title: Zhu Rongji

text: He took the lead in negotiating China's entry into the World Trade Organization, which the country achieved in 2001 to domestic and international acclaim. Joining the WTO opened China to increased foreign investment, but also required it to conform to international conventions of trade, intellectual property, and environmental management. Zhu expected that China's entry into the WTO would lead to economic expansion, but also hoped that entering the WTO would force economic and legal changes within China that Zhu himself had little power to implement.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Zhu, along with his successor Wen, attempted to set limits on the power of local officials to levy miscellaneous service charges and fees in order to protect farmers from indiscriminate taxation by corrupt officials.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Zhu's premiership, especially related to free-market reforms, was controversial. He retired from his position as member of CCP Politburo Standing Committee in November 2002 and premier in March 2003 respectively, when he was replaced by Wen Jiabao. Wen was the only Zhu ally to appear on the subsequent nine-person CCP Politburo Standing Committee.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Among the international leaders he met and negotiated with as premier, he gained a reputation for intelligence, energy, impatience for incompetence, shrewdness, and as a person who must be respected, even among those who disliked him. Journalists noted his proficient command of English and his "disarming" sense of humor.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Zhu Rongji has been recognized as a good public speaker and was notable during his career for his proficient command of English. He often made public speeches without the aid of a script, and when he did so his speeches were said to be entertaining and dramatic.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: He enjoys literature, and has reportedly spent much of his retirement reading books he had no time to read while in office. He plays the "erhu", an instrument similar to a two-stringed violin. He enjoys Peking Opera, and once appeared on stage as an actor in a performance.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: His wife, Lao An, once served as the vice-chairman on the board of directors of China International Engineering and Consulting. She and Zhu attended two schools together, first at the Hunan First Provincial Middle School, then at Tsinghua University. They have two children, a son and a daughter. Their son, Zhu Yunlai, was born in 1957. He was once the president and chief executive officer of one of China's most successful investment banks, China International Capital Corp. Their daughter, Zhu Yanlai, was born in 1956. She is currently the assistant chief executive for the Bank of China (Hong Kong), and holds a seat in the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Before his retirement Zhu publicly acknowledged that he had not been able to complete many of his desired reforms before his term ended. In 2003, he gave a 90-minute address to several thousand delegates in the Great Hall of the People, outlining the "outstanding difficulties and problems" which he expected his successor as premier, Wen Jiabao, would have to face. After Zhu retired, Wen attempted to continue many of the reforms that Zhu had conceived and designed, creating and increasing the powers of independent regulatory commissions and restructuring the bureaucracy on the basis of merit. Some of Zhu's reforms were reversed under the leadership of Hu Jintao, and other reforms he hoped would be addressed by the incoming administration were not implemented. Notably, state-owned enterprises were allowed to regrow and re-establish a dominant place in the Chinese economy, and large areas of the banking sector remained unregulated. Hu may have reversed the Chinese government's previous position and promoted state-owned enterprises in an effort to promote social stability. During Wen's term of office many of the reforms Zhu proposed were opposed by conservative government ministers, notably including the former commerce minister, Bo Xilai. Zhu's position as head of the central bank was given to one of his close associates, Zhou Xiaochuan, and Zhu's views retained some influence in China's financial sector following his retirement.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: After his retirement, Zhu withdrew from any obvious involvement in Chinese politics, but he retained ties with Tsinghua University, where he continued to make numerous visits during ceremonies and special events. In 2014, he wrote a rare public letter for the 30th anniversary of Tsinghua School of Economics and Management, but was not able to attend due to poor health. In the letter, he encouraged the students at the prestigious business school to visit poor and rural areas of China, in order to better understand the conditions of most Chinese people.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Since he left office, Zhu has written and has been the subject of numerous books. Zhu's first book, "Zhu Rongji Meets the Press", a collection of speeches and interviews with foreign and Chinese journalists and officials, was released in 2009 (an English translation of the book was released in 2011). A second book, "Zhu Rongji's Answers to Journalists' Questions", a four-volume compilation of Zhu's speeches, articles, and letters, was also released in 2011. The second book was translated and published in English in 2013, under the title: "Zhu Rongji on the Record: The Road to Reform". By the end of 2013 over six million copies of his books had been sold. Henry Kissinger wrote that the translation of his books into English represented a significant contribution to Sino-US relations and promoted international understanding of Chinese culture and politics. One Western biography of Zhu encouraged leaders in other developing countries to study and emulate his reforms, and compared his influence on practical economic theory to that of Keynes. Although he has published books compiled from his speeches and interviews, his daughter has reported that he has no interest in writing a memoir.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: After retiring, Zhu invested much of his time and energy into public philanthropy. In 2013 and 2014 alone he donated 40 million RMB (c.$6.5 million US) to charity. The donated money reportedly came from the royalties from his books, and was given to a charitable foundation promoting education in poor rural areas. The amount of money given was considered unusual among retired Chinese politicians, leading to speculation about Chinese political culture. The donations prompted some commenters to compare his character to that of China's first premier, Zhou Enlai.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: By the time he retired, Zhu had become noticeably more popular than his predecessor, Li Peng, both in China and abroad. Economists noted that during his time in office he had shown himself to be much better at economic management than Li Peng.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: Zhu was well known for his efforts to fight official corruption, but was not able to contain official corruption in his term. Following the 18th CCP National Congress in 2012, one of Zhu's proteges, Wang Qishan, became the head of CCP's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Communist Party's main organ in charge of investigating internal corruption. Zhu publicly supported CCP general secretary Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign in which Wang played a major role. He did not appear in the 70th anniversary of the PRC on October 1. 2019 22 days before his 91st birthday. He also did not appear in the 100 anniversary of the CCP on July 1, 2021. he was absent with the former CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin and former CCP Politburo member Luo Gan. He celebrated his 92nd birthday on October 23, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Zhu Rongji

text: In March 2022, according to a report published by "The Wall Street Journal", Zhu voiced his opposition to current CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping seeking an unprecedented third consecutive term, as it would break the established party system of leadership succession.


title: Tamako Market

text: Tamako Kitashirakawa is the eldest daughter of a family which runs the Tama-ya mochi shop in the . One day, Tamako encounters a strange talking bird named Dera Mochimazzi who comes from a distant land searching for a wife for his country's prince. After becoming overweight from eating too much mochi, Dera ends up becoming a freeloader in Tamako's home. The series follows the everyday life of Tamako, her friends, family and neighbors, and this peculiar bird. As well as keeping track to the main course of events, "Tamako Market" and the following "Tamako Love Story" film cover the emotional lives of the characters, particularly Tamako's childhood friend Mochizō's crush on her and both of them being too shy to open up to each other.


title: Tamako Market

text: The "Tamako Market" anime television series is produced by Kyoto Animation and aired on Tokyo MX between January 10 and March 28, 2013. The series is directed by Naoko Yamada and the script is written by Reiko Yoshida. The art director is Ikuko Tamine and the character designs are provided by Yukiko Horiguchi. The sound director is Yota Tsuruoka and the music is composed by Tomoko Kataoka. Bonus short episodes are included with the Blu-ray Disc and DVD volumes, which began release from March 20, 2013. The opening and ending themes respectively are and , which are both performed by Aya Suzaki under her character name Tamako Kitashirakawa. The anime has been licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks and it is streamed on the Anime Network. It is also streamed in the United Kingdom on Anime on Demand. Anime Limited acquired the series for distribution in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


title: Tamako Market

text: A film sequel, titled , premiered in theatres in Japan on April 26, 2014, paired with a short film featuring Dera titled "Dera-chan of the Southern Islands", directed by Tatsuya Ishihara. The feature film was produced by the same staff and featured the same cast as the television series. The film's opening theme is by Mamedai Kitashirakawa (Keiji Fujiwara). The film's ending theme is a different version of "Koi no Uta" sung by Aya Suzaki and the film's main theme song is also by Suzaki. Unlike the anime series, which focuses on everyday life comedy, the film focuses more on romance and drama. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the film in North America. Anime Limited also acquired the film for release in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


title: Tamako Market

text: A light novel titled "Tamako Market", written by Mutsuki Ichinose and illustrated by Yukiko Horiguchi, was published by Kyoto Animation on April 8, 2013.


title: Tamako Market

text: Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network gave the anime an overall score of B, praising the light atmosphere and sense of fun while criticizing the characters for lacking enough depth to be memorable. As of May 11, 2014, the film has grossed 124,894,754 yen in Japan.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: Diego Armando Maradona Sinagra (born 20 September 1986) is an Italian football coach, former player, and professional beach soccer player. He is the son of Cristiana Sinagra and Argentine national footballer Diego Maradona.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: Born in Naples, Italy, Sinagra – nicknamed Diego Jr. or Dieguito – was the result of an out-of-wedlock affair between Maradona and a young local woman named Cristiana Sinagra. He was brought up by his mother. His paternal grandfather Diego Maradona Senior "Chitoro" (1927–2015), who worked at a chemicals factory, was of Guaraní (Indigenous) and Spanish (Basque) descent, and his paternal grandmother Dalma Salvadora Franco, "Doña Tota" (1930–2011), was of Italian descent.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: Sinagra had a passion for football and started playing at a young age showing promise by emulating the skills of his father. At 11 he was a part of the Napoli youth squad. He represented Italy at under-17 level. In 2004, the young Sinagra joined the youth squad of Genoa for a season.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: An Italian court recognized Maradona's paternity in 1993, but Sinagra met his father for the first time in 2003, during a golf tournament in Fiuggi. It was only in 2007 that Maradona recognised Sinagra as his son according to the Italian press.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: There were rumours that Pope Francis, at that time the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, asked Maradona to recognize Sinagra as his son. Maradona's lawyers have denied this allegation.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: On 10 June 2015, Sinagra married Nunzia Pennino in a Roman Catholic church in Naples and received Pope Francis' blessing.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: On 25 August 2016, Maradona publicly recognised Sinagra as his son in Argentina and declared in front of the media in Buenos Aires "I love him a lot and he’s very like me."


title: Diego Sinagra

text: Sinagra's start in first team football came in the amateur leagues during 2005 when he joined Cervia, a team in the "Eccellenza" division of Emilia-Romagna, which was the subject of a national football reality show, named "Campioni - Il sogno" ("Champions - The Dream").


title: Diego Sinagra

text: He joined Internapoli, from "Eccellenza Campania", in January 2006; after having been without a team for the first half of the 2005–06 season, he only played two games for the club as he suffered an injury which kept him sidelined. In 2007, he joined Quarto, another club in the Campanian Eccellenza; Quarto were victorious in the Eccellenza playoffs that season and were promoted to Serie D. He then agreed to stay at Quarto for the 2007–08 Serie D season, but left the club by mutual consent on 16 November 2007 following a head coach replacement which caused him concerns about his role in the team. He then signed for Venafro, a Molisan Serie D team, a few weeks later. On 21 January 2008, Sinagra scored the first goal with Venafro from 30 metres. At the end of the season Sinagra left Venafro and he was bought by a beach soccer team, A.S.D. Mare di Roma.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: On 2 December 2008, he signed for F.C America – (Eccellenza Campania). In August 2009 he then signed for Juve Stabia, but on 11 September 2009 he left the team. He then played for U.S. Arzanese.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: On 29 April 2008, Sinagra joined the Italy national beach soccer team for the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification which was held from 11 to 18 May in Spain. On 12 May, he made his debut in the national team in the match against Greece. Sinagra played four matches in the Beach Soccer World Cup's qualification and eventually placed Italy fourth, qualifying for the World Cup. In June 2008, he left Venafro and he was bought by a beach soccer team, A.S.D. Mare di Roma. He made his debut in Beach Soccer's Serie A on 27 June 2008 in the match against Alma Juventus Fano, scoring a goal. He scored six goals in three matches for Mare di Roma, convincing Italy's coach Giancarlo Magrini to include him in the squad for the 2008 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: Italy eventually placed second in the World Cup, losing 5–3 in the final against Brazil. Sinagra scored two goals for Italy in the competition, including one in the final. In the championship he scored a dozen goals, allowing his team, Mare di Roma, to advance to the final phase of competition for the Italian title. Mare di Roma was however eliminated in the quarter-finals.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: In 2009, Sinagra was bought by Napoli Beach Soccer. He scored eight goals, allowing his team to win the Italian beach soccer championship for the first time in its history.


title: Diego Sinagra

text: In July 2021, he took on his first head coaching job as manager of Eccellenza amateurs Napoli United, a former team of his as a player (as Afro Napoli United).


title: Pokémon Evolutions

text: Pokémon Evolutions is a series of 8 episodes to be released in celebration of the 25th anniversary of Pokémon and is inspired by all 8 regions of the "Pokémon" world. The series was first announced on September 2, 2021. Each episode is dedicated to each core series region in reverse order by introduction. The first episode was released on September 9, 2021, with subsequent episodes released on a weekly or bi-weekly basis.


title: Taylor Wily

text: Taylor Wily (born Teila Tuli, June 14, 1968) is an American actor, former sumo wrestler and mixed martial artist. He is from Laie, Hawaii and is of American Samoan descent. He is commonly known for his recurring role as Kamekona Tupuola on "Hawaii Five-0".


title: Taylor Wily

text: In March 1987, Wily was recruited by former "sekiwake" Takamiyama Daigorō, another Hawaiian, and joined Azumazeki stable, which Takamiyama had founded the previous year. He was given the "shikona" (sumo name) of Takamikuni. He was unbeaten in his first 14 official bouts, winning two consecutive "yūshō" or tournament championships. Weighing nearly , he was one of the largest wrestlers in sumo. In March 1988, he was promoted to the third highest "makushita" division, and became the first foreign born wrestler to ever win the championship in that division. In the same month, future "yokozuna" Akebono Tarō, also from Hawaii, joined Azumazeki stable. As the highest ranking wrestler in the stable, he was a mentor to Akebono and gave him advice on how to adjust to life in Japan. In March 1989 Takamikuni reached his highest ever rank of "makushita" 2, and even fought two bouts with elite "jūryō" ranked wrestlers (one of whom, Tōryū Kenji, was a former "sekiwake"). Takamikuni was never to reach "sekitori" status himself. He did not compete in the following tournament, and retired from sumo in July 1989 due to knee problems.


title: Taylor Wily

text: After leaving sumo, Wily went to New Japan Pro Wrestling in September 1990 and joined Tatsumi Fujinami's stable, Dragon Bombers, as a trainee, alongside fellow former sumo Nankairyū Tarō. However, the stable dissolved in 1992 and he left NJPW. He continued his training, which evolved into mixed martial arts, preparing him for the first-ever Ultimate Fighting Championships.


title: Taylor Wily

text: He competed as Teila Tuli in the first bout of the UFC 1 in November 1993, facing savate expert Gerard Gordeau. Tuli rushed forward, but lost his balance and was met with a brutal kick to the head that knocked a few of his teeth out, and a punch that broke Gordeau's hand, with the referee stopping the fight as a TKO win for Gordeau. This was Tuli's only MMA fight. The match has been described as one of the top five David and Goliath match-ups in MMA history.


title: Taylor Wily

text: Credited as Taylor Wily, he had a role in the comedy film "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" as a hotel worker who befriended the main character played by Jason Segel. He also has a recurring role on the television series "Hawaii Five-0".


title: Taylor Wily

text: Wily made a cameo on the 20th edition of "The Amazing Race", and handed out clues to racing contestants.


title: Taylor Wily

text: He also appeared as an extra in "Magnum, P.I."s 1982 episode titled "The Eighth Part of the Village" in a street scene near a pool hall.


title: Taylor Wily

text: He also appeared as a sumo wrestler in "Battle of the Titans", an episode of "One West Waikiki", another TV show filmed in Hawaii starring Cheryl Ladd. In that series, he had hair, unlike his character in "Hawaii Five-0", wrapped in the sumo style.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: The Battle of Chaldiran (; ) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia), and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west. The Chaldiran battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. Though Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia) were eventually reconquered by the Safavids under the reign of Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629), they would be permanently lost to the Ottomans by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 100,000 as well as many heavy artillery pieces, while the Safavid army numbered some 40,000 to 80,000 and did not have artillery at its disposal. Ismail I, the leader of the Safavids, was wounded and almost captured during the battle. His wives were captured by the Ottoman leader Selim I, with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen. Ismail retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration after this defeat and never again participated in a military campaign. After their victory, Ottoman forces marched deeper into Persia, briefly occupying the Safavid capital, Tabriz, and thoroughly looting the Persian imperial treasury.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible, but also led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: Selim had previously fought against the Safavids multiple times. In 1505 he defeated a Safavid army led by Shah Ismail’s brother, he routed the Safavids, pursued them and massacred many. He defeated the Safavids again during the Battle of Erzincan in 1507, after Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to attack the Dulkadirids, Selim attacked Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army that was sent against him by Shah Ismail. He fought against the Safavids once more in the 1510 Campaign of Trabzon during which he defeated Shah Ismail’s brother.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Shia Qizilbash, who had sided with other members of the Dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II. Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of Shah Isma'il leader of the Shia Safavids, believed by some of his supporters to be descended from the Prophet. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics" enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country. Selim accused Ismail of departing from the faith:


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: Before Selim started his campaign, he ordered for the execution of some 40,000 Qizilbash of Anatolia, "as punishment for their rebellious behavior". He then also tried to block the import of Iranian silk into his realm, a measure which met "with some success".


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: When Selim started his march east, the Safavids were invaded in the east by the Uzbeks. The Uzbek state had been recently brought to prominence by Muhammad Shaybani, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. Attempting to avoid having to fight a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a scorched earth policy against Selim in the west.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: Selim's army was discontented by the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign, the extremely rough terrain of the Armenian Highland, and the fact that they were marching against Muslims. The Janissaries even fired their muskets at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran he quickly moved to engage Isma'il, in part to stifle the discontent of his army.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: The Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind a barrier of carts. The Safavids, who did not have artillery at their disposal at Chaldiran, used cavalry to engage the Ottoman forces. The Safavids attacked the Ottoman wings in an effort to avoid the Ottoman artillery positioned at the center. However, the Ottoman artillery was highly maneuverable and the Safavids suffered disastrous losses. The advanced Ottoman weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by janissaries) was the deciding factor of the battle as the Safavid forces, who only had traditional weaponry, were decimated. The Safavids also suffered from poor planning and ill-disciplined troops unlike the Ottomans.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: Following their victory the Ottomans captured the Safavid capital city of Tabriz on 7 September, which they first pillaged and then evacuated. That week's Friday sermon in mosques throughout the city was delivered in Selim's name. Selim was however unable to press on after Tabriz due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries. The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids. These areas changed hands several times over the following decades however; the Ottoman hold would not be set until the 1555 Peace of Amasya following the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555). Effective governmental rule and eyalets would not be established over these regions until the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: After two of his wives and entire harem were captured by Selim Ismail was heartbroken and resorted to drinking alcohol. His aura of invincibility shattered, Ismail ceased participating in government and military affairs, due to what seems to have been the collapse of his confidence.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: Selim married one of Ismail's wives to an Ottoman judge. Ismail sent four envoys, gifts, and in contrast to their previous exchanges, words of praise to Selim in order to help retrieve her. Instead of giving his wife back, Selim cut the messengers' noses off and sent them back empty handed.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: After the defeat at Chaldiran, however, the Safavids made drastic domestic changes. From then on, firearms were made an integral part of the Persian armies and Ismail's son, Tahmasp I, deployed cannons in subsequent battles.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: During the retreat of the Ottoman troops, they were intensively harassed by Georgian light cavalry of the Safavid army, deep into the Ottoman realm.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: The Mamluk Sultanate refused to send messengers to congratulate Selim after the battle and prohibited celebrating the Ottoman military victory. In contrast, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople led to days of festivities in the Mamluk capital, Cairo.


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: After the victorious battle of Chaldiran, Selim I next threw his forces southward to fight the Mamluk Sultanate in the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517).


title: Battle of Chaldiran

text: The site of the battle is near Chala Ashaqi village, around 6 km west of the town of Siyah Cheshmeh, south of Maku, north of Qareh Ziyaeddin. A large brick dome was built at the battlefield site in 2003 along with a statue of Seyid Sadraddin, one of the main Safavid commanders.


title: Heahmund

text: Heahmund was consecrated in 867 or 868. He died at the Battle of Meretun in 871. As his death is assigned to 22 March in the English calendar of saints the battle and his death can be dated 22 March 871. He was buried at Keynsham in Somerset.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: The Ferrari F154 is a family of modular twin-turbocharged, direct injected V8 petrol engines designed and produced by Ferrari since 2013. It is a replacement for the naturally aspirated "Ferrari/Maserati" F136 V8 family on both Maserati and Ferrari cars.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: They are the first turbocharged Ferrari road engines since the 1987 2.9-litre "F120A" V8 of the Ferrari F40.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: The F154 V8 engines have a 90° angle between the cylinder banks, aluminium block and heads. The forced induction system uses two parallel twin-scroll water-cooled turbochargers supplied by IHI and two air-to-air intercoolers. The valvetrain consists of 4 valves per cylinder actuated through roller finger followers by two overhead camshafts per bank; the timing chain is located on the flywheel side. All Ferrari versions feature gasoline direct injection and continuously variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust side.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: The Ferrari version of the engine has a flatplane crankshaft and dry sump lubrication. In order to obtain equal length pipes, the exhaust manifolds are manufactured from multiple welded cast steel pieces; the turbocharger housing uses a similar three-piece construction.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: The Maserati version has a crossplane crankshaft and wet sump lubrication. Turbine housings and exhaust manifolds are integrated in a single piece.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: On the Quattroporte, the engine has an overboost function which raises maximum torque from between 2000 and 4000 rpm to between 2250 and 3500 rpm.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: Alfa Romeo's variant, the 690T, found in the Giulia Quadrifoglio and Stelvio Quadrifoglio models, is manufactured at Stellantis' Termoli engine plant. This variant uses single-scroll rather than twin-scroll turbos. Alfa also added mechanical cylinder deactivation to the right bank for increased highway fuel efficiency. Additionally, from 2020 onwards, Alfa added port direct injection, doubling the number of injectors to 12.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: The F154B and F154C engines have won a total of 14 awards in the International Engine of the Year competition, including a record of four consecutive overall titles between 2016 and 2019 and additional four "Best Performance Engine" titles. The powerplant also won the 2016 "Best New Engine" recognition at his debut. Between 2016 and 2018 the engine was classified at the first place in the "3-to-4 litre" class. Following the adoption of new power-based categories instead of the previous ones based on displacement, in 2019 the F154 variants won both "550 to 650 PS" and "Above 650 PS" awards.


title: Ferrari F154 engine

text: In 2018 the F154C engine was crowned "Best of the best" as the most significant engine since the launch of the International Engine of the Year in 1999.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Schwarzschild provided the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass, which he accomplished in 1915, the same year that Einstein first introduced general relativity. The Schwarzschild solution, which makes use of Schwarzschild coordinates and the Schwarzschild metric, leads to a derivation of the Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Schwarzschild accomplished this while serving in the German army during World War I. He died the following year from the autoimmune disease pemphigus, which he developed while at the Russian front. Various forms of the disease particularly affect people of Ashkenazi Jewish origin.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Asteroid 837 Schwarzschilda is named in his honour, as is the large crater "Schwarzschild", on the far side of the Moon.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Karl Schwarzschild was born on 9 October 1873 in Frankfurt on Main, the eldest of six boys and one daughter, to Jewish parents. His father was active in the business community of the city, and the family had ancestors in Frankfurt from the sixteenth century onwards. The family owned two fabric stores in Frankfurt. His brother Alfred became a painter. The young Schwarzschild attended a Jewish primary school until 11 years of age and then the Lessing-Gymnasium (secondary school). He received an all-encompassing education, including subjects like Latin, Ancient Greek, music and art, but developed a special interest in astronomy early on. In fact he was something of a child prodigy, having two papers on binary orbits (celestial mechanics) published before the age of sixteen.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: After graduation in 1890 he attended the University of Strasbourg to study astronomy. After two years he transferred to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich where he obtained his doctorate in 1896 for a work on Henri Poincaré's theories.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: From 1897, he worked as assistant at the Kuffner Observatory in Vienna. His work here concentrated on the photometry of star clusters and laid the foundations for a formula linking the intensity of the starlight, exposure time, and the resulting contrast on a photographic plate. An integral part of that theory is the Schwarzschild exponent (astrophotography). In 1899 he returned to Munich to complete his Habilitation.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: From 1901 until 1909 he was a professor at the prestigious Göttingen Observatory within the University of Göttingen, where he had the opportunity to work with some significant figures, including David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski. Schwarzschild became the director of the observatory. He married Else Rosenbach, a great-granddaughter of Friedrich Wöhler and daughter of a professor of surgery at Göttingen, in 1909. Later that year they moved to Potsdam, where he took up the post of director of the Astrophysical Observatory. This was then the most prestigious post available for an astronomer in Germany.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Schwarzschild volunteered for service in the German army, despite being over 40 years old. He served on both the western and eastern fronts, specifically helping with ballistic calculations and rising to the rank of second lieutenant in the artillery.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: While serving on the front in Russia in 1915, he began to suffer from pemphigus, a rare and painful autoimmune skin-disease. Nevertheless, he managed to write three outstanding papers, two on the theory of relativity and one on quantum theory. His papers on relativity produced the first exact solutions to the Einstein field equations, and a minor modification of these results gives the well-known solution that now bears his name — the Schwarzschild metric.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: In March 1916 Schwarzschild left military service because of his illness and returned to Göttingen. Two months later, on May 11, 1916, his struggle with pemphigus may have led to his death at the age of 42.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Thousands of dissertations, articles, and books have since been devoted to the study of Schwarzschild's solutions to the Einstein field equations. However, although his best known work lies in the area of general relativity, his research interests were extremely broad, including work in celestial mechanics, observational stellar photometry, quantum mechanics, instrumental astronomy, stellar structure, stellar statistics, Halley's comet, and spectroscopy.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Some of his particular achievements include measurements of variable stars, using photography, and the improvement of optical systems, through the perturbative investigation of geometrical aberrations.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: While at Vienna in 1897, Schwarzschild developed a formula, now known as the Schwarzschild law, to calculate the optical density of photographic material. It involved an exponent now known as the Schwarzschild exponent, which is the formula_1 in the formula:


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: (where formula_3 is optical density of exposed photographic emulsion, a function of formula_4, the intensity of the source being observed, and formula_5, the exposure time, with formula_1 a constant). This formula was important for enabling more accurate photographic measurements of the intensities of faint astronomical sources.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: According to Wolfgang Pauli (Theory of relativity), Schwarzschild is the first to introduce the correct Lagrangian formalism of the electromagnetic field as


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: where formula_8 are the electric and applied magnetic fields, formula_9 is the vector potential and formula_10 is the electric potential.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: He also introduced a field free variational formulation of electrodynamics (also known as "action at distance" or "direct interparticle action") based only on the world line of particles as


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: where formula_12 are the world lines of the particle, formula_13 the (vectorial) arc element along the world line. Two points on two world lines contribute to the Lagrangian (are coupled) only if they are a zero Minkowskian distance (connected by a light ray), hence the term formula_14. The idea was further developed by Tetrode


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: and Fokker in the 1920s and Wheeler and Feynman in the 1940s and constitutes an alternative/equivalent formulation of electrodynamics.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Einstein himself was pleasantly surprised to learn that the field equations admitted exact solutions, because of their "prima facie" complexity, and because he himself had produced only an approximate solution. Einstein's approximate solution was given in his famous 1915 article on the advance of the perihelion of Mercury. There, Einstein used rectangular coordinates to approximate the gravitational field around a spherically symmetric, non-rotating, non-charged mass. Schwarzschild, in contrast, chose a more elegant "polar-like" coordinate system and was able to produce an exact solution which he first set down in a letter to Einstein of 22 December 1915, written while he was serving in the war stationed on the Russian front. He concluded the letter by writing: "As you see, the war treated me kindly enough, in spite of the heavy gunfire, to allow me to get away from it all and take this walk in the land of your ideas." In 1916, Einstein wrote to Schwarzschild on this result:


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Schwarzschild's second paper, which gives what is now known as the "Inner Schwarzschild solution" (in German: "innere Schwarzschild-Lösung"), is valid within a sphere of homogeneous and isotropic distributed molecules within a shell of radius r=R. It is applicable to solids; incompressible fluids; the sun and stars viewed as a quasi-isotropic heated gas; and any homogeneous and isotropic distributed gas.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Schwarzschild's first (spherically symmetric) solution "does not" contain a coordinate singularity on a surface that is now named after him. In his coordinates, this singularity lies on the sphere of points at a particular radius, called the Schwarzschild radius:


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: where "G" is the gravitational constant, "M" is the mass of the central body, and "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum. In cases where the radius of the central body is less than the Schwarzschild radius, formula_16 represents the radius within which all massive bodies, and even photons, must inevitably fall into the central body (ignoring quantum tunnelling effects near the boundary). When the mass density of this central body exceeds a particular limit, it triggers a gravitational collapse which, if it occurs with spherical symmetry, produces what is known as a Schwarzschild black hole. This occurs, for example, when the mass of a neutron star exceeds the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (about three solar masses).


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Karl Schwarzschild appears as a character in the science fiction short story "Schwarzschild Radius" (1987) by Connie Willis.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: Karl Schwarzchild appears as a character in the story “Schwarzchild’s Singularity” in the collection "When We Cease to Understand the World" (2020) by Benjamín Labatut.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

text: The scientific estate of Karl Schwarzschild is stored in a special collection of the Lower Saxony National- and University Library of Göttingen.


title: Slayers (film)

text: Slayers is a 2022 American comedy horror film, written, produced and directed by K. Asher Levin. It stars Thomas Jane, Kara Hayward, Jack Donnelly, Lydia Hearst, Malin Akerman, and Abigail Breslin. The film was released in theaters and digitally on October 21, 2022, by The Avenue Entertainment.


title: Slayers (film)

text: A group of online superstar influencers are invited to a reclusive billionaire's mansion only to find themselves trapped in the lair of an evil vampire. Their only way out is to be saved by a famous online gamer and an old school vampire hunter.


title: Slayers (film)

text: In June 2020, it was announced that Kara Hayward, Lydia Hearst, and Jack Donnelly had joined the cast of the horror film "With Teeth", with K. Asher Levin directing from a screenplay he wrote, and serving as a producer, with Malin Akerman set to executive produce and eyeing a key role. In September 2020, the film was retitled "Slayers", and Abigail Breslin, Åkerman, and Thomas Jane joined the cast, with Breslin serving as a producer and Jane as an executive producer.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 is a United States federal statute that provides for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine. Among other purposes, the law regulates maritime commerce in U.S. waters and between U.S. ports. Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act is known as the Jones Act and deals with cabotage (coastwise trade). It requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried on ships that have been constructed in the United States and that fly the U.S. flag, are owned by U.S. citizens, and are crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. The act was introduced by Senator Wesley Jones. The law also defines certain seaman's rights.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Laws similar to the Jones Act date to the early days of the United States. In the First Congress, on September 1, 1789, Congress enacted Chapter XI, "An Act for Registering and Clearing Vessels, Regulating the Coasting Trade, and for other purposes", which limited domestic trades to American ships meeting certain requirements. Such laws served the same purpose as—and were loosely based on—England's Navigation Acts, which were repealed in 1849.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 has been revised a number of times; the most recent revision in 2006 included recodification in the U.S. Code. Many economists and other experts have argued for its repeal, while military and Department of Commerce officials have spoken in favor of the law on protectionist grounds. Research shows that the Jones Act reduces domestic trade via waterways (relative to other forms of trade) and increases consumer prices.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Jones Act is not to be confused with the Death on the High Seas Act, another United States maritime law that does not apply to coastal and in-land navigable waters. The Jones Act is also commonly confused with the Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886, which regulates passenger vessels, including cruise ships.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The intention of Congress was to develop a merchant marine for reasons of national defense and of growth of foreign and domestic commerce, as stated in the preamble to the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 as originally enacted:


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country, alongside coastal waters, by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country. Originally a shipping term, cabotage now also covers aviation, railways, and road transport. Cabotage is "trade or navigation in coastal waters, or the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory". In the context of "cabotage rights", cabotage refers to the right of a company from one country to trade in another country. In aviation terms, for example, it is the right to operate within the domestic borders of another country. Most countries enact cabotage laws for reasons of economic protectionism or national security; 80% of the UN's member states with coastlines have cabotage law.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The cabotage provisions relating to the Jones Act restrict the carriage of goods or passengers between United States ports to U.S.-built and flagged vessels. It has been codified as portions of 46 U.S.C.  Generally, the Jones Act prohibits any foreign-built, foreign-owned or foreign-flagged vessel from engaging in coastwise trade within the United States. A number of other statutes affect coastwise trade and should be consulted along with the Jones Act. These include the Passenger Vessel Services Act, , which restricts coastwise transportation of passengers, and , which restricts the use of foreign vessels to commercially catch or transport fish in U.S. waters. These provisions also require at least three-fourths (75 percent) of the crew members to be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Moreover, the steel of foreign repair work on the hull and superstructure of a U.S.-flagged vessel is limited to ten percent by weight. This restriction largely prevents Jones Act ship-owners from refurbishing their ships at overseas shipyards.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 is a United States federal law. Its purpose is "to further the development and maintenance of an adequate and well-balanced American merchant marine, to promote the commerce of the United States, to aid in the national defense, to repeal certain former legislation, and for other purposes."


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Specifically, it established the United States Maritime Commission, and required a United States Merchant Marine that:


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Act restricted the number of aliens allowed to work on passenger ships, requiring that, by 1938, 90 percent of the crew members were U.S. citizens. Although about 4,000 Filipinos worked as merchant mariners on U.S. ships, most of these seamen were discharged in 1937 as a result of the law.[1] The Act also established federal subsidies for the construction and operation of merchant ships. Two years after the Act was passed, the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet Corps, the forerunner to the United States Merchant Marine Academy, was established.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: U.S. Representative Schyler O. Bland of Virginia was known as the "father of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936."


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The U.S. Congress adopted the Merchant Marine Act in early June 1920, formerly and codified on October 6, 2006 as . The act formalized the rights of seamen.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Jones Act allows injured sailors to make claims and obtain damages from their employers for the negligence of the ship owner, including many acts of the captain or fellow members of the crew. It operates simply by extending similar legislation already in place that allowed for recoveries by railroad workers and providing that this legislation also applies to sailors. Its operative provision is found at , which provides:


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The law allows U.S. seamen to bring actions against ship owners based on claims of unseaworthiness or negligence, rights not afforded by common international maritime law.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The United States Supreme Court, in the case of "Chandris, Inc., v. Latsis", 515 U.S. 347, 115 S.Ct. 2172 (1995), has set a benchmark for determining the status of any employee as a "Jones Act" seaman. Workers who spend less than 30 percent of their time in the service of a vessel on navigable waters are presumed not to be seaman under the Jones Act. The Court ruled that any worker who spends more than 30 percent of his time in the service of a vessel on navigable waters qualifies as a seaman under the act. Only maritime workers who qualify as a seaman can file a suit for damages under the Jones Act.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: An action under the Jones Act may be brought either in a U.S. federal court or in a state court. The right to bring an action in state court is preserved by the "savings to suitors" clause, 28 U.S.C. § 1333. The seaman-plaintiff is entitled to a jury trial, a right which is not afforded in maritime law absent a statute authorizing it.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Seamen have three years from the time the accident occurred to file a lawsuit. Under the Jones Act, maritime law has a statute of limitations, of three years, meaning that seamen have three years from the time the injury occurred to file a lawsuit. If an injured seaman does not file a case within that three-year period, the seaman's claim may be dismissed as time-barred.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Jones Act prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between the contiguous U.S. and certain noncontiguous parts of the U.S., such as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska, and Guam. Foreign ships inbound with goods cannot stop at any of these four locations, offload goods, load contiguous-bound goods, and continue to U.S. contiguous ports, although ships can offload cargo and proceed to the contiguous U.S. without picking up any additional cargo intended for delivery to another U.S. location.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: In June 2012, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York indicated that the Jones Act may hinder economic development in Puerto Rico, although a Government Accountability Office report found the effect of repealing or loosening is uncertain, with possible tradeoffs.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: In March 2013, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a study of the effect of the Jones Act on Puerto Rico that noted "[f]reight rates are set based on a host of supply and demand factors in the market, some of which are affected directly or indirectly by Jones Act requirements." The report further concludes, however, that "because so many other factors besides the Jones Act affect rates, it is difficult to isolate the exact extent to which freight rates between the United States and Puerto Rico are affected by the Jones Act." The report also addresses what would happen "under a full exemption from the Act, the rules and requirements that would apply to all carriers would need to be determined." The report continues that "[w]hile proponents of this change expect increased competition and greater availability of vessels to suit shippers' needs, it is also possible that the reliability and other beneficial aspects of the current service could be affected." The report concludes that "GAO's report confirmed that previous estimates of the so-called 'cost' of the Jones Act are not verifiable and cannot be proven."


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Because the Jones Act requires all transport between U.S. ports be carried on U.S.-built ships, proponents of the Jones Act claim that it supports the domestic U.S. shipbuilding industry. Critics of the act describe it as protectionist, harming the overall economy for the sake of benefiting narrow interests. A 2014 report by The Heritage Foundation argues that the Jones Act is an ineffective way to promote U.S. shipbuilding, claiming it drives up shipping costs, increases energy costs, stifles competition, and hampers innovation in the U.S. shipping industry. A 2019 Congressional Research Service report stated that U.S. shipbuilding has declined in competitiveness since the law's passage. The defense think tank CSBA came to the opposite conclusion in a 2020 study on the maritime industry, warning that without the Jones Act, the shipbuilding industry would face dire impacts, up to and including the inability of the government to purchase any auxiliary ships domestically.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: One of the primary impetuses for the law was the situation that occurred during World War I when the belligerent countries withdrew their merchant fleets from commercial service to aid in the war effort. This left the US with insufficient vessels to conduct normal trade impacting the economy. Later when the U.S. joined the war there were insufficient vessels to transport war supplies, materials, and ultimately soldiers to Europe resulting in the creation of the United States Shipping Board. The U.S. engaged in a massive ship building effort including building concrete ships to make up for the lack of U.S. tonnage. The Jones Act was passed in order to prevent the U.S. from having insufficient maritime capacity in future wars.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Shipyards that build Jones Act vessels are needed to build smaller but important government vessels like auxiliary ships, cutters, and research vessels. Jones Act requirements creates additional work for these shipyards in between government orders. Defense think tank CSBA found that "[w]ithout the Jones Act’s requirements … it is likely the U.S. government would have few, if any, shipyards available to episodically recapitalize its smaller vessels." By keeping the industrial base working, the Jones Act ensures that the Navy and Marine Corps can spin up shipbuilding without relying on other nations. However, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated that Jones Act repeal would boost shipbuilding output by more than $500 million.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Jones Act includes dredging and salvage operations. Because the Jones Act creates a domestic dredging and salvage industry in the United States, it prevents the United States from depending on foreign companies to dredge naval facilities, which could create opportunities for sabotage or the depositing of underwater surveillance equipment.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Additionally, the requirement that ships in the domestic fleet be manned by crews of U.S. citizens or permanent residents reduces the likelihood foreign ships and mariners will illegally gain access to America's inland waterways and associated infrastructure. A 2011 study by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found there are approximately 5 million maritime crew entries into the United States each year, and "the overwhelming majority of seafarers entering U.S. ports are aliens." The study also showed that 80% of those seafarer aliens are working on passenger ships that are covered by the Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886 rather than the Jones Act. The GAO said that while there are no known examples of foreign seafarer involvement in terrorist attacks and no definitive evidence of extremists infiltrating the United States on seafarer visas, "the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) considers the illegal entry of an alien through a U.S. seaport by exploitation of maritime industry practices to be a key concern."


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Because of the lack of Jones Act-compliant liquefied natural gas tankers, the Northeast of the U.S. imported liquefied natural gas from Russia in order to avoid shortages in 2018.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Supporters of the Jones Act maintain that the legislation is of strategic economic and wartime interest to the United States. The act, they say, protects the nation's sealift capability and its ability to produce commercial ships. In addition, the act is seen as a vital factor in helping maintain a viable workforce of trained merchant mariners for commerce and national emergencies. Supporters also argue that allowing foreign-flagged ships to engage in commerce in domestic American sea lanes would undermine U.S. wage, tax, safety, and environmental standards.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: According to the Lexington Institute, the Jones Act is also vital to national security and plays a role in safeguarding America's borders. The Lexington Institute stated in a June 2016 study that the Jones Act plays a role in strengthening U.S. border security and helping to prevent international terrorism.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Critics claim the Jones Act is protectionist, and point to a 2002 report by the United States International Trade Commission that estimated the savings for the U.S. economy that would result from the repeal or amendment of the Jones Act. Critics contend that the Act results in higher costs for moving cargo between U.S. ports, particularly for Americans living in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: A 2019 study by the OECD estimated that the economic gains to the U.S. economy from the repeal of Jones Act would range from an added $19 billion up to $64 billion.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Legislative efforts to repeal the Jones Act have been repeatedly introduced in Congress since 2010 in the form of the Open America's Waters Act, championed by the late Senator John McCain and by Utah Senator Mike Lee, but have not passed to become law.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Requests for waivers of the Act and its provisions are reviewed by the Department of Homeland Security on a case-by-case basis, and can only be granted based on interest of national defense. Historically, waivers have only been granted in cases of national emergencies or upon the request of the Secretary of Defense.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff temporarily waived the coastwise laws for foreign vessels carrying oil and natural gas from September 1 to 19, 2005.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: In order to conduct an emergency shipment of gasoline from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to Nome in January 2012, Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano granted a waiver to the Russian ice class marine tanker "Renda".


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: The Secretary of Homeland Security issued a temporary conditional waiver of the Jones Act for the shipment of petroleum products, blending stocks and additives from Gulf Coast Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD 3) to the New England and Central Atlantic Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs 1 a and 1 b, respectively) for 12 days from November 2 to 13, 2012, following widespread fuel shortages caused by Hurricane Sandy.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: On September 8, 2017, the Jones Act was simultaneously suspended for both Hurricane Harvey, which hit Texas fourteen days prior, and Hurricane Irma, which hit Florida on that day. In the same month, the Act was waived, after two days of debate, for Puerto Rico in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Requests for waivers of certain provisions of the act are reviewed by the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) on a case-by-case basis. Waivers have been granted for example, in cases of national emergencies or in cases of strategic interest. For example, in June, 2006, declining oil production prompted MARAD to grant a waiver to operators of the 512-foot Chinese vessel Tai An Kou to tow an oil rig from the Gulf of Mexico to Alaska. The jackup rig will be under a two-year contract to drill in the Alaska's Cook Inlet Basin. The waiver to the Chinese vessel is said to be the first of its kind granted to an independent oil-and-gas company.


title: Merchant Marine Act of 1920

text: Pressure exerted by 21 agriculture groups, including the American Farm Bureau Federation, failed to secure a Jones Act waiver following Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico. The groups contended that farmers would be adversely affected without additional shipping options to transport grains and oilseeds.


title: Planetary system

text: A planetary system is a set of gravitationally bound non-stellar objects in or out of orbit around a star or star system. Generally speaking, systems with one or more planets constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as dwarf planets, asteroids, natural satellites, meteoroids, comets, planetesimals and circumstellar disks. The Sun together with the planetary system revolving around it, including Earth, forms the Solar System. The term exoplanetary system is sometimes used in reference to other planetary systems.


title: Planetary system

text: Of particular interest to astrobiology is the habitable zone of planetary systems where planets could have surface liquid water, and thus the capacity to support Earth-like life.


title: Planetary system

text: Historically, heliocentrism (the doctrine that the Sun is at the centre of the universe) was opposed to geocentrism (placing Earth at the centre of the universe).


title: Planetary system

text: The notion of a heliocentric Solar System with the Sun at its centre is possibly first suggested in the Vedic literature of ancient India, which often refer to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret Aryabhatta's writings in Āryabhaṭīya as implicitly heliocentric.


title: Planetary system

text: The idea was first proposed in Western philosophy and Greek astronomy as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but received no support from most other ancient astronomers.


title: Planetary system

text: "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" by Nicolaus Copernicus, published in 1543, presented the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth.


title: Planetary system

text: In the 16th century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. He was burned at the stake for his ideas by the Roman Inquisition.


title: Planetary system

text: In the 18th century the same possibility was mentioned by Sir Isaac Newton in the "General Scholium" that concludes his "Principia". Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of "One"."


title: Planetary system

text: His theories gained traction through the 19th and 20th centuries despite a lack of supporting evidence. Long before their confirmation by astronomers, conjecture on the nature of planetary systems had been a focus of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and has been a prevalent theme in fiction, particularly science fiction.


title: Planetary system

text: The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. The first confirmed detection of exoplanets of a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet, 51 Pegasi b, was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby G-type star 51 Pegasi. The frequency of detections has increased since then, particularly through advancements in methods of detecting extrasolar planets and dedicated planet finding programs such as the Kepler mission.


title: Planetary system

text: Planetary systems come from protoplanetary disks that form around stars as part of the process of star formation.


title: Planetary system

text: During formation of a system, much material is gravitationally-scattered into distant orbits, and some planets are ejected completely from the system, becoming rogue planets.


title: Planetary system

text: Planets orbiting pulsars have been discovered. Pulsars are the remnants of the supernova explosions of high-mass stars, but a planetary system that existed before the supernova would likely be mostly destroyed. Planets would either evaporate, be pushed off of their orbits by the masses of gas from the exploding star, or the sudden loss of most of the mass of the central star would see them escape the gravitational hold of the star, or in some cases the supernova would kick the pulsar itself out of the system at high velocity so any planets that had survived the explosion would be left behind as free-floating objects. Planets found around pulsars may have formed as a result of pre-existing stellar companions that were almost entirely evaporated by the supernova blast, leaving behind planet-sized bodies. Alternatively, planets may form in an accretion disk of fallback matter surrounding a pulsar. Fallback disks of matter that failed to escape orbit during a supernova may also form planets around black holes.


title: Planetary system

text: As stars evolve and turn into red giants, asymptotic giant branch stars, and planetary nebulae they engulf the inner planets, evaporating or partially evaporating them depending on how massive they are. As the star loses mass, planets that are not engulfed move further out from the star.


title: Planetary system

text: If an evolved star is in a binary or multiple system, then the mass it loses can transfer to another star, forming new protoplanetary disks and second- and third-generation planets which may differ in composition from the original planets, which may also be affected by the mass transfer.


title: Planetary system

text: The Solar System consists of an inner region of small rocky planets and outer region of large gas giants. However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on the conditions of their initial formation. Many systems with a hot Jupiter gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as planetary migration or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars.


title: Planetary system

text: At present, few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple Super-Earths have been detected.


title: Planetary system

text: Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the Sun: that is, main-sequence stars of spectral categories F, G, or K. One reason is that planet-search programs have tended to concentrate on such stars. In addition, statistical analyses indicate that lower-mass stars (red dwarfs, of spectral category M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the radial-velocity method. Nevertheless, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the Kepler spacecraft by the transit method, which can detect smaller planets.


title: Planetary system

text: After planets, circumstellar disks are one of the most commonly-observed properties of planetary systems, particularly of young stars. The Solar System possesses at least four major circumstellar disks (the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, scattered disc, and Oort cloud) and clearly-observable disks have been detected around nearby solar analogs including Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti. Based on observations of numerous similar disks, they are assumed to be quite common attributes of stars on the main sequence.


title: Planetary system

text: Interplanetary dust clouds have been studied in the Solar System and analogs are believed to be present in other planetary systems. Exozodiacal dust, an exoplanetary analog of zodiacal dust, the 1–100 micrometre-sized grains of amorphous carbon and silicate dust that fill the plane of the Solar System has been detected around the 51 Ophiuchi, Fomalhaut,<ref name="VLTI/PIONIER"></ref> Tau Ceti, and Vega systems.


title: Planetary system

text: there are 5,253 known Solar System comets and they are thought to be common components of planetary systems. The first exocomets were detected in 1987 around Beta Pictoris, a very young A-type main-sequence star. There are now a total of 11 stars around which the presence of exocomets have been observed or suspected. All discovered exocometary systems (Beta Pictoris, HR 10, 51 Ophiuchi, HR 2174, 49 Ceti, 5 Vulpeculae, 2 Andromedae, HD 21620, HD 42111, HD 110411, and more recently HD 172555) are around very young A-type stars.


title: Planetary system

text: Computer modelling of an impact in 2013 detected around the star NGC 2547-ID8 by the Spitzer Space Telescope, and confirmed by ground observations, suggests the involvement of large asteroids or protoplanets similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.


title: Planetary system

text: Based on observations of the Solar System's large collection of natural satellites, they are believed common components of planetary systems; however, the existence of exomoons has, so far, not been confirmed. The star 1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6, in the constellation Centaurus, is a strong candidate for a natural satellite. Indications suggest that the confirmed extrasolar planet WASP-12b also has at least one satellite.


title: Planetary system

text: Unlike the Solar System, which has orbits that are nearly circular, many of the known planetary systems display much higher orbital eccentricity. An example of such a system is 16 Cygni.


title: Planetary system

text: The mutual inclination between two planets is the angle between their orbital planes. Many compact systems with multiple close-in planets interior to the equivalent orbit of Venus are expected to have very low mutual inclinations, so the system (at least the close-in part) would be even flatter than the Solar System. Captured planets could be captured into any arbitrary angle to the rest of the system. there are only a few systems where mutual inclinations have actually been measured One example is the Upsilon Andromedae system: the planets c and d have a mutual inclination of about 30 degrees.


title: Planetary system

text: Planetary systems can be categorized according to their orbital dynamics as resonant, non-resonant-interacting, hierarchical, or some combination of these. In resonant systems the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The Kepler-223 system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3 orbital resonance.


title: Planetary system

text: In interacting systems the planets orbits are close enough together that they perturb the orbital parameters. The Solar System could be described as weakly interacting. In strongly interacting systems Kepler's laws do not hold.


title: Planetary system

text: In hierarchical systems the planets are arranged so that the system can be gravitationally considered as a nested system of two-bodies, e.g. in a star with a close-in hot jupiter with another gas giant much further out, the star and hot jupiter form a pair that appears as a single object to another planet that is far enough out.


title: Planetary system

text: Other, as yet unobserved, orbital possibilities include: double planets; various co-orbital planets such as quasi-satellites, trojans and exchange orbits; and interlocking orbits maintained by precessing orbital planes.


title: Planetary system

text: Free-floating planets in open clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured. They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 10 AU. The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster size, and for a given cluster size it increases with the host/primary mass. It is almost independent of the planetary mass. Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin, or pre-existing planetary system. Some planet–host metallicity correlation may still exist due to the common origin of the stars from the same cluster. Planets would be unlikely to be captured around neutron stars because these are likely to be ejected from the cluster by a pulsar kick when they form. Planets could even be captured around other planets to form free-floating planet binaries. After the cluster has dispersed some of the captured planets with orbits larger than 10 AU would be slowly disrupted by the galactic tide and likely become free-floating again through encounters with other field stars or giant molecular clouds.


title: Planetary system

text: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature range allows for liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star; this means the habitable zone will also vary accordingly. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet.


title: Planetary system

text: Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature; however, over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes, and temperature increases as depth underground increases, so the subsurface can be conducive for life when the surface is frozen; if this is considered, the habitable zone extends much further from the star.


title: Planetary system

text: Studies in 2013 indicated an estimated frequency of 22±8% of Sun-like stars having an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone.


title: Planetary system

text: The Venus zone is the region around a star where a terrestrial planet would have runaway greenhouse conditions like Venus, but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely evaporates. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of red dwarfs have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, increasing to 45% for K-type and G-type stars. Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus.


title: Planetary system

text: The Milky Way is 100,000 light-years across, but 90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000 light years of Earth, as of July 2014. One method that can detect planets much further away is microlensing. The upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope could use microlensing to measure the relative frequency of planets in the galactic bulge versus the galactic disk. So far, the indications are that planets are more common in the disk than the bulge. Estimates of the distance of microlensing events is difficult: the first planet considered with high probability of being in the bulge is MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb at a distance of 7.7 kiloparsecs (about 25,000 light years).


title: Planetary system

text: "Population I", or "metal-rich stars", are those young stars whose metallicity is highest. The high metallicity of population I stars makes them more likely to possess planetary systems than older populations, because planets form by the accretion of metals. The Sun is an example of a metal-rich star. These are common in the spiral arms of the Milky Way. Generally, the youngest stars, the extreme population I, are found farther in and intermediate population I stars are farther out, etc. The Sun is considered an intermediate population I star. Population I stars have regular elliptical orbits around the Galactic Center, with a low relative velocity.


title: Planetary system

text: "Population II", or "metal-poor stars", are those with relatively low metallicity which can have hundreds (e.g. BD +17° 3248) or thousands (e.g. Sneden's Star) times less metallicity than the Sun. These objects formed during an earlier time of the universe. Intermediate population II stars are common in the bulge near the center of the Milky Way, whereas Population II stars found in the galactic halo are older and thus more metal-poor. Globular clusters also contain high numbers of population II stars.


title: Planetary system

text: In 2014, the first planets around a halo star were announced around Kapteyn's star, the nearest halo star to Earth, around 13 light years away. However, later research suggests that Kapteyn b is just an artefact of stellar activity and that Kapteyn c needs more study to be confirmed. The metallicity of Kapteyn's star is estimated to be about 8 times less than the Sun.


title: Planetary system

text: Different types of galaxies have different histories of star formation and hence planet formation. Planet formation is affected by the ages, metallicities, and orbits of stellar populations within a galaxy. Distribution of stellar populations within a galaxy varies between the different types of galaxies.


title: Planetary system

text: Stars in elliptical galaxies are much older than stars in spiral galaxies. Most elliptical galaxies contain mainly low-mass stars, with minimal star-formation activity. The distribution of the different types of galaxies in the universe depends on their location within galaxy clusters, with elliptical galaxies found mostly close to their centers.


title: AuronPlay

text: Raúl Álvarez Genes (born 5 November 1988), better known as AuronPlay or simply Auron, is a Spanish YouTuber, Twitch streamer, and comedian.


title: AuronPlay

text: , AuronPlay's YouTube channel has over 3.9 billion total video views, and he is the third most-subscribed YouTuber in Spain, with over 29.2 million subscribers. He is also among the most popular streamers on Twitch, operating the second most-followed Twitch channel in the world, according to analytics company Social Blade.


title: AuronPlay

text: Raúl Álvarez Genes was born 5 November 1988 in Badalona, Catalonia, Spain. Prior to his career as a YouTuber, Álvarez worked at a graphic arts and bookbinding company for nine years starting at the age of sixteen, Raul decided to quit when he was starting to earn more money with YouTube than with his other work.


title: AuronPlay

text: Álvarez created his YouTube channel in 2006. His online alias, AuronPlay, derives from the name of Auron, a character in the video game "Final Fantasy X". In his first videos, he uploaded videos covering his face with a mask, although he later stopped doing so. Some media such as Marca, WATmag or Movistar have cited that the video uploaded on October 21, 2009 titled "Mis aficiones" (My hobbies) is the oldest on their channel. In 2012, its popularity began to grow with the "video-reviews". In a 2015 interview with Risto Mejide, he explained that he began making YouTube videos as a hobby, intending to commentate internet videos to "transform them into something funny."


title: AuronPlay

text: In January 2018 he uploaded his most popular video to date entitled "El niño más pesado de YouTube" (YouTube's most annoying kid). During 2020 his video upload frequency decreased, until November of that year, the month in which he published the last video from his AuronPlay channel. Until finally leaving his main channel to dedicate himself fully to his secondary channel and his Twitch channel. Álvarez started a Twitch channel in September 2019, where he broadcasts gaming and social content. In November 2021 he became the second biggest streamer on Twitch, surpassed only by Ninja, it is currently the second most followed channel on Twitch.


title: AuronPlay

text: In May 2020, he began participating in a Grand Theft Auto V server of the roleplay genre called Spain RP, where he played the role of Gustabo, along with other streamers. He and his fellow series members announced in August that they would stop playing on that server, which closed on September 3 of the same year.26 Subsequently, he created a new server called Infamous RP, which opened on September 15.


title: AuronPlay

text: In September 2020, he was watching random wedding-related videos on one of his live streams; In one of these videos, a child could be seen showing his buttocks to the person who recorded the video. The platform decided to suspend his Twitch account for a period of 24 minutes and caused a shower of memes that he shared on his social networks. The platform did not give exact explanations of why they banned him, however some media like Dexerto or Flooxer assumed it was due to that video. In April 2021, he participated in Marbella Vice, a server with the same theme as the roleplay created by Ibai Llanos and CooLifeGame on April 11, 2021, which was one of the most watched events on Twitch.


title: AuronPlay

text: Álvarez has published several autobiographical books, the first of which he presented at the 2016 Madrid Book Fair. With Spanish YouTuber Wismichu, Álvarez performed live shows under the production company YouPlanet: the first was in 2015 at the Cervantes Theater, Málaga, The second was that same year at the Teatro de la Laboral, Gijon and the third was in 2016 at the Teatro Afundación, Vigo.


title: AuronPlay

text: During 2018, he conducted various interviews with different youtubers and streamers for the Flooxer brand, which belongs to Atresmedia; among them: Lolito, and Ibai Llanos. In 2020, for the same platform he presented the series Ritmo Cardíaco, which consisted of "making a guest nervous", its first episode with the participation of Hamza Zaidi was uploaded together on its main channel and on Flooxer on March 15, 2020.


title: AuronPlay

text: In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Álvarez donated seven thousand masks to the , part of the Catalan health system. At the end of the same year, he made a live broadcast in order to raise funds for the ; the broadcast received approximately € 101,000, surpassing the original goal of € 80,000.. In December of the same year, he put a line of masks called Auron Mask on sale.


title: AuronPlay

text: Since 2013, Raúl has been in a relationship with Spanish streamer Sara Moledo, also known by the alias Bjean and Biyín. The couple ended their relationship in July 2015 as he mentioned in an interview, and returned three months later. In February 2021, the couple announced the end of their relationship through Twitch. In June 2021, the couple confirmed that they had resumed their relationship. Álvarez currently lives in Andorra.


title: AuronPlay

text: "GQ Spain" has described Álvarez as "the precursor to the vlogger world in Spain" and "a successful youtuber in Spain in 2020". In 2016, "20 minutos" described Álvarez as "one of the most successful YouTubers of Spain" and "one of the most experienced figures in online video production". In October 2020, "Forbes Spain" included Álvarez on their list of the 100 best influencers in Spain of the year. In a June 2019 Twitter correspondence, El Salvador president Nayib Bukele named Álvarez the country's "minister of YouTube" by "presidential decree".


title: AuronPlay

text: In 2015, he had made a video in which he criticized the third edition of the Spanish version of the program Gran Hermano VIP; at the end of this video, the youtuber promoted the hashtag #GranHermanoVIH, a play on words between the name of the program and the acronym for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A large number of people criticized the youtuber on social networks, including the reality's official Twitter account, which responded by appealing to the way in which the influencer criticized the program and suggested give his salary to the fight against VIH. He finally had to retract his words. The name of the hashtag was later changed to #GHVIPesBASURA, as it became the number one trend on Twitter globally on the night of January 16, 2015.


title: AuronPlay

text: Auron, together with youtuber Wismichu, uploaded a video in 2016 in which he made several telephone jokes to different Spanish logging companies. The owner of one of the companies that had received the calls (resident in Córdoba, Andalusia) denounced the youtubers before the Spanish police, as reported by the same on Canal Sur Televisión; He also assured that a large number of calls began to arrive, coming from their subscribers. AuronPlay and Wismichu, for their part, defended themselves against the accusations, alleging things such as the fact that their video had not showed any phone number or that they had not made calls to people from Córdoba, but to people from Galicia and Catalonia, and that they had permission to publish the calls they made.


title: AuronPlay

text: In 2017, due to the resignation of player Neymar from Fútbol Club Barcelona, the fans of this football club began to criticize the president of the team at that time, Josep Maria Bartomeu, AuronPlay began to joke about the situation on social networks, referring to Bartomeu as "Nobita" (appealing to the physical similarity between Bartomeu and Nobita Nobi, character of Doraemon) in the publications in which he made these jokes.


title: AuronPlay

text: In October 2018, he was notified of a criminal complaint made by president Bartomeu to the Spanish Police for "making comments against Fútbol Club Barcelona, the player and president." The Spanish justice finally decided to reject Bartomeu's complaint and Bartomeu subsequently decided to reconcile with AuronPlay in December 2019 at the Camp Nou.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Richard Green Lugar (April 4, 1932 – April 28, 2019) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1977 to 2013. He was a member of the Republican Party.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Born in Indianapolis, Lugar graduated from Denison University and the University of Oxford. He served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967 before he was elected to two terms as mayor of Indianapolis, serving from 1968 to 1976. During his tenure as mayor, Lugar served as the president of the National League of Cities in 1971 and gave the keynote address at the 1972 Republican National Convention.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In 1974, Lugar ran his first campaign for the U.S. Senate. In the year's senate elections he lost to incumbent Democratic senator Birch Bayh. He ran again in 1976, defeating Democratic incumbent Vance Hartke. Lugar was reelected in 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000, and 2006. In 2012, Lugar was defeated by Indiana State Treasurer Richard Mourdock in the Republican primary, ending his 36-year tenure in the U.S. Senate. Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 1996 primaries but lack of success led to his withdrawal early in the campaign.


title: Richard Lugar

text: During Lugar's tenure, he served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 1987 and from 2003 to 2007, serving as the ranking member of the committee from 2007 until his departure in 2013. Lugar also twice served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, from 1995 to 2001 and briefly again in part of 2001. Much of Lugar's work in the Senate was toward the dismantling of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons around the world, co-sponsoring his most notable piece of legislation with Georgia Democrat Sam Nunn: the Nunn–Lugar Act.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Following his service in the Senate, Lugar created a nonprofit organization which specializes in the policy areas he pursued while in office.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Richard Lugar was born on April 4, 1932, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of Bertha ("" Green) and Marvin Lugar. He was of part German descent. Lugar attended Indianapolis Public Schools. During this time he attained the rank of Eagle Scout, the Boy Scouts' highest. Later, he became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated first in his class at Shortridge High School in 1950 and from Denison University in 1954, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. He went on to attend Pembroke College, Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar and received a second bachelor's degree and a master's degree in 1956. At Oxford, Lugar was a member of the Oxford University men's basketball team that won the 1955 A.B.B.A. National Championship. He served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1960; one of his assignments was as an intelligence briefer for Admiral Arleigh Burke. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant, Junior Grade.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar managed his family's Marion County corn, soybean and tree farm. Before entering public life, he helped his brother Tom manage the family's food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967. He was elected mayor of Indianapolis in 1967, at the age of 35, defeating incumbent Democrat John J. Barton, and began serving the first of two mayoral terms in 1968. (A political cartoon of the time questioned how an Eagle Scout could survive in the world of politics.) He was closely associated with the adoption of Unigov in 1970, which unified the governments of Indianapolis and Marion County. The Unigov plan helped trigger Indianapolis's economic growth and earned Lugar the post of president of the National League of Cities in 1971. In 1972, Lugar was the keynote speaker at the Republican National Convention. During this time he became known as "Richard Nixon's favorite mayor", owing to his support for devolving federal powers to local communities. When Nixon visited Indianapolis in February 1970, he stated during a speech that he would meet with Lugar and other mayors ahead of a conference with Governors on environmental issues. On March 14, 1974, Lugar dismissed Police Chief Winston L. Churchill following allegations of widespread corruption in the Indianapolis Police Department. Lugar stated the dismissal came following meetings with dozens of policemen and after having had the counsel of a seven member committee of citizens to aid in the investigation.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar first ran for the U.S. Senate in the 1974 election and lost to incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Birch Bayh (51–46%). Two years later, he ran against Indiana's other U.S. senator, Democratic Senator Vance Hartke, defeating him in a massive landslide, 59%–40%.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In 1982, he defeated Democratic U.S. Congressman Floyd Fithian (54–46%) to win a second term, and six years later Lugar won reelection to a third term, defeating Democrat Jack Wickes (68–32%). In 1994, Lugar won a fourth term, defeating Democratic former U.S. Congressman Jim Jontz (67–31%). He became the first U.S. senator from Indiana elected to a fourth term.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar went on to serve a total of six terms in the Senate, defeating Democrat David Johnson (67–32%) in 2000 and defeating Libertarian Steve Osborn (87–13%) in 2006 in a contest in which the Democratic Party did not field a candidate. His was the highest-percentage win of the 2006 Senate elections despite a Democratic takeover of Washington.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In 2012, Lugar ran for reelection to a seventh term. Due to Lugar's unpopularity among some Tea Party voters because of his positions regarding illegal immigration, voting to confirm then-U.S. Supreme Court nominees Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the DREAM Act, the New START Treaty, some gun control bills, and congressional earmarks, he was challenged by Tea Party-backed State Treasurer Richard Mourdock in a Republican primary. Mourdock defeated Lugar, 61–39%, and went on to lose the general election to Democratic Rep. Joe Donnelly. Lugar carried only two counties, Boone and Marion. He was the first six-term U.S. senator to lose his seat in a primary election since Kenneth McKellar in 1952.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Future governor of Indiana Mitch Daniels served as Lugar's chief of staff from 1977 to 1982. During the 1980 Republican National Convention, Lugar was rumored as a potential vice presidential nominee for presidential nominee Ronald Reagan.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In his first months, Lugar backed legislation prompting the Senate to adopt a stringent code of ethics intended to assist with the restoration of public confidence in Congress.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On June 30, 1978, the Senate voted to approve granting New York City long term federal loan guarantees of $1.5 billion that the city had cited as essential to its prevention of bankruptcy. The measure was a compromise proposal by Lugar and Wisconsin Senator William Proxmire. Later that day, during a news conference, Senator Jacob K. Javits thanked Lugar and Proxmire.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar attended the January 7, 1980 signing ceremony of the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 in the Cabinet Room. Lugar addressed President Jimmy Carter during the ceremony by thanking him for signing what Lugar called "very humane and compassionate legislation" that was important for the United States.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In the early months of the Reagan administration, Lugar supported its program to eliminate all restrictions on planting and marketing of peanuts. An April 30, 1981 vote by members of the Senate Agriculture Committee continued the restrictions.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On May 11, 1981, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted in favor of implementing restrictions on American aid to El Salvador requiring President Reagan to verify the Salvadorian government was using the funds to implement human rights along with political and economic changes. The measure was opposed by Lugar who voted against the entirety of its conditions.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar was one of four senators on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to vote against the Senate rejecting the nomination of Ernest W. Lefever for Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights on June 5, 1981.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On October 15, 1981, Lugar voted against the recommendation of the disapproval toward the Reagan administration's intent to sell Awacs radar surveillance planes and other air-combat equipment to Saudi Arabia.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On December 2, 1981, Lugar voted in favor of an amendment to President Reagan's MX missiles proposal that would divert the silo system by $334 million as well as earmark further research for other methods that would allow giant missiles to be based. The vote was seen as a rebuff of the Reagan administration.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In 1982, Lugar cosponsored a housing bill that would provide middle-class purchasers of new homes with mortgage subsidies, which he referred to as "an emergency jobs program" that would provide 700,000 Americans with jobs in the housing and related industries while costing $5 billion over the following five years. The cancellation of an April meeting of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee to discuss how far-reaching the bill should be was seen as crippling to its chances of implementation.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On December 23, 1982, Lugar voted in favor of a 5 cent a gallon increase on gasoline taxes across the U.S. imposed to aid the financing of highway repairs and mass transit. The bill passed on the last day of the 97th United States Congress.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On July 13, 1983, Lugar voted in favor of an authorization to appropriate $130 million toward the development of nerve gas bombs and shells.


title: Richard Lugar

text: Lugar led the February 2, 1984 hearing of William A. Wilson, the nominee of President Reagan for United States Ambassador to the Holy See.


title: Richard Lugar

text: In March 1984, Lugar voted in favor of a constitutional amendment authorizing periods in public school for silent prayer, and President Reagan's unsuccessful proposal for a constitutional amendment permitting organized school prayer in public schools.


title: Richard Lugar

text: United States Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole announced President Reagan's support for legislation that would force states to raise the minimum drinking age to 21 during a news conference on June 13, 1984. Lugar was in attended the news conference and stated that Dole and himself had convinced President Reagan to change his mind through "the work of groups like MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) and the concern of hundreds of high school organizations called SADD (Students Against Driving Drunk)". Lugar noted his commitment to working on bipartisan support for the legislation. The same month, Lugar voted in favor of legislation restricting federal highway funds for states that did not raise the minimum age for drinking to 21.


title: Richard Lugar

text: On May 9, 1986, Lugar held a news conference designed to coincide with the beginning of the Manila visit by Secretary of State George P. Shultz, during which he criticized the Reagan administration for what he perceived as a lack of support for the Philippine government under the rule of President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino and accused former Philippines President Ferdinand E. Marcos of using his Hawaii haven as an area to make hundreds of telephone calls to former allies still in Manila for the purpose of making his potential return to power of active speculation. The fiscal year of 1986 included the United States providing 236 million to the Philippines. President Reagan also sought an additional 100 million for economic aid and 50 million for military aid. During a June 3 panel on the subject of providing aid for Manila, Lugar stated his support for the United States providing another 100 million to the government of President Aquino and called on the chamber to recognize Aquino's government "is threatened not only by a communist insurgency but also by a possible challenge from the political right".


title: Richard Lugar

text: In November 1986, amid the Iran–Contra affair, Lugar stated that President Reagan did not understand the law requiring a president to inform Congress in a timely fashion over operations and that Reagan's rhetoric on the third party arm shipments had been confusing. He also stressed that the president had not been damaged in his credibility. Around this time, Lugar conferred with John Poindexter, a key figure in the scandal. After the 1987 State of the Union Address, Lugar stated that he believed President Reagan had taken responsibility for the Iran–Contra affair by acknowledging that the deal had been unsuccessful.