title: Walther Wenck

text: On 1 May 1982, Wenck died while on a trip to Austria, when his car collided with a tree. He was buried in his hometown of Bad Rothenfelde in Lower Saxony a few days later.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: Ronin Warriors, known in Japan by its original title , is a Japanese anime series created by Hajime Yatate and animated by Sunrise. The television series, co-produced by Nagoya TV, aired across Japan on the All-Nippon News Network from April 30, 1988, to March 4, 1989 for a total of 39 episodes. A manga adaptation was serialized on Kodansha’s "Comic BomBom" from November 17, 1988 to April 5, 1990 and the chapters collected into 2 "tankōbon" volumes.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: Talpa, the demon lord of the Netherworld and ruler of The Dynasty, is bent on conquering the mortal world. Standing against Talpa and his four Dark Warlords are the five Ronin Warriors, each in possession of mystical armor and weapons. They are assisted by Mia Koji, a young student-teacher, and a mysterious warrior-monk known only as The Ancient.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: "Ronin Warriors" was originally licensed in the United States by Graz Entertainment and distributed by Cinar (now WildBrain), and it was recorded by the Vancouver-based Ocean Productions cast. "Ronin Warriors" first aired on American television during the summer of 1995 and subsequently appeared through syndication, as well as the USA Network (1995), Sci-Fi Channel (1996) and later on Cartoon Network (1999).


title: Ronin Warriors

text: The series was released on DVD in 2002, including the original Japanese version with English subtitles on the reverse side of the disc. On September 4, 2014, North American anime licensor Discotek Media announced their license of the original Japanese anime ("Yoroiden Samurai Troopers"), and planned to release the series on DVD in 2015. Discotek has said that on their Facebook page that they have no plans to release "Ronin Warriors" until they clear issues with the dub. Discotek has also licensed the OVAs and includes both Japanese and English audio as well as English subtitles. However, by 2021 the issues had been resolved and the series' English dub had a Blu-ray release on December 28, 2021.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: Crunchyroll later added the anime series for its streaming. The English dub is legally available on streaming services such as Amazon Prime Video, RetroCrush, and Tubi.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: The opening and ending sequences and the eyecatches were replaced with new ones, and the Japanese title cards were removed; there were no substantial cuts to the bodies of the episodes and the episodes retained most of the original music.


title: Ronin Warriors

text: Three OVA sequels were produced: "Gaiden" ("Side Story"), "The Legend of the Inferno Armor", and "Message". There are numerous novels and audio dramas based on the anime. While all the sequels have been released on DVD, the manga and audio dramas have not been made available in English.


title: Petronius (oil platform)

text: Petronius is a deepwater compliant tower oil platform built from 1997 to 2000 and operated by Chevron in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans, United States.


title: Petronius (oil platform)

text: A compliant piled tower design, it is 640 metres (2,100 ft) high to the tip of flare boom from the mudline (sea floor) and was arguably the tallest free-standing structure in the world, until surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in 2010. This claim is disputed since only 75 metres of the platform are above water and it's unknown if the structure could have supported itself if built on land as it is partially supported by buoyancy. The multi-deck topsides are 64 metres by 43 metres by 18.3 metres high and hold 21 well slots. The compliant tower weighs around 43,000 tons with the topside weighing in at an additional 7,500 tons Around 9,600 m (60,000 barrels) of oil and 3,000,000 m (100 million cubic feet) of natural gas are extracted daily by the platform.


title: Petronius (oil platform)

text: The platform is situated to exploit the Petronius field, discovered in 1995 in Viosca Knoll (block VK 786) and named after Petronius, the Roman writer. The seabed is 535 m (1,754 ft) below the platform. The compliant tower design is more flexible than conventional land structures to cope better with sea forces. It can deflect (sway) in excess of 2% of height. Most buildings are kept to within 0.5% of height in order to have occupants not feel uneasy during periods of movement.


title: Petronius (oil platform)

text: Construction began in 1997 by J Ray McDermott with the seabed mooring system. The contract for the platform was budgeted at $200 million with total costs of around $500 million. The 4000-tonne North Module was installed in November 1998, but the attempt to install the slightly lighter South Module in December of that year ended with the unit on the seabed. A replacement module was built and installed by Saipem 7000 in May 2000.


title: Bagh nakh

text: The bagh nakh, vagh nakh, or vagh nakhya (, , , , lit. tiger claw) is a "fist-load, claw-like" dagger, originating from the Indian subcontinent, designed to fit over the knuckles or be concealed under and against the palm. It consists of four or five curved blades affixed to a crossbar or glove, and is designed to slash through skin and muscle. It is believed to have been inspired by the armament of big cats, and the term "bagh nakh" itself means tiger's claw in Hindi.


title: Bagh nakh

text: There are conflicting reports of the time period in which the bagh nakh first appeared. Poisoned bagh nakh had been used by the Rajput clans for assassinations. The most well-known usage of the weapon was by the first Maratha leader Shivaji who used a bichuwa and bagh nakh to kill the Bijapur general Afzal Khan.


title: Bagh nakh

text: It is a popular weapon among the Nihang Sikhs who wear it in their turbans and often hold one in their left hand while wielding a larger weapon such as a sword in the right hand. It is recommended that Nihang women carry a bagh nakh when going alone to dangerous areas. The Nihangs also have a number of traditional weapons one of them being the "Sher-Panja" (literally - lion's paw) which is inspired by the bagh nakha. Instead of going in between the gaps in the fingers the Sher panja goes over the wrist and fingers and has claws coming out.


title: Bagh nakh

text: While often associated with thieves and assassins, the bagh nakh was also used by wrestlers in a form of fighting called "naki ka kusti" or "claw wrestling" which persisted even under British colonial rule. M. Rousselete, who visited Baroda in 1864, described "naki-ka-kausti" as one of the raja's favourite forms of entertainment.


title: Bagh nakh

text: The weapons, fitted into a kind of handle, were fastened by thongs to the closed right hand. The men, drunk with "bhang" or Indian hemp, rushed upon each other and tore like tigers at face and body; forehead-skins would hang like shreds; necks and ribs were laid open, and not infrequently one or both would bleed to death. The ruler's excitement on these occasions often grew to such a pitch that he could scarcely restrain himself from imitating the movements of the duellists.


title: Bagh nakh

text: After the Direct Action Day riots, the Bengali Hindu girls, in order to defend themselves, began to wear a kind of sharp weapon resembling bagh nakh while going to school.


title: Bagh nakh

text: In the Walt Disney movie, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, the main movie's antagonist, Sa'luk, wields this kind of weapon, made of gold.


title: Bagh nakh

text: Several variations of bagh nakh exist, including one in which the single crossbar is replaced by two plates hinged together; with an additional loop and claw for the thumb. Earliest bagh nakh did not utilize loops for the fingers, rather round holes were punched through the central plate. Many bagh naka also incorporated a spike or blade on one end of the crossbar. This form was known as a "bichuwa bagh nakh" because the blade was based on that of the bichuwa (scorpion knife).


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The Earth Liberation Front (ELF), also known as "Elves" or "The Elves", is the collective name for individuals or covert cells who, according to the ELF Press Office, use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the environment".


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF was founded in Brighton in the United Kingdom in 1992, and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. The ELF acronym derived from the original ELF guerilla group, the Environmental Life Force, that was founded in 1977 in Santa Cruz, California by activist John Clark Hanna. The Earth Liberation Front is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries and is widely regarded as descending from Animal Liberation Front because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements. Using the same leaderless resistance model, as well as similar guidelines to the ALF, sympathizers say that it is an eco-defense group dedicated to taking the profit motive out of environmental destruction by causing economic damage to businesses through the use of property damage.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF was classified as the top "domestic terror" threat in the United States by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in February 2001, and its members classified as eco-terrorists. Despite the lack of deaths from ELF attacks, the FBI's deputy assistant director for counterterrorism has said, "I think we're lucky. Once you set one of these fires they can go way out of control." The name came to public prominence when they were featured on the television show "60 Minutes" in 2005. The group was further highlighted in the 2011 Academy Award–nominated documentary "".


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: ELF "monkeywrenching" is carried out against facilities and companies involved in logging, genetic engineering, GMO crops, deforestation, sport utility vehicle (SUV) sales, urban sprawl, rural cluster and developments with larger homes, energy production and distribution, and a wide variety of other activities, all charged by the ELF with exploiting the Earth, its environment and inhabitants.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The Earth Liberation Front has no formal leadership, hierarchy, membership or official spokesperson and is entirely decentralized; instead consisting of individuals or cells who choose the term as a banner to use. Individuals are commonly known to work in affinity groups, known as cells, and are usually self-funded.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Techniques involve destruction of property, by either using tools to disable or the use of arson to destroy what activists believe is being used to injure animals, people or the environment. These actions are sometimes called "ecotage" and there are marked differences between their actions in the United States and the United Kingdom.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: With many different reasons why ELF activists carry out economic sabotage, a communique to the press claiming the responsibility for arson against urban sprawl in December 2000, described the reason a cell took an action. As Elves usually do, they claimed that burning down the house was non-violent because it was searched for any living creatures; an issue which is much debated within the environmental movement.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Some of the most common and notable attacks are against the development of multimillion-dollar houses, a frequent target in the ELF campaign. In a communique to the press from the group's "above-ground spokesperson", Craig Rosebraugh, that was later published in "The Environmental Magazine", the group said in November 2000:


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office ("NAELFPO" or "ELFPO") was relaunched in October 2008, receiving anonymous communiques from activists, for distributing to the press and public, to discuss the motives, ideologies and history behind such actions.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Craig Rosebraugh served as an unofficial spokesperson for the ELF Press Office in North America from 1997 to early September 2001. Doubts have been raised about whether Rosebraugh or other unofficial spokespeople have ties to the cells involved, although the press office claim they do not know the identities of ELF members.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Prisoner support networks support ELF prisoners, such as "Spirit of Freedom (ELPSN)", an English website listing all Earth Liberation prisoners, as well as a variety of other "prisoners of conscience". There are also ELF support networks in Belgium, Italy, North America, and Poland, which collectively coordinate the support of prisoners, as well as websites for specific prisoners, such as for; Rod Coronado, Jeff "Free" Luers, Daniel McGowan, Briana Waters and Tre Arrow. The networks distribute literature written by those in prison, to their supporters and other support groups, and sometimes raise funds for those who require financial aid in their cases.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Earth liberationists, are a diverse group of individuals with a variety of different ideologies and theories. These include; animal liberationists, anti-capitalists, green anarchists, deep ecologists, eco-feminists, and anti-globalisationists.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Elves argue that direct action is required to aid the earth liberation movement, also referred to as "eco-resistance movement", and a part of the radical environmental movement. The ELF claim that it would be similar to how the ALF has projected forward the animal liberation movement. There was also the intention that in the same way animal liberationists "help out" with legal campaigns, earth liberationists would aid above-ground environmental organizations, notably Earth First!, by acts of ecotage.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The Earth Liberation Front was founded in 1992 in Brighton, England by members of the Earth First! (EF!) environmental movement at the first-ever national meeting. At the time, EF! had become very popular, so people's concerns were based on maintaining this popularity and by doing so not associating with overt law-breaking. There was no universal agreement over this, but it was accepted amongst the movement that British EF! would instead continue to advocate and focus on civil disobedience and mass demonstrations. If people wanted to participate in acts of ecotage, the new name "Earth Liberation Front" would be used, with its name and guidelines derived from the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), another movement that uses direct action to liberate animals or sabotage companies using them. It was understood that the simplicity of the guidelines was a crucial factor to engage as many people as possible to the new cause, with the intention that the ELF would quickly become as popular as the ALF.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The very first ELF action is unknown, or undocumented, but one of the first and most notable actions was on April Fool's Earth Night 1992, a night organized by activists to carry out ecotage and also one of the first of them. The Elves, as they were also known, targeted Fisons, a peat company accused of destroying the peat bogs causing £50,000–70,000 worth of damage. Pumps, trucks and other machinery belonging to the company were destroyed after legal campaigners, Friends of the Earth, spent two years advocating a boycott of the company. "Green Anarchist" magazine publicized the communique with the demands from the ELF:


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: In the September–October 1993 issue of the "Earth First! Journal", an anonymous article announced the creation of the ELF in England. It said the ELF is a movement of independently operating eco-saboteurs that split from the British EF! movement, which has focused directly on public direct actions. The author noted that unlike the ALF which seeks publicity: "ELF cells, for security reasons, work without informing the press and do not claim responsibility for actions."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF quickly spread across to Europe by 1994, with actions first occurring in the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, France and Finland, and the name starting to be used across the globe. The Earth Liberation Front is widely regarded as the Animal Liberation Front's younger sibling, because of the relationship and cooperation between the two movements. It is believed that cells rapidly established themselves in new countries because of the global outreach of Earth First! and the connection between the two groups. British Elves were also making contact with like-minded activists, informing them about the ELF and its tactics, with missionaries targeting specifically France, Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Within two years, McDonald's had been vandalized in Germany and Poland, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol had been sabotaged, and high-emission vehicles had been destroyed. Hunting towers were torn down in the Netherlands and Germany, which was presumably inspired by similar actions against hunting by the ALF.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The first time it was known that an earth liberation action had happened in North America, was in 1995, in Canada, by a group calling itself the Earth Liberation Army (ELA). They were considered by the European Elves at the time to be "transatlantic cousins". On 19 June 1995, the ELA burned down a wildlife museum and damaged a hunting lodge in British Columbia.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On Columbus Day 1996, activists spraypainted "504 years of genocide" and "ELF" on the walls of a public relations office, as well as a McDonald's restaurant in Oregon, the actions were the very first by the ELF in the United States. The same restaurant then had its locks glued and spraypainted again, but this time in support of the British McLibel Two, two activists who had distributed anti-McDonald's leaflets. The next day, it was reported that another two McDonald's restaurants, again in Oregon, had their locks glued by ELF activists. The only other reported action of the year was on Christmas Day, when a fur farm was raided in Michigan and 150 mink released into the wild by the Great Lakes ELF.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The Fox, a Chicago area Fox River environmental activist, began ELF style operations in the early 1970s and continued into the 1980s, while the peak number of ELF actions occurred in the early 1990s.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: In late November 2008, a group calling itself Eco-Anarquista Por El Ataque Directo (Eco-anarchist cell supporting direct attack) claimed responsibility for several recent actions, including half a dozen Molotov cocktails thrown at tren férreo (metro rail) in Mexico City, incendiary sabotage against Telmex, and a Molotov cocktail thrown at a Banamex ATM. The group claimed that these attacks were a form of protest against the construction of a new rail line (line 12), in Mexico City (D.F.) and Mexico State. The construction had caused deforestation and the eviction of many families.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Soon after this initial group of actions, the Frente de Liberación de la Tierra (Earth Liberation Front) claimed responsibility for a number of actions including the sabotage of a construction machine on December 30, 2008, arson at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the March 22nd, 2009 burning of construction equipment in Guadalajara, Jalisco.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Over the first months of 2012, several car arson cases in Buenos Aires were claimed by the "Frente de Liberacion de la Tierra", stating that "... we propose to destroy property from the bourgeoise class from Palermo to Villa Devoto who are sure that everything will stay the same, but some individuals are tired of this and pretend to continue with this initiative to expand the daily riots..."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF gained state attention in the state of Oregon in 1996 when they burned down the Oakridge Ranger Station.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF gained national attention for a series of actions which earned them the label of eco-terrorists, and one of the top domestic terror threats in the United States. This came after the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado, on October 19, costing $12 million. In a communique to the press, the ELF said:


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Actions also included sabotaging power lines, the burning of an SUV dealership, and the burning down of a logging headquarters causing $1 million in damages. The Elves wrote to the local paper "Let this be a lesson to all greedy multinational corporations who don't respect their ecosystems," with most actions taking place in Oregon. The defendants in the case were later charged in the FBI's "Operation Backfire", which included 17 acts of property destruction.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The ELF then set fire to Michigan State University on New Year's Eve, using a gasoline bomb to cause $1.1 million in damages, because of a program to provide GMO plants to African farmers. ELF spokesmen claimed Monsanto had been a major contributor to funding the program; however, the only funding from Monsanto Corp. was a one-time sum of $2,000 to send five African students to a conference on biotechnology. The next day, commercial logging equipment was set on fire, with "ELF" and "Go Log in Hell" spraypainted on a truck. In March 2008, four activists were charged for both the arsons.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On November 27, in Colorado, the ELF burned the Legend Ridge mansion and sent a message to the "Boulder Weekly" saying "Viva la revolution!" Damages were estimated at $2.5 million.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: In March, a total of thirty SUVs were torched, belonging to Joe Romania's dealership, in Oregon, with damages estimated at $1 million. The action was claimed in support of Jeff "Free" Luers, who targeted the very same dealership and was in court for the charges at the time. He was then sentenced to twenty-two years in jail, later revised to ten.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On May 21, a fire destroyed laboratories, offices, and archives at the Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, causing a total of $7 million in damages. The arson destroyed 20 years of research and plant and book collections. The ELF claimed responsibility based upon the incorrect belief that the University was involved in genetic engineering of poplar trees. No genetic engineering was being conducted. In the wake of the attack, an FBI spokeswoman in Portland, Oregon said "I don't think there's any doubt the ELF is ".


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On November 7, ELF member Ian Wallace planted incendiary devices outside of two buildings on the campus of Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan during the early morning hours. The devices failed, and on March 21, 2009, Wallace was sentenced to three years in prison for the incident by Judge Robert Holmes Bell, who said Wallace "didn't intend to hurt anybody, (but) this is a serious offense."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Said Wallace after his conviction, "I have been consumed by shame for what I have done," Wallace said. "My greatest blessing is that no one got hurt."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On January 1, in Girard, Pennsylvania, jugs of gasoline were set under three vehicles at Bob Ferrando Ford Lincoln Mercury and set ablaze. Two pickup trucks, one Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) and a car were destroyed causing $90,000 in damages. Steve Dartnell of Fairview claimed responsibility for the attack.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On August 1, a 206-unit condominium in San Diego was destroyed, with a banner left at the scene saying "If you build it, we will burn it", signed "The E.L.F.s are mad". The damages totaled $20 million after flames reached an estimated in the air, as over a hundred firefighters attempted to put out the fire. The destruction was the movement's most financially damaging action against a target, with a local preservation group calling the action pointless, noting that "You can go and burn something down, but it's just going to get built again." Exactly three weeks later, 125 SUVs and Hummers were torched in Los Angeles costing a total of $3.5 million, with "I love pollution" spray-painted at the scene, and a month later, homes being built in San Diego were targeted again, this time costing an estimated $450,000 in damages.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The FBI's most recent report stated that there had been over 1,200 "criminal incidents", within January 2006. A nearly completed house, worth $3 million, was burnt to the ground in Washington. It was reported that a bed-sheet was draped across the front gate, with a message reading "Built Green? Nope black. McMansions and RCDs r not green," a reference to rural cluster developments.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: One of the latest ELF arsons was reported on the morning of March 3, when explosive devices set fire to four multimillion-dollar homes from the 2007 Seattle Street of Dreams in Echo Lake, Washington, causing $7 million in damage. Authorities described the act as "domestic terrorism" after finding "ELF" spray-painted in red letters, mocking claims that the homes were environmentally friendly: "Built Green? Nope black! McMansions in RCDs r not green. ELF."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On March 23, the ELF claimed the burning of an excavator in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. In one of many recent anonymous communiques, the ELF reported to "Bite Back"; "Maybe we have not collapsed the system of domination with these actions, but it begins with actions like these."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: On September 4, ELF claimed responsibility for using a stolen excavator to overturn two AM radio towers belonging to the station KRKO near Seattle, Washington; they claimed that radio waves are dangerous.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: A Texas man was arrested after construction workers found a disabled construction vehicle graffitied with the words "ANOTHER TRACTOR DECOMMISSIONED BY THE E.L.F."


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The first major report of a name other than ELF being used to claim ecotage was in October 1998, when the Earth Liberation Army (ELA) claimed to be responsible for causing $12 million in damages to Vail Ski Resort by setting fire to several buildings and four chairlifts.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Two years later, in Oregon, three SUVs were destroyed by placing jugs of gasoline under the vehicles, with the ELA calling for others to "[c]ontinue the fight to remove the profit motive from the killing of the environment (biophysical)." Jeff Luers was later convicted of arson, as part of the Operation Backfire case, along with other ALF and ELF defendants. There have also been other groups that have caused similar damage as the ELF, within 2001 reports that "eco-terrorist" attacks, known as "ecotage", had increased. These included the ELF, the ELA, and another name being used – the "Environmental Rangers" who use similar tactics.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Activists have also used the names "The Moles", "The Grey Wolves", "Westcountry Wildlife Cell", "Eco-Animal Defense Unit", and "Radical Brigades for Ecological Defence", as well as others.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The "Environmental Life Force", also known as the "Original ELF", was the first radical group to use explosive and incendiary devices to promote pro-environment causes. It was founded by John Hanna, who was the only member of the group to be arrested and convicted for the use of explosives on federal property.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Although it was an eco-guerilla entity with similar philosophies to the current ELF (Earth Liberation Front), which formed fifteen years later, there was no formal link between the two groups, and founders of the Earth Liberation Front may not have even been aware of the existence of the Environmental Life Force. Despite this, it has acknowledged in written communications that Dave Foreman, who founded Earth First! three years after the original ELF, was in communication with Hanna in the mid-1980s, before the Earth Liberation Front was founded, which was after Foreman cut ties with the Earth First! movement.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: In 1994, Dutch authorities and police made claims that British ELF activists were traveling abroad to cause sabotage, which was disputed by ELF. Later that year the first Earth Liberation Prisoner (ELP) was caught and later charged. Known as Paul S., he was arrested and accused of carrying out an 18-month campaign of vandalism in the Netherlands against road construction sites. The Dutch government attempted to declare him insane, because of his inability to provide a political reason for his actions, other than his care for the environment. This was unsuccessful and the prisoner was sentenced to three years for damaging property.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Due to the increased popularity of the environmental movement, as well as the animal liberation movement and estimates that five ALF actions occurred per day, police carried out a series of raids against animal rights and environmental activists. In total, there were 55 homes raided against suspected ALF and ELF activists, including an individual in Italy. The police had not managed to charge anyone with any illegal activities, until on January 16, 1996, when six men were charged for a five-year ALF/ELF campaign. They were sentenced a year later each to three years for conspiracy to incite violence in the name of animal and earth liberation.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The term "Green Scare", alluding to the "Red Scares", periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the radical environmentalist movement.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: It is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). In late 2005 and early 2006, as part of "Operation Backfire", US grand juries indicted a total of 18 activists on a range of charges related to "violent acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes". According to the FBI, many of these acts were carried out on behalf of the ELF and was considered as one of the largest arrests of environmental activists in American history.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The operation resulted in the arrest of Chelsea Dawn Gerlach, William C. Rodgers, and Daniel McGowan.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: In 2008, the FBI increased the reward for handing over four suspects to $50,000. The four, two Americans and two Canadians, are believed to have fled the U.S. through Mexico and are possibly hiding in Syria, Russia, China or India. The announcement of an increased manhunt came on the tenth anniversary of the bombing in Vail.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: A 2011 NPR report claimed some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication management unit.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: During the mid-1990s, the "Western Wildlife Unit", an ELF branch in Britain, was responsible for various acts of animal rights themed violence. The vandalism included spiking trees as well as targeting anglers. However, it wasn't until sometime later, in the United States, that a joint claim of responsibility was made.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Molland also writes that the first established ALF and ELF action was established on March 14, 1997, when the "" Animal Liberation Front – Eco-Animal Defense Unit"" claimed the spiking of 47 trees in a clearcut area, Oregon. This was only a few months after the fur farm had been raided by the Great Lakes ELF, which also highlighted the overlap in direct action for animal rights and environmentalism. The group intended to state that the farm they had raided was a joint effort between members of the Animal and Earth Liberation Front.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Five days later, the ""Bay Area Cell of the Earth and Animal Liberation Front"" claimed the firebombing of the University of California, an animal research laboratory that was still under construction at the time. Also later that year, on November 29, there was another joint ALF & ELF claim, this time releasing 500 wild horses and torching the Bureau of Land Management in Burns, in protest of BLM's intention to round up the wild horses and process them for the sale of horsemeat.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: However, this claim contradicts the Southern Poverty Law Center, which states that the first incident of cooperation between the two movements was 6 months before these events on October 27, 1996, when the ALF & ELF were both responsible for firebombing a Forest Service truck in Detroit, Oregon. Then three days later both groups claimed the arson at the U.S. Forest Service Oakridge Ranger Station, at the cost of $5.3 million.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: It was then reported that a week before the Bay Area cells fur farm raid, on March 11, 1997, four trucks were torched, at the Agricultural Fur Breeders Co-Op. The damage totaled $1 million and the action was again claimed by the ALF & ELF.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: As the ELF was becoming well established through its actions, on 21 June 1998, the United States Forest Service wildlife research center near Olympia, Washington was set on fire with "Eco-Defense" and "Earth Liberation" spray-painted on construction machinery, which had received extensive damage in New Jersey on the 2nd Feb. Both the actions were claimed jointly by the ALF & ELF and were estimated to have caused one of the worst damages yet, estimated at $1.9 million. The same claim was made when 310 animals were taken from a fur farm involved in experimental research-based in Madison, Wisconsin, which were stolen on the 3rd of July.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Actions claimed by both the ALF and ELF jointly have appeared across the globe, nearly as much as the ELF has, causing more activists from the ALF and other movements to become involved; believing in ""No Compromise in Defence of Mother Earth"", a popular Earth First! the slogan used and populated in the 1980s.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Despite this, in comparison to the ALF, there have been few communiques in recent years that have been released to the media or ELF Press Offices. This is largely due to the style of the ELF, who are much less likely to report their actions, or even leave a message to notify their targets regarding why they have been attacked.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Although ALF and ELF combined actions have continued, one of the latest string of jointly claimed arsons was publicised was in November 2002, when activists sent a communique to "Bite Back" and also the ELF Press Office, claiming responsibility for the arson at Mindek Brothers Fur Farm. In a press release, the groups stated the reason for their action:


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: The FBI designated the ELF as "eco-terrorists". Representative Scott McInnis, then chairman of the US House Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health, subpoenaed Craig Rosebraugh in an effort to investigate the ELF's activities. On hearing Rosebraugh's testimony, McInnis suggested it was "luck" no one has been killed by an ELF (or ALF) attack.


title: Earth Liberation Front

text: Despite the leaderless nature of the movement, the FBI says that activist Rod Coronado is "a national leader" of the ELF in the USA, while Coronado describes himself as an "unofficial ELF spokesman".


title: Old Sarum

text: Old Sarum, in Wiltshire, South West England, is the now ruined and deserted site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury. Situated on a hill about north of modern Salisbury near the A345 road, the settlement appears in some of the earliest records in the country. It is an English Heritage property and is open to the public.


title: Old Sarum

text: The great stone circles of Stonehenge and Avebury were erected nearby and indications of prehistoric settlement have been discovered from as early as 3000 BC. An Iron Age hillfort was erected around 400 BC, controlling the intersection of two trade paths and the Hampshire Avon. The site continued to be occupied during the Roman period, when the paths were made into roads. The Saxons took the British fort in the 6th century and later used it as a stronghold against marauding Vikings. The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. A royal palace was built within Old Sarum Castle for and was subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs. This heyday of the settlement lasted for around 300 years until disputes between the Sheriff of Wiltshire and the Bishop of Salisbury finally led to the removal of the church into the nearby plain. As New Salisbury grew up around the construction site for the new cathedral in the early 13th century, the buildings of Old Sarum were dismantled for stone and the old town dwindled. Its long-neglected castle was abandoned by in 1322 and sold by in 1514. Edward Rutherfurd's 1987 novel "Sarum" traces the history of the town.


title: Old Sarum

text: Although the settlement was effectively uninhabited, its landowners continued to have parliamentary representation into the 19th century, making it one of the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832. Old Sarum served as a pocket borough of the Pitt family.


title: Old Sarum

text: Old Sarum is also the name of a modern settlement north-east of the monument, where there is a grass strip airfield and a small business park, and large 21st-century housing developments.


title: Old Sarum

text: The present name seems to be a corruption of the medieval Latin and Norman forms of the name Salisbury, such as the Sarisburie that appeared in the Domesday Book of 1086. (These were adaptions of the earlier names Searoburh, Searobyrig, and Searesbyrig, calques of the indigenous Brittonic name with the Old English suffixes and , denoting fortresses or their adjacent settlements.) The longer name was first abbreviated as "Sar̅", but, as such a mark was used to contract the Latin suffix "-um" (common in placenames), the name was confused and became Sarum sometime around the 13th century. The earliest known use was on the seal of the hospital at New Salisbury, which was in use in 1239. The 14th-century Bishop Wyvil was the first to describe himself as "episcopus Sarum". The addition of 'old' to the name distinguished it from New Sarum, the formal name of the present-day city of Salisbury until 2009.


title: Old Sarum

text: There is evidence that early hunters and, later, farming communities occupied the site. A protective hill fort was constructed by the local inhabitants around 400 BC during the Iron Age by creating enormous banks and ditches surrounding the hill. The hillfort is broadly oval shaped, measuring in length and in width. It consists of a double bank and intermediate ditch with an entrance on the eastern side.


title: Old Sarum

text: Numerous other hillforts of the same period can be found locally, including Figsbury Ring to the east and Vespasian's Camp to the north. The archaeologist Sir R.C. Hoare described it as "a city of high note in the remotest periods by the several barrows near it, and its proximity to the two largest stone circles in England, namely, Stonehenge and Avebury."


title: Old Sarum

text: At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, the area of Old Sarum seems to have formed part of the territory of the Atrebates, a British tribe apparently ruled by Gaulish exiles. Although the dynasty's founder Commius had become a foe of Caesar's, his sons submitted to Augustus as client kings. Their realm became known as the Regni and the overthrow of one of them, Verica, was the casus belli used to justify the Emperor Claudius's invasion. The settlement appeared in the Welsh "Chronicle of the Britons" as or Gradawc () and as Caer-Wallawg. Bishop Ussher argued for its identification with the listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the "History of the Britons" traditionally ascribed to Nennius.


title: Old Sarum

text: Cynric, king of Wessex, captured the hill in 552. It remained part of Wessex thereafter but, preferring settlements in bottomland like nearby Wilton, the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the Viking invasions led to restore its fortifications. In the early part of the 9th century, it was a frequent residence of Egbert of Wessex and, in 960, assembled a national council there to plan a defence against the Danes in the north. Along with Wilton, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the Dano-Norwegian king Sweyn Forkbeard in 1003. It subsequently became the site of Wilton's mint.


title: Old Sarum

text: A motte-and-bailey castle was built by 1069, three years after the Norman conquest. The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its castellan was generally also the sheriff of Wiltshire. In 1075, the Council of London established Herman as the first bishop of Salisbury (""), uniting his former sees of Sherborne and Ramsbury into a single diocese which covered the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, and Berkshire. He and Saint Osmund began the construction of the first Salisbury cathedral but neither lived to see its completion in 1092. Osmund was a cousin of William the Conqueror and Lord Chancellor of England; he was responsible for the codification of the Sarum Rite, the compilation of the Domesday Book, and—after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops—was finally canonized by Pope in 1457.


title: Old Sarum

text: The Domesday Book was probably presented to William I at Old Sarum in 1086, the same year he convened the prelates, nobles, sheriffs, and knights of his dominions there to pay him homage by the Oath of Salisbury. Two other national councils were held there: one by William Rufus in 1096 and another by Henry I in 1116, which has sometimes been described as the first English Parliament. William Rufus confirmed its bishop in various additional sources of income, which were later confirmed by Henry II.


title: Old Sarum

text: The cathedral was consecrated on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later. Bishop Roger was a close ally of who served as his viceroy during the king's absence to Normandy and directed the royal administration and exchequer along with his extended family. He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s. This work ultimately doubled the cathedral's length and involved the large-scale leveling of the ecclesiastical district in the northwest quadrant of the town. He began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor Stephen. This palace was long thought to have been the small structure whose ruins are located in the small central bailey; it may, however, have been the large palace recently discovered in the southeast quadrant of the outer bailey. This palace was , surrounded a large central courtyard, and had walls up to thick. A room was probably a great hall and there seems to have been a large tower. At the time of Roger's arrest by , the bishop administered the castle on the king's behalf; it was thereafter allowed to fall into disrepair but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.


title: Old Sarum

text: Medieval Sarum also seems to have had industrial facilities such as kilns and furnaces. Residential areas were principally located in the two southern quadrants, built up beside the ditch protecting the inner bailey and Norman castle. Henry II held his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, prisoner at Old Sarum. In the 1190s, the plain between Old Sarum and Wilton was one of five specially designated by for the holding of English tournaments.


title: Old Sarum

text: An early 12th-century observer, William of Malmesbury, called Sarum a town "more like a castle than city, being environed with a high wall", and noted that "notwithstanding that it was very well accommodated with all other conveniences, yet such was the want for water that it sold at a great rate". Holinshed denied this and noted that the hill was "very plentifully served with springs and wells of very sweet water"; excavation has discovered numerous wells (including one within the Norman keep) but suggests that they were so deep as to make their use more cumbersome than carting water uphill from the rivers. The issue was presented to kings Richard and John as the prime reason to relocate the cathedral but seems to have only been part of the issue.


title: Old Sarum

text: The late 12th-century canon Peter of Blois described his prebendary as "barren, dry, and solitary, exposed to the rage of the wind" and the cathedral "as a captive on the hill where it was built, like the ark of God shut up in the profane house of Baal." Holinshed records that the clerics brawled openly with the garrison troops. Bishop Herbert received permission for the move from Richard I, who was agreeably disposed towards the diocese after discovering it held in coin in trust for his father, in addition to jewels, vestments, and plate, but was forced to delay the change after John's succession.


title: Old Sarum

text: By papal order, Herbert's brother Richard Poore was translated from Chichester to succeed him in 1217; the next year, Sarum's dean and chapter presented arguments to Rome for the cathedral's relocation. The investigation of these claims by the papal legate Cardinal Gualo verified the chapter's claims that the site's water was both expensive and sometimes restricted by the castellans; that housing within the walls was insufficient for the clerics, who were required to rent from the laity; that the wind was sometimes so strong that divine offices could not be heard and the roof was repeatedly damaged; and that the soldiers of the royal fortress restricted access to the cathedral precinct to the common folk during Ash Wednesday and on other occasions for providing the eucharist and the clerics felt imperiled by their circumstances. thereupon issued an indulgence to relocate the cathedral on 29 March 1217 or 1218. The chapter voted unanimously for the move and agreed to pay for it by withholding various portions of their prebends over the next seven years. On Easter Monday, 1219, a wooden chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was begun near the banks of the Hampshire Avon; on Trinity Sunday, Bishop Poore celebrated mass there and consecrated a cemetery. On Day, April 28, 1220, the foundation of the future stone cathedral was begun.


title: Old Sarum

text: The settlement that grew up around it was called New Salisbury, then (at least formally) New Sarum, then finally Salisbury. The former cathedral was formally dissolved in 1226. The inhabitants of the new city gradually razed the old, constructing Salisbury Cathedral and other buildings from the materials at Old Sarum. Evidence of quarrying into the 14th century shows some continued habitation, but the settlement was largely abandoned and ordered the castle's demolition in 1322.


title: Old Sarum

text: The castle grounds were sold by in 1514. From the reign of Edward II in the 14th century, the borough of Old Sarum elected two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons despite having, from at least the 17th century, no resident voters. One of the members in the 18th century was William Pitt the Elder. In 1831, Old Sarum had eleven voters, all of whom were landowners who lived elsewhere, making Old Sarum the most notorious of the rotten boroughs. The 1832 Reform Act subsumed the Old Sarum area into an enlarged borough of Wilton. The fortified site was an extra-parochial area and became a civil parish in 1858, but the civil parish was abolished in 1894. The site and surrounding area is now the northernmost part of Salisbury civil parish.


title: Old Sarum

text: The site of the castle and cathedral is considered a highly important British monument: it was among the 26 English locations scheduled by the 1882 Ancient Monuments Protection Act, the first such British legislation. That protection has subsequently continued, expanding to include some suburban areas west and south-east of the outer bailey. It was also listed as a Grade I site in 1972.


title: Old Sarum

text: Between 1909 and 1915, W.H. St J. Hope, W. Hawley, and D.H. Montgomerie excavated the site for the Society of Antiquaries of London. A second excavation occurred in the 1950s under John W. G. Musty and Philip Rahtz.


title: Old Sarum

text: In 2014, an on-site geophysical survey of the inner and outer bailey by the University of Southampton revealed its royal palace, as well as the street plan of the medieval city. The survey made use of soil resistivity to electric current, electrical resistivity tomography, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar. The team planned to return in 2015 to complete a similar survey of the Romano-British site to the south of the hillfort.


title: Old Sarum

text: The Old Sarum monument is now administered by English Heritage, and non-members are charged for admission. A paved carpark and grass overflow carpark are provided in the eastern area of the outer bailey.


title: Old Sarum

text: In 1917, during World War I, farmland about north-east of Old Sarum, along the Portway, was developed as the 'Ford Farm' aerodrome. That became Old Sarum Airfield, which remains in operation with a single grass runway. Later a small business park developed along the north edge of the airfield.


title: Old Sarum

text: Around 800 homes were built on the north side of the Portway between 2008 and 2016, and this area (which includes Old Sarum Primary School) is also called Old Sarum. From 2018, further housing called Longhedge Village, around 750 homes accessed from the A345, was built immediately north of the earlier development. These areas all fall within Laverstock civil parish, while the monument itself – separated from modern development by about of farmland – is within the Salisbury City area.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: Ponderosa Steakhouse and Bonanza Steakhouse are a chain of buffet/steakhouse restaurants that are a part of Homestyle Dining LLC based in Plano, Texas. Its menu includes steaks, seafood, and chicken entrées, all of which come with their buffet for a nominal charge. A lunch menu is also served.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: Unlike other chains with two names, such as Checkers and Rally's, which uses only one of the names in a given region, restaurants in a given region could be named either Bonanza or Ponderosa. This is because Bonanza and Ponderosa were separate companies, which were later merged under the Metromedia Restaurant Group.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: The names of the restaurants were derived from the TV series "Bonanza", which was set at a place called Ponderosa Ranch.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: In 1963, Dan Blocker, who played Eric "Hoss" Cartwright on "Bonanza", started the Bonanza Steakhouse chain. The first Bonanza opened in Westport, Connecticut. Sam Wyly and his brother Charles Wyly bought the small Bonanza restaurant chain three years later. The company grew to approximately 600 restaurants by 1989, when the Wylys sold it to Metromedia.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: In 1965, Dan Lasater, Norm Wiese and Charles Kleptz founded Ponderosa in Kokomo, Indiana, moving the headquarters to Dayton, Ohio, in 1971.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: Ponderosa began operating in Canada by 1971 and remained there until 1986, when its focus moved to post-recession US. After closing most Canadian Ponderosa restaurants, the company returned to generating US restaurant franchises in 1986, reversing a previous freeze on new US franchises in the move to Canada. At that time, 36 Canadian Ponderosa locations were acquired by General Mills Restaurant Group which converted them to Red Lobster restaurants. In the meantime, Bonanza maintained a presence in Canada.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: In February 1988, Ponderosa was sold to Metromedia Restaurant Group. In September 1989, Metromedia acquired rival Bonanza, combining the two chains. In 1997, Ponderosa and Bonanza united under the Metromedia Family Steakhouses (MFS) organization to be marketed under the Ponderosa or Bonanza brands. MFS was one of founder John Kluge's companies using the Metromedia name.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: After its "S&A Restaurant Group" division was forced into an involuntary Chapter 7 liquidation by its lender, GE Capital, in August 2008, and closed over 300 company-owned Bennigan's and Steak & Ale restaurants, the chain's parent company, Metromedia Steakhouses Company, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008, although it planned to reorganize around franchise operations and a profitable core of company-operated restaurants. It emerged from bankruptcy in 2009 under the name "Homestyle Dining LLC".


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: The chain engaged Trinity Capital LLC as its financial advisor in 2016 and was sold in late 2017 to FAT Brands, the owner of Fatburger, Buffalo's Cafe and Hurricane Grill & Wings. FAT Brands has approximately 300 locations open, with another 300 under development in 32 countries.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: In winter of 2017, the Saskatoon 8th Street Location was destroyed in a fire; the fire started in the kitchen, and the land has since been re-developed into a strip mall, with a Popeyes location now occupying its former site.


title: Ponderosa and Bonanza Steakhouses

text: In 1989 there were almost 700 Ponderosa locations. By 2003 there were less than 400 locations. By October 2022 only 17 Ponderosa locations remain open.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show is an animated road comedy film that serves as the series finale for the animated series "Ed, Edd n Eddy". It was produced by a.k.a. Cartoon and premiered on Cartoon Network on November 8, 2009. Series creator Danny Antonucci directed the film and co-wrote it with Jono Howard, Mike Kubat, Rachel Connor and Stacy Warnick. "Big Picture Show" centers on an adventure that the adolescent Eddy takes his friends Ed and Edd on to find his older brother after their most recent money-making scheme leaves their cul-de-sac in a state of devastation that harms its other participants.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Antonucci and a.k.a. Cartoon spent two years working on the film before it was finished in 2008. To focus more on this, he shortened the show's sixth season to two episode segments after getting approval from Cartoon Network to work on a movie. Its title characters are respectively voiced by Matt Hill, Sam Vincent and Tony Sampson while David Paul Grove, Kathleen Barr, Erin Fitzgerald, Peter Kelamis, Janyse Jaud and Keenan Christenson play their neighbors. Terry Klassen, the film's voice director, was cast as Eddy's Brother while Patric Caird composed its score. "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show" had high ratings for Cartoon Network, posting double and triple digit ratings delivery gains. It has been praised as a strong conclusion for "Ed, Edd n Eddy".


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Three adolescent friends named Ed, Edd and Eddy (collectively known as "the Eds") opt to flee the Peach Creek cul-de-sac after their latest money-making scheme heavily backfires and leaves it in a state of devastation. This has severely wounded their neighbors Jonny, Kevin, Nazz and Rolf, who plan to retaliate violently. After narrowly escaping, Eddy decides they should seek protection from his unnamed older brother. Since Eddy does not actually know where he lives, Edd (called Double D) tries to piece together Eddy's inconsistent facts about him to determine a location. To find the Eds, Jonny takes his wooden board Plank with him on a city bus while Rolf rides on his pig, Wilfred, and Kevin and Nazz travel via Kevin's prized bicycle. While Jimmy and Sarah were not involved or affected by the scheme, they seek to have a picnic and watch the Eds get beaten up, but run into the Kanker sisters — Lee, Marie and May. Upon learning about what the other children plan on doing to the Eds from them, the Kankers set out to save them while taking the duo hostage.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Meanwhile, the Eds are left to wander aimlessly under Eddy's direction. In a cow field, Edd profiles Eddy's brother and reasons that given his con artistry, he would likely be found at a place involving pranks. Ed uses one of his decade-old comic books to suggest visiting the Lemon Brook Gag Factory. Upon arriving, they discover the factory has been shut down, and Edd cannot find any clues in the office.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: After leaving the factory, Eddy claims his brother was once a whaler, so Edd deduces he must live by the sea. After building a boat, they ride on it over the river to find him. The river ends in a swamp, where their boat is destroyed. Ed and Eddy then prank Edd into believing that they have sunken to their demises in quicksand. Infuriated, Edd decides to return home and face the other kids' wrath. Ed sobs over their damaged friendship while Eddy is initially enraged by this. He soon breaks down crying and takes blame for their predicament, prompting Edd to forgive him and the Eds continue their adventure.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Elsewhere, Nazz throws Kevin's bicycle into a tree once she loses patience with him prioritizing it over her well-being while Jimmy and Sarah escape from the Kankers and are joined by Wilfred, who has abandoned Rolf after growing tired of his abrasive attitude. The Kankers abduct Kevin, Nazz and Rolf before the Eds locate a coastal theme park the next morning called "Mondo A-Go Go", which Edd links to a postcard Eddy has from his brother. They conclude that Eddy's brother works there and find his whale-resembling trailer. Everyone else except for Jonny and Plank arrive soon afterwards. Eddy's brother reveals himself and, although he originally seems to be everything that the children imagined, is eventually shown to be physically abusive towards Eddy without reason, leaving everyone appalled. When Edd tries to interfere, Eddy's brother uses his sibling to slam him into the ground, prompting everyone to defend Eddy. Ed soon defeats Eddy's brother by sending his trailer door flying into his face, knocking him out.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Now expressing remorse over his past actions, Eddy tearfully reveals that he lied about his brother in an unsuccessful attempt to gain admiration and social acceptance. Touched by Eddy's confession and eventual apology, the children forgive the Eds and accept them as their friends. Jonny and Plank subsequently arrive and, without giving anyone a chance to explain what happened, quickly attack the Eds. In response, the other kids attack Jonny and Plank. Kevin then invites everyone over for jawbreakers and they return home together while the Kankers drag Eddy's brother into his trailer. Edd concludes the film and the series by putting a label that says "The End" on the screen. In a post-credits scene, Jonny is enraged after everyone turned against him and vows revenge. However, Plank mentions that there is no time left in the film.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: While "Ed, Edd n Eddy" was in the middle of its fifth season, Cartoon Network confirmed on March 1, 2006 that a sixth one had been approved. As the show's creator Danny Antonucci and a.k.a. Cartoon were working on season six, the network allowed them to work on a film for it, which would serve as the series finale. He decided to cut the sixth season short so they could focus more on creating this movie, entitled "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show". "IGN" stated that the series was on hiatus in November 2007. The two sixth-season episode segments that had already been produced—"May I Have This Ed" and "Look Before You Ed"—premiered on June 29, 2008. During "The Complete Second Season" DVD's "Behind the Eds" interview, Antonucci hinted that the film would reveal what is under Double D's hat, though this never occurred. A few episodes, such as "Run Ed, Run", implied that he is bald.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Before "Big Picture Show" premiered, Antonucci mentioned that it would show Eddy's brother for the first time. The character was voiced by Terry Klassen, who also served as the voice director for "Big Picture Show". Antonucci directed the film and co-wrote it along with Jono Howard, Mike Kubat, Rachel Connor and Stacy Warnick. Daniel Sioil as well as Ruth Vincent served as producers while Ken Cathro was its editor and Scott Underwood, Steve Garcia, Raven Molisee, Joel Dickie and "Big" Jim Miller worked on the storyboards. Yeson Entertainment and Voicebox Productions Inc. respectively handled the animation and voice production. Series composer Patric Caird composed the score, and later released this on his website.


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: On December 1, 2008, Antonucci stated production on the movie was "wrapping up" after two years of work, and that it would air on Cartoon Network the following year. When asked for details about "Big Picture Show", he mentioned it would be shown in widescreen format and the title characters would "do something really bad, and they find themselves running away from Cul-De-Sac to find a safe place". After being completed in 2008, the film premiered on November 8, 2009. It runs for a total of 89 minutes. Matt Kapko of Animation World Network described the premiere of "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show" as a "huge ratings success for Cartoon Network", noting that the premiere "earned double and triple-digit ratings and delivery gains among all kid demo[graphics]".


title: Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show

text: Critics have praised "Big Picture Show" as a strong conclusion to the series. Charlie-Robinson Poortvliet of MovieAddictz.com gave the film an "8.2/10" rating, calling it a "double episode grand finale" that was superior to all previous "Ed, Edd n Eddy" episodes. Praising the film's plot, voice acting performances and direction, Poortvilet said that he "couldn't stop laughing" and encouraged all fans of the show to see it. Writing for Animated Times, Azhan Ali ranked it at number three on a list of "Most Emotional Endings of Cartoons", and added that the final scene was "heartwarming because the Eds are no longer social outcasts". "Collider" reviewer Austin Allison named the film as the fourth best among a list of "Top 11 TV Cartoon Movies", deeming it a "surprisingly cathartic" creation that "finally gives the Eds a sense of belonging and acceptance that is more valuable to them than all the jawbreakers in the world." In November 2019, Hayden Adams from UWIRE placed "Big Picture Show" atop a list of "best kids' TV show endings". Adams stated that it—along with the series finales for "" as well as "Phineas and Ferb"—"really stuck with me, for the impact the shows had on me and the brilliant endings that were true-to-form in the culmination of each series." Writing for the same publication one year later, John Carter Jr. awarded the movie with a 10 out of 10 rating. He declared it a "perfect" end for the series because of the "finality" and the way "Ed, Edd n Eddy" "longest-running gags, mysteries, and character relationships" were finished. Carter also called this "the perfect homage to a show about imperfect people" and stated it featured "deep and profound personal experiences that lead to significant growth". When noting how "Big Picture Show" and the series' three holiday specials were excluded from HBO Max in June 2021, Comic Book Resources contributor Noah Dominguez called the movie's absence "probably the most glaring omission" among the "Ed, Edd n Eddy" episodes featured for how it was the "true series finale, sending the Eds on an epic journey and completing their character arcs in order to end the show on a high note".


title: Faith Goldy

text: Faith Julia Goldy (born June 8, 1989), also known as Faith Goldy-Bazos, is a Canadian far-right, white nationalist political commentator, associated with the alt-right and white supremacy. She was a contributor to "The Rebel Media" and covered the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Her contract was terminated in 2017 after she participated in a podcast on "The Daily Stormer", a neo-Nazi website.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy was a candidate in the 2018 Toronto mayoral election, finishing third with 3.4% of the vote. On April 8, 2019, Goldy was banned from Facebook, along with other "individuals and organizations who spread hate, attack, or call for the exclusion of others on the basis of who they are."


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy was born on June 8, 1989 and attended Havergal College, a private K–12 all-girls school in Toronto. She attended Trinity College at the University of Toronto, where she graduated with a double major in politics and history, with minors in philosophy, political science and government. She also began a Master of Public Policy degree at the University of Toronto School of Public Policy and Governance.


title: Faith Goldy

text: In 2012, she received the Gordon Cressy Student Leadership Award from the University of Toronto Alumni Association.


title: Faith Goldy

text: When Goldy was in elementary school, she moved into a duplex with her younger sister and mother. Goldy described her father as abusive in a 2007 radio interview.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Her classmates from Havergal College told New York Magazine's The Cut that Goldy was a rebellious teenager with left-wing political opinions. As a student she marched in support of legalizing marijuana, wrote and performed in a docudrama on the rights of sex workers, and presented a science project about different forms of birth control. In her senior year in 2007, Goldy performed in a school theatre production of The Laramie Project.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy was a director on the board of the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute Foundation from October 7, 2015, until her resignation on May 30, 2017.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy's media career began when she appeared as a commentator on a commentary show hosted by Michael Coren on the Crossroads Television System.


title: Faith Goldy

text: She became a staff writer for The Catholic Register in June 2011 after completing a mentorship program hosted by the newspaper in 2008-09. Around the same time she began contributing columns to the National Post and appearing on panels hosted by Corus Entertainment's John Oakley Show.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy's first big public exposure came in September 2012 when she was hired as a reporter with the Sun News Network, which lasted until the network went off the air on February 2015.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Her reporting was made from a social conservative viewpoint that opposed abortion and gun control in Canada. During one segment in 2014, she called on Pope Francis to excommunicate Justin Trudeau, who is a Roman Catholic, for the Liberal Party leader's "extremist" views on abortion. In another segment, Goldy and Coren criticized schools that were opening gender-neutral restrooms for transgender students.


title: Faith Goldy

text: During this time she also began appearing as a news commentator on CFRB 1010 AM, co-hosted a ZoomerMedia show with Conrad Black, and briefly returned to The Catholic Register as a columnist.


title: Faith Goldy

text: When Sun News Network went off the air, Goldy was hired by Rebel News, a Canadian right-wing website founded by former Sun News Network Colleagues Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley. She hosted a weekly political commentary show called "On The Hunt With Faith Goldy."


title: Faith Goldy

text: In 2015, she hosted Paul Joseph Watson on her show and the two falsely claimed Muslim immigrants in Europe had created No-go areas to enforce Sharia law. This has been debunked.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Two days after 27-year-old Alexandre Bissonnette murdered six people at a Quebec City mosque, Goldy promoted the conspiracy theory that the shooter may have been a Muslim man.


title: Faith Goldy

text: In March 2017, Goldy posted on Twitter a video of herself in Bethlehem where she expressed her shock she could hear the Islamic call to prayer in the city, and claimed "Bethlehem's Christian population has been ethnically cleansed." The video was criticized as irresponsible and inflammatory. It was also criticized for not mentioning that Bethlehem's mayor at the time was a Palestinian Catholic woman named Vera Baboun, who has argued policies supporting the expansion of Israeli settlements have pushed Christians out of the Palestinian territories.


title: Faith Goldy

text: That same month, an episode of her show was titled "More Muslims = More Terrorism" in response to the Westminster attack in London. During this episode, she interviewed Tommy Robinson, another Rebel News contributor and the founder of the English Defense League.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On May 31, 2017, Goldy broadcast on Rebel Media "White Genocide in Canada?", in she claimed Canadians with European ancestry were being replaced with non-Europeans because of Canada's immigration policies. In response to the broadcast, several corporate entities stopped advertising with Rebel Media.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On June 21, 2017 Goldy spoke at a live event in Toronto hosted by Rebel News and called for a "counter-crusade" against Muslims. During her speech, she claimed “this is a holy war for Islam. They’re not just coming for our health care, right? They’re coming to break the cross.” Rebel News posted footage of her speech with the title "It's Crusade O'Clock!"


title: Faith Goldy

text: In August 2017, Goldy broadcast a livestream of the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia that protested the removal of Confederate monuments. Goldy mocked counter-protesters and complained of alleged police bias against the alt-right demonstrators. Goldy's video also recorded the car attack which killed counter-protester Heather Heyer.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Rebel Media co-founder Brian Lilley resigned after Goldy's broadcasts were published by the website. As Lilley announced his resignation, Goldy called a manifesto by white supremacist Richard Spencer as "robust" and "well thought-out".


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy was fired by co-founder Ezra Levant after she appeared on "The Krypto Report", a podcast on the neo-Nazi website "The Daily Stormer". Levant said he told Goldy not to cover the Charlottesville rally and said her appearance on "The Daily Stormer" was "just too far". Goldy later said the "Stormer" interview was "a poor decision."


title: Faith Goldy

text: After her firing, Goldy continued as an activist for far-right political beliefs. She also began providing commentary exclusively to alt-right and white supremacist media outlets.


title: Faith Goldy

text: In December 2017, Goldy appeared on the alt-right podcast "Millennial Woes" and recited white supremacist David Lane's slogan, the Fourteen Words: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children". She stated: "I don't see that as controversial... We want to survive" when questioned about her use of the saying.


title: Faith Goldy

text: As a result of reciting the slogan, crowdfunding site Patreon suspended her account in May 2018 and she was subsequently banned from PayPal that July. After losing her Patreon account, she began receiving contributions through an alternative crowdfunding system, Freestartr. This platform was shut out of PayPal the same month, leaving her unable to receive payments.


title: Faith Goldy

text: In a YouTube video posted in April 2018, Goldy praised the writing of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, a Romanian politician who founded an ultranationalist and violently antisemitic organization called the Iron Guard, when discussing book recommendations for her followers.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On September 8, 2018, Goldy endorsed The Turner Diaries on her Twitter account. The book was written by American Neo-Nazi and National Alliance founder William Luther Pierce, and tells a fictional story of a race war that spreads across the world and ends with the genocide of all non-white races. The book is credited with inspiring the Oklahoma City Bombing and multiple hate crimes, and is banned in Canada.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On March 2, 2020, a video narrated and written by Goldy for VDARE called for the creation of a "white ethnostate" in the United States. She has appeared on Lana Lokteff's program "Radio 3Fourteen". She also gave her support to the Greek political party Golden Dawn, which has been described as Neo-fascist and a Neo-Nazi group.


title: Faith Goldy

text: As of August 2022, Goldy's YouTube channel had more than 91,200 subscribers. All of her videos have been deleted.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On July 27, 2018, Goldy registered to run for Mayor in the 2018 Toronto election. Her campaign platform included monitoring the finances of Toronto's Islamic centres and mosques, putting illegal immigrants on buses to either the prime minister's residence or a willing jurisdiction, and banning parades that do not welcome the participation of the Toronto Police Service. Goldy finished a distant third in the race, winning 3.4% of voters.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On his Rebel News show, Ezra Levant said Goldy had gone on a "racist bender" since he fired her and called Goldy's mayoral campaign "a Twitter vanity project" designed to promote her personal brand.


title: Faith Goldy

text: After posing for a photo with Goldy at a political event on September 22, Ontario Premier Doug Ford was repeatedly asked by the opposition New Democratic Party to denounce Goldy. On September 26 Ford tweeted: "I have been clear. I condemn hate speech, anti-Semitism and racism in all forms—be it from Faith Goldy or anyone else."


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy was not invited to the first Toronto mayoral debate held September 24 by Artsvote Toronto. Artsvote said all candidates were sent and asked to fill out a qualifying form that laid out their platform for the arts in Toronto, which Goldy had not done. Goldy briefly walked onto the stage during the debate and complained about the organizers before police escorted her away. Goldy was also not invited to the second debate.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Steve King, the Republican U.S. Representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district, endorsed Goldy's campaign in October 2018. King was widely criticized for this endorsement by members of his own party. Steve Stivers, chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee, wrote "we must stand up against white supremacy and hate in all forms." The "Washington Examiner" called King's endorsement of Goldy "a shameful endorsement of white nationalism."


title: Faith Goldy

text: Bell Media declined to air campaign advertisements Goldy had paid for on its channel CP24 during the campaign. Goldy filed a lawsuit against the company and hired high-profile Toronto lawyer Clayton Ruby to represent her. Rogers Media also declined to air Goldy's campaign ads on its radio stations.


title: Faith Goldy

text: The Ontario Superior Court dismissed the case and ordered Goldy to pay Bell $43,117.90 in legal fees. Justice Peter Cananagh wrote in his decision that Goldy should have made her complaint with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission and not the courts.


title: Faith Goldy

text: On April 29, 2019, Toronto's compliance audit committee launched an audit of Goldy's campaign expenditures. The complaint was made by Evan Balgord, the executive director of the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, following a YouTube video Goldy posted on October 25, 2018 that asked “defenders of democracy worldwide” to fund her failed lawsuit against Bell Media. Ontario's Municipal Elections Act says campaign contributors must be Ontario residents.


title: Faith Goldy

text: When Goldy argued for the audit's dismissal, she was accused by Toronto municipal elections lawyer Jack Siegel of copying verbatim an argument he wrote in an unrelated case. Siegel volunteered to represent Balgord, and told Canadaland that Goldy’s "entire public persona is something that I fundamentally oppose" and that "because she 'borrowed' my material so effectively, she recruited me to the other side."


title: Faith Goldy

text: Chartered accountant William Molson, an auditor tasked by the City of Toronto to review Goldy's election expenses, concluded on January 13, 2022 that Goldy had breached election finance laws.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Molson found Goldy had not reported more than $56,000 in campaign donations during the legal fundraising period, and collected an additional $101,118 after the legal window for donations had closed. The audit also found Goldy illegally accepted donations from people who were not Ontario residents, mixed her personal and campaign finances, and did not co-operate with the committee-ordered audit.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy told the committee her accounting errors came from her lack of experience with municipal election campaigns. She promised to refund any illegal donations. She also said she had no desire to return to politics or a media career, and was "wholly devoted to my private life." On February 8, 2022, the committee voted to send the audit to a provincial prosecutor.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy's views have been described as far-right, alt-right, white nationalist and white supremacist. Goldy has promoted the white genocide conspiracy theory.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Goldy told the far-right YouTube channel Red Ice "racism is used to pathologize a healthy and natural instinct within people. When anyone tells you you’re a racist or white supremacist, tell them that’s a term of oppression and you do not subscribe to it.”


title: Faith Goldy

text: Her beliefs has resulted in criticism, including a petition to rescind her Gordon Cressy Student Leadership Award. "GQ" labelled her as "one of Canada's most prominent propagandists" of the white genocide conspiracy theory.


title: Faith Goldy

text: Anna Silman, a former classmate of Goldy's at Havergal College, wrote in New York Magazine's The Cut that Goldy's brand of White supremacy is "destabilizing, confounding, uncanny... it’s concerned with 'optics.' It doesn’t wear a hood or wave a swastika. It portends to be relatable and nonthreatening. It says things it doesn’t mean; it denies those it does."


title: Faith Goldy

text: On April 8, 2019, Goldy was banned from Facebook, along with several white nationalists and "individuals and organizations who spread hate, attack, or call for the exclusion of others on the basis of who they are."


title: Faith Goldy

text: In spring 2019, facing legal action by the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, Goldy formally retracted and apologized for spreading an erroneous claim about the group on Twitter.


title: Simba S.C.

text: Founded in 1936, the club, which broke away from another Tanzania Giants, Dar Young Africans was named Queens, in honor of her Majesty, the Queen of England. The Club had several name changes from Queens to Eagles, then, Sunderland. In 1971 they were renamed Simba (Swahili for "Lion").


title: Simba S.C.

text: Simba SC have won 21 league titles and five domestic cups, and have participated in the CAF Champions League multiple times. They are also one of the biggest clubs in East Africa, having won the CECAFA Club Championship six times.


title: Simba S.C.

text: Simba play their home games at the Benjamin Mkapa Stadium. In 2022, Simba were the fastest growing Instagram account among football clubs, with 1.9 million followers and a growth of 89% from the previous year.


title: Simba S.C.

text: The club is one of the richest in East Africa, with a total budget of Sh 6.1 Billion (equivalent to $5.3 million) unveiled for the 2019/2020 season.


title: Simba S.C.

text: The highest continental success that Simba achieved reaching the final of the CAF Cup in 1993, when they lost to Stella Club of Côte d'Ivoire. It was the highest continental achievement by a Tanzanian team to date. In 2003 Simba beat the then-reigning champions Zamalek of Egypt in the CAF Champions League second round of qualifiers to qualify to the group stages, after having beat Santos of South Africa in the first round.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Carly Rose Sonenclar (born April 20, 1999), who performs under the name Carly Rose, is an American singer, songwriter and an actress. In December 2012, she became the runner-up on the second season of "The X Factor".


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Sonenclar was born in Westchester, New York and currently resides in Los Angeles, California. She began singing at age two, imitating several of the performers on the early years of "American Idol". She took numerous singing, dancing, piano and acting classes, and one of her teachers put her in touch with a New York City talent agency, which signed her. She enjoys softball and has an older brother, Russell, who graduated from the University of Delaware. She takes piano lessons and enjoys composing songs.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: She graduated from Rye Neck High School in 2017. In the spring of 2021, she graduated from the University of Southern California.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Sonenclar began her professional career in 2006 in a stage adaptation of "The Night of the Hunter", at the New York Musical Theatre Festival, in which she played the lead role of Pearl. In that same year, she made her Broadway debut in "Les Miserables" as Young Cosette. In 2009, she appeared in the national tour of "Little House on the Prairie, the Musical", starring Melissa Gilbert, originating the principal role of Carrie. Sonenclar made her television debut as Gilda Flip on PBS, the newest Prankster in season three of "The Electric Company", produced by Sesame Workshop.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: In 2011, Sonenclar originated the role of Chloe (Alice's daughter) in the short-lived musical "Wonderland" on Broadway and the earlier Tampa workshop. In this role, she garnered good reviews, including one by "The New York Times" theater critic Charles Isherwood, who described Sonenclar as a good actress and an "almost preternaturally skilled singer" and she drew comparisons with Sutton Foster. She is a featured soloist on the cast CD produced by Sony Masterworks and was named the 2011 Best Young Performer by broadwayworld.com. Sonenclar originated the lead role of Parsley in "The Big Bank", a musical debuted at the New York Musical Theater Festival in October 2011.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Sonenclar has appeared in two feature movies, "The Nanny Diaries" playing as the "child of nanny" and a small role in "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2". She has made numerous TV guest appearances.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: In 2012, Sonenclar auditioned for the second season of "The X Factor USA" with the song "Feeling Good" by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse (famously covered by Nina Simone among others). Sonenclar received a standing ovation from all four judges (L.A. Reid commented "You may be 13, but your soul is old!"; Simon Cowell awarded her "4,833 yeses"), and she advanced to the next round. After her successful initial audition, she advanced through the first day of "X Factor"'s "bootcamp," where she sang "Pumped Up Kicks" with Beatrice Miller. Of the 120 contestants who auditioned at bootcamp that day, she was among the sixty or so asked to continue on. At the end of bootcamp, she was chosen to be one of the six contestants in the "teens" category who were invited to perform at the "judges' houses" stage of the competition. She performed the song "Brokenhearted" for the "teens" category mentor, Britney Spears, and Spears' guest judge will.i.am. Both Spears and will.i.am responded positively to her performance; will.i.am remarked appreciatively that she was "possessed." Sonenclar next advanced into the Top 16 round, where she performed "Good Feeling", then the Top 13 round, where she performed "It Will Rain". When Sonenclar reached the Top 12 round—where she performed "My Heart Will Go On"—it was revealed that she was the second-most-voted for person in the competition so far, behind only Tate Stevens, a distinction she achieved again after advancing to the Top 10 round.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: On November 21, she performed the song "Over the Rainbow", which she received a standing ovation from all four judges, sending her into the Top 8 round. It was revealed that she had been the #1 most-voted-for contestant in the competition that night. On November 28, she performed "Rolling in the Deep", sending her into the Top 6 round, and was revealed to have again been the #1 most-voted-for contestant in the competition. She later advanced to the Finale round, in which she performed "Feeling Good" (again), "How Do I Live" (with LeAnn Rimes), and "Hallelujah". On December 20, 2012, it was announced that she had finished the competition in second place behind Tate Stevens.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Sonenclar stated in 2013 that Syco Music has a recording option on her, and that they were "trying to find the right record label" for her. In June 2013, she performed her debut original song "Unforgettable", as well as another song called "Fighters". The following month, she performed at the opening ceremony of the 19th Maccabiah Games at Teddy Stadium in Jerusalem. In August 2013, she performed in New York City at the Best Buy Theater in Times Square as part of the Stand Up for a Cure 2013 Concert Series.


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: Sonenclar appeared in an episode of "", "Dissonant Voices", which aired in November 2013, during the show's . Sonenclar has performed on several occasions with Boyce Avenue. In 2014, she continued to attend public school and released an original music video, "Everybody's Watching". She gave a concert at Provident Bank Park in Pomona, New York, in July 2014, where she performed three original songs, “Aliens”, “Weekend” and “Everybody’s Watching”. On May 29, 2014, Sonenclar was ranked fifth by "Fox Weekly" on their list of Most Influential X Factor USA Contestants for her audition performance of "Feeling Good".


title: Carly Rose Sonenclar

text: On June 19, 2019, Sonenclar released her debut single, "Birds & Bees". Since then, she has released numerous singles and a 7 songs EP, "Wild". She collaborated with singer Goody Grace for her first ever music video 'Wild'. She has also recorded a cover of Karmin's Brokenhearted which she had performed earlier at the Judges' houses at the X-Factor.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The Triumph Bonneville is a standard motorcycle featuring a parallel-twin four-stroke engine and manufactured in three generations over three separate production runs.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The first two generations, by the defunct Triumph Engineering in Meriden, West Midlands, England, were 1959–1983 and 1985–1988.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The third series, by Triumph Motorcycles in Hinckley, Leicestershire, began in 2001 and continues to the present as a completely new design that strongly resembles the original series.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The name Bonneville derives from the famous Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, USA where Triumph and others attempted to break the motorcycle speed records.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The original Triumph Bonneville was a 650 cc parallel-twin motorcycle manufactured by Triumph Engineering and later by Norton Villiers Triumph between 1959 and 1974. It was based on the company's Triumph Tiger T110 and was fitted with the Tiger's optional twin 1 3/16 in Amal monobloc carburettors as standard, along with that model's high-performance inlet camshaft. Initially it was produced with a pre-unit construction engine which enabled the bike to achieve 115 mph without further modification, but later in 1963 a unit construction model was introduced which was stiffer and more compact, including additional bracing at the steering head and swing arm. The steering angle was altered and improved forks were fitted a couple of years later, which, together with the increased stiffness enabled overall performance to match that of the Bonneville's rivals. Later T120 Bonnevilles used a new frame which contained the engine oil instead of using a separate tank; this became known as the "oil in frame" version. The T120 engine, both in standard configuration and especially when tuned for increased performance, was popular in café racers such as Tribsas (BSA frame) and particularly Tritons (Norton featherbed frame).


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The early 650 cc T120 Bonneville, often known as the "duplex frame" model, was replaced in the early 1970s by the T140 Bonneville, the same basic machine but with a 750 cc engine. Refined from the later 'oil in frame' version of the T120, the first few T140s, designated T140V, featured a larger-capacity engine of 724 cc, a five-speed gearbox option and indicators, but still retaining drum brakes and kick-start. Shortly after, the engine was further bored out to 744 cc and front disc brakes were fitted using single discs until 1982. In 1975, along with engine modifications, the gearchange lever was moved from right to left to comply with new regulations mandated for the American market and a rear disc brake fitted. Several T140 models followed featuring various modifications and refinements including electric starting from 1980 until production ceased with the closure of the Meriden works in 1983.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: Although this should have been the end of the Bonneville, as it turned out it was not. Triumph Motorcycles was acquired by businessman John Bloor, who licensed a company called Racing Spares in Devon, run by Les Harris to manufacture the T140 Bonneville. These continuation bikes are known as the 'Devon Bonnevilles', which did not reach the market until 1985, and were not sold in the U.S. Production ended in 1988.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: Bloor's Triumph Motorcycles Ltd launched a completely new model, the Bonneville 800 (790cc), in September 2001. Originally built exclusively in Hinckley, England, some models are now (2014) produced at the company's Thailand manufacturing facility, which also makes components and accessories for various Triumph motorbikes. The new Bonneville strongly resembles the earlier models in style and basic configuration, but with modern engineering. At the debut the new version was given a 790 cc parallel-twin engine, with the up-spec T100 receiving an 865 cc engine from 2005. From 2007 on, all Bonnevilles received the 865 cc engine. Through 2007, all engines had carburettors; electronic fuel injection (EFI) was then introduced to the 2008 models in Britain and to United States models in the 2009 model year, in both cases to comply with increasingly stringent emissions requirements. Dummy carburettors, which are actually redesigned throttle bodies made to resemble carburettors, have been added to the 2009 models to retain the original vintage styling of previous years. For 2016, Triumph introduced an all new T120 1200cc 270° liquid-cooled, SOHC, version of the Bonneville, then in 2017 a T100 900cc version.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: From 2008, all Bonnevilles received a slightly larger and reshaped tank to accommodate the EFI pump, but the tank capacity was not altered. Even though US 2008 models were not injected they still received the larger tank, therefore the space for the pump was not used.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: All the bikes in Triumph's current "Modern Classics" line are derived from the new Bonneville, including the SE (with a smaller front wheel to be marketed to riders who may have found the 19' wheel too tall), T100, Thruxton, Scrambler, America, and Speedmaster.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: In 2006, Triumph launched the "Sixty-8" line of Bonneville accessories, offering vintage and modern-style items including seats, seat covers, cam covers, sprocket covers, petrol tank covers, tank badges, panniers, and other items to allow Bonneville owners the opportunity to customise their bikes for considerably less cost than traditional customisations. The adoption of the EFI engine in 2008 rendered many of these accessories obsolete, since tank covers, tank badges etc. would not fit the redesigned tank.


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: The original T120 Bonneville was a speed-orientated motorcycle, but the new Bonnevilles are softer and aimed at the roadster market. In particular, the 865cc Bonneville competes directly with the Harley-Davidson 883, with MotorCycle News declaring that "Triumph Bonneville is unquestionably the better motorcycle. The handling is more than respectable, the brakes markedly better and, of course, it’s British."


title: Triumph Bonneville

text: Many different versions of the original Bonneville were produced; suffix letters were given to denote the exact model. Listed below in chronological order are the main types and their features:


title: Montepulciano

text: Montepulciano () is a medieval and Renaissance hill town and "comune" in the Italian province of Siena in southern Tuscany. It sits high on a limestone ridge, east of Pienza, southeast of Siena, southeast of Florence, and north of Rome by car.


title: Montepulciano

text: Montepulciano is a wine-producing region. The Vino Nobile di Montepulciano has Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita status and is, with the Brunello di Montalcino and Chianti Classico, one of the principal red wines of Tuscany. The Rosso di Montepulciano and Vin Santo di Montepulciano have Denominazione di origine controllata status.


title: Montepulciano

text: According to legend, it was founded by the Etruscan King Lars Porsena of Clusium (modern Chiusi). Recent findings prove that a settlement was in existence in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. In Roman times it was the seat of a garrison guarding the main roads of the area.


title: Montepulciano

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it developed as a religious center under the Lombards. In the 12th century it was repeatedly attacked by the Republic of Siena, which the Poliziani faced with the help of the Perugia and Orvieto, and sometimes Florence, communes. The 14th century was characterized by constant struggles between the local noble families, until the Del Pecora family became rulers of the town. From 1390, Montepulciano was a loyal ally (and later possession) of Florence and, until the mid-16th century, lived a period of splendour with architects such as Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, Baldassarre Peruzzi, and others, building luxurious residences and other edifices here. In 1559, when Siena was conquered by Florence and Montepulciano lost its strategic role, its importance declined.


title: Montepulciano

text: After the unification of Italy and the drying of the Val di Chiana, the town remained the most important agricultural centre in the area, while the industrial activities moved mostly next to Chiusi, which was nearer to the railroad being built in that period.


title: Montepulciano

text: A competitive "barrel race through the city" called the Bravio delle botti has been held on the last Sunday of August since the 14th Century.


title: Montepulciano

text: Since the Second World War, tourism has been a significant aspect in the economy of the urban part of the commune. Many of the streets are designated as car-free. Most of the shops and restaurants are on the main street, which stretches from Porta Al Prato to Piazza Grande


title: Montepulciano

text: Montepulciano is headed by a mayor (') assisted by a legislative body, the ', and an executive body, the '. Since 1995 the mayor and members of the ' are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1945 to 1995 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The ' is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called '. The offices of the ' are housed in a building usually called the ' or "".


title: Montepulciano

text: Since 1995 the mayor of Montepulciano is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Michele Angiolini (PD), elected on 26 May 2019 with the 56.2% of the votes.


title: Visceral leishmaniasis

text: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (Hindi: kālā āzār, "black sickness") or "black fever", is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus "Leishmania".


title: Visceral leishmaniasis

text: The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence "visceral"), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is the emerging problem of HIV/VL co-infection.


title: Visceral leishmaniasis

text: VL is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria), responsible for an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 deaths each year worldwide.


title: Visceral leishmaniasis

text: Upendranath Brahmachari synthesised urea stibamine (carbostibamide) in 1922 and determined that it was an effective substitute for the other antimony-containing compounds in the treatment of VL caused by "Leishmania donovani".