title: To Autumn

text: Critical and scholarly praise has been unanimous in declaring "To Autumn" one of the most perfect poems in the English language. A.C. Swinburne placed it with "Ode on a Grecian Urn" as "the nearest to absolute perfection" of Keats's odes; Aileen Ward declared it "Keats's most perfect and untroubled poem"; and Douglas Bush has stated that the poem is "flawless in structure, texture, tone, and rhythm"; Walter Evert, in 1965, stated that "To Autumn" is "the only perfect poem that Keats ever wrote – and if this should seem to take from him some measure of credit for his extraordinary enrichment of the English poetic tradition, I would quickly add that I am thinking of absolute perfection in whole poems, in which every part is wholly relevant to and consistent in effect with every other part."


title: To Autumn

text: Early reviews of "To Autumn" focused on it as part of Keats's collection of poems "Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems". An anonymous critic in the July 1820 "Monthly Review" claimed, "this writer is very rich both in imagination and fancy; and even a superabundance of the latter faculty is displayed in his lines 'On Autumn,' which bring the reality of nature more before our eyes than almost any description that we remember. [...] If we did not fear that, young as is Mr K., his peculiarities are fixed beyond all the power of criticism to remove, we would exhort him to become somewhat less strikingly original,—to be less fond of the folly of too new or too old phrases,—and to believe that poetry does not consist in either the one or the other." Josiah Conder in the September 1820 "Eclectic Review" mentioned, "One naturally turns first to the shorter pieces, in order to taste the flavour of the poetry. The following ode to Autumn is no unfavourable specimen." An anonymous reviewer in "The Edinburgh Magazine" for October 1820 added to a discussion of some of Keats's longer poems the afterthought that "The ode to 'Fancy,' and the ode to 'Autumn,' also have great merit."


title: To Autumn

text: Although, after Keats's death, recognition of the merits of his poetry came slowly, by mid century, despite widespread Victorian disapproval of the alleged "weakness" of his character and the view often advanced "that Keats's work represented mere sensuality without substance", some of his poems began to find an appreciative audience, including "To Autumn". In an 1844 essay on Keats's poetry in the "Dumfries Herald", George Gilfillian placed "To Autumn" among "the finest of Keats' smaller pieces". In an 1851 lecture, David Macbeth Moir acclaimed "four exquisite odes,—'To a Nightingale,' 'To a Grecian Urn,' 'To Melancholy,' and 'To Autumn,'—all so pregnant with deep thought, so picturesque in their limning, and so suggestive." In 1865, Matthew Arnold singled out the "indefinable delicacy, charm, and perfection of [...] Keats's [touch] in his Autumn". John Dennis, in an 1883 work about great poets, wrote that "the 'Ode to Autumn', ripe with the glory of the season it describes—must ever have a place among the most precious gems of lyrical poetry." The 1888 Britannica declared, "Of these [odes] perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection, to the triumphant achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to human words, may be that to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn".


title: To Autumn

text: At the turn of the 20th century, a 1904 analysis of great poetry by Stephen Gwynn claimed, "above and before all [of Keats's poems are] the three odes, "To a Nightingale", "On a Grecian Urn", and "To Autumn". Among these odes criticism can hardly choose; in each of them the whole magic of poetry seems to be contained." Sidney Colvin, in his 1917 biography, pointed out that "the ode "To Autumn" [...] opens up no such far-reaching avenues to the mind and soul of the reader as the odes "To a Grecian Urn", "To a Nightingale", or "On Melancholy", but in execution is more complete and faultless than any of them." Following this in a 1934 analysis of Romantic poetry, Margaret Sherwood stated that the poem was "a perfect expression of the phase of primitive feeling and dim thought in regard to earth processes when these are passing into a thought of personality."


title: To Autumn

text: Harold Bloom, in 1961, described "To Autumn" as "the most perfect shorter poem in the English language." Following this, Walter Jackson Bate, in 1963, claimed that "[...] each generation has found it one of the most nearly perfect poems in English." Later, in 1973, Stuart Sperry wrote, To Autumn' succeeds through its acceptance of an order innate in our experience – the natural rhythm of the seasons. It is a poem that, without ever stating it, inevitably suggests the truth of 'ripeness is all' by developing, with a richness of profundity of implication, the simple perception that ripeness is fall." In 1981, William Walsh argued that "Among the major Odes [...] no one has questioned the place and supremacy of 'To Autumn', in which we see wholly realized, powerfully embodied in art, the complete maturity so earnestly laboured at in Keats's life, so persuasively argued about in his letters." Literary critic and academic Helen Vendler, in 1988, declared that "in the ode 'To Autumn,' Keats finds his most comprehensive and adequate symbol for the social value of art."


title: To Autumn

text: In 1997, Andrew Motion summarised the critical view on "To Autumn": "it has often been called Keats's 'most ... untroubled poem' [...] To register the full force of its achievement, its tensions have to be felt as potent and demanding." Following in 1998, M. H. Abrams explained, To Autumn' was the last work of artistic consequence that Keats completed [...] he achieved this celebratory poem, with its calm acquiescence to time, transience and mortality, at a time when he was possessed by a premonition [...] that he had himself less than two years to live". James Chandler, also in 1998, pointed out that "If "To Autumn" is his greatest piece of writing, as has so often been said, it is because in it he arguably set himself the most ambitious challenge of his brief career and managed to meet it." Timothy Corrigan, in 2000, claimed that To Autumn' may be, as other critics have pointed out, his greatest achievement in its ability [...] to redeem the English vernacular as the casual expression of everyday experience, becoming in this his most exterior poem even in all its bucolic charm." In the same year, Thomas McFarland placed "To Autumn" with "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "Hyperion" as Keats's greatest achievement, together elevating Keats "high in the ranks of the supreme makers of world literature". In 2008, Stanley Plumly wrote, "history, posterity, immortality are seeing 'Ode to a Nightingale,' 'Ode on a Grecian Urn,' and 'To Autumn' as three of the most anthologized lyric poems of tragic vision in English."


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Jason Lawrence Brown (born December 15, 1994) is an American figure skater. He is a nine-time Grand Prix medalist, a two-time Four Continents medalist (2020 silver, 2018 bronze), and the 2015 U.S. national champion. Earlier in his career, he became a two-time World Junior medalist (2013 silver, 2012 bronze), the 2011 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and the 2010 junior national champion.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won a bronze medal in the team event at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, becoming one of the youngest male figure skating Olympic medalists.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown was born on December 15, 1994, in Los Angeles, California. His mother, Marla (Kell), is a television producer, and his father, Steven Brown, works for a lighting company. He has an older sister, Jordan, and a younger brother, Dylan. He is Jewish and celebrated his bar mitzvah in 2007.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown graduated from Highland Park High School and received the Ralph Potter Memorial Award for Exceptional Ability and Achievement and the President's Education Award for Outstanding Academic Excellence. In 2013, he enrolled at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. He plays piano.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown began skating at age three and a half when his mother enrolled him and his sister in Learn to Skate classes. Coached by Kori Ade since the age of five, he trained at various rinks in the Chicago area until April 2013. Since 2009, his programs have been choreographed mainly by Rohene Ward. Brown also skated pairs with Thea Milburn for three years.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At 11, Brown won the national juvenile title. He won the bronze medal on the novice level at the 2009 U.S. Championships. Competing on the junior level at the 2010 U.S. Championships, he placed second in the short program, 0.07 behind Max Aaron, and second to Joshua Farris in the long program. Brown's overall score was the highest and he won the national junior title.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won the silver medal in his Junior Grand Prix debut in France and placed sixth in his second JGP event, in Japan. He finished 9th in his senior national debut at the 2011 U.S. Championships with an impressive performance despite not attempting a triple axel, which he had decided to put off due to a growth spurt. He was assigned to compete at the 2011 World Junior Championships, where he finished 7th. Brown worked on the triple Axel for the following season, while adapting to another growth spurt. He stopped wearing hinge boots.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown began his season with a win at his first Junior Grand Prix event, in Brisbane, Australia. He then took silver in Milan, Italy, to qualify for the final. In a December 2011 interview, Brown said that he needed the triple axel to be competitive on the senior level and continued to work on it. He occasionally used Dartfish, a computer imaging system, and a harness. At the Junior Grand Prix Final, Brown was second in both segments and won the gold medal overall. Brown was assigned to the 2012 World Junior Championships and won the bronze medal.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won gold and silver medals on the JGP series and qualified for his second JGP Final, where he finished fourth. At the 2013 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, he placed eighth overall. He was sent to the 2013 World Junior Championships where he placed third in the short program and first in the free skate after landing two triple Axels for the first time in his career. Brown won the silver medal while fellow Americans Joshua Farris and Shotaro Omori took the gold and bronze medals, respectively.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: In May 2013, Brown and his coach, Kori Ade, moved to the Colorado Sports Center in Monument, Colorado. His secondary coaches include Eddie Shipstad and Ryan Jahnke.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won the silver medal in his senior international debut at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy in Oberstdorf, Germany. On September 30, 2013, he was called up to replace reigning Olympic champion Evan Lysacek at Skate America after the latter withdrew due to injury. Brown finished fifth at the event, his first senior Grand Prix event. In November 2013, he competed at a Grand Prix event in Paris, the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard, and won the bronze medal. He also attracted much attention from the skating public and the French in particular, becoming a crowd favorite.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the U.S. Championships in January 2014, Brown placed third in the short program and first in the free skate with his "Riverdance" program, which became a viral video garnering more than 4 million hits. He won the silver medal and was named in the U.S. team to the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. In Sochi, while Jeremy Abbott skated the short program in the team event, Brown was assigned to the free program and placed fourth. He and team USA were awarded the bronze medal. In the singles event, he was in sixth place after the short program, but less than a point off third. He placed eleventh in the free skate and finished ninth overall. At the end of the season, he performed in twelve Stars on Ice shows before returning to training.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown began the 2014–15 season at the 2014 Nebelhorn Trophy, an ISU Challenger Series event, and won the gold medal after placing first in both programs. At 2014 Skate America, he came in second. He placed fifth at 2014 Rostelecom Cup with a personal best in the free skate of 159.24 points. His placements earned him 7th place in the Grand Prix series, just missing the cut for the final.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2015 U.S. Championships, Brown won the short program with the second highest points in the U.S. Championships' history. He finished the free skating second and won his first U.S. title. Until then, he had not tried a quad jump in competition. At the 2015 Four Continents Championships, he tried a quad jump in the short program, placing ninth. In the free skate he set his personal best and finished sixth overall.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown placed fourth overall at the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing sixth in the short program and fifth in the free skate. At the 2015 ISU World Team Trophy, he placed second overall to contribute to Team USA's gold medal.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown began his season by winning the gold medal at 2015 Ondrej Nepela Trophy. At his first Grand Prix event of the season, 2015 Skate America, he won the bronze medal after placing eighth in the short program and third in the free skate. He then won the silver medal at 2015 CS Ice Challenge. Brown withdrew from the 2015 NHK Trophy due to a back injury. He returned to the ice two weeks later but the injury resurfaced and forced him to withdraw from the 2016 U.S. Championships. On January 22, NBC Sports reported that he had petitioned U.S. Figure Skating for a spot on the world team despite his inability to compete at the national championships. His petition cited his world ranking, international experience and competitive record. The USFSA denied his petition and named Adam Rippon, Max Aaron and Nathan Chen, who was later replaced by Grant Hochstein due to injury.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown ended his season at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup. He placed second in the third short program group and second in the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown began his season at 2016 Lombardia Trophy, where he won the silver medal after placing second in the short program and first in the free skate. At the 2016 U.S. International Classic, he won the gold medal after placing second in the short program and first in the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2016 Skate America, Brown placed third in the short program. During the free skate, he performed a quad toe which was deemed underrotated by the technical panel. He finished second in the free skate, earning the silver medal behind Shoma Uno. He placed eighth in the short program and seventh in the free skate to place seventh overall at the 2016 NHK Trophy.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: On December 16, 2016, Brown was diagnosed with a stress fracture in his right fibula. He received the bronze medal at the 2017 U.S. Championships.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: He placed sixth overall at the 2017 Four Continents Championships after placing ninth in the short program and sixth in the free skate. At the 2017 World Championships, he placed seventh overall after placing eighth in the short program and seventh in the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won silver at the 2017 Skate Canada International, after placing third in the short program and second in the free skate. At the 2017 NHK Trophy, he ranked third in the short program but ended the competition in fourth place. As a result, he finished as the first alternate for the Grand Prix Final. Although he had tied with Jin Boyang at 22 points, Jin won the tiebreaker by scoring 3.34 points higher than Brown. After Jin's withdrawal, Brown was called up to compete at his first senior-level Grand Prix Final. He finished 6th at the event in Nagoya, Japan.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: In January, Brown finished sixth at the 2018 U.S. Championships, after placing third in the short program and sixth in the free skate. U.S. Figure Skating named him as first alternate for the 2018 Winter Olympics. He was assigned to the 2018 Four Continents Championships in Taipei, Taiwan. Ranked fourth in the short and third in the free, he won the bronze medal, achieving his first podium finish at a senior-level ISU Championship. After Adam Rippon withdrew from the 2018 World Championships, Brown, who was first alternate, declined U.S. Figure Skating's invitation and it was transferred to Max Aaron.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: In late May 2018, Brown announced his decision to leave his coaching team in Colorado and move to Brian Orser, Tracy Wilson, Karen Preston, and Lee Barkell at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Brown and Orser stated that Kori Ade would remain an influence on Brown's career.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At his first event of the season, the 2018 CS Autumn Classic International, Brown placed third in the short program, fifth in the free program, and fourth overall. He placed eleventh in the short program at 2018 Skate Canada International, after underrotating and falling on his triple Axel and underrotating his triple Lutz-double toe loop combination. He fared better in the free skate, where he placed sixth, moving to sixth place overall. At the 2018 Internationaux de France, he placed second overall after winning the short program with a then-personal best score of 96.41 and placing third in the free program. Competing at a second Challenger event, the 2018 CS Golden Spin, he won the gold medal after placing second in the short program and first in the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2019 US Championships, he won the bronze medal after placing second in the short program and third in the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2019 Four Continents Championships, Brown placed sixth in the short program and moved up to fifth overall after placing fourth in the free program. In his free skate, Brown avoided popping his opening quad Salchow for the first time that season, though it was deemed underrotated and he stepped out of the landing.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2019 World Championships, he placed second in the short program a new personal best score of 96.81, winning a silver small medal. He placed fourteenth in the free skate after a poor skate, and placed ninth overall at the event. He expressed satisfaction with his season overall.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: While traveling to a U.S. Figure Skating training camp in August 2019, the car Brown was traveling in was impacted by another vehicle, as a result of which Brown sustained a concussion. Restricted from training, Brown withdrew from the 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. He was cleared to compete at 2019 Skate America, his first Grand Prix of the season. Brown popped his planned triple Axel to a single in the short program, placing fourth in that segment. In the free skate Brown performed all his jumps successfully other than doubling a planned triple loop, placing second in that segment to take the silver medal. At the 2019 NHK Trophy, Brown placed eighth in the short program and fourth in the free skate to place fifth overall. Two weeks later he won the gold medal at 2019 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown won the silver medal at the 2020 U.S. Championships after placing second in both segments. In the free skate he attempted a quad toe loop, which was downgraded but landed without program interruption.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: At the 2020 Four Continents Championships, Brown placed third in the short program with a clean skate, defeating several skaters who performed at least one quadruple jump. In the free skate, Brown doubled an attempted quad toe loop, but landed all of his other jumps successfully, and placed second in the segment with a new personal best of 180.11, moving into second place overall. He was assigned to compete at the World Championships in Montreal, but it was cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate Canada International, but the event was also cancelled as a result of the pandemic.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: As a result, Brown made his season debut at the 2021 U.S. Championships in Las Vegas, placing third in the short program with a clean skate. In the free skate he fell on a quad toe loop that was also deemed underrotated and singled a planned triple Axel, placing fourth in that segment, but remained in third place overall and won the bronze medal. He was named to the American team for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown placed seventh in the short program at the World Championships with a clean skate. In the free skate Brown attempted a quad Salchow jump, but it was deemed underrotated. Making one other minor jump error, he was eighth in that segment and remained in seventh overall. Brown and Nathan Chen's placements at the World Championships were sufficient to qualify at least two berths for American men at the 2022 Winter Olympics, but only the possibility of a third because Vincent Zhou failed to qualify for the free skate.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown competed at the 2021 World Team Trophy, where he served as team captain and helped Team USA win the silver medal. He placed third in the short program and eighth in the free skate, with his total score ranking sixth among the men.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Brown made his season debut at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, winning the gold medal. Returning to the Grand Prix, he took the silver medal at the 2021 Skate Canada International to start. He said he was "a little disappointed" with the free skate after two jump errors, but overall was satisfied with his result. Brown went on to place third in the short program and fourth in the free skate at the 2021 Internationaux de France, winning the bronze medal and thus medaling at both of his Grand Prix events for the first time in his career. Attempting a quad Salchow in the free skate, he two-footed the landing but was credited with full rotation for the first time. Brown's results qualified him to the Grand Prix Final, but it was subsequently cancelled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Traveling to attend the 2022 U.S. Championships with coach Tracy Wilson proved to be an odyssey for Brown, due to five different flight cancellations that had him in transit for thirty-three hours, culminating in a rental car trip from Atlanta to Nashville. Despite this, he skated a clean short program and placed fourth in that segment, narrowly behind third-place Ilia Malinin. On the morning of the free skate, Wilson tested positive for COVID, and was therefore unable to accompany him to the event; Brown tested negative the same day. In the free skate he fell on his opening quad Salchow attempt, but landed the rest of his jumps. Normally regarded as one of the best spinners in the world, on one of his three free skate spins he lost two levels, which made the difference between third and fourth overall as he finished 0.38 points behind bronze medalist Vincent Zhou. Per the selection criteria for the American Olympic team, Zhou and national champion Nathan Chen were guaranteed berths, with the third to be decided between Brown and 17-year-old surprise silver medalist Ilia Malinin. The committee ultimately chose Brown, which was controversial with some. On Malinin, he said "there's nothing I can say that can encompass how he might be feeling at this moment. What I can say is he is beyond out of this world, and U.S. figure skating is so lucky to have such a bright future with Ilia." For his own part, Brown said that it had been "a really tough go to get here. Not just in the last 72 hours, but in the last four years and everything leading up to this point and me kind of turning a page after 2018."


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the men's event, Brown skated a clean short program and placed sixth with a new personal best score of 97.24. He said it was "a long time coming," noting that it had taken "eight years trying to get back to this stage to be able to put out a performance like that." In the free skate, he elected not to attempt a quadruple jump, and skated a program with the lone error being a doubled attempt at a triple Salchow. He finished sixth in that segment as well, remaining sixth overall.


title: Jason Brown (figure skater)

text: Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only. ISU personal bests highlighted in bold. Historic ISU personal bests highlighted in bold.


title: Canister shot

text: Canister shot is a kind of anti-personnel artillery ammunition. Canister shot has been used since the advent of gunpowder-firing artillery in Western armies. However, canister shot saw particularly frequent use on land and at sea in the various wars of the 18th and 19th century. Canister is still used today in modern artillery.


title: Canister shot

text: Canister shot consists of a closed metal cylinder typically loosely filled with round lead or iron balls packed with sawdust to add more solidity and cohesion to the mass and to prevent the balls from crowding each other when the round was fired. The canister itself was usually made of tin, often dipped in a lacquer of beeswax diluted with turpentine to prevent corrosion of the metal. Iron was substituted for tin for larger-caliber guns. The ends of the canister were closed with wooden or metal disks.


title: Canister shot

text: A cloth cartridge bag containing the round's gunpowder used to fire the canister from the gun barrel could be attached to the back of the metal canister for smaller caliber cannon. A sabot of wood, metal, or similar material was sometimes used to help the round during firing from the cannon.


title: Canister shot

text: Various types of canister were devised for specific models of artillery field pieces. In 1753, the "secret howitzer", a special gun with an oval bore—intended to spread shot even wider—was briefly introduced into Russian service, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. The Royal Artillery Museum at Woolwich, London, holds examples of two early 18th century experimental French wide bore cannon—flattened tubes intended to scatter canister wide but in one horizontal plane.


title: Canister shot

text: The United States Army developed a canister round, the M1028, for the M1 Abrams' 120mm smoothbore gun in time for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The effect is to turn a large-caliber gun on an armored fighting vehicle into a giant shotgun. This can be used against enemy infantry even when in proximity to friendly armoured vehicles, as the projectiles do not penetrate armour. In addition it can be used to create entry points to buildings, reduce wire obstacles and clear heavy vegetation, as well as strike low flying aircraft and helicopters.


title: Canister shot

text: At times when the supply of balls was limited, nails, scrap iron or lead, wire, and other similar metal objects were included. The projectile had been known since at least the 16th century and was known by various nicknames in the 17th century such as hailshot or partridge shot. Rounds recovered from Henry VIII's warship "Mary Rose" (sunk 1545) were wooden cylinders filled with broken flint flakes. When filled with rubbish or scrap (rather than round bullets) the round could be known as scrapshot or langrage. In 1718 Blackbeard aka Edward Teach armed his guns with a range of makeshift weaponry including langrage. Several of his cannons, still loaded with spikes and shot, have been recovered from the wreck site of his flagship, the "Queen Anne's Revenge". Archaeologists have also retrieved conglomerations of lead shot, nails, spikes and glass from the site. Langrage was also found among the artifact assemblage of the "Mardi Gras" shipwreck, 4000 ft (1219 m) deep in the Gulf of Mexico. The defenders of The Alamo (1836) used old horseshoe nails and chopped up iron horseshoes to make their scrapshot.


title: Canister shot

text: When fired, the canister disintegrates and its shards and projectiles spread out in a conical formation, causing a wide swath of destruction. It was particularly effective during the Napoleonic Wars and the American Civil War, where massed troops at close range (usually less than 400 yards) could be broken up by artillery batteries firing canister. At times, particularly at very close range, artillery crews would fire extremely lethal "double canister," where two rounds were loaded into the gun tube and fired simultaneously using a single charge. At the Battle of Waterloo, in 1815, Mercer's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, fired a roundshot and a canister from each gun as a double-shot. The roundshot was loaded first with the canister on top. Canister played a key role for Union forces during their defeat of Confederate troops assigned to support Pickett's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863.


title: Canister shot

text: At times, trained artillerists would fire the canister shot towards the ground in front of advancing enemy troops, causing the conical pattern to flatten out as the balls ricocheted and skipped off the terrain. This in effect widened the killing zone. An example of this tactic was on the first day of Gettysburg, where Lt. James Stewart's Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery on Seminary Ridge skipped canister shot at Alfred M. Scales's approaching Confederate infantry, breaking up their attack and forcing them to take cover in a depression.


title: Canister shot

text: Canister shot was also used to good effect by U.S. Marine 37mm anti-tank guns in World War II to break up Japanese banzai charges.


title: Canister shot

text: During the Korean War United Nations tanks experienced close-range massed infantry attacks from Communist forces. As a consequence a canister-type tank round was introduced to "sweep" enemy infantry off friendly tanks without harming friendly tank crews, who were behind canister-proof armor. UK weapons known to have fielded a canister round are the 76mm and 105mm tank guns and the 120mm MOBAT and WOMBAT recoilless anti-tank guns.


title: Canister shot

text: Shrapnel shells were developed from canister during the Napoleonic Wars and were intended to deliver the same canister effect, but at much longer ranges. As a result, its early designation was "spherical case shot". Instead of a tin can filled with metal balls, the shrapnel shells carry a small powder charge to break open the case and disperse the shrapnel.


title: Canister shot

text: Grapeshot was a geometric arrangement of round shot packed tightly into a canvas bag and separated from the gunpowder charge by a metal disk of full bore diameter. Grapeshot used fewer larger projectiles than were contained within canister or shrapnel shells.


title: Canister shot

text: Case shot broadly describes any multi-projectile artillery ammunition. The canister round is known as a case, so canister was sometimes called case shot and the term has confusingly become generic for grapeshot and shrapnel shells. However, the term case shot is also used to describe a hollow ball containing a powder charge and bullets. After firing the iron ball the powder would explode, scattering the bullets.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The Alamo Drafthouse Cinema is an American cinema chain founded in 1997 in Austin, Texas, which is famous for serving dinner and drinks during the movie, as well as its strict policy of requiring its audiences to maintain proper cinema-going etiquette.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: It has multiple locations across the United States, including eighteen (with several more being built) across Texas. Outside of Texas, it has five locations in Virginia (Winchester, Charlottesville, Woodbridge, Crystal City and Ashburn). There are three locations in Colorado (Denver, Westminster and Littleton) and New York (Yonkers, Brooklyn, Staten Island<ref name="Alamo Drafthouse Staten Island w/ RZA’s Flying Guillotine Bar opens next week">"." brooklynvegan.com Retrieved on October 7, 2022.</ref> and Lower Manhattan), as well as two locations in Nebraska (Omaha and La Vista), Missouri (St. Louis and Springfield), and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). There are individual locations in Washington, D.C., Woodbury, Minnesota and Raleigh, North Carolina.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Others are planned to be built in Birmingham, Alabama;Glendale, Colorado;Chicago; and Boston. In March 2021, Alamo Drafthouse filed for bankruptcy but emerged from the situation three months later.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The Alamo Drafthouse Cinema was founded by Rice University alumni Tim and Karrie League at 409 Colorado St, in an Austin, Texas warehouse district building on Colorado St. (between 4th and 5th) that was being used as a parking garage.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The company began as a second-run movie theater, and distinguished itself by the food and drink service offered inside the theater, including cold beers, which continues to set Alamo Drafthouse apart from many other cinemas. The seating is arranged with rows of cabaret style tables in front of each row of seats, with an aisle between each row to accommodate waiter service. Customers write their orders on slips of paper, which are picked up by black-clad waiters.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Soon after opening, the original downtown theater began offering occasional unique programming such as silent movies scored by local bands playing live accompaniment, food-themed films such as "Like Water for Chocolate" served with a dinner matching the meals shown on screen, and retrospectives of various directors and stars. This includes location-based food options depending on the film setting.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2001, the Leagues renovated a four-screen art-house theater at 2700 Anderson Lane in North Austin, called Village Cinema, which had recently closed, and opened it as an Alamo Drafthouse which specialized in first-run movies. With this new Alamo Drafthouse Village, the downtown location ceased showing second-run movies and began to concentrate almost exclusively on unusual programming including classics, cult classics, independents, documentaries, special guest appearances, and audience participation shows.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2003, the Alamo Drafthouse opened on 13729 Research Boulevard in northwest Austin. The Alamo Drafthouse Lake Creek had seven screens, all dedicated to new movies. Almost simultaneously, the Alamo granted their first franchise, which opened in the West Oaks Mall in Houston, Texas.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In May 2003, Travis Doss opened the first Alamo franchise location (West Oaks Mall) in Houston, Texas with six screens.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In July 2004, Tim and Karrie League sold the brand, including the brand name, intellectual property and rights to all future Alamo Drafthouse expansion to the Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas CEO Terrell Braly, John Martin, and David Kennedy, but retained an irrevocable license for the Austin locations (Village, Lamar, Downtown), which includes their Rolling Roadshow.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In August 2004, the second largest Alamo (Westlakes) opened in San Antonio, Texas with eight screens.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In August 2005, "Entertainment Weekly" named the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema "The #1 movie theater in the country doing it right".


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Since February 2005, the new company has purchased the original franchise unit from Doss, opened a theater in the Katy Area and in Spring, Texas and built a new-build multi-screen theater in the Rio Grande Valley; though it was announced in 2006 to open, the building has remained unfinished since the original owner was foreclosed upon.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2006, due to rising rent in downtown Austin, theater owners took steps to hand the theater over to a non-profit group called the "Heroes of the Alamo" foundation, operating the theater as a cultural arts center. However, with the historic Ritz Theater on 6th Street offered as an alternative location, the original Alamo was closed. The final event at the original location consisted of a special triple-feature event the evening of June 27, 2007. The final movie shown was Night Warning, with star Susan Tyrrell attending. At the conclusion of the movie, audience members were allowed to disassemble their seats and take them home as mementos of the theater.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Of the first seven theaters, the downtown Austin theater was unique for being the host of many important film events in Austin, such as the Quentin Tarantino Film Festival and Harry Knowles's annual Butt-numb-a-thon.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: After six months of construction, the Alamo Drafthouse at the Ritz opened on November 2, 2007 with a triple feature of "Matango: Attack of the Mushroom People", with a five course mushroom feast; a sneak preview of "No Country For Old Men"; and a Terror Thursday screening of "War of the Gargantuas", introduced by Quentin Tarantino who flew out from Los Angeles for the night to attend the opening.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2013, the Lake Creek location was closed upon the opening of the brand new, larger, Lakeline location.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In June 2017, the current largest Alamo opened in Springfield, Missouri with 14 screens seating 1,050 people.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In March 2019, "Business Insider" reported that Alamo Drafthouse's movie-ticket subscription service, Alamo Season Pass, will launch nationwide at all Drafthouse theaters by the end of the year with the unlimited plan costing $20 a month in most regions of the country.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In March 2020, Alamo Drafthouse announced that all locations were closed temporarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In May 2020, Alamo announced that former Starbucks Exec Shelli Taylor would become the new CEO of Alamo Drafthouse and that founder Tim League would transfer from his current role as CEO to become the Chairman of the Board of Directors.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The company announced the launch of "Alamo on Demand" video streaming service on May 7, 2020. The streaming service will have films from Drafthouse Films, its film distribution arm, as well as partner with name-brand studios like Sony Pictures Classics and Lionsgate.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: On March 3, 2021, Alamo Drafthouse filed chapter 11 bankruptcy. Among closing cinemas across the southern U.S., the plans to open the Orlando, Florida location was cancelled. The debtors are being represented by Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor as counsel and Houlihan Lokey as investment banker. With $100 million to $500 million in both assets and liabilities, Alamo is entering into a restructuring support agreement to help guide them through their bankruptcy. In June 2021, the company announced that they had emerged from bankruptcy.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Alamo Drafthouse is famous for enforcing a strict policy on behavior while in the theater. Children under the age of two are not allowed, except for showings on specific days which are designated "Alamo For All" showings where parents are encouraged to bring young children, and rules around talking are relaxed. Unaccompanied minors are not allowed in showings, except for members of the Alamo Drafthouse's Victory Vanguard rewards program, which allows 15–17 year-olds to attend showings unattended after their application to the rewards program has been submitted and reviewed. The application involves demonstrating an understanding of the theater's policies around talking, texting, arriving to the theater late, and basic tipping etiquette.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The cinema also prohibits talking and texting during the film. Anyone who violates this policy is subject to warning and potential removal from the premises. Alamo made national headlines in 2011 when the rantings of one angry customer who was ejected for texting were included in its "Don't Talk or Text" PSA shown before films. "When we adopted our strict no talking policy back in 1997, we knew we were going to alienate some of our patrons," Tim League posted on the cinema's website. "That was the plan. If you can't change your behavior and be quiet (or unilluminated) during a movie, then we don't want you at our venue."


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Every year in September, the Alamo South Lamar location in Austin hosts a week-long film festival called Fantastic Fest dedicated to the horror, sci-fi, fantasy, Asian and "cult" film genres. Alamo Lake Creek holds the annual Zombie Film Festival (Dismember the Alamo) and the Off-centered Film Festival. The Ritz and South Lamar locations also participate in the SXSW Film Festival in March.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Alamo Drafthouse hosts 35mm screenings of famous movies in famous places all over the world with their traveling portable projection system and a blow-up screen. Past events include:


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: "Fistful of Dollars" at Cortijo el Sotillo, Spain, "A Christmas Story" in Cleveland, OH, "The Lost Boys" in Santa Cruz, CA, "It Came From Outer Space" 3D in Roswell, NM, "The Goonies" in Astoria, OR, "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" at Devil's Tower, WY, "The Warriors" in Coney Island, NY, Clerks in Red Bank, NJ, "Jaws" at Martha's Vineyard, MA, "Field of Dreams" at the Field of Dreams, IA, "The Shining" at the Stanley Hotel, CO, "Poseidon Adventure" on the Queen Mary, CA, "Escape from Alcatraz" on Alcatraz, CA, "Bottle Rocket" in Hillsboro, TX, just to name a few.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2010, after the return of former co-founder Tim League as CEO, the company launched Drafthouse Films, a film distribution company named after, and inspired by, the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema chain.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In 2017, then CEO Tim League founded another film distribution company with Tom Quinn in New York City called Neon, which has earned a total of 12 Academy Award nominations. As of 2019, Tim League was reportedly not involved in the daily operations of Neon.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: "Birth.Movies.Death." is a magazine and website formerly published by Alamo Drafthouse. The magazine and website provide news and commentary about films and the entertainment industry.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: The sale of "Birth.Movies.Death" to Dallas Sonier's Cinestate film studio was announced in May 2020 concurrently with the stepping down of founder Tim League as CEO of Alamo Drafthouse.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: In October 2016, Devin Faraci resigned from "Birth.Movies.Death." after allegations of sexual assault surfaced. Less than a year later, Tim League re-hired Faraci to write film blurbs for the 2017 Fantastic Fest. Upon discovery of Faraci's re-hiring, Todd Brown resigned as Fantastic Fest's director of international programming in early September 2017. Faraci resigned from writing for Fantastic Fest, and League made several public apologies regarding the matter.


title: Alamo Drafthouse Cinema

text: Later in September 2017, several women accused Harry Knowles of sexual harassment and sexual assault at events sponsored by Alamo Drafthouse or in professional workplace settings. Subsequent to these revelations, Alamo Drafthouse and Fantastic Fest severed business ties with Knowles. League did not attend Fantastic Fest, opting instead to visit Alamo Drafthouse locations around the country to discuss workplace environment issues with employees. Despite these events, Alamo Drafthouse proceeded with plans to show a previously-unreleased pornographic film by Ed Wood.


title: Dutch India

text: Dutch India consisted of the settlements and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It is only used as a geographical definition, as there was never a political authority ruling all Dutch India. Instead, Dutch India was divided into the governorates Dutch Ceylon and Dutch Coromandel, the commandment Dutch Malabar, and the directorates Dutch Bengal and Dutch Suratte.


title: Dutch India

text: The Dutch Indies, on the other hand, were the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and the Dutch West Indies (present-day Suriname and the former Netherlands Antilles).


title: Dutch India

text: Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825. Merchants of the Dutch East India Company first established themselves in Dutch Coromandel, notably Pulicat, as they were looking for textiles to exchange with the spices they traded in the East Indies. Dutch Suratte and Dutch Bengal were established in 1616 and 1627 respectively. After the Dutch conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656, they took the Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast five years later as well, as both are major spice producers, so as to create a Dutch monopoly for the spice trade.


title: Dutch India

text: Apart from textiles, the items traded in Dutch India include precious stones, indigo, and silk across the Indian Peninsula, saltpetre and opium in Dutch Bengal, and pepper in Dutch Malabar. Indian slaves were exported to the Spice Islands and the Cape Colony.


title: Dutch India

text: In the second half of the eighteenth century the Dutch lost their influence more and more. The Kew Letters relinquished all Dutch colonies to the British, to prevent them from being overrun by the French. Although Dutch Coromandel and Dutch Bengal were restored to Dutch rule by virtue of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, they returned to British rule owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Under the terms of the treaty, all transfers of property and establishments were to take place on 1 March 1825. By the middle of 1825, therefore, the Dutch had lost their last trading posts in India.


title: Dutch India

text: During the days when the Dutch were commercially active in India, they operated several mints, at Cochin, Masulipatnam, Nagapatam (or Negapatam), Pondicherry (for the five years 1693-98 when the Dutch had gained control from the French), and Pulicat. The coins were all modelled on the local coinages.


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: Other Voices is the seventh studio album by the Doors, released by Elektra Records in October 1971. It was the first album released by the band following the death of lead singer Jim Morrison in July 1971 with keyboardist Ray Manzarek and guitarist Robby Krieger sharing lead vocals. Tracks for the album had begun before Morrison's death and the band hoped that Morrison would return from Paris to finish them.


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: Following the critical and commercial success of "L.A. Woman" and Jim Morrison's death in 1971, the surviving members of the Doors continued as a trio to record their seventh album as "the critics were already calling it". Reflecting on the album in 2021, Robby Krieger noted the band's difficulty to continue working after Morrison's death:


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: According to Jac Holzman, "Other Voices" sold approximately 300,000 copies on its original release. The album was not released on CD until October 23, 2006, by the Timeless Holland label, along with the final Doors album, "Full Circle". For years, the Doors largely disregarded the last two studio albums that were recorded without Morrison, and had no plans of reissuing the albums on CD. At the time, the Doors stated that they were not in possession of the master tapes, but remastered material from both the albums has appeared on various compilations, most notably the 1997 "" and the 2000 compilation "The Best of the Doors".


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: On September 27, 2011, The Doors finally gave "Other Voices" (along with "Full Circle") its first official reissue, though made available only via digital download. The original master tapes were confirmed to have been used in these reissues.


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: On May 29, 2015, it was announced that "Other Voices" and "Full Circle" would be re-released together on a 2-CD set and individually on 180-gram vinyl by Rhino Records on September 4 of that year. The CD set features "Treetrunk"—the B-side of the "Get Up and Dance" single—as its only bonus track.


title: Other Voices (The Doors album)

text: The LP's original Elektra Records 1971 release show the individual song credits and lengths as listed below (though each songs' lead vocalists are not credited):


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: Dr. Scholl's is a footwear and orthopedic foot care brand originating in the United States, marketed in some countries as simply Scholl. Since 2021, global rights to the brand have been owned by investment firm Yellow Wood Partners through subsidiary Scholl's Wellness Company, having purchased the North American rights from Bayer in North America in 2019, and the international rights from Reckitt in 2021.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: Podiatrist William Mathias Scholl started the brand in 1906. He is credited with designing over 1,000 foot care products. Scholl's company was named to the Fortune 500 in 1971, the same year it went public.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: Schering-Plough bought the Dr. Scholl's brand in 1979. In 2009, Merck & Co. purchased the Dr. Scholl's brand as part of its acquisition of Schering-Plough. Under Merck & Co., Schering-Plough imported the product line from China and had a North American distribution agreement for footwear with the Brown Shoe Company (now Caleres). Bayer bought Dr. Scholl's in 2014 as part of its acquisition of Merck & Co's consumer health unit. This acquisition gave them the rights to the business in North and South America.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: In July 2019, Bayer sold Dr. Scholl's to Yellow Wood Partners for $585 million. Yellow Wood established a new company, Scholl's Wellness Company to run the brand.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: In 1984, Schering-Plough sold the global brand and non-North American operations to European Home Products (later SSL International), who manufactured and distributed footwear and foot care products under the Scholl brand.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: In 2010, Reckitt Benckiser Group purchased the Scholl brand from SSL International. In 2014, Aurelius, a German private equity firm, purchased the international rights to Scholl Footwear from Reckitt Benckiser, excluding the Americas.


title: Dr. Scholl's

text: In June 2021, Reckitt sold Scholl to Yellow Wood Partners, bringing both the Scholl and Dr. Scholl's businesses together for the first time in over 40 years.


title: Noodling

text: Noodling is fishing for catfish using one's bare hands, and is practiced primarily in the southern United States. The noodler places their hand inside a discovered catfish hole in order to catch the fish. Other names for the same activity are used in different regions, primarily in the South and Midwest, and include hogging, dogging, grappling, grabbling, and tickling.


title: Noodling

text: The term "noodling", although today used primarily towards the capture of flathead catfish, can and has been applied to all hand fishing methods, regardless of the method or species of fish sought. The origin of the term is unknown. Noodling as a term has also been applied to various unconventional methods of fishing, such as any which do not use bait, rod and reel, speargun, etc., but this usage is much less common. The term has also been applied to the similar capture of snapping turtles.


title: Noodling

text: Due to concerns over the safety of noodlers and sustainability of fish populations, the technique is illegal in some states where it was once traditionally practiced. , it was legal in some form in fourteen states, sometimes with restrictions on the species or sizes of fish, and on the specific methods that may be employed: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. It has since been legalized in Texas and West Virginia.


title: Noodling

text: Although the concept of catching fish with only the use of the arm in the water is simple, the process of noodling is more complicated. The choice of catfish as the prey is not arbitrary, but comes from the circumstances of their habitat. During the spawn, catfish will dig or enter a hole underneath a structure submerged in the water. The female will lay the eggs in the hole and the male will guard the eggs. When the eggs become fry, they will leave and the male will also leave the hole. To begin, a noodler goes underwater to depths ranging from only a few feet to and places their hand inside a discovered catfish hole. If all goes as planned, the catfish will swim forward and latch onto the fisherman's hand, usually as a defensive maneuver, in order to try to escape the hole. If the fish is particularly large, the noodler can hook the hand around its gills.


title: Noodling

text: Noodlers often have spotters who help them bring the catfish in, either to shore or to their boat; noodling in pairs is considered important for safety, and also makes it a more social activity, with noodling partners often forming long-term partnerships.


title: Noodling

text: The Oklahoma lake record catfish that was caught by noodling weighed 87.85 pounds (39.85 kg), was long, and in girth. A typical weight for a flathead catfish caught by noodling is 40 lb (18 kg).


title: Noodling

text: Noodling is just one name used for fishing with your hands, but there are other names for it that are derived from different cultures. The activity is most common in the southern and midwestern United States, and may be referred to as hogging, dogging, grappling, grabbling, or tickling.


title: Noodling

text: The sport of noodling in popular culture has been featured or referred to in various television programs, including Late Night with David Letterman (1989), "Okie Noodling", which was televised in two-parts on PBS (2001), "Dirty Jobs" on the Discovery Channel (2003), "River Monsters" on Animal Planet (2012), and "Mudcats" (2012) on the History Channel. It also received media attention in the American sitcom "Cougar Town", and in the animated sitcoms "King of the Hill", episode "The Redneck on Rainey Street", and the 12th episode of "Ben 10 Omniverse", "Gone Fishin". An episode of Bon Appétit's YouTube series titled "It's Alive" (2019) featured Brad Leone and Matty Matheson noodling.


title: Noodling

text: Noodling was also featured in the 2009 movie "Leaves of Grass" with Keri Russell as a noodler, in the 2009 film "Fish Tank", and in the 2016 movie "Deepwater Horizon".


title: Noodling

text: The Noodler's brand of fountain pen ink was named in reference to noodling, described as "a southern sport that attempts to equalize the struggle between man and animal in the quest for a sense of fair play", and included bottles of ink with images of catfish on the label.


title: Noodling

text: Other than drowning, or being injured by underwater hazards, noodlers face other physical threats, including the potential for fatal injury caused by other forms of aquatic life that may be residing in the abandoned holes of cavity spawning catfish, such as snapping turtles, snakes, beavers, and alligators. Loose fitting clothes may get tangled or snagged on roots or rocks, and various physical injuries may be incurred while underwater, ranging anywhere from superficial wounds to losing fingers. Several articles suggest precautionary measures, such as using the buddy system, wearing tight clothing that hugs the skin, and inspecting potential holes with a stick. Other recommendations include noodling shirtless or while wearing a short sleeve shirt, to wear gloves that offer some level of protection for one's hands, and to not wear any jewelry.


title: Noodling

text: The mortality rate per capita for noodling indicates that it is extremely dangerous in comparison to other forms of fishing. Noodling related deaths have been reported.


title: 2,000-yard club

text: The 2,000-yard club is a group of eight National Football League (NFL) running backs who have rushed for 2000 yards or more in a regular season. These eight rushing seasons rank as the highest single-season rushing totals in NFL history, and reaching the 2,000-yard mark is considered a significant achievement for running backs. No running back has yet achieved this feat twice. The first 2,000-yard season was recorded in 1973 by Buffalo Bills running back O. J. Simpson. Simpson is the only player ever to have surpassed 2,000 yards in a 14-game season, as all others occurred in 16-game seasons; he finished the season with 2,003 rushing yards, averaging six yards per carry and an NFL-record 143.1 rushing yards per game. Los Angeles Rams running back Eric Dickerson, who had broken the single-season rookie rushing record in 1983, recorded the second 2,000-yard season in 1984. Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards, the current NFL rushing record, and averaged 131.6 rushing yards per game.


title: 2,000-yard club

text: Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders recorded the third 2,000-yard season in 1997, rushing for 2,053 yards. At the age of 29, Sanders was the oldest back to surpass 2,000 yards. Sanders had opened the season with only 53 yards through two games, but ran for 100 yards or more in each of the last 14 games of the season and averaged 6.1 yards per carry during the season. In 1998 Denver Broncos running back Terrell Davis became the fourth player to rush for over 2,000 yards, running for 2,008 yards. Davis also recorded 21 rushing touchdowns in his 2,000-yard season, the only 2,000 yard rusher to do so. To date, Davis is the only member of the 2,000 yard club to win a Super Bowl in the year they rushed for 2,000 yards. Davis had reached the 1,000-yard mark only seven games into the season . Baltimore Ravens running back Jamal Lewis surpassed 2,000 yards in the 2003 season, recording 2,066 yards over the course of the season. 500 of these yards were recorded in two games against the Cleveland Browns, with Lewis rushing for a then-NFL record 295 yards in the first and recording 205 rushing yards in the second. Tennessee Titans running back Chris Johnson ran for 2,006 yards in 2009, averaging 5.6 yards per carry, and also recorded an NFL-record 2,509 yards from scrimmage. Minnesota Vikings back Adrian Peterson is the second most recent player to have surpassed 2,000 yards rushing, having finished the 2012 season with 2,097 yards rushing, just 8 yards short of Dickerson's record. Peterson had torn two ligaments in his left knee the previous year, making him the only player to have surpassed 2,000 yards after having reconstructive knee surgery the prior season. Titans running back Derrick Henry reached the mark on January 3rd, 2021, making the Titans the first franchise to have multiple 2,000-yard rushers.


title: 2,000-yard club

text: Out of the eight players to have recorded a 2,000-yard rushing season, all but one (Dickerson) won the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award the year that they rushed for 2,000 yards. Dickerson would go on to win the award, though, after the 1986 NFL season. Simpson, Sanders, Davis, and Peterson also won the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. Simpson, Dickerson, Sanders and Davis are each members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which "honor[s] individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football"; Lewis has not been voted in, and Johnson, Peterson, and Henry are not yet eligible. Johnson has retired from the NFL, but Peterson and Henry have not.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Thomas Henry Alex "Hal" Robson-Kanu (born 21 May 1989) is a Welsh inactive professional footballer who last played as a forward for West Bromwich Albion and the Wales national team. Although he initially played primarily on the wing, he was used as a forward during Wales' run to the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu started his career as a schoolboy at Arsenal but was released at 15 and joined Reading. After graduating from the academy in 2007 he spent time on loan at Southend United and Swindon Town before returning to Reading and making his first team debut in 2009. Limited to mainly substitute appearances during his first season, he became an important member of the squad appearing regularly during the 2011–12 Championship winning campaign. He made his Premier League debut in 2012 and went on to score 30 goals in 228 games for the club before his release in 2016. He then signed for West Bromwich Albion.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: At international level Robson-Kanu initially represented the country of his birth, England, at under-19 and under-20 level. In 2010, he switched allegiance to Wales, the country of his grandmother, playing for the under-21 side before his debut for the senior team against Croatia on 23 May that year. Robson-Kanu was selected to represent Wales at UEFA Euro 2016, where they made the semi-finals.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Born in Acton, London, Robson-Kanu began his career at Arsenal as a schoolboy aged 10. He went on to play at Acton Ealing Whistlers for a number of seasons. He was released by the club at 15 and joined Reading after speaking to then Academy manager Brendan Rodgers. After graduating from the Academy he signed his first professional contract in July 2007, penning a two-year deal with the club. The 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea saw Robson-Kanu involved with the Reading senior team for the first time with appearances against River Plate and Shimizu S-Pulse. Steve Coppell's policy of resting first-team players for cup matches saw Robson-Kanu selected on the bench for the first time on 5 January 2008 for the FA Cup third round tie against Tottenham Hotspur, though he remained an unused substitute.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Not in contention for a regular place in the Reading first team, Robson-Kanu's first experience of senior football came on 30 January 2008 when he joined Southend United on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later as a second-half substitute in a 2–2 draw away at Leyton Orient and scored his first career goal against Nottingham Forest. He struck twice more in the next two games against Huddersfield Town and Swansea City and returned to Reading with three goals in eight appearances. Robson-Kanu was again involved in the first team during the 2008–09 pre-season, scoring a goal in a 9–0 win over Didcot Town in July. He re-joined Southend on a month's loan on 21 August 2008 and after one goal in six appearances extended his spell for a second month. He returned to Reading on 15 November after his three-month spell came to an end having made 15 appearances, scoring twice, during his second spell at the club.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: After returning to Reading he was among the substitutes for the FA Cup third round tie against Cardiff City on 3 January 2009. He would again have to wait to make his debut though, remaining on the bench as Cardiff won the match. On 26 January 2009 he joined Swindon Town on a one-month loan which, after six games, was extended for a further month. Midway through his spell at Swindon, having impressed on loan at the club as well with Southend previously, he signed a new contract with Reading until 2011. He cemented a regular place in the Swindon team and started in all 20 of his appearances for the club before returning to Reading after three months. At the conclusion of his spell Swindon boss Danny Wilson hailed Robson-Kanu and fellow loanee Gordon Greer for their "fantastic impression" which helped the club pull away from relegation.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: The 2009–10 season saw Robson-Kanu's former Academy boss Brendan Rodgers take over as Reading manager. He scored five goals during pre-season, including a hat-trick against Jonsereds IF in just 28 minutes during the first game of the tour of Sweden. Robson-Kanu finally made his competitive debut for Reading starting on the right wing in a 0–0 draw with Nottingham Forest on the opening day of the season. He was used mainly as a substitute during his first season, starting just four times in 18 appearances.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: The following season saw Robson-Kanu establish himself in the first team setup. He scored his first Reading goal in the League Cup against Northampton Town on 24 August 2010, and followed it with his first league goal in a 3–0 win against Barnsley a month later, having earlier set-up Jimmy Kébé for the second. He continued to feature regularly and finished the season in good goalscoring form, netting four times from March onwards including the winner in a 2–1 wins over Preston North End and Derby County as Reading finished in the play-off positions. He came on as a late substitute in the 4–2 play-off final defeat to Swansea but had no time to influence the game and finished the season with six goals in 34 appearances. His contract expired at the end of the season and despite interest from other Championship clubs including Millwall and Portsmouth, he signed a new three-year contract with Reading in July keeping him with the club until 2014.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: After the sale of Shane Long in August 2011, Robson-Kanu was played as a forward by Brian McDermott during some of the pre-season, a position he was familiar with from his Academy years. He struck twice playing up front in the warm-up fixtures and began the season in good goalscoring form with two in the first four games against Leicester City and Barnsley. With injuries to both Kebe and Jobi McAnuff during various points of the season, he soon reverted to a role on the wings though his season followed a familiar pattern to previous years as he was in and out the side, playing a supporting role to the two senior wingers. His longest run of starts came in October when he was named on the teamsheet for six consecutive games. He scored twice more during the campaign, including a spectacular volley against Millwall and finished the season having made 37 appearances, the most in his career to date.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: In Kébé, McAnuff and new signing Garath McCleary, Robson-Kanu faced stiff competition for places on the wing for Reading's return to the Premier League. With Kébé injured, he was named on the teamsheet on the opening day of the season as Reading came from behind to draw against Stoke City. Limited to a substitutes role over the next three months, he still managed to score twice, in a defeat to Tottenham Hotspur and a 3–3 draw with Fulham. His only two starts came in the League cup, including the 7–5 defeat to Arsenal in October. He had to wait until 17 November for his next league start in Reading's 2–1 win over Everton, their first league victory of the season, and was a regular over the next month, scoring his third goal of the season in the defeat to Manchester United. Despite his goals, Robson-Kanu again had to settle for a place on the bench with two FA Cup matches his only starts for the club between December and March. He scored a late consolation goal coming on as a substitute against Everton on 2 March and returned to the lineup for the following game against Aston Villa.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: The game against Villa proved to be Brian McDermott's last in charge and Robson-Kanu, having played only a bit-part role under the former manager, began to feature more prominently with the appointment of Nigel Adkins. He missed just two games under Adkins through a freak knee injury, and with a regular berth on the wing finished the season strongly, scoring against Arsenal, and twice in Reading's 4–2 win over Fulham. Having enjoyed his most prolific season yet, scoring seven times, Robson-Kanu was nominated for Reading Player of the Season. In a fans vote he finished in third place behind Adam Le Fondre and Alex McCarthy, despite all three players starting 13 or fewer league games all season. He signed a new contract in July 2013, keeping him with Reading until June 2016. Reading announced on 9 May 2016, that Robson-Kanu would leave Reading when his contract expired at the end of June 2016.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: On 31 August 2016 after reportedly turning down "significant offers" from Asia, Robson-Kanu signed a two-year contract, with the option of a third year, with Premier League side West Bromwich Albion. He made his first start of the season on 31 December 2016 in a 2–1 win over Southampton, finishing the game with a goal and an assist.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: In July 2017, Robson-Kanu signed a new three-year contract with West Brom. In "The Baggies" second game of the 2017–18 Premier League season against Burnley, Robson-Kanu became only the fourth player in Premier League history to get substituted on, score then get sent off.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: After West Brom's relegation from the Premier League in 2018, Robson-Kanu scored twice and assisted once as his team beat Coventry City 5–2 to win the inaugural Regis Shield. He then scored his first league goal of the 2018–19 Championship season in a 4–3 win away at Norwich City. He headed home his fourth league goal of the season away at Aston Villa in a 2–0 away win as West Brom closed in for a promotion place. He missed the playoff campaign after receiving a red card against Derby County on the final day of the season.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: On 19 October 2019, the day after signing a contract extension to keep him at the club until 2021, Robson-Kanu came off the bench to score a late winner in a 1–0 away win against Middlesbrough. He scored six goals in nine games between October and December, and ended the season as the team's joint top scorer alongside Charlie Austin with ten, as Slaven Bilić's team won promotion as runners-up.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: On 17 May 2021, Robson-Kanu scored his first Premier League goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–2 home defeat against Liverpool.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: On 27 May 2021 it was announced that Robson-Kanu would leave West Bromwich Albion after five years following the conclusion of his contract, having appeared for the club 154 times scoring 24 goals. A year after being released and having failed to find a new club, Robson-Kanu revealed that he left Albion because he felt the club was lacking the direction needed to push for promotion. "I didn't agree with the direction the club was going in," he told the "Express & Star" s "Baggies Broadcast" podcast. "If I was staying there had to be a long-term vision, a project. I didn't want to be in a place where we were languishing in mid-table in the Championship."


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu was born in England to a Nigerian father, and an English mother of Welsh descent. Robson-Kanu initially represented England at international level, making his debut for the under-19 side against Germany in November 2007. He made a second appearance against Croatia the following year before winning one cap for the England under-20s against Montenegro in 2009.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: In 2010, he switched to Wales, for which he qualifies through his Caerphilly-born grandmother. The switch came about when Welsh coach Brian Flynn came to the Reading training ground to see Simon Church, and Glen Little jested that Robson-Kanu would be eligible for Wales through going on holiday there. Robson-Kanu told Flynn that the family went to Tenby via picking up his grandmother in Caerphilly, and Flynn asked whether she was born in Wales.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: He was first selected in the Wales under-21s squad for the friendly against Austria on 18 May 2010 and made his debut in a 1–0 defeat. Robson-Kanu's first cap for the senior team came just five days later, coming on as a second-half substitute for Robert Earnshaw in a 2–0 loss to Croatia. He continued to play for the under-21s after his senior debut and made a further three appearances, scoring twice, with his last appearance coming in a defeat to Italy which ended Wales hopes of qualifying for the European Under-21 Football Championships. He scored his first senior international goal on 22 March 2013 in a 2–1 World Cup qualifying win over Scotland at Hampden Park.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu gained notoriety when during a friendly game against the Netherlands, his shorts tore and he had to change shorts in the middle of the game, showing off his briefs.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu played nine games in Wales' successful qualification campaign for UEFA Euro 2016, scoring on 13 October 2014 in their 2–1 home win over Cyprus. After being selected for the final tournament in France, on 11 June he came on as a 71st-minute substitute in place of Jonny Williams during their opener against Slovakia and scored the winner in a 2–1 victory in Bordeaux. He also started as striker in Wales' historic 3–1 quarter-final win on 1 July against Belgium in Lille and, after outwitting three defenders with a Cruyff turn, scored the team's second goal. It was nominated in the FIFA Puskás Award for best goal of the year. Wales were eliminated following a 2–0 defeat to eventual champions Portugal in the semi-final of the tournament on 6 July.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu then made 9 appearances, scoring once, as Wales failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: On 29 August 2018, Robson-Kanu announced his retirement from international football. After reversing his decision, he was called up for the matches against Finland and Bulgaria in October 2020.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: Robson-Kanu, Tyler Roberts and Rabbi Matondo were all sent home from the Wales squad in March 2021 after breaching COVID-19 protocols. He was not included in Rob Page's squad for UEFA Euro 2020 that May.


title: Hal Robson-Kanu

text: In August 2018, Robson-Kanu founded The Turmeric Co. brand, selling a range of turmeric-based shots made from natural ingredients. Robson-Kanu has hailed turmeric as his 'secret weapon', claiming that using turmeric as a nutritional supplement saved his footballing career and helped him to recover from a cruciate knee ligament rupture.


title: Partial correlation

text: In probability theory and statistics, partial correlation measures the degree of association between two random variables, with the effect of a set of controlling random variables removed. When determining the numerical relationship between two variables of interest, using their correlation coefficient will give misleading results if there is another confounding variable that is numerically related to both variables of interest. This misleading information can be avoided by controlling for the confounding variable, which is done by computing the partial correlation coefficient. This is precisely the motivation for including other right-side variables in a multiple regression; but while multiple regression gives unbiased results for the effect size, it does not give a numerical value of a measure of the strength of the relationship between the two variables of interest.


title: Partial correlation

text: For example, given economic data on the consumption, income, and wealth of various individuals, consider the relationship between consumption and income. Failing to control for wealth when computing a correlation coefficient between consumption and income would give a misleading result, since income might be numerically related to wealth which in turn might be numerically related to consumption; a measured correlation between consumption and income might actually be contaminated by these other correlations. The use of a partial correlation avoids this problem.


title: Partial correlation

text: Like the correlation coefficient, the partial correlation coefficient takes on a value in the range from –1 to 1. The value –1 conveys a perfect negative correlation controlling for some variables (that is, an exact linear relationship in which higher values of one variable are associated with lower values of the other); the value 1 conveys a perfect positive linear relationship, and the value 0 conveys that there is no linear relationship.


title: Partial correlation

text: The partial correlation coincides with the conditional correlation if the random variables are jointly distributed as the multivariate normal, other elliptical, multivariate hypergeometric, multivariate negative hypergeometric, multinomial, or Dirichlet distribution, but not in general otherwise.


title: Partial correlation

text: Formally, the partial correlation between "X" and "Y" given a set of "n" controlling variables Z = {"Z", "Z", ..., "Z"}, written "ρ", is the correlation between the residuals "e" and "e" resulting from the linear regression of "X" with Z and of "Y" with Z, respectively. The first-order partial correlation (i.e., when "n" = 1) is the difference between a correlation and the product of the removable correlations divided by the product of the coefficients of alienation of the removable correlations. The coefficient of alienation, and its relation with joint variance through correlation are available in Guilford (1973, pp. 344–345).


title: Partial correlation

text: A simple way to compute the sample partial correlation for some data is to solve the two associated linear regression problems and calculate the correlation between the residuals. Let "X" and "Y" be random variables taking real values, and let Z be the "n"-dimensional vector-valued random variable. Let "x", "y" and z denote the "i"th of formula_1 i.i.d. observations from some joint probability distribution over real random variables "X", "Y", and Z, with z having been augmented with a 1 to allow for a constant term in the regression. Solving the linear regression problem amounts to finding ("n"+1)-dimensional regression coefficient vectors formula_2 and formula_3 such that


title: Partial correlation

text: where formula_1 is the number of observations, and formula_7 is the scalar product between the vectors formula_8 and formula_9.


title: Partial correlation

text: and the sample partial correlation is then given by the usual formula for sample correlation, but between these new "derived" values:


title: Partial correlation

text: In the first expression the three terms after minus signs all equal 0 since each contains the sum of residuals from an ordinary least squares regression.


title: Partial correlation

text: Computing the Pearson correlation coefficient between variables "X" and "Y" results in approximately 0.970, while computing the partial correlation between "X" and "Y", using the formula given above, gives a partial correlation of 0.919. The computations were done using R with the following code.


title: Partial correlation

text: The lower part of the above code reports generalized nonlinear partial correlation coefficient between "X" and "Y" after removing the nonlinear effect of "Z" to be 0.8844. Also, the generalized partial correlation coefficient between "X" and "Z" after removing the nonlinear effect of "Y" to be 0.1581. See the R package `generalCorr' and its vignettes for details. Simulation and other details are in Vinod (2017) "Generalized correlation and kernel causality with applications in development economics," Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, vol. 46, [4513, 4534], available online: 29 Dec 2015, URL https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1122048.


title: Partial correlation

text: It can be computationally expensive to solve the linear regression problems. Actually, the "n"th-order partial correlation (i.e., with |Z| = "n") can be easily computed from three ("n" - 1)th-order partial correlations. The zeroth-order partial correlation "ρ" is defined to be the regular correlation coefficient "ρ".


title: Partial correlation

text: Naïvely implementing this computation as a recursive algorithm yields an exponential time complexity. However, this computation has the overlapping subproblems property, such that using dynamic programming or simply caching the results of the recursive calls yields a complexity of formula_15.


title: Partial correlation

text: The partial correlation can also be written in terms of the joint precision matrix. Consider a set of random variables, formula_17 of cardinality "n". We want the partial correlation between two variables formula_18 and formula_19 given all others, i.e., formula_20. Suppose the (joint/full) covariance matrix formula_21 is positive definite and therefore invertible. If the precision matrix is defined as formula_22, then


title: Partial correlation

text: Computing this requires formula_23, the inverse of the covariance matrix formula_24 which runs in formula_15 time (using the sample covariance matrix to obtain a sample partial correlation). Note that only a single matrix inversion is required to give "all" the partial correlations between pairs of variables in formula_26.


title: Partial correlation

text: To prove Equation (), return to the previous notation (i.e. formula_27) and start with the definition of partial correlation: "ρ" is the correlation between the residuals "e" and "e" resulting from the linear regression of "X" with Z and of "Y" with Z, respectively.


title: Partial correlation

text: Note that formula_36 has expectation zero because of the inclusion of an intercept term in formula_37. Computing the covariance now gives


title: Partial correlation

text: The entries of the right-hand-side matrix are precisely the covariances previously computed in (), giving


title: Partial correlation

text: Let three variables "X", "Y", "Z" (where "Z" is the "control" or "extra variable") be chosen from a joint probability distribution over "n" variables V. Further, let v, 1 ≤ "i" ≤ "N", be "N" "n"-dimensional i.i.d. observations taken from the joint probability distribution over V. The geometrical interpretation comes from considering the "N"-dimensional vectors x (formed by the successive values of "X" over the observations), y (formed by the values of "Y"), and z (formed by the values of "Z").


title: Partial correlation

text: It can be shown that the residuals "e" coming from the linear regression of "X" on Z, if also considered as an "N"-dimensional vector e (denoted r in the accompanying graph), have a zero scalar product with the vector z generated by Z. This means that the residuals vector lies on an ("N"–1)-dimensional hyperplane "S" that is perpendicular to z.


title: Partial correlation

text: The same also applies to the residuals "e" generating a vector e. The desired partial correlation is then the cosine of the angle "φ" between the projections e and e of x and y, respectively, onto the hyperplane perpendicular to z.


title: Partial correlation

text: With the assumption that all involved variables are multivariate Gaussian, the partial correlation "ρ" is zero if and only if "X" is conditionally independent from "Y" given Z. This property does not hold in the general case.


title: Partial correlation

text: To test if a sample partial correlation formula_44 implies that the true population partial correlation differs from 0, Fisher's "z-transform of the partial correlation" can be used:


title: Partial correlation

text: The null hypothesis is formula_46, to be tested against the two-tail alternative formula_47. formula_48 can be rejected if


title: Partial correlation

text: where formula_50 is the cumulative distribution function of a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and unit standard deviation, formula_51 is the significance level of formula_48, and "formula_1" is the sample size. This "z"-transform is approximate, and the actual distribution of the sample (partial) correlation coefficient is not straightforward. However, an exact t-test based on a combination of the partial regression coefficient, the partial correlation coefficient, and the partial variances is available.


title: Partial correlation

text: The semipartial (or part) correlation statistic is similar to the partial correlation statistic; both compare variations of two variables after certain factors are controlled for. However, to calculate the semipartial correlation, one holds the third variable constant for either "X" or "Y" but not both; whereas for the partial correlation, one holds the third variable constant for both. The semipartial correlation compares the unique variation of one variable (having removed variation associated with the "Z" variable(s)) with the unfiltered variation of the other, while the partial correlation compares the unique variation of one variable to the unique variation of the other.


title: Partial correlation

text: The semipartial correlation can be viewed as more practically relevant "because it is scaled to (i.e., relative to) the total variability in the dependent (response) variable." Conversely, it is less theoretically useful because it is less precise about the role of the unique contribution of the independent variable.


title: Partial correlation

text: The absolute value of the semipartial correlation of "X" with "Y" is always less than or equal to that of the partial correlation of "X" with "Y". The reason is this: Suppose the correlation of "X" with "Z" has been removed from "X", giving the residual vector "e" . In computing the semipartial correlation, "Y" still contains both unique variance and variance due to its association with "Z". But "e" , being uncorrelated with "Z", can only explain some of the unique part of the variance of "Y" and not the part related to "Z". In contrast, with the partial correlation, only "e" (the part of the variance of "Y" that is unrelated to "Z") is to be explained, so there is less variance of the type that "e" cannot explain.


title: Partial correlation

text: In time series analysis, the partial autocorrelation function (sometimes "partial correlation function") of a time series is defined, for lag "formula_54", as


title: Jahiliyyah

text: The Age of Ignorance () is an Islamic concept referring to the period of time and state of affairs in Arabia before the advent of Islam in 610 CE. It is often translated as the "Age of Ignorance". The term "jahiliyyah" is derived from the verbal root "jahala" "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly".


title: Jahiliyyah

text: In modern times various Islamic thinkers have used the term to criticize what they saw as the un-Islamic nature of public and private life in the Muslim world. For Islamist scholars like Muhammad Rashid Rida, Abul A'la Maududi, and others, "Jahiliyyah" refers to secular modernity and modern Western culture. In his works, Maududi asserted that modernity is the “new jahiliyyah.” Sayyid Qutb viewed jahiliyyah as a state of domination of humans over humans, as opposed to their submission to God. Radical groups have justified armed struggle against secular regimes as a jihad against jahiliyyah.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: The term "jahiliyyah" is derived from the Arabic verbal root "jahala" "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly".


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Recent scholarship has begun to suggest that "al-Jahiliyya" (or simply "Jahiliyya)" did not originally express any temporal connotations but instead a state of being. It was only after several centuries following the emergence of the Quran that it began to represent a period of time preceding Muhammad's revelations.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: It has been suggested that the word "jahiliyyah" in the Quran means "ignorant people", against both the traditional Islamic interpretation "Age of Ignorance", and the Orientalist interpretation "(state of) ignorance" (Ancient Greek ἄγνοια). The basic argument is that the ending "-iyyah" in early Arabic ("Arabiyya") denotes a collective plural noun rather than an abstract noun, as the word "jahiliyya" was later understood.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: The term "Jahiliyyah" is used several places in the Quran, and translations often use various terms to represent it:


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Before the Islamic conversion a portion of the Arab tribes were nomadic, with a strong community spirit and some specific society rules. Their culture was patriarchal, with rudimentary religious beliefs. Although there were some traces of monotheism in the "hanifs" figures, their religious beliefs were based mostly on idol adorations and social congregations once a year around the Kaaba for trading and exchanges.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Since the term is, in its deep sense, used as a condition, and not as an historical period, the Jahiliyya is used to describe the period of ignorance and darkness that pre-dated the arrival of Islam. It refers to the general condition of those that haven't accepted the Muslim faith.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: A notable usage of this concept during the Islamic Golden Age is from the 13th-century theologian Ibn Taymiyyyah (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H) who pronounced "Takfir" (excommunication) upon the Mongol Ikhanid monarchs who had publicly professed themselves as Muslims; yet implemented a legal system which was based on Yassa code, instead of "sharia" (Islamic law). According to Ibn Taymiyyah, a ruler who claims to be Muslim but codifies man-made laws for governance is guilty of the pagan idolatry of "Jahiliyya"; in spite of his declaration of the "shahada" (Islamic testimony of faith), or regular observance of Salah (prayers), "Sawm" (fasting) and other outward expressions of religiosity. Classical "Mufassir" (Qur'anic commentator) Ibn Kathir ( d. 1373/ 774 A.H), a prominent pupil of Ibn Taymiyyah, propounds the same belief in his "Tafsir" (exegesis) of the Qur'anic verses “"Whoso judgeth not according to what God hath revealed, they are the transgressors. . . . Do they therefore seek after the Jahiliyya (pre-Islamic times)?"” (Surah "Al-Ma'idah"); writing: "[These verses] refer to people who abide by regulations and laws set by men, to fit their own misguided desires and whims, rather than adhering to the "Shari'a" bestowed upon us by Allah. This was the case with the inhabitants [of Arabia] during the "jahiliyya" . . . and (today) with the Mongols who follow the Yasa code set down by Genghis Khan, which is a conglomeration of laws, some taken from Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and other legal traditions, and many others decided upon by the whim of the Mongol rulers; the whole amalgam being given priority over the laws of Allah laid down in the Koran and the Sunna. Those who follow such (man-made) laws are infidels and should be combated until they comply with the laws of God."


title: Jahiliyyah

text: During the 1930s, militant Islamist movements began to increasingly assert that Islamic civilisation was threatened by the encroachment of Western values. At this juncture, the concept of "Jahiliyya" was revived by leading Islamic scholars Sayyid Rashid Rida (d.1935 C.E/ 1354 A.H) and Abul A'la Maududi (d. 1979 C.E/ 1399 A.H); both of whom equated the modern Western culture and its values with "Jahiliyya". The notion was revived by prominent scholars of the twentieth century Egypt and South Asia; regions that were being impacted by increasing Westernization. These scholars saw in the doctrines of classical theologians like Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H), Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 C.E/ 751 A.H), Ibn Kathir (d. 1373 C.E/ 774 A.H), etc. various remedies to the influx of foreign cultural infuences.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Syrian-Egyptian Salafi theologian Rashid Rida was the first major 20th-century Islamist scholar to revive Ibn Taymiyya's ideas. He described those "geographical Muslims" who nominally adhere to Islam without disavowing the man-made laws as being upon the conditioning of "Jahiliyyah". Rida asserts in "Tafsir al-Manar" that the Qur’ānic verse 5:44 condemning those who don't judge by Sharia (Islamic Law) refers to:".. those Muslim [rulers] who introduce novel laws today and forsake the Shari'a enjoined upon them by God. . . . They thus abolish supposedly 'distasteful’ penalties such as cutting off the hands of thieves or stoning adulterers and prostitutes. They replace them by man-made laws and penalties. He who does that has undeniably become an infidel."


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Abul Ala Maududi, characterized modernity with its values, lifestyles, and political norms as the "new Jahiliyyah" which was incompatible with Islam. Such criticisms of modernity were taken up in the emerging anti-colonialist rhetoric, and the term gained currency in the Arab world through translations of Maududi's work. The concept of modern Jahiliyyah attained wide popularity through a 1950 work by Maududi's student Abul Hasan Nadvi, titled "What Did the World Lose Due to the Decline of Islam?" Expounding Maududi's views, Nadvi wrote that Muslims were to be held accountable for their predicament, because they came to rely on alien, un-Islamic institutions borrowed from the West.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: in Egypt, Sayyid Qutb popularized the term in his influential work "Ma'alim fi al-Tariq" "Milestones", which included the assertion that "the Muslim community has been extinct for a few centuries."When a person embraced Islam during the time of the Prophet, he would immediately cut himself off from Jahiliyyah. When he stepped into the circle of Islam, he would start a new life, separating himself completely from his past life under ignorance of the Divine Law. He would look upon the deeds during his life of ignorance with mistrust and fear, with a feeling that these were impure and could not be tolerated in Islam! With this feeling, he would turn toward Islam for new guidance; and if at any time temptations overpowered him, or the old habits attracted him, or if he became lax in carrying out the injunctions of Islam, he would become restless with a sense of guilt and would feel the need to purify himself of what had happened, and would turn to the Quran to mold himself according to its guidance. — Sayyid Qutb


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Qutb further wrote: "The foremost duty of Islam in this world is to depose Jahiliyyah from the leadership of man, and to take the leadership into its own hands and enforce the particular way of life which is its permanent feature.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Use of the term for modern Muslim society is usually associated with Qutb's other radical ideas (or Qutbism) -- namely that reappearance of "Jahiliyya" is a result of the lack of Sharia law, without which Islam cannot exist; that true Islam is a complete system with no room for any element of "Jahiliyya"; that all aspects of "Jahiliyya" ("manners, ideas and concepts, rules and regulations, values and criteria") are "evil and corrupt"; that Western and Jewish conspiracies are constantly at work to destroy Islam, etc.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: The Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir adds the concept of the caliphate to that of shariah law to insist that the Muslim world has been living in jahiliyya since the last caliphate was abolished in 1924 will not be free of it until it is restored.


title: Jahiliyyah

text: With the pre-Islamic period being defined as the time of "Jahiliyyah" meaning "ignorance era", pre-Islamic poetry is commonly referred to in Arabic as "" or Jahili poetry – literally "the ignorant poetry".


title: Jahiliyyah

text: Jahiliyya is associated with iconoclasms. In 2015, the ancient history scholar Lucinda Dirven noted that in the destruction of antiquities by the Islamic State terrorist group, the religious rationale also covers for economic and political factors. "Cultural cleansing is a way to claim political power within a certain territory as well as control over history." The assyriologist Eckart Frahm said, "Such iconoclasm is not specifically Islamic... What is quite unique in the case of ISIS is that the destruction is directed against images that are thousands of years old, often damaged, and no longer worshipped by anyone, and that there is a concerted effort to use these acts of vandalism as propaganda by broadcasting them through videos."


title: Joey Harrington

text: John Joseph Harrington Jr. (born October 21, 1978) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons, primarily with the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Oregon, where he was named Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year as a senior, and was selected third overall by the Lions in the 2002 NFL Draft. Unable to duplicate his collegiate success, Harrington left the Lions after four seasons. Harrington spent his final three seasons as the primary starter for the Miami Dolphins and Atlanta Falcons and a backup with the New Orleans Saints.


title: Joey Harrington

text: Harrington was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. He graduated from Central Catholic High School in Portland, and finished his high school career with more than 4,200 yards and 50 touchdowns rushing and passing.


title: Joey Harrington

text: Harrington's grandfather and father played quarterback for the Universities of Portland and Oregon, respectively, and upon hearing of Joey's birth, legendary Oregon Ducks' coach Len Casanova jokingly sent his parents a letter-of-intent.


title: Joey Harrington

text: Harrington is a graduate of the University of Oregon, and was a three-year starter on the Oregon Ducks football team. In his senior season at Oregon, he threw for 2,415 yards and 23 touchdowns, and he finished his college career with a 25-3 record (including bowl wins against #12 Texas and #3 Colorado), 512 completions in 928 attempts (55.2%), 6,911 passing yards, 59 touchdowns, 23 interceptions, and 210 rushing yards and 18 scores on 145 carries. A business administration major with a 3.23 GPA (twice earning honors with a 3.34 GPA), Harrington's 7,121 yards of total offense rank sixth in University of Oregon history.