title: Opioid use disorder

text: A genetic basis for the efficacy of opioids in the treatment of pain has been demonstrated for several specific variations, but the evidence for clinical differences in opioid effects is ambiguous. The pharmacogenomics of the opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands have been the subject of intensive activity in association studies. These studies test broadly for a number of phenotypes, including opioid dependence, cocaine dependence, alcohol dependence, methamphetamine dependence/psychosis, response to naltrexone treatment, personality traits, and others. Major and minor variants have been reported for every receptor and ligand coding gene in both coding sequences, as well as regulatory regions.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Newer approaches shift away from analysis of specific genes and regions, and are based on an unbiased screen of genes across the entire genome, which have no apparent relationship to the phenotype in question. These GWAS studies yield a number of implicated genes, although many of them code for seemingly unrelated proteins in processes such as cell adhesion, transcriptional regulation, cell structure determination, and RNA, DNA, and protein handling/modifying.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: While over 100 variants have been identified for the opioid mu-receptor, the most studied mu-receptor variant is the non-synonymous 118A>G variant, which results in functional changes to the receptor, including lower binding site availability, reduced mRNA levels, altered signal transduction, and increased affinity for beta-endorphin. In theory, all these functional changes would reduce the impact of exogenous opioids, requiring a higher dose to achieve the same therapeutic effect. This points to a potential for greater addictive capacity in individuals who require higher dosages to achieve pain control. But evidence linking the 118A>G variant to opioid dependence is mixed, with associations shown in a number of study groups, but negative results in other groups. One explanation for the mixed results is the possibility of other variants that are in linkage disequilibrium with the 118A>G variant and thus contribute to different haplotype patterns more specifically associated with opioid dependence.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The preproenkephalin gene, PENK, encodes for the endogenous opiates that modulate pain perception, and are implicated in reward and addiction. (CA) repeats in the 3' flanking sequence of the PENK gene was associated with greater likelihood of opiate dependence in repeated studies. Variability in the MCR2 gene, encoding melanocortin receptor type 2 has been associated with both protective effects and increased susceptibility to heroin addiction. The CYP2B6 gene of the cytochrome P450 family also mediates breakdown of opioids and thus may play a role in dependence and overdose.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The CDC gives specific recommendations for prescribers regarding initiation of opioids, clinically appropriate use of opioids, and assessing possible risks associated with opioid therapy. Large U.S. retail pharmacy chains are implementing protocols, guidelines, and initiatives to take back unused opioids, providing naloxone kits, and being vigilant for suspicious prescriptions. Insurance programs can help limit opioid use by setting quantity limits on prescriptions or requiring prior authorizations for certain medications.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Naloxone is used for the emergency treatment of an overdose. It can be given by many routes (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and inhalation) and acts quickly by displacing opioids from opioid receptors and preventing the activation of these receptors. Naloxone kits are recommended for laypersons who may witness an opioid overdose, for people with large prescriptions for opioids, those in substance use treatment programs, and those recently released from incarceration. Since this is a life-saving medication, many areas of the U.S. have implemented standing orders for law enforcement to carry and give naloxone as needed. In addition, naloxone can be used to challenge a person's opioid abstinence status before starting a medication such as naltrexone, which is used in the management of opioid addiction.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Good Samaritan laws typically protect bystanders who administer naloxone. In the U.S., at least 40 states have Good Samaritan laws to encourage bystanders to take action without fear of prosecution. As of 2019, 48 states give pharmacists the authority to distribute naloxone without an individual prescription.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Homicide, suicide, accidents and liver disease are also opioid-related causes of death for those with OUD. Many of these causes of death are unnoticed due to the often limited information on death certificates.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The "CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain-United States, 2022" provides recommendations related to opioid misuse, OUD, and opioid overdoses. It reports a lack of clinical evidence that "abuse-deterrent" opioids (e.g., OxyContin), as labeled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are effective for OUD risk mitigation. CDC guidance suggests the prescription of immediate-release opioids instead of opioids that have a long duration (long-acting) or opioids that are released over time (extended release). Other recommendations include prescribing the lowest opioid dose that successfully addresses the pain in opioid-naïve patients and collaborating with patients who already take opioid therapy to maximize the effect of non-opioid analgesics.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: While receiving opioid therapy, patients should be periodically evaluated for opioid-related complications and clinicians should review state prescription drug monitoring program systems. The latter should be assessed to reduce the risk of overdoses in patients due to their opioid dose or medication combinations. For patients receiving opioid therapy in whom the risks outweigh the benefits, clinicians and patients should develop a treatment plan to decrease their opioid dose incrementally.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Opioid use disorders typically require long-term treatment and care with the goal of reducing risks for the individual, reducing criminal behavior, and improving the long-term physical and psychological condition of the person. Some strategies aim to reduce drug use and lead to abstinence from opioids, while others attempt to stabilize on prescribed methadone or buprenorphine with continued replacement therapy indefinitely. No single treatment works for everyone, so several strategies have been developed including therapy and drugs.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Though treatment reduces mortality rates, the first four weeks after treatment begins and the four weeks after treatment ceases are the riskiest times for drug-related deaths. These periods of increased vulnerability are significant because many of those in treatment leave programs during these periods.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Opioid replacement therapy (ORT) involves replacing an opioid, such as heroin, with a longer-acting but less euphoric opioid. Commonly used drugs for ORT are methadone and buprenorphine, which are taken under medical supervision. , buprenorphine/naloxone is preferentially recommended, as the addition of the opioid antagonist naloxone is believed to reduce the risk of abuse via injection or insufflation without causing impairment when used appropriately (sublingual administration). Naltrexone, a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, also blocks opioids' euphoric effects by occupying the opioid receptor, but it does not activate it, so it does not produce sedation, analgesia, or euphoria, and thus has no potential for abuse or diversion. Buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medication-assisted treatment (MAT). In the U.S., the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) certifies methadone opioid treatment programs (OTPs) and issues buprenorphine waivers to practitioners.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The driving principle behind ORT is the patient's reclamation of a self-directed life. ORT facilitates this process by reducing symptoms of drug withdrawal and drug cravings; a strong euphoric effect is not experienced as a result of the treatment drug. In some countries (not the U.S. or Australia), regulations enforce a limited time for people on ORT programs that conclude when a stable economic and psychosocial situation is achieved. (People with HIV/AIDS or hepatitis C are usually excluded from this requirement.) In practice, 40–65% of patients maintain abstinence from additional opioids while receiving opioid replacement therapy and 70–95% can reduce their use significantly. Medical (improper diluents, non-sterile injecting equipment), psychosocial (mental health, relationships), and legal (arrest and imprisonment) issues that can arise from the use of illegal opioids are concurrently eliminated or reduced. Clonidine or lofexidine can help treat the symptoms of withdrawal.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The period when initiating methadone and the time immediately after discontinuing treatment with both drugs are periods of particularly increased mortality risk, which should be dealt with by both public health and clinical strategies. ORT has proven to be the most effective treatment for improving the health and living condition of people experiencing illegal opiate use or dependence, including mortality reduction and overall societal costs, such as the economic loss from drug-related crime and healthcare expenditure. A review of UK hospital policies found that local guidelines delayed access to substitute opioids, for instance by requiring lab tests to demonstrate recent use or input from specialist drug teams before prescribing. Delays to access can increase people's risk of discharging themselves early against medical advice. ORT is endorsed by the World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UNAIDS as effective at reducing injection, lowering risk for HIV/AIDS, and promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Buprenorphine and methadone work by reducing opioid cravings, easing withdrawal symptoms, and blocking the euphoric effects of opioids via cross-tolerance, and in the case of buprenorphine, a high-affinity partial opioid agonist, also due to opioid receptor saturation. It is this property of buprenorphine that can induce acute withdrawal when administered before other opioids have left the body.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Methadone is a full-opioid agonist used for both opioid overuse treatment and for chronic pain. It is the most commonly prescribed medication for addiction. Methadone comes in a different forms: tablet, oral solution, or an injection.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: One of methadone's benefits is that it can last up to 56 hours in the body, so if a patient misses one of their daily doses (~24 hrs.), they will not typically struggle with withdrawal symptoms. Other advantages of methadone include reduction in infectious disease related to injection drug use and reduced mortality. When patients taking MAT improve and want to refrain from taking methadone, they must be properly weaned off the medication, which must be done under medical observation. Methadone has a number of serious side effects, including slowed breathing, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, and headache.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Dosages can be adjusted after 1–2 days, or another medication may be recommended for your situation if you experience side effects. Lung and breathing complications are possible long-term side effects of methadone use. Methadone, as an opiate, has the potential to be addictive. Many opponents believe that replacement drugs only substitute one addiction with another, and that methadone can be manipulated and exploited in some cases.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Buprenorphine is a partial opioid receptor agonist. Unlike methadone and other full opioid receptor agonists, buprenorphine is less likely to cause respiratory depression due to its ceiling effect. This is because buprenorphine's effects do not increase linearly past moderate doses. Buprenorphine is known to be more at a risk of misuse or overdose compared to buprenorphine-naloxone and methadone, but treatment with buprenorphine may be associated with reduced mortality. Buprenorphine under the tongue is often used to manage opioid dependence. Preparations were approved for this use in the United States in 2002. A month-long injectable version of buprenorphine was approved by the FDA in 2017.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Some formulations of buprenorphine incorporate the opiate antagonist naloxone during the production of the pill form to prevent people from crushing the tablets and injecting them, instead of using the sublingual (under the tongue) route of administration. Buprenorphine/naloxone formulations are available as tablets and films. The combined tablet works via sublingual administration because buprenorphine maintains adequate bioavailability (35-55%) while naloxone doesn't (~10%). When injected, naloxone has higher bioavailability, thereby blocking the pain and craving-reducing effects of buprenorphine.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used for the treatment of opioid addiction. Naltrexone is not as widely used as buprenorphine or methadone for OUD due to low rates of patient acceptance, non-adherence due to daily dosing, and difficulty achieving abstinence from opioids before beginning treatment. Additionally, dosing naltrexone after recent opioid use could lead to precipitated withdrawal. Conversely, naltrexone antagonism at the opioid receptor can be overcome with higher doses of opioids. Naltrexone monthly IM injections received FDA approval in 2010, for the treatment of opioid dependence in abstinent opioid users.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Evidence of effects of heroin maintenance compared to methadone are unclear as of 2010. A Cochrane review found some evidence in opioid users who had not improved with other treatments. In Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, long-term injecting drug users who do not benefit from methadone and other medication options may be treated with injectable heroin that is administered under the supervision of medical staff. Other countries where it is available include Spain, Denmark, Belgium, Canada, and Luxembourg.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Dihydrocodeine in both extended-release and immediate-release form are also sometimes used for maintenance treatment as an alternative to methadone or buprenorphine in some European countries. Dihydrocodeine is an opioid agonist. It may be used as a second line treatment. A 2020 systematic review found low quality evidence that dihydrocodeine may be no more effective than other routinely used medication interventions in reducing illicit opiate use.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: An extended-release morphine confers a possible reduction of opioid use and with fewer depressive symptoms but overall more adverse effects when compared to other forms of long-acting opioids. Retention in treatment was not found to be significantly different. It is used in Switzerland and more recently in Canada.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of psychosocial intervention that is used to improve mental health, may not be as effective as other forms of treatment. CBT primarily focuses on an individual's coping strategies to help change their cognition, behaviors and emotions about the problem. This intervention has demonstrated success in many psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression) and substance use disorders (e.g., tobacco). However, the use of CBT alone in opioid dependence has declined due to the lack of efficacy, and many are relying on medication therapy or medication therapy with CBT, since both were found to be more efficacious than CBT alone. A form of CBT therapy known as motivational interviewing (MI) is often used opioid use disorder. MI leverages a person intrinsic motivation to recover through education, formulation of relapse prevention strategies, reward for adherence to treatment guidelines, and positive thinking to keep motivation high—which are based on a person's socioeconomic status, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and their readiness to recover.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: While medical treatment may help with the initial symptoms of opioid withdrawal, once the first stages of withdrawal are through, a method for long-term preventative care is attendance at 12-step groups such as Narcotics Anonymous. Narcotics Anonymous is a global service that provides multilingual recovery information and public meetings free of charge. Some evidence supports the use of these programs in adolescents as well.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The 12-step program is an adapted form of the Alcoholics Anonymous program. The program strives to help create behavioural change by fostering peer-support and self-help programs. The model helps assert the gravity of addiction by enforcing the idea that addicts must surrender to the fact that they are addicted and be able to recognize the problem. It also helps maintain self-control and restraint to help promote one's capabilities.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Digital care programs (see telehealth or digital health) have increased in number since the Coronavirus pandemic mandated the increased usage of remote healthcare options. These programs offer treatment and continuing care remotely, via smartphone and desktop applications. This often includes remote substance testing, access to peer support meetings, recovery coaching or therapy, and self-guided learning modules. Examples of digital care programs for opioid use disorder include: Chess, Pear Therapeutics, DynamiCare Health, Kaden Health and WeConnect.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Globally, the number of people with opioid dependence increased from 10.4 million in 1990 to 15.5 million in 2010. In 2016, the numbers rose to 27 million people who experienced this disorder. Opioid use disorders resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015, up from 18,000 deaths in 1990. Deaths from all causes rose from 47.5 million in 1990 to 55.8 million in 2013.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The current epidemic of opioid abuse is the most lethal drug epidemic in American history. In 2008, there were four times as many deaths due to overdose than there were in 1999. In 2017, in the US, "the age-adjusted drug poisoning death rate involving opioid analgesics increased from 1.4 to 5.4 deaths per 100,000 population between 1999 and 2010, decreased to 5.1 in 2012 and 2013, then increased to 5.9 in 2014, and to 7.0 in 2015. The age-adjusted drug poisoning death rate involving heroin doubled from 0.7 to 1.4 deaths per 100,000 resident population between 1999 and 2011 and then continued to increase to 4.1 in 2015."


title: Opioid use disorder

text: In 2017, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a public health emergency due to an increase in the misuse of opioids. The administration introduced a strategic framework called the Five-Point Opioid Strategy, which includes providing access recovery services, increasing the availability of reversing agents for overdose, funding opioid misuse and pain research, changing treatments of people managing pain, and updating public health reports related to combating opioid drug misuse.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: The US epidemic in the 2000s is related to a number of factors. Rates of opioid use and dependency vary by age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. With respect to race the discrepancy in deaths is thought to be due to an interplay between physician prescribing and lack of access to healthcare and certain prescription drugs. Men are at higher risk for opioid use and dependency than women, and men also account for more opioid overdoses than women, although this gap is closing. Women are more likely to be prescribed pain relievers, be given higher doses, use them for longer durations, and may become dependent upon them faster.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Deaths due to opioid use also tend to skew at older ages than deaths from use of other illicit drugs. This does not reflect opioid use as a whole, which includes individuals in younger age demographics. Overdoses from opioids are highest among individuals who are between the ages of 40 and 50, in contrast to heroin overdoses, which are highest among individuals who are between the ages of 20 and 30. 21- to 35-year-olds represent 77% of individuals who enter treatment for opioid use disorder, however, the average age of first-time use of prescription painkillers was 21.2 years of age in 2013. Among the middle class means of acquiring funds have included Elder financial abuse through a vulnerability of financial transactions of selling items and international dealers noticing a lack of enforcement in their transaction scams throughout the Caribbean.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Since 2018, with the US federal government's passing of the SUPPORT (Substance Use-Disorder Prevention That Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act) Act, federal restrictions on methadone use for patients receiving Medicare have been lifted. Since March 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, buprenorphine may be dispensed via telemedicine in the U.S.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: In October 2021, New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed legislation to combat the opioid crisis. This included establishing a program for the use of medication-assisted substance use disorder treatment for incarcerated individuals in state and local correctional facilities, decriminalizing the possession and sale of hypodermic needles and syringes, establishing an online directory for distributors of opioid antagonists, and expanding the number of eligible crimes committed by individuals with a substance use disorder that may be considered for diversion to a substance use treatment program. Until these laws were signed, incarcerated New Yorkers did not reliably have access to medication-assisted treatment and syringe possession was still a class A misdemeanor despite New York authorizing and funding syringe exchange and access programs. This legislation acknowledges the ways New York State laws have contributed to opioid deaths: in 2020 more than 5112 people died from overdoses in New York State, with 2192 deaths in New York City.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Opiate misuse has been recorded at least since 300 BC. Greek mythology describes Nepenthe (Greek “free from sorrow”) and how it was used by the hero of the "Odyssey." Opioids have been used in the Near East for centuries. The purification of and isolation of opiates occurred in the early 19th century.


title: Opioid use disorder

text: Levacetylmethadol was previously used to treat opioid dependence. In 2003 the drug's manufacturer discontinued production. There are no available generic versions. LAAM produced long-lasting effects, which allowed the person receiving treatment to visit a clinic only three times per week, as opposed to daily as with methadone. In 2001, levacetylmethadol was removed from the European market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued Orlaam in the US.


title: Leela Samson

text: Leela Samson (born 6 May 1951) is a Bharatanatyam dancer, choreographer, instructor, writer and actress from India. As a soloist, she is known for her technical virtuosity and has taught Bharatanatyam at Shriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra in Delhi for many years.


title: Leela Samson

text: She was appointed as the director of Kalakshetra by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance in April 2005. She was subsequently also appointed as the chairperson of the Sangeet Natak Akademi in August 2010 and as the chairperson of the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) in April 2011.


title: Leela Samson

text: She resigned from her position as director of Kalakshetra in 2012. She resigned from her position as chairperson of the CBFC after the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal overturned her attempt to ban the film "" featuring Dera Sacha Sauda founder Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh in a lead role and gave it clearance.


title: Leela Samson

text: She made her film acting debut in 2015 through the Tamil film, "OK Kanmani" directed by Mani Ratnam. She reprised her role in the film's Hindi remake, "OK Jaanu" (2017). She also appeared in "Adithya Varma" (2019) and "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" (2020).


title: Leela Samson

text: Samson was born on 6 May 1951 in Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, daughter of Vice Admiral Benjamin Abraham Samson and Laila Samson. Her father belonged to the Jewish Bene-Israelite community from Pune, and her mother belonged to the Gujarati Roman Catholic community from Ahmedabad. Her father joined the Royal Indian Navy in 1939 and rose to command in the Indian Fleet in 1964. He also served as Commandant of the National Defence Academy in Khadakvasla between 1959 and 1962. Leela's paternal aunt Annie was the Principal of Anjum-e-Islam Muslim school for girls in Mumbai for 31 years.


title: Leela Samson

text: When Samson was nine years of age, her father sent her to Kalakshetra to learn Indian classical dance and music under the founder, Rukmini Devi Arundale and she studied in the Besant Theosophical High School at the same time. She completed her B.A. from Sophia College for Women and this is where she was inspired to make her career in Bharatnatyam. After completing her B.A., Samson continued to learn Bharatanatyam at Kalakshetra.


title: Leela Samson

text: Starting her career as a Bharatanatyam soloist, Samson taught at Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, Delhi, and Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, Delhi. Over the years, she started performing across India and abroad including Europe, Africa and the Americas.


title: Leela Samson

text: In 1995, Samson formed Spanda, a dance group to review the traditional vocabulary of Bharatanatyam. Two documentary films – "Sanchari" and "The Flowering Tree" – have been made on her works. Her notable disciples included Joyce Paul Poursabahian and Justin McCarthy, who now teaches at Sri Ram Bhartiya Kala Kendra. She has taught and mentored performers including the late Kamaljit Bhasin Maalik (Meeto), Jin Shan Shan (Eesha), Navtej Singh Johar and Anusha Subramanyam.


title: Leela Samson

text: She authored a biography of Rukmini Devi Arundale. She has taught Bharatanatyam across the world, including at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, and the annual Milapfest in Manchester.


title: Leela Samson

text: Samson has received the Padma Shri (1990), the Sanskriti, "Nritya Choodamani", "Kalaimamani" (2005) given by Government of Tamil Nadu, and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1999–2000) for contributions to Bharatanatyam.


title: Leela Samson

text: She was also nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress-Tamil at the 63rd Filmfare Awards South.


title: Leela Samson

text: Samson is known for her proximity to the Nehru-Gandhi of the Indian National Congress, as she was the dance tutor of Priyanka Vadra. Samson held six key positions in the 10 years of Congress-led United Progressive Alliance regime. Many papers including the "Indian Express" alleged favouritism regarding her appointment as the chairperson of the censor board by UPA govt in 2011:


title: Leela Samson

text: Samson's tenures at Kalakshetra, Sangeet Natak Akademi and the censor board were mired with many controversies amid allegations of corruption, illegal appointments and arbitrary awarding of contracts, as well as financial irregularities.


title: Leela Samson

text: Samson was criticised by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad when she passed the 2014 Aamir Khan-starrer movie "PK" without any cuts, even after two board members resigned after it was granted certification, due to content allegedly designed to ridicule Hindu religious philosophy and hurt Hindu sentiments. Veteran Bollywood actor and a former chairperson of the censor board Anupam Kher criticised Samson for playing politics by making partisan allegations while tendering her resignation. This criticism was made highlighting the history of CBFC under her leadership which agreed to make cuts in "Entertainment" after protests by Muslim groups and also agreed to make cuts in "Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal" after protests by Christian groups, personally assuring them that "necessary action had been taken".


title: Leela Samson

text: In December 2019, Central Bureau of Investigation filed a case of corruption and criminal breach of trust against Samson and three other Kalakshetra colleagues for financial irregularities.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: Marymount Manhattan College is a private college on the Upper East Side of New York City. As of 2020, enrollment consists of 1,571 undergraduates with women making up 80.1% and men 19.9% of student enrollment. The college was founded in 1936.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: Marymount Manhattan College was founded in 1936 by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary as a two-year women's college and a New York City extension of Marymount College, Tarrytown in Tarrytown, New York. In 1948, the college moved to its present location on East 71st Street and became a four-year bachelor's degree-granting college; the first class graduated from MMC in 1950. In 1961, MMC was granted an absolute charter as an independent four-year college by the Regents of the University of the State of New York.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: Since 1961, Marymount Manhattan has been an independent, private college open to all creeds, while noting its foundation by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. While the college no longer described itself as Catholic, the Catholic Church continued to list it in the Catholic Directory until 2005. Unaware that the college did not claim to be a Catholic school, the Cardinal Newman Society protested the college's announcement of its decision to invite then-Senator Hillary Clinton to deliver a commencement address and to confer an honorary doctoral degree upon her, due to Senator Clinton's longtime public support for abortion rights. In response to the protests and without objection by the college, it was de-listed from "The Official Catholic Directory," which identifies Catholic institutions.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In 1976, Finch College, a women's college best known as a "finishing school" for affluent young women, closed and passed its records over to the school. The school was most famous for educating Tricia Nixon Cox, daughter of former US President Richard Nixon.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In 1990, Regina Peruggi became the first lay president. In 2003, the college's mezzanine was renamed in her honor. Peruggi was married to Rudy Giuliani from 1968 to 1982. Their marriage ended due to the revelation that they were cousins.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In 2001, the college opened the 55th Street Residence Hall, one of the tallest dorms in the United States, with 32 floors of student housing in a 46-story building. In 2015, Marymount Manhattan opened a second residence hall for upperclassmen located in Cooper Square, a 12-story building to house 270 students


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In 2017, just under 2,000 students were enrolled representing 48 U.S. states and 36 countries. In conjunction with its core liberal arts curriculum, Marymount Manhattan offers 30 major programs of study and over 40 minors along with pre-professional programs. It is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. The college offers a degree program for incarcerated women at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, granting an Associates of Arts degree in social science and Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In 2013, the school was featured in the noted industry publication "Backstage" as one of the top colleges in which Broadway and Tony Award-nominated actors have trained, alongside Carnegie Mellon University, Oberlin Conservatory, University of Michigan, Ithaca College, NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: In July 2015, Kerry Walk was unanimously selected by the Trustees of Marymount Manhattan College as the school's eighth president.


title: Marymount Manhattan College

text: Alumni include prominent actors, musicians, attorneys, writers, journalists, royalty, the first female nominee for Vice President of the United States from a major party, and recipients of the Olympic Gold Medal, Tony Award, Emmy Award, and Grammy Award.


title: Giant planet

text: The giant planets constitute a diverse type of planet much larger than Earth. They are usually primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials (volatiles), rather than rock or other solid matter, but massive solid planets can also exist. There are four known giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars.


title: Giant planet

text: They are also sometimes called jovian planets, after Jupiter ("Jove" being another name for the Roman god "Jupiter"). They are also sometimes known as gas giants. However, many astronomers now apply the latter term only to Jupiter and Saturn, classifying Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as ice giants. Both names are potentially misleading: all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their critical points, where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist. The principal components are hydrogen and helium in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, and water, ammonia and methane in the case of Uranus and Neptune.


title: Giant planet

text: The defining differences between a very low-mass brown dwarf and a gas giant () are debated. One school of thought is based on formation; the other, on the physics of the interior. Part of the debate concerns whether "brown dwarfs" must, by definition, have experienced nuclear fusion at some point in their history.


title: Giant planet

text: The term "gas giant" was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer James Blish and was originally used to refer to all giant planets. Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because throughout most of the volume of these planets the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is likely beyond the critical point, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. "Fluid planet" would be a more accurate term. Jupiter also has metallic hydrogen near its center, but much of its volume is hydrogen, helium, and traces of other gases above their critical points. The observable atmospheres of all these planets (at less than unit optical depth) are quite thin compared to their radii, only extending perhaps one percent of the way to the center. Thus the observable portions are gaseous (in contrast to Mars and Earth, which have gaseous atmospheres through which the crust can be seen).


title: Giant planet

text: The rather misleading term has caught on because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of the matter's phase. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rock". When deep planetary interiors are considered, it may not be far off to say that, by "ice" astronomers mean oxygen and carbon, by "rock" they mean silicon, and by "gas" they mean hydrogen and helium. The many ways in which Uranus and Neptune differ from Jupiter and Saturn have led some to use the term only for the planets similar to the latter two. With this terminology in mind, some astronomers have started referring to Uranus and Neptune as ice giants to indicate the predominance of the "ices" (in fluid form) in their interior composition.


title: Giant planet

text: The alternative term "jovian planet" refers to the Roman god Jupiter—the genitive form of which is "Jovis", hence "Jovian"—and was intended to indicate that all of these planets were similar to Jupiter.


title: Giant planet

text: Objects large enough to start deuterium fusion (above 13 Jupiter masses for solar composition) are called brown dwarfs, and these occupy the mass range between that of large giant planets and the lowest-mass stars. The 13-Jupiter-mass () cutoff is a rule of thumb rather than something of precise physical significance. Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the value is somewhere in between. The amount of deuterium burnt depends not only on the mass but also on the composition of the planet, especially on the amount of helium and deuterium present. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 60 Jupiter masses, and the Exoplanet Data Explorer up to 24 Jupiter masses.


title: Giant planet

text: A giant planet is a massive planet and has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. They may have a dense molten core of rocky elements, or the core may have completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the planet if the planet is hot enough. In "traditional" giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn (the gas giants) hydrogen and helium constitute most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on Uranus and Neptune, which are instead mostly composed of water, ammonia, and methane and therefore increasingly referred to as "ice giants".


title: Giant planet

text: Extrasolar giant planets that orbit very close to their stars are the exoplanets that are easiest to detect. These are called hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes because they have very high surface temperatures. Hot Jupiters were, until the advent of space-borne telescopes, the most common form of exoplanet known, due to the relative ease of detecting them with ground-based instruments.


title: Giant planet

text: Giant planets are commonly said to lack solid surfaces, but it is more accurate to say that they lack surfaces altogether since the gases that constitute them simply become thinner and thinner with increasing distance from the planets' centers, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the interplanetary medium. Therefore, landing on a giant planet may or may not be possible, depending on the size and composition of its core.


title: Giant planet

text: Gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. The Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. Gas giants are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.


title: Giant planet

text: Jupiter and Saturn's outermost portion of the hydrogen atmosphere has many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia. The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very high pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The core is thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000 K) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.


title: Giant planet

text: Ice giants have distinctly different interior compositions from gas giants. The Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, have a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that extends from the cloud tops down to about 80% (Uranus) or 85% (Neptune) of their radius. Below this, they are predominantly "icy", i.e. consist mostly of water, methane, and ammonia. There is also some rock and gas, but various proportions of ice–rock–gas could mimic pure ice, so that the exact proportions are unknown.


title: Giant planet

text: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.


title: Giant planet

text: Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced. The two planets also have other subtle but important differences. Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than Neptune despite being less massive overall. Neptune is therefore denser and has much more internal heat and a more active atmosphere. The Nice model, in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the Sun than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.


title: Giant planet

text: Solid planets up to thousands of Earth masses may be able to form around massive stars (B-type and O-type stars; 5–120 solar masses), where the protoplanetary disk would contain enough heavy elements. Also, these stars have high UV radiation and winds that could photoevaporate the gas in the disk, leaving just the heavy elements.<ref name="mass/radius sold"></ref>


title: Giant planet

text: For comparison, Neptune's mass equals 17 Earth masses, Jupiter has 318 Earth masses, and the 13 Jupiter-mass limit used in the IAU's working definition of an exoplanet equals approximately 4000 Earth masses.


title: Giant planet

text: Earth’s but a radius larger than Neptune, giving it a very low mean density. They are cooler and less massive than the inflated low-density hot-Jupiters.


title: Giant planet

text: The most extreme examples known are the three planets around Kepler-51 which are all Jupiter-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm.


title: Giant planet

text: Because of the limited techniques currently available to detect exoplanets, many of those found to date have been of a size associated, in the Solar System, with giant planets. Because these large planets are inferred to share more in common with Jupiter than with the other giant planets, some have claimed that "jovian planet" is a more accurate term for them. Many of the exoplanets are much closer to their parent stars and hence much hotter than the giant planets in the Solar System, making it possible that some of those planets are a type not observed in the Solar System. Considering the relative abundances of the elements in the universe (approximately 98% hydrogen and helium) it would be surprising to find a predominantly rocky planet more massive than Jupiter. On the other hand, models of planetary-system formation have suggested that giant planets would be inhibited from forming as close to their stars as many of the extrasolar giant planets have been observed to orbit.


title: Giant planet

text: The bands seen in the atmosphere of Jupiter are due to counter-circulating streams of material called zones and belts, encircling the planet parallel to its equator. The zones are the lighter bands, and are at higher altitudes in the atmosphere. They have an internal updraft and are high-pressure regions. The belts are the darker bands, are lower in the atmosphere, and have an internal downdraft. They are low-pressure regions. These structures are somewhat analogous to the high and low-pressure cells in Earth's atmosphere, but they have a very different structure—latitudinal bands that circle the entire planet, as opposed to small confined cells of pressure. This appears to be a result of the rapid rotation and underlying symmetry of the planet. There are no oceans or landmasses to cause local heating and the rotation speed is much higher than that of Earth.


title: Giant planet

text: There are smaller structures as well: spots of different sizes and colors. On Jupiter, the most noticeable of these features is the Great Red Spot, which has been present for at least 300 years. These structures are huge storms. Some such spots are thunderheads as well.


title: Under Wraps (film)

text: Under Wraps is a 1997 American television comedy film directed by Greg Beeman and starring Bill Fagerbakke (in a dual role), Adam Wylie, Mario Yedidia, and Clara Bryant, and the first Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) by Disney Channel. This television film was shot in Chico, California. It is also Disney Channel's first horror-themed television film. It was included by the network in its 100 DCOMs celebration from May–June 2016.


title: Under Wraps (film)

text: Marshall (Mario Yedidia) is a monster movie-obsessed preteen, and though his friends Amy (Clara Bryant) and Gilbert (Adam Wylie) aren't as enthusiastic about his interest, the three friends are still very close. They discover an Egyptian mummy in the basement of a "dead" man's house. Because of an ancient amulet and the moonlight being in the right place at the right time, the mummy rises from the dead. The kids are initially afraid, but with time they discover he means them no harm; he's simply clumsy and confused. Marshall in particular bonds with the mummy, naming him "Harold" (explaining that the mummy reminds him of his Uncle Harold). The group decides they need to hide Harold, and attempt to find a way to help him now that they are becoming friends. After paying a visit to Bruce, a local shop owner who has a vast collection of monster-related items and knowledge of mythological/supernatural facts, they discover that if the mummy is not put back in his sarcophagus before midnight on Halloween, the mummy will cease to exist.


title: Under Wraps (film)

text: However, the sarcophagus is in the hands of the "dead" man, known as Mr. Kubat, who feigned his death to avoid paying his taxes. He's also involved with several illegal schemes, some involving ancient Egyptian artifacts- which is why he had a mummy hidden in his basement. Upon finding out that the mummy has "escaped" from the coffin, he orders his henchmen to look for it and bring it back in time, as he is selling it to an interested buyer. The children now have to keep Harold safe from attracting attention of local people in town, as well as protect him from the henchmen. As the Halloween deadline draws closer, the children also discover that in his previous life, Harold was in love, and wishes to be reunited with his lover. At a Halloween party, Harold can at least hide in the open since most people assume he is a normal person in costume. But when some of his bandages are pulled back from his face, it reveals he's not alive. Harold is captured, and his friends get Bruce to help them in their rescue plan (using some creative Halloween props, and Gilbert making both a dangerous and daring attempt by driving a car through a wall). After several incidents, the group finally figures out how to work together, foiling the plans of Mr. Kubat, as well as bringing Harold and his beloved back together before they return to their rest peacefully.


title: Under Wraps (film)

text: The film was unavailable on home video until 2005, when Echo Bridge Entertainment released it on DVD. It is now available on iTunes and Amazon Video. As of 2022, Disney's streaming service has not added the film.


title: Under Wraps (film)

text: On November 13, 2020, it was announced that a remake of the film would premiere in October 2021 with Christian J. Simon, Malachi Barton, Sophia Hammons, and Phil Wright starring and Alex Zamm directing and co-writing the remake with William Robertson. Filming took place in Vancouver from November to December 2020. This television film premiered on October 1, 2021, and featured music by Jamie Christopherson and Oleksa Lozowchuk. It was primarily shot in its suburbs of New Westminster and Maple Ridge, British Columbia. A sequel was announced on February 7, 2022. The sequel, titled "Under Wraps 2", was released on September 25, 2022.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Ignacio "Nacho" Monreal Eraso ( or ; born 26 February 1986) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a left-back or centre-back.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: He started playing with Osasuna in 2005, going on to appear in 144 official games over the course of five La Liga seasons. In 2011 he signed with Málaga and, two years later, joined Arsenal, winning three FA Cup trophies with the latter club while taking part in 251 matches in all competitions. He ended his career in 2022 with Real Sociedad, winning the 2019–20 Copa del Rey.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: A full international from 2009 to 2018, Monreal represented Spain at the 2013 Confederations Cup and the 2018 World Cup.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Born in Pamplona, Monreal was a product of CA Osasuna's youth system and made his official debut for his hometown club in an away game against Valencia CF on 22 October 2006, a 1–0 La Liga loss. He finished his first season with ten league appearances, adding two in that campaign's UEFA Champions League; after the Navarrese's relegation to the UEFA Cup, he appeared in four matches as the team reached the last four, being eliminated by fellow league side Sevilla FC.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal became first-choice in 2007–08, retaining that status in the subsequent seasons, with another youth product, César Azpilicueta, being the undisputed starter in the other defensive wing.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 10 June 2011, Monreal signed a five-year contract with Málaga CF on a €6 million transfer fee. In his first season he initially battled for first-choice status with Eliseu, but ended up only missing seven games as the club finished fourth and qualified for the Champions League for the first time.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal scored his only goal for the Andalusians on 27 January 2013, in a 3–2 away win over RCD Mallorca.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 31 January 2013, Monreal joined English side Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, believed by "Sky Sports" to be around £8.5 million. He was given the number 17 shirt, and made his Premier League debut against Stoke City two days later in a 1–0 home win.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 23 February 2013, Monreal provided the assist for countryman Santi Cazorla to score the winner in a 2–1 victory over Aston Villa. He scored his first goal for the Gunners on 16 March, opening a 2–0 win at Swansea City.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal returned from injury on 21 August 2013 to feature in Arsenal's 3–0 win at Fenerbahçe SK in the Champions League group stage play-off, playing the last three minutes in the place of Theo Walcott. On 26 September, he scored the deciding penalty in a shootout against West Bromwich Albion to send his team into the fourth round of the League Cup.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Upon the arrival of Alexis Sánchez in the 2014 off-season, Monreal took the vacant number 18 previously worn by Sébastien Squillaci. On 23 August, he assisted Olivier Giroud's late equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton. Additionally, an injury crisis in the squad saw him being deployed in an unfamiliar central defender role in a string of games, after Laurent Koscielny was put out of action due to an Achilles tendon injury.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 9 March 2015, Monreal scored the opening goal in a 2–1 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford that put Arsenal through to the semi-finals of the FA Cup. He played the full 90 minutes in the decisive match, a 4–0 defeat of Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 19 January 2016, Monreal signed a new long-term contract. On 23 April 2017, he scored the vital equaliser as his team came from behind to defeat Manchester City in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 6 November 2017, after good performances on the left side of a three-man defence, Monreal won the Professional Footballers' Association Player of the Month award for October of that year. The following 20 January, he netted once and made two assists before retiring injured 30 minutes into an eventual 4–1 home win against Crystal Palace.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal returned to Spain on 31 August 2019, with the 33-year-old joining Real Sociedad on a two-year contract. He scored on his competitive debut two weeks later, converting an easy tap-in at the hour mark of an eventual 2–0 victory over Atlético Madrid at Anoeta Stadium.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal missed the entire 2021–22 season, due to a knee injury. On 23 May 2022, the club announced his departure.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: In 2007, Monreal earned his first call for the Spain under-21 team. He started all their matches in the 2009 UEFA European Championship, in an eventual group stage exit.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: On 6 August 2009, Monreal was called up to the senior side for the first time, for an exhibition game with Macedonia. He played the last 15 minutes for Joan Capdevila in a 3–2 away win; on 7 September 2010, in the nation's second game after they won the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, he played the entire 1–4 friendly loss to Argentina.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal was a member of Spain's squad which reached the final of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil, although he was second-choice left-back behind FC Barcelona's Jordi Alba. He started in the last two group games, beginning with a 10–0 thrashing of Tahiti at the Maracanã where he set up a David Villa goal.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Monreal scored his first goal for Spain on 12 November 2016, contributing to a 4–0 defeat of Macedonia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers in Granada. He was then selected by manager Julen Lopetegui for the finals in Russia.


title: Nacho Monreal

text: Upon signing with Arsenal in 2013, the club's manager Arsène Wenger described Monreal as "a strong left-sided defender with good experience at both club and international level. He is a technically gifted player, a good crosser in the final third and strong in the air." Although he usually played as a defensive–minded left-back in a four-man back-line, he was also capable of playing as a centre-back or even as a left-sided defender in a back three.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: Postprandial somnolence (colloquially known as food coma, after-dinner dip, and postprandial sleep, or by the African-American Vernacular English term the itis) is a normal state of drowsiness or lassitude following a meal. Postprandial somnolence has two components: a general state of low energy related to activation of the parasympathetic nervous system in response to mass in the gastrointestinal tract, and a specific state of sleepiness. While there are numerous theories surrounding this behavior, such as decreased blood flow to the brain, neurohormonal modulation of sleep through digestive coupled signaling, or vagal stimulation, very few have been explicitly tested. To date, human studies have loosely examined the behavioral characteristics of postprandial sleep, demonstrating potential shifts in EEG spectra and self-reported sleepiness. To date, the only clear animal models for examining the genetic and neuronal basis for this behavior are the fruit fly, the mouse, and the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans".


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: Increases in glucose concentration excite and induce vasodilation in ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons of the hypothalamus via astrocytic release of adenosine that is blocked by A2A receptor antagonists like caffeine. Evidence also suggests that the small rise in blood glucose that occurs after a meal is sensed by glucose-inhibited neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. These orexin-expressing neurons appear to be hyperpolarised (inhibited) by a glucose-activated potassium channel. This inhibition is hypothesized to then reduce output from orexigenic neurons to aminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic arousal pathways of the brain, thus decreasing the activity of those pathways.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: In response to the arrival of food in the stomach and small intestine, the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreases. This shift in the balance of autonomic tone towards the parasympathetic system results in a subjective state of low energy and a desire to be at rest, the opposite of the fight-or-flight state induced by high sympathetic tone. The larger the meal, the greater the shift in autonomic tone towards the parasympathetic system, regardless of the composition of the meal.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: When foods with a high glycemic index are consumed, the carbohydrates in the food are more easily digested than low glycemic index foods. Hence, more glucose is available for absorption. It should not be misunderstood that glucose is absorbed more rapidly because, once formed, glucose is absorbed at the same rate. It is only available in higher amounts due to the ease of digestion of high glycemic index foods. In individuals with normal carbohydrate metabolism, insulin levels rise concordantly to drive glucose into the body's tissues and maintain blood glucose levels in the normal range. Insulin stimulates the uptake of valine, leucine, and isoleucine into skeletal muscle, but not uptake of tryptophan. This lowers the ratio of these branched-chain amino acids in the bloodstream relative to tryptophan (an aromatic amino acid), making tryptophan preferentially available to the large neutral amino acid transporter at the blood–brain barrier. Uptake of tryptophan by the brain thus increases. In the brain, tryptophan is converted to serotonin, which is then converted to melatonin. Increased brain serotonin and melatonin levels result in sleepiness.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: Insulin can also cause postprandial somnolence via another mechanism. Insulin increases the activity of Na/K ATPase, causing increased movement of potassium into cells from the extracellular fluid. The large movement of potassium from the extracellular fluid can lead to a mild hypokalemic state. The effects of hypokalemia can include fatigue, muscle weakness, or paralysis. The severity of the hypokalemic state can be evaluated using Fuller's Criteria. Stage 1 is characterized by no symptoms but mild hypokalemia. Stage 2 is characterized with symptoms and mild hypokalemia. Stage 3 is characterized by only moderate to severe hypokalemia.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: Cytokines are somnogenic and are likely key mediators of sleep responses to infection and food. Some proinflammatory cytokines correlate with daytime sleepiness.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: Although the passage of food into the gastrointestinal tract results in increased blood flow to the stomach and intestines, this is achieved by diversion of blood primarily from skeletal muscle tissue and by increasing the volume of blood pumped forward by the heart each minute. The flow of oxygen and blood to the brain is extremely tightly regulated by the circulatory system and does not drop after a meal.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: A common myth holds that turkey is especially high in tryptophan, resulting in sleepiness after it is consumed, as may occur at the traditional meal of the North American holiday of Thanksgiving. However, the tryptophan content of turkey is comparable to chicken, beef, and other meats, and does not result in higher blood tryptophan levels than other common foods. Certain foods, such as soybeans, sesame and sunflower seeds, and certain cheeses, are high in tryptophan. Whether it is possible or not that these may induce sleepiness if consumed in sufficient quantities has yet to be studied.


title: Postprandial somnolence

text: A 2015 study, reported in the journal "Ergonomics", showed that, for twenty healthy subjects, exposure to blue-enriched light during the post-lunch dip period significantly reduced the EEG alpha activity, and increased task performance.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Alexander R. Corbisiero (born 30 August 1988) is an American-born English retired rugby union loosehead prop who last played for Premiership side Northampton Saints.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Born 30 August 1988, Alexander Corbisiero is the great grandson of Riccardo Corbisiero, who emigrated from Naples to the United States in 1923 and established Riccardo's – a restaurant well known for its continental cuisine – in Astoria, Queens in the early 1950s. Alex was born in New York City to the restaurateur's grandson and his English wife Lorraine Collins. He immigrated to England with his parents shortly before his fifth birthday.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisiero was first educated at Hall School Wimbledon, then Reed's School, finally graduating from ACS Cobham International School in 2006, where he was also captain of the school's Cougars rugby team. He studied at the London School of Economics. He then studied for a BA in history at Birkbeck, University of London beginning in 2009.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: He joined the London Irish Academy in August 2005, making his professional club debut against London Wasps in the 2008 London Double Header.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: On 16 January 2013, Corbisiero left London Irish to sign for Northampton Saints for the 2013/14 season. In 2014 Corbisiero played as a replacement as Northampton beat Saracens to win the Premiership final.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisiero has represented England at Under-18, Under-19 and Under-20 level. He competed for England at the 2007 Under 19 Rugby World Championship.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: In 2008 Corbisiero was a member of the England under-20 team that won the grand slam and reached the final of the 2008 IRB Junior World Championship.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisiero was eligible to represent either England, Italy, Ireland or the US at senior level, but cast his lot with England when he made his debut for the England Saxons against Russia at the 2010 Churchill Cup.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisiero made his senior debut for England against Italy on 12 February 2011 after Andrew Sheridan was ruled out of the match with a back injury. He went on to feature in four of England's five tests as they won the Six Nations Championship, with injury ruling Sheridan out for the rest of the tournament.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisiero represented England at the Rugby World Cup 2011. He was also a regular in the team during 2012, both in the Six Nations championship (four victories and one defeat) and in the summer and autumn internationals (including two losses to South Africa and a victory over New Zealand.)


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Injury ruled him out of the 2013 Six Nations championship, and seemed to have ruled him out of initial selection for the British & Irish Lions squad for the 2013 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia. However, on 5 June, he replaced Irish prop Cian Healy after Healy was injured during the second tour match against Western Force. Corbisiero started the first Test against Australia on Saturday 22 June. Corbisiero scored the Lions' first try in their victorious third test against Australia which clinched the series. Unforunately, further injuries to shoulder, neck and back dogged his career, and he played only two more international matches, against Argentina in November 2013, then one more appearance two years later, coming off the subs bench against France in August 2015, in a warm-up match for the 2015 World Cup. Recurrent injuries prevented him being part of the World Cup squad.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: After announcing his intentions in January 2016 to take a year out from Rugby, Corbisiero was an analyst for NBC Sports coverage of the Aviva Premiership along with Leigh Diffey. While guest hosting on the Rugby Pod podcast in early 2018 Alex acknowledged it was unlikely he would be returning to professional rugby.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: On October 27, 2020, Corbisiero was appointed Scrum Coach for the Los Angeles Giltinis for the 2021 Major League Rugby season.


title: Alex Corbisiero

text: Corbisero was diagnosed with testicular cancer in November 2019 and is receiving further treatment after the cancer spread to his lymph nodes.


title: Sathish

text: Sathish Muthukrishnan (born 23 May 1987) is an Indian actor and comedian working in the Tamil film industry. He made a breakthrough portraying a role alongside Sivakarthikeyan in "Ethir Neechal" (2013). He won Edison Award for Best Comedian for his performance in "Kaththi" (2014), "Thangamagan" (2015) and "Remo" (2016) and Edison Award for Best Appearance for the film "Tamizh Padam 2" (2018).


title: Sathish

text: Born in a middle-class family, Sathish barely attended school and worked part-time jobs alongside his studies to support his family. Interested in cinema, he joined Crazy Mohan's Troupe in 2001, at the age of 14 and performed for nearly 8 years as part of the troupe. Crazy Mohan saw potential in Sathish and took him as one of his own, educated him and supported him financially and helped him land small roles in "Jerry" and other small roles until 2009. He received many awards for his dramas in Crazy Mohan from Kamal Haasan and other celebrities.


title: Sathish

text: Sathish married Sindhu in December 2019 and the marriage was attended by many celebrities including Sivakarthikeyan, Vijay Sethupathi, Jiiva, Vijay Antony, Udhayanidhi Stalin, and many others. The couple have a daughter named Niharika, born 4 November 2020.


title: Sathish

text: Sathish worked with Crazy Mohan in his theatre troupe for eight years, honing his histrionics and acting, while also helping write dialogues for his productions and acting in their stage play "Chocolate Krishna". A. L. Vijay made him a co-dialogue writer for "Poi Solla Porom" (2008), before offering him an acting role in "Madrasapattinam" (2010), but his debut was in the movie "Jerry" (2006) where he played a small role named fariq where he was shown in two shots without any dialogue.


title: Sathish

text: In 2013 he appeared in Senthil Kumar's "Ethir Neechal" portraying Peter, with a critic noting that Sivakarthikeyan and Sathish "complement each other’s comic timing". His next notable role was as an IT professional Sandy in "Maan Karate" (2014), written by AR Murugadoss.


title: Sathish

text: He received Edison Award for Best Comedian for the films "Kaththi" (2014), "Thangamagan" (2015) and "Remo" (2016).


title: Sathish

text: Sathish played the role of an antagonist in the 2018 parody film "Tamizh Padam 2", which was written and directed by C. S. Amudhan.


title: Sathish

text: He marks his debut as a lead actor in "Naai Sekar" (2022). Sathish has chosen a wise script and put up a solid performance as the story's lead.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The Trouble with Harry is a 1955 American Technicolor black comedy film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by John Michael Hayes was based on the 1950 novel by Jack Trevor Story. It starred Edmund Gwenn, John Forsythe, Mildred Natwick, Jerry Mathers and Shirley MacLaine in her film debut. "The Trouble with Harry" was released in the United States on September 30, 1955, then re-released in 1984 once the distribution rights had been acquired by Universal Pictures.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The action in "The Trouble with Harry" takes place during a sun-filled autumn in the Vermont countryside. The fall foliage and the beautiful scenery around the village, as well as Bernard Herrmann's light-filled score, all set an idyllic tone. The story is about how nine residents of a small Vermont village react when the dead body of a man named Harry is found on a hillside. The film is, however, not a murder mystery: it is a light comedy-drama with a touch of romance, in which the corpse serves as a MacGuffin. Four village residents end up working together to solve the problem of what to do with Harry. In the process, the younger two (an artist and a very young, twice-widowed woman) fall in love and become a couple, soon to be married. The older two residents (a captain and a spinster) also fall in love.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The film was one of Hitchcock's few true comedies (though most of his films had some element of tongue-in-cheek or macabre humor). The film also contained what was, for the time, frank dialogue. One example of this is when John Forsythe's character unabashedly tells MacLaine's character that he would like to paint a nude portrait of her. The statement was extremely explicit for the time.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The quirky but down-to-earth residents of the small hamlet of Highwater, Vermont, are faced with the freshly dead body of Harry Worp (Philip Truex), which has inconveniently appeared on the hillside above the town. The problem of who the person is, who was responsible for his sudden death, and what should be done with the body is "the trouble with Harry".


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Captain Wiles (Edmund Gwenn) is sure that he killed the man with a stray shot from his rifle while hunting, until it is shown he actually shot a rabbit. Jennifer Rogers (Shirley MacLaine), Harry's estranged wife, believes she killed Harry because she hit him hard with a milk bottle. Miss Gravely (Mildred Natwick) is certain that the man died after a blow from the heel of her hiking boot when he lunged at her out of the bushes, while still reeling from the blow he received at the hands of Jennifer. Sam Marlowe (John Forsythe), an attractive and nonconformist artist, is open-minded about the whole event, and is prepared to help his neighbors and new-found friends in any way he can. In any case, no one is upset at all about Harry's death.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: However, they all are hoping that the body will not come to the attention of "the authorities" in the form of cold, humorless Deputy Sheriff Calvin Wiggs (Royal Dano), who earns his living per arrest. The Captain, Jennifer, Miss Gravely and Sam bury the body and then dig it up again several times throughout the day. They then hide the body in a bathtub before finally putting it back on the hill where it first appeared, in order to make it appear as if it was just discovered.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Finally it is learned that Harry died of natural causes; no foul play at all was involved. In the meantime, Sam and Jennifer have fallen in love and wish to marry, and the Captain and Miss Gravely have also become a couple. Sam has been able to sell all his paintings to a passing millionaire, although Sam refuses money, and instead requests a few simple gifts for his friends and himself.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Primary location shooting took place in Craftsbury, Vermont. Assuming that the town would be in full foliage, the company showed up for outdoor shots on September 27, 1954. To the filmmakers' shock, there was hardly any foliage left; to achieve a full effect, leaves were glued to the trees. Several scenes in the film had to be shot in a rented high school gym because of persistent rain. In the gym, a 500-lb (226-kg) camera fell from a great height and barely missed Hitchcock, and the sound of the rain on the roof of the gym necessitated extensive post-production re-recording. Other locations included Morrisville and Barre, with the shooting lasting up to December of that year. Full details on the making of the film are in Steven DeRosa's book "Writing with Hitchcock".


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The paintings by the character Sam Marlowe were painted by American abstract expressionist artist John Ferren, who was present during principal photography in Vermont. While there, he instructed John Forsythe in the correct painting technique for his on-screen work. Hitchcock was particularly interested in Ferren's work, for his vivid use of color, which he thought would be resonant with the autumnal colors of New England. The sketch of the corpse, Harry Worp, was done on location by Ferren's wife, Rae Ferren, also a fine artist. Hitchcock and Ferren very much enjoyed collaborating, and as a result of this first project together, he was invited several years later to design the "special sequence" core to the 1958 Hitchcock film "Vertigo". The panoramic drawing for the opening credits was done by Saul Steinberg.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Alfred Hitchcock's cameo is a signature occurrence in most of his films. In "The Trouble with Harry", he can be seen 22:14 minutes into the film as he walks past a parked limousine while an old man looks at paintings for sale at the roadside stand.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The corpse, Harry Worp, was played by Philip Truex (1911–2008), who was the son of character actor Ernest Truex.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: "The Trouble with Harry" is notable as a landmark in Hitchcock's career as it marked the first of several highly regarded collaborations with composer Bernard Herrmann. In an interview for "The New York Times" on June 18, 1971, Hitchcock stated that the score was his favorite of all his films. Herrmann rerecorded a new arrangement of highlights from the film's score for Phase 4 Stereo with Herrmann calling the arrangement "A Portrait of Hitch".


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: A song sung by John Forsythe's character, "Flaggin' the Train to Tuscaloosa", was written by Raymond Scott and Mack David. Forsythe is not the performer, however. The song is also played over the opening credits, performed by Ray McKinley & Orchestra and released as a single on Decca Records.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: A "cash-in" song titled "The Trouble with Harry" was written by Floyd Huddleston with Herb Wiseman and Mark McIntyre. A recording of the song by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (using the pseudonym of "Alfi & Harry") was released as a single in early 1956, reaching No. 44 on the US "Billboard" chart and No. 15 on the UK singles chart. A competing version by Les Baxter reached No. 80 on the "Billboard" chart. The title aside, the record had no connection with the film.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Originally released on October 3, 1955, the original soundtrack was re-recorded in 1998 and released on CD that same year, under the Varèse Sarabande label. All the original music, composed by Bernard Herrmann, was re-recorded at the City Halls, Glasgow, Scotland, on April 29, 1998, performed by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, under the direction of Joel McNeely.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The re-recording was originally released on CD in the United Kingdom on July 27, 1998 and in the United States on October 6, 1998. It was later re-released in the UK on May 16, 2014 and in the US on July 21, 2014.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The world premiere of "The Trouble with Harry" was in Vermont (where it was shot), with revenue donated to victims of a recent flood.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: Contemporary reviews were middling to positive. Bosley Crowther, in a mixed verdict for "The New York Times", wrote: "It is not a particularly witty or clever script that John Michael Hayes has put together from a novel by Jack Trevor Story, nor does Mr. Hitchcock's direction make it spin. The pace is leisurely, almost sluggish, and the humor frequently is strained ... But it does possess mild and mellow merriment all the way. The performers are beguiling in a briskly artificial style, and there's an especially disarming screwball blandness about the manner of Miss MacLaine." "Variety" called the film "a blithe little comedy" with Edmund Gwenn "a delight" in the lead role. "Harrison's Reports" called it "a whacky, off-beat type of film, well directed and acted and quite amusing throughout", though the review cautioned that "it may be received with mixed audience reaction" because of the subject matter. Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called the film "an odd one—sparkling cider spiked with arsenic and a sprig of poison ivy. Although I can recognize its drawbacks, I must confess it almost made me drunk with perverse pleasure." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" called the film "a "comedie noire" that brilliantly maintains its precarious balance between humour and bad taste", adding, "The humour is of a quiet and concentrated kind, with the corpse of the troublesome Harry kept persistently in the foreground, and John Michael Hayes' shrewdly witty script affords Hitchcock opportunities for some typically witty macabre and sardonic invention." John McCarten of "The New Yorker" was negative, writing, "Alfred Hitchcock, whose work has been going steadily downhill ever since he arrived in Hollywood, skids to preposterous depths in 'The Trouble With Harry.'"


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The film was a box office disappointment, earning only $3.5 million in the United States. Although the movie was a financial failure in the U.S., it played for a year in England and Rome, and a year and a half in France.


title: The Trouble with Harry

text: The film rights reverted to Hitchcock following its initial release. It was little shown for nearly 30 years, other than a showing on NBC's "Saturday Night at the Movies" network television broadcast in the early 1960s, though there were some theatrical exhibition in 1963. After protracted negotiations with the Hitchcock estate, Universal Pictures reissued it in 1983, along with "Rear Window", "Vertigo", and "The Man Who Knew Too Much", which in turn led to VHS and eventually DVD and Blu-ray versions for the home video market.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: A pump or plimsoll (British English; see other names below) is a type of athletic shoe with a canvas upper and rubber sole developed initially as beachwear.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: Pumps have solid rubber soles about 8 or 9 mm thick, to which the canvas is glued without coming up the sides (as on trainers). The effect when running is similar to running without shoes.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: The shoe originated in the United Kingdom, there called a "sand shoe". It acquired the nickname "plimsoll" in the 1870s. This name arose, according to Nicholette Jones's book "The Plimsoll Sensation", because the coloured horizontal band joining the upper to the sole resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's hull, or because, just like the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get wet.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: In the UK plimsolls are commonly worn for schools' indoor physical education. Regional terms are common: around their area of origin (Liverpool, in northwest England) they are often referred to as "galoshes". In Northern Ireland and Scotland they may be known as "gutties"; "sannies" (from 'sand shoe') is used in Scotland. In parts of Edinburgh and Midlothian they are known as "rubbers" or "gym rubbers" owing to their rubber soles and the need to wear them in the school gym hall. In parts of the West Country and Wales, they are known as "daps" or "dappers". In London, the home counties, much of the West Midlands, the West Riding of Yorkshire and northwest of England they are known as "pumps". There is a widespread belief that "daps" is taken from a factory sign – "Dunlop Athletic Plimsoles" which was called "the DAP factory". However, this seems unlikely as the first citation in the "Oxford English Dictionary" of "dap" for a rubber soled shoe is a March 1924 use in the "Western Daily Press" newspaper; Dunlop did not acquire the Liverpool Rubber Company (as part of the merger with the Macintosh group of companies) until 1925.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: Plimsolls were issued to the British military (called "road slappers" by the common soldiery) until replaced by trainers in the mid-80s. If white they required hours of application of shoe whitener, if black they were required to be polished until they gleamed.


title: Plimsoll shoe

text: It was commonly used for corporal punishment in the British Commonwealth, where it was the typical gym shoe (part of the school uniform). Plimsolling is also a synonym for a slippering.


title: Nia Nal

text: Nia Nal, also known by her code name Dreamer, is a fictional superhero from the Arrowverse television series "Supergirl", portrayed by Nicole Maines. The character is based on, and is depicted as an ancestor of, the DC Comics character Nura Nal / Dream Girl. She debuts in the fourth season of the series. Nia Nal is the first transgender superhero on television. She will appear in a guest role in the ninth and final season of The Flash.


title: Nia Nal

text: Nia Nal, who has a degree in international relations from Georgetown University, was a political speechwriter in Washington, D.C. where she worked for Cat Grant, the White House Press Secretary, under the administration of President Olivia Marsdin. She is sent to National City to be taken under the wing of Catco Worldwide Media employee Kara Danvers to learn the ways of reporting. As there is increasing anti-alien hatred in the United States, Nia, who reveals herself to be transgender, convinces Catco CEO James Olsen to write an editorial against this hatred. Kara and Nia later interview a healer alien, Amadei, to counter the anti-alien rhetoric. Afterwards, Kara and James discover that Nia has narcolepsy. Nia wakes up suddenly from a dream involving the alien-hating Ben Lockwood. When Kara visits her, Nia reveals she is an alien from the planet Naltor, and select women of this race develop the power of precognition. Brainy, another alien, helps Nia with her dreams which lead them to Lockwood, who is ultimately arrested after being confronted.


title: Nia Nal

text: Nia has ill confidence about her family when she develops the unwanted "Dreamer" powers that occur to one female in every generation in her family. Nia's sister Maeve, who was taught dream interpretation while expecting to gain the powers, discovers Nia has the powers and renounces her. Kara reveals her identity as the superhero Supergirl to Nia to reassure her. While Nia's mother Isabel lies dying of a spider bite, Nia uses her powers to talk to her mother about them, who assures her she will be able to continue the Dreamer line. Nia trains under Brainy, and after taking the alter ego "Dreamer", defeats a supervillain team called "The Elite" with Kara, J'onn J'onzz and Brainy's help. When Supergirl is framed for multiple crimes and declared a public enemy, Nia is among the few people not fooled. With Kara ceasing to operate as Supergirl, Nia takes her place as National City's superhero Dreamer. J'onn and Nia are sent to Shelley Island, where enslaved aliens are setting up a Claymore satellite on Lex Luthor's orders to destroy Argo City. J'onn and Nia escape and overload the satellite. After Luthor's defeat, Supergirl's name cleared and the anti-alien hatred ended, Nia and Brainy enter a relationship.


title: Nia Nal

text: In January 2018, "Supergirl" creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti spoke at an event about the lack of trans representation in the broader Arrowverse. "We don’t have an active trans character across the shows[...] And so I still feel behind the times every day on that issue,” Berlanti said. In May 2018, it was reported that an open casting call was searching for a transgender actress of any ethnicity in her early 20s to join "Supergirl"’s fourth season as Nia Nal. The character was initially described as, "A confident, wunderkind of a fashionista. Once a political speechwriter, Nia is the newest addition to the Catco investigative reporting team. With her she brings sparkling wit and biting humor but under that banter-y, chic façade, lays a soulful young woman who has much to offer the world. A young Cat Grant type."


title: Nia Nal

text: On July 21, 2018, trans activist and actress Nicole Maines was announced in the role at the show's San Diego Comic-Con panel. It was also confirmed that Nia would become the superhero "Dreamer" and that she is an ancestor of the Legion of Super-Heroes member Nura Nal / Dream Girl. Maines described Nia Nal / Dreamer as having "this ferocious drive to protect people and to fight against discrimination and hatred. She’s the superhero we need right now." The character is the first transgender superhero on television.


title: Nia Nal

text: On June 8, 2021 Dreamer made her comic book debut in the story "Date Night", written by Maines, featured in DC Pride #1. On June 2nd, 2022, the official DC twitter account announced Dreamer will appear in a graphic novel written by Maines with art by Rye Hickman. On July 12, Nia appeared in "Superman: Son of Kal-El #13", making her debut within the main DC comics continuity.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Lorenzo Musetti (born 3 March 2002) is an Italian professional tennis player. He has a career-high singles ATP ranking of World No. 23 achieved on 24 October 2022 and a doubles ranking of World No. 283 achieved on 2 May 2022. Musetti has won two ATP Tour singles titles.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: As a junior, Musetti was ranked as high as world No. 1, reaching the final of the 2018 US Open boys' singles and winning the 2019 Australian Open boys' title. Since turning professional in 2019, he has won two titles on the ITF World Tennis Tour and two ATP Challenger titles. Musetti trains at La Spezia TC and Tirrenia.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Lorenzo Musetti was born on March 3, 2002, in Carrara, Tuscany, Italy. His father Francesco is a marble producer, and his mother Sabrina is a secretary. He began playing tennis at age 4, and has been coached by Simone Tartarini since childhood. His tennis idol growing up was Roger Federer.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: He has achieved a career-high ITF juniors ranking of 1 in the world on 10 June 2019. On 26 January 2019 Musetti defeated Emilio Nava to win the 2019 Australian Open boys' singles title.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: After receiving a wildcard and passing the qualifying, he made his ATP Tour main draw debut in February 2020 at the Dubai Tennis Championships, at the age of 17, where he lost in the first round against Andrey Rublev.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: His second main draw tour-level match and first on a Masters 1000 level in his career came after qualifying at the Italian Open, where he defeated three-time Grand Slam champion Stan Wawrinka in straight sets in the first round, becoming the first player born in 2002 to win an ATP match, and former World No. 4 Kei Nishikori in the second round. In October he received a wildcard for the Forte Village Sardegna Open, where he reached his first ATP semifinal, retiring due to an injury against eventual champion Laslo Đere after trailing 1–4 in the third set.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Musetti was the youngest player to break into the top 100 for the first time in his career by reaching the semifinals of the ATP Tour 500 Mexican Open tournament in March after going through qualifying. There he had his first top 10 win against world no. 9 Diego Schwartzman in three sets. He also beat Frances Tiafoe and 5th-seed Grigor Dimitrov to break into the top 100 and reach his second ATP semifinal, and first at a 500 level, where he was defeated in straight sets by Stefanos Tsitsipas. The 19-year-old was the third-youngest semifinalist in the tournament's history. Only Xavier Malisse (1998) and Rafael Nadal (2005) reached the final four in Acapulco at a younger age.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Musetti reached his third ATP semifinal at the Lyon Open in May, where he was again defeated by Tsitsipas.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: He capped off the clay season by reaching the fourth round at the French Open, on his Grand Slam championship debut (only the sixth player since 2000 to do so), beating 13th seed David Goffin, Yoshihito Nishioka and Marco Cecchinato in his first five-set match. He had a 2-0 lead in sets against top seed Novak Djokovic in the fourth round, but retired in the 5th set trailing 0-4. As a result of this successful run, he climbed to his best ranking of World No. 57 on 13 September 2021.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: At the end of the season, he took part in the Next Generation ATP Finals, where he was eliminated in the round robin stage as third of his group, having lost to Sebastián Báez and finalist Sebastian Korda, and won to Hugo Gaston.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: At the beginning of the season, Musetti reached the quarter-finals at the ATP 500 Rotterdam Open, losing against Jiří Lehečka after having defeated No. 11 Hubert Hurkacz in the second round. In Monte Carlo, he recorded the second top 10 win of his career by defeating world number 9 Félix Auger-Aliassime in the second round.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: After reaching his fourth career tour-level semifinal at the 2022 Hamburg European Open with a win over Alejandro Davidovich Fokina, he made his top 50 debut in the rankings. He defeated Francisco Cerúndolo in the semifinals to reach the first ATP final of his career. He triumphed over World No. 6 and top seed Carlos Alcaraz in the final, winning his first ATP title and first ATP 500 tournament. As a result, he climbed up the rankings to world No. 31 on 25 July 2022. Following the title, Musetti made his top 30 debut at world No. 30 on 1 August, after winning his opening round at the Croatia Open.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: At the US Open, where Musetti was seeded for the first time at a grand slam, he reached the third round, his deepest run in a grand slam since the 2021 French Open. In the first round, he defeated former world number 7 David Goffin in a five set match, decided by a fifth-set tiebreak. He then defeated Gijs Brouwer, but lost to Ilya Ivashka in four sets.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: In the fall, Musetti reached his fifth and sixth ATP semifinals at the consecutive Sofia Open and Firenze Open tournaments, where he was defeated in both cases by eventual champions Marc-Andrea Huesler and Félix Auger-Aliassime. He then won his second career title at the Tennis Napoli Cup, defeating fellow countryman Matteo Berrettini in the final. Following the title, he reached a career-high ranking of No. 23 on 24 October 2022. At the 2022 Paris Masters, Musetti reached the quarterfinals of a Masters 1000 for the first time in his career. He defeated former world No. 3 Marin Cilic, Nikoloz Basilashvili, and world No. 4 Casper Ruud for his biggest and first top-5 win, but lost to Novak Djokovic.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Musetti's final ATP tournament of the year was the Next Generation ATP Finals. He was eliminated in the round robin stage after beating Tseng Chun-hsin, but losing to Dominic Stricker and Jack Draper.


title: Lorenzo Musetti

text: Musetti's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who are active in boldface. Only ATP Tour main draw matches are considered:


title: Anandaraj

text: Anandaraj (born May 15, 1959) is an Indian actor. He has acted in villain roles in several Tamil films and has appeared in over a two hundred films in different languages including Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi.


title: Anandaraj

text: . After schooling, he wanted his son to be a police officer, but Anandaraj wanted to try something different as he was fascinated with films. His family supported his dreams. He joined in M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute, Chennai for a course. Kannada actor Shiva Rajkumar was his classmate.


title: Anandaraj

text: Anandaraj was under the impression that offers would come his way, but later he had to struggle for an opportunity and finally started off with the 1988 film "Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam", starring Prabhu and Sivakumar, and later "En Thangachi Padichava", directed by P. Vasu, gave him the much-needed break in all the four south Indian languages. He did Suresh Krissna’s "Raja Kaiya Vacha" (1990) with Prabhu, in which he essayed a positive role. However, he appeared with Vijayakanth and starred in several films together.


title: Anandaraj

text: On playing the hero roles, Anand Raj mentioned: "When one gets popular being a villain, people around you always push you to take the next step and it was one of those phases when I took up offers to play the lead role". He went on to play lead roles in the films "Palaivana Paravaigal", "Kaaval Nilayam", "Thambi Oorukku Puthusu", "Government Mappillai", "Pokkiri Thambi", "Kizhakku Veluthathchu", "David Uncle", "En Rajangam", "Puthiya Aatchi" and "My India". Even though directors offered him good scripts, the films just didn't work well at the box office. The huge popularity that Anandaraj gained during the late eighties elevated him to the status of hero and he and R. Sarathkumar together starred in a few action films. While Sarathkumar hit stardom, Anandaraj who was billed above him in their films together did not sustain his position and went back to playing small roles. He has acted as a villain alongside most of the top actors, like Balakrishna ("Muddula Mavayya"), Vijayakanth ("Pulan Visaranai"), Chiranjeevi ("Gang Leader") Rajinikanth ("Baashha"), Mammootty ("Makkal Aatchi"), R. Sarathkumar ("Suryavamsam") and Vijay ("Pokkiri").


title: Anandaraj

text: Many years later, Anandaraj made a sudden switch to comedy in "Mundasupatti" directed by Ramkumar released in 2014 that had audiences falling off their seats and there had been no looking back since then. Anandaraj has become a hot favorite of young directors who write quirky characters for him which he performs with his signature style that has gained him a huge fan following in the younger generation of movie goers.


title: Anandaraj

text: Director Prabhu Deva offered Anandaraj the lead in the role and asked him not to react to anything, even though a baddie is expected to give exaggerated expressions. Prabhu Deva wanted Anandaraj to sport a certain look, so he underwent intense training for a year and lost about 12 kilos and fulfilled Prabhu Deva's expectation to get signed for "Action Jackson" (2014). He played a don in the film and his look was completely different from the one he had tried in the south, as he spots a lizard tattoo on his head.


title: Anandaraj

text: He joined Vijay Sethupathi and Nayanthara starrer "Naanum Rowdydhaan" (2015). Though Anandaraj doesn't play the main antagonist role, his character will have shades of grey. In "Maragadha Naanayam" (2017), he plays a character called Twinkle Ramanathan. His other films include "Katha Nayagan" (2017), "Sathya" (2017) and "Gulaebaghavali" (2018). He's almost perfected the role of the comic villain. For the film "Jackpot" (2019), Anandaraj received Best comedian from Vikatan. He played a role in "Bigil" (2019) has expressed his disappointment over the filmmaker for the way he approached his character in the film in post production.


title: Anandaraj

text: Anandaraj was born in Puducherry to a Mudaliar community and is the second son in the family of eight. He is married and has a daughter and a son.


title: Anandaraj

text: Actor Anandraj is a loyalite of Jayalalitha and has joined ADMK under her leadership. He supported BJP and stated that he will personally vote for the party in 2014. After Jayalalitha's death he quit ADMK. He later said Mudaliar community should vote for NOTA.


title: Impossible object

text: An impossible object (also known as an impossible figure or an undecidable figure) is a type of optical illusion that consists of a two-dimensional figure which is instantly and naturally understood as representing a projection of a three-dimensional object. Impossible objects are of interest to psychologists, mathematicians and artists without falling entirely into any one discipline.


title: Impossible object

text: Impossible objects can be unsettling because of our natural desire to interpret 2D drawings as three-dimensional objects. This is why a drawing of a Necker cube would most likely be seen as a cube, rather than "two squares connected with diagonal lines, a square surrounded by irregular planar figures, or any other planar figure". Looking at different parts of an impossible object makes one reassess the 3D nature of the object, which confuses the mind.


title: Impossible object

text: In most cases the impossibility becomes apparent after viewing the figure for a few seconds. However, the initial impression of a 3D object remains even after it has been contradicted. There are also more subtle examples of impossible objects where the impossibility does not become apparent spontaneously and it is necessary to consciously examine the geometry of the implied object to determine that it is impossible.


title: Impossible object

text: Roger Penrose wrote about describing and defining impossible objects mathematically using the algebraic topology concept of cohomology.


title: Impossible object

text: An early example of an impossible object comes from "Apolinère Enameled", a 1916 advertisement painted by Marcel Duchamp. It depicts a girl painting a bed-frame with white enamelled paint, and deliberately includes conflicting perspective lines, to produce an impossible object. To emphasise the deliberate impossibility of the shape, a piece of the frame is missing.


title: Impossible object

text: Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd was one of the first to deliberately design many impossible objects. He has been called "the father of impossible figures". In 1934, he drew the Penrose triangle, some years before the Penroses. In Reutersvärd's version, the sides of the triangle are broken up into cubes.


title: Impossible object

text: In 1956, British psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, mathematician Roger Penrose, submitted a short article to the "British Journal of Psychology" titled "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion". This was illustrated with the Penrose triangle and Penrose stairs. The article referred to Escher, whose work had sparked their interest in the subject, but not Reutersvärd, of whom they were unaware. The article was published in 1958.


title: Impossible object

text: From the 1930s onwards, Dutch artist M.C. Escher produced many drawings featuring paradoxes of perspective gradually working towards impossible objects. In 1957, he produced his first drawing containing a true impossible object: "Cube with Magic Ribbons". He produced many further drawings featuring impossible objects, sometimes with the entire drawing being an impossible object. "Waterfall" and "Belvedere" are good examples of impossible constructions. His work did much to draw the attention of the public to impossible objects.


title: Impossible object

text: Some contemporary artists are also experimenting with impossible figures, for example, Jos de Mey, Shigeo Fukuda, Sandro del Prete, István Orosz (Utisz), Guido Moretti, Tamás F. Farkas, Mathieu Hamaekers, and Kokichi Sugihara.