text: On 31 July 2012, the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina signed a two-year deal with BH Telecom regarding the sponsorship of the league, effectively renaming the league BH Telecom Premier League. The deal was extended once more before the start of 2014–15 season. On 24 July 2020, it was announced that Mtel had become the new league sponsor for the next three years with an estimate 23 Million BAM worth, renaming the league m:tel Premier League.


Listing seasons (aside of 1998–99 season) before the creation of Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina where the champion was decided via a play-off played between best placed clubs who played in First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and First League of Herzeg-Bosnia (without clubs from First League of the Republika Srpska).


Since the 2000–01 season, the first tier of Bosnia and Herzegovina's football competition became the "Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina".


Counting since when the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina is played and recognized by UEFA, season 2000–01


The following table lists the champions by cities; Counting since when the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina is played and recognized by UEFA, season 2000–01


title: Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: In the qualifiers for the UEFA Champions League season 2002–03, Željezničar gained the greatest success in Bosnian post-war club-football so far, going all the way to the last qualifying round for the most important club competition in Europe. After big wins over ÍA Akraness and Lillestrøm, however, they were held by Newcastle United. In the first match, held in Sarajevo, Newcastle won 0–1 with English team defeating Željezničar 4–0 in England.


text: The second time a Bosnian club moved into the last qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League was FK Sarajevo in 2007–08, when they lost to Dynamo Kyiv 0–4 on aggregate, after going over Maltese Marsaxlokk and Belgian side Genk.


text: Another remarkable season for Bosnian clubs in Europe was 2009–10. The most memorable performances were marked by FK Sarajevo and Slavija. While Slavija surprisingly beat Aalborg in the Second Qualifying round but could not overcome MFK Košice in the third round, FK Sarajevo was able to reach the Play-offs for the Group Stage of the newly formed UEFA Europa League after beating Spartak Trnava and Helsingborg. However, they lost there unhappily 3–2 on aggregate to CFR Cluj. FK Sarajevo made it again in 2014–15 UEFA Europa League playing all the way to the play-off round where they lost to Borussia Mönchengladbach. In the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League season, Sarajevo once again played in the play-off round, this time losing to Celtic.


text: "Counting only since the 2002–03 season, the season the league became a unified country-wide league."


title: Raymond Williams

text: Raymond Henry Williams (31 August 1921 – 26 January 1988) was a Welsh socialist writer, academic, novelist and critic influential within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the media and literature contributed to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts. Some 750,000 copies of his books were sold in UK editions alone, and there are many translations available. His work laid foundations for the field of cultural studies and cultural materialism.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Born in Pandy, just north of Llanfihangel Crucorney, near Abergavenny, Wales, Williams was the son of a railway worker in a village where all of the railwaymen voted Labour, while the local small farmers mostly voted Liberal. It was not a Welsh-speaking area: he described it as "Anglicised in the 1840s". There was, nevertheless, a strong Welsh identity. "There is the joke that someone says his family came over with the Normans and we reply: 'Are you liking it here?'"


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams attended King Henry VIII Grammar School in Abergavenny. His teenage years were overshadowed by the rise of Nazism and the threat of war. His father was secretary of the local Labour Party, but Raymond declined to join, although he did attend meetings around the 1935 general election. He was 14 when the Spanish Civil War broke out, and was conscious of what was happening through his membership of the local Left Book Club. He also mentions the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Edgar Snow's "Red Star Over China", originally published in Britain by the Left Book Club.


title: Raymond Williams

text: At this time, he was supported the League of Nations, attending a League-organised youth conference in Geneva in 1937. On the way back, his group visited Paris and he went to the Soviet pavilion at the International Exhibition. There he bought a copy of "The Communist Manifesto" and read Karl Marx for the first time.


title: Raymond Williams

text: In July 1939, he was involved in the Monmouth by-election, helping with an unsuccessful campaign by the Labour candidate, Frank Hancock, who was a pacifist. Williams was also a pacifist at this time, having distributed leaflets for the Peace Pledge Union.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams won a state scholarship to read English at Trinity College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1939. While at Cambridge, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. Along with Eric Hobsbawm, he was given the task of writing a Communist Party pamphlet about the Russo-Finnish War. He says in ("Politics and Letters") that they "were given the job as people who could write quickly, from historical materials supplied for us. You were often in there writing about topics you did not know very much about, as a professional with words".


title: Raymond Williams

text: At the time, the British government was keen to support Finland in its war against the Soviet Union, while still being at war with Nazi Germany. He took a second (division two) in part one of the tripos in 1941, and, after returning from war service, achieved first-class honours in part two in 1946. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a BA degree in 1946: as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree. He was later awarded a higher doctorate by Cambridge; the Doctor of Letters (LittD) degree in 1969.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams interrupted his education to serve in the Second World War. He enlisted in the British Army in late 1940, but stayed at Cambridge to take his exams in June 1941, the month when Germany invaded Russia. Joining the military was against the Communist party line at the time. According to Williams, his Communist Party membership lapsed without him formally resigning.


title: Raymond Williams

text: When Williams joined the army, he was assigned to the Royal Corps of Signals, which was a typical assignment for university undergraduates. He received initial training in military communications, but was reassigned to artillery and anti-tank weapons. He was chosen to serve as an officer in the Anti-Tank Regiment of the Guards Armoured Division in 1941–1945, being sent into early fighting in the Invasion of Normandy after the D-Day Normandy Landings. He writes in "Politics and Letters", "I don't think the intricate chaos of that Normandy fighting has ever been recorded." He commanded a unit of four tanks and mentions losing touch with two of them while fighting against Waffen-SS Panzer forces in the Bocage. He never discovered what happened to them as a withdrawal of troops ensued.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams took part in the fighting from Normandy in 1944 and through Belgium and the Netherlands to Germany in 1945. There he was involved in liberating a smaller Nazi concentration camp, which was afterwards used by the Allies to detain SS officers.


title: Raymond Williams

text: He was shocked to find that Hamburg had suffered saturation bombing by the Royal Air Force, not just military targets and docks, as they had been told. He was expecting to be sent to Burma, but as his studies had been interrupted by the war, was instead granted Class B release, which meant immediate demobilisation. He returned to Cambridge, where he found that the student culture had changed from 1941, with the left-wing involvement much diminished.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams received his BA from Cambridge in 1946, and then served as a tutor in adult education at Oxford University's Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies (1946-1961). Moving to Seaford, Sussex, he gave Workers' Educational Association evening classes in East Sussex in English literature, drama, and later culture and environment. This allowed Williams to write in the mornings, beginning work on novels and what would become cultural studies.


title: Raymond Williams

text: In 1946, he founded the review "Politics and Letters", a journal which he edited with Clifford Collins and Wolf Mankowitz until 1948. Williams published "Reading and Criticism" in 1950; he joined the Editorial Board of the new journal "Essays in Criticism". In 1951, he was recalled to the army as a reservist to fight in the Korean War. He refused to go, registering as a conscientious objector. He expected to be jailed for a month, but the Appeal Tribunal panel, which included a professor of classics, was convinced by his case and discharged him from further military obligations in May 1951.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Between 1946 and 1957, he was involved with the film-maker Michael Orrom, whom he had known in Cambridge. They co-wrote "Preface to Film", published in 1954, and Williams wrote the script for an experimental film, "The Legend", in 1955. This was rejected in July 1956 and he parted company with Orrom shortly afterwards. He wrote a number of novels in this period, but only one, "Border Country", would be published.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Inspired by T.S. Eliot's 1948 publication "Notes towards the Definition of Culture", Williams began exploring the concept of culture. He first outlined his argument that the concept emerged with the Industrial Revolution in the essay "The Idea of Culture", which resulted in the widely successful book "Culture and Society", published in 1958. This was followed in 1961 by "The Long Revolution". Williams's writings were taken up by the New Left and received a wide readership. He was also well known as a regular book reviewer for "The Manchester Guardian" newspaper. His years in adult education were an important experience and Williams was always something of an outsider at Cambridge University. Asked to contribute to a book called "My Cambridge", he began his essay by saying: "It was not my Cambridge. That was clear from the beginning."


title: Raymond Williams

text: On the strength of his books, Williams was invited to return to Cambridge in 1961, where he was elected a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. He eventually achieved an appointment in the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge, first as Reader in Drama (1967–1974), and then as the University's first Professor of Drama (1974–1983). He was a visiting professor of political science at Stanford University in 1973, an experience he used to effect in his still useful book "Television: Technology and Cultural Form" (1974).


title: Raymond Williams

text: A committed socialist, he was interested in the relations between language, literature and society, and published many books, essays and articles on these and other issues. Among the main ones is "The Country and the City" (1973), where chapters on literature alternate with chapters on social history. His tightly written "Marxism and Literature" (1977) is mainly for specialists, but also sets out his approach to cultural studies, which he called cultural materialism. The book was in part a response to structuralism in literary studies and pressure on Williams to make a more theoretical statement of his position, against criticisms that it was a humanist Marxism, based on unexamined assumptions about lived experience. He makes much use of the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, though the book is uniquely Williams's and written in his characteristic voice. For a more accessible version, see "Culture" (1981-1982), which develops an argument about cultural sociology, which he hoped would become "a new major discipline". Introducing the US edition, Bruce Robbins identifies it as "implicit self-critique" of Williams's earlier ideas, and a basis on which "to conceive the oppositionality of the critic in a permanently fragmented society".


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams was keen to establish the changing meanings of the vocabulary used in discussions of culture. He began with the word "culture" itself; his notes on 60 significant, often difficult words were to have appeared as an appendix to "Culture and Society" in 1958. This was not possible, and so an extended version with notes and short essays on 110 words appeared as "" in 1976. Those examined included "aesthetic", "bourgeois", "culture", "hegemony", "isms", "organic", "romantic", "status", "violence" and "work". A revised version in 1983 added 21 new words, including "anarchism", "ecology", "liberation" and "sex". Williams wrote that the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED) "is primarily philological and etymological," whilst his work was on "meanings and contexts". In 1981, Williams published "Culture", where the term, discussed at length, is defined as "a "realized signifying system"" and supported by chapters on "the means of cultural production, and the process of cultural reproduction".


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams wrote critically of Marshall McLuhan's writings on technology and society. This is the background to a chapter in "Television: Technology and Cultural Form" (1974) called "The Technology and the Society", where Williams defended his visions against technological determinism, focusing on the prevalence of social over technological in the development of human processes. Thus "Determination is a real social process, but never (as in some theological and some Marxist versions)... a wholly controlling, wholly predicting set of causes. On the contrary, the reality of determination is the setting of limits and the exertion of pressures, within which variable social practices are profoundly affected but never necessarily controlled."


title: Raymond Williams

text: His book "Modern Tragedy" may be read as a response to "The Death of Tragedy" by the conservative literary critic George Steiner. Later, Williams was interested in the work of Pierre Bourdieu, although he found it too pessimistic about the possibilities for social change.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams joined the Labour Party after he moved to Cambridge in 1961, but resigned in 1966 after the new majority Labour government had broken the seafarers' strike and introduced public expenditure cuts. He joined the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, and wrote the May Day Manifesto (published 1967), along with Edward Thompson and Stuart Hall. It has been claimed that Williams later became a Plaid Cymru member and a Welsh nationalist. He retired from Cambridge in 1983 and spent his last years in Saffron Walden. While there he wrote "Loyalties", a novel about a fictional group of upper-class radicals attracted to 1930s Communism.


title: Raymond Williams

text: Williams was working on "People of the Black Mountains", an experimental historical novel about people who lived or might have lived around the Black Mountains, his own part of Wales, told through flashbacks featuring an ordinary man in modern times, looking for his grandfather, who has not returned from a hill-walk. He imagines the region as it was and might have been. The story begins in the Paleolithic, and would have come up to modern times, focusing on ordinary people. He had completed it to the Middle Ages by the time he died in 1988. The whole work was prepared for publication by his wife, Joy Williams, then published in two volumes with a postscript briefly describing what the remainder would have been. Almost all the stories were complete in typescript, mostly revised many times by the author. Only "The Comet" was left incomplete and needed small additions for a continuous narrative.


title: Raymond Williams

text: In the 1980s, Williams made important links to debates on feminism, peace, ecology and social movements, and extended his position beyond what might be recognised as Marxism. He concluded that with many different societies in the world, there would be not one, but many socialisms. Influenced partly by critical readings of Sebastiano Timpanaro and Rudolf Bahro, he called for convergence between the labour movement and what was then called the ecology movement.


title: Raymond Williams

text: The Raymond Williams Society was founded in 1989 "to support and develop intellectual and political projects in areas broadly connected with Williams's work". Since 1998 it has published "Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism", which is "committed to developing the tradition of cultural materialism" he originated. The Raymond Williams Centre for Recovery Research opened at Nottingham Trent University in 1995. The Raymond Williams Foundation (RWF) supports activities in adult education; it was originally formed in 1988 as the Raymond Williams Memorial Fund. A collaborative research project building on Williams's investigation of cultural keywords called the "Keywords Project", initiated in 2006, is supported by Jesus College, University of Cambridge, and the University of Pittsburgh. Similar projects building on Williams's legacy include the 2005 publication, "New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society", edited by the cultural-studies scholars Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, and Meaghan Morris, and the "Keywords" series from New York University Press including "Keywords for American Cultural Studies."


title: Raymond Williams

text: In 2007 a collection of Williams's papers was deposited at Swansea University by his daughter Merryn, herself a poet and author.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes are more common in the United States than in any other country or state. The United States receives more than 1,200 tornadoes annually—four times the amount seen in Europe. Violent tornadoes—those rated EF4 or EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale—occur more often in the United States than in any other country.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Most tornadoes in the United States occur east of the Rocky Mountains. The Great Plains, the Midwest, the Mississippi Valley and the southern United States are all areas that are vulnerable to tornadoes. They are relatively rare west of the Rockies and are also less frequent in the northeastern states. Tornado Alley is a colloquial term for an area particularly prone to tornadoes. There is no officially defined 'Tornado Alley' – at its broadest this area stretches from northern Texas to Canada with its core centered on Oklahoma, Kansas and northern Texas. Another highly significant region – colloquially known as Dixie Alley – is the southern United States and particularly the northern and central parts of Alabama and Mississippi. Florida is one of the most tornado-prone states. However, Florida tornadoes only rarely approach the strength of those that occur elsewhere.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Although favorable conditions for tornadoes in the United States can occur at any time, they are most common in spring and least common in winter. Because spring is a transitional period for the climate, there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air, resulting in more thunderstorms. Tornadoes can also be spawned by landfalling tropical cyclones, which usually occur in late summer and autumn. In the United States, thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes usually form when the temperature is at its highest, typically from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Although the period in which most tornadoes strike ("tornado season") is March through June, tornadoes – including violent tornadoes and major tornado outbreaks – have been documented in the United States during every month of the year. Two examples of this are when a series of tornadoes hit the state of Indiana on November 22, 1992, and injured at least nine people. Another notable non-season tornado was where a tornado struck the area of McLean County, Illinois. Even though the tornado was during a winter month, it blew 20 railroad cars off their tracks, and hauled a camper over 100 yards (91 m).


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: During the winter months of the year, tornadoes have been known to hit the Southern United States and Southeastern United States the most, but have hit other areas as well. One notable recent example of a winter tornado outbreak was the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak on February 5 and February 6, 2008. 84 tornadoes occurred over the course of the outbreak. The storm system produced several destructive tornadoes in heavily populated areas, most notably in the Memphis metropolitan area, in Jackson, Tennessee, and the northeastern end of the Nashville metropolitan area. At least 57 people were killed across four states and 18 counties, with hundreds of others injured. The outbreak was the deadliest of the modern NEXRAD doppler radar era, until the 2011 Super Outbreak killed over 348 people (324 of which were tornado-related). It was the deadliest single outbreak since the May 31, 1985 outbreak, which killed 76 across Ohio and Pennsylvania, as well claiming 12 victims in Ontario, Canada. It was also the deadliest outbreak in both Tennessee and Kentucky since the 1974 Super Outbreak.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Usually, tornadoes hit specific areas of the United States in specific seasons. During the winter months, tornadoes are usually spotted in the Southern area of the country, as well as states near the Gulf of Mexico. This is due to cold air moving southward reaching its southern limit of expansion, and stopping over the Gulf Coast. As spring comes, hot air progressively moves back into the Gulf Coast. This pushes the mass of colder air forward out of the Gulf States and into the Southeastern states, where tornado frequency is highest in April.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: As spring passes and summer begins, the mass of warm moist air moves northwest into the Great Plains and Midwestern states. During the months of May and June, tornado activity is as its peak in the southern Great Plains. The air mass then moves northward into the Northern Great Plains and the Great Lakes area, causing a tornado activity peak in these areas during the summer months. During the late summer and early fall months, tornado activity in the United States tapers off. This is due to the relatively small difference between the temperature at the boundary of the hot air mass and the cool air mass at that time and an extension of the Bermuda High sitting over parts of the United States. Though there may be some thunderstorms, they don't often become severe enough to spawn tornadoes.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes may be formed out of season, especially during the months of hurricane season in the Gulf Coast states and Southeastern states. Because these areas are prone to hurricanes, they may be struck with tornadoes that are spawned from hurricanes. Tornadoes are most likely to form in the right-front quadrant of the hurricane, but can also form in rain bands associated with the storm. This is caused by the large amount of vertical wind shear to the right of the storm. Tornadoes are also spawned from U.S. hurricanes due to the moistness of the air at the landfall of the storm, which makes conditions favorable for a supercell storm to develop within the hurricane.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes have been documented in every U.S. state (not including the non-state territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico) at least once since 1950, although some regions and states are hit by tornadoes far more than others. For example, the average number of tornadoes to hit the states of Alaska, Rhode Island, and Vermont is less than one, while the state of Oklahoma receives an average of 52 tornadoes per year, and the state of Texas is hit with 126 tornadoes in an average year. The state with the most tornadoes per unit area is Florida, though most are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma. States such as Oklahoma and Kansas have much lower population densities than Florida, so tornadoes may go unreported.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Midwestern states are very prone to tornado activity, as they are part of "Tornado Alley." States included in the area that are hit by tornadoes the most are Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, and South Dakota. The Midwestern States are often hit by tornadoes during the late spring and early summer months, especially the months of May and June. This is due to the aforementioned air mass moving northward into the Midwest and combining with another air mass that move southward from Canada. This creates unstable air, creating the potential for storms to strike the most during these months. The frequency begins to decrease in the middle of the summer, as the air mass moves northward into the Great Lakes states.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: A very notable recent storm that has hit this area was the Northwood, Kansas tornado, in the May 2007 Tornado Outbreak. The tornado apparently strengthened as it neared Northwood, and at 9:38 pm CDT (0238 UTC), storm chasers reported that it had grown to over in diameter. Several satellite tornadoes were observed as the very large wedge approached the town of Greensburg, Kansas. It was an estimated in diameter and was later confirmed to have been an EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale (the highest possible rating). Based on the damage produced, winds inside the tornado were estimated to have been in excess of .


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Nebraska is fifth overall for sheer numbers of tornadoes, while Indiana has had 88 violent tornado reports from the 1950–2006 period, more than any state except Oklahoma. Iowa reported 3,900 almost as many as Texas. The deadliest tornado in US history, the Tri-State Tornado, struck Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana in March 1925. St. Louis, Missouri and neighboring East St. Louis, Illinois have been hit more than once by violent tornadoes, the most notorious of which was the St. Louis Tornado of May 1896. The New Richmond Tornado of May 1899 and the Flint, Michigan tornado of June 1953 also rank amongst the deadliest tornadoes in US history. The region was badly hit by the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak in April 1965 and by the Super Outbreak of April 1974. According to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period, Nebraska reported 2,440 tornadoes followed by Iowa (2,185), Illinois (2,086), Missouri (1,922), South Dakota (1,487), Minnesota (1,477), Indiana (1,327), North Dakota (1,216), Wisconsin (1,185), Michigan (981), and Ohio (916).


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Southern United States has suffered more tornado fatalities than any other part of the country. Some areas experience repeated damaging tornado events, such as the Tennessee Valley and in northern Alabama. The state of Alabama is tied for the most reported F5 tornadoes. For the period 1950 to 2006, three hundred and fifty eight people were killed by tornadoes in Alabama, ranking the state third nationwide behind Texas (521) and neighboring Mississippi (404). Fourth is Arkansas (336) and fifth is Tennessee with 271 fatalities.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornado disasters to affect the southern USA include the Great Natchez Tornado of May 1840 – second deadliest on record in the US, behind only the Tri-State Tornado. Other outbreaks included the Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak of April 1936, the 1908 Southeast tornado outbreak of April 1908 and the Candlestick Park Tornado of 1966. Alabama and Kentucky were very badly affected by the Super Outbreak of 1974. The 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak was the deadliest tornado outbreak in the US in 23 years. 58 people lost their lives with Tennessee, Arkansas, and Kentucky particularly badly affected. The 2011 Super Outbreak devastated much of the South, leaving 348 people dead.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Hurricanes and other tropical storms can also generate tornadoes. Louisiana and the coastal regions of Mississippi and Alabama are most at risk from these storms. The Atlantic seaboard states can be affected too. According to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period, Mississippi reported 1,787 tornadoes, followed by Louisiana (1,644), Alabama (1,608), Arkansas (1,579), Georgia (1,324), North Carolina (1,042), Tennessee (892), South Carolina (819), Kentucky (710) and Virginia (565). West Virginia, by contrast, is one of the least vulnerable states of all with just 120 tornadoes reported over the period.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Northeastern U.S. to the east of the Appalachian Mountains is much less vulnerable to violent tornadoes but is by no means immune. One of the most extraordinary tornadoes in history struck Worcester, Massachusetts. This F4 tornado struck the city on 9 June 1953 and killed 90 people. The tornado was generated by the same storm system that hit Flint, Michigan with a devastating F5 tornado that killed 116 people.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Areas further south – notably Pennsylvania and Maryland – and areas to the west of the Appalachians are more vulnerable to tornadoes. NCDC figures for the period 1950 to 2006 show that Pennsylvania reported 697 tornadoes, followed by New York State (358), Maryland (269), Massachusetts (153), New Jersey (144), Maine (101), New Hampshire (86), Connecticut (82), Delaware (58), Vermont (37), Rhode Island (9), and the District of Columbia (1).


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The worst tornado outbreak in the Northeast occurred in Pennsylvania on May 31, 1985, and produced the only F5 tornado in the region to date.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Florida is one of the most tornado prone states, with only Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma reporting more storms. During the period 1950 to 2006, Florida reported 2,884 tornadoes according to NCDC figures. However, Florida tornadoes are usually weak in comparison with those that strike the Plains and the Southern states – there have been only four reports of F4 strength tornadoes since 1950 and none of F5 strength. Florida experiences more thunderstorms than any other state but fewer supercell storms. Florida tornadoes are more often spawned by the frequent ordinary thunderstorms that occur over the state. Hurricanes and other tropical storms can generate large numbers of tornadoes. Non-supercell tornadoes are rarely as strong as supercell-generated storms.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Florida's most violent tornadoes generally occur during the winter months, when the state is most vulnerable to invasions of cold air that help generate such storms. In recent years there have been some particularly disastrous tornado events. During the night of February 22 and 23, 1998, an F3 tornado struck Kissimmee and killed 25 people. Later that night, another F3 tornado struck Seminole and Volusia Counties and killed 13 people (see Kissimmee Tornado Outbreak). On February 2, 2007, an EF3 tornado struck Lake County with 21 fatalities resulting – see 2007 Central Florida Tornadoes.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Of the states around the Rocky Mountains, Colorado reports by far the greatest numbers of tornadoes. Eastern Colorado, both climatically and physically, has much more in common with the neighboring Plains states of Kansas and Nebraska than with the mountainous areas further west. Small cities such as Limon, Kit Carson, Thurman, and Flagler are some places in Eastern Colorado that have experienced dangerous tornadoes. The same can be said, to a lesser extent, of eastern Wyoming. Tornadoes are less frequent in mountainous areas. Of the states in this region – according to NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period – Colorado reported 1,617 tornadoes, followed by Wyoming with 560, Montana (345), Idaho (175), and Utah (114).


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: In the Southwestern United States, New Mexico reported 485 tornadoes during the 1950 to 2006 period (NCDC figures), California reported 355, Arizona reported 209, and Nevada reported 75. New Mexico borders the notoriously tornado prone states of Texas and Oklahoma, hence the noticeably higher figures. Most of the tornadoes here happen in the very eastern part of the state. New Mexico's region and the desert landscape of the state help prevent the amount of twisters that happen in Oklahoma and Texas. Arizona and New Mexico experience regular summer thunderstorms during their monsoon season. These are sometimes tornadic but rarely produce violent tornadoes.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Pacific Northwest is perhaps the least vulnerable region. NCDC figures for the 1950 to 2006 period show that Washington reported just 96 tornadoes for the entire period and that Oregon reported 91. However, Portland, Oregon and neighboring Vancouver, Washington were hit by a deadly tornado on 5 April 1972. This storm was the deadliest to hit the United States that year.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes' damage varies based on their wind speeds and where they strike. The Enhanced Fujita Scale classifies a tornado by its damage and then uses that classification to estimate the tornado's wind speed. For example, if it causes very little damage, then it is classified as an EF0 tornado and likely had very low winds. If damage from the tornado is severe enough, then it may be rated and likely had winds exceeding . In the United States, tornadoes have been known to form at high and low intensities. The probability of a high intensity or violent tornado differs by location across the country. For example, due to the high frequency of tornadoes in the "Tornado Alley" area mentioned before, a more violent tornado would be more likely to form there due to the strength of the thunderstorms produced by the two bordering air masses. The states with the highest number of F5 and EF5 rated tornadoes since data was available in 1950 are Alabama and Oklahoma, each with seven tornadoes. Iowa, Kansas, and Texas each are tied for second-most with six. The state with the highest number of F5 and EF5 tornadoes per square mile, however, was Iowa. The state with the most number of tornadoes classified as "violent", or F4 and F5, is Kentucky, and the state with the highest average intensity ranking for tornadoes is Alabama.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes that are classified as EF4 and EF5 (or "violent tornadoes") on the Enhanced Fujita Scale only account for an average of two percent of all tornadoes in the United States each year. However, these high-intensity storms do account for an average of seventy percent of all tornado-related deaths in the United States each year. These storms can have winds of over and stay on the ground for over an hour.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The United States has seen 59 F5 and EF5 (the highest intensity and damage ranking) tornadoes since records began in 1950. No tornadoes prior to 1950 were officially ranked F5, due to inadequate engineering data and other information on the historical tornadoes. From 1950–1970 tornadoes were assessed retrogressively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, and newspaper photographs and descriptions. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: On May 3, 1999, a storm produced a violent tornado in the vicinity of Oklahoma City and was a part of the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, which also brought many violent storms to the states of Kansas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. In total, the storm produced 66 tornadoes over four states. The strong F5 storm took place near the town of Bridge Creek, Oklahoma, located in Grady County. During the storm, a group of students in meteorology from the University of Oklahoma had chased the storm on a Doppler on Wheels (or DOW), which scans storms while attached to a car. Doppler on Wheels data from the nearby storm revealed winds of , which was over the wind speed in the F5 classification of that time. Though the wind speed was over the F5 maximum, the tornado was not named the first ever F6 storm, as there was no F6 classification. Other scientists reviewed the DOW data taken by the students, and concluded that the estimated wind speed may have been inaccurate, but still over . Also, the wind speed recorded was taken from over above ground level. The National Weather Service also did a damage check, and found that the damage was that of an average F5 tornado.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: In the United States over 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries are associated with tornadoes each year. According to the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, most tornado deaths are caused by people not following instructions on what to do the right way. They also mention that some people are not even warned that a tornadic storm is coming, while others get a warning but do not believe that a tornado will hit their area. In 2012, 68 people were killed by tornadoes in the United States. Kentucky had the most fatalities, 22. Kentucky was followed by Indiana (13), Illinois (9), Missouri and Oklahoma (6), Ohio (4), Alabama and Tennessee (3), and Florida and Kansas (1).


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Over 39 percent of all tornado-related deaths and many injuries come from residents of mobile homes. It is a widespread myth that tornadoes are "attracted" to mobile home parks, and cause the most fatalities there because they hit there the most. This is not true. However, mobile homes do often have poor construction and do not provide adequate protection during a tornado event. An example to confirm this occurred in April 1991, when a very powerful tornado struck the town of Andover, Kansas. When the town was hit, eighty-four homes and fourteen businesses were destroyed by the tornado, but with no fatalities and only minor injuries. After the tornado hit Andover, it swept through a mobile home park consisting of 223 trailers. The park did have a tornado shelter, to which over 200 residents fled and survived without injuries. Others that did not take shelter in the tornado shelter stayed in their mobile homes, and thirteen of them were killed by the tornado.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Enhanced Fujita Scale classifies tornado strength from weakest - an EF0 tornado - to strongest - an EF5 tornado - based on damage caused to property and infrastructure.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: An EF0 tornado has estimated wind speeds from which usually results in minor structural damage and broken tree limbs.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: An EF5 tornado has estimated wind speeds of greater than and can destroy reinforced concrete structures and well-built homes, reducing them to piles of rubble or sweeping them entirely off their foundations or slabs.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: When a tornado cannot be rated because there is no evidence that it caused structural or other relevant damage (which often occurs when a tornado touches down in unpopulated rural areas), it is classified as an EFU - U meaning "unknown" - tornado.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Until recently there was little hope of forecasting these systems. Meteorologists could identify those conditions that were likely to produce severe weather and generate a watch. If a tornado was spotted a warning was issued.


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: More recently Doppler radar allows investigators to see a circulation develop in the storm. Because of their size and intensity, there are


title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: few storm observations. Increasing information has been gathered in the field from those chasing the storm.


title: Dinaric race

text: The Dinaric race, also known as the Adriatic race, were terms used by certain physical anthropologists in the early to mid-20th century to describe the perceived predominant phenotype of the contemporary ethnic groups of southeast Europe (a sub-type of the Caucasoid race).


title: Dinaric race

text: The concept of a Dinaric race originated with Joseph Deniker in the late 19th century, but became most closely associated with the writings of Carleton S. Coon and Nazi eugenicist Hans F. K. Günther. The term was derived from the Dinaric Alps (the western part of Southeastern Europe) which was supposed to be the principal habitat of the race.


title: Dinaric race

text: According to Jan Czekanowski, the Dinaric race is a mixed type consisting of the Nordic race and Mediterranean race, which he proves by anthropological research involving geographical data, cephalic index, and characteristic racial features. He states:


title: Dinaric race

text: The Dinaric type is characterized by quite light skin, dark hair from dark brown to dark blonde, and a wide range of eye color; tall stature, a brachycephalic skull, long face, a very narrow and prominent nose, sometimes aquiline; a slender body type, and very big feet.


title: Dinaric race

text: Characteristics were defined as very tall, mostly mesomorph bodily build, with relatively long legs and short trunk and a long arm span. The overall anatomy of the head was said to be brachycephalic to hyperbrachycephalic (Cranial index: 81–86), i.e. a combination of high breadth of head and medium length of the neurocranium, whose back part is often somewhat flattened (planoccipital).


title: Dinaric race

text: The vertical height of the cranium is high. Eyes are set relatively close and the surrounding tissue defines them as wide open. The iris is most often brown, with a significant percentage of light pigmentation in the Dinaric population. The nose is large, narrow and convex. The face is long and orthognathic, with a prominent chin, and also wide. The form of the forehead is variable, but not rarely it is bulbous. The hair color is usually dark brown, with black-haired and blond individuals in minority, blondness being the characteristic of the more Central European, morphologically similar Noric race (a race intermediate between Nordic and Dinaric races). The skin is lacking the rosy color characteristic for Northern Europe as well as the relatively brunet pigmentation characteristic for the southernmost Europe and on a geographical plane it is of medium pigmentation and often it is variable.


title: Dinaric race

text: Several theories were advanced regarding the genesis of the Dinaric race. Most researchers agreed that this race was autochthonous to its present habitat from the Neolithic period. Both Günther and Coon claimed that the Bell-Beaker people of the European Bronze Age were at least partially Dinaric.


title: Dinaric race

text: Coon also argued, however, in "The Origin of Races" (1962), that the Dinaric and some other categories "are not races but simply the visible expressions of the genetic variability of the intermarrying groups to which they belong."


title: Dinaric race

text: He referred to the creation of this distinctive phenotype from the mixing of earlier separate groups as "dinaricisation". In his view Dinarics were a specific type that arose from ancient mixes of the Mediterranean race and Alpine race.


title: Dinaric race

text: According to the Dinaric model, Dinarics were to be found mainly in the mountainous areas of southeastern Europe: Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Austria, Albania, part of northwestern Bulgaria, and northwestern Northern Macedonia. Northern and eastern Italy was considered mostly a Dinaric area as well as western Greece, Romania, Moldova, western Ukraine, southeastern German-speaking areas, and parts of southeastern France.


title: Dinaric race

text: The Noric race () was a racial category proposed by the anthropologist Victor Lebzelter. The "Noric race" was supposed to be a sub-type of the Dinaric race more Nordic in appearance than standard Dinaric peoples. The term derived from Noricum, a province of the Roman Empire roughly equivalent to southern Austria and northern Slovenia. The term is not to be confused with "Nordic".


title: Dinaric race

text: Norics were characterized by tall stature, brachycephaly, nasal convexity, long face and broad forehead. Their complexion was said to be light, and blondness combined with light eyes to be their anthropologic characteristic.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: The pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), also called pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), or cross-sectional pressure, is the pressure measured by wedging a pulmonary artery catheter with an inflated balloon into a small pulmonary arterial branch. It estimates the left atrial pressure.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: Pulmonary venous wedge pressure (PVWP) is not synonymous with the above; PVWP has been shown to correlate with pulmonary artery pressures in studies, albeit unreliably.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: Physiologically, distinctions can be drawn among pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary venous pressure and left atrial pressure, but not all of these can be measured in a clinical context.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: Because of the large compliance of pulmonary circulation, it provides an indirect measure of the left atrial pressure.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: For example, it is considered the gold standard for determining the cause of acute pulmonary edema; this is likely to be present at a PWP of >20mmHg. It has also been used to diagnose severity of left ventricular failure and mitral stenosis, given that elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure strongly suggests failure of left ventricular output.


title: Pulmonary wedge pressure

text: Traditionally, it was believed that pulmonary edema with normal PWP suggested a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or non cardiogenic pulmonary edema (as in opiate poisoning). However, since capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds wedge pressure once the balloon is deflated (to promote a gradient for forward flow), a normal wedge pressure "cannot " conclusively differentiate between hydrostatic pulmonary edema and ARDS.


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi () is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language sports drama film directed by Puri Jagannadh. The film stars Ravi Teja, Jayasudha, Asin Thottumkal (in her major Telugu debut), and Prakash Raj, while Ali, and Subbaraju play supporting roles. The film released on 19 April 2003.


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: It was first remade in Odia as "Katha Deithili Maa Ku , Then" in Tamil as "M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi", in Kannada as "Maurya", and in Bhojpuri as "Jigarwala". It was commercially successful the box-office and was one of the biggest Telugu hits of 2003.


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: Chandu's (Ravi Teja) entire life is about his mother Lakshmi (Jayasudha), a college lecturer. They together live in Hyderabad. When Chandu was a little boy, Lakshmi separated from her husband Raghuveer (Prakash Raj). Chandu is a great kickboxer and is very passionate about it. He later meets Mugambigambal (Asin) aka Chennai, a Tamil girl from Chennai, and starts to fall in love with her. Chandu's happy life is suddenly jolted when his mother dies of a heart attack. On her deathbed, she tells him to go to Visakhapatnam to meet Raghuveer, who is a kickboxing champion that won the championship six times in a row. Chandu goes to Visakhapatnam to meet him.


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: When Chandu reaches Visakhapatnam, he meets his father but sees that he has another wife, Shalini (Aishwarya), and a daughter named Swapna. He sees that he is happily settled with them and gets angry. He also gets a job as a janitor and juice provider at his father's kickboxing academy. Anand (Subbaraju) is Raghuveer's best student, and he is sure that Anand will win the championship. Unexpectedly, he sees that Mugaambigaambaal's family lives here and talks to her. Later, Chandu finds out that Anand makes Swapna pregnant and then abandons her. Anand also abandons Raghuveer by getting another master and other sponsors. Raghuveer is attacked by several of Anand's sponsors, and Chandu later beats them up, making Raghuveer find out that Chandu is a great kickboxer. Raghuveer also finds out that Chandu was also participating in the kickboxing championship. The rest of the story is how Raghuveer trains Chandu and wins the championship, how Chandu wins the heart of Mugaambigaambaal, and how he unites Swapna and Anand. After the fight, Chandu reveals he is half Tamilian and quarter Gujarati and Anglo Indian, much to Mugaambigaambaal's surprise when Chandu spoke Tamil, saying, "Shall we get married now?"


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: Initially Puri Jagannadh want to make this film with Pawan Kalyan with Jyothika as his pair in the lead, as both of them were busy in with their works. Both of them backed out and finally Puri Jagannadh chosen his friend Raviteja and Asin as the lead and hits the bulls eye.


title: Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi

text: The audio launch was held at Viceroy Convention Hall, Viceroy Hotel on 7 April 2003. To suit the title, Poori Jagannath has invited 'Amma Nanna' (Mr. Venkat Rao & Mrs. Anjana) of Chiranjeevi to release the audio cassette. The song "Lunchkostava" is laced with Tamil lyrics for the female singer. The songs and background score was done by Chakri.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: Hope and Glory is a 1987 comedy-drama war film, written, produced and directed by John Boorman and based on his own experiences of growing up in London during the Second World War. The title is derived from the traditional British patriotic song "Land of Hope and Glory". The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film tells the story of the Rowan family and their experiences as seen through the eyes of the son, Billy (Sebastian Rice-Edwards).


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: "Hope and Glory" was a critical and commercial success; it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. It also received 13 BAFTA Award nominations, winning for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Susan Wooldridge).


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: The film begins on 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany. It tells the story of the Rowan family, Billy, his sisters Sue and Dawn and his parents Grace and Clive, who live in a suburb of London. Clive joins the army, leaving Grace alone to watch over the children. She almost sends Billy and Susie away from London but pulls them back at the last second on the train platform, when she realizes she cannot bear to be apart from them. Thus Billy stays in London for the first years of the war. Seen through the eyes of 10-year-old Billy, the "fireworks" provided by the Blitz (September 1940 – May 1941) every night are as exciting as they are terrifying and the ruins they leave behind are a fascinating playground for Billy and other boys his age, who are largely unsupervised.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: His family does not see things in quite the same way as the bombs continue to drop but their will to survive brings them closer together. The nightly raids do not provide the only drama, as his older sister Dawn falls for Canadian soldier Bruce, becomes pregnant and finding her life turned upside down, soon discovers the value of her family. When their house burns down (not in an air raid but in an ordinary fire), the family moves to the bucolic Thames-side home of Grace's parents. This provides an opportunity for Billy to spend more time with his curmudgeonly grandfather, who teaches him "the ways of the river".


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: In the autumn of 1942, Winston Churchill delivers his famous "" speech. Bruce returns from his secret posting and goes AWOL to find Dawn. They are married in the village church; the MPs take him away. That afternoon in the living room, Dawn gives birth to a son, encircled by her family. Billy swoons at the sight. Grace has purchased a house for the family, just down the river, but Billy must go back to London until he can get into the local school. His grandfather drives the miserable boy to his old school, only to find the block filled with screaming, ecstatic children. A stray bomb has destroyed the building, "Thank you Adolf!" one boy cries.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: Roaring with laughter, his grandfather drives Billy home. The adult Billy recalls, "In all my life, nothing ever quite matched the perfect joy of that moment. My school lay in ruins, and the river beckoned with the promise of stolen days". The credits roll over the river, in its autumnal glory, to their laughter and the music of "Land of Hope and Glory".


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: In addition, the director’s daughter, Katrine Boorman, appears as Charity while his son, Charley Boorman, appears as the downed Luftwaffe pilot.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: According to TCM host Dave Karger's afterword to an April 2021 broadcast of the film, Boorman re-created the street on which he lived. The million-dollar, 40-acre set was the largest constructed in England since World War II. The main film set was built on the disused runway at the former Wisley Airfield in Surrey and other scenes by the river were shot near Shepperton Lock. Filming also took place in Hightown Road, Ringwood, Hampshire. Filming also occurred at Bray Studios in Berkshire.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: The "newsreel" footage shown in the local cinema contains scenes from the 1969 film "Battle of Britain".


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: "Hope and Glory" received very positive reviews at the time of its release, and was named one of the best films of 1987 by over 50 critics. Only "Broadcast News" appeared on more top 10 lists in 1987.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: Critic Emanuel Levy's review was also positive; he wrote: "Director John Boorman offers a warmly nostalgic view of his childhood in a London suburb during WWII."


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% "Fresh" rating based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: In 1987, Roger Ebert wrote: "Maybe there is something in the very nature of war, in the power of guns and bombs, that appeals to the imagination of little boys. Bombers and fighter planes and rockets and tanks are thrilling at that age when you are old enough to understand how they work but too young to understand what they do. John Boorman's "Hope and Glory" is a film about that precise season in the life of a young British boy who grows up in a London suburb during World War II. The film is first of all a painstaking re-creation of the period. All of the cars and signs look right, and there are countless small references to wartime rationing, as when the older sister draws seams on her legs to make fake nylons. But after re-creating the period, Boorman also reconstructs the very feeling that was in the air. "Hope and Glory" is an enormous success right now in England, where every frame must have its special memories for British audiences. Through American eyes, it is a more universal film, not so much about war as about memory. When we are young, what happens is not nearly as important as what we think happens. Perhaps that's true even when we are not so young."


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: Goldcrest Films invested £1,288,000 in the film and received £1,665,000 making them a profit of £377,000.


title: Hope and Glory (film)

text: A sequel to the film, titled "Queen and Country", was made in 2014. The film tells the story of an older Bill Rowan as a soldier during the Korean War. The film was selected to be screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. It was released generally in 2015.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Chrome Hearts is a luxury brand from Hollywood, founded in 1988 by Richard Stark, Leonard Kamhout and John Bowman. It is currently co-owned by Richard Stark and his wife Laurie Lynn Stark. Its logo contains a cross with the brand name around it on a circular ribbon. The brand produces silver, gold, and diamond accessories, alongside eyewear, leather, clothing and furniture. The production site covers three blocks in the middle of Hollywood and consists of multiple buildings and factories around the world. Production is mainly done in-house at the big production site in Hollywood. As of 2021, they have 1000 staff at their Los Angeles production site. Although not officially disclosed by Chrome Hearts, the brand is estimated to be worth around $1 billion.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Richard Stark and John Bowman started the business in a Los Angeles garage in early 1988. Bowman was a manufacturer of leather goods, while Stark merchandised top grade raw leathers. They initially established the label in order to produce leather jackets that weren't available on the market. The third partner was master sterling silver jeweler Leonard Kamhout. The company's first task was a costume design for "Chopper Chicks in Zombietown", co-starring the girlfriend of Steve Jones, the lead guitarist of the Sex Pistols; Stark took the name of the brand from the working title of the movie. In 1992, the brand was awarded Accessory Designer Award of the Year by the CFDA. In 1994, Stark, Bowman, and Kamhout had a falling-out, and Bowman and Kamhout withdrew from the brand. Since 1994, Chrome Hearts has been co-owned by Richard Stark and his wife Laurie Lynn Stark.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 1996, the first Chrome Hearts boutique opened at 159 East, 64th Street, Manhattan, New York City. In 1999, a second boutique opened in Minami-Aoyama, Tokyo. In 2000, Richard Stark collaborated with Tommy Perse, owner of Maxfield, and architect Mark Steele to build a third boutique in West Hollywood, Los Angeles. In 2003, Chrome Hearts opened a boutique at Prince's Building, Hong Kong.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In the early 2000s, Chrome Hearts began publishing its own fashion magazine, which featured interviews and celebrity photoshoots, many of which were shot by Laurie Lynn Stark. It was published until 2017.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In April 2020, Chrome Hearts sued clothing brand MNML for using their trademark cross symbol on jeans.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Chrome Hearts is primarily recognized for its clothing, accessories, furniture, leather products, and eyewear. The majority of their products are produced in their Hollywood production factory.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2016, they introduced their first fragrance collection. It was based on two scents, featuring products such as incense and eau de parfum.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2002, Chrome Hearts introduced a collaboration with The Rolling Stones featuring the band's iconic "Lips and Tongue" motif.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2007, Japanese fashion brand Comme des Garçons collaborated with Chrome Hearts on a series of pendants and garments. Prior to this, in the 90s, Rei Kawakubo from Comme des Garçons had already worked with the brand by displaying their products in the Aoyama flagship store.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2009, fashion brand BAPE (A Bathing Ape) collaborated with them on a series of t-shirts including the 12-piece limited edition Chrome Hearts X BABY MILO.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2010, they partnered on shoe design with the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, and Rick Owens. The shoes are adorned with various silver embellishments. In 2010, they collaborated with Owens on jewelry and sneakers which were unveiled at Paris Fashion week.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In March 2014, Chrome Hearts bought a minority stake in high-end knitwear brand The Elder Statesman. The firm employed its hallmark silver accents in a customisation of the iconic Adidas Stan Smith in early 2016.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In November 2014, Chrome Hearts opened their Miami boutique, with a Fahey/Klein Gallery on the second floor that showcased photographs from the 20th-century by various photographers. Additionally, the boutique displayed artworks by Los Angeles artist Matt DiGiacomo and photographs from the Robert Mapplethorpe Estate. A store for the luxury fashion brand The Elder Statesman and another branch of David's Cafe, a Cuban café in Miami, was also built within the boutique.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In December 2015, Ladurée worked with Chrome Hearts and opened a macaron and tea café on the ground floor of Chrome Hearts' Miami store. The café also sold a collectible macaron box. On the second floor, they collaborated with Sean Kelly Gallery to display artworks by artists such as Mariko Mori.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Chrome Hearts has had multiple collaborations with Virgil Abloh from Off-White. In 2015 and 2016, they collaborated on capsule collections, with the latter primarily consisting of t-shirts. In 2018, they released a hoodie and another collection. In 2019, Abloh, alongside Louis Vuitton, hosted a fashion show at their New York branch.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Bella Hadid used to visit the factory in LA as a teenager and collaborated with the brand on a 40-piece apparel and accessories collection released in 2017. The CHROME HEARTS x BELLA collection debuted at Paris Fashion Week, and is sold exclusively at Selfridges. Bella's sister Gigi Hadid has modeled for the brand. Chrome Hearts has had a few collaborations with Bella Hadid since then, including the release of an eyewear collection and also tie-dye t-shirts, for a Feeding America fundraiser during the COVID-19 pandemic. These 49 t-shirts were hand-dyed by Bella Hadid, released in three different styles and sold for $260 each with all of the proceeds given to the fundraiser.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In 2020, Drake collaborated with Chrome Hearts for his Rolls-Royce Cullinan, which included a customized hood ornament, air conditioning knob and rims. It was displayed at the Miami Institute of Contemporary Art for 1 week. Chrome Hearts also worked with Snapchat's Lens Studio to display an augmented reality version of the Rolls Royce. In May 2021, they worked together again to release a collection to promote Drake's album "Certified Lover Boy". This collection was limited and was exclusively sold in Chrome Hearts' Miami store.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: In June 2021, Chrome Hearts and Baccarat co-produced a decanter and tumbler set, featuring Chrome Hearts' Pyramid Plus design.


title: Chrome Hearts

text: Each Chrome Hearts store has been regarded as unique from one another as a result of the diversity of both interior design and exclusive products. Chrome Hearts is sold in luxury malls such as Bergdorf Goodman, Isetan, Prince's Building and Selfridges. In 2018 and 2021, the brand opened a pop-up store in New York for the Sex Records collection, which included products such as customised clothing and toy cars.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: Hapoel Be'er Sheva Football Club (, "Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Be'er Sheva") is an Israeli football club from the city of Be'er Sheva, that competes in the Israeli Premier League. The club was established in 1949, and since 2007 it has been run by businesswoman Alona Barkat, who serves as the club's owner. The club also fields youth teams, and a women's side. There is also a football academy.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The home uniform colors of the club are red and white. Until 1959, the club played its home games at a stadium that was located in the old city of Be'er Sheva. In 1960, the club moved to Vasermil Stadium. Starting from the 2015–16 season, the home ground of the team is Turner Stadium.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The club began to win titles in the 1970s. Throughout the years, the team has won five championships, two Israel State Cup, four Toto Cup (One in Liga Leumit), four Israel Super Cup (One in the Second Division) and one Lilian Cup. Be'er Sheva is also the first team in the history of Israeli football to play in a European competition, together with Beitar Jerusalem, and the first team in the history of Israeli football that played in the UEFA Cup together with Hapoel Tel Aviv.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The team started in 1949, when Zalman Casspi was a footballer at Hapoel Ramat Gan. He set up a department to find young talents in the transit camps in the Be'er Sheva area, in order to eventually establish a soccer team. In April 1950, the group was established in the framework of the Hapoel Center.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: Hapoel Be'er Sheva played for the first time on 1 May 1950 and won 5–4 Hapoel Mefalsim, a team made up of players who immigrated to Israel from South America. The goals were scored by Marcus Abergil (duo), Henry Lev (duo) and Baruch Cohen. At that time, the team participated in friendly matches against teams from the two senior leagues, and Derby was held against Maccabi Be'er Sheva, which ended with a 3–3 draw.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In 1952, the club official activity was suspended after the Association decided that the geographical distance would not allow its participation, but in 1954 the group was re-registered in the 1954–55 league in the Negev region of Liga Gimel, the third league at the time. Be'er Sheva finished the season in the seventh and final place in the Negev region with one win from 12 games, 22 mandatory goals and only 5 goals.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The 1955–56 season, under the guidance of coach Yosef Azran, finished first in the Southern District of Liga Gimel, the fourth league at the time. In the qualifying games for relegation to Liga Bet, Be'er Sheva competed against Hapoel Lod, Hapoel Ramla and Hapoel Holon, and in the decisive game in Rehovot she beat Hapoel Jaffa 0–5 and qualified for the second division. In the 1956–57 season, the team finished seventh in the league in the Southern District.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1957–58 season, Lonia Dvorin replaced Yosef Azran at the coaching post. In the same season, the Football Association stopped all the leagues under the first division towards their end, with Be'er Sheva in second place leading to the first round of tests, following suspicions of bribes and biases, all of which have been frozen for the season. At the end of the season the team reached the final of the "Football Association Cup", but lost 7–1 to Hapoel Tiberias.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1958–59 season the team finished second in the league in the Southern District and qualified for the first stage of the tests. In the first test game she lost 0–5 to Hapoel Afula and Dvorin resigned from the team coaching. Former Israeli national team coach Jack Gibbons took his place and led the team to Liga Alef after winning the decisive game against Hapoel Netanya in Rehovot 2–1.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1959–60 season, Hapoel Be'er Sheva moved to play on a lawn in the municipal stadium in Be'er Sheva. This season, Yechiel Mor, 27-year-old from Hapoel Ramat Gan, joined the team and began to serve as player-coach. Under his guidance, the team finished ninth in Liga Alef. In preparation for the 1960–61 Beer Sheva played their first game against an international team when she hosted Cyprus Anorthosis Famagusta for a friendly game, which ended in a 1–2 loss. This season they finished ninth again.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1961–62 season, Rober Eryol was appointed coach of the team, but after five matches Be'er Sheva remained without points, and the club decided to fire Eryol and rehire coach Yechiel Mor back. In the same season, the team reached the semi-finals of the State Cup for the first time in history, in the Liga Alef, after beating Hapoel Ramla 2–1 in the eighth round. In the quarterfinals, Hapoel Tel Aviv won 3–1 and was eliminated after a loss 3–0 to Maccabi Tel Aviv in the semi-finals.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1963–64 season, the league was divided into two districts – North and South, and Be'er Sheva finished as the "winter champion" in the Liga Alef South. Be'er Sheva struggled with Beitar Tel Aviv to advance to the national league in the Southern District, and at the end of the season Beitar Tel Aviv finished first with a better goal differential.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1964–65 season, under the guidance of Yugoslav coach Slavko Milošević, the team competed for the national league against Beitar Ramla and Beitar Jerusalem, and finally finished first in the Liga Alef South league, with a gap of nine points from second place, and qualified for the national league for the first time in its history. In addition, the team reached the quarterfinals of the State Cup after defeating Hapoel Haifa from the Liga Leumit. In the quarterfinals they lost 2–4 to Hapoel Tel Aviv after an extension. During the season of promotion, Eliyahu Offer, midfielder-striker Abraham Noma and purchasing player Haim Cohen, who was the team top scorer with 20 goals this season, were conspicuous in the season.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1965–66 season, Yugoslav Selvole Stanković was named coach of the team and was joined by midfielder Yitzhak Gozlan, who came from Hapoel Ofakim. This season, Be'er Sheva promised to stay only in the last round, when she beat Maccabi Netanya 4–0 and finished 13th in the league.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the summer of 1966, Yehiel Mor was again appointed coach of the team, and the offensive midfielder Meir Barad was joined from the Youth department to the first team. After 12 rounds the team led the league table and later joined the team of youth player Rafi Eliyahu. At the end of the double season 1966–68, the team finished ninth in the table, and Abraham Noma won the Israeli Footballer of the Year award.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1968–69 season, Selvole Stepanović was appointed coach of the team, but already at the beginning of the season to they fell into last place in the league. As a result, the management summoned the former coach of the team, Lonia Dvorin, to serve as a professional manager. After the 16th round, Stepanović was fired and replaced by Moshe Litbek. Under his guidance, the team managed to finish in 14th place and remain in the league. In addition, the team reached the quarterfinals of the State Cup after a 2–1 victory over Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv in the eighth round. In the quarterfinals the team lost 2–3 to Maccabi Sha'arayim.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1969–70 season, under the guidance of Avraham Menchel, the team scored only a few goals, finishing with only 24 goals, and was soaking it up when it finished with 49 goals against. Among other things, the team lost 0–8 to Hapoel Tel Aviv. The team finished the season in the 16th and final place in the table, and went down to Liga Alef after five years in the Liga Leumit.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1970–71 season, Moshe Litbek returned to the position of coach of the team. Which began on the basis of its young players at the end of the season, the team returned to the top league from first place in the Liga Alef South, with a gap of 14 points from the second Hapoel Yehud, when Meir Barad finished the season as the team's top scorer with 18 goals. The decision was made by the champions of Liga Alef North, Maccabi Jaffa, in the Super Cup to the second league.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: At the beginning of the 1971–72 season, Be'er Sheva was in the top ranks of the Liga Leumit, but Meir Barad injury and a dispute between the club's management and Rafi Eliyahu led the team to the bottom of the league. The return of Barad and Eliyahu two months later did not change their luck, and the team finished 12th in the table with just 25 goals, with Barad finishing the season as king of the team with 11 goals. In the same season, the team met with Aston Villa, one of the top three teams in England at the time, and won it 3–1.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1972–73 season, Eli Fuchs was appointed coach of the team, and was joined by the pioneer Shalom Avitan from Beitar Be'er Sheva. The team opened at the bottom, but improved with the progress of the season thanks to Avraham Numa who was the team top scorer with 14 goals this season, finishing fifth in the table, the best position in its history until then.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The 1973–74 season, started poorly, and after 18 matches Be'er Sheva was in 14th place in the league, but as the league progressed, it improved and finished the season in seventh place in the table. In addition, the team reached the quarter finals of the State Cup, in which it lost 1–3 to Hapoel Petah Tikva in summing up two games.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1974–75 season, Amazia Levkovich was appointed coach of the team when he was 37, and was considered a young coach in relation to the leading and leading coaches in Israel. Levkovich was the first coach to introduce the style of the attacking defenders in Israel, a style taken from German football. Levkovich combined young players, among them 20-year-old Uri Benjamin as a right-wing defender and 18-year-old Jacob Cohen as a left-wing defender. The team was one of the young players in the league, and included only four players who had reached the age of 25. The team started the season with three wins, including a victory over last season champions Maccabi Netanya, without conceding a single goal. During the season she competed for the championship against Maccabi Netanya, and the decision came one season before the end of the season. Be'er Sheva played against Maccabi Jaffa, with one point separating it from Maccabi Netanya from the second place, and winning 1–0 from the gate of Efraim Zvi Hapoel Be'er Sheva was crowned the country's Liga Leumit champion for the first time in its history, with most of the players being home players. Efraim Zvi finished the season as the team's top scorer with 10 conquests, and Uri Benjamin won the title Footballer of the Year in Israel.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the summer 1975 the team participated in the Super Cup game for the first time in its history, and won the title after a 2–1 victory over Hapoel Kfar Saba.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1975–76 season, Be'er Sheva opened the league in a disappointing way when it finished twice in the first two rounds, but in the following rounds improved, and in the fifth round it was ranked first in this season in the first place in the table. During the season she fought for the first place against Beitar Jerusalem, and in the closing round Be'er Sheva again met Maccabi Jaffa for a decisive game. This time Jaffa fought against the decline and had to win to stay in the Liga Leumit, while Be'er Sheva wanted to win to secure the championship Beitar Jerusalem met Maccabi Tel Aviv, which also fought against the decline, and had to win. Maccabi Jaffa won 1–0, but after the defeat of Beitar Jerusalem, Be'er Sheva won a second consecutive championship. Shalom Avitan, who returned to the team at the beginning of the season, finished him as the team's top scorer with 11 conquests.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the summer of 1976 Be'er Sheva and Beitar Jerusalem were the first teams in the history of Israeli football to play in a UEFA Intertoto Cup. Be'er Sheva was drawn to Group 2 and held six games in a "home-away" Against the groups Køge BK from Denmark, Herta Berlin from (Germany) and Standard Liège from Belgium The balance of the team in the factory was one victory, 2–1 on Køge BK at Vasermil Stadium, three draw results and lost 2 consecutive wins for the second time in a row, losing to the Beitar Jerusalem Super Cup holder 2–3 after the extension.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1976–77 season, Be'er Sheva almost became the first champion team to go down in the league. Under the guidance of Eli Fuchs, who returned to coaching the team, Be'er Sheva opened the season badly and fell to the bottom. As a result, after 16 rounds Fuchs resigned from the coaching team, and Eliyahu Offer, who retired from regular activity as a player during the season and also served as Fuchs's assistant, was named coach. Two rounds to the end of the season the team met outside with Maccabi Haifa for a survival game, with only a goal difference separating the two teams in the table. Be'er Sheva won 1–0 and managed to stay in the league while Maccabi Haifa dropped to the second division. In addition, the team reached the quarterfinals of the Israeli Cup again after beating Maccabi Haifa 2–0 in the eighth-finals and was eliminated after losing 0–3 to Beitar Tel Aviv.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1977–78 season, the team displayed a good offensive ability throughout the season, led by its top scorer Shalom Avitan, with 12 goals and his deputy Victor Seroussi, with 10 goals, but at the same time showed less defensive ability. Be'er Sheva finished the season in fifth place in the table with 43 goals, the highest in a single season in the history of the team in the first division until then (except for the double season of 1966–68, which scored 71 goals).


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1978–79 season, the team finished ninth. In addition, she reached the quarter-finals of the State Cup for the sixth time in her history, following a 2–1 win over Hapoel Kfar Saba in the eighth-finals. In the quarterfinals she lost to Beitar Tel Aviv with a penalty kick.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: Towards the 1979–80 season, Amatzia Levkovich returned to coaching the team, and was joined by the young Efraim Davidi of Maccabi Be'er Sheva. The team did not open the season well, and then gave Levkovich a chance to play with other young players. The number of duty gates, 27, was the lowest since the season of the first championship under Levkovich (1974–75), but the offense was deficient and the team rarely scored goals. The team finished in the tenth place in the table with only seven wins.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: Towards the 1980–81 season, Eliyahu Offer returned to the coach position and opened the season well. However, just as the team scored more goals, it was also a great hit, and finished the season in 11th place.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1981–82 season, the team appointed Shimon Shenhar, and the team opened the season with four losses, two draws and a win, leading to 15th and last place in the league. From the eighth round onwards, the team achieved a series of 11 cycles without loss. At the end of the 18th round, the team ranked in fourth place in the table, which they managed to keep until the end of the season. Be'er Sheva showed a good attacking ability during the season, scoring 43 goals and equaling the record for one season. King of the team's gates was Shalom Avitan with 14 goals. In addition, the team reached their Semi-finals in the history of the State Cup, after beating Maccabi Netanya in the eighth round, 1–0, and in the quarterfinals they won 4–0 in Ramat Gan. In the semi-finals she met Hapoel Tel Aviv and lost 3 to 5 in the penalty kick after 2–2 at the end of the extension.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: The fourth place in the league gave Be'er Sheva a ticket to the Lilian Cup, a tournament that was played in the 1980s. In preparation for the 1982–83 season, the team played in the tournament and won 3–1 against Maccabi Netanya. In this season, Be'er Sheva played a very good defensive ability and took only 23 duty gates, the lowest number of duty gates since the first season. Be'er Sheva finished third in the table, and the reigning king was again Shalom Avitan with 11 conquests.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1983–84 season, Eliyahu Offer returned to the position of coach. The team played again against Maccabi Netanya in the Lilian Cup final and lost 2–3. In the league, the team failed to maintain stability, rocking throughout the season between mid-table and bottom, and finally finished seventh in the table. In addition, she reached the finals of the Israeli Cup for the first time in her history, after winning 4–2 in the quarterfinals of Hapoel Tel Aviv in a penalty shootout after a replay, and in the semi-finals she defeated Maccabi Netanya. In the final, the team lost 2–3 penalties to Hapoel Lod after 0–0 at the end of the extension.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1984–85 season, Zvi Rosen was appointed coach of the team, who scored few goals and finished the season with the lowest number of conquests since the 1976–77 season, and faced the danger of a drop to the relegation. Three seasons to the end of the season, with a lag of 5 points from where they remain in the league, Rosen was fired and replaced by former teammate Jackie Dekel, who managed to keep the team in the top league.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1985–86 season, Nahum Stelmach was appointed coach, and his assistant was appointed former player of the team Alon Ben Dor. This season, the team reached their final Toto Cup for the first time in their history, after beating Maccabi Tel Aviv 2–1 in the semi-finals. In the final she lost to Hapoel Petah Tikva 1–2. In the league, the team barely scored and finished the season with 24 goals, but also scored a low 24 points, the lowest since the 1969–70 season. Throughout the season the team wandered between the bottom and middle of the table, finally finishing eighth in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1986–87 season, Nino Bargig was appointed coach of the team, which started the season with two losses and a draw. Bargig was dismissed and replaced by Dror Bar-Nur. Under his defense, the team improved the defense game and finished with only 19 goals, but continued to harden the game and scored only 20 goals. The team's number of goals and goals was the lowest in its history in the first division. Throughout the season, she struggled with the bottom, finishing her 11th in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1987–88 season, the team appointed Nissim Bakhar as coach. During this season the team maintained a high defense capability and improved its offensive ability. The team finished third in the table and won the Lilian Cup for the third time since the tournament was established.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: For the 1988–89 season, the team won 1–0 against Hapoel Tel Aviv in the Lilian Cup final. Later in the season, the team reached the final of the Toto Cup and won the Cup for the first time in its history after a victory over Maccabi Netanya. In the league, the team did not list, and in the 22nd round they broke up with coach Nissim Bakhar, when Shimon Shenhar came in for a second term as team coach. Be'er Sheva scored only 22 goals, 29 assists and finished fifth in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1989–90 season was the first season in which foreign players were allowed to participate in the Israeli league, and Be'er Sheva joined the Argentinian attackers Claudio Dykstra and Ricardo Cacchione. During the season, the team replaced four coaches, Shimon Shenhar, who finished in the fifth round, past players Haim Cohen and Alon Ben Dor, and Eliyahu Offer, who was appointed towards the end of the season in which the team finished ninth in the league.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1990–91 season, the team qualified for the playoffs, finishing sixth in the table. In the 1991–92 season, the team received 43 duty rates, the highest number of duty rates since the 1969–70 season. On the other hand, the team also scored a great deal, ending the season with 40 goals, the highest number of goals since 1981–82, and finished the season in tenth place in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1992–93 season, Uri Malmilian and Hisham Zuabi joined the team. After five rounds Eliyahu Offer was fired and replaced by assistant coach Vico Haddad. Be'er Sheva showed a good offensive ability during the season, when Zuabi finished as deputy king of the league with 17 goals, and sets a record for conquering Be'er Sheva in the senior league. The entire team finished the season with 52 goals, the highest number of goals ever scored in one season in the top league, as well as their best ever goal difference in the top division, and fourth in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1993–94 season, the team again broke the record for the season in the Premier League and scored 54 goals, and returned their best goal difference in the Premier League. Amir Avigdor finished the season as the team's top scorer with 16 conquests, the team finished third and won the UEFA Cup for the first time in which Israeli teams participated.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1994–95 season Vitaly Savchenko of Ukraine was appointed to coach the team. In the UEFA Cup, the team was defeated against Aris Thessaloniki from Greece, losing twice to the team and being eliminated from the team.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1995–96 Liga Leumit season, Vico Haddad was again appointed to the team's training. In the first qualifying phase of the UEFA Cup, the team beat SK Tirana of Albania, and was then knocked out of the factory after a double encounter against FC Barcelona in which she lost 0–7 at home and 5–0 outside. Later in the season Haddad was fired and replaced by former coach Vitaly Savchenko, The team won the second time in their history in the Toto Cup, after beating Hapoel Kfar Saba in the final game, and the team showed poor ability to score, and Savchenko was replaced by Eli Guttman, who finished with 32 points and 10th in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 1996–97 season, Guttman led the team to their first win in the State Cup, following a 1–0 victory over Maccabi Tel Aviv in the final game, from Giovanni Rosso goal. In the league, the team finished the season in third place, after missing the second place in the last round of the season, with 25 goals and the best goalscorer in their history in the top league.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the summer of 1997, then-owner Eli Lahav decided to release many of the leading players in the team, including Giovanni Rosso, Sejad Halilović and Shai Holtzman, and then left the team and transferred ownership to Eli Zino. As a result, the team opened the 1997–98 season with a small staff. Due to the lack of players, the team brought youth player Yossi Benayoun to the senior team at the age of 17, and coach appointed Benny Tabak. In the first qualifying phase of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the team FK Žalgiris from Lithuania, and was then knocked out of the factory by Roda JC from Netherlands, who lost 4–1 at home and 10–0 away. After the defeat Tabak resigned, replacing Jackie Dekel again. Yossi Benayoun scored 15 goals this season, including a dramatic goal in a 1–0 win over Maccabi Haifa in the final round, but due to her opponent's victory in the Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv team, the team dropped to the second division after 27 consecutive years in the Liga Leumit. The number of high duty rates in its history in one season in the Liga Leumit.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1998–99 season, in the Liga Artzit, Shiye Feigenbaum was appointed coach of the team, and during the season was replaced by Gili Landau. The team struggled with Maccabi Netanya to join the Premier League, but finally finished in third place in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 1999–2000 season, Eliyahu Offer returned to coaching the team, and was later replaced by Motti Ivanir. Towards the end of the season Ivanir was replaced by Eyal Lahman, and the team failed again in their attempt to qualify for the first division after finishing seventh in the table, while Beitar Be'er Sheva was fifth and above in the table.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2000–01 season, Eyal Lahman continued on the sidelines, but was fired during the season and was replaced by Shlomo Scharf, who resigned after two rounds, and Lufa Kadosh replaced him as Be'er Sheva returned to the top of the Liga Leumit to fight for the Premier League. this season the team met with Beitar Jerusalem in the Premier League in the framework of the State Cup, and won 3–2 after an extension. Be'er Sheva met Hapoel Ramat Gan for the first division game, Be'er Sheva won 5–0 and ensured her rise to the Premier League from the first place.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the first two seasons after her return to the Premier League, the team finished twice in fifth place, and in the 2002–03 season it even reached the finals of the State Cup after beating Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. 1–0 with a 1–0 win at Bloomfield Stadium and a 3–0 win in Maccabi Haifa. In the final, Be'er Sheva met Hapoel Ramat Gan of the Liga Leumit, but was beaten by a penalty kick from 11 meters after 1–1 after the extension.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2003–04 season Eli Guttman returned to the position of coach, and Alon Mizrahi, Dedi Ben Dayan, Ofir Haim and Blessing Kaku were prominent. In this season Be'er Sheva finished fourth, which earned them a ticket for the UEFA Intertoto Cup factory.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2004–05 season, the team suffered financial problems and at the end of the game the team dropped to the Liga Leumit after most of the players were released. The economic problems continued to accompany the team in the next two seasons, finishing fourth in the Liga Leumit.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In July 2007, businesswoman Alona Barkat purchased the team from Eli Zino. On 29 August 2007, during a training match against Maccabi Be'er Sheva, the team pioneer Chaswe Nsofwa collapsed and died of cardiac arrest.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the first season of the Alona Barkat season, the 2007–08 season, the team finished fourth in the Liga Leumit and failed to qualify for the Premier League. In the 2008–09 season, Guy Levy was appointed coach of the team, and the midfielder Maor Melikson signed in the club. This season the team managed to return to the Premier League after four years in the Liga Leumit. In the same season, the team won the Toto Cup for the Liga Leumit, after beating Maccabi Herzliya 1–0 in the final.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2009–10 season, Guy Azouri was appointed coach of the team, who signed a number of new players in the team, including David Revivo, Siraj Nassar and Brazilian William Soares, who joined in January. The team presented a weak ability and its supporters protested and demanded Azouri resignation. In March 2010, following a violent incident by Fan towards the coach, Azouri decided to resign. The owner, Barkat, announced that following the fans behavior, she will leave the team at the end of the season. The fans launched a campaign to keep her at the club, and eventually Barkat stayed at Be'er Sheva. The professional director of the youth department at the time, Vico Haddad, served as coach until the end of the season, when the team finished ninth.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2010–11 season, Nir Klinger was appointed coach of the team. The team started the season well, but in January 2011 the team star Maor Melikson was sold to Wisła Kraków, and after that there was a significant decline in its ability. In the last round of the regular season she managed to reach the midfield playoffs, after a 2–0 away win over Maccabi Tel Aviv, and finished the season for the second time in a row in ninth place.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2011–12 season, owner Alona Barkat decided to build on young home players, including the left defender Ofir Davidzada, with experienced players, but the season started badly, when the team lost six consecutive games. In the seventh round the team won 0–2 Hapoel Haifa, and at the end of the game Klinger decided to resign. Nir Klinger was replaced by Guy Levy, who returned to another term as coach of the team and signed a contract until the end of the season. In the last round, the team won 3–1 at Beitar Jerusalem, and then finished in 13th place and stayed in the Premier League.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2012–13 season, owner Alona Barkat signed outgoing coach of Maccabi Haifa Elisha Levi. This season a senior goalie in the form of Austin Ejide signed. In the same season, the team reached the Toto Cup final against Hapoel Haifa and lost 0–1, when Ido Axebrad, missed a Penalty kick in the 88th minute. In this season the team reached the playoffs, Location. Following the victory, Be'er Sheva finished eighth, and Maccabi Netanya was relegated to the Liga Leumit.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In preparation for the 2013–14 season, Alona Barkat decided to sign Elisha Levi for another season, and to bring together players with a name and potential for the future. As a result, Alona Barkat increased the budget Accordingly, senior actors in the form of Elyaniv Barda, Maor Buzaglo, Glynor Plet signed. These signings led the team to its best season since the championship season, finishing the season in second place. As a result, the club received a ticket to the UEFA Europa League preliminaries.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2014–15 season, the team returned to the European competitions after 18 years of absence playing against RNK Split in the preliminaries of the UEFA Europa League. Due to the security situation at that time, the Israeli teams were forced to host the home game in Cyprus. The first game was held in Croatia and ended 1–2 in favor of Croatia, Be'er Sheva was eliminated from Europe after the return leg finished 0–0 in Cyprus. That season, a number of senior players were signed in the form of Maor Melikson and Shlomi Arbeitman who returned from Europe. In addition, John Ogu from Nigeria and Ovidiu Hoban from Romania were signed. In the semi-finals of the State Cup, Be'er Sheva defeated Hapoel Afula and qualified for the State Cup final, losing 2–6 to Maccabi Tel Aviv. In the league, the team finished the season in third place.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2015–16 Barak Bakhar was appointed as the team new coach. In addition, a number of leading players were signed in the form of Anthony Nwakaeme, Shir Tzedek, Maharan Radi and Ben Sahar. As part of the UEFA Europa League, Be'er Sheva was drawn against FC Thun from Switzerland for a home-away game encounter. In the first game held at Teddy Stadium the game ended with a 1–1 draw. Following a 1–2 defeat in the return leg at Stockhorn Arena Be'er Sheva was eliminated from the Europa League. In the fourth round of the season, the team inaugurated the Turner Stadium which was built in the city, in a match against Maccabi Haifa in front of 16,126 spectators. On 21 May 2016. the team won the third championship in its history after 40 years. During the season the team had 29 games without a loss, and throughout the season Be'er Sheva suffered only three losses. In the deciding game of the last round, Be'er Sheva defeated Bnei Sakhnin 3–1 at Turner Stadium and won the championship title.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2016–17 season, Be'er Sheva won the title of Super Cup after winning 4–2 against the cup holder Maccabi Haifa. That season the team participated in the UEFA Champions League qualification reaching the playoffs after beating Sheriff Tiraspol from Moldova and Olympiacos from Greece. In the playoffs the team was eliminated by Celtic and as a result fell to the UEFA Europa League stage. In the group stage the club won twice against Inter Milan, managed two draws against Southampton and lost twice to Sparta Prague finishing second in the Group and qualifying to knockout stage. In the round of 32, Be'er Sheva was drawn against Beşiktaş from Turkey, and was eliminated after losing 2–5 in the final two games. On 28 December 2016, the team won the Toto Cup of the Israeli Premier League, the third most important Israeli football competition, after a 4–1 win over Ironi Kiryat Shmona in the final game held in Netanya Stadium. On 29 April, Be'er Sheva won 2–1 Maccabi Tel Aviv in Netanya Stadium achieving the second consecutive championship with three games remaining for the season.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2017–18 season, Be'er Sheva won the title of Super Cup after winning 4–2 the cup holder Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv. This season the team took part in qualifying for the UEFA Champions League and reached the playoff stage after beating Budapest Honvéd from Hungary and Ludogorets Razgrad from Bulgaria. In the playoffs, the team was eliminated against Maribor from Slovenia and as a result fell to the UEFA Europa League stage. At the end of the season the team won the fifth championship in its history, and for the third time in a row.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In the 2021–22 season, Be'er Sheva won the State Cup for the second time in three years, in the final game played at Teddy Stadium in Jerusalem and ended in a 2–2 draw plus overtime and in the penalty shootout, in which the club won 3–1 with goalkeeper Omri Glazer stopping three of four kicks.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: Since its inception in 1949, the club Hapoel Be'er Sheva has played in 3 different plots, starting out playing on the soil surface at the stadium which was located in the old city.


title: Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

text: In 1959, the municipal stadium was built and inaugurated in Be'er Sheva on 31 October 1959 in a Hapoel Be'er Sheva game against Hapoel Tel Aviv.