title: American Federation of Labor

text: This approach was set by Gompers, who was influenced by a fellow cigar maker (and former socialist) Ferdinand Laurrel. Despite his socialist contacts, Gompers himself was not a socialist.


title: American Federation of Labor

text: Employers discovered the efficacy of labor injunctions, first used with great effect by the Cleveland administration during the Pullman Strike in 1894. While the A.F. of L. sought to outlaw "yellow dog contracts," to limit the courts' power to impose "government by injunction" and to obtain exemption from the antitrust laws that were being used to criminalize labor organizing, the courts reversed what few legislative successes the labor movement won.


title: American Federation of Labor

text: The A.F. of L. concentrated its political efforts during the last decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom from state control of unions—in particular an end to the court's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to criminalize labor's use of pickets, boycotts and strikes. The A.F. of L. thought that it had achieved the latter with the passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914—which Gompers referred to as "Labor's Magna Carta". But in "Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering", 254 U.S. 443 (1921), the United States Supreme Court narrowly read the Act and codified the federal courts' existing power to issue injunctions rather than limit it. The court read the phrase "between an employer and employees" (contained in the first paragraph of the Act) to refer only to cases involving an employer and its own employees, leaving the courts free to punish unions for engaging in sympathy strikes or secondary boycotts.


title: American Federation of Labor

text: The A.F. of L.'s pessimistic attitude towards politics did not, on the other hand, prevent affiliated unions from pursuing their own agendas. Construction unions supported legislation that governed entry of contractors into the industry and protected workers' rights to pay, rail and mass production industries sought workplace safety legislation, and unions generally agitated for the passage of workers' compensation statutes.


title: American Federation of Labor

text: At the same time, the A.F. of L. took efforts on behalf of women in supporting protective legislation. It advocated fewer hours for women workers, and based its arguments on assumptions of female weakness. Like efforts to unionize, most support for protective legislation for women came out of a desire to protect men's jobs. If women's hours could be limited, reasoned A.F. of L. officials, they would infringe less on male employment and earning potential. But the A.F. of L. also took more selfless efforts. Even from the 1890s, the A.F. of L. declared itself vigorously in favor of women's suffrage. It often printed pro-suffrage articles in its periodical, and in 1918, it supported the National Union of Women's Suffrage.


title: American Federation of Labor

text: The A.F. of L. relaxed its rigid stand against legislation after the death of Gompers. Even so, it remained cautious. Its proposals for unemployment benefits (made in the late 1920s) were too modest to have practical value, as the Great Depression soon showed. The impetus for the major federal labor laws of the 1930s came from the New Deal. The enormous growth in union membership came after Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and National Labor Relations Act in 1935. The A.F. of L. refused to sanction or participate in the mass strikes led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers and other left unions such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. After the A.F. of L. expelled the CIO in 1936, the CIO undertook a major organizing effort. In 1947, when the Taft-Hartley Act was passed, political activities were stirred. In resistance to the new law, the CIO joined the A.F. of L., and political cooperation set the path for union unity. The two groups merged, 8 years later, into the AFL–CIO coalition with George Meany as the new president.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The Little Mermaid is a stage musical produced by Disney Theatrical, based on the animated 1989 Disney film of the same name and the classic story by Hans Christian Andersen about a mermaid who dreams of the world above the sea and gives up her voice to find true love. Its book is by Doug Wright, music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman (written for the film), with additional lyrics by Glenn Slater. Its underwater setting and story about aquatic characters requires unusual technical designs and strategies to create gliding movements for the actors.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: After a pre-Broadway tryout in Denver, Colorado from July to September 2007, the musical began Broadway previews on November 3, 2007 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, replacing Disney's "Beauty and the Beast". The production officially opened on January 10, 2008 and closed on August 30, 2009 after 685 performances and 50 previews. It introduced Broadway debuts by director Francesca Zambello and Sierra Boggess in the title role.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Subsequent productions have been seen in US regional theatres and internationally. A modified version of the musical with a new book and direction by Glenn Casale was developed in 2012, and this version is the basis for subsequent productions.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Disney Theatrical had success with stage adaptations of its animated musical films "Beauty and the Beast" in 1994 and "The Lion King" in 1997. Thomas Schumacher, head of Disney Theatrical, proposed another adaptation, this time of the 1989 film "The Little Mermaid", approaching songwriter Alan Menken, who had composed the music for the film, to be part of the production team. Schumacher initially brought on director/choreographer Matthew Bourne to helm the musical, but Bourne left when their visions on the project differed. Schumacher then approached Francesca Zambello, telling her that "We haven't found a way to do the water". Zambello's experience with the fantasy elements of opera made her open to the project, and the decision was made that there would be no water, wires or flying in the production. Playwright Doug Wright was brought on as book writer, focusing the story line on Ariel's longing not for her prince, but for "a world in which she feels truly realized in her own terms. ... Her ambitions are bigger than any one man." For the songs, Menken brought on lyricist Glenn Slater, whom he'd worked with on "Home on the Range", and together they wrote ten new songs for the stage musical, adding '60s rock, vaudeville and 1920s Brechtian cabaret to the sound of the show.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: In creating the underwater world on stage, director Zambello asked her design team to use translucent materials to create abstract shapes and manipulate light to give the watery illusion. The design team consisted of George Tsypin for sets, Natasha Katz for lighting, and Tatiana Noginova for costumes – all three of whom had previously worked with Zambello. For the performers' movements, choreographer Stephen Mear had the actors wear Heelys wheeled footwear, dubbed "merblades", while tails on sprung-steel rods, designed by Michael Curry, were attached to their hips. Sierra Boggess, who originated the role of Ariel, was an ice-skater and had no trouble with the Heelys, but the rest of the cast took some getting used to the footwear. Ariel's tail originally had a motor inside that allowed the fluke to move independently, but the mechanics made the tail heavy and loud and were removed.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Rehearsals for the Broadway production began on May 29, 2007 at the New 42nd Street Studios in New York. The cast had six weeks of rehearsals before the pre-Broadway tryout.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: After the Broadway production underperformed at the box office and closed in 2009, director Glenn Casale was brought on to reinvent the musical for the 2012 Dutch production. He made changes to the score and book, adding the new song "Daddy's Little Angel" to replace "I Want the Good Times Back" (which gives Ursula and Triton a new backstory), and replacing the Heelys worn by the actors to introduce aerial effects and flying harnesses to create the illusion of being underwater. The new stage design was made by Bob Crowley, with the world above water made to look like a pop-up book, using cardboard waves and rocks. The character of Carlotta was entirely omitted in this version, leaving Grimsby with her lines, and Flounder was a teenager. Following the success of the Dutch production, Casale then worked with California Musical Theatre to present a regional production of the musical in the round. The various changes introduced by Casale in these productions have been incorporated into the official version of the show that Disney Theatrical currently licenses for regional and professional productions.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: "The Little Mermaid" had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts' Ellie Caulkins Opera House from July 26, 2007 through September 9, 2007. Every seat available (approximately 95,000 seats) for the 6-week run was sold out.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The musical began previews on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 3, 2007 and was temporarily shut down on November 10, 2007 due to the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike. The strike ended on November 28, 2007, and the show resumed previews the next day. The official opening date was postponed from December 6, 2007 to January 10, 2008. Jodi Benson and Pat Carroll, who starred in the 1989 animated film as Ariel and Ursula, respectively, attended the opening night ceremony.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Direction was by Francesca Zambello, making her Broadway debut, with choreography by Stephen Mear. Scenic design was by George Tsypin, costumes by Tatiana Noginova, lighting by Natasha Katz and projections by Sven Ortel. The original cast featured newcomer Sierra Boggess in the title role of Ariel, Sean Palmer as Prince Eric, Brian D'Addario and Trevor Braun alternated as Flounder, Norm Lewis as King Triton, Sherie Rene Scott as Ursula, Tituss Burgess as Sebastian, Tyler Maynard as Flotsam, Derrick Baskin as Jetsam, Jonathan Freeman as Grimsby, and John Treacy Egan as Chef Louis. Notable replacements included Faith Prince as Ursula and Drew Seeley as Prince Eric. The production closed on August 30, 2009, after 50 previews and 685 performances. Thomas Schumacher, producer and president of Disney Theatrical Productions said, "it would be fiscally irresponsible to our shareholders to risk operating losses with such a big show in the historically challenging fall months. We are closing the Broadway production to concentrate on the long future life of this title."


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The first national US tour of the musical had previously been scheduled to start in the fall of 2010 after the closure of the Broadway production, but eventually did not take place.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Regional US productions include the Tuacahn Amphitheatre in Ivins, Utah (2011, 2014, 2019); The Muny, St. Louis, Missouri (2011, 2017); the California Musical Theatre, Sacramento (2012); the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey (2013), the Chanhassen Dinner Theatres in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota (2014), the Music Hall at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas (2014), and the White Plains Performing Arts Center, New York (2014). There have also been limited tours of regional productions, such as a 2015 tour by Theatre Under the Stars, and a 2016 tour which launched at the 5th Avenue Theatre on November 23, 2016 and made stops in Orlando, Cincinnati, Atlanta and Louisville, among other cities. The production staged at the California Musical Theatre (Sacramento), directed by Glen Casale, is notable for having been performed in the round.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The Canadian premiere opened on August 13, 2014 and ran until August 29, 2014 at Rainbow Stage, Winnipeg, MB. Colleen Furlan starred as Ariel along with Marc Devigne as Prince Eric and Jennifer Lyon as Ursula. The production was directed by Ann Hodges, choreographed by Linda Garneau and the music director was Elizabeth Baird. The costumes used were made for this original cast by Kansas City Costumes. Another Canadian production opened on November 19, 2014, at the Dunfield Theatre in Cambridge, Ontario, where it ran until December 21, 2014.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: A Hebrew production ran in Tel Aviv and other cities in Israel during the 2010/2011 season, directed by Moshe Kaftan and starring Rinat Gabai as Ariel and Guy Zu-Aretz as Prince Eric.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Atlantis Productions staged its own version on the show at the Meralco Theater in Manila, where it ran from November 18, 2011 to December 11, 2011, with Rachelle Ann Go as Ariel and Erik Santos as Prince Eric. The production incorporated Asian elements into its costume design by Eric Pineda. A majority of the cast members played as puppeteer-actors, who controlled "wayang" or shadow puppets, "bunraku" or traditional Japanese puppets, and "nang kaloung" or Cambodian puppets during certain parts of the show.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The Dutch version, produced by Stage Entertainment, officially opened on June 16, 2012 at the Nieuwe Luxor Theater in Rotterdam and after touring The Netherlands, it performed a whole season at the Beatrix Theater in Utrecht, from September 5, 2012 to July 7, 2013, playing more than 400 performances. This was the first revised production, directed by Glen Casale and featuring new set design by Bob Crowley. The new song "Daddy's Little Angel" was added and the set design was changed to include flying harnesses and aerial effects to create the underwater illusion, while the world above was depicted with a storybook design. Casale's changes to the production have since been incorporated into the official licensed version of the musical.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: In Russia "The Little Mermaid" opened on October 8, 2012 at the Rossiya Theatre Theatre in Moscow, using the Dutch designs and directions by Bob Crowley and Glenn Casale, respectively. Produced by Stage Entertainment, the show took its final curtain call on April 13, 2014, after 502 performances and having seen by more than 700.000 people. This production won two Golden Mask National Theatre Awards, for Best Production for an Operetta/Musical and Best Actress for Manana Gogitidze's portrayal of Ursula.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: A Japanese production ran in Tokyo from April 7, 2013 to April 9, 2017, with the designs and directions used in the Dutch production by Bob Crowley and Glenn Casale, respectively. A live album recording with the original cast was released in 2013. After closing in Tokyo, the show was transferred to Fukuoka from August 11, 2017 to November 4, 2018, and Sapporo from December 22, 2018 to February 26, 2020. The final performance in Sapporo was initially expected to take place on March 15, 2020, but it was moved forward due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Concurrently, a second production ran in Nagoya from October 15, 2016 to August 26, 2018. After closing in Nagoya, the show was transferred to Osaka from October 13, 2018 to November 21, 2021, Shizuoka from April 2 to May 29, 2022, Hiroshima from July 11 to October 10, 2022, and Sendai from November 26, 2022.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: After its successful production of "Aladdin" during the 2012/2013 season, the Fredericia Teater teamed up once again with Disney Theatrical to stage a local version of "The Little Mermaid" in Denmark, where it ran from July 17 to August 17, 2014 at the Copenhagen Opera House, and from August 28 to October 26, 2014 at the Fredericia Teater.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: A Dutch-language production directed by Frank Van Laecke ran at the Flanders Expo in Ghent from a December 13, 2017 to January 7, 2018. After closing in Ghent, the show was transferred to Ethias Arena in Hasselt from April 13–15, 2018.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The first Latin American production opened on March 30, 2018 at the Teatro Santander in São Paulo, produced by IMM and EGG Entretenimento, and closed on July 29, 2018.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: A second production premiered at Teatro Santander on July 17, 2022 using the same sets and costumes, besides retaining most of the 2018 cast. The new production was acclaimed for having Gabriel Vicente as the first black actor to play Prince Eric in Brazil.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: In Finland "The Little Mermaid" opened on August 29, 2019 at the Helsinki City Theatre, under the direction of Samuel Harjanne. The production was well received, but it was forced to close permanently from March 12, 2020 onwards due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Prince Eric, his nautical expert pilot and adviser, Grimsby, and sailors are aboard a ship at sea, discussing the "mythical" merfolk that supposedly live under the sea. Grimsby wants Eric to return to court to fulfill his birthright as king. However, Eric hears a beautiful voice and commands it to be followed ("Fathoms Below").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Deep on the ocean floor in the merfolk kingdom, a concert in honor of a thwarted coup d'état by the sea witch Ursula is underway, being performed by the daughters of Triton the sea king. King Triton's court composer, Sebastian the crab, has composed a song for girls to perform ("Daughters of Triton"). However, the youngest daughter, Ariel, is not there for her solo, bringing the concert to a halt. Ariel has forgotten about the concert and is swimming around the surface, admiring a new item for her collection, a fork. She reveals that she is fascinated with the human world ("The World Above"). Together with her best friend Flounder, Ariel visits Scuttle and his fellow seagulls to ask about the human things she's collected, and he explains them somewhat erroneously ("Human Stuff").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Elsewhere, Ursula is seeking revenge against her brother, King Triton. She was banished from the palace for using black magic, and tells her minions Flotsam and Jetsam to keep an eye on Ariel, whom she thinks will be the key to getting the crown and trident ("I Want the Good Times Back").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: When Ariel returns home, King Triton is angered to learn that she has been on the surface and reprimands her: King Triton is xenophobic towards humans, believing them to be nothing but savage fish-eaters. Ariel rushes off distraught, and King Triton assigns Sebastian to watch over Ariel to make sure she doesn't get into trouble. Ariel sits alone in her grotto, which contains her collection of human things, and imagines living in the human world ("Part of Your World"). Ariel and Flounder meet Scuttle at the surface to see Prince Eric's ship up close. On board, Grimsby tells Eric that he must find a bride and take his place as king. A storm suddenly hits, and Eric is tossed overboard. Ariel saves him from drowning and drags him to shore. She realizes that she is falling in love with him, and vows to find a way to be with him ("Part of Your World (Reprise)").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: After Ariel returns home, her behavior makes her sisters and Flounder suspect that she has fallen in love ("She's in Love"). On land, Eric is determined to find the woman who saved his life, but the only clue he has is ("Her Voice"). Sebastian reveals to King Triton that Ariel has saved a human. Triton angrily confronts her about it ("The World Above (Reprise)"), uncovers her grotto and uses his trident to destroy Ariel's human collection. After the king leaves, Sebastian tries to comfort Ariel by pointing out the wonders of the undersea world ("Under the Sea"), but she is disappointed with him for reporting to her father and sneaks off with Flounder during the song. Once she is away, she is stopped by Flotsam and Jetsam, who sweet talk her into seeking help from Ursula ("Sweet Child").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Ariel goes to meet Ursula, who presents a deal: Ariel will be turned into a human for three days, during which she has to win the kiss of true love from Eric. If she does, she will be human permanently; if not, her soul will belong to Ursula. In exchange, Ariel must give up her voice, which will stay in Ursula's magic nautilus shell ("Poor Unfortunate Souls"). Ariel signs the agreement and sings into the shell, after which she is transformed into a human and swims up to the surface.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Sebastian and Flounder bring Ariel, newly human, to shore. Scuttle and the seagulls give her a pep talk to raise her spirits and help her get used to her new legs ("Positoovity"). Eric arrives, but when Ariel tries to talk to him, she cannot speak. Eric brings Ariel back to his palace, where Carlotta, the head mistress, and the maids bathe and dress Ariel. Ariel is fascinated by the human world, while the maids wonder why Eric has brought such a girl to the palace ("Beyond My Wildest Dreams"). That night Chef Louis cooks dinner for Ariel, Grimsby, and Eric, and almost cooks Sebastian for the grand finale ("Les Poissons"/"Les Poissons (Reprise)").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Eric and Ariel spend time together, during which Eric teaches her to dance ("One Step Closer"). Meanwhile, Ursula is anxiously waiting for the three days to end and sends Flotsam and Jetsam to hurry things along ("I Want the Good Times Back (Reprise)"). After a tour of the kingdom, Eric takes Ariel on a quiet boat ride through a lagoon. Sebastian and Scuttle watch anxiously and try to create a romantic atmosphere for Eric to kiss Ariel ("Kiss the Girl"). As they are about to kiss, Flotsam and Jetsam give the boat an "electric shock", scare the animals away, and swim away gloating ("Sweet Child (Reprise)"). As the second day ends, Ariel wishes she had more time and could tell Eric everything, Triton worries about where his daughter has gone and vows to change if she were to return, Sebastian is concerned that Ariel's time as a human is almost up, and Eric still dreams of finding the girl who saved him even though he does not want to lose Ariel ("If Only (Quartet)"). Sebastian returns to the sea and tells an angry King Triton about Ariel's deal with Ursula.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: On Ariel's last day as a human, Grimsby has arranged a contest for all foreign princesses to sing for Eric, so he may choose one for his bride ("The Contest"). Eric isn't interested in any of them, and Ariel asks to participate, dancing for him. Eric picks her, but before they can embrace, Ursula appears, declaring that the sun has set and Ariel now belongs to her. Flotsam and Jetsam grab Ariel to take her back to the sea. King Triton arrives to confront his sister, agreeing to take Ariel's place. Ursula claims the trident and declares herself queen ("Poor Unfortunate Souls (Reprise)"). She banishes Triton with a wave of the trident. During a battle with Eric's ship, Ariel grabs Ursula's Nautilus shell and regains her voice (which causes a horrified Flotsam and Jetsam to swim away). Ursula begs Ariel to return the shell to her, as her power is contained within it, and even tries to sweet-talk her into doing so, saying she can turn her human again and reunite her with her prince. Ariel is torn, but ultimately destroys the shell just in time, which destroys Ursula and restores King Triton to his throne and daughter.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Eric and Ariel are reunited on the beach, and Eric asks King Triton for his blessing to marry Ariel. King Triton says that it is Ariel's place to answer, and she accepts Eric's proposal. King Triton then says goodbye to his daughter ("If Only (Reprise)"). In honor of his daughter, Triton declares peace between the humans and merfolk. Ariel and Eric are married and sail away on a ship ("Finale").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The songs "Where I Belong" (Eric) and Ursula's reprise of "Her Voice" were cut and the "Finale" was re-worked after the Denver tryout. It included a short reprise of "Fathoms Below". Also, the duet between Ariel and Eric was originally a bit longer with a poetic device about him being her land and her being his sea. Three other songs were cut from the show before the tryout but were available on the leaked demo tape. These included Ursula's "Wasting Away", "All Good Things Must End", and an alternate version of "Poor Unfortunate Souls (Reprise)".


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: In the Dutch production reinvented by Glenn Casale, a new song called "Daddy's Little Angel" replaced "I Want the Good Times Back", while "Human Stuff" and "Sweet Child (Reprise)" were cut. Ariel sang a reprise of "If Only" after the grotto destruction and the songlist order was substantially altered.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: The official version currently licensed for regional and professional productions incorporates more changes in the songlist order and adds a new reprise of "If Only" in which Triton laments over the loss of his wife. Another difference in this version is the entire omission of the song "The World Above (Reprise)".


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: "†" Cody Hanford and J.J. Singleton were first cast as Flounder, but had to leave the show shortly after opening because they had grown taller than Sierra Boggess. Trevor Braun and Brian D'Addario replaced them. D'Addario was the vocalist on the original cast recording and performed on the show's opening night.


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Disney's The Little Mermaid: Original Broadway Cast Recording is the cast album for the 2008 musical. It was released on February 26, 2008 by Walt Disney Records, produced by Alan Menken and features performances from the show's cast, which includes Boggess, Burgess, Scott, Lewis and Korbich. The recording contains twenty-nine songs from the musical. It was nominated for a Grammy Award. It ranked No. 26 when it entered the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in March 2008, the second highest position for a cast album in 25 years (after "Rent").


title: The Little Mermaid (musical)

text: Audience response of the targeted family demographic to the musical has been generally positive. Critics gave the show a mixed response, with some praising it, and some calling it "less than witty" and "bloated". Ben Brantley of the "New York Times" was especially critical, saying that the "charm-free" musical is "stripped of the movie’s generation-crossing appeal. Coherence of plot, endearing quirks of character, even the melodious wit of the original score (supplemented by new, substandard songs...) have been swallowed by an unfocused spectacle." "Time Magazine", however, commented, "It was one of the most ravishing things I have ever seen on a Broadway stage."


title: Bunraku

text: The combination of chanting and playing is called and the Japanese word for puppet (or dolls, generally) is . It is used in many plays.


title: Bunraku

text: 's history goes as far back as the 16th century, but the origins of its modern form can be traced to around the 1680s. It rose to popularity after the playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1724) began a collaboration with the chanter Takemoto Gidayu (1651–1714), who established the Takemoto puppet theater in Osaka in 1684.


title: Bunraku

text: Originally, the term referred only to the particular theater established in 1805 in Osaka, which was named the after the puppeteering ensemble of , an early 18th-century puppeteer from Awaji, whose efforts revived the flagging fortunes of the traditional puppet theatre.


title: Bunraku

text: The puppets of the Osaka tradition tend to be somewhat smaller overall, while the puppets in the Awaji tradition are some of the largest as productions in that region tend to be held outdoors.


title: Bunraku

text: The heads and hands of traditional puppets are carved by specialists, while the bodies and costumes are often constructed by puppeteers. The heads can be quite mechanically sophisticated; in plays with supernatural themes, a puppet may be constructed so that its face can quickly transform into that of a demon. Less complex heads may have eyes that move up and down, side to side or close, and noses, mouths, and eyebrows that move.


title: Bunraku

text: Controls for all movements of parts of the head are located on a handle that extends down from the neck of the puppet, and are reached by the main puppeteer inserting their left hand into the chest of the puppet through a hole in the back of the torso.


title: Bunraku

text: The main puppeteer, the , uses their right hand to control the right hand of the puppet, and uses their left hand to control the puppet's head. The left puppeteer, known as the or , depending on the tradition of the troupe, manipulates the left hand of the puppet with their own right hand by means of a control rod that extends back from the elbow of the puppet. A third puppeteer, the , operates the feet and legs. Puppeteers begin their training by operating the feet, then move on to the left hand, before being able to train as the main puppeteer. Many practitioners in the traditional puppetry world, particularly those in the National Theater, describe the long training period, which often requires ten years on the feet, ten years on the left hand, and ten years on the head of secondary characters before finally developing the requisite skills to move to the manipulation of the head of a main character, as an artistic necessity. However, in a culture like that of Japan, which privileges seniority, the system can also be considered a mechanism to manage competition among artistic egos and provide for a balance among the demographics of the puppeteers in a troupe in order to fill each role.


title: Bunraku

text: All but the most minor characters require three puppeteers, who perform in full view of the audience, generally wearing black robes. In most traditions, all puppeteers also wear black hoods over their heads, but a few others, including the National Bunraku Theater, leave the main puppeteer unhooded, a style of performance known as . The shape of the puppeteers' hoods also varies, depending on the school to which the puppeteer belongs.


title: Bunraku

text: Usually a single chanter recites all the characters' parts, altering his vocal pitch and style in order to portray the various characters in a scene. Occasionally multiple chanters are used. The chanters sit next to the player. Some traditional puppet theaters have a revolving platform for the chanter and player, which rotates to bring replacement musicians in for the next scene.


title: Bunraku

text: The used in is slightly larger than other kinds of and has a different sound, lower in pitch and with a fuller tone.


title: Bunraku

text: The most famous playwright was Chikamatsu Monzaemon. With more than 100 plays to his credit, he is sometimes called the Shakespeare of Japan.


title: Bunraku

text: Osaka is the home of the government-supported troupe at National Bunraku Theatre. The theater offers five or more shows every year, each running for two to three weeks in Osaka before moving to Tokyo for a run at the National Theater. The National Bunraku Theatre also tours within Japan and occasionally abroad.


title: Bunraku

text: Until the late 1800s there were also hundreds of other professional, semi-professional, and amateur troupes across Japan that performed traditional puppet drama.


title: Bunraku

text: Since the end of World War II, the number of troupes has dropped to fewer than 40, most of which perform only once or twice a year, often in conjunction with local festivals. A few regional troupes, however, continue to perform actively.


title: Bunraku

text: The Awaji Puppet Troupe, located on Awaji Island southwest of Kobe, offers short daily performances and more extensive shows at its own theater and has toured the United States, Russia and elsewhere abroad.


title: Bunraku

text: The of Shiga Prefecture, founded in the 1830s, has toured the United States and Australia on five occasions and has been active in hosting academic programs in Japan for American university students who wish to train in traditional Japanese puppetry.


title: Bunraku

text: The Imada Puppet Troupe, which has performed in France, Taiwan, and the United States, as well as the Kuroda Puppet Troupe are located in the city of Iida, in Nagano Prefecture. Both troupes, which trace their histories back more than 300 years, perform frequently and are also active in nurturing a new generation of traditional puppeteers and expanding knowledge of puppetry through training programs at local middle schools and by teaching American university students in summer academic programs at their home theaters.


title: Bunraku

text: The increase in interest in puppetry has contributed to the establishment of the first traditional Japanese puppet troupe in North America. Since 2003, the Bunraku Bay Puppet Troupe, based at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, has performed at venues around the United States, including the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the Smithsonian Institution, as well as in Japan. They have also performed alongside the Imada Puppet Troupe. The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia, has an extensive variety of puppets in its Asian collection.


title: Bunraku

text: The chanter/singer () and the player provide the essential music of the traditional Japanese puppet theater. In most performances only a player and a chanter perform the music for an act. Harmony between these two musicians determines the quality of their contribution to the performance.


title: Bunraku

text: The role of the is to express the emotions and the personality of the puppets. The performs not only the voice of each of the characters, but also serves as the narrator of the play.


title: Bunraku

text: Located to the side of the stage the physically demonstrates facial expressions of each character while performing their respective voices. While performing multiple characters simultaneously the facilitates the distinction between characters by exaggerating their emotions and voices. This is also done to maximize the emotional aspects for the audience.


title: Bunraku

text: The instruments most frequently used are flutes, in particular the , the and various percussion instruments.


title: Bunraku

text: The heads of the puppets () are divided into categories according to gender, social class and personality. Certain heads are created for specific roles, others can be employed for several different performances by changing the clothing and the paint. The heads are in effect repainted and prepared before each presentation.


title: Bunraku

text: The preparation of the hair constitutes an art in and of itself. The hair distinguishes the character and can also indicate certain personality traits. The hair is made from human hair, however yak tail can be added to create volume. The ensemble is then fixed on a copper plate. To ensure that the puppet head is not damaged, the finishing of the hairstyle is made with water and beeswax, not oil.


title: Bunraku

text: The costumes are designed by a costume master and are composed of a series of garments with varying colors and patterns. These garments typically include a sash and a collar as well as an underkimono (), a kimono, and a or an outer robe (). In order to keep the costumes soft they are lined with cotton.


title: Bunraku

text: As the clothing of the puppets wear out or are soiled the clothing is replaced by the puppeteers. The process of dressing or redressing the puppets by the puppeteers is called .


title: Bunraku

text: A puppet's skeletal structure is simple. The carved wooden is attached to the head grip, or , and thrust down an opening out of the puppet's shoulder. Long material is draped over the front and back of the shoulder board, followed by the attachment of cloth. Carved bamboo is attached to create the hips of the puppet, arms and legs are tied to the body with lengths of rope. There is no torso to the puppet, as it would merely block out the puppeteer's range of movement of the individual limbs. The , or costume of the doll is then sewn on to cover over any cloth, wooden or bamboo parts that the artist does not wish to be seen. Finally, a slit is created in the back of the costume in order for the chief puppeteer to firmly handle the head stick.


title: Bunraku

text: Unlike kabuki, which emphasizes the performance of the main actors, simultaneously demonstrates elements of presentation (directly attempting to invoke a certain response) and representation (trying to express the ideas or the feelings of the author). In this way attention is given to both visual and musical aspects of the puppets as well as the performance and the text. Every play begins with a short ritual in which the , kneeling behind a small but ornate lectern, reverentially lifts their copy of the script to demonstrate devotion to a faithful rendering of the text. The script is presented at the beginning of each act as well.


title: Bunraku

text: Despite their complex training the puppeteers originated from a very destitute background. The were itinerants and as a result were treated as outcasts by the educated, richer class of Japanese society at the time. As a form of entertainment, the men would operate small hand puppets and put on miniature theatre performances, while women were often skilled in dancing and magic tricks which they used to tempt travelers to spend the night with them. The whole environment that gave birth to these puppet shows is reflected in the themes.


title: Bunraku

text: The is the auxiliary stage upon which the is performed. It juts out into the audience area at the front right area of the seats. Upon this auxiliary stage there is a special rotating platform. It is here that the chanter and the player make their appearance, and, when they are finished, it turns once more, bringing them backstage and placing the next performers on the stage.


title: Bunraku

text: In the area between upstage and downstage, there are three stage positions, known as "railings" (). Located in the area behind the second partition is often called the pit and it is where the puppeteers stand in order to carry out the puppets' lifelike movements.


title: Bunraku

text: This stage looks from an angle of the audience, the right side is referred to as the (stage left), while the left side is referred to as the (stage right). The puppets are made to appear and then leave the stage through the small black curtains. The blinded screens are just above these small curtains, and they have special blinds made from bamboo so that the audience cannot see inside.


title: Bunraku

text: The is a large, low hanging curtain hanging off of a ledge called the . It is used to separate the area where the audience is sitting from the main stage. The puppeteers stood behind the , holding their puppets above the curtain while being hidden from the audience. However, the practice established later in the form would let the actors be seen on stage moving with the puppets, nulling the use of the curtains.


title: Webflow

text: Webflow, Inc. is an American company, based in San Francisco, that provides software as a service for website building and hosting. Their online visual editor platform allows users to design, build, and launch websites. According to W3Techs, Webflow is used by 0.6% of the top 10 million websites.


title: Webflow

text: Webflow is a SaaS application that allows designers to build responsive websites with browser-based visual editing software. While designers use the tool, Webflow automatically generates HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.


title: Webflow

text: Websites built on Webflow are powered by Amazon Cloudfront and hosted on Fastly. Webflow is an all-in-one platform with a CMS built in. It does not require external plugins.


title: Webflow

text: Webflow was founded in 2013 by Vlad Magdalin (creator of Intuit Brainstorm), Sergie Magdalin, and Bryant Chou (former CTO of Vungle Inc.). The company graduated from Y Combinator's startup accelerator in 2013. Webflow raised venture funding from Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator, Tim Draper, and other tech industry investors. In 2019, Webflow raised a $72 million series A round of funding led by Accel. In January 2021, Webflow raised $140 million in a series B round of funding.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The 2006 SummerSlam was the 19th annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brand divisions. The event took place on August 20, 2006, at the TD Banknorth Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. This marked the first inter-brand pay-per-view to include the ECW brand.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The main match on the Raw brand featured Edge against John Cena for the WWE Championship, which Edge won by pinfall after hitting Cena in the back of the head with a pair of brass knuckles. The main match on the SmackDown! brand pitted King Booker against Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Batista won by disqualification following interference from Queen Sharmell. The primary match on the ECW brand pitted The Big Show against Sabu in an Extreme rules match for the ECW World Championship. Big Show won the match and retained the title after pinning Sabu following a chokeslam through a table. The undercard included D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) against Vince and Shane McMahon as well as Hulk Hogan against Randy Orton, which was Hogan's last match in WWE.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: Several of the existing feuds carried on after the event. D-Generation X continued feuding with The McMahons, defeating them and The Big Show in a Hell in a Cell match the following month. The feud between Batista and King Booker also continued, with the two facing off as part of a Fatal Four-Way match at No Mercy, which Booker won. The following month, at Unforgiven, John Cena defeated Edge in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to win the WWE Championship and conclude their storyline.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: SummerSlam is an annual pay-per-view (PPV), produced every summer by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1988. Dubbed "The Biggest Party of the Summer," it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Four". It has since become considered WWE's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The 2006 event was the 19th event in the SummerSlam chronology and was scheduled to be held on August 20, 2006, at the TD Banknorth Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brands. It was the first SummerSlam to include ECW, a relaunch of the former Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that became WWE's third brand in May, subsequently also being the first SummerSlam to feature the ECW World Championship. This also marked the first inter-brand pay-per-view to include ECW.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The main feud heading into SummerSlam on Raw was between WWE Champion Edge and John Cena. Edge won the title on the July 3 episode of "Raw", defeating then-champion Rob Van Dam and Cena in a triple threat match.<ref name="7/03 Raw"></ref> The following week on "Raw", after defeating Shelton Benjamin, Cena attacked Edge, who was providing commentary for the match. Edge, however, fought off Cena and executed an Edgecution followed by a spear.<ref name="7/10 Raw"></ref> Later that night, as part of the storyline, Cena attacked Edge and Lita, Edge's girlfriend, at their hotel. On the July 15 edition of "Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII", Cena faced off against Edge for the WWE Championship. Cena won the match by disqualification after Lita interfered and slapped the referee.<ref name="7/15 SNME"></ref> Since a championship cannot change hands via countout or disqualification, Edge retained the title. After the match, Cena attacked Edge and performed an FU through a broadcast table. Three weeks later, on the July 31 edition of "Raw", a match between Edge and Cena for the WWE Championship was booked for SummerSlam, with the stipulation that if Edge got himself counted out or intentionally disqualified, he would lose the WWE Championship.<ref name="7/31 Raw"></ref> On August 14, Edge went to Cena's father's house in West Newbury, Massachusetts, and slapped him.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The secondary feud on the Raw brand was between D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) and The McMahons (Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon). In December, Michaels interrupted Vince and told him that he should move on from the Montreal Incident. Vince responded by saying that he could screw Michaels like he did Bret Hart anytime he wanted. This led to a feud between Michaels and The McMahons which culminated in a No Holds Barred match at WrestleMania 22 between Michaels and Vince. Michaels won the match despite interference from The Spirit Squad and Shane. Vince claimed that Michaels' victory was a result of "divine intervention" and booked himself in a tag team match with Shane against Michaels and God at Backlash. The McMahons would win the match after interference from The Spirit Squad. Two weeks later, Michaels faced the Spirit Squad in a five on one handicap match and suffered a knee injury when the Spirit Squad crushed his knee with a steel chair. Triple H, who Vince recruited, was ordered to crush Michaels' skull with a sledgehammer. When Kenny, the leader of the Spirit Squad, took the sledgehammer away from Triple H and attempted to hit Michaels with it, Triple H stepped in front of Kenny who charged at Michaels but Triple H hit him with a spinebuster and attacked the Spirit Squad turning face for the first time since 2002. This led to Michaels and Triple H reforming D-Generation X for the first time since their teased reunion also in 2002. DX defeated the Spirit Squad at Vengeance in a five on two handicap match. The next night on "Raw", DX mocked the McMahons in one of their famous parodies and when The McMahons and the Spirit Squad came out to confront them they were covered with Manure. Three weeks later, Vince set up a tag team match between himself and Shane against DX at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The main feud on the SmackDown! brand was between King Booker and Batista over the World Heavyweight Championship. In January, Batista legitimately tore his triceps and was forced to vacate the World Heavyweight Championship. At No Way Out the following month, Batista cut a promo claiming that when he returned from injury, he would become World Heavyweight Champion once again. Batista made his in-ring return five months later, on the edition of July 15 of "Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII", in a six-man tag team match. At The Great American Bash, Booker defeated Rey Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship, and Mr. Kennedy defeated Batista by disqualification. On the August 4 episode of "SmackDown!", Batista defeated Kennedy and declined any congratulations until after he won back the World Heavyweight Championship. The following week, on "SmackDown!", Batista thanked Booker for holding onto "his" title and told him he would be needing it back at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The main feud on ECW was between ECW World Champion Big Show and Sabu. On the July 25 episode of "ECW", Sabu requested a title match against Big Show, but ECW Representative Paul Heyman denied his request. Later that night, after Big Show defeated Kane to retain the title, Sabu attacked Big Show with a steel chair. The next week, Heyman once again denied Sabu's request for the title match.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: In retaliation, Sabu attacked Big Show with a steel chair and executed an Arabian Facebuster, a diving leg drop with a chair. On the August 15 episode of "ECW", Sabu faced Rob Van Dam in a ladder match, where whoever won would be face Big Show for the ECW World Championship. Sabu won the match, and Big Show came out and executed a chokeslam on both Sabu and Van Dam.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, Carlito defeated Rob Conway in a dark match following a Backcracker. The first match was Chavo Guerrero versus Rey Mysterio. Both men took control during the match. Vickie Guerrero interrupted the match and tried to stop both men from fighting. She pulled Chavo out of the ring and tried to stop him, but he kept on fighting. Vickie then tried to plead with Mysterio but accidentally shoved him off the ropes. Chavo took advantage by performing a frog splash on Mysterio for the victory.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The second match was an Extreme Rules match for the ECW World Championship between champion The Big Show and Sabu. In the beginning, Sabu gained the advantage in the match as he threw chairs into Big Show's head and leapt off a chair to put Big Show head first through a table. As a result, Big Show began to bleed. After some back and forth action, Sabu took the upper hand as he performed a spike DDT on Big Show through a table. Big Show chokeslammed Sabu through a table for the victory.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The third match was between Hulk Hogan and Randy Orton. Orton took the advantage in the match, as he focused on Hogan's injured knee. The match saw Orton perform an RKO on Hogan. As Orton went for the pin, Hogan had his feet on the ropes. The referee did not see his feet and originally gave Orton the victory. Later, the referee saw that Hogan's feet were still on the ropes and restarted the match. Hogan won the match when he performed a leg drop on Orton for a pinfall victory. To date, this is Hogan's last match in the WWE.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The fourth match was an "I Quit" match between Ric Flair and Mick Foley. In the beginning, Foley stuffed his smelly gym sock, Mr. Socko, down Flair's gullet to apply the Mandible claw, but Flair did not quit. The ring was surrounded by many hardcore objects, including Foley's signature bag of thumbtacks. Flair was thrown into these objects several times. He managed to hit Foley with a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire. When Foley got up, Flair charged him over the top rope onto a trashcan. Foley was unconscious until Melina, Foley's friend, came with officials to check him. Foley was unable to continue, so the referee rang the bell, giving Flair the victory. Flair said that the match cannot end until Foley quits, and continued the assault. Melina came down to save Foley, and eventually threw in the towel on Foley's behalf. Flair insisted on continuing the match until Foley quit. Flair continued to assault Foley with the barbed wire bat. Melina laid in between Flair and Foley, and as Flair was ready to hit Melina with the bat, Foley quit the match and gave Flair the victory to protect Melina.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The fifth match was for the World Heavyweight Championship between Batista and the champion King Booker. During the match, Booker set Batista up for the scissors kick, but as he performed the move, Batista countered it into a suplex powerslam. Batista tried a Batista Bomb, but Queen Sharmell interfered by kicking Batista as he tried to lift Booker. As a result, Booker was disqualified, so Batista won the match but not the title because a title cannot change hands by disqualification.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The sixth match was a tag team match between D-Generation X (DX) (Shawn Michaels and Triple H) and The McMahons (Vince and Shane). Before the beginning of the match, the Spirit Squad interfered on the behalf of the McMahons but were tossed out by DX until Finlay, William Regal, Mr. Kennedy, and The Big Show interfered. Triple H controlled the first three, while Michaels fought Big Show, who chokeslammed Triple H through a broadcast table. The match officially began as the McMahons took advantage and performed several tag team moves on DX, including the Hart Attack and the Doomsday Device. Shane tried to pin Michaels, but Michaels kicked out of the move and got up. He clotheslined Shane and tagged in Triple H. The McMahons were knocked to the floor, but Umaga interfered as the final man on the behalf of the McMahons. Armando Alejandro Estrada distracted the referee while Umaga delivered the Samoan Spike to Triple H. He also tried a Samoan Spike on Michaels, but Kane came to prevent Umaga from attacking DX by chasing him away. Vince tried to take advantage of Umaga's attack by pinning Triple H, but Triple H kicked out of the cover. Vince attacked the referee and then put a trash can on the face of Triple H, who was lying in the corner. Shane tried a Coast-To-Coast on Triple H, but Michaels performed Sweet Chin Music on Shane. Vince tried to rescue his son, but a trash can was smashed on his head by Triple H. Michaels superkicked Vince, who went straight into Triple H's Pedigree for DX's pinfall victory.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The main event was between Edge and John Cena for the WWE Championship. In this match, the stipulation was that if Edge got disqualified, he would lose the title to Cena. During the match, Cena used several blows and slams on Edge. He also performed a belly-to-belly suplex on Edge and kept an eye on Edge's valet, the WWE Women's Champion Lita. Edge took advantage and connected with chokeholds and a flying clothesline, but Cena was able to recover. Lita tried to interfere, but Edge warned her not to get him disqualified. Lita threw a steel chair into the ring, but Edge threw it back outside the ring, and Cena took advantage. Cena then applied the STFU on Edge. Lita tried to interfere again, but Edge warned her once again. Edge made it to the ropes, and while the referee told Cena to break the hold, Lita handed Edge a pair of brass knuckles. As Cena broke the hold, Cena put Edge on his shoulders again for the FU, but this time Lita jumped on Edge's back when Cena had Edge set up for the FU, and Lita was the recipient of the FU instead of Edge. Edge then jumped off of Cena's back and hit Cena in the back of the head with the brass knuckles to win the match and retain his championship.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: Edge and John Cena continued to feud over the WWE Championship. On the August 21 episode of "Raw", Lita threw John Cena's "Spinner WWE Championship" belt into the Long Island Sound and Edge unveiled his own "Rated R-Spinner WWE Championship" belt. Jeff Hardy returned to WWE on the Raw brand and defeated Edge in a non-title match by disqualification. After the match, Cena attacked Edge, and threw Edge into the Long Island Sound. On the August 28 edition of "Raw", Cena challenged Edge for the WWE Championship with the stipulation being that if Cena lost, he would not challenge for the title again and would leave Raw to go back to SmackDown!. Edge accepted the challenge, stating that the match would take place in his hometown and it would be a match that Edge had never lost: a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. Later that night, Cena faced the returning Chris Masters in a match; Masters was disqualified when Edge attacked Cena. At Unforgiven, Cena defeated Edge, winning his third WWE Championship. Cena went on to hold the title for over a year.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: King Booker and Batista also continued to feud over the World Heavyweight Championship. On the August 25 episode of "SmackDown!", Batista and Bobby Lashley defeated King Booker, Finlay and William Regal in a 3-on-2 handicap match. On the September 8 episode of "SmackDown!", Batista faced Booker in a SummerSlam rematch for the World Heavyweight Championship, which he lost due to interference by Finlay. The next week, Lashley became the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship by defeating Finlay, as Batista was scheduled to face Finlay. On the October 6 episode of "SmackDown!", Batista and Lashley faced off against each other, but the match ended in a no contest after Finlay and King Booker interfered. SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long then scheduled a Fatal Four-Way match for the World Heavyweight Championship at No Mercy. At No Mercy, Booker retained the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: The feud between DX and the McMahons continued the following night with DX vandalizing Vince McMahon's $30 million private jet, the world headquarters to the WWE, and even ripped the rear axle off of Vince McMahon's private limo with the use of a chain with all 3 being spray painted with the words DX. The next Monday Night, DX took on Mr Kennedy, William Regal, and Finlay in a 2 on 3 handicap match, after the match, Big Show, Shane and Vince McMahon came out and attacked DX, this led to a 2 on 3 handicap Hell in a Cell match at Unforgiven.


title: SummerSlam (2006)

text: Chavo Guerrero and Rey Mysterio continued to feud. On the August 25 edition of "SmackDown!", Vickie Guerrero apologized to Mysterio and Chavo Guerrero for getting involved in their match; however, Vickie later turned villainous by attacking Mysterio with a steel chair and aligning with her nephew, Chavo, becoming his new business manager.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Clint Mosley Jr. (born June 19, 1992) is an American football linebacker for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama, and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: A native of Theodore, Alabama, Mosley attended Theodore High School, where he played football, basketball, and ran track. As a sophomore, he was credited with 112 tackles, four sacks, and one interception, as the Bobcats finished with a 6–5 record, losing to Auburn in the opening round of the Class 6A playoffs. In his junior season, Mosley set a school record with 176 tackles, (115 solo), while also recording 17 tackles for loss, seven sacks, causing four fumbles, recovering two more, and intercepting two passes, earning an ASWA 6A All-State selection.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Improving his own school record, Mosley registered 186 tackles as a senior in 2009, also adding seven sacks, five fumble recoveries, and four interceptions. Theodore finished with a 9–2 season record, yet was upset by future Alabama teammate T. J. Yeldon's Daphne team in the first round of the playoffs. Still, Mosley earned his second consecutive ASWA 6A All-State honors, as well as Class 6A Lineman of the Year. He finished his career at Theodore as the school's all-time leading tackler, with over 500 stops in his career.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: In addition, Mosley was on the school's track & field team. He ran the 110m hurdles in 16.15 seconds and the 200m dash in 24.33 seconds. In the jumping events, he got personal-best leaps of 1.80 meters in the high jump, 6.58 meters in the long jump and 12.6 meters in the triple jump. He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m relay (43.44 s) squad.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by the Rivals.com recruiting network, Mosley was listed as the sixth-ranked outside linebacker prospect in a class highlighted by five-star linebackers Jordan Hicks and Christian Jones. He was also the second-ranked player from Alabama, behind fellow Crimson Tide recruit Dee Milliner. Mosley played in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl, where he committed to Alabama during the game. He chose the Crimson Tide over Auburn, but also had offers from Florida State, Oklahoma, and Tennessee, among others.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Mosley was a consensus Freshman All-American in 2010 for the Crimson Tide, selected by the FWAA, Rivals.com, and College Football News after playing in all 13 games as a true freshman.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Mosley dislocated his right elbow in the first quarter of the fourth game of the 2011 season against Arkansas. He missed the following two games against Florida and Vanderbilt and did not record a tackle in the next game against Mississippi. Mosley shared the starting weak-side inside linebacker ("Will") linebacker spot with Nico Johnson in 2011 and 2012, with Alabama coaches using Mosley more in pass coverage.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: The Associated Press recognized Mosley as a first-team All-American after the 2012 regular season, a year after former teammate linebacker Dont'a Hightower made the AP All-American first-team and other linebacker teammate Courtney Upshaw made the second-team. With Mosley's selection to the AP All-American team in 2012, Alabama had a linebacker on that team (first through third-teams) for four of the previous five years. Mosley led the team in tackles in 2012 with 107; sophomore Trey DePriest was second with 59 tackles. Mosley finished third for the 2012 Butkus Award (goes to the country's best linebacker) behind Notre Dame linebacker Manti Te'o and Georgia linebacker Jarvis Jones. Mosley earned Alabama's MVP award in 2012. Mosley's three career interception returns for touchdowns tied an Alabama record. Mosley indicated in December 2012 that he will return to Alabama for his senior season.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Mosley led the Alabama football team in tackles (108) for the second consecutive year, averaging the most tackles-per-game in his college career. In November 2013, Mosley was a semifinalist for the Lombardi, Bednarik and Butkus Awards. While the Missouri Tigers' Michael Sam is often remembered as the 2013 SEC Defensive Player of the Year, he and Mosley actually shared the award.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Mosley was again named as a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. He was also selected to the First-team of the Associated Press' All-America Team.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Prior to the NFL Combine, Mosley underwent surgery to repair a labrum issue after dislocating his hip. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, but was not able to participate in running drills as he was still recovering. Mosley completed the vertical jump, short shuttle, three-cone drill, and broad jump at the combine.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On March 12, 2014, Mosley participated at Alabama's pro day and performed the 40-yard dash (4.63s), 20-yard dash (2.70s), 10-yard dash (1.56s), and bench press (15). Multiple NFL scouts and team representatives attended Alabama's pro day, including head coaches Sean Payton (Saints), Marvin Lewis (Bengals), and Chip Kelly (Eagles). At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Mosley was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was regarded as a top 15 pick, but fell in some first round projections due to his lengthy injury history. Mosley attended pre-draft visits and private workouts for multiple teams, but received the most interest from the Buffalo Bills and Baltimore Ravens.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: The Baltimore Ravens selected Mosley in the first round (17th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Mosley was the fourth linebacker drafted in 2014 and became the highest linebacker drafted from Alabama since Rolando McClain went eighth overall in 2010. In addition, he was one of eight Alabama Crimson Tide players to be selected that year.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On May 27, 2014, the Baltimore Ravens signed Mosley to a four-year, $8.87 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $4.71 million.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Mosley was assigned the No. 57, which was worn by former Baltimore Raven O. J. Brigance. The No. 57 had been unofficially retired after Brigance was diagnosed with ALS. No. 57 was also worn by Bart Scott (who was assigned the number before O.J. Brigance's diagnosis). Head coach John Harbaugh named Mosley and Daryl Smith the starting inside linebackers to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Courtney Upshaw and Terrell Suggs. Mosley was the first rookie to start on the Ravens' defense since Haloti Ngata in 2006.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Baltimore Ravens' season-opener against the Cincinnati Bengals and made seven combined tackles and a pass deflection in their 23–16 loss. On October 5, 2014, Mosley collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (eight solo), deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 21–13 loss at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 4. Mosley intercepted a pass by quarterback Andrew Luck, off a tipped pass originally intended for running back Ahmad Bradshaw, and returned it for an 18-yard gain in the fourth quarter. In Week 12 Mosley recorded nine solo tackles and made his first career sack on Saints' quarterback Drew Brees for a six-yard loss in the second quarter of the Ravens' 34–27 win at the New Orleans Saints. On December 23, 2014, it was announced that Mosley was selected to play in the 2015 Pro Bowl, making him the first Baltimore Ravens player to be voted to the Pro Bowl in their rookie season. Mosley was the runner-up for NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year. He finished his rookie season in 2014 with 133 combined tackles (89 solo), eight pass deflections, three sacks, and two interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: The Baltimore Ravens finished third in the AFC North with a 10–6 record and earned a wildcard berth. On January 3, 2015, Mosley started his first career playoff game and recorded nine combined tackles during the Ravens' 30–17 win at the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made ten combined tackles (seven solo) and forced a fumble during a 35–31 loss at the New England Patriots in the AFC Divisional Round.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Head coach John Harbaugh retained Mosley and Daryl Smith as the starting inside linebackers to start the season, alongside outside linebackers Elvis Dumervil and Terrell Suggs.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: He started in the Baltimore Ravens' season-opener at the Denver Broncos and made six combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made two sacks on quarterback Peyton Manning during a 19–13 loss. On September 27, 2015, Mosley recorded nine combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned a fumble recovery for the first touchdown of his career during a 28–24 loss in Week 3. Mosley recovered a fumble after teammate Elvis Dumervil stripped the ball from quarterback Andy Dalton and returned it for a 41-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. On November 22, 2015, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (seven solo) during a 16–13 victory against the St. Louis Rams in Week 11. He started all 16 games in 2015 and recorded 117 combined tackles (77 solo), seven pass deflections, four sacks, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and a touchdown.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: Defensive coordinator Dean Pees retained Mosley as a starting inside linebacker to begin the regular season, alongside Zach Orr and outside linebackers Terrell Suggs and Elvis Dumervil.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: In Week 3, he recorded six combined tackles, broke up two passes, and made an interception during a 19–17 win at the Jacksonville Jaguars. This marked his second consecutive game with an interception. Mosley was inactive for two games (Weeks 6–7) due to a hamstring injury. The injury ended his 37-game streak of consecutive starts. On December 18, 2016, Mosley collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (eight solo) during a 27–26 win against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 15. On December 20, 2016, it was announced that Mosley was voted to the 2017 Pro Bowl, marking the second Pro Bowl selection of his career. and second-team All-Pro He finished the 2016 season with 92 combined tackles (56 solo), eight pass deflections, four interceptions, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 14 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Mosley an overall grade of 85.8. His grade was the 11th best grade among all qualifying linebackers in 2016.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On March 28, 2017, the Baltimore Ravens exercised the fifth-year option on Mosley's rookie contract. The option earned him a base salary of $8.71 million for the 2017 season. Head coach John Harbaugh named Mosley and Kamalei Correa the starting inside linebackers to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebackers Terrell Suggs and Matthew Judon.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: He started in the Baltimore Ravens' season-opener at the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded eight combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Andy Dalton during a 20–0 victory. On October 26, 2017, Mosley made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, was credited with half a sack, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 40–0 victory on "Thursday Night Football" against the Miami Dolphins in Week 8. Mosley intercepted a pass by Dolphins' quarterback Matt Moore, that was initially intended for wide receiver Jarvis Landry, and returned it for a 63-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. The touchdown marked his first career pick six. In Week 14, he collected a season-high 14 combined tackles (nine solo) and made a pass deflection in the Ravens' 39–38 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers. On December 19, 2017, it was announced that Mosley was voted to the 2018 Pro Bowl which marked his third Pro Bowl selection of his career. He started in all 16 games in 2017 and recorded 132 combined tackles (96 solo), seven pass deflections, three forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, two interceptions, one sack, and a touchdown. Pro Football Focus gave Mosley an overall grade of 72.6, which ranked 20th among all qualifying linebackers in 2017. He was ranked 98th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On December 18, 2018, C.J Mosley was named to his 4th Pro Bowl of his career. On December 30, 2018, Mosley made 4.5 combined tackles (three solo) and a game-winning interception during a 26–24 victory against the Cleveland Browns in Week 17. Mosley intercepted a pass by Browns' quarterback Baker Mayfield intended for running back, Duke Johnson at 1:06 of the fourth quarter, sealing the victory. The victory resulted in the Ravens clinching the AFC North division against the Pittsburgh Steelers and a playoff spot with a 10–6 record. He finished the season as the Ravens leading tackler with 105 combined tackles, along with half a sack, five passes defensed, and an interception.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On March 15, 2019, Mosley signed a five-year, $85 million deal with the New York Jets. Mosley made his debut with the Jets in Week 1 against the Buffalo Bills, making 5 tackles and intercepting a pass from quarterback Josh Allen and returning it for a touchdown. However, he injured his groin in the third quarter and did not return. Prior to his injury, the Jets held a 16–0 lead, but collapsed afterwards to lose 17–16. On December 3, the Jets placed Mosley on injured reserve due to an aggravating groin injury throughout the season. He was the 15th different player on the team to go on injured reserve. It was revealed that he needed groin surgery to repair the issue.


title: C. J. Mosley (linebacker)

text: On August 3, 2020, Mosley announced he would opt out of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Invisibles

text: The Invisibles is a comic book series published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics from 1994 to 2000. It was created and scripted by Scottish writer Grant Morrison, and drawn by various artists throughout its publication.


title: The Invisibles

text: The series loosely follows the doings of a single cell of The Invisible College, a secret organization battling against physical and psychic oppression using time travel, magic, meditation, and physical violence.


title: The Invisibles

text: For most of the series, the team includes leader King Mob; Lord Fanny, a transgender Brazilian shaman; Boy, a former member of the NYPD; Ragged Robin, a telepath with a mysterious past; and Jack Frost, a young hooligan from Liverpool who may be the next Buddha. Their enemies are the Archons of the Outer Church, interdimensional alien gods who have already enslaved most of the human race without their knowledge.


title: The Invisibles

text: "The Invisibles" was Morrison's first major creator-owned title for DC Comics and it drew from their "Zenith" strip as well as 1990s conspiracy culture. Their intent was to create a "hypersigil" to jump-start the culture in a more positive direction.


title: The Invisibles

text: The title initially sold well but sales dipped sharply during the first series, leading to concerns that the series might be cancelled outright. To counteract this, Morrison suggested a "wankathon" in the hope of bringing about a magical increase in sales by a mass of fans simultaneously masturbating at a set time.


title: The Invisibles

text: Morrison became seriously ill while writing the book, something they attribute to working on the title and the manner in which its magical influence affected them, and has stated that their work on the comic made them into a different person from the one who started it. They have also said that much of the story was told to them by aliens when they were abducted during a trip to Kathmandu.


title: The Invisibles

text: The third and final series was meant to be a countdown to the new millennium but shipping delays meant the final issue did not appear until April 2000. All of the series have been collected in a set of trade paperbacks.


title: The Invisibles

text: Morrison saw the series censored due to the publisher's concern over the possibility of paedophilic and child abuse content. The first such case was in volume one, issue 7 ("Arcadia part 3 : 120 Days Of Sod All"); dialogue was altered in one scene where a group rapes and degrades several nameless characters, and the term "lost souls" was used to ensure the characters could not be identified as children, as in the Marquis de Sade's original "120 Days of Sodom", the book the characters find themselves trapped in. Later in the series the names of people and organizations were simply blacked out, much to Morrison's dismay. DC had one line that originally read "Walt Disney was a crap" blacked out at the suggestions of their lawyers; many of these examples of censorship were restored when reprinted in trade paperback.


title: The Invisibles

text: The title was optioned to be made into a television series by BBC Scotland, but neither this nor an optioned film version have been made. Morrison wrote "The Filth" for Vertigo in 2002, which they describe as a companion piece to "The Invisibles", though there is no other connection between the two titles.


title: The Invisibles

text: The first volume of "The Invisibles" introduces Dane McGowan, an angry teen from Liverpool, as he attempts to burn down his school. Abandoned by his father and neglected by his mother, Dane takes out his anger and frustration through destruction. In the first issue of the series, Dane is recruited by the Invisibles, a ragtag band of freedom fighters led by King Mob, a charismatic, cold-blooded assassin. The next arc, "Down and Out in Heaven and Hell", shows Dane as he tries to survive on his own in London after being abandoned by the Invisibles. Dane is mentored by Tom O'Bedlam, an elderly homeless man who is secretly a member of the Invisibles. Tom shows Dane the magic in the everyday world and helps him realize that his anger prevents him from experiencing real emotions. While wandering with Tom, Dane has a partially remembered alien abduction experience and is transported into a different dimension. Eventually Dane returns to the Invisibles, taking the codename "Jack Frost". The next arc, "Arcadia", follows the Invisibles as they go back in time via astral projection to the French Revolution. Jack is almost killed by a demonic agent of the Outer Church, the Invisibles' chief enemy. As the arc closes, Jack declares that he is leaving the Invisibles.


title: The Invisibles

text: The first volume continues with Jack Frost abandoning the Invisibles. The tragic past of Lord Fanny, a Brazilian transgender woman and a member of King Mob's Invisibles cell, is revealed in a story arc titled "She-Man", which jumps back and forth through time. After an encounter with an agent of the Outer Church, both King Mob and Lord Fanny are captured. The volume closes with a look at Jack as he evades both the Invisibles and the Outer Church in London. Jack remembers his abduction experience from the previous volume, recalling that his alien captors told him that he is the messiah. Jack is approached by Sir Miles, a high-ranking member of the Outer Church, who tries to recruit him. Jack refuses and battles Sir Miles telepathically. After winning the psychic duel, Jack escapes again, this time to Liverpool. This volume also introduces Jim Crow, a Haitian Invisible and Voodoo practitioner, and the Moonchild, a monstrous being who will one day be crowned the next King of England. The twelfth issue of the series, "Best Man Fall", fleshes out the character of a soldier King Mob killed in the previous volume.


title: The Invisibles

text: Sir Miles' interrogates King Mob in an arc titled "Gideon Stargrave in Entropy in the U.K." Ragged Robin and Boy, the other members of King Mob's Invisibles cell, team up with Jim Crow to rescue their teammates. In the 20th issue of the series, Boy reflects on her past while taking a train to Liverpool to bring Jack back into the fold. In the following issue, "Liverpool", Jack returns to his mother's flat where he tells her everything that has happened to him since joining the Invisibles. He admits that he is scared of the responsibilities that he now has as humanity's saviour and no longer knows what to do. Jack recalls that when he travelled to a different dimension with Tom O'Bedlam, a sentient satellite called Barbelith forced Jack to feel the collective suffering of humanity. Remembering this agony and realizing that he can put an end to it, Jack finally accepts his role and agrees to help save his friends. The next arc focuses on the regrouped Invisibles as they attempt to rescue King Mob and Lord Fanny. During the Invisibles' battle with the Outer Church, Jack is told that he will be responsible for destroying the world on 22 December 2012. Jack fully realizes the power at his disposal, defeating an extra-dimensional Archon of the Outer Church and healing King Mob of his injuries. Jack also heals Sir Miles, who had been severely hurt during the battle. The volume closes with a look at an Invisible named Mr. Six as he searches for traces of the Moonchild.


title: The Invisibles

text: The second volume begins a year after the events in London. The arc "Black Science" follows the Invisibles embarking on a mission after taking a year off in America at the New York City estate of wealthy Invisible Mason Lang. While Jack Frost, Boy, and Lord Fanny explore New York City, King Mob and Ragged Robin begin a sexual relationship. Jolly Roger, an Invisible and an old friend of King Mob's, asks them to help her steal an AIDS vaccine from Dulce Base. There, the Invisibles face off against Mr. Quimper and Colonel Friday, two psychic agents of the Outer Church. The Invisibles are victorious, though Quimper plants a tiny part of his psyche in Ragged Robin's subconscious.


title: The Invisibles

text: The Invisibles travel to San Francisco where they meet Takashi, an employee of Mason Lang's who is working on a time machine. Ragged Robin reveals that she has been sent from the future using a working version of Takashi's time machine when King Mob takes her to the dimension that the Invisible College, the Invisibles' headquarters, inhabits. Meanwhile, Jack Frost and Lord Fanny obtain a powerful supernatural device called the "Hand of Glory" from a mysterious trio called the "Harlequinade". In an arc titled "Sensitive Criminal", King Mob travels back in time via astral projection to learn from past Invisibles how to operate the Hand of Glory. In the following arc, "American Death Camp", Boy steals the Hand of Glory and attempts to use it to rescue her brother, whom she believes is being held in a secret detention camp in Washington State, US. In reality, Boy is actually being deprogrammed by a separate cell of Invisibles who discovered that she had been brainwashed by the Outer Church to deliver the Hand to them.


title: The Invisibles

text: The team vacation in New Orleans. Boy and Jack Frost acknowledge their feelings for each other and begin a brief relationship. The Invisibles then go back to Dulce to steal a powerful substance called "Magic Mirror" from the Outer Church in an arc titled "Black Science 2". Aware of Quimper's presence within her consciousness, Ragged Robin is able to trap and defeat him with Lord Fanny's help. In the Dulce facility, Jack is taken into the Magic Mirror substance where he is shown the horrific dimension that the Outer Church hails from. After leaving Dulce, Ragged Robin prepares to return to the future. Using the Hand of Glory as an engine, Takashi's time machine can be used to return her to her own time. After saying goodbye to King Mob, with whom she has fallen in love, Robin leaves the past behind. In the final issue of the volume, Boy leaves the Invisibles and King Mob destroys Mason Lang's mansion, telling him that it is possible for even the most rigid man to change.


title: The Invisibles

text: Picking up a year after the previous volume, the third and final volume of the series follows the Invisibles as they prepare to stop the Moonchild from being used as a host for Rex Mundi, the extra-dimensional ruler of the Outer Church. Many of the Invisibles have significantly changed in this volume. King Mob no longer uses guns or kills people and Jack Frost has fully accepted his role as humanity's saviour. Also, The Invisibles no longer consider themselves at war with the Outer Church, this time they are on a mission to rescue humanity before the world ends. The arc "The Invisible Kingdom" portrays the final battle between the Invisibles and the Outer Church. Sir Miles is killed, as is Jolly Roger (her body is later seen in a mass grave), while Jack Frost single-handedly defeats Rex Mundi. He then travels once again into the Magic Mirror and learns that the dimensions that the Outer Church and the Invisible College inhabit are one and the same. Afterwards, King Mob retires and devotes the rest of his life to non-violence. Jack Frost and Lord Fanny are left to start their own Invisibles cell. Years later, on 21 December 2012, the world is about to end, just as predicted. Ragged Robin returns and is finally reunited with King Mob. Jack Frost then breaks the fourth wall and addresses the reader, stating that, "OUR SENTENCE IS UP". At that moment, the world ends and humanity transforms into its next stage of existence, guided by Jack Frost.


title: The Invisibles

text: While Grant Morrison wrote the entire series, "The Invisibles" never had a regular art team. It was intended that each story arc would be illustrated by a separate artist. The artists to work on each issue are:


title: The Invisibles

text: Issues #4–2 included artistic collaborators who did not illustrate Morrison's scripts precisely as written. The most notable examples were the three pages Ashley Wood drew in Vol. 3, #2 that were later redrawn by Cameron Stewart for "The Invisible Kingdom" trade paperback.


title: The Invisibles

text: "The Invisibles" made "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "The 50 Best Non-Superhero Graphic Novels", citing its influence on later comic books writers Jonathan Hickman and Gerard Way.


title: Vacuous truth

text: In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a conditional or universal statement (a universal statement that can be converted to a conditional statement) that is true because the antecedent cannot be satisfied. For example, the statement "she does not own a cell phone" will imply that the statement "all of her cell phones are turned off" will be assigned a truth value. Also, the statement "all of her cell phones are turned "on"" would also be vacuously true, as would the conjunction of the two: "all of her cell phones are turned on "and" turned off", which would otherwise be incoherent and false. For that reason, it is sometimes said that a statement is vacuously true because it is meaningless.


title: Vacuous truth

text: More formally, a relatively well-defined usage refers to a conditional statement (or a universal conditional statement) with a false antecedent. One example of such a statement is "if Tokyo is in France, then the Eiffel Tower is in Bolivia".


title: Vacuous truth

text: Such statements are considered vacuous truths, because the fact that the antecedent is false prevents using the statement to infer anything about the truth value of the consequent. In essence, a conditional statement, that is based on the material conditional, is true when the antecedent ("Tokyo is in France" in the example) is false regardless of whether the conclusion or consequent ("the Eiffel Tower is in Bolivia" in the example) is true or false because the material conditional is defined in that way.


title: Vacuous truth

text: Examples common to everyday speech include conditional phrases used as idioms of improbability like "when hell freezes over..." and "when pigs can fly...", indicating that not before the given (impossible) condition is met will the speaker accept some respective (typically false or absurd) proposition.


title: Vacuous truth

text: In pure mathematics, vacuously true statements are not generally of interest by themselves, but they frequently arise as the base case of proofs by mathematical induction. This notion has relevance in pure mathematics, as well as in any other field that uses classical logic.


title: Vacuous truth

text: Outside of mathematics, statements which can be characterized informally as vacuously true can be misleading. Such statements make reasonable assertions about qualified objects which do not actually exist. For example, a child might truthfully tell their parent "I ate every vegetable on my plate", when there were no vegetables on the child's plate to begin with. In this case, the parent can believe that the child has actually eaten some vegetables, even though that is not true. In addition, a vacuous truth is often used colloquially with absurd statements, either to confidently assert something (e.g. "the dog was red, or I'm a monkey's uncle" to strongly claim that the dog was red), or to express doubt, sarcasm, disbelief, incredulity or indignation (e.g. "yes, and I'm the King of England" to disagree a previously made statement).


title: Vacuous truth

text: A statement formula_1 is "vacuously true" if it resembles a material conditional statement formula_2, where the antecedent formula_3 is known to be false.


title: Vacuous truth

text: Vacuously true statements that can be reduced (with suitable transformations) to this basic form (material conditional) include the following universally quantified statements:


title: Vacuous truth

text: Vacuous truths most commonly appear in classical logic with two truth values. However, vacuous truths can also appear in, for example, intuitionistic logic, in the same situations as given above. Indeed, if formula_3 is false, then formula_2 will yield a vacuous truth in any logic that uses the material conditional; if formula_3 is a necessary falsehood, then it will also yield a vacuous truth under the strict conditional.


title: Vacuous truth

text: Other non-classical logics, such as relevance logic, may attempt to avoid vacuous truths by using alternative conditionals (such as the case of the counterfactual conditional).


title: Vacuous truth

text: Many programming environments have a mechanism for querying if every item in a collection of items satisfies some predicate. It is common for such a query to always evaluate as true for an empty collection. For example:


title: Vacuous truth

text: These examples, one from mathematics and one from natural language, illustrate the concept of vacuous truths:


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Judy Lynn Tenuta (November 7, 1949 – October 6, 2022) was an American comedian, actress, and comedy musician. She was known for her whimsical and brash persona of "The Love Goddess", mixing insult comedy, observational humor, self-promotion, and bawdy onstage antics. Throughout her career, Tenuta built a niche but devoted following, particularly among members of the LGBTQ community. Tenuta wrote two comedy books, and received two nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: One of nine siblings, Tenuta was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on November 7, 1949, into a Catholic family to a Polish mother, Johanna Z. "Yanya" Tenuta, and an Italian father, Caesar Tenuta.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: She graduated from Immaculate Heart of Mary High School in Westchester, Illinois, and attended the University of Illinois at Chicago where she majored in theater. Her interest in comedy began when she took an improv comedy class with the Chicago improv group The Second City. Shortly thereafter, she started opening for other comedians in Chicago.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta began her comedy career performing openers and small time shows on the Chicago comedy circuit in the 1970s. During her first performance, Tenuta shocked audiences by dressing up as the Virgin Mary, and after being encouraged by her friends to incorporate an accordion into her routine, she began to develop the character into her iconic persona as the wisecracking "Love Goddess".


title: Judy Tenuta

text: After building a fiery reputation as one of the "hottest young comics around," Tenuta left Chicago and moved to New York City to host an HBO Comedy Special with Ellen DeGeneres, Rita Rudner, and Paula Poundstone. By the late 1980s, Tenuta uprooted again, moving to Los Angeles, where she published her book "Full Frontal Tenudity" about life in Hollywood. During her time in Los Angeles, Tenuta harbored a fiercely independent attitude, openly rejecting Hollywood beauty standards and celebrity life. She continued to perform on national tours for years afterwards, making special visits to the Chicago circuit.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta's use of her voice in her stand-up act lent itself to voice-over work in several animated programs. This included doing the voice of Edna on "Duckman", Munch Kelly on "Cow and Chicken" in the banned episode "Buffalo Gals", Black Widow on "Space Ghost Coast to Coast", a foul-mouthed mermaid in "Johnny Bravo", and as herself in "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist". She appeared in numerous film and television roles, including the dominatrix disciplinarian "Samantha Rottweiler" in "Butch Camp", and the loud-mouthed librarian "Mrs. Holler" in "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide". She also played various minor characters on "The Weird Al Show", was featured in many of "Weird Al" Yankovic's comedy shorts and music videos, and appeared in dozens of other minor acting roles.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: In addition to her small screen acting, Tenuta had various theatrical roles, most notably in "The Vagina Monologues" and "Menopause the Musical". Tenuta wrote two comedy books "Full Frontal Tenudity" and "The Power of Judyism", and released five comedy CDs, receiving "Best Comedy Album" Grammy nominations for "Attention Butt-Pirates and Lesbetarians!" and "In Goddess We Trust". She gained some mainstream notoriety for a series of television ads for MTV and Diet Dr Pepper in the late 1980s, as well as her HBO, Showtime, and Lifetime specials.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta's act was primarily structured around an exaggerated, campy, and offbeat persona that was referred to primarily as "The Love Goddess". She also styled herself with other monikers including "The Petite Flower", "Aphrodite of the Accordion", "Fashion-Plate Saint", "Queen of Candy-Pants", "Princess of Panty Shields", "Empress of Elvis Impersonators," and the "Buffer of Foreheads." Her routine, which blended observational and insult humor, was a performance of "surreal lunacy." "The Love Goddess" began every show with her signature greeting "Hi Pigs!" before diving into a bawdy, chaotic, and whimsical whirlwind of stories, impressions, and songs. One review of a 1987 performance reported that Tenuta's show was a veritable "onslaught" of "atavistic growlings and gum-chewing bimbo stances," filled with "little nasties," crass jokes, and "political offensiveness".


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta often performed in an array of fantastical costumes made up of "Aphrodite dresses, feather boots, and gauzy capes" and with a variety of props, including her iconic accordion.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta's unique blend of observational and insult humor drew heavily from the Borscht Belt and Vaudeville comedy styles. As "The Love Goddess," Tenuta regularly lampooned religion, politics, celebrities, sports, and current events. Most of Tenuta's content passed through the filter of her faux religion "Judyism," which, in her own words, aimed to "help you forget about your problems and think about mine for a change". Throughout her act, Judy continuously worked to convince the women in her audience to convert to Judyism, and bloom into Love Goddesses themselves.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Although the demeanor was fanciful, her content had serious undertones. In a 2007 interview, Tenuta explained that she used over-the-top comedy to express her own anger at the world around her, saying "When I get angry about something, I have to make it into a joke. The thing with comedy is it relieves the pressure of tragedy. That's why people come [to see me]." Giovanna Del Negro, a scholar who has studied and written about Tenuta's career, argued that "in juxtaposing the idealized love-goddess image with the aggressive, over-the-top dominatrix persona, we discover that play acting [in Tenuta's performances], no matter how ludicrous, can provide a terrain for interrogating issues of gender, power, and sexuality, and gives those who do it an opportunity to think beyond predetermined social categories." Del Negro contended that "by immersing [themselves] in a world of this tender blossom with the brassy voice, queers of all kinds—gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or, more broadly, anyone with a non-normative gender performance—can bask in the loving glow of the material goddess and joyously perform their difference without fear of reprisal or judgment."


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta's performances were renowned for a high level of audience interaction and participation. She was known for picking on audience members, making them targets of her jokes and roping them in on-stage antics. One 1996 show review by "The Chicago Tribune" detailed a performance Tenuta gave in her home town in which she performed especially unconventional comic routines, including: ordering a pizza directly to herself on stage and having the local pizza delivery man feed it to her; performing a "fertility dance" over the "prostrate" figure of the club's booker; and having her own mother "forced to feed pickled weiners to 'stud puppets [scantily clad men].'" She even convinced 'two large and seemingly conservative suburban gentlemen to engage in a peculiar and obscene dance with clown wigs, a set of fake breasts, and large inflatable phallus." Tenuta was especially known for bringing male audience members onto stage, and shoving her used gum into their mouths.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta was an outspoken advocate for gay rights and amassed a faithful following in the LGBT community. During the early years of her career, Tenuta frequently performed at gay bars and clubs around Chicago, and continued to perform at Gay Pride festivals and events across the country until her death. Tenuta publicly stated that she always felt welcomed and supported by the gay community, and even offered on her official website to officiate same-sex marriages.


title: Judy Tenuta

text: Tenuta died in Studio City, California on October 6, 2022, at the age of 72, from stage 4 ovarian cancer, with which she had been diagnosed in 2020. At the time of her death she had been in a long-term relationship with Vern Pang. She was survived by Pang, six siblings, and extended family. She is interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: , also known as , is a fictional character from the "Dragon Ball" media franchise by Akira Toriyama. Within the series, Jiren hails from Universe 11, a parallel universe to Universe 2. He is a member of the Pride Troopers, a heroic organization who are organized around defending their universe from evildoers. Jiren is the primary antagonist and anti-villain of the Universal Survival Saga of "Dragon Ball Super", where eight 10-person teams compete in the multiverse-oriented Tournament of Power to ensure the survival of their respective universes. Jiren is considered to be the strongest among the participating competitors, as his power is said to rival or even surpass those of the universes' deities; his goal is to be given access to the Super Dragon Balls by winning the tournament. He quickly establishes a rivalry with series protagonist Goku, the two of them engaging in a series of intense battles that eventually leads to Goku developing a new ability.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren first appears in Episode 85 of the "Dragon Ball Super" anime, whereas his debut appearance for the "Dragon Ball Super" manga is in Chapter 30. Jiren is voiced by Eiji Hanawa in Japanese, and by Patrick Seitz in the English localization by Funimation.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren has received an overall mixed critical reception, with some reviewers praising the character's involvement in the series, whereas criticism centered around his unpersuasive and shallow backstory.