title: ANSI/TIA-568

text: The original idea in wiring modular connectors, as seen in the registered jacks, was that the first pair would go in the center positions, the next pair on the next-innermost ones, and so on. Also, signal shielding would be optimized by alternating the "live" and "earthy" pins of each pair. The terminations diverge slightly from this concept because on the eight-position connector the resulting arrangement of conductors would separate the outermost pair impairing balanced line performance too much to meet the electrical requirements of high-speed LAN protocols.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Andrea Horwath (; born October 24, 1962) is a Canadian politician who has been the 58th mayor of Hamilton since 2022. Horwath previously served as the member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Hamilton Centre from 2004 to 2022, as leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) from 2009 to 2022 and as the leader of the Official Opposition in Ontario from 2018 to 2022.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: She was the first woman to lead the Ontario New Democratic Party, and the third woman (after Lyn McLeod and Kathleen Wynne) to serve as leader of a political party with representation in the Ontario provincial legislature, being elected as leader at the 2009 Ontario NDP leadership convention.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: During the 2018 provincial election, Horwath led the Ontario NDP to official opposition status after 23 years without government or official opposition status.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: The results of the 2022 provincial election, after which the Ontario NDP remained the official opposition, led to Horwath announcing her intention to resign as the leader of the Ontario NDP on the night of June 2, 2022. Her resignation took effect on June 28, 2022.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: On July 26, 2022, Horwath announced her candidacy for mayor of Hamilton, and resigned her seat in the provincial legislature on August 15, 2022. She was elected mayor on October 24, 2022, and was inaugurated on November 16.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath was born and raised in Hamilton, Ontario, and has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Labour Studies from McMaster University. She worked part-time as a waitress to pay her way through university. Her father Andrew, an ethnic Hungarian, had immigrated to Canada from Slovakia, and worked on the assembly line at the Ford Motor Company plant in Oakville, Ontario. Her mother, Diane, is of French and Irish descent.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: She lives in Hamilton with her son Julian (born November 1992). In a March 2011 interview with the "Toronto Star", she spoke publicly for the first time about the breakup of her longtime relationship with Julian's father, Hamilton businessman Ben Leonetti. Horwath had met Ben Leonetti in her university years, when she was working part-time as a waitress and he was a jazz musician. The two lived together for 25 years without getting married and split up in 2010.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: In the Canadian federal election of 1997, she was the NDP candidate against incumbent Liberal Stan Keyes in the riding of Hamilton West. Although unsuccessful, her second-place finish was a significant improvement on previous NDP efforts in the riding, and gave her an increased level of prominence in the city.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Later in 1997, she was elected to Hamilton City Council for Ward Two, outpolling two incumbents who had represented the area for more than 20 years. She emerged as a prominent voice for the political left in the city, and was re-elected to council in 2000 and 2003. During her three terms as city councillor, she chaired the solid-waste-management committee and the municipal non-profit housing corporation.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in a 2004 by-election in the then-extant provincial riding of Hamilton East, defeating Liberal candidate Ralph Agostino to succeed the deceased Liberal member Dominic Agostino, Ralph's brother. Winning 63.6 per cent of the vote, up from the NDP's 29.4 per cent in that riding six months earlier, her landslide victory boosted the NDP's seat count over the threshold for official party status in the legislature, and helped give the federal New Democratic Party a bounce in Hamilton that would continue into the federal election shortly thereafter.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: In the 2007 election, Horwath ran in the new riding of Hamilton Centre, due to redistricting that divided her former Hamilton East riding between Hamilton Centre and the new riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek. Horwath's new Hamilton Centre riding included approximately half of her former riding as well as a portion of the former Hamilton West riding where she had run federally in 1997. It also included her entire former city council ward.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: In the lead up to the campaign, Horwath was expected to face Hamilton West Liberal incumbent Judy Marsales. However, Marsales opted not to run for another term, and Horwath easily defeated Liberal candidate Steve Ruddick on election day.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: On November 7, 2008, Horwath officially launched her campaign to win the party's leadership. The leadership election was held March 6–8, 2009. Horwath led on the first two ballots, and won on the third ballot with 60.4% of the vote defeating Peter Tabuns, Gilles Bisson and Michael Prue.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: The 2011 provincial election saw a rise in support for the NDP under Horwath's leadership. The party won more than 20% of the popular vote for the first time since 1995 and almost doubled its seats to elect 17 members of the legislature. The election also resulted in the Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty being reduced to a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: In the 2014 provincial election, the NDP was able to maintain its seat count of 21 at dissolution despite the loss of three seats in Toronto, but lost the balance of power when the Liberals took a majority win in the election. Horwath has faced criticism from some party members and progressives for running a populist campaign which they described as right-wing. Despite criticism of her leadership from some quarters, Horwath received a slightly increased level of support, 77%, at the party's post-election convention held on November 15.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath ran in her third election as NDP leader against the Liberal government led by Kathleen Wynne and a Progressive Conservative Party led by Doug Ford. Horwath promised to introduce "Canada's first universal Pharmacare plan", highlighted by a universal dental plan and a prescription drug plan that "will initially cover 125 of the most commonly prescribed drugs". She also promised a child care plan in which seventy per cent of Ontario parents "would either have free child care or pay an average of $12 a day in a licensed not-for-profit daycare". Horwath promised to return Hydro One to public ownership by buying back privately held shares. She also said that she would close the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station immediately, while the other party leaders have pledged to keep it open until 2024. The NDP promised to increase corporate tax rates from 11.5 to 12.5 per cent, as well as introducing an income tax increase for those earning over $220,000 per year. Horwath said the province would fund half of the operating cost of municipal transit and indicated that she would not introduce back-to-work legislation. The party's support in public opinion polls increased in May 2018, leading to greater media attention and greater scrutiny. With her party gaining official opposition status, she became the Leader of the Official Opposition during the 42nd Parliament, the second highest number of seats in the party's history. The NDP took all of old Toronto (i.e., what was the city of Toronto before the 1999 creation of the "megacity" of Toronto), as well as all but one seat in Hamilton and all but one seat in Niagara.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath and the NDP released their 2022 platform in April 2022. Horwath was re-elected in Hamilton Centre, but the NDP lost 7 seats. Horwath resigned as leader election night.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath ran as a candidate for the position of Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario in the October 2022 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election. She was elected on October 24, 2022. Horwath is the first woman to be elected mayor in Hamilton's history.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: Horwath took office as mayor on November 15, 2022, becoming the first woman to serve as mayor of the city of Hamilton. Prior to amalgamation the suburbs of Stoney Creek and Ancaster each had had women mayors. The first regional chair for the Region of Hamilton-Wentworth was also a woman.


title: Andrea Horwath

text: In March 2012, Horwath received the EVE award which is sponsored by Equal Voice, a non-profit organization focused on promoting women in politics. Past recipients have included women from every level of government.


title: Amiens SC

text: Amiens Sporting Club (; commonly referred to as Amiens SC or simply Amiens) is a French association football club based in the northern city of Amiens in the Hauts-de-France region. The club was formed in 1901 and play in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. The club plays its home matches at the Stade de la Licorne located within the city. The 2017–18 Ligue 1 season was the first in the club's 116-year history, where they finished in 13th place to secure a position in Ligue 1 for the following year. Amiens have never won a major trophy.


title: Amiens SC

text: Amiens Athlétic Club (AAC) was set up in 1901 by a group of players from the Association du Lycée d'Amiens, French schoolboy champions in 1902, 1903, and 1904. AAC crushed its first opponents, Saint-Quentin, 13–0 a few months after its creation. In April 1902, the "Comité de Picardie de l'U.S.F.S.A" was established by the then-president of the AAC (Henri-Frédéric Petit). AAC dominated the early USFSA league for the first 12 seasons. In 1909, the club got a new ground, at the Henry Daussy Park, allowing an attendance of more than 1,000.


title: Amiens SC

text: In 1933, the club got its first professional section, later abandoned in 1952, before becoming professional again in 1993. Since the early days, AAC has undergone two name changes: In 1961, to Sporting Club d'Amiens, and in 1989, as Amiens Sporting Club. Amiens played in Ligue 2 between 2001 and 2009.


title: Amiens SC

text: The team made a return to the second tier of French football for the 2016–17 season, after finishing 3rd in the Championnat National. Their first season back in Ligue 2 was the most successful ever, as they finished runners-up and were promoted to top-tier Ligue 1 for the first time ever. It was a dramatic promotion, too, as they would have dropped out of the promotion places but for a last-gasp winning goal in the final game against Reims. Amiens first season in Ligue 1 ended in survival with a comfortable 13th-placed finish on the table.


title: Amiens SC

text: In the 2018–19 season, Amiens finished in 15th place on the table and secured their survival after a 2–1 victory over already relegated EA Guingamp.


title: Amiens SC

text: Despite this, during the 2019–20 season with just 10 games to play, the side sat in 19th position having slipped down the table after a modest start, sitting just 4 points behind 18th placed Nîmes. The LFP suspended Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 indefinitely as a result of the coronavirus outbreak, and on 30 April 2020, the league title was awarded to Paris Saint-Germain and thus the bottom two placed teams, Amiens and Toulouse were automatically relegated to Ligue 2 for the 2020–21 season.


title: Amiens SC

text: Below are the notable former players who have represented Amiens and its predecessors in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1901. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 80 official matches for the club.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: The Town of Pagosa Springs (Ute language: Pagwöösa, Navajo language: Tó Sido Háálį́) is a home rule municipality that is the county seat, the most populous community, and the only incorporated municipality in Archuleta County, Colorado, United States. The population was 1,727 at the 2010 census. Approximately 65 percent of the land in Archuleta County is either San Juan National Forest, Weminuche and South San Juan Wilderness areas, or Southern Ute Indian reservation land.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: Pagosa Springs and the surrounding county are both experiencing a substantial influx of second-home owners; a 2006 property assessment indicates that 60% of area private properties are owned by non-residents.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: Pagosa Springs is located approximately north of the New Mexico border, at above sea level on the Western Slope of the Continental Divide. This combination of high desert plateau and the Rocky Mountains to the north and east creates an unusually mild climate, especially in the summer months. Pagosa sees around 300 days of sun each year, as well as four distinct seasons.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: The town is located in the upper San Juan Basin, surrounded by the San Juan National Forest, and adjacent to the largest wilderness area in the state of Colorado, the Weminuche Wilderness.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: The town is named for a system of sulfur springs, Pagosa hot springs, located there, which includes the world's deepest geothermal hot spring. The "Mother" spring feeds primitive and developed hot springs located on the upper banks of the San Juan River, which flows through town. The primitive springs are freely accessible to the public, but are generally not for entering or interacting with because of the extreme water temperature. Developed springs feed soaking pools that are hosted by three privately-owned soaking locations within town. The water from the "Mother" spring is approximately .


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: Local indigenous people used the hot springs for centuries; the area was considered "sacred ground". In Navajo cosmology, Pagosa Springs is the place where the People (Diné) emerged from their Fourth World underground to the Fifth World, this one, as Aileen O'Bryan records in "The Dîné: Origin Myths of the Navaho Indians". In 1859, a white settler "discovered" the springs and exploited them. In 1881, a bathhouse was first built there for paying customers.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: The Ute people called the sulfur-rich mineral springs "", which is commonly translated in modern documents as "healing waters"; a Ute elder once translated the phrase as "water () that has a bad smell ()."


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: After the Civil War, the United States government considered building a convalescent hospital in Pagosa Springs. However, the hospital project was cancelled, and the lands platted by the U.S. Army were sold to private parties who capitalized on the thermal mineral springs. Along the banks of the San Juan river, simple wooden bathhouses were constructed.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: In the late 1880s, Dr. Mary Fisher ventured west from Chicago to found a medical and healing practice in Pagosa Springs. The medical center in the town is named in her honor.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: In the 1930s, Cora Woods built a geothermal swimming pool and several small cabins on the Northeast corner of land she purchased from Bill Lynn, a local entrepreneur. There were a total of 23 cabins with no electricity, dirt floors, wood stoves, and oak iceboxes. In the 1950s, the Giordano family purchased the property from Cora Woods. The Giordanos were European coal miners who had settled in the Walsenburg, Colorado area. They dug additional geothermal wells, and built an enclosed bathhouse next to the thermal water swimming pool.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: In the 1980s, Pagosa Springs received federal funding from the Department of Energy to drill two geothermal wells to heat buildings in the small downtown area of the town. In the 1990s, the town built a new pipeline and municipal bridge to deliver mineral springs water to a new resort.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.53%, is water. The area around Pagosa Springs has numerous large waterfalls, including Treasure Falls to the east of town off of Hwy 160 just past the Wolf Creek Pass summit.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,591 people, 633 households, and 415 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 746 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 74.61% White, 0.50% African American, 2.20% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 18.73% from other races, and 3.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 43.18% of the population.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: There were 633 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.07.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: The median income for a household in the town was $29,469, and the median income for a family was $33,831. Males had a median income of $24,125 versus $21,406 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,355. About 11.9% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.6% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: Archuleta County School District 50-JT operates the community's public schools. Pagosa Springs High School is the comprehensive high school.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: Other recreational activities in the area include downhill and cross country skiing at nearby Wolf Creek ski area, and snowmobiling in the surrounding National Forest. Summertime activities include fishing, hiking, and rafting. The area is also a popular destination for hunters, who harvest elk, deer, and other game animals.


title: Pagosa Springs, Colorado

text: "Downtown Pagosa Springs" was the final destination for a duo of truckers in the 1975 country song "Wolf Creek Pass" by C. W. McCall. From Wolf Creek pass to town, U.S. Highway 160 goes through a vertical drop of , and is described in the song as "hairpin county and switchback city".


title: Climatology

text: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.


title: Climatology

text: The main methods employed by climatologists are the analysis of observations and modelling of the physical processes that determine the climate. The main topics of research are the study of climate variability, mechanisms of climate changes and modern climate change. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting, for instance about climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).


title: Climatology

text: Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.


title: Climatology

text: The Greeks began the formal study of climate; in fact the word climate is derived from the Greek word klima, meaning "slope," referring to the slope or inclination of the Earth's axis. Arguably the most influential classic text on climate was "On Airs, Water and Places" written by Hippocrates around 400 BCE. This work commented on the effect of climate on human health and cultural differences between Asia and Europe. This idea that climate controls which countries excel depending on their climate, or "climatic determinism", remained influential throughout history. Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) inferred that climates naturally shifted over an enormous span of time, after observing petrified bamboos found underground near Yanzhou (modern day Yan'an, Shaanxi province), a dry-climate area unsuitable for the growth of bamboo.


title: Climatology

text: The invention of the thermometer and the barometer during the Scientific Revolution allowed for systematic recordkeeping, that began as early as 1640–1642 in England. Early climate researchers include Edmund Halley, who published a map of the trade winds in 1686 after a voyage to the southern hemisphere. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) first mapped the course of the Gulf Stream for use in sending mail from the United States to Europe. Francis Galton (1822–1911) invented the term "anticyclone". Helmut Landsberg (1906–1985) fostered the use of statistical analysis in climatology, which led to its evolution into a physical science.


title: Climatology

text: In the early 20th century, climatology was mostly focused on the description of regional climates. This descriptive climatology was mainly an applied science, giving farmers and other interested people statistics about what the normal weather was and how big chances were of extreme events. To do this, climatologists had to define a "climate normal", or an average of weather and weather extremes over a period of typically 30 years.


title: Climatology

text: Around the middle of the 20th century, many assumptions in meteorology and climatology considered climate to be roughly constant. While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate. This started to change in the decades that followed, and while the history of climate change science started earlier, climate change only became one of the mean topics of study for climatologists in the seventies and onward.


title: Climatology

text: Various subfields of climatology study different aspects of the climate. There are different categorizations of the fields in climatology. The American Meteorological Society for instance identifies descriptive climatology, scientific climatology and applied climatology as the three subcategories of climatology, a categorization based on the complexity and the purpose of the research. Applied climatologists apply their expertise to different industries such as manufacturing and agriculture.


title: Climatology

text: Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct and understand past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology). Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia. Historical climatology is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.


title: Climatology

text: Boundary-layer climatology is preoccupied with exchanges in water, energy and momentum near the surface. Further identified subfields are physical climatology, dynamic climatology, tornado climatology, regional climatology, bioclimatology, and synoptic climatology. The study of the hydrological cycle over long time scales is sometimes called hydroclimatology, in particular when studying the effects of climate change on the water cycle.


title: Climatology

text: The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in models, either statistical or mathematical, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.


title: Climatology

text: Climate research is made difficult by the large scale, long time periods, and complex processes which govern climate. Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations. These equations are coupled and nonlinear, so that approximate solutions are obtained by using numerical methods to create global climate models. Climate is sometimes modeled as a stochastic process but this is generally accepted as an approximation to processes that are otherwise too complicated to analyze.


title: Climatology

text: The collection of long record of climate variables is essential for the study of climate. Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected. Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers. As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly. As cities are generally warmer than the surrounding areas, urbanization has made it necessary to constantly correct data for this urban heat island effect.


title: Climatology

text: Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any unbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth. Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.


title: Climatology

text: Additionally, they are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in global climate models are computational very demanding and only few global datasets exists. Examples are ICON or mechnistically downscaled data such as CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas).


title: Climatology

text: Topics that climatologists study fall roughly into three categories: climate variability, mechanisms of climatic change change and modern climate change.


title: Climatology

text: Various factors impact the average state of the atmosphere at a particular location. For instance, midlatitudes will have a pronounced seasonal cycle in temperature whereas tropical regions show little variation in temperature over the year. Another major control in climate is continentality: the distance to major water bodies such as oceans. Oceans act as a moderating factor, so that land close to it has typically has mild winters and moderate summers. The atmosphere interacts with other spheres of the climate system, with winds generating ocean currents that transport heat around the globe.


title: Climatology

text: Classification is an important aspect of many sciences as a tool of simplifying complicated processes. Different climate classifications have been developed over the centuries, with the first ones in Ancient Greece. How climates are classified depends on what the application is. A wind energy producer will require different information (wind) in the classification than somebody interested in agriculture, for who precipitation and temperature are more important. The most widely used classification, the Köppen climate classification, was developed in the late nineteenth century and is based on vegetation. It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.


title: Climatology

text: There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables. They are quantified with different indices. Much in the way the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is based on the stock prices of 30 companies, is used to represent the fluctuations in the stock market as a whole, climate indices are used to represent the essential elements of climate. Climate indices are generally devised with the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness, and each index typically represents the status and timing of the climate factor it represents. By their very nature, indices are simple, and combine many details into a generalized, overall description of the atmosphere or ocean which can be used to characterize the factors which impact the global climate system.


title: Climatology

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years. The North Atlantic oscillation is a mode of variability that is mainly contained to the lower atmosphere, the troposphere. The layer of atmosphere above, the stratosphere is also capable of creating its own variability, most importantly in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), which has a cycle of approximately 30 to 60 days. The Interdecadal Pacific oscillation can create changes in the Pacific Ocean and lower atmosphere on decadal time scales.


title: Climatology

text: Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time. This length of time can be as short as a few decades to as long as millions of years. The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also gives off energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. Climate change also influences the average sea level.


title: Climatology

text: Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures. Rising temperatures are only one aspect of modern climate change though, with includes observed changes in precipitation, storm tracks and cloudiness. Warmer temperatures are driving further changes in the climate system, such as the widespread melt of glaciers, sea level rise and shifts in flora and fauna.


title: Climatology

text: In contrast to meteorology, which focuses on short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.


title: Climatology

text: Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.


title: Climatology

text: A more complicated way of making a forecast, the analog technique requires remembering a previous weather event which is expected to be mimicked by an upcoming event. What makes it a difficult technique to use is that there is rarely a perfect analog for an event in the future. Some call this type of forecasting pattern recognition, which remains a useful method of observing rainfall over data voids such as oceans with knowledge of how satellite imagery relates to precipitation rates over land, as well as the forecasting of precipitation amounts and distribution in the future. A variation on this theme is used in medium range forecasting, which is known as teleconnections, when systems in other locations are used to help pin down the location of a system within the surrounding regime. One method of using teleconnections are by using climate indices such as ENSO-related phenomena.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by or and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by:


title: Dynamic pressure

text: For incompressible flow, the dynamic pressure of a fluid is the difference between its total pressure and static pressure. From Bernoulli's law, dynamic pressure is given by


title: Dynamic pressure

text: Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid. Dynamic pressure is one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which can be derived from the conservation of energy for a fluid in motion.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: so that for incompressible, irrotational flow (formula_6), the second term on the left in the Navier-Stokes equation is just the gradient of the dynamic pressure. In hydraulics, the term formula_7 is known as the hydraulic velocity head (h) so that the dynamic pressure is equal to formula_8.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: At a stagnation point the dynamic pressure is equal to the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure, so the dynamic pressure in a flow field can be measured at a stagnation point.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: Another important aspect of dynamic pressure is that, as dimensional analysis shows, the aerodynamic stress (i.e. stress within a structure subject to aerodynamic forces) experienced by an aircraft travelling at speed formula_9 is proportional to the air density and square of formula_9, i.e. proportional to formula_11. Therefore, by looking at the variation of formula_11 during flight, it is possible to determine how the stress will vary and in particular when it will reach its maximum value. The point of maximum aerodynamic load is often referred to as "max q" and it is a critical parameter in many applications, such as launch vehicles.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: The dynamic pressure, along with the static pressure and the pressure due to elevation, is used in Bernoulli's principle as an energy balance on a closed system. The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid.


title: Dynamic pressure

text: When the dynamic pressure is divided by the product of fluid density and acceleration due to gravity, g, the result is called velocity head, which is used in head equations like the one used for pressure head and hydraulic head. In a venturi flow meter, the "differential pressure head" can be used to calculate the "differential velocity head", which are equivalent in the adjacent picture. An alternative to "velocity head" is "dynamic head".


title: Dynamic pressure

text: Many authors define "dynamic pressure" only for incompressible flows. (For compressible flows, these authors use the concept of impact pressure.) However, the definition of "dynamic pressure" can be extended to include compressible flows.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: In India, a privy purse was a payment made to the ruling families of erstwhile princely states as part of their agreements to first integrate with India in 1947 after the independence of India, and later to merge their states in 1949, thereby ending their ruling rights.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: The privy purses continued to be paid to the royal families until the 26th Amendment in 1971, by which all their privileges and allowances from the central government ceased to exist, which was implemented after a two-year legal battle.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: In some individual cases, privy purses were continued for life for individuals who had held ruling powers before 1947; for instance, HH Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi's allowance was reinstated after a prolonged legal battle, and lasted until she died in 1985.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: When the British Crown partitioned British India and granted independence to the new Dominions of India and Pakistan, more than a third of the subcontinent was still covered by princely states, with rulers whose position and status within the Indian Empire had varied. In 1947, there were more than 560 such princely states in India, over which the British Crown had suzerainty, but not sovereignty. In 1947, princely states, numbering 555, covered 48% area of pre-independent India and constituted 28% of its population. Relations with them were determined by subsidiary alliances and other treaties, establishing indirect rule. A protocollary system of gun salutes also determined the ranking of about 120 major states (Pakistan included), most, however, were minor/petty 'non-salute states'. By the Indian Independence Act 1947, the Crown abandoned its suzerainty, leaving the rulers of the states free to choose to accede either to India or to Pakistan or to remain fully independent. Most had been so dependent on the Government of India that they had little choice but accession. By the eve of independence, most of the princely states had signed instruments of accession to India, and only one to Pakistan. Only a few states held out for complete independence after the British left India. Due to the diplomacy of Vallabhbhai Patel and VP Menon, Travancore, Bhopal and Jodhpur signed the instruments of accession before 15 August 1947. Even after independence three states vacillated, namely Jammu-Kashmir, Junagadh and Hyderabad, which were integrated later.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: The instruments of accession needed the states to only cede defence, communications and foreign relations to India. Democratic institutions were introduced in these states, and it was only in 1949 that they were fully merged with India to form new states. Thus, Travancore, and Cochin merged into India and formed the new state of Thiru-Kochi. Although the royal families had been allowed to retain large sums of money as their privy purse in 1947; in 1949, with the states and its revenues being entirely taken over by the Government of India, it was the Indian Government that provided the rulers and their families with privy purses that were determined by several factors such as the state's revenue, whether the state had been ranked as a salute state under the British Raj or not, antiquity of the dynasty, and so on. Dewan Jarmani Dass of Kapurthala says:


title: Privy Purse in India

text: As defined from 1949 under Article 291 of the Indian Constitution, a privy purse would be a fixed, tax-free sum guaranteed to the former princely rulers and their successors. The sum was intended to cover all expenses of the former ruling families, including those incurred for religious and other ceremonies, and would be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. With India remaining a member of the sterling area post-independence, and with the Indian rupee remaining pegged to the British pound sterling, the privy-purse payments constituted a significant outlay of government funds.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: The privy purses were determined by several factors. Minor feudatories of the erstwhile princely states received whatever little allowances the princely governments had been providing them. For the 565 princely states, privy purses ranged from 5,000 per annum to amounts in millions. About 102 privy purses were of more than a 1 lakh with an upper ceiling of 2 lakh for all except 11 states. Only six of the most important princely states in India were provided with privy purses above 10 lakh (worth 8,898 oz of gold): Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur and Patiala. For certain other states, while certain amounts were guaranteed for the time being, it was liable to be reduced soon after due to deflation crisis in 1960s. Thus, Hyderabad, which received initially a privy purse of 42,85,714, was, a few years later, guaranteed 20,00,000 purse. The Government of India also, generally, reduced the allowances with every succession in the family.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: A motion to abolish the privy purses, and the official recognition of the titles, was originally brought before the Parliament in 1970 and passed in the Lok Sabha, but failed by one vote to reach the required two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha, with 149 voting for and 75 against.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: On 6 September 1970, the President of India passed an laconic order in respect of each of the rulers of former Indian states. In exercise of the power vested in him under Article 366(22) of the constitution, the President directed that with effect from the date of his order, all rulers ceased to be recognised as rulers. That resulted in the immediate termination of the privy purses received by the rulers, and the discontinuance of their personal privileges. Writ petitions under Article 32 of the constitution were filed by some of the rulers as test cases to question the orders. The Supreme Court ruled in favour of the rulers.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: It was again proposed before Parliament in 1971, and was successfully passed as the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India in 1971. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi argued for the abolition based on equal rights for all citizens and the need to reduce the government's revenue deficit.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: The end of privy purse finally ended all the entitlements and special status of former rulers, thus turning them into ordinary citizens equal to other Indians, with no official recognition of their former ruling titles, special status, etc.


title: Privy Purse in India

text: Many of the former royalty tried to protest against the abolition of the privy purses, primarily through campaigns to contest seats in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971. This included Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, the last and former Nawab of Pataudi, who contested from Gurgaon. Mansoor contested as a candidate for the Vishal Haryana Party, but received barely 5% of the vote in a two-way contest. Vijaya Raje Scindia and her son, Madhav Rao Scindia, however, won in the 1971 Lok Sabha polls.


title: Ha Seung-ri

text: In 1999, at the age of 5, Ha Seung-ri made her debut as Kang Hye-rim, the daughter of Shim Eun-ha and Lee Jong-won, in the SBS drama "Youth Trap", which recorded the highest viewership rating of 53.1% at the time. Thanks to this popularity, she became a 'child star', including regular appearances in children's programs such as "Kiss" and "Ding Dong Dang Kindergarten", along with many work activities.


title: Ha Seung-ri

text: Ha Seung Lee then started taking her steps as an adult actress with the role of Hwang Young-geon in the KBS2 Monday-Tuesday drama "School 2017", and her first appearance after 19 years of her debut in the KBS1 evening daily drama "Sunny Again Tomorrow" in 2018.


title: Ha Seung-ri

text: After that, in 2019, Ha Seung Lee starred in the tvN series "", and three years later in 2022, Ha Seung Lee appeared in the role of a prodigious archer named Jang Ha-ri in the Netflix original series "All of Us Are Dead". She gained a lot of attention for the role of Ha-ri after the web series aired. She gained a new nickname 양궁선배, which means "archer senior" or "known as archer's sister".


title: Baba Yetu

text: "Baba Yetu" (Swahili: "Our Father") is the theme song for the 2005 video game "Civilization IV". It was composed by Christopher Tin and performed by Ron Ragin and the Stanford Talisman. For its re-release in Tin's debut album "Calling All Dawns", it was performed by the Soweto Gospel Choir. The song, when rereleased, became the first piece of video game music to be nominated for and to win a Grammy Award.


title: Baba Yetu

text: Tin is a fan of the "Civilization" series. During his five-year college reunion at Stanford University, he reconnected with his former roommate Soren Johnson; both had been part of an overseas program during their studies at Oxford University, with Johnson studying history and Tin studying music. Johnson told Tin at the reunion he had been working on "Civilization III", and Tin expressed his love of the series to him. Some months after the reunion, Johnson contacted Tin and told him they were looking for music for the introduction for their new game "Civilization IV", and wanted him to help. Johnson said they were inspired by the performances of the Stanford Talisman, an a capella group at Stanford that specialize in traditional African music, and wanted Tin to compose something similar for the theme. Tin took about a month to compose the track before recording it with Talisman for the game's track.


title: Baba Yetu

text: The lyrics of "Baba Yetu" (which means "Our Father" in Swahili) are a translation of the Lord's Prayer.


title: Baba Yetu

text: In 2007, "Baba Yetu" was released by Alfred Music Publishing, and it was rearranged by Tin for an SATB a cappella choir with optional percussion accompaniment in 2011. Other arrangements include SSATBB choir, TTBB choir, string orchestra, concert band, piano quintet, and piano/voice.


title: Baba Yetu

text: "Baba Yetu" garnered much critical praise, with over 20 reviewers singling out the theme on platforms such as IGN and GameSpy.


title: Baba Yetu

text: "Baba Yetu" was nominated for the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) category, making it the first video game theme nominated for a Grammy Award. On February 13, 2011, it was announced as the winner of its category, making it the first piece of music composed for a video game to win a Grammy Award. At the 10th annual Independent Music Awards, "Baba Yetu" was the winner in the 'Song Used in Film/TV/Multimedia' and 'World Beat Song' categories.


title: Baba Yetu

text: "Baba Yetu" is a frequent piece performed during Video Games Live concerts. It has been performed at various venues and events around the world, including Carnegie Hall, the Lincoln Center, Disney Concert Hall, The Dubai Fountain, the Kennedy Center, Royal Festival Hall, the Hollywood Bowl, the New Year's Concert of the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the 2017 Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod. Notable ensembles that have performed the song include the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, National Symphony Orchestra, US Navy Band, and various YouTube artists, including Peter Hollens, Alex Boye, BYU Men's Choir and Korean Acapella group Maytree which was praised by Tin himself.


title: Baba Yetu

text: "Baba Yetu" is a popular contemporary choral piece, and has been sung in many competitions. Notably, the Angel City Chorale performed it during the 13th season of "America's Got Talent", earning guest judge Olivia Munn's golden buzzer, advancing the choir to the live shows. On the final night of that same season on the show, the acrobatic dance group Zurcaroh performed a routine to the song. In addition, the Stellenbosch University Choir won the Open, Youth, and Mixed choir categories for their performance of it at the 2018 Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod.


title: Baba Yetu

text: On the 6th of August 2019, "Baba Yetu" was played at the signing of the Maputo Accord, which brought an end to the RENAMO insurgency in Mozambique.


title: Calibri

text: Calibri () is a digital sans-serif typeface family in the humanist or modern style. It was designed by Luc(as) de Groot in 2002–2004 and released to the general public in 2007, with Microsoft Office 2007 and Windows Vista. In Office 2007, it replaced Times New Roman as the default typeface in Word and replaced Arial as the default in PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, and WordPad. De Groot described its subtly rounded design as having "a warm and soft character".


title: Calibri

text: Calibri is part of the ClearType Font Collection, a suite of fonts from various designers released with Windows Vista. All start with the letter "C" to reflect that they were designed to work well with Microsoft's ClearType text rendering system, a text rendering engine designed to make text clearer to read on liquid-crystal display monitors. The other fonts in the same group are Cambria, Candara, Consolas, Constantia and Corbel.


title: Calibri

text: Calibri features subtly rounded stems and corners that are visible at larger sizes. Its sloped form is a "true italic" with handwriting influences, which are seen in many modern sans-serif typefaces.


title: Calibri

text: The typeface includes characters from Latin, Latin extended, Greek and Cyrillic scripts. Calibri makes extensive use of sophisticated OpenType formatting; it features a range of ligatures as well as lining and text figures, indices (numbers enclosed by circles) up to 20, and an alternate "f" and "g" accessible by enabling the fourth and fifth stylistic sets. Some features in Calibri remain unsupported by Office, including true small caps, all-caps spacing, superscript and subscript glyphs and the ability to create arbitrary fractions; these may be accessed using programs such as Adobe InDesign.


title: Calibri

text: One potential source of confusion in Calibri is a visible homoglyph, a pair of easily confused characters: the lowercase letter L and the uppercase letter i (l and I) of the Latin script are effectively indistinguishable; this is true of many other common fonts, however.


title: Calibri

text: The design has similarities to de Groot's much more extensive TheSans family (a humanist font) and shares similarities with humanist fonts, although this has straight ends rather than rounding.


title: Calibri

text: , a Hebrew alphabet version is in development. De Groot has also said in 2016 that he would like if possible to add Bulgarian alphabet variant letterforms at a later date.


title: Calibri

text: Calibri is the default typeface of Microsoft Office and much other Microsoft software. Joe Friend, a program manager on Word for Office 2007's release, explained that the decision to switch to Calibri was caused by a desire to make the default font one optimised towards onscreen display: "We believed that more and more documents would never be printed but would solely be consumed on a digital device", and to achieve a "modern look".


title: Calibri

text: Because of the long development of Windows Vista, Calibri's development – from 2002 to 2005 – occurred several years before the release of that OS. It was first presented in a 2005 beta of Windows Vista, then codenamed Longhorn, and first became available for use with the Beta 2 version of Office 2007, released on May 23, 2006. Calibri and the rest of the ClearType Font Collection were finally released to the general public on January 30, 2007, since when it has been released with most Microsoft software environments.


title: Calibri

text: Calibri is also distributed with Excel Viewer, PowerPoint Viewer, the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Windows, and the Open XML File Format Converter for Mac. For use in other operating systems and web apps, a license may be obtained from Ascender Corporation and its parent company Monotype Imaging.


title: Calibri

text: The Calibri Light font was introduced in Windows 8 and was retrospectively added to Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 as part of a software update. Starting with Microsoft Office 2013, Calibri Light is the default font for PowerPoint presentations and Word headings.


title: Calibri

text: In 2013, Google released a freely-licensed font called Carlito, which is metric-compatible to Calibri, as part of ChromeOS. Carlito's metric-compatibility ensures ChromeOS users can correctly display and print a document designed in Calibri without disrupting its layout. Carlito’s glyph shapes are based on the prior open-source typeface Lato.


title: Calibri

text: On April 28, 2021, it was announced that Microsoft would be replacing Calibri with a new default font across Microsoft products.


title: Calibri

text: Calibri won the TDC2 2005 award from the Type Directors Club under the Type System category. The Arabic typeface of Calibri won the 2nd Award of GRANSHAN 2016.


title: Calibri

text: Because of Calibri's position as the default font in Office, many cases have been reported in which documents were shown to be forged thanks to a purported creation date before Calibri was available to the general public.


title: Calibri

text: In 2017, the font came to public attention as evidence in the Pakistani government-related "Panama Papers" case (also known as Fontgate), in which a document provided by Maryam Nawaz (daughter of ex PM Nawaz Sharif) was supposedly signed in February 2006 was found to be typed up in Calibri.<ref name="thenextweb/11july2017"></ref> De Groot said that there was "really zero chance" that the document was genuine.


title: Caral

text: The Sacred City of Caral-Supe or simply Caral, is an archaeological site where the remains of the main city of the Caral civilization are found. It is located in Peru in the Supe valley, near the current town of Caral, 182 kilometers north of Lima, 23 km from the coast and 350 metres above sea level. It is attributed an antiquity of 5000 years and it is considered the oldest city in the Americas and one of the oldest in the world. No other site has been found with such a diversity of monumental buildings or different ceremonial and administrative functions in the Americas as early as Caral. It has been declared a Humanity Cultural Heritage site by UNESCO.


title: Caral

text: The Caral culture developed between 3000 and 1800 B.C (Late Archaic and Lower Formative periods). In America, it is the oldest of the pre-Hispanic civilizations, developing 1,500 years earlier than the Olmec civilization, the first Mesoamerican complex society.


title: Caral

text: Closely related to the city of Caral was an early fishing city, Áspero or El Áspero, located on the coast of Peru, near the mouth of the Supe River. There, remains of human sacrifices (two children and a newborn) have been found, and more recently (2016), the remains of a woman, who presumably belonged to the local elite of 4,500 years ago.


title: Caral

text: Caral was inhabited between approximately 26th century BC and 20th century BC, and the site includes an area of more than . Caral has been described by its excavators as the oldest urban center in the Americas, a claim that was later challenged as other ancient sites were found nearby, such as Bandurria, Peru. Accommodating more than 3,000 inhabitants, it is the best studied and one of the largest Norte Chico sites known.


title: Caral

text: The city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009. In early 2021, tensions arose between squatters claiming land rights and archaeologists researching the site as housing construction encroached on the site.


title: Caral

text: Paul Kosok discovered Caral in 1948. The site received little attention at the time because it appeared to lack many of the typical artifacts that were sought at archaeological sites throughout the Andes.


title: Caral

text: In 1975, the Peruvian architect Carlos Williams made a detailed record of most of the archaeological sites of the valley of Supe, among which he recorded Caral. Based on what he observed in the region, he made some observations about the development of architecture in the Andes.


title: Caral

text: Ruth Shady further explored this 4,000- to 4,600-year-old city in the Peruvian desert, with its elaborate complex of temples, an amphitheater, and ordinary houses. The urban complex is spread out over and contains plazas and residential buildings. Caral was a thriving metropolis at roughly the same time as the great pyramids were being built in Egypt.


title: Caral

text: Caral is the largest recorded site in the Andean region with dates older than 2000 BC and it appears to be the model for the urban design adopted by Andean civilizations that rose and fell over the span of four millennia. It is believed that research conducted in Caral may answer questions about the origins of the Andean civilizations and the development of its first cities.


title: Caral

text: Among the artifacts found at Caral is a knotted textile piece that the excavators have labelled a "quipu". They write that the artifact is evidence that the "quipu" record keeping system, a method involving knots tied in textiles that was brought to its highest development by the Inca Empire, was older than any archaeologist previously had determined. Evidence has emerged that the "quipu" also may have recorded logographic information in the same way writing does. Gary Urton has suggested that the "quipus" used a binary code that could record phonological or logographic data.


title: Caral

text: Shady's findings suggest it was a gentle society, built on commerce and pleasure. No indications of warfare, such as battlements, weapons, or mutilated bodies, have been found at Caral. This contrasts with the older civilisation of Sechin Bajo where depictions of weapons are found. In one of the temples, they uncovered 32 flutes made of condor and pelican bones and 37 cornetts of deer and llama bones. One find revealed the remains of a baby, wrapped and buried with a necklace made of stone beads.


title: Caral

text: The date of 2627 BC for Caral is based on the carbon dating of reed and woven carrying bags that were found in situ. These bags were used to carry the stones that were used for the construction of the temples. The material is an excellent candidate for high precision dating. The site may date even earlier, however, as samples from the oldest parts of the excavation have yet to be dated.


title: Caral

text: Caral had a population of approximately 3,000 people. However, 19 other sites in the area (posted at Caral), allow for a possible total population of 20,000 people sharing the same culture in the Supe Valley. All of these sites share similarities with Caral, including small platforms or stone circles. Shady believes that Caral was the focus of this civilization, which was part of an even more vast cultural complex, trading with the coastal communities and the regions farther inland – perhaps, if the depiction of monkeys is an indication, as far as the Amazon.


title: Caral

text: In 2000, Marco Machacuay (the chief of excavations at the time) and his colleague, Rocío Aramburú, discovered a large shape etched on the ground among circular stone lines near Caral. This image, known as a geoglyph, is located on the desert floor just west of the main site at Caral. When traced out, the lines form the design of a human face with long, streaming hair and a gaping mouth.


title: Caral

text: This geoglyph is similar to bleeding figures with a similar gaping mouths found etched onto the stone walls at a site called Cerro Sechín, in the Casma Valley to the north. What this figure represents is unclear, but it is believed to have been constructed around the same time as Caral and to have been associated with a nearby ceremonial site known as "Chupacigarro".


title: Caral

text: Another significant find at the site was a collection of musical instruments, including 37 cornetts made of deer and llama bones and 33 flutes of unusual construction. The flutes were radiocarbon dated to 2170±90 BC.


title: Caral

text: The city of Caral was split into two sections, an “Upper Half” and a “Lower Half”. These halves were divided naturally by the Supe River Valley. In the Upper Half there are 6 monumental complexes, each of which includes a pyramid, open plaza, and assemblage of residential buildings. In the Lower Half there are residential buildings, small pyramids, and one monumental complex called the "Temple of the Amphitheater".


title: Caral

text: The Upper Half complexes were all constructed around a pyramid. These are the "Great Temple/Great Pyramid", "Central Pyramid", "Quarry Pyramid", "Lesser Pyramid", "Pyramid of the Gallery", and "Pyramid of the Huanca". The associated residential structures around each of these pyramids contain evidence of elite living, including food remnants that would have been exclusive to elite lifestyles, such as sea lion bones. In the Upper Half of Caral, many of the residents were wealthy elites, whose lives likely were associated with religious and social activities that would have taken place in the temples.


title: Caral

text: By comparison, the residential buildings in the Lower Half have less evidence of elite populations. Instead of the large structures, exclusively elite residential complexes of the Upper Half, these residences are smaller and single rooms are used for more than one purpose. The diets of the people living in the Lower Half of Caral are mostly agricultural plants and some fish. These diets are less extravagant than those of the elites living in the Upper Half.


title: Caral

text: The current explanation for the divided city is that the city was intentionally planned in this way, with the monumental architecture and complexes of the Upper Half designed both to house elites but also to be physical indicators of the power of the elites. Conversely, the Lower Half was designed to house laborers, with the river working as the division between these groups. This sort of intentional city planning is evidence of structuralized inequality at Caral which perpetuated existing social stratification.


title: Heaux Tales

text: Heaux Tales is the debut extended play (EP) by American R&B singer Jazmine Sullivan. It was released by RCA Records on January 8, 2021. Its release date was confirmed on December 2, 2020. It is her first release since 2015's critically-acclaimed "Reality Show". It includes features from Ari Lennox, Anderson .Paak, and H.E.R. The EP was primarily recorded in Sullivan's Philadelphia home.


title: Heaux Tales

text: The project has also been variably identified as a "concept album" and "schematic, a successor to didactic concept albums like "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill"". Structurally, six "spoken word interludes" "are followed by songs that flesh them out as character studies". The themes explored include feminism, sexuality, classism, and body-shaming among other lyrical topics supported by narrative interludes between each song. The project received widespread critical acclaim and was also a commercial success, debuting at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, marking Sullivan's highest position on the chart.


title: Heaux Tales

text: "Heaux Tales" won the Album of the Year award at the 2021 BET Awards and the 2021 Soul Train Music Awards; it was named Album of the Year by "NPR", "Entertainment Weekly, LA Times" and "Pitchfork". The EP won Best R&B Album at the 64th Grammy Awards, and its single "Pick Up Your Feelings" was nominated for both Best R&B Song and won for Best R&B Performance. The project will be further promoted by "The Heaux Tales Tour" in 2022, Sullivan's third US headlining tour. Sullivan released the deluxe edition of the project, titled "Heaux Tales, Mo' Tales: The Deluxe", on February 11, 2022.


title: Heaux Tales

text: Since establishing her recording career in 2008, Sullivan has been known to take long hiatuses between releases. According to "Revolt", Sullivan explained the inspiration behind the project in a video:


title: Heaux Tales

text: "Complex" magazine reports that Dev Hynes, Key Wane, DZL, and others contributed to the production on the project. The promotional rollout for "Heaux Tales" included the premiere of her installment of NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts series on January 8, 2021. Sullivan stated in an interview with NPR Music, "particularly on this project, I was influenced by a few women today that I felt like were busting through those barriers and helping me to feel more confident in who I am," citing artists Cardi B and Lizzo.


title: Heaux Tales

text: The first single, an acoustic ballad titled "Lost One", was released August 28, 2020 and peaked at number 9 on "Billboard"s US Hot R&B Songs. The second single was "Pick Up Your Feelings", released November 20, 2020. In place of a traditional music video, RCA Records released a live acoustic performance. The song has since reached number 1 on "Billboard"s Adult R&B Airplay Chart and number 9 on the R&B/Hip-Hop airplay chart. The song also peaked at number 75 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Both singles were performed on BET during the Soul Train Music Awards on November 29, 2020. Sullivan released her third single, "Girl like Me", featuring H.E.R., on January 6, 2021, marking the first time she has ever duetted with a woman on one of her own recordings. The song debuted and peaked at number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number 29 on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "On It," duet with Ari Lennox, also peaked at number 40 on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop and R&B/Hip-Hop airplay charts despite not being released as a single.


title: Heaux Tales

text: "Heaux Tales" received a score of 81 out of 100 from review aggregate site Metacritic based on nine reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". "Vulture" lauded its displays of women's strength as seen in its "interludes [with] women like fellow singer Ari Lennox talking about femininity and sexual empowerment." Alex Suskind of "Entertainment Weekly" called the project "a punchy concept album that tackles blissful romance, sexual freedom — and the complex moments that arise between." Bobby Carter of NPR hailed it "a bold and timely conversation piece addressing truths regarding relationships, sex, social norms, self-worth and a myriad of other topics that women grapple with." Wongo Okon of Uproxx praised it for casting "a light on the goalpost-shifting standards of this patriarchal society" while holding "the characteristics to be labeled a classic in the future." Mankaprr Conteh of "Pitchfork" gave the EP the site's Best New Music distinction.


title: Heaux Tales

text: "Heaux Tales" debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 43,000 album-equivalent units (including 7,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week, according to MRC Data. This became Sullivan's second US top-ten album and her highest-charting album in the US. The album also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B Albums and number two on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. It also accumulated a total of 46 million on-demand streams of the project's songs that week. On September 6, 2022, the EP was certified Gold by the RIAA.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base or alkali. Historically, this reaction was represented as


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: The statement is still valid as long as it is understood that in an aqueous solution the substances involved are subject to dissociation, which changes the ionization state of the substances. The arrow sign, →, is used because the reaction is complete, that is, neutralization is a quantitative reaction. A more general definition is based on Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Electrical charges are omitted from generic expressions such as this, as each species A, AH, B, or BH may or may not carry an electrical charge. Neutralization of sulfuric acid provides a specific example. Two partial neutralization reactions are possible in this instance.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: After an acid AH has been neutralized there are no molecules of the acid (or hydrogen ions produced by dissociation of the molecule) left in solution.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: When an acid is neutralized the amount of base added to it must be equal the amount of acid present initially. This amount of base is said to be the equivalent amount. In a titration of an acid with a base, the point of neutralization can also be called the equivalence point. The quantitative nature of the neutralization reaction is most conveniently expressed in terms of the concentrations of acid and alkali. At the equivalence point:


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In general, for an acid AH at concentration "c" reacting with a base B(OH) at concentration "c" the volumes are related by:


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies. The concept of neutralization is not limited to reactions in solution. For example, the reaction of limestone with acid such as sulfuric acid is also a neutralization reaction.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: A strong acid is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a strong acid.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: A strong base is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Therefore, when a strong acid reacts with a strong base the neutralization reaction can be written as


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide the sodium and chloride ions, Na and Cl take no part in the reaction. The reaction is consistent with the Brønsted–Lowry definition because in reality the hydrogen ion exists as the hydronium ion, so that the neutralization reaction may be written as


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: When a strong acid is neutralized by a strong base there are no excess hydrogen ions left in the solution. The solution is said to be neutral as it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The pH of such a solution is close to a value of 7; the exact pH value is dependent on the temperature of the solution.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Neutralization is an exothermic reaction. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction is −57.30 kJ/mol.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: The term "fully dissociated" is applied to a solute when the concentration of the products of its dissociation are below the detection limits, that is, when the products' concentrations are too low to measured. Quantitatively, this is expressed as , or in some texts . This means that the value of the dissociation constant cannot be obtained from experimental measurements. The value can, however, be estimated theoretically. For example the value of has been estimated for hydrogen chloride in aqueous solution at room temperature. A chemical compound may behave as a strong acid in solution when its concentration is low and as a weak acid when its concentration is very high. Sulfuric acid is an example of such a compound.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: A weak acid HA is one that does not dissociate fully when it is dissolved in water. Instead an equilibrium mixture is formed:


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: is not close to 7, as with a strong acid, but depends on the acid dissociation constant, "K", of the acid. The pH at the end-point or equivalence point in a titration may be calculated as follows. At the end-point the acid is completely neutralized so the analytical hydrogen ion concentration, "T", is zero and the concentration of the conjugate base, A, is equal to the analytical or formal concentration "T" of the acid: [A] = "T". When a solution of an acid, HA, is at equilibrium, by definition the concentrations are related by the expression


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from the defining expression on the assumption that its concentration is very much greater than the concentration of dissolved acid, [HO] ≫ "T". The equation for mass-balance in hydrogen ions can then be written as


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: where "K" represents the self-dissociation constant of water. Since "K" = [H][OH], the term is equal to [OH], the concentration of hydroxide ions. At neutralization, "T" is zero. After multiplying both sides of the equation by [H], it becomes


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: With a dilute solution of the weak acid, the term 1 + is equal to to a good approximation. If p"K" = 14,


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In a titration of a weak acid with a strong base the pH rises more steeply as the end-point is approached. At the end-point, the slope of the curve of pH with respect to amount of titrant is a maximum. Since the end-point occurs at pH greater than 7, the most suitable indicator to use is one, like phenolphthalein, that changes color at high pH.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Amines are examples of weak bases. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid dissociation constant of the protonated base, p"K", or, equivalently, on the base association constant, p"K". The most suitable indicator to use for this type of titration is one, such as methyl orange, that changes color at low pH.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: complete neutralization does not always occur. The concentrations of the species in equilibrium with each other will depend on the equilibrium constant, "K", for the reaction, which is defined as follows:


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: The neutralization reaction can be considered as the difference of the following two acid dissociation reactions


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: with the dissociation constants "K" and "K" of the acids HA and BH, respectively. Inspection of the reaction quotients shows that


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: A weak acid cannot always be neutralized by a weak base, and vice versa. However, for the neutralization of benzoic acid ("K" = 6.5 × 10) with ammonia ("K" = 5.6 × 10 for ammonium), "K" = 1.2 × 10 » 1, and more than 99% of the benzoic acid is converted to benzoate.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Chemical titration methods are used for analyzing acids or bases to determine the unknown concentration. Either a pH meter or a pH indicator which shows the point of neutralization by a distinct color change can be employed. Simple stoichiometric calculations with the known volume of the unknown and the known volume and molarity of the added chemical gives the molarity of the unknown.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In wastewater treatment, chemical neutralization methods are often applied to reduce the damage that an effluent may cause upon release to the environment. For pH control, popular chemicals include calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. The selection of an appropriate neutralization chemical depends on the particular application.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: There are many uses of neutralization reactions that are acid-alkali reactions. A very common use is antacid tablets. These are designed to neutralize excess gastric acid in the stomach (HCl) that may be causing discomfort in the stomach or lower esophagus. This can also be remedied by the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO). Sodium bicarbonate is also commonly used to neutralise acid spills in laboratories, as well as acid burns.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: In chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, the heat of neutralization reaction can be used to facilitate the chemical reduction of metal precursors.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Also in the digestive tract, neutralization reactions are used when food is moved from the stomach to the intestines. In order for the nutrients to be absorbed through the intestinal wall, an alkaline environment is needed, so the pancreas produce an antacid bicarbonate to cause this transformation to occur.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Another common use, though perhaps not as widely known, is in fertilizers and control of soil pH. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or limestone (calcium carbonate) may be worked into soil that is too acidic for plant growth. Fertilizers that improve plant growth are made by neutralizing sulfuric acid (HSO) or nitric acid (HNO) with ammonia gas (NH), making ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate. These are salts utilized in the fertilizer.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Industrially, a by-product of the burning of coal, sulfur dioxide gas, may combine with water vapor in the air to eventually produce sulfuric acid, which falls as acid rain. To prevent the sulfur dioxide from being released, a device known as a scrubber gleans the gas from smoke stacks. This device first blows calcium carbonate into the combustion chamber where it decomposes into calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. This lime then reacts with the sulfur dioxide produced forming calcium sulfite. A suspension of lime is then injected into the mixture to produce a slurry, which removes the calcium sulfite and any remaining unreacted sulfur dioxide.


title: Neutralization (chemistry)

text: Neutralization is covered in most general chemistry textbooks. Detailed treatments may be found in textbooks on analytical chemistry such as


title: Scott Israel

text: Scott Israel is an American law enforcement officer, and the Police Chief of the city of Opa-locka, Florida.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel was chief of police in North Bay Village, Florida, from 2004 to 2008, during which time he was named Police Chief of the Year in Miami Dade County. He later served as the 16th Sheriff of the 6,000-member Sheriff's Office in Broward County, Florida, from 2013 until 2019. In 2016, Broward County voters re-elected Israel as Sheriff with 72% of the vote - the largest electoral win for a Broward County Sheriff in 80 years.


title: Scott Israel

text: He has been known for being outspoken regarding gun violence and gun control, and opposed open carry legislation. Israel has called for a ban on assault rifles to be reinstated, and said that he does not believe that people with mental illness should have access to firearms. His views made him a target of conservatives across the nation, in part due to his criticism of the National Rifle Association, and what he considers to be lax gun laws.


title: Scott Israel

text: The Stoneman Douglas High School shooting occurred in his jurisdiction in February 2018 while he was Broward County Sheriff, and his department and deputies were criticized. Newly elected Florida Governor Ron DeSantis suspended him upon taking office 11 months later. Israel appealed to the Florida Senate, which appointed former Senate President J. Dudley Goodlette (R) to serve as special master and hear testimony and evidence with regard to the propriety of the suspension. After Goodlette conducted a trial, he issued his report in September 2019, finding that Israel's removal by the governor had been improper, and recommending that Israel be reinstated. Nevertheless, in October 2019, the Florida Senate voted to confirm Israel's suspension.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel was born in New York, raised in the Bronx and Long Island, and is Jewish. His father Maurice "Sonny" Israel fought in the Korean War as a US Marines sergeant, and was a homicide detective in New York City and a Palm Beach Sheriff's Office deputy.


title: Scott Israel

text: Scott Israel earned his bachelor's degree in political science and government at SUNY Cortland ('77), and played quarterback in college football there. He then took a course of study at the FBI National Academy.


title: Scott Israel

text: His wife Susan is Christian, and they raised their triplets (Brett, Blake, and Blair) with extensive exposure to both faiths. The triplets were all bar/bat mitzvahed, and when they became adults he said: "they each have the free choice to decide their own faith." In school, Brett was a starting quarterback for Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School, Blake was a midfielder for the lacrosse team and a safety for the football team, and Blair was a sprinter on the track team.


title: Scott Israel

text: He became a patrol officer for the Fort Lauderdale Police Department in 1979. Israel later worked in narcotics, and served as a SWAT team commander, before retiring from the agency as a captain in 2004. In the 1980s he was investigated for ten incidents by the Fort Lauderdale Police Department Internal Affairs division. None of the complaints, however, were sustained, and the police department eventually destroyed the old files.


title: Scott Israel

text: From 2004 to 2008, Israel was the chief of police in North Bay Village, Florida. He was named Police Chief of the Year in Miami Dade County. Israel resigned that position in 2008 to run for Sheriff as the Democratic nominee, but narrowly lost the general election to the incumbent Republican sheriff.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel, running as a Democrat, was elected Broward County Sheriff in 2012, defeating incumbent Sheriff Al Lamberti (R) by a 53% to 47% vote. Israel was the first Jewish sheriff in Broward County history, and the second in Florida's history. The department has 6,000 members.


title: Scott Israel

text: He is known for being outspoken regarding gun violence and gun control, and opposed open carry legislation. During his first term, Israel built a record of being the most politically progressive sheriff in Florida.


title: Scott Israel

text: In 2015, Israel began to implement a plan for all 1,500 uniformed deputies to wear body cameras, a program which was fully implemented by the end of 2016. During Israel's tenure as Sheriff, burglaries dropped 42% in BSO-patrolled areas (from 5,556 to 3,210), and violent crime dropped nearly 20% (from 23,983 incidents to 19,564). He also increased diversity among BSO personnel, increasing the percentage of Asian, Hispanic, and African-American deputies; and stressed the concept of community policing. Israel also expanded the use of juvenile civil citations (instead of criminal arrests), making their issuance mandatory to all eligible youth, in order to help keep juveniles out of the criminal justice system and give them second chances.


title: Scott Israel

text: In 2016, Broward County voters re-elected Israel as Sheriff with 72% of the vote - the largest electoral win for a Broward County Sheriff in 80 years.


title: Scott Israel

text: At the same time, he was a target of conservatives across the nation, in part due to his criticism of the National Rifle Association and what he considered lax gun laws.


title: Scott Israel

text: In the January 2017 Fort Lauderdale airport shooting, a shooter using a legally purchased Walther PPS 9mm semi-automatic pistol, legally checked in his luggage, without warning opened fire and killed five people and injured six others.


title: Scott Israel

text: A nearby BSO deputy immediately responded by running to the sound of gunfire, and apprehended the suspect within 85 seconds; the following year, he was named Deputy of the Year by the Florida Sheriffs Association. The deputy had been trained to react immediately to an active shooter, and said: "I was basically going - reacting ... - what I was trained to do. So I went towards the shooting." The responding BSO officers also reacted in a manner that the Special Master said was "textbook." The Special Master found that the shooting "was not preventable by Sheriff Israel or anyone else".


title: Scott Israel

text: The Broward office's after action report did not find any negligence on the part of Israel, but criticized the agency for failing to take control due to leadership issues from the incident commander (a colonel) on the scene, and problems with Broward County's failing radio communications system which was controlled by the county rather than the sheriff's office, which was one of its many users.


title: Scott Israel

text: The Senate's Special Master Dudley Goodlette who examined all the evidence in a two-day evidentiary hearing said no evidence supported the notion that the shooting and later chaos could have been avoided with better BSO training and preparation.


title: Scott Israel

text: After the shooting, Israel called for a ban on assault rifles to be reinstated, and said that he didn't believe that people with mental illness should have access to firearms. He said: "All I'm going to do is speak my mind. If I'm on an island, I'm on an island. I'm not going to worry about who is with me or who is not."


title: Scott Israel

text: On February 14, 2018, a 19-year-old shooter, armed with a semi-automatic AR-15 style rifle that he had purchased legally, entered the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire on students and staff. He murdered 17 people, and injured 17 others. In the aftermath of the shooting, Israel came under scrutiny for both the actions of his deputies and what was seen by some as his department's failure to act sufficiently in reaction to warning signs about shooter and former student Nikolas Cruz.


title: Scott Israel

text: During the shooting, a veteran armed sheriff's deputy (Scott Peterson) was outside of the school within minutes, but did not enter or peer in its windows, but instead retreated to another building and hid for 48 minutes, while telling other deputies to stay at least 500 feet from the building. Afterward Israel criticized the deputy, saying that he should have "went in, addressed the killer, killed the killer". It was later discovered that there may have been at least two other deputies, who arrived later, who also did not enter the building. Coral Springs police officers who arrived at the scene were surprised to find that the deputies still had not entered the building. A Florida sheriff on the panel said that several of the Broward deputies on the scene failed to take command, and seemed disengaged or were distracted or failed to act at all, driving back and forth outside the school during the shooting. This led to disciplinary action against additional deputies. As to Israel, the Special Master tasked with reviewing his suspension, who recommended that the suspension was inappropriate, found "Sheriff Israel does not (and cannot) supervise each deputy." The Special Master noted that the BSO had 5,600 budgeted positions.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel said his agency had "been involved" in "23 calls involving the killer in some way, shape or form – or his brother" over the prior few years. With regard to some of the calls, handled both in person and by phone, deputies met with Cruz’s mother. The Broward Sheriff Office stated on February 24, 2018: "Since 2008, BSO responded to 23 incidents where previous contact was made with the killer or his family." Through a public records request, CNN found that the sheriff's department had received 19 calls relating to Cruz himself (some when Cruz was as young as nine years old; they ranged from a call to the police reporting that Cruz was cursing, to a call saying he had shot a chicken with a BB gun). A total of 45 calls related to the Cruz home, Cruz or his brother (his brother was the subject of the majority of the calls), over the prior decade. The majority of the calls resulted in no written report. A Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School school resource deputy had an investigator for Florida’s Department of Children and Families speak to Cruz, but Cruz's therapist said that he was “not currently a threat to himself or others” and did not need to be committed. The FBI, for its part, admitted that it had received a tip (saying the caller suspected Cruz would shoot up a school) that its protocols required the FBI to further investigate, but that the FBI had failed to do so. Israel rejected calls for his resignation, including one from state representative Bill Hager.


title: Scott Israel

text: Speaking to reporters after the shooting, he said: "I've said this time and time again. While the people who are victims of mental health illnesses in this country are being treated, in the opinion of this sheriff, they should not be able to buy, surround themselves with, purchase, or carry a handgun. Those two things don't mix."


title: Scott Israel

text: On November 12, 2018, at the high school's Public Safety Commission's monthly meeting investigating the shooting, Israel admitted that he had changed the sheriff's policy on active shooters, changing one word in a critical sentence about deputies engaging active shooters from "shall" go in after the shooter, to "may" go in after the shooter. The change brought the policy in line with most similar policies at other Florida law enforcement agencies, while other policies even required that the deputy not go in after the shooter but rather wait for backup. Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd, a commissioner on the panel, admonished Israel, saying "Words matter, and according to your policy, he did not have to go in". Judd was referring to Scot Peterson, the former BSO deputy assigned to the high school as a school resource officer, who resigned after it was revealed that he had not entered the building to engage the shooter, but rather had waited outside the building with his gun drawn while shots were being fired inside. A MSD Commission found that Peterson "knew through his training that the appropriate response was to seek out the active shooter, and not containment." Israel's statement that he had changed the verbiage of the active shooter policy was at odds with his statements at a news conference nine months earlier, days after the shooting, when he announced that Peterson was being suspended without pay because "He never went in."


title: Scott Israel

text: A 2019 "Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Commission Report" did not find any neglect of duty or incompetence on the part of Israel, but did discuss Peterson's failure to confront the shooter, and find that equipment and training necessary for effective response to mass casualty events was sporadic and inconsistent. The Special Master review concluded: "it was the individual failures that plagued the Stoneman Douglas response, not neglect or incompetence by Sheriff Israel..


title: Scott Israel

text: On April 20, 2018, the Broward Sheriff's Office Deputies Associationan IUPA labor union localheld a no-confidence vote, after it failed to reach a new labor contract and win the raises its members were seeking. It was the first no-confidence vote the union had brought against a sheriff, and was 534–94 against Israel.


title: Scott Israel

text: On January 11, 2019, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis -- who had as a candidate for governor twice said that if he were governor, he would have suspended Israel -- three days after being sworn into office followed up on his campaign promise. He ousted Israel and replaced him with former Coral Springs police Sgt. Gregory Tony.


title: Scott Israel

text: In response to Israel's ouster, five command staff resigned, including Col. John "Jack" Dale, who wrote on his form, "Actions by governor not in the best interest of public safety," Undersheriff Steve Kinsey, the second in command at the agency, who wrote on his form, "Due to the sheriff being suspended unjustly," and Major Chadwick Wagner, a former Hollywood police chief, who said his reason for leaving included "the unjust decision by Gov. Ron DeSantis to remove Broward County Sheriff Scott J. Israel." Broward Sheriff's Sgt. Anthony Marciano, president of the Federation of Public Employees union, representing deputies, said Israel unnecessarily "poked a big bear that he didn't need to poke" when he addressed the National Rifle Association, but that Israel's fate would have better been left to voters. He opined: "the sheriff said one thing that should have resonated with everybody: 'You can't teach courage to people.'"


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel appealed his removal to the Florida Senate. The Senate appointed former Senate President J. Dudley Goodlette (R) to serve as special master to hear the testimony and evidence on the appeal. Because the Senate was controlled by Republicans, and Israel was a Democrat, his appeal was considered a long shot.


title: Scott Israel

text: In March 2019, DeSantis in his first State of the State speech to a joint session of the Florida Legislature said “Why any senator would want to thumb his nose at the Parkland families and to eject Sheriff Tony, who is doing a great job and has made history as the first African-American sheriff in Broward history, is beyond me.”


title: Scott Israel

text: After conducting a trial regarding the matter, Goodlette issued his report in September 2019. He found that the removal of Israel by the governor had been improper, and recommended that Israel be reinstated. Bob Gualtieri, chairman of the panel investigating the Parkland shooting and sheriff of Pinellas County, said he didn't think Israel should be suspended: "He had some personnel that failed. Any law enforcement organization is going to have people that fail. And just because individuals fail doesn't mean that the leader of the organization is a failure."


title: Scott Israel

text: However, despite the report by the special master that they had appointed--and the special master's recommendation that Israel be reinstated--the Florida Senate held a special session on October 23, 2019, at which it voted 25–15 to uphold the suspension.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel and Tony were the leading contenders for the sheriff position in the 2020 Democratic Party primary. Tony's campaign vastly outspent Israel. Tony narrowly defeated Israel by a 37% to 35% vote in the primary, with four other candidates splitting the remainder of the vote. The IUPA deputies' union endorsed a third candidate in the primary race, Al Pollock, who finished a distant third place with 11%.


title: Scott Israel

text: Israel worked at the Davie Police Department in 2020-21, overseeing the review of red light camera violations.


title: Kopa Trophy

text: The Kopa Trophy is an association football award presented to the best performing player under the age of 21. It is organised by "France Football."


title: Kopa Trophy

text: The award is named after former French footballer Raymond Kopa and the winner is selected by former Ballon d'Or winners. Unlike the Golden Boy award, the Kopa Trophy, even if less prestigious, is also open to those who play outside of Europe.


title: Hannah Alligood

text: Hannah Alligood, sometimes credited as Hannah Riley, is an American actress known for her role as Frankie in the FX television series "Better Things".


title: Hannah Alligood

text: Alligood was born in Birmingham, Alabama. In 2015, Alligood was nominated for a Young Artist award in the Supporting Actress category for her work as young Margo in the film "Paper Towns". The following year, she played minor roles in two films, "", and "Miracles from Heaven". It was also in 2016 that she auditioned for and won the high-profile role of Frankie on "Better Things".


title: Hannah Alligood

text: A November 2017 Apple ad for their iPad Pro featured Alligood as Brooklynite "Scout", utilizing the product in a number of ways traditionally seen with a personal computer, leading to the end where a neighbor asks Scout what she is doing with her computer, and she answers, not knowing what a computer is.


title: Prahlad Jani

text: Prahlad Jani, also known as Mataji or Chunriwala Mataji (13 August 1929 ― 26 May 2020) was an Indian breatharian monk who claimed to have lived without food and water since 1940. He said that the goddess Amba sustained him. However, the findings of the investigations on him have been kept confidential and revealed to public by authorities. He also made many media and public appearances.


title: Prahlad Jani

text: Prahlad Jani was born on 13 August 1929 in Charada village in India (now in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India). According to Jani, he left his home in Gujarat at the age of seven, and went to live in the jungle.


title: Prahlad Jani

text: At the age of 12, Jani underwent a spiritual experience and became a follower of the Hindu goddess Amba. From that time, he chose to dress as a female devotee of Amba, wearing a red sari-like garment, jewellery and crimson flowers in his shoulder-length hair. Jani was commonly known as "Mataji" ("[a manifestation of] The Great Mother"). Jani believed that the Goddess provided him with water which dropped down through a hole in his palate, which allowed him to live without food or drink.


title: Prahlad Jani

text: Since the 1970s, Jani had lived as a hermit in a cave in the forest in Gujarat. He died on 26 May 2020 at his native Charada. He was given samadhi in his ashram at Gabbar Hill near Ambaji on 28 May 2020.


title: Prahlad Jani

text: Two observational studies and one imaging study of Jani have been conducted. The observational studies were one in 2003 and one in 2010, both involving Sudhir Shah, a neurologist at the Sterling Hospitals in Ahmedabad, India, who had studied people claiming to have exceptional abilities, including other fasters such as Hira Ratan Manek. In both cases the investigators confirmed Jani's ability to survive healthily without food and water during the testing periods, although neither study was submitted to a scientific journal. When questioned six days into the 2010 experiment, the DRDO spokesperson announced that the study's findings would be "confidential" until results were established. Uninvolved doctors and other critics have questioned the validity of the studies and stated their belief that, although people can survive for days without food or water, it is not possible to survive for years, especially since glucose, a substrate critical to brain function, is not provided.