparent perhaps most vividly in the works of Garcilaso de la Vega and illustrate a profound influence on later poets. Mystical literature in Spanish reached its summit with the works of San Juan de la Cruz and Teresa of Ávila. Baroque poetry was dominated by the contrasting styles of Francisco de Quevedo and Luis de Góngora; both had a lasting influence on subsequent writers, and even on the Spanish language itself. Lope de Vega was a gifted poet of his own, and there were a vast quantity of remarkable poets at that time, though less known: Francisco de Rioja, Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola, Bernardino de Rebolledo, Rodrigo Caro, and Andrés Rey de Artieda. Another poet was Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, from the Spanish colonies overseas, the New Spain ( modern day Mexico).


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: The picaresque genre flourished in this era, describing the life of "pícaros", living by their wits in a decadent society. Distinguished examples are "El buscón", by Francisco de Quevedo, "Guzmán de Alfarache" by Mateo Alemán, "Estebanillo González" and the anonymously published "Lazarillo de Tormes" (1554), which created the genre.


title: Spanish Golden Age

text: As elsewhere in Europe, Spanish scholars participated in the humanist recovery and theorizing of Greek and Roman rhetorics. Early Spanish humanists include Antonio Nebrija and Juan Luis Vives. Spanish rhetoricians who discussed Ciceronianism include Juan Lorenzo Palmireno and Pedro Juan Núñez. Famous Spanish Ramists include Francisco Sánchez de Brozas, Pedro Juan Núñez, Fadrique Furió Ceriol, and Luis de Verga. Many other rhetoricians turned to Greek rhetorics from Hermogenes and Longinus which were preserved by Byzantine scholars, especially George of Trebizond. These Byzantine-inspired Spanish rhetoricians include Antonio Lull, Pedro Juan Núñez, and Luis de Granada. There were also many translators of progymnasmata, including Francisco de Vergara, Francisco Escobar, Juan de Mal Lara, Juan Pérez, Antionio Lull, Juan Lorenzo Palmireno, and Pedro Juan Núñez. Another important Spanish rhetorician is Cypriano Soarez, whose rhetorical handbook was a key textbook in the Jesuit "Ratio studiorum" which was used in Jesuit education throughout the Spanish empire"." Diego de Válades´s "Rhetorica christiana" is the first Western rhetoric published by a native of México. Besides Soarez´s "De arte rhetorica," the progymnasmata by Pedro Juan Núñez was also published in Mexico City. Examples of Nahua oratory ("huehuetlatolli") were collected by Andrés de Olmos and Bernardino de Sahagún.


title: 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup will be the tenth edition of the FIFA Futsal World Cup, the quadrennial international futsal championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament host is yet to be determined.


title: 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: A total of 24 teams qualify for the final tournament, in addition, one country will qualify automatically as host, 23 other teams qualify from six separate continental competitions.


title: Karamanids

text: The Karamanids ( or ), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (), was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the middle 1300s until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia.


title: Karamanids

text: The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son Nure Sufi Bey, who emigrated from Arran (roughly encompassing modern-day Azerbaijan) to Sivas because of the Mongol invasion in 1230.


title: Karamanids

text: The Karamanids were members of the Salur tribe of Oghuz Turks. According to Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu and others, they were members of the Afshar tribe, which participated in the revolt led by Baba Ishak and afterwards moved to the western Taurus Mountains, near the town of Larende, where they came to serve the Seljuks. Nure Sofi worked there as a woodcutter. His son, Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey, gained a tenuous control over the mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but spurious legend, however, claims that the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Kayqubad I, instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands.