title: Nigel McGuinness

text: In late 2007, ROH confirmed that McGuinness had suffered a torn biceps and would be out of action until "Final Battle 2007", however he would not be stripped of the ROH World Championship. On 2 November, the first night of ROH's "Glory by Honor VI" event in Philadelphia, Chris Hero and his agent Larry Sweeney complained of McGuinness' injury, calling him a fluke champion. Sweeney felt that Hero's victory of the Survival of the Fittest in Las Vegas earned him a title shot any time he wanted. McGuinness, in street clothes, accepted the challenge. He successfully retained the title against Hero, despite first losing the match due to the referee failing to notice McGuinness' foot on the rope while Hero made him tap out to submission.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 29 December 2007, McGuinness returned to the ring full-time at ROH fifth pay-per-view, Rising Above. During his defence of the ROH World Championship against Austin Aries, however, McGuinness injured his head when Aries dove from the ring onto him, which resulted in him hitting his head on the metal guard rail. The impact gave McGuinness a concussion, broke his nose, opened his eyebrow, and required 14 stitches.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 25 January 2008, McGuinness wrapped up his feud with Chris Hero by successfully defending his title against him in a steel cage match. In February at ROH's "Sixth Anniversary Show", McGuinness turned heel during his successful title defence against Bryan Danielson by breaking an earlier agreement and targeting his head, injured earlier at the hands of Morishima. Throughout the rest of the year, McGuinness successfully defended his title against the likes of Tyler Black, Austin Aries, Kevin Steen, Claudio Castagnoli, Go Shiozaki, Jerry Lynn, Roderick Strong, El Generico and on 22 November 2008, at Rising Above, in a grudge match against Bryan Danielson.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 20 March 2009, McGuinness sustained an arm injury competing in a tag team match. However, despite the injury reportedly requiring surgery, he still wrestled at the "Seventh Anniversary Show" the next night and defeated KENTA to retain his title. Finally, on 3 April 2009 at "Supercard of Honor IV", McGuinness lost the ROH World Championship to Jerry Lynn at his 39th defence, ending his reign at 545 days.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: After a hiatus to recover from the injury, McGuinness returned to wrestling a few months later. On 24 July, McGuinness suffered a minor injury during a four-way match after his "spine got compacted taking a piledriver", and was unable to wrestle the following night. On 4 September, ROH announced that McGuinness had "in principle" agreed to a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), but confirmed that he would continue to wrestle for ROH until the end of September. McGuinness wrestled his last ROH match on 26 September at "Glory by Honor VIII: The Final Countdown", losing to Bryan Danielson, who was also making his final appearance for the company.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: While still in ROH, McGuinness continued to compete in various other independent promotions like IWA Mid-South, New Era Pro Wrestling, Italian Championship Wrestling, and American All-Star Wrestling, as well as tours in various countries.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: McGuinness would also make appearances for some major promotions. On 11 August 2004, McGuinness appeared in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), debuting in a 22-man Gauntlet for the Gold for the TNA X Division Championship, which was won by Petey Williams. On 31 August 2005, McGuinness competed in Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's developmental territory, on episode of its OVW TV, losing to Elijah Burke. He would go on to wrestle Danny Basham on 11 September 2005, episode of "Sunday Night Heat", taped prior to "Raw" on 5 September, losing after Basham hit an inverted DDT.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 13 November 2005, McGuinness returned to TNA at the pre-show prior to the Genesis pay-per-view in a losing effort to Shark Boy, before leaving America to tour Japan with NOAH in November and December 2005. He wrestled nine matches in total, seven of which he won, and teamed with fellow gaijin Doug Williams, 2 Cold Scorpio and Bison Smith. During his tour of Japan, McGuinness was supposed to compete in TNA's 2006 World X Cup Tournament, but Team UK was replaced by Team Canada, after McGuinness and Williams could not appear because both were booked in Japan.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: In 2007, McGuinness represented ROH in the King of Europe Cup. He made his way through to the final and, in his home country, defeated fellow Brit and tag-team partner Doug Williams to win the 2007 tournament final.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 14 October 2007, McGuiness wrestled James Tighe in the first round of the British National Championship held by (IPW:UK), however McGuiness was disqualified for the use of brass knuckles and eliminated from the tournament.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: McGuinness won the 1PW Openweight Championship, his first title in a British promotion, on 19 April 2009, by defeating Johnny Moss.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 4 September 2009, ROH announced that Haworth had agreed to a contract with the WWE "in principle". On 20 October 2009, it was reported that Haworth's deal with the WWE had fallen through due to him failing a pre-screening physical test after feeling an old biceps injury needed surgery and that he had decided to sign with TNA instead. He officially made his TNA return as a heel under the ring name Desmond Wolfe on 22 October episode of "Impact!" by attacking Kurt Angle. The following week, Wolfe defeated Angle in a street fight via referee stoppage, following a lariat. On 12 November, Wolfe won a third exchange with Angle as he laid him out with a DDT. At Turning Point, Angle defeated Wolfe via submission. The following month at Final Resolution, Wolfe faced Angle in a "Three Degrees of Pain" two-out-of-three-falls match. Wolfe managed to gain the first fall by pinning Angle following the "Tower of London", but tapped out to the ankle lock in the second fall to make it even. In the final fall, which could only be won by escaping the cage, Angle managed to escape first and won the match and the feud.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: Following the loss to Angle, Wolfe moved on to feuding with D'Angelo Dinero, who defeated him on 4 January 2010, three-hour, Monday night episode of "Impact!". At Genesis, Wolfe debuted a new valet, who was later named Chelsea, and defeated Dinero in a rematch. At Against All Odds, Wolfe entered the 8 Card Stud Tournament to crown a new number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated in the first round by the eventual winner of the whole tournament, Dinero. On 25 February episode of "Impact!", Wolfe aligned himself with Ric Flair and then TNA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles in their battle with Hulk Hogan, Abyss and D'Angelo Dinero. On 4 March episode of "Impact!", Wolfe received his first shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, held by Styles, in a four-way match, which also included Dinero and Abyss, but Styles was able to retain his title by defeating Dinero via referee stoppage. The following week on "Impact!", Wolfe and Dinero were scheduled to once again face each other, but the match was cancelled after Wolfe attacked Dinero during an interview and re-injured his ankle. Wolfe and Dinero finally had their fourth singles match together on 29 March episode of "Impact!", and this time Wolfe was able to pin the number one contender after hitting him with a chain, while Chelsea was distracting the referee, but on the following episode of "Impact!" Dinero defeated Wolfe in a rematch in just two minutes. At Lockdown, along with Sting, Robert Roode and James Storm, Wolfe represented Team Flair in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they were defeated by Team Hogan (Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy), when Abyss pinned Wolfe. On 26 April, TNA introduced a new "Championship Ranking" system, where fans were allowed to vote on the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. Surprisingly, Wolfe led the first poll from start to finish, ahead of the likes of Jeff Hardy, Mr. Anderson, Sting, A.J. Styles, Kurt Angle, D'Angelo Dinero and Abyss, and on 3 May episode of "Impact!" was granted a shot at the title, held by Rob Van Dam. However, Wolfe was defeated in the title match. At Sacrifice, Wolfe was defeated by Abyss, who as a result won Chelsea's services for 30 days. On the following episode of "Impact!", Chelsea started showing sympathy towards Abyss, when he was being brutalised by Wolfe. The following month at Slammiversary VIII, Wolfe was defeated by Abyss in a Monster's Ball match, when Chelsea turned on him and helped Abyss pick up the victory. On the following episode of "Impact!", Ric Flair, who had aligned himself with Wolfe, Styles, Roode, Storm and Kazarian, announced that he would reform the Four Horsemen under the new name , stating that each of them would have to earn their spots in the group and that in order for Wolfe to earn his spot, he needed to become the Lex Luger of the group. Later in the night, Chelsea reluctantly returned to Wolfe after her 30 days with Abyss were up. Wolfe gave her a chance to redeem herself, but her behaviour outside the ring provided a distraction, which cost Wolfe his match against Flair's nemesis Jay Lethal. After a series of losses, Wolfe attempted to get back in good graces with Flair by helping Styles and Kazarian defeat Samoa Joe and Rob Terry at Victory Road to earn their spots in , only to get a muscle buster from Joe after the match. On the following episode of "Impact!", Wolfe confronted Flair when he inducted Styles and Kazarian into , demanding to be included in the stable. Two weeks later on "Impact!", Flair revealed Robert Roode and James Storm as the final two members of , leaving Wolfe out of the stable.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: After failing to make it into , Wolfe went on to form a tag team with fellow Briton Magnus and together the two not only ended Wolfe's losing streak, but also started a winning streak, defeating teams like Amazing Red and Suicide, Hernandez and Rob Terry and Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore) on episodes of "Xplosion", and in the process earned themselves the right to challenge for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On 26 August episode of "Impact!", the team was named London Brawling. They were scheduled to receive their shot at The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) and the TNA World Tag Team Championship at No Surrender, but were at the last minute pulled from the event, with TNA citing a "personal issue" as the reason. It was later reported that Wolfe was pulled from the event due to an undisclosed medical situation that would sideline him for the next few months. On a December 2014 podcast, McGuinness revealed that at this time, he tested positive for Hepatitis B.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On-screen his absence was explained by Magnus, who claimed that in an attempt to become a dual athlete, Wolfe had travelled to London to try out for Chelsea F.C. On 21 November 2010, TNA president Dixie Carter announced that Wolfe was close to a comeback. On 16 December episode of "Impact!", Magnus met his former tag team partner Doug Williams and informed him that Wolfe was now done with football and would be coming back soon, while also telling him that they had gotten rid of Chelsea. Wolfe finally made his return in a non-televised segment on 10 December 2010, at the tapings of the 6 January 2011, episode of "Impact!", when he and Magnus saved Williams from Fortune members A.J. Styles and Rob Terry.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 16 May 2011, Wolfe made his return to TNA, when he was announced as the new commissioner of "Xplosion", turning face in the process. During his time as the commissioner, Wolfe also served as the third member of the "Xplosion" announcing team, working beside Jeremy Borash and Taz. However, on 17 June it was reported that Wolfe had been released from his TNA contract.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: After a fourteen-month break from in-ring competition, it was announced on 24 October that McGuinness would be making his return to the ring on 11 November at a Squared Circle Wrestling (2CW) event in Watertown, New York, starting a two-month-long string of shows billed as the "Nigel McGuinness Retirement Tour". In his return match, McGuinness faced Eddie Edwards in a losing effort. McGuinness decided to retire since WWE didn't sign him, he didn't want to return to TNA and he couldn't continue to use the wrestling style he used in ROH. The following day, McGuinness was defeated by Chad Collyer at a HWA event in Hamilton, Ohio. A week later Haworth, performing as Desmond Wolfe, was defeated by Jebediah at a Main Event Championship Wrestling event in Alliance, Ohio. On 25 November, McGuinness returned to the United Kingdom, when he was defeated by Eddie Edwards in a Fight Club: Pro Championship three-way match in Wolverhampton, which also included Trent Seven. The following day, McGuinness was defeated by Jon Ryan at a Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) event in Oberhausen, Germany, before returning to lose to Joel Redman at an (IPW:UK) event in Sittingbourne on 27 November. After two more weekends of shows in the United Kingdom, McGuinness returned to the United States for his final match, which took place at an American Pro Wrestling Alliance (APWA) event in Clarksburg, West Virginia on 17 December 2011. When Jimmy Jacobs couldn’t make it due to bad weather, promoter Don West inserted McGuinness into the match; he would initially lose this match, but the decision was reversed due to a handful of tights, causing him to win (and retire with) the championship. He would then become the APWA Commissioner/Associate Booker before signing an exclusive deal with Ring of Honor. He would compete in his final matches at APWA's 3rd Annual Holiday Grand Prix, which was a two-night show in Clarksburg, WV.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: On 13 August 2011, Haworth, returning to his Nigel McGuinness ring name, returned to ROH at the promotion's first "Ring of Honor Wrestling" tapings under the Sinclair Broadcast Group banner, working as the colour commentator beside Kevin Kelly. The tapings concluded with McGuinness saving Eddie Edwards from the House of Truth.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: At the 3 November 2012, tapings of "Ring of Honor Wrestling", McGuinness was named the new "Matchmaker" of Ring of Honor, replacing Jim Cornette as the main on-screen authority figure. In December 2012, McGuinness released a documentary titled "The Last of McGuinness" on his final days as an in-ring performer, during which he revealed that WWE had rescinded his contract after feeling an old biceps injury needed surgery, while his in-ring career in TNA ended after contracting hepatitis B during his time there. In late May 2013, McGuinness toured the United Kingdom with the shorter final cut of his documentary and has become an advocate for hepatitis B vaccination and an end to the use of intentional blood loss in wrestling. In 2014, following the success of his documentary, McGuinness began working in the film industry as an Assistant Editor and Production Assistant on various television shows and in December of that year launched a Kickstart campaign for his new creative project, L.A. Fights, described as a scripted show about "a diverse group of amateur fighters and their morally ambivalent promoter struggle to coexist in their upstart fight league". In December 2016, ROH announced McGuinness had resigned as the promotion's matchmaker.


title: Nigel McGuinness

text: After being recommended by WWE lead commentator Michael Cole, on 15 December 2016, WWE announced that McGuinness had signed with the company as a commentator. McGuinness made his commentary debut at the WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament on 14 and 15 January 2017, alongside Michael Cole. McGuinness became a colour commentator for "NXT" on 8 February episode, establishing himself as a "heel sympathizer". On 4 September, McGuinness joined the "205 Live" and "Main Event" commentary teams. In 2019 WWE released a documentary on McGuinness' career entitled "Chasing the Magic: The Nigel McGuinness Story" on the WWE Network, that covered his full career from his early childhood fandom of wrestling to his success as a commentator for the company. On 28 May it was reported McGuinness had been furloughed during April as part of budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. He returned on 17 September episode of NXT UK alongside Andy Shepherd and the following night on 205 Live alongside Vic Joseph.


title: Hailey Kilgore

text: Hailey Frances Kilgore is an American actress and singer. Kilgore's breakthrough role was as Ti Moune in the Broadway revival of coming-of-age one-actstage musical "Once on This Island", a performance for which the 19-year-old was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical, becoming one of the youngest nominees in the category.


title: Hailey Kilgore

text: Hailey Frances Kilgore was born in Humble, Texas. She was adopted at birth by Rebecca and Eric Kilgore of Portland, Oregon. Her family moved to the Portland suburb of Happy Valley when she was still in grade school. Kilgore began competing in pageants when she was 9. In 2012, Kilgore was named National American Miss Oregon Pre-Teen, and won the National NAM Spokesmodel competition. In 2015, she won the Miss Oregon's Outstanding Teen competition.


title: Hailey Kilgore

text: Kilgore attended Clackamas High School for two years, before transferring to the Clackamas Web Academy where she graduated a year early. Kilgore performed in various productions at Clackamas High School and took part in the Portland August Wilson Monologue Competition in 2014 and 2015. In 2015, Kilgore took second place in the competition and performed in the national monologue competition at the August Wilson Theatre in New York. Kilgore was a regular "capo", or chant and song leader, for the Rose City Riveters in support of the Portland Thorns FC.


title: Hailey Kilgore

text: Kilgore made her professional theatrical debut as Rebecca Gibbs in Portland Center Stage's production of "Our Town" in the fall of 2015. Kilgore appeared in the Portland Center Stage production of "Ain't Misbehavin'" the same year. Kilgore was a first year student at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York when she was cast as Ti Moune in the Broadway revival of "Once on This Island". Kilgore has also appeared on The Wayne Ayers Podcast.


title: Rancidification

text: Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action, producing short-chain aldehydes, ketones and free fatty acids.


title: Rancidification

text: When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. In processed meats, these flavors are collectively known as warmed-over flavor. In certain cases, however, the flavors can be desirable (as in aged cheeses).


title: Rancidification

text: Rancidification can also detract from the nutritional value of food, as some vitamins are sensitive to oxidation. Similar to rancidification, oxidative degradation also occurs in other hydrocarbons, such as lubricating oils, fuels, and mechanical cutting fluids.


title: Rancidification

text: Hydrolytic rancidity refers to the odor that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids are released. This reaction of lipid with water may require a catalyst (such as a lipase, or acidic or alkaline conditions) leading to the formation of free fatty acids and glycerol. In particular, short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are malodorous. When short-chain fatty acids are produced, they serve as catalysts themselves, further accelerating the reaction, a form of autocatalysis.


title: Rancidification

text: The double bonds of an unsaturated fatty acid can be cleaved by free-radical reactions involving molecular oxygen. This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Because of the nature of free-radical reactions, the reaction is catalyzed by sunlight. Oxidation primarily occurs with unsaturated fats. For example, even though meat is held under refrigeration or in a frozen state, the poly-unsaturated fat will continue to oxidize and slowly become rancid. The fat oxidation process, potentially resulting in rancidity, begins immediately after the animal is slaughtered and the muscle, intra-muscular, inter-muscular and surface fat becomes exposed to oxygen of the air. This chemical process continues during frozen storage, though more slowly at lower temperature. Oxidative rancidity can be prevented by light-proof packaging, oxygen-free atmosphere (air-tight containers) and by the addition of antioxidants.


title: Rancidification

text: A double bond of an unsaturated fatty acid can be oxidised by oxygen from the air in reactions catalysed by plant or animal lipoxygenase enzymes, producing a hydroperoxide as a reactive intermediate, as in free-radical peroxidation. The final products depend on conditions: the lipoxygenase article shows that if a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme is present, it can cleave the hydroperoxide to yield short-chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids (several of which were first discovered in rancid fats).


title: Rancidification

text: Microbial rancidity refers to a water-dependent process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria or molds, use their enzymes such as lipases to break down fat. Pasteurization and/or addition of antioxidant ingredients such as vitamin E, can reduce this process by destroying or inhibiting microorganisms.


title: Rancidification

text: Despite concerns among the scientific community, there is little data on the health effects of rancidity or lipid oxidation in humans. Animal studies show evidence of organ damage, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and advanced atherosclerosis, although typically the dose of oxidized lipids is larger than what would be consumed by humans.


title: Rancidification

text: Antioxidants are often used as preservatives in fat-containing foods to delay the onset or slow the development of rancidity due to oxidation. Natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocopherols (vitamin E). Synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), TBHQ, propyl gallate and ethoxyquin. The natural antioxidants tend to be short-lived, so synthetic antioxidants are used when a longer shelf-life is preferred. The effectiveness of water-soluble antioxidants is limited in preventing direct oxidation within fats, but is valuable in intercepting free radicals that travel through the aqueous parts of foods. A combination of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants is ideal, usually in the ratio of fat to water.


title: Rancidification

text: In addition, rancidification can be decreased by storing fats and oils in a cool, dark place with little exposure to oxygen or free radicals, since heat and light accelerate the rate of reaction of fats with oxygen. Antimicrobial agents can also delay or prevent rancidification by inhibiting the growth of bacteria or other micro-organisms that affect the process.


title: Rancidification

text: Oxygen scavenging technology can be used to remove oxygen from food packaging and therefore prevent oxidative rancidification.


title: Rancidification

text: Oxidative stability is a measure of oil or fat resistance to oxidation. Because the process takes place through a chain reaction, the oxidation reaction has a period when it is relatively slow, before it suddenly speeds up. The time for this to happen is called the "induction time", and it is repeatable under identical conditions (temperature, air flow, etc.). There are a number of ways to measure the progress of the oxidation reaction. One of the most popular methods currently in use is the Rancimat method.


title: Rancidification

text: The Rancimat method is carried out using an air current at temperatures between 50 and 220 °C. The volatile oxidation products (largely formic acid) are carried by the air current into the measuring vessel, where they are absorbed (dissolve) in the measuring fluid (distilled water). By continuous measurement of the conductivity of this solution, oxidation curves can be generated. The cusp point of the oxidation curve (the point where a rapid rise in the conductivity starts) gives the induction time of the rancidification reaction, and can be taken as an indication of the oxidative stability of the sample.


title: Rancidification

text: The Rancimat method, the oxidative stability instrument (OSI) and the oxidograph were all developed as automatic versions of the more complicated AOM (active oxygen method), which is based on measuring peroxide values for determining the induction time of fats and oils. Over time, the Rancimat method has become established, and it has been accepted into a number of national and international standards, for example AOCS Cd 12b-92 and ISO 6886.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: Deliver Us from Evil () is a 2020 South Korean action film written and directed by Hong Won-Chan, starring Hwang Jung-min, Lee Jung-jae and Park Jeong-min. The film follows In-nam, a hitman who plans to retire after completing a final hit, but finds himself linked to a kidnapping case in Thailand and targeted by Ray, the man whose sibling he assassinated. The film was shot in Thailand, South Korea and Japan, with almost 80 percent of the filming done in Thailand. It marks the reunion of Hwang and Lee after their 2013 film "New World".


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: Initially scheduled to open in early July, the film was released in South Korean cinemas on 5 August 2020. It was a commercial success, and a final cut with extended footage was released on 28 October 2020. The film was released in the USA in March 2021.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: Hitman In-nam has completed an assignment in Japan, killing a Japanese mobster Koraeda. In Thailand, Young-joo sends her daughter Yoo-min to school, and tells her that a babysitter will fetch her after school, as she meets up with real estate agents for an investment in a golf course. Later, as Yoo-min gets down from the school bus, the babysitter takes her to her husband's car and drives away, instead of going home.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: Realising that Yoo-min went missing, Young-joo reports to the police, and contacts Chun-sung to get In-nam for help, which In-nam rejects. The next morning, In-nam receives a message from Chun-sung that Young-joo is dead. Flashback to 8 years ago, it was known that In-nam was part of the National Intelligence Agency, with Chun-sung being his superior, and that Young-joo and In-nam were lovers. In-nam was instructed to leave Korea without her in order to protect her. Present day, In-nam travels to Incheon to see Young-joo's body, and subsequently discovers that Yoo-min is his child. After visiting Chun-sung for answers, In-nam receives a call from Shimida that Ray, Koraeda's estranged younger brother, is seeking revenge on the ones involved in the murder of Koraeda. Ray subsequently kills Shimida, then flies to Incheon and kills Chun-sung, and finds out that In-nam headed to Thailand to find the kidnapped Yoo-min. He follows suit.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: In Bangkok, In-nam meets Young-bae. The latter briefs about a real estate agent Jong-su, who Young-joo met before her death, being a fraudster and has set up the kidnapping of Yoo-min. In-nam finds Jong-su and gets information, then leaves him to die. Meanwhile, Ray kills a gang that lied to him about having captured the babysitter. In-nam finds the babysitter's home, and tortures both her and her husband to get information about Yoo-min. Young-bae introduces Yui, a transgender woman, to In-nam for assistance. In-nam and Yui head to a building, then realise that it is a child trafficking operation meant for organ transplants. The two then know that Yoo-min already left the building for Lang Yao, Ratchaburi Province to do a heart transplant surgery. Ray arrives in the building, finally meets In-nam and they fight, with In-nam eventually escaping. Yui and one child from the building also escaped, but are arrested by the police. That night, police have raided the building, which belongs to Thai criminal organisation Chaopo. Chaopo's boss Lan instructs his men to kill In-nam and Yui. In-nam leaves for Lang Yao. Meanwhile, Yui tells the police that In-nam has gone to Lang Yao.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: In Lang Yao, In-nam sees Yoo-min being taken away from a football factory for surgery. In-nam gives chase, but Ray intercepts to kill him. The police have arrived, and shoot both of them. In-nam escapes from the gunfire, kills the surgeons involved before surgery and takes Yoo-min away. Chaopo's operations in Lang Yao are subsequently busted. At night, Ray storms into Lan's home and asks for help to get In-nam. Ray then visits and kills Young-bae.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: The next day, In-nam and Yoo-min check in to a hotel, and then he heads out to secure an escape route for the two. Returning to the hotel, he gets ambushed by Chaopo's men. As he kills his way back to the room, Ray and several Chaopo's men are already inside and Yoo-min kept in a luggage. Ray kills a few of Chaopo's men, having changed his mind, and tells the remaining men to bring In-nam to somewhere else and wait for him, as he plans to settle Yoo-min first. In the carpark, Yui sees In-nam being taken into a van, then rams the van with her pickup, and frees him. In-nam gives chase and barges into Ray's car and fight. He detonates a grenade, causing serious injuries on both of them. In-nam frees Yoo-min, when Yui arrives and he tells her to take Yoo-min and run away. He gets brutally stabbed by Ray, but then detonates another grenade inside, killing both.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: In-nam left a bag of cash and documents in a locker, which Yui unlocks. He hoped that she will take Yoo-min to Panama in his place in case he gets killed. Yui and Yoo-min then left for Panama and settle down there. A photo frame in the Panama house shows a photo of In-nam and a photo of Young-joo and Yoo-min side by side.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: "Deliver Us From Evil" made $14.9 million over its five-day opening weekend in South Korea. It surpassed 1.5 million ticket sales in four days of its release, and 2 million in its first weekend. On the eighth day of its release, the film passed the 2.5 million viewer mark. In less than a month of its release, the film surpassed 4 million admissions, becoming the second film of the year to do so after "The Man Standing Next" which was released in January.


title: Deliver Us from Evil (2020 film)

text: On August 26, 2022, it was announced that Lee Jung-jae will reprise his role in the TV series "Ray", which serves as a prequel to the film.


title: Etruria

text: Etruria () was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what are now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and northern and western Umbria.


title: Etruria

text: are identified as Etruscans. Their complex culture centered on numerous city-states that arose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BCE, and they were very powerful during the Orientalizing Archaic periods.


title: Etruria

text: The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BCE, surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the Ligures. Their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the Po River Valley and Latium, as well as in Campania and through their contact with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy (including Sicily). Indeed, at some Etruscan tombs, such as those of the Tumulus di Montefortini at Comeana (see Carmignano) in Tuscany, physical evidence of trade with Egypt has been found by archaeologists—fine Egyptian faience cups are an example. Such trade occurred either directly with Egypt or through intermediaries such as Greek or Phoenician sailors.


title: Etruria

text: Rome was influenced strongly by the Etruscans even though it was separated from the early boundary of Etruria by the Silva Ciminia, the Ciminian Forest. A series of Etruscan kings ruled Rome until 509 BCE, when the last Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was removed from power and the Roman Republic was established. The Etruscans are credited with influencing Roman architecture and ritual practice; it was under the Etruscan kings that important structures such as the Capitolium, Cloaca Maxima, and Via Sacra were realized.


title: Etruria

text: The Etruscan civilization was responsible for much of the Greek culture imported into early Republican Rome, including the twelve Olympian deities, the growing of olives and grapes, the Latin alphabet (adapted from the Greek alphabet), architecture (such as the arch), and engineering elements such as sewers and drainage systems.


title: Etruria

text: Etruria usually is divided into two main territories, called Northern Etruria and Southern Etruria, to which must be added the northernmost territories that were called Etruria Padana, and the southernmost territories that were called Etruria Campana.


title: Etruria

text: There was a period between 600 BCE and 500 BCE, during which twelve Etruscan city-states formed a loose confederation known as the Etruscan League. Etruscan was the official language for their meetings. When Etruria was conquered by the Roman Republic, Latin became the official language.


title: Etruria

text: In the Augustan organization of Roman Italy, "Etruria" was the name of a region (Regio VII). Its borders were the Tiber, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apuan Alps, and the Apennines. This is roughly coincident with those of Etruria before the Roman period that began in 509 BCE.


title: Etruria

text: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (which existed 1569–1801 and 1814–1859) styled itself in Latin as "Magnus Ducatus Etruriae" (Grand Duchy of Etruria). The name Etruria also was applied to the Kingdom of Etruria, an ephemeral client state of Napoleon I of France that replaced the Grand Duchy between 1801 and 1807.


title: Etruria

text: A particularly noteworthy work dealing with Etruscan locations is D. H. Lawrence's "Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays".


title: Blanche Baker

text: Blanche Baker (born December 20, 1956) is an American actress and filmmaker. She won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in the television mini-series "Holocaust". Baker is known for her role as Ginny Baker in "Sixteen Candles"; she also starred in the title role of "Lolita" on Broadway.


title: Blanche Baker

text: In 2012, she produced and starred in a film about Ruth Madoff titled "Ruth Madoff Occupies Wall Street".


title: Blanche Baker

text: Born Blanche Garfein in New York City, she is the daughter of actress Carroll Baker and director Jack Garfein. Her father is a Jew from Carpathian Ruthenia (born in Mukachevo), who survived the Holocaust; and her mother was a Roman Catholic who converted to Judaism. She also has a younger brother, Herschel Garfein. She spent her early life in Italy, where her mother had established a film career after leaving Hollywood in the mid-1960s. Baker attended the American School in Rome and then Wellesley College from 1974 to 1976, and later studied acting at the Herbert Berghof Studio and the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute.


title: Blanche Baker

text: Blanche Baker made her television debut playing the character Anna Weiss in the miniseries "Holocaust". (Her father Jack Garfein was a Holocaust survivor who had been imprisoned in Auschwitz.) She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Drama Series in 1978 for her performance.


title: Blanche Baker

text: She has subsequently appeared in the TV movies "Mary and Joseph: A Story of Faith" (1979) as Mary, "The Day the Bubble Burst" (1982), "The Awakening of Candra" (1983) as Candra Torres, "Embassy" (1985), "Nobody's Child" (1986), and "Taking Chance" (2009). She also has appeared on many TV series.


title: Blanche Baker

text: In 1980–81, she originated the lead role in Edward Albee's stage adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita". During out-of-town tryouts and in New York, the play was picketed by feminists, including Women Against Pornography, who were outraged by the theme of pedophilia.


title: Blanche Baker

text: The troubled production opened on Broadway on March 19, 1981, after 31 previews and closed after only 12 performances. Frank Rich of "The New York Times" gave the play a bad review, terming it "the kind of embarrassment that audiences do not quickly forget or forgive." Baker was mentioned by Rich in only one line. "In the title role, here a minor figure, the 24-year-old Miss Baker does a clever job of impersonating the downy nymphet; she deserves a more substantial stage vehicle soon."


title: Blanche Baker

text: "People Magazine" called Albee's "Lolita" "Broadway's Bomb of the Year" in an April 16, 1981, story. Baker was the real subject of the article, and "People" writer Mark Donovan said "the critics were almost unanimous on one point: Blanche Baker was an ingenue whose time had come," citing reviews of critics that had called her "breathtaking" and "beguiling."


title: Blanche Baker

text: Baker originated the role of Shelby in the first production of "Steel Magnolias" Off-Broadway in 1987.


title: Blanche Baker

text: Baker made her movie debut in "The Seduction of Joe Tynan" (1979). Other film appearances include "Sixteen Candles" (1984), "Cold Feet" (1984) and "Taking Chance" (2009).


title: Blanche Baker

text: Baker married movie director Bruce vanDusen on October 1, 1983. They had three children before divorcing in 2002.


title: Lina Lazaar

text: Although she is Tunisian, Lazaar was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to Tunisian parents and grew up in Geneva, Switzerland.


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The story was first published in 1915 in "Teikoku Bungaku". Akira Kurosawa's film "Rashomon" (1950) is in fact based primarily on another of Akutagawa's short stories, "In a Grove"; only the film's title and some of the material for the frame scenes, such as the theft of a kimono and the discussion of the moral ambiguity of thieving to survive, are borrowed from "Rashōmon".


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The story recounts the encounter between a servant and an old woman in the dilapidated Rashōmon, the southern gate of the then-ruined city of Kyoto, where unclaimed corpses were sometimes dumped. The current name of the gate in the story, but not the plot, comes from the Noh play "Rashōmon" (c. 1420).


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The man, a lowly servant recently fired, is contemplating whether to starve to death or to become a thief to survive in the barren times. He goes upstairs, after noticing some firelight there, and encounters a woman who is stealing hair from the dead bodies on the second floor. He is disgusted, and decides then that he would rather take the path of righteousness even if it meant starvation. He is furious with the woman.


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: But the old woman tells him that she steals hair to make wigs, so she can survive. In addition, the woman who she is currently robbing cheated people in her life by selling snake meat and claiming it was fish. The old woman says that this was not wrong because it allowed the woman to survive — and so in turn this entitles her to steal from the dead person, because if she doesn't, she too will starve. The man responds: "You won't blame me, then, for taking your clothes. That's what I have to do to keep from starving to death". He then brutally robs the woman of her robe and disappears into the night.


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The book is the inspiration for an instrumental rock tune of the same name composed by Japanese instrumental guitarist Takeshi Terauchi and originally played by Japanese instrumental rock group Takeshi Terauchi & Blue Jeans on their 1972 album, "Rashomon".


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The manga "Bungo Stray Dogs" features a character named after Akutagawa with heavy references to Rashōmon.


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The book is assigned for Modern Japanese high school coursework and quoted in the manga "After the Rain".


title: Rashōmon (short story)

text: The graphic novel Rashomon: A Commissioner Heigo Kobayashi Case by Victor Santos (2017) is also inspired from the short stories of Akutagawa and the eponymous movie of Kurosawa as well as by the "forty-seven rōnin" episode, rendered in the eponymous book by Jirō Osaragi.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Lady of the Manor is a 2021 American buddy comedy film written and directed by brothers Justin Long and Christian Long in their directorial debuts. It stars Melanie Lynskey, Judy Greer, Justin Long, Ryan Phillippe, Luis Guzmán, and Patrick Duffy. The film premiered at the Gasparilla International Film Festival, and was released by Lionsgate on September 17, 2021.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Hannah Kolinsky, a generally unmotivated, oft-intoxicated drug dealer, is mistaken for a sexual predator, arrested, and subsequently dumped by her boyfriend. Her luck appears to change when


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Tanner, the smarmy but cute heir of an aristocratic Southern family, hires her to take over the role of living history tour guide at his childhood home, an Antebellum mansion. We come to learn that his real reason for doing so is to lure Hannah into bed, having fired the previous guide for rejecting his advances.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Hannah proves to be a slouchy, inarticulate and generally inept tour guide, failing in her attempts to impersonate Lady Wadsworth, the long-deceased matriarch of the house. Much to Hannah's chagrin, it is here that the ghost of Wadsworth starts haunting the premises, chastising the useless employee for doing such a terrible job. Hannah eventually gives in and allows the spectral Wadsworth to tutor her on history and etiquette, and their better qualities begin to rub off on one another as they develop an unlikely friendship.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Swerving her lecherous employer, Hannah instead welcomes the nerdish charms of Max, an amiable history professor she meets by chance. She also teams up with Wadsworth to uncover vital evidence that the eponymous manor was intended to be bequeathed to Wadsworth's best friend and former maid, whose descendants still work there today. Through a series of detective shenanigans, wrongs are righted, and Max and Hannah become an item.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: In November 2019, it was announced that Justin and Christian Long would write and direct the film. It was later revealed that Melanie Lynskey, Judy Greer, Long, Ryan Phillippe, Luis Guzmán and Patrick Duffy had joined the cast of the film. Lynskey said that she agreed to take the part because "the thought of being in sweatpants and just acting like I was high for a whole movie was so freeing".


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Principal photography began on January 2, 2020, in Tampa, Florida. Filming also took place in St. Petersburg.


title: Lady of the Manor (film)

text: Critics were dismissive of the film's reliance on scatological humour, but Lynskey's performance was well received, with Angie Han of "The Hollywood Reporter" commenting that she "brings the same airtight commitment to hot mess Hannah that she does to all her varied roles" and finding her chemistry with co-star Judy Greer to be "warm and genuine"; while "Screen Rant" felt that she "shines as ... the rudderless, classless ... screw-up. [She] unabashedly embraces physical humor ... and really commits to the gags. There are a few laugh-out-loud moments in the film, and Lynskey is at the center of all of them".


title: Squib load

text: A squib load, also known as a squib round, pop and no kick, or just a squib, is a firearm malfunction in which a fired projectile does not have enough force behind it to exit the barrel, and thus becomes stuck. This type of malfunction can be extremely dangerous, as failing to notice that the projectile has become stuck in the barrel may result in another round being fired directly into the obstructed barrel, resulting in a catastrophic failure of the weapon's structural integrity.


title: Squib load

text: Squib rounds are possible in all firearms. They are most often caused by negligence in the powder loading process (insufficient or no powder load), or a failure of the primer to ignite the powder at all. In the case of no gunpowder in the cartridge, the primer, when struck, produces just enough force to push the bullet into the barrel but no further. Subsequent rounds will pile up in a very strong weapon or destroy a weaker one. While this occurs most often because of handloading by inexperienced reloaders, squib loads are known to occur even in reputable factory brands. Other causes include deformed bullets and attempting to fire a bullet which is slightly too large for the barrel, although both of these scenarios would more likely result in some variety of catastrophic failure instead of a squib.


title: Squib load

text: A weapon that has been subjected to the abuse of a stuck bullet then had another one fired, will display a slight bulge in the barrel at the site of the original stuck bullet (provided the weapon survives). This bulge sometimes presents itself as a ring around the barrel or can be detected by sliding one's fingers along the barrel to check for this occurrence should no ring be seen.


title: Squib load

text: A well-known example of a squib load is one that killed actor Brandon Lee on the set of the film "The Crow". A squib from an improperly made dummy round (no powder charge, but with a bullet and a live primer) from a previous scene was stuck inside the barrel and propelled from the same weapon which had been negligently loaded with a blank cartridge, striking Lee in the abdomen and killing him.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Rebecca Walker (born November 17, 1969, as Rebecca Leventhal) is an American writer, feminist, and activist. Walker has been regarded as one of the prominent voices of Third Wave Feminism, and the coiner of the term "third wave", since publishing a 1992 article on feminism in "Ms." magazine called "Becoming the Third Wave", in which she proclaimed: "I am the Third Wave."


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker's writing, teaching, and speeches focus on race, gender, politics, power, and culture. In her activism work, she helped co-found the Third Wave Fund that morphed into the Third Wave Foundation, an organization that supports young women of color, queer, intersex, and trans individuals by providing tools and resources they need to be leaders in their communities through activism and philanthropy.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker does extensive writing and speaking about gender, racial, economic, and social justice at universities around the United States and internationally.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: In 1994, "Time" named Walker as one of the 50 future leaders of America. Her work has appeared in publications including "The Washington Post", "The Huffington Post", "Salon", "Glamour", and "Essence" and has been featured on CNN and MTV.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Born Rebecca Leventhal in 1969 in Jackson, Mississippi, she is the daughter of Alice Walker, an African-American writer whose work includes "The Color Purple", and Melvyn R. Leventhal, a Jewish American civil rights lawyer. Her parents married in New York before going to Mississippi to work in civil rights. After her parents divorced in 1976, Walker spent her childhood alternating every two years between her father's home in the largely Jewish Riverdale section of the Bronx in New York City and her mother's largely African-American environment in San Francisco. Walker attended The Urban School of San Francisco.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: When she was 15, she decided to change her surname from Leventhal to Walker, her mother's surname. After high school, she studied at Yale University, where she graduated "cum laude" in 1992. Walker identifies as Jewish and Black; her 2000 memoir is titled "Black, White, and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self".


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker first emerged as a prominent feminist at the age of 22 when she wrote an article for "Ms." magazine titled "Becoming the Third Wave". In her article, Walker criticizes the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas after he was accused of sexually harassing Anita Hill, an attorney whom he supervised during his time at the Department of Education and the EEOC. Using this example, Walker addresses the oppression of the female voice and introduces the concept of Third-wave feminism. She defines "third-wave feminism" at the end of the article by saying "To be a feminist is to integrate an ideology of equality and female empowerment into the very fiber of life. It is to search for personal clarity in the midst of systemic destruction, to join in sisterhood with women when often we are divided, to understand power structures with the intention of challenging them."


title: Rebecca Walker

text: After graduating from Yale University, she and Shannon Liss (now Shannon Liss-Riordan) co-founded the Third Wave Fund, a non-profit organization aimed at encouraging young women to get involved in activism and leadership roles. The organization's initial mission, based on Walker's article, was to "fill a void in young women's leadership and to mobilize young people to become more involved socially and politically in their communities." In its first year, the organization initiated a campaign that registered more than 20,000 new voters across the United States. The organization now provides grants to individuals and projects that support young women. The fund was adapted as The Third Wave Foundation in 1997 and continues to support young activists. In the wake of the November 2016 presidential election in the United States, the organization received more than four times the normal number of requests for emergency grants.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker views teaching as a way to give people the strength to speak the truth, to change perspectives, and to empower people with the ability to change the world. She lectures on writing memoirs, multi-generational feminism, diversity in the media, multi-racial identity, contemporary visual arts and emerging cultures.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker concentrates on speaking about multicultural identity (including her own), enlightened masculinity, and inter-generational and third-wave feminism at high schools, universities and conferences around the world. She has spoken at Harvard, Exeter, Head Royce, Oberlin, Smith, MIT, Xavier, Stanford, and Louisiana State University. She has also addressed organizations and corporations such as The National Council of Teachers of English, the Walker Art Center, the American Association of University Women, the National Women's Studies Association, Out and Equal, the National Organization for Women, and Hewitt Associates. In the United States, she has been featured on various popular media outlets such as "Good Morning America", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", and "Charlie Rose".


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker's first major work was the book "To be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism" (1996), which consisted of articles that she compiled and edited. The book reevaluated the feminist movement of the time. Reviewer Emilie Fale, an Assistant Professor of Communication at Ithaca College, described it: "The twenty-three contributors in "To Be Real" offer varied perspectives and experiences that challenge our stereotypes of feminist beliefs as they negotiate the troubled waters of gender roles, identity politics and "power feminism". As a collection of "personal testimonies", this work shows how third-wave activists use personal narratives to describe their experiences with social and gender injustice. Contributors include feminist writers such as bell hooks and Naomi Wolf. According to Walker's website, this book has been taught in Gender Studies programs around the world.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: In her memoir "Black, White and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self" (2000), Walker explores her early years in Mississippi as the child of parents who were active in the later years of the Civil Rights Movement. She also touches on living with two parents with very active careers, which she believes led to their separation. She discusses encountering racial prejudice and the difficulties of being mixed-race in a society with rigid cultural barriers. She also discusses developing her sexuality and identity as a bisexual woman.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Her 2007 memoir "Baby Love: Choosing Motherhood After A Lifetime of Ambivalence" explores her life with a stepson and biological son against a framework of feminism. She discusses traditional pregnancy topics, such as diet and preparing for labor. She encourages young women to understand that motherhood is possible even when they have a career or if they resist it because of having had a difficult childhood. She says the book addresses the "work versus motherhood" trade-off that women of her generation and younger face after growing up in a social landscape that believes women must make a choice in order to have children. She has said she was inspired to write the book by the birth of her son, Tenzin Walker. Her rearing of him has changed some of her views on motherhood and family bonds. The book also revealed Walker's "tempestuous" relationship with her mother, Alice Walker; the two did not speak for a number of years as Rebecca was critical of how her mother viewed motherhood and treated her as a child.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker was a contributing editor to "Ms." magazine for many years. Her writing has been published in a range of magazines, such as "Harper's", "Essence", "Glamour", "Interview", "Buddhadharma", "Vibe", "Child", and "Mademoiselle" magazines. She has appeared on CNN and MTV, and has been covered in "The New York Times", "Chicago Times", "Esquire", "Shambhala Sun", among other publications. Walker has taught workshops on writing at international conferences and MFA programs. She also works as a private publishing consultant.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Her first novel, "", was published in 2013. It features a biracial college student, Farida, who falls in love with Adé, a black Kenyan man. The couple's plan to marry is interrupted when Farida gets malaria and the two must struggle through a civil war in Kenya. The novel was generally well received by critics and laypeople alike.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker identifies as bisexual. She dated neo-soul musician Meshell Ndegeocello, whose son she helped raise even after their relationship ended.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Once estranged from her mother Alice Walker, she has reconciled with her, and the two have since appeared at literary events together.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: In the 1998 film "Primary Colors," Walker played the character March. The movie is a "roman à clef" about Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: In March 2014, the film rights for her novel "" (2013) were reported to have been optioned, with Madonna to serve as director.


title: Rebecca Walker

text: Walker is featured in "The Advocate"′s "Forty Under 40" issue of June/July 2009 as one of the most influential "out" media professionals.


title: Maria Schell

text: Maria Margarethe Anna Schell (15 January 1926 – 26 April 2005) was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She was one of the leading stars of German cinema in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954, she was awarded the Cannes Best Actress Award for her performance in Helmut Käutner's war drama "The Last Bridge", and in 1956, she won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival for "Gervaise".


title: Maria Schell

text: Schell was born in the Austrian capital Vienna, the daughter of actress Margarethe (née Noé von Nordberg; 1905–1995), who ran an acting school, and Hermann Ferdinand Schell (1900–1972), a Swiss poet, novelist, playwright, and owner of a pharmacy. Her parents were Roman Catholics. She was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell and lesser-known actors Carl Schell (1927-2019) and Immaculata "Immy" Schell (1935-1992).


title: Maria Schell

text: After the "Anschluss" in 1938, her family moved to Zürich in Switzerland. Maria Schell began commercial training, but soon entered the film business when she met the Swiss actor and director Sigfrit Steiner.


title: Maria Schell

text: Schell premiered in Steiner's 1942 film "Steibruch", side by side with the well-known Swiss actor Heinrich Gretler, and took acting lessons for several theatre engagements. After World War II, she was cast in her first leading role in the 1948 film "The Angel with the Trumpet", directed by Karl Hartl. She starred in such films as "The Magic Box", "Dr. Holl" (1951), "So Little Time" (1952), "The Heart of the Matter" (1953). Her emotional acting earned her the nickname "Seelchen" ("little soul"), coined by her colleague Oskar Werner.


title: Maria Schell

text: The 1956 film "Gervaise" directed by René Clément was also a nominee for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film; while in Hollywood, Schell met with Yul Brynner, who urged for her casting in "The Brothers Karamazov" (1958) in the role of Grushenka. Schell also starred with Gary Cooper in "The Hanging Tree" (1959), and with Glenn Ford in "Cimarron" (1960). Other famous movie parts included "Le notti bianche" (1957), "Rose Bernd" (1957), and "Superman" (1978). Schell played Mother Maria in the sequel to "Lilies of the Field" titled "Christmas Lilies of the Field". In 1959 she appeared on "What's my Line?" as the mystery guest on February 15. In 1970, Maria Schell starred opposite Christopher Lee in "The Bloody Judge" by Jesús Franco.


title: Maria Schell

text: In 1976, she starred in a "Kojak" episode, and also had three guest appearances in the German television series "Der Kommissar" and two in "Derrick", in the episodes "Yellow He" (1977) and "Klavierkonzert" (1978). Schell appeared on stage, including an acclaimed performance in the 1976 Broadway play "Poor Murderer" by Pavel Kohout and the leading role in Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play "The Visit" with the Schauspielhaus Zürich ensemble.


title: Maria Schell

text: Schell was married twice – first to film director Horst Hächler (divorced in 1965), and second to director Veit Relin (divorced in 1986). Her daughter by her second marriage, actress Marie Theres Relin (born 1966), was married to Bavarian playwright Franz Xaver Kroetz, and has three children; she made a media and internet appearance as a spokeswoman for housewives ("If Pigs Could Fly. Die Hausfrauenrevolution", 2004).


title: Maria Schell

text: Schell admitted to carrying on a passionate love affair with Glenn Ford in 1960 on location of their film "Cimarron". Ford’s son Peter confirmed her story in his 2011 biography "Glenn Ford: A Life". In 1981, Schell gave Ford a dachshund puppy which he named Bismarck. The dog became his favorite and a constant source of comfort for him in his later years when he became ill and bedridden. After the dog’s death, he had it cremated and requested that its ashes be buried with him upon his death, which they were when Ford died in 2006.


title: Maria Schell

text: Maria Schell's last years were overshadowed by her ill health. She attempted suicide in 1991, and suffered repeated strokes. Her final public appearance was at the premiere of her brother Maximilian's documentary film "My Sister Maria" (2002); both were awarded the Bambi Award for their work.


title: Maria Schell

text: Schell lived reclusively in the remote village of Preitenegg, Carinthia in the Austrian Alps until her death from pneumonia on 26 April 2005, aged 79. Upon her death, her brother released a statement, stating in part: "Towards the end of her life, she suffered silently, and I never heard her complain. I admire her for that. Her death might have been for her a salvation. But not for me. She is irreplaceable."


title: Mugello Circuit

text: Mugello Circuit () is a race track in Scarperia e San Piero, Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The circuit length is . It has 15 turns and a long straight. The circuit stadium stands have a capacity of 50,000.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: Grand Prix motorcycle racing host an annual event at the circuit (for MotoGP and smaller classes). In 2007 and 2008 the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters held an annual event. The track is owned by Scuderia Ferrari, which uses it for Formula One testing. The first race of the A1GP 2008–09 season was originally planned to be held at the Mugello circuit on 21 September 2008. However, the race had to be cancelled due to the delay in building the new chassis for the new race cars.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The circuit hosted its first ever Formula One race on 13 September 2020, named the Tuscan Grand Prix, as part of the season being restructured due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This Grand Prix was the 1000th Grand Prix for Scuderia Ferrari.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: Road races were held on public streets around Mugello from the 1920s. The start was in the village of Scarperia, less than half a kilometer from the current permanent circuit. The circuit went north up the SP503, twisting and turning through mountains through multiple villages, up to the town of Firenzuola. The circuit then went west from Firenzuola, continuing on the SP503 towards the village of Pagliana. The circuit then made a left on the SR65, heading south through the villages of Covigliaio, Selva and Traversa, where the circuit got a bit faster. The circuit then went past a German military cemetery (from 1946 onwards) and entered the famous Futa Pass, which was used for the prestigious Mille Miglia. After this twisty section, the course stayed on the SR65 and went down multiple short straights and fast curves before getting to the villages of Le Maschere and Colle Barucci. The circuit then crossed a bridge going over a narrow section of the Bilancino Lake, going through an ultra fast left hand curve and 2 long straights before turning left onto the SP129, heading towards the town of San Piero a Sieve. The circuit then went north back onto the SP503, heading back to Scarperia to end the lap.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: Giuseppe Campari won at Mugello in 1920 and 1921, and Emilio Materassi took victories in 1925, 1926 and 1928. The Mugello GP was revived in 1955 and from the 1964 to 1969 as a Targa Florio-like road race consisting of eight laps of each, including the Passo della Futa. The anticlockwise track passed the towns of San Piero a Sieve, Scarperia, Violla, Firenzuola, Selva, San Lucia. It counted towards the 1965, 1966 and 1967 World Sportscar Championship season. The last WC race was won by Udo Schütz and Gerhard Mitter in a Porsche 910. After two Porsche wins, 1968 saw the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 of Luciano Bianchi, Nanni Galli and Nino Vaccarella prevail over the Porsche driven by Rico Steinemann and Jo Siffert. In 1969, Arturo Merzario won with an Abarth 2000, and he won again in 1970 with the same car, where Abarth finished 1–2–3 with Leo Kinnunen and Gijs van Lennep finishing second and third respectively.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The 1970 event brought about the end of the Mugello public road circuit; a seven-month-old baby was killed when crashed his Alfa Romeo GTA into a group of people in Firenzuola during a private test there, when the roads were open to the public (the roads were only closed on race day and for qualifying). Four other people, including two young children, were seriously injured. Although there had only been one previous fatality at the original Mugello circuit (that of Günther Klass in 1967), the incident badly damaged the event's reputation, and the 1970 race turned out to be the last one held on the public road circuit, which was won once again by Merzario. After the incident, Dini spent two months in prison, and after his time served he left Italy and did not return for many years.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The present-day closed Mugello circuit was constructed in 1973 and opened in 1974, about east from the easternmost part of the original road circuit.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The circuit was used for the in-season test during the 2012 Formula One season, by all teams except HRT. An unofficial track record of 1:21.035 was set by Romain Grosjean during the test. The track was praised by Mark Webber, who stated that he "did 10 dry laps today around Mugello, which is the same as doing 1000 laps around Abu Dhabi track in terms of satisfaction". Four-time Formula One world champion Sebastian Vettel said “unfortunately we don’t have this track on the calendar. It’s an incredible circuit with a lot of high-speed corners”. Vitaly Petrov was however critical of the decision to test at Mugello, claiming the circuit was "unsafe".


title: Mugello Circuit

text: On 10 July 2020, it was announced that the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix on the circuit would be the ninth race in the 2020 Formula One calendar, marking the 1000th Grand Prix for Ferrari.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: At the 2021 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix, Moto3 rider Jason Dupasquier was killed in an accident. The 19 year old Swiss rider fell at Arrabbiata 2 on his final qualifying lap and was struck by the bikes of Jeremy Alcoba and Ayumu Sasaki. The latter two riders escaped without injury, but Dupasquier was immediately airlifted to Careggi hospital in Florence, with his condition described as “very serious”. He would undergo emergency thoracic surgery that evening, but died of his injuries the following day.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: Mugello has the 3-star FIA Environmental Accreditation, and the ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001, ISO 20121 and Eco-Management and Audit Scheme certifications. It was ranked the most sustainable racetrack in the world in a 2021 report.


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The winners of the Mugello Grand Prix for cars (1919–1967: Circuito del Mugello, 1968–2000: Gran Premio del Mugello) are:


title: Mugello Circuit

text: The official lap record for the current circuit layout is 1:18.833, set by Lewis Hamilton in the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix. The unofficial all-time track record is 1:15.144; also set by Lewis Hamilton during final qualifying for the aforementioned race. The official race lap records at the Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello are listed as:


title: Cooku with Comali (season 2)

text: Cooku with Comali (season 2) is the second season of the Tamil reality cooking TV show Cooku with Comali, that was aired first on 14 November 2020. This season was hosted by Rakshan. The grand finale was aired on 14 April 2021 and winner was Kani Thiru.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral (; – ) was a Bissau-Guinean and Cape Verdean agricultural engineer, pan-Africanist, intellectual, poet, theoretician, revolutionary, political organizer, nationalist and diplomat. He was one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Also known by the "nom de guerre" Abel Djassi, Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, about eight months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He was deeply influenced by Marxism, becoming an inspiration to revolutionary socialists and national independence movements worldwide.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Cabral was born on 12 September 1924. He was born in the town of Bafatá, Portuguese Guinea (located in modern-day Guinea-Bissau) to Cape Verdean parents, Juvenal António Lopes da Costa Cabral and Iva Pinhel Évora, both hailing from Santiago. His father came from a wealthy land-owning family. His mother was a shop owner and hotel worker who worked hard in order to support her family, especially after she separated from Amílcar's father by 1929. Her family was not well off, so she was unable to pursue higher education.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Amílcar Cabral was educated at Liceu Secondary School Gil Eanes in the town of Mindelo, Cape Verde. He was later educated at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia in Lisbon, Portugal. While an agronomy student in Lisbon, he founded student movements dedicated to opposing the ruling dictatorship of Portugal and promoting the cause of independence for the Portuguese colonies in Africa.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: He returned to Africa in the 1950s, and was instrumental in promoting independence causes of the then Portuguese colonies. In 1956, he was the founder of the PAIGC or "" (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde). He was also one of the founding members of Movimento Popular Libertação de Angola (MPLA) later in the same year, together with Agostinho Neto, whom he met in Portugal, and other Angolan nationalists. Cabral was an asset of the Czechoslovak State Security (StB), and under the codename "Secretary" provided intelligence information to the StB.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: From 1963 to his assassination in 1973, Cabral led the PAIGC's guerrilla movement in Portuguese Guinea against the Portuguese government, which evolved into one of the most successful wars of independence in modern African history. The goal of the conflict was to attain independence for both Portuguese Guinea and Cape Verde. Over the course of the conflict, as the movement captured territory from the Portuguese, Cabral became the "de facto" leader of a large portion of what became Guinea-Bissau.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: In preparation for the independence war, Cabral set up training camps in Ghana with the permission of Kwame Nkrumah. Cabral trained his lieutenants through various techniques, including mock conversations to provide them with effective communication skills to aid their efforts in mobilizing Guinean tribal chiefs to support the PAIGC. Cabral realized that the war effort could only be sustained if his troops could be fed and taught to live off the land, alongside the larger populace. Being an agronomist, he trained his troops to teach local farmers better farming techniques. This was to ensure that they could increase productivity and be able to feed their own family and tribe, as well as the soldiers enlisted in the PAIGC's military wing. When not fighting, PAIGC soldiers tilled and ploughed the fields alongside the local population.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Cabral and the PAIGC also set up a trade-and-barter bazaar system that moved around the country and made staple goods available to the countryside at prices lower than that of colonial store owners. During the war, Cabral also set up a roving hospital and triage station to give medical care to wounded PAIGC soldiers and quality-of-life care to the larger populace, relying on medical supplies garnered from the USSR and Sweden. The bazaars and triage stations were at first stationary, until they came under frequent attack from Portuguese regime forces.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: In 1972, Cabral began to form a People's Assembly in preparation for the independence of Guinea-Bissau, but disgruntled former PAIGC rival Inocêncio Kani, together with another member of PAIGC, shot and killed him on 20 January 1973 in Conakry. The possible plan was to arrest Cabral (possibly to judge him summarily, later), but facing the peaceful resistance of Cabral, they immediately killed him.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: According to some theories, Portuguese PIDE agents, whose alleged plan eventually went awry, wanted to influence Cabral's rivals through agents operating within the PAIGC, in hope of arresting Cabral and placing him under the custody of Portuguese authorities. Another theory claims that Ahmed Sékou Touré, jealous of Cabral's greater international prestige, among other motives, orchestrated the conspiracy; both theories remain unproven and controversial.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: After the assassination, about one hundred officers and guerrilla soldiers of the PAIGC, accused of involvement in the conspiracy that resulted in the murder of Amílcar Cabral and the attempt to seize power in the movement, were summarily executed. His half-brother, Luís Cabral, became the leader of the Guinea-Bissau branch of the party and eventually became President of Guinea-Bissau.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Less than a month after the assassination, the United States concluded that then-colonial power Portugal was not directly involved in his death, according to official documents made public in 2006. Even so, the US State Department's Information and Investigation Services also concluded that "Lisbon's complicity" in the assassination of the leader of the struggle for Cape Verde's and Guinea-Bissau's independence "cannot be ruled out."


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Later on 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution coup was carried out in Portugal, which was followed by a cease-fire in the various battle fronts and eventually by the independence of all of Portugal's former colonies in Africa. Cabral was assassinated prior to the independence of the Portuguese colonies in Africa, and therefore died before he could see his homelands of Cabo Verde and Guinea Bissau gain independence from Portugal.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Cabral is considered a "revolutionary theoretician as significant as Frantz Fanon and Che Guevara", one "whose influence reverberated far beyond the African continent." Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Cape Verde's principal international airport at Sal, is named in his honor. There is also a football competition, the Amílcar Cabral Cup, in zone 2, named as a tribute to him.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: In addition, the only privately owned university in Guinea-Bissau – Amílcar Cabral University, in Bissau – is named after him. Jorge Peixinho composed an elegy to Cabral in 1973.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Author António Tomás wrote a biography of Amílcar Cabral, entitled "O Fazedor de Utopias: Uma Biografia de Amílcar Cabral", which offers an extensive overview of Amílcar's life in narrative form. It features a detailed account of Amílcar's family history in Portuguese.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Patrick Chabal professor of Lusophone African studies at King's College, London, also wrote a book about the life and biography of Amílcar Cabral, entitled "Amílcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership And People's War" (1983 and 2003). The book tells the story of Cabral who, as head of PAIGC, Guinea-Bissau's nationalist movement, became one of Africa's foremost revolutionary leaders.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: President William R. Tolbert (Republic of Liberia) commissioned and built a housing estate on the Old Road, Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia, named in honor of Cabral.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: There is a block of flats named Amílcar Cabral Court on Porteus Road in west London, situated in the Paddington Green area.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: Angolan singer and activist David Zé composed 'Quem Matou Cabral' in honor of Amílcar Cabral and performed it during the independence celebrations of Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Guinea-Bissau.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: A square in Veshnyaki District of Moscow was named "Amílcar Cabral Square" (Russian: «Площадь Амилкара Кабрала» "Ploschad Amilcara Cabrala") since 16 January 1974.


title: Amílcar Cabral

text: He was voted the second greatest leader in the world by a poll conducted by BBC World History Magazine in March of 2020.


title: Wayang kulit

text: Wayang kulit () is a traditional form of puppet-shadow play originally found in the cultures of Java and Bali in Indonesia. In a "wayang kulit" performance, the puppet figures are rear-projected on a taut linen screen with a coconut-oil (or electric) light. The "dalang" (shadow artist) manipulates carved leather figures between the lamp and the screen to bring the shadows to life. The narratives of "wayang kulit" often have to do with the major theme of good vs. evil.


title: Wayang kulit

text: "Wayang kulit" is one of the many different forms of "wayang" theatre found in Indonesia; the others include "wayang beber", "wayang klitik", "wayang golek", "wayang topeng", and "wayang wong". "Wayang kulit" is among the best known, offering a unique combination of ritual, lesson and entertainment.


title: Wayang kulit

text: On November 7, 2003, UNESCO designated "Wayang" the flat leather shadow puppet ("wayang kulit"), the flat wooden puppet ("wayang klitik"), and the three-dimensional wooden puppet ("wayang golek") theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In return for the acknowledgment, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition.


title: Wayang kulit

text: The term "wayang" is the Javanese word for "shadow" or "imagination". Its equivalent in Indonesian is "bayang". In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, "wayang" can refer to the puppet itself or the whole puppet theatre performance. "Kulit" means "skin" or "leather", the material from which the figures are carved.


title: Wayang kulit

text: Hinduism arrived in Indonesia from India before the Islamic and Christian era. Sanskrit became the literary and court language of Java and later of Bali. "Wayang kulit" was later assimilated into local culture from India with changes to the appearance of the characters to resemble cultural norms.


title: Wayang kulit

text: When Islam began spreading in Indonesia, the display of God or gods in human form was prohibited, and thus this style of shadow play was suppressed. King Raden Patah of Demak, Java, wanted to see the "wayang" in its traditional form, but failed to obtain permission from Muslim religious leaders.


title: Wayang kulit

text: Religious leaders attempted to skirt the Muslim prohibition by converting the "wayang golek" into "wayang purwa" made from leather and displayed only the shadow instead of the puppets themselves.


title: Wayang kulit

text: The "wayang" comes in sizes from 25 cm to 75 cm. The important characters are usually represented by several puppets each. The "wayang" is usually made out of water buffalo and goat hide and mounted on to bamboo sticks. However, the best "wayang" is typically made from young female buffalo parchment, cured for up to ten years. The carving and punching of the rawhide, which is most responsible for the character's image and the shadows that are cast, are guided by this sketch. A mallet is used to tap special tools, called "tatah", to punch the holes through the rawhide. Making the "wayang" sticks from horn is a complicated process of sawing, heating, hand-molding, and sanding until the desired effect is achieved. When the materials are ready, the artist attaches the handle by precisely molding the ends of the horn around the individual "wayang" figure and securing it with thread. A large character may take months to produce.


title: Wayang kulit

text: There are important differences between the three islands where "wayang kulit" is played (due to local religious canon).


title: Wayang kulit

text: In Java (where Islam is predominant), the puppets (named "ringgit") are elongated, the play lasts all night and the lamp (named "blencong") is, nowadays, almost always electric. A full gamelan with (pe)sinden is typically used.


title: Wayang kulit

text: In Bali (where Hinduism is predominant), the puppets look more realistic, the play lasts a few hours and, if at night, the lamp uses coconut oil. Music is mainly by the four "gender wayang", with drums only if the story is from the "Ramayana". There are no "sinden". The "dalang" does the singing. Balinese "dalangs" are often also priests ("amangku dalang"). As such, they may also perform during daylight, for religious purposes ("exorcism"), without lamp and without screen ("wayang sakral", or ""lemah"")


title: Wayang kulit

text: In Lombok (where Islam is predominant and Bali's influence is strong), vernacular "wayang kulit" is known as "wayang sasak", with puppets similar to Javanese "ringgits", a small orchestra with no "sinden", but flutes, metallophones and drums. The repertoire is unique to the island and is based on the Muslim Menak Cycle (the adventures of Amir Hamzah).


title: Wayang kulit

text: In the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, members of Javanese diaspora communities continued the artform from the nineteenth century, until the death of Nek Ichang, the island's dalang (puppeteer) in 1949. Examples of the wayang kulit are in the collection of Pulu Cocos Museum and were featured on a set of Australian $1 and $2 stamps in 2018.


title: Wayang kulit

text: The stage of a "wayang" performance includes several components. A stretched linen canvas ("kelir") acts as a canvas, dividing the "dalang" (puppeteer) and the spectator. A coconut-oil lamp (Javanese "blencong" or Balinese "damar") – which in modern times is usually replaced with electric light – casts shadows onto the screen. A banana trunk (Javanese "gedebog", Balinese "gedebong") lies on the ground between the screen and the "dalang", where the figures are stuck to hold them in place. To the right of the "dalang" sits the puppet chest, which the "dalang" uses as a drum during the performance, hitting it with a wooden mallet. In a Javanese "wayang kulit" performance, the "dalang" may use a cymbal-like percussion instrument at his feet to cue the musicians. The musicians sit behind the "dalang" in a gamelan orchestra setting. The gamelan orchestra is an integral part of the Javanese "wayang kulit" performance. The performance is accompanied by female singers ("pesinden") and male singers ("wirasuara").


title: Wayang kulit

text: The setting of the banana trunk on the ground and canvas in the air symbolizes the earth and the sky; the whole composition symbolizes the entire cosmos. When the "dalang" animates the puppet figures and moves them across the screen, divine forces are understood to be acting in his hands with which he directs the happening. The lamp is a symbol of the sun as well as the eye of the "dalang".


title: Wayang kulit

text: A traditional "wayang kulit" performance begins after dark. The first of the three phases, in which the characters are introduced and the conflict is launched, lasts until midnight. The battles and intrigues of the second phase last about three hours. The third phase of reconciliation and friendship is finished at dawn.


title: Wayang kulit

text: "Wayang" shadow plays are usually tales from the two major Hindu epics, the "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata". The puppet master contextualizes stories from the plays, making them relevant to current community, national or global issues. Gamelan players respond to the direction of the "dalang".


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: Nirvana is a greatest hits album by the American rock band Nirvana, released in October 29, 2002. It was the third Nirvana album released following the suicide of vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain in 1994.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The album includes songs from Nirvana's three studio albums and the live album "MTV Unplugged in New York", plus the previously unreleased "You Know You're Right", recorded in 1994 during Nirvana's final studio session, a version of "Been a Son", previously only available on a UK limited release, and the Scott Litt remix of "Pennyroyal Tea".


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: "Nirvana" opened at number three on the "Billboard" 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and two million copies in Europe as of 2007.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: "Nirvana" was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The dispute was largely centered around "You Know You're Right," which Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release on a long-delayed Nirvana rarities box set. However, Love blocked the song's release, and sued Novoselic and Grohl over control of Nirvana's legacy. Love's lawsuit maintained that "You Know You're Right" was a "potential 'hit' of extraordinary artistic and commercial value." She believed the song would be "wasted" on a box set, and instead belonged on a single-disc compilation similar to The Beatles' "1".


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: In September 2002, it was officially announced that the lawsuit had been settled, and that "You Know You're Right" would be released on ""Nirvana", a one-CD history of the band," in November, with the box set to follow in 2004.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The first song on the album's otherwise chronological track listing is "You Know You're Right", which was also released as a downloadable single. It is followed by "About a Girl", the only inclusion from Nirvana's 1989 debut album, "Bleach". The album's producer, Jack Endino, originally saw the song as a potential single, and a live version, from Nirvana's 1993 "MTV Unplugged" performance, was released as a commercial single to promote the band's 1994 album "MTV Unplugged in New York". "Been a Son" was previously only available on Nirvana's 1989 "Blew" EP, a limited UK release. The fourth song on the compilation is "Sliver", which was released as a non-album single in 1990, the band's final release on Sub Pop (the same version appears on "Incesticide").


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The next four songs, "Smells Like Teen Spirit", "Come as You Are", "Lithium" and "In Bloom", are the commercially released singles from the band's second album and major label debut, "Nevermind," released in 1991. These are followed by "Heart-Shaped Box", "Pennyroyal Tea" and "Rape Me", three singles from the band's third and final studio album, "In Utero", released in 1993. The version of "Pennyroyal Tea" included is the remix by Scott Litt, which was prepared for the song's single, but the single was recalled after Cobain's death in April 1994. Prior to the release of "Nirvana", this remix was only commercially available on the censored Wal-Mart and Kmart versions of "In Utero", released in March 1994. The final studio track is the "In Utero" song "Dumb", which was never released as a single, but has become a popular song on alternative rock radio stations.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The Northern American version of the album closes with two songs from "MTV Unplugged in New York", "All Apologies" and "The Man Who Sold the World", both of which were released as promotional singles from the album (the studio version of "All Apologies", which appears on "In Utero", was released as that album's second single in 1993, as a double A-side with "Rape Me"). All non-US and Canadian versions of the album end with "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", another song from "MTV Unplugged in New York", from which it was also released as a promotional single. The Japanese version includes the "Unplugged" version of "Something in the Way", which was released as a B-side to the "About a Girl" single in 1994, as the second-to-last track.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: One month after the album was released, Cobain's published "Journals" were released. The book debuted at #1 on the New York Times bestseller list (non-fiction), and it's publishers stated that the simultaneous release of the "Nirvana" hits set helped fire cross-promotion at retail and that the album release was providence.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: The original vinyl release of "Nirvana", in 2002, was a rare 16-track European double LP that included the "MTV Unplugged" versions "Something in the Way" and "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" as the final two tracks, similar to the Japanese CD version.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: In 2015, the Northern American 14-track edition was released on vinyl for the first time, world-wide, as a double LP on 200-gram vinyl, packaged with a digital download card for 96 kHz 24-bit HD Audio, and as a single LP on 150-gram vinyl, with a download card for the album on 320 kbit MP4 audio. It was also released as a Blu-ray Pure Audio in high resolution 96 kHz 24-bit, available in three stereo audio formats: PCM, DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD stereo.


title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)

text: Several critics believed that "Nirvana" was too brief, and omitted key tracks. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of "AllMusic" wrote that "the presence of a few more tracks, along with placing "You Know You're Right" at the end where it belongs, would have made this collection not just stronger, but possibly definitive. As it stands, it feels like a bit of a cheap compromise and a wasted opportunity." Will Bryant of "Pitchfork" called the album "an artful selection of the band's most seminal material", but also dismissed it as "a party mix for parents who want to appreciate Cobain's Lennon-esque knack for great melodies without having to click past "Scentless Apprentice" or "Territorial Pissings"...utterly inoffensive: an impulse buy from Columbia House, perhaps, with no more artistic value than The Eagles' "Greatest Hits" or the Beatles' "1"."


title: Optical rotation

text: Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials. Circular birefringence and circular dichroism are the manifestations of optical activity. Optical activity occurs only in chiral materials, those lacking microscopic mirror symmetry. Unlike other sources of birefringence which alter a beam's state of polarization, optical activity can be observed in fluids. This can include gases or solutions of chiral molecules such as sugars, molecules with helical secondary structure such as some proteins, and also chiral liquid crystals. It can also be observed in chiral solids such as certain crystals with a rotation between adjacent crystal planes (such as quartz) or metamaterials.


title: Optical rotation

text: When looking at the source of light, the rotation of the plane of polarization may be either to the right (dextrorotatory or dextrorotary — "d"-rotary, represented by (+), clockwise), or to the left (levorotatory or levorotary — "l"-rotary, represented by (−), counter-clockwise) depending on which stereoisomer is dominant. For instance, sucrose and camphor are "d"-rotary whereas cholesterol is "l"-rotary. For a given substance, the angle by which the polarization of light of a specified wavelength is rotated is proportional to the path length through the material and (for a solution) proportional to its concentration.


title: Optical rotation

text: Optical activity is measured using a polarized source and polarimeter. This is a tool particularly used in the sugar industry to measure the sugar concentration of syrup, and generally in chemistry to measure the concentration or enantiomeric ratio of chiral molecules in solution. Modulation of a liquid crystal's optical activity, viewed between two sheet polarizers, is the principle of operation of liquid-crystal displays (used in most modern televisions and computer monitors).


title: Optical rotation

text: Dextrorotation and laevorotation (also spelled levorotation) are terms used in chemistry and physics to describe the optical rotation of plane-polarized light. From the point of view of the observer, "dextrorotation" refers to clockwise or right-handed rotation, and "laevorotation" refers to counterclockwise or left-handed rotation.


title: Optical rotation

text: A chemical compound that causes dextrorotation is called "dextrorotatory" or "dextrorotary", while a compound that causes laevorotation is called "laevorotatory" or "laevorotary". Compounds with these properties consist of chiral molecules and are said to have optical activity. If a chiral molecule is dextrorotary, its enantiomer (geometric mirror image) will be laevorotary, and vice versa. Enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light the same number of degrees, but in opposite directions.


title: Optical rotation

text: A compound may be labeled as dextrorotary by using the "(+)-" or ""d"-" prefix. Likewise, a laevorotary compound may be labeled using the "(−)-" or ""l"-" prefix. The lowercase ""d"-" and ""l"-" prefixes are obsolete, and are distinct from the "-" and "-" prefixes. The "-" and "-" prefixes are used to specify the enantiomer of chiral organic compounds in biochemistry and are based on the compound's absolute configuration relative to (+)-glyceraldehyde, which is the -form by definition. The prefix used to indicate absolute configuration is not directly related to the (+) or (−) prefix used to indicate optical rotation in the same molecule. For example, nine of the nineteen -amino acids naturally occurring in proteins are, despite the - prefix, actually dextrorotary (at a wavelength of 589 nm), and -fructose is sometimes called "laevulose" because it is laevorotary.


title: Optical rotation

text: The - and - prefixes describe the molecule as a whole, as do the (+) and (−) prefixes for optical rotation. In contrast, the ("R")- and ("S")- prefixes from the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules characterize the absolute configuration of each specific chiral stereocenter with the molecule, rather than a property of the molecule as a whole. A molecule having exactly one chiral stereocenter (usually an asymmetric carbon atom) can be labeled ("R") or ("S"), but a molecule having multiple stereocenters needs more than one label. For example, the essential amino acid -threonine contains two chiral stereocenters and is written (2"S",3"S")-threonine. There is no strict relationship between the R/S, the /, and (+)/(−) designations, although some correlations exist. For example, of the naturally occurring amino acids, all are , and most are ("S"). For some molecules the ("R")-enantiomer is the dextrorotary (+) enantiomer, and in other cases it is the laevorotary (−) enantiomer. The relationship must be determined on a case-by-case basis with experimental measurements or detailed computer modeling.


title: Optical rotation

text: The rotation of the orientation of linearly polarized light was first observed in 1811 in quartz by French physicist François Arago. In 1820, the English astronomer Sir John F.W. Herschel discovered that different individual quartz crystals, whose crystalline structures are mirror images of each other (see illustration), rotate linear polarization by equal amounts but in opposite directions. Jean Baptiste Biot also observed the rotation of the axis of polarization in certain liquids and vapors of organic substances such as turpentine. In 1822, Augustin-Jean Fresnel found that optical rotation could be explained as a species of birefringence: whereas previously known cases of birefringence were due to the different speeds of light polarized in two perpendicular planes, optical rotation was due to the different speeds of right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized light. Simple polarimeters have been used since this time to measure the concentrations of simple sugars, such as glucose, in solution. In fact one name for -glucose (the biological isomer), is "dextrose", referring to the fact that it causes linearly polarized light to rotate to the right or dexter side. In a similar manner, levulose, more commonly known as fructose, causes the plane of polarization to rotate to the left. Fructose is even more strongly levorotatory than glucose is dextrorotatory. Invert sugar syrup, commercially formed by the hydrolysis of sucrose syrup to a mixture of the component simple sugars, fructose, and glucose, gets its name from the fact that the conversion causes the direction of rotation to "invert" from right to left.


title: Optical rotation

text: In 1849, Louis Pasteur resolved a problem concerning the nature of tartaric acid. A solution of this compound derived from living things (to be specific, wine lees) rotates the plane of polarization of light passing through it, but tartaric acid derived by chemical synthesis has no such effect, even though its reactions are identical and its elemental composition is the same. Pasteur noticed that the crystals come in two asymmetric forms that are mirror images of one another. Sorting the crystals by hand gave two forms of the compound: Solutions of one form rotate polarized light clockwise, while the other form rotate light counterclockwise. An equal mix of the two has no polarizing effect on light. Pasteur deduced that the molecule in question is asymmetric and could exist in two different forms that resemble one another as would left- and right-hand gloves, and that the organic form of the compound consists of purely the one type.


title: Optical rotation

text: In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel independently proposed that this phenomenon of optical activity in carbon compounds could be explained by assuming that the 4 saturated chemical bonds between carbon atoms and their neighbors are directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron. If the 4 neighbors are all different, then there are two possible orderings of the neighbors around the tetrahedron, which will be mirror images of each other. This led to a better understanding of the three-dimensional nature of molecules.


title: Optical rotation

text: In 1945, Charles William Bunn predicted optical activity of achiral structures, if the wave's propagation direction and the achiral structure form an experimental arrangement that is different from its mirror image. Such optical activity due to extrinsic chirality was observed in the 1960s in liquid crystals.


title: Optical rotation

text: In 1950, Sergey Vavilov predicted optical activity that depends on the intensity of light and the effect of nonlinear optical activity was observed in 1979 in lithium iodate crystals.