title: Max Domi

text: Domi has Type 1 Diabetes which was diagnosed at age 12 following a hockey tournament in Detroit. He regulates his blood sugar levels using an insulin pump attached to his hip. During games, he excuses himself every 15 minutes to test his blood glucose level. Domi wore the number 16 during his time in Arizona in homage to Bobby Clarke, a famed hockey player who also suffered with the condition. He switched to number 13 after a trade to Montreal due to 16 being retired, as well as to pay tribute to his godfather, Mats Sundin. Domi has a specially trained service dog, Orion, who will wake Max up if his blood sugar falls below a certain threshold at night.


title: Max Domi

text: In 2019, Domi and author Jim Lang published a book, "No Days Off: My Life with Type 1 Diabetes and Journey to the NHL".


title: Max Domi

text: Domi represented Team Canada at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning gold. Domi later made his senior national debut with Canada at the 2016 World Championship, winning gold.


title: Brinsworth House

text: Brinsworth House is a residential and nursing retirement home for theatre and entertainment professionals in Staines Road, Twickenham, west London, England. The house is owned and run by the Royal Variety Charity and has 36 bedrooms, six living rooms, a library, an in-house bar and stage, and a staff of 64. It is set in of land.


title: Brinsworth House

text: The theatre architect Frank Matcham, in 1912, designed a wing at the house free of charge in aid of the fund. Work commenced in June and was completed in October.


title: Brinsworth House

text: The house is owned and maintained by the Royal Variety Charity, which was founded in 1908 to care for members of, what was at that time, the variety and music hall profession. The charity and the house are funded by the Royal Variety Performance, by voluntary donations and, since 2007, by part-proceeds from phone voting from ITV Network's "Britain's Got Talent".


title: Tetsurō Araki

text: After graduating from Seibugakuenbunri Junior High School and Senshu University's Department of Humanities, Araki joined Madhouse as a production assistant. He debuted as an episode director in his second year with the company. His directorial debut was 2005's original video animation "Otogi-Jūshi Akazukin".


title: Tetsurō Araki

text: Araki worked with animation director Takayuki Hirao when he was at Madhouse, and he has occasionally worked as a key animator in projects that Hirao has directed. An article featuring him and Hirao was published in the monthly anime magazine Animage.


title: Tetsurō Araki

text: In October 2013, he won the Best Director award at the Newtype x Machi Asobi Anime Awards 2013, and in 2014 he won the Best Director award in the Anime of the Year category at the Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2014. Araki, along with "Death Note" character designer Masaru Kitao, also appeared at Anime Expo 2007.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: David Price (born 6 July 1983) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2009 to 2019. At regional level, he held multiple heavyweight championships, including the British and Commonwealth titles from 2012 to 2013, and challenged once for the European title in 2015. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics, gold at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and 2008 EU Championships, and three ABA titles; all in the super-heavyweight division.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Early in his career, Price boxed for Long Lane ABC before leaving through lack of available funding, for Salisbury ABC and in 2003 became the youngest ever ABA champion in the super-heavyweight division, at 19 years and 272 days old. He competed for England at a number of international tournaments, he beat Travis Kauffman twice at the 2003 USA vs. England Tournament. In August 2003 he won the Commonwealth Confederations tournament in Kuala Lumpur, defeating Muzzafar Iqbal of Pakistan 21:9, and Justin Whitehead of Australia 22:6. He then defeated Gregory Corbin on points in the England–US duel in Liverpool.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price lost to Roberto Cammarelle in the quarter-finals of the European Amateur Boxing Championships in Bulgaria in 2004, a defeat that prevented him from going to the Athens Olympics. Later that year Price made it to the finals of the Tammer Tournament in Finland, but he was stopped by Bermane Stiverne. He bounced back to win his second A.B.A Title in March 2005, defeating Damien Campbell of Repton ABC in the final. He also went on to win the 4 Nations Championships and two weeks later, a win which enabled him to compete in the inaugural 4 Nations vs Cuba match, in which he was his side's sole victor, defeating Lisovan Hernandez. He participated at the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships but lost on points to Robert Helenius 25–22.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: At the Strandya Cup in Bulgaria, he was stopped by Ukrainian Vyacheslav Glazkov, though he ended the year on a high note defeating highly touted teenage compatriot and future unified world heavyweight champion Tyson Fury 22:8. Then going on to win his 3rd A.B.A title, defeating Tom Dallas 27:4. At the 2007 Commonwealth Championships he stopped Australian Daniel Beahan in the final.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price captained the 2006 Commonwealth Games boxing team in Melbourne and achieved a gold medal there, beating Indian Varghese Johnson in the process, despite being knocked down three times.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Chicago he defeated three opponents including Marko Tomasović of Croatia 23:11, Frenchman Mohamed Samoudi whom he stopped, Primislav Dimovski (Skopje) 20:4 but a hand injury kept him from showing for his fight against Roberto Cammarelle. GB head coach Terry Edwards said: "David has boxed particularly well in these World Championships and it is therefore a big disappointment that he was unable to box for automatic Olympic qualification here in Chicago, a right he had fought for."


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Two years after his Commonwealth Games success, Price captained the GB team who went to Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Games, beating Romanian World Junior Champion Cristian Ciocanu to qualify. Price met European Champion Islam Timurziev in the first round of the Olympics, and stopped Timurziev in the second round after dropping him to the canvas on two occasions in the round, the scores were level at 2:2 at the time. The next round saw Price matched against Lithuanian Jaroslavas Jakšto but Price progressed into the next round after Jakšto retired with an injury at the end of the first round when the scorecards favored Price, 3:1. Guaranteed at least a bronze medal, David Price was to meet Italian world champion Roberto Cammarelle, a bout in which the referee stopped in the second round when the scores favored the eventual Olympic gold medalist, Cammarelle, 10:1. The Englishman ended an impressive run at the Olympics with a bronze medal in the 91+kg Super-Heavyweight division. After winning a bronze medal, and not achieving the gold he sorely wanted, he announced his intention to turn professional.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price made his debut at the age of 25 at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 28 March 2009 defeating David Ingleby via 3rd-round TKO. He went on to win his next nine fights with seven coming inside the distance. Price stopped fellow British fighter Tom Dallas at the Liverpool Olympia, inflicting a second-round TKO propelling Price closer to a British title shot. He scheduled a bout with John McDermott, due to take place on 5 November 2011, but Price was forced to pull out of the British and Commonwealth title eliminator with a rib injury which he suffered in sparring with former England team-mate Danny Price. Price also sparred with fellow heavyweight David Haye before Haye's world title fight with Ukrainian Wladimir Klitschko in July 2011.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 21 January 2012, Price was fighting for the English heavyweight title against an experienced fighter in John McDermott. The winner of the bout would be the mandatory challenger against the British and Commonwealth heavyweight champion, Tyson Fury; who many fans and pundits felt that McDermott won against in the first bout between the pair. It only took 73 seconds of the first round for Price to win against McDermott. Price knocked down McDermott 3 times before the referee, Howard John Foster, decided to end the bout; inflicting McDermott with a TKO defeat.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 19 May 2012 at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool, Price beat Sam Sexton in a fourth-round KO victory, and won the vacant British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles. The fight was ordered by the BBBof C on 9 February after Tyson Fury vacated in order to step up. Widely considered Price's best performance to date, he impressively controlled the bout with his jab and distance, hurting Sexton badly whenever he connected. In the fourth round Price knocked Sexton out cold. Price's promoter Frank Maloney likened the victory to Lennox Lewis' breakout performance against Donovan Ruddock and Price was universally considered at that time to be the most dangerous up and coming contender in the division.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 13 October 2012 he made his first defence of his British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles against fellow Olympian Audley Harrison at Liverpool's Echo Arena on the 'Battle of the Olympians' bill, scoring the most brutal and vicious knockout of his career to date. Price landed a powerful right hand after 30 seconds sending Harrison retreating to the ropes, he then unloaded with a concussive combination; an uppercut followed by body blow and then a right hand that shattered Harrison's nose and sent him to the canvas unconscious. It had taken Price just 82 seconds to score the win and he showed genuine concern for his opponent after the fight. Maloney offered Fury £500,000 to fight Price. Immediately after the fight, it was confirmed that Price would box Matt Skelton on 30 November. He knocked out Skelton in the 2nd round of the fight.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: As a result of his impressive performances and formidable punching power, Price was named Prospect of the Year by ESPN in 2012.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In December 2012, it was announced that Price would fight American former two-time world title challenger Tony Thompson (36-3, 24 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 23 February 2013. This was regarded as a big step up for Price and a win would see him likely earn a future world title fight. At the time, Thompson was ranked IBF #5. Promoter Frank Maloney said, "This is the right fight at the right time for David and one where a win will propel him even higher. Thompson still has ambition and I am certain that he will come to win and score a major upset." Price was a heavy betting favourite among bookmakers and many were intrigued to see how Price would fare against a common Wladimir Klitschko opponent. Price was looking to fight Tyson Fury for the Lonsdale belt after this fight. The bout was televised in the UK on Boxnation.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price lost his first professional fight, as he was stopped in two rounds by Thompson in front of 6,000 fans in attendance. Price took his time but was seemingly in total control of the bout. In the second round Price caught Thompson with a right hand sending him hurt to the ropes, he then launched his first big attack of the bout. Thompson had been cautious and tentative throughout and it looked as though he was soon to be taken over and stopped, however to the crowd's shock Thompson threw a counter right hand that hit Price awkwardly behind the ear sending him to the canvas, Price beat the count but the location of the punch behind the ear and on the neck damaged his equilibrium and the bout was waved off. Thompson had scored the heavyweight upset of the year at that point.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: After the post-fight press conference, Price's 60 year old promoter Frank Maloney collapsed. He was attended to by paramedics, given oxygen and then taken to hospital for further check-up. Maloney previously suffered a heart attack in 2009 after his fighter Darren Sutherland died.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Promoter Maloney claimed there was a rematch clause in place, but they wouldn't ask for it straight away and let Thompson enjoy his win. Upon hearing about the rematch clause, Thompson replied, "They can clause all the hell they want. I'm not coming back. They vastly underpaid me for this fight and I just took it for the opportunity. I've now created that opportunity and if they want to fight me again, then first of all they've got to come to my side of the Atlantic and then they've got to pay me what I'm worth." On 27 March, a rematch was confirmed to take place again at the Echo Arena, despite Thompson stating he would only fight in the United States, on 6 July. According to Maloney, although there was a rematch clause in place, the fight was still hard to make as rival promotions were also interested in Thompson. Price stated he also had other options. One option was to fight British rival Derek Chisora, but decided to take a small pay cut to avenge his only loss. Price revealed former world champion Lennox Lewis advised him to take the rematch. Thompson weighed 259 pounds, 3 pounds lighter than the first fight and Price came in at 250 pounds. The fight was aired live in the United States on Wealth TV.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price put Thompson down heavily in round 2 with a powerful right hook, but Thompson beat the count. Both men traded shots, with Price absorbing a lot of shots to the body; the damage was visible by the fourth round. Price, who seemed exhausted after round 4, was ordered by Lennox Lewis from ringside to stand up in the corner between rounds to liven himself. Price seemed to collapse physically in the fifth round, at one point turning his back to Thompson and retreating to the corner where the referee started a count. Price motioned as though he had given up and the referee stopped the fight awarding Thompson a 5th-round TKO victory.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: After this loss Price separated from trainers Franny Smith and Lennox Lewis and it was later announced that Thompson had failed a drugs test and was subsequently banned by the British Boxing Board of Control for 18 months. Thompson's team was furious over the failed drug test and in a statement they claimed Thompson was prescribed high blood pressure medication and it was disclosed prior to the fight with Price.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In November 2013, it was announced that Price would be signing a promotional deal with German boxing promoter Team Sauerland and on 5 December 2013 it was announced that he would be vacating his British and Commonwealth titles.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In his first fight back following the back-to-back losses to Thompson, Price got back to winning ways with a first-round knockout victory over Istvan Ruzsinszky in Stuttgart, Germany on 25 January 2014. Price displayed his trademark power flooring Ruzsinszky, who was a late replacement for Konstantin Airich, with a big right hand.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price recorded a second successive win on 12 April 2014 with the third-round knockout of Ondrej Pala in Esbjerg, Denmark. Price was forced to climb off the canvas after a flash knockdown in the opening round, but was able to regain his composure in the second round before flooring Pala twice in the third, forcing the referee to call a halt to the action.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In his next contest, Price comfortably outpointed Yaroslav Zavorotnyi on 7 June 2014 in Schwerin, Germany. After ten hard fought rounds, for the first time in four years, the former British and Commonwealth went the scheduled distance, leaving the decision in the hands of the judges.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 21 February 2015, Price defeated Irineu Beato Costa Junior in Berlin, Germany. After a cautious start, Price began to boss his Brazilian opponent around the ring, before unloading a massive right hand in the sixth-round to finish the fight prematurely. Following the fight Price declared his intentions to return home to Liverpool for his next fight. Price was also made mandatory challenger for the vacant European Heavyweight title.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 15 May 2015, it was announced that Price would fight German boxer Erkan Teper, little-known but with an undefeated record of (14-0, 9 KOs) on 17 July. The bout was for the vacant EBU (European) heavyweight title and presented an opportunity for Price to become a top contender again. Price, who was the betting favourite, was caught in the second round with a left hook that knocked him unconscious. However, Teper was later found to have failed a drugs test. Teper was subsequently banned and the result changed to a No-Contest (disputed). Boxrec.com maintains that the record was not changed to a No-contest: "The EBU maintains that it was supervising the contest and as such EBU rules must be applied, therefore keeping the result of Teper WTKO 2 / 12 but stripping the title."


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In February 2016, Price confirmed Dave Coldwell as his new trainer ahead of his May 29 fight at Goodison Park. It was announced Price would fight Vaclav Pejsar (9-2, 8 KOs) on the Bellew-Makabu undercard. Price was considerably bigger and more solid than in previous fights. During the first round, Price threw a counter uppercut that knocked Pejsar to the ground for the first time in his career and gave him a black eye. Pejsar came out aggressively in the second but eventually got put down from another uppercut and failed to beat the count. Following the victory Price publicly announced his desire to challenge then IBF champion Anthony Joshua.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: Price continued his comeback on 1 October in Germany, stopping journeyman Ivica Perkovic in the second round with a body shot. Price was in control from the opening and his speed and power seemingly too much for the journeyman with a reputation for durability. Price hit Perkovic so hard in round two that it forced him to ask for the fight to be stopped as he was in too much agony to continue. He stated he now wanted to fight Joseph Parker if he can not secure a fight with Joshua. Price signed to fight Dave Allen in another tune up bout on 22 October but was forced to pull out due to illness.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 8 January 2017 it was announced that Price would fight on the undercard of IBO super-middleweight bout Eubank Jr.-Quinlan at the Olympia in London on 4 February against WBO European heavyweight champion Christian Hammer (20-4, 11 KOs) to take place on ITV Box Office. Hammer won a split decision against previously undefeated Erkan Teper in October 2016. On 3 February, a day before the fight, it was confirmed that Hammer's WBO European heavyweight title would be at stake, as well as the fight being an official world title eliminator. Price started the fight well using his reach advantage to keep Hammer at a distance. In round 5, Price connected with an uppercut which floored Hammer, however he beat the count and the fight resumed. The end came when Hammer landed hooks to the head of Price as the referee looked at him and decided to stop the fight, giving Hammer the win via TKO in round 7.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 7 August 2017, it was announced that Price would fight again on the undercard of Callum Smith vs. Erik Skoglund at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 16 September 2017. Price last fought at the Echo Arena in July 2013, where he lost his second consecutive fight to American veteran Tony Thompson. It was revealed that Price had parted ways with trainer Dave Coldwell and would now train with George Vaughan, Derry Mathews and Joe McNally. Price called this fight a 'make or break' for career. A day later, it was announced that he would fight journeyman Raphael Zumbano Love. Former trainer Coldwell stated based on his last conversation with Price, he had decided to retire. Coldwell wished Price well in his return. Following a hand injury suffered in training, the fight was called off. Price would next fight UK based Polish journeyman Kamil Sokolowski on 2 December 2017 at the Brentwood Centre Arena in Brentford, having last fought there in 2010. Price put on a muted performance, beating Sokolowski after six rounds. The referee scored the fight 60–54 in favour of Price. He stated he intentionally went the full six rounds. In the post-fight interview, Price said, ”He’d be a good sparring partner. I thought that was a good performance tonight. I landed most of my jabs. I want to do an 8 rounder. I must have thrown 4 punches all night with spite in it. I was boxing his face off.” When asked who he would fight next, Price gave no names.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 16 January 2018, after unification fight Anthony Joshua vs. Joseph Parker was announced, promoter Eddie Hearn offered WBA mandatory challenger Alexander Povetkin an opportunity to fight on the undercard, which would take place on 31 March at the Principality Stadium in Cardiff, Wales. Price and Derek Chisora were two names offered as potential opponents. The next day, Price spoke to Sky Sports stating he accepted Hearn's offer and would be willing to fight Povetkin. On 30 January, Hearn told a reporter a deal was close being done after Povetkin also agreed to the fight. Three days later, the fight was officially confirmed. Povetkin won the fight via knockout in round 5. Povetkin badly hurt Price with a right hand, who was then defenseless, Povetkin finished off with a left hook that put Price down flat on the canvas. Without a count, referee Howard John Foster halted the fight. The official time of the stoppage was at 1:02 of round 5. In round 3, Povetkin knocked Price down with a right hand to the head. Price got up and came back strong landing some hard punches of his own. Price hurt Povetkin late in round 3 with a left hook which resulted in Povetkin falling backwards towards the ropes. The referee ruled it a knockdown due to the ropes holding Povetkin up. Price did not take advantage of the knockdown, but it looked as though he had tired himself out.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In early May, Price confirmed his comeback would be on 27 July at the Macron Stadium in Bolton. Due to a back injury, on the day of the event, MTK Global confirmed Price would not fight on the card.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In early August 2018, it was rumoured that Price would appear on the Joshua vs. Povetkin undercard against rising Russian heavyweight Sergei Kuzmin (12-0-1, 9 KOs). On 20 August, it was announced that Price would next fight on 5 October at the Titanic Exhibition Centre in Belfast against Irish boxer Sean Turner (12-3, 8 KOs). On 10 September, Turner pulled out of the bout. Former two-time world title challenger Eric Molina was the first to put his name forward to fight Price, although at the time, he was banned for an anti-doping violation. On 13 September, according to MTK Global, Price was pulled from the card. Later that date, it was announced that Price would indeed fight Kuzmin on the Joshua vs. Povetkin card at the Wembley Stadium in London on 22 September. Price retired hurt at the end of the fourth round citing a bicep tear. At the time of the stoppage, Price appeared to be winning the fight at the time of the fight being halted, although he also appeared tired. Kuzmin showed that he was able to take Price's best power shots to keep coming. Kuzmin kept coming forward and landing hard body shots.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: In November 2018, trainer Joe McNally revealed Price would return to the ring on the Whyte vs. Chisora II undercard on 22 December at The O2 Arena on Sky Box Office. On 16 November, Hearn announced some undercard fights, one being Price against British boxer Tom Little in a 6-round bout. It would mark the third consecutive PPV undercard fight for Price. Little was Price's first British opponent since he beat Matt Skelton in November 2012. On 30 November, the fight was announced by Sky Sports as a 'must win' for Price. He won the fight by TKO in the fourth round.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 30 March 2019, Price faced Kash Ali. Ali fought dirty from the get go, repeatedly fouling Price and also seemed to have bitten Price during the early rounds. It culminated in the fifth round, when Ali tackled and bit Price while he was on the canvas. The referee immediately called for a disqualification and awarded Price with the victory.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 20 July 2019, Price faced domestic heavyweight rival David Allen. Contrary to what most boxing analysts expected, Price not only won the fight, but also did it by a big margin. Price dominated Allen throughout most of the fight as Allen wasn't able to get Price in any kind of trouble during all 10 rounds. After the tenth round, Allen's corner decided to stop the fight.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 26 October 2019, Price faced former world title challenger Dereck Chisora. Chisora was ranked #9 by the WBC at heavyweight, while Price was ranked #8 by the WBA. Chisora began the fight aggressively and had Price on the defensive in the first few rounds. Chisora had Price in trouble towards the end of the third round, to which Price countered with a right uppercut that put Chisora on notice. In the fourth round, Chisora managed to drop Price. Price managed to beat the count, but his corner deemed him not fit enough to continue and threw in the towel.


title: David Price (boxer)

text: On 7 October 2021, after two years of inactivity, Price announced his retirement from boxing via an Instagram post.


title: Savior sibling

text: A savior baby or savior sibling is a child who is conceived in order to provide a stem cell transplant to a sibling that is affected with a fatal disease, such as cancer or Fanconi anemia, that can best be treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.


title: Savior sibling

text: The savior sibling is conceived through in vitro fertilization. Fertilized zygotes are tested for genetic compatibility (human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing), using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and only zygotes that are compatible with the existing child are implanted. Zygotes are also tested to make sure they are free of the original genetic disease. The procedure is controversial.


title: Savior sibling

text: A "savior sibling" may be the solution for any disease treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is effective against genetically detectable (mostly monogenic) diseases, e.g. Fanconi anemia, Diamond–Blackfan anemia and β-thalassemia, in the ailing sibling, since the savior sibling can be selected to not have inherited the disease. The procedure may also be used in children with leukemia, and in such cases HLA match is the only requirement, and not exclusion of any other obvious genetic disorder.


title: Savior sibling

text: Multiple embryos are created and preimplantation genetic diagnosis is used to detect and select ones that are free of a genetic disorder and that are also a HLA match for an existing sibling who requires a transplant. Upon birth, umbilical cord blood is taken and used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.


title: Savior sibling

text: Arguments for or against the use of PGD/HLA tissue typing are based on several key issues including the commodification and welfare of the donor child.


title: Savior sibling

text: The main ethical argument against is the possible exploitation of the child, e.g. potential adverse psychological effects on a child born not for itself but to save another, and the possible future emotional reaction of the savior sibling upon discovering that they were born solely to save the life of the recipient, rather than being 'wanted' for reasons other than transplantation.


title: Savior sibling

text: The novel "My Sister's Keeper", later adapted into a film, is about a child who was born as a savior sibling to her sister Kate who is affected by acute promyelocytic leukemia.


title: Savior sibling

text: In the British soap opera "Emmerdale", Debbie Dingle gave birth to her son Jack, who would serve as a savior sibling to his older sister Sarah, who was suffering from Fanconi anemia.


title: Savior sibling

text: On the popular American show "", the episode "Harvest" deals with the reported abduction and later murder of a thirteen-year-old girl named Alycia who was later revealed to be a savior sibling for her brother Daniel.


title: Savior sibling

text: In the American show "Heroes", one of the protagonists, Mohinder Suresh, is revealed to have been conceived to cure his sister Shanti of a deadly disease known as the Shanti Virus, although he was ultimately born too late to save her life. His antibodies act as a cure for other patients with the disease throughout the show as well.


title: Savior sibling

text: On "", the episode "" sees a clone created of Trip Tucker for the purpose of organ harvesting. "Sim" is born through the highly controversial use of an alien lifeform.


title: Savior sibling

text: The novel "Never Let Me Go", later adapted into a film, is centred around a dystopian future society where human clones are created and allowed to live to their teenage years before being used for organ harvesting. The film "" has a similar premise.


title: Savior sibling

text: In the "Grey's Anatomy" episode "I Bet It Stung," the character Donna is a savior sibling to her older sister Reese.


title: Savior sibling

text: In the "9-1-1" episode "Buck Begins", it is revealed that Evan "Buck" Buckley was conceived as a savior sibling for his older brother Daniel.


title: Savior sibling

text: In the Korean Drama ‘The Penthouse’, the character Anna is adopted by a Korean-American family to be a savior sibling to their son, Logan Lee, who was suffering from bone marrow cancer at the time.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: The Hour is a British television drama series broadcast on BBC. The series was centred on a then-new current-affairs show being launched by the BBC in June 1956, at the time of the Hungarian Revolution and Suez Crisis. It stars Ben Whishaw, Dominic West, and Romola Garai, with a supporting cast including Tim Pigott-Smith, Juliet Stevenson, Burn Gorman, Anton Lesser, Anna Chancellor, Julian Rhind-Tutt, and Oona Chaplin. It was written by Abi Morgan (also one of the executive producers, alongside Jane Featherstone and Derek Wax).


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: The series premiered on BBC Two and BBC Two HD on 19 July 2011 each Tuesday at 9 pm. Each episode lasts 60 minutes, with Ruth Kenley-Letts as producer and Coky Giedroyc as lead director. It was commissioned by Janice Hadlow, Controller, BBC Two, and Ben Stephenson, Controller, BBC Drama Commissioning and produced by Kudos Film and Television. Hornsey Town Hall was used for much of the filming.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Following the airing of the final episode of the first series, it was announced that a second series had been commissioned, which was co-produced by American network BBC America. It premiered on 14 November 2012 in the UK and on 28 November 2012 in the United States. On 12 February 2013, it was announced by the BBC that the series would not continue.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: In the autumn of 1956, Freddie Lyon (Ben Whishaw) is a reporter unhappy with his job producing newsreels for the BBC. Desperate to get onto television, which he feels offers greater immediacy, Freddie is unaware that his best friend Bel Rowley (Romola Garai) has been selected by their mentor Clarence Fendley (Anton Lesser) to produce a new news magazine, the eponymous "The Hour". Rowley selects experienced war correspondent Lix Storm (Anna Chancellor) to head the foreign desk for the programme, leaving Freddie to run domestic news, a position which he considers inferior. For anchor of the programme, Clarence selects the handsome and patrician Hector Madden (Dominic West). They are joined by Thomas Kish (Burn Gorman), a mysterious and taciturn translator for the BBC who helps them cover the developing Suez Crisis.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: As the team struggles to put the show together, Freddie is approached by Ruth Elms, the daughter of a member of the House of Lords who had employed Freddie's mother. She asks him to look into the murder of Peter Darrall (Jamie Parker), a college professor whom she knew. Soon after, Freddie finds her dead in her hotel room, an apparent suicide.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: As the Suez Crisis escalates, the production team strives to report on British involvement in the crisis, despite pressure from the administration and in particular Angus McCain (Julian Rhind-Tutt) to present a sanitised narrative for the public. Freddie becomes more and more convinced that Peter Darrall and Ruth Elms were killed for some sinister reason. He discovers a secret message that Darrall tried to pass on before he was murdered: "Revert to Brightstone" and finds a movie reel depicting Ruth, Darrall, and Thomas Kish on holiday together. When confronted, Kish intimates that the government is behind the murder of Darrall and Elms, but he kills himself after a struggle with Freddie before the latter can learn more. Bel begins an affair with Hector. Hector's wife, Marnie (Oona Castilla Chaplin) finds out, telling Bel that she wasn't the first woman to have been with him since they married. After Clarence tells Bel that the affair threatens to ruin her career and damage the show, she calls it off.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: As the Suez Crisis flares into armed conflict, Freddie learns that Darrall had been a communist spy and had been involved in a program to recruit bright and susceptible young people, referred to as "Bright Stones" to the Soviet cause. Ruth had been one of these Bright Stones and Kish had been sent by MI6 to keep tabs on them. Freddie also discovers that he is marked as a "Bright Stone". As British troops move to seize the Suez Canal, Freddie does a live interview of Lord Elms, Ruth's father, who denounces the government. However, as the interview goes out Clarence, at the insistence of higher-ups in the government, orders it to be taken off air halfway through the show. Bel is then fired by the BBC and Freddie confronts Clarence, who tells him that he had put him on the Bright Stone list, and that he is a Communist spy. He then tells Freddie to run this information as a news story. Freddie leaves the studio with Bel, telling her that they have a story to write.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: The second series takes place in 1957. A new Head of BBC News, Randall Brown (Peter Capaldi) has taken over, to whom Bel must report while attempting to prevent the programme's now famous and increasingly dissolute presenter Hector Madden from defecting to rival ITV. Freddie, having spent time in France and married a French woman, Camille, is taken back as a co-presenter to the fury of Hector. In trying to hold on to Hector, Bel becomes involved with the ITV magazine producer Bill Kendall. Two big issues dominate the series and join together: vice in London's Soho and the nuclear race.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Hector, despite marital problems, frequents a Soho nightclub, El Paradis, run by Raphael Cilenti, whose leading dancer is Kiki Delaine. During a party hosted by Hector and his wife Marnie at their apartment two policemen arrive to arrest Hector on suspicion of beating up Kiki, which Hector denies. Hector's wife, Marnie, allows him to stay at the police station and spends the night at their home before she goes for an audition to get on a cookery show. She finally goes to take him home, but is now determined not to endure his extra-marital affairs, telling him their marriage is now for appearances only. Freddie and Bel pursue the story about the attack on Kiki.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Racial tension is on the rise across London, following the arrival of Commonwealth immigrants, and Freddie's is keen to feature the issue and decides to interview a fascist (Trevor) the same day that board members come to the studio. Camille suffers xenophobic abuse from fascists. Bel meanwhile decides that The Hour will run on the Wolfenden Report, but she finds it impossible to get participants.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Show-girl Rosa-Maria visits Bel to tell her that Kiki has disappeared; Hector calls Laurie for help, unaware that he has contacted the person who assaulted her. Freddie is sure that he is on the track to uncovering the truth about Kiki, despite a warning from Commander Laurence Stern for the team to stay away from the story. An argument with McCain leads to a drunken Hector being escorted home by Stern and there Hector begins to recall an incident from their military past which throws doubt on his friend's character.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Freddie and Bel continue their search for Kiki; they pitch the exposé of Cilenti's criminal activities coupled with anti-nuclear policy, but Randall challenges them to get sources to show that the first story is ready. In order to satisfy him Bel meets Rosa-Maria, who puts herself in danger and reveals how Cilenti's has such power over some of the country's most influential leaders. Meanwhile, Randall and Lix, who had worked together in Spain during the civil war grow closer over their daughter, who was adopted.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Bel continues her relationship with Bill, to the annoyance of Freddie, who is soon abandoned by Camille. Photos from a recent NATO summit contain a face which Freddie deduces forms the connection between the Cilenti and the nuclear stories. Bel's source is murdered and, shaken she tries to stop the pursuit of the Cilenti story. Freddie and Hector however, follow the story further to establishment corruption involving a mystery company aiming to profit from nuclear bases. Finally Hector's face hits the tabloids in connection with the vice scandal, making it more difficult for The Hour to cover such a major conspiracy. Freddie's determination to follow the story to the very end puts him in mortal danger.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: The show was officially cancelled by the BBC on 12 February 2013. The BBC commented: "We loved the show but have to make hard choices to bring new shows through." It was commented that while the show had received good reviews, its viewing figures were low and therefore a third series was not merited. The second series only managed to muster an average of 1.24 million viewers per episode, compared to the first series which managed an average of 2.02 million. For BBC2, primetime shows normally require an average audience of at least 1.75 million to be recommissioned. Producers commented that they were upset to see the show cancelled, as they had plans for a third series. On 18 April 2018, The Hour writer Abi Morgan revealed in an interview with RadioTimes that she was trying to resurrect the series for a third series in 1960's London. The Hour's Executive producer Jane Featherstone also said that she would be keen to revive the show.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Critical reception of the first episode was mixed, with Sam Wollaston of "The Guardian" expressing scepticism over a popular comparison with "Mad Men", calling the episode a "slower starter" and "a bit of hotchpotch – "Drop the Dead Donkey" meets "Spooks"", but overall stating that "there's enough intrigue there to whet the appetite for more". However, AA Gill in "The Sunday Times" called it " guff" with "a script that would shame a Bruce Willis movie", and Michael Deacon of "The Telegraph" criticised it as "an exercise in upbraiding the past for failing to live up to the politically correct ideals of the 21st century", although he praised Morgan's writing and concluded by stating "I wouldn't want to give up on "The Hour" too soon". Even so, there were some criticisms of the script as being riddled with anachronisms, with the show's writer Abi Morgan admitting some lines "haven't worked".


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: The show was well received in its American premiere on BBC America, receiving an 81 on Metacritic, indicating "Universal Acclaim". Reviewing it for "The New Yorker" magazine, Nancy Franklin wrote that it is "almost absurdly gratifying. With its casting, its look, its unfolding mysteries, its attention to important historical events, its sexiness, "The Hour" hits every pleasure center." In the full printed version of the same article, she adds "[It is] as if it were a space containing chocolate, gold, a book you've always wanted to read, your favorite music, and the love of your life, who desires you unceasingly." Mary McNamara in the "Los Angeles Times" writes that the second season "improves its already stellar cast and grows in sophistication", and notes that, during its first season, "critics were divided – mostly by the Atlantic." Alyssa Rosenberg wrote in "The Atlantic": ""The Hour" is not the British "Mad Men": it's better."


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Founder member of ITN Lynne Reid Banks criticised the series for putting a more recent modus operandi into the 1950s.


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: In the United States, this programme commenced screening on BBC America from 17 August 2011 each Wednesday at 10 pm E/P (9pm C). The programme commenced screening in Australia on ABC1 from 21 November 2011 each Monday at 8:30 pm, with episode one and two combined into a première movie-length airing. In Canada, this programme became available through Netflix in January 2012. In South Africa, this series has been acquired by M-Net to screen from 25 December 2012 at 8.30PM .


title: The Hour (2011 TV series)

text: Kudos Film and Television produced a four-DVD set of the complete two BBC series (with a 15 age certificate), along with 'extras' such as features behind the scenes and the art design of the programmes, and with interviews with members of the cast, in 2012.


title: Vektor R4

text: The Vektor R4 is a 5.56×45mm assault rifle designed in 1979 based on the IMI Galil rifle. It entered service as the standard service rifle of the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1980. The R4 replaced the R1, a variant of the 7.62×51mm FN FAL. It was produced by Lyttelton Engineering Works (LIW, "Lyttelton Ingenieurswerke"), now Denel Land Systems.


title: Vektor R4

text: The weapon is a licensed variant of the Israeli IMI Galil assault rifle with several modifications; both the stock and magazine are now made of a high-strength polymer and the stock was lengthened, adapting the weapon for the average South African soldier. Other detailed differences include the R4's lack of a carry handle and a number of improvements made to its internal operating mechanism.


title: Vektor R4

text: The R4 is a selective fire, gas-operated weapon that fires from a closed bolt. As with the Galil parent weapon, the operating system is derived from that of the AK-47. It uses ignited powder gases channelled through a vent in the barrel to drive a long stroke piston located above the barrel in a gas cylinder to provide power to the operating system. The weapon features a self-regulating gas system and a rotary bolt breech locking mechanism (equipped with two locking lugs), which is rotated by a helical camming groove machined into the bolt carrier that engages a control pin on the bolt. Extraction is carried out by means of a spring-loaded extractor contained in the bolt and a protrusion on the left guide rail inside the receiver acts as the fixed ejector.


title: Vektor R4

text: The R4 is hammer-fired and uses a trigger mechanism with a 3-position fire selector and safety switch. The stamped sheet steel selector bar is present on both sides of the receiver and its positions are marked with letters: "S"— indicating the weapon is safe, "R"—single-fire mode ("R" is an abbreviation for "repetition"), and "A"—fully automatic fire. The "safe" setting disables the trigger and secures the weapon from being charged.


title: Vektor R4

text: The R4 is fed from a synthetic box magazine with a 35-round cartridge capacity (designed to use the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge with the M193 projectile) loaded in a staggered configuration. During the 1980s South African troops were issued with one 50-round magazine as well. The flash suppressor is slotted and doubles as an adapter for launching rifle grenades. Bolted to a bracket in the gas block, under the barrel, is a lightweight folding bipod (folds into the handguard), which includes a wire cutter in the hinge.


title: Vektor R4

text: The R4 has a side-folding tubular stock, which folds to the right side of the receiver. The rifle's handguard, pistol grip, magazine, stock arms and shoulder pad are all made from a synthetic material, making it lighter in weight than the equivalent original Galil model which uses heavier metal and wood in these components.


title: Vektor R4

text: For regular field maintenance and cleaning, the firearm is disassembled into the following components: the receiver and barrel group, bolt carrier, bolt, return mechanism, gas tube, receiver dust cover and magazine.


title: Vektor R4

text: The rifle has conventional iron sights that consist of a front post and a flip-up rear sight with 300 and 500 m apertures. The front sight is adjustable for windage and elevation and is installed in a durable circular shroud. The rear sight is welded at the end of the receiver's dust cover. For nighttime use, the R4 is equipped with self-luminous tritium light dots (exposed after placing the rear sight in an intermediate position) installed in a pivoting bar to the front sight base, which folds up in front of the standard post and aligns with two dots in the rear sight notch.


title: Vektor R4

text: DLS has introduced remanufactured models of the R4, R5, R6 that have Picatinny rails. DLS has also introduced grenade launchers, grips and other underbarrel attachments.


title: Vektor R4

text: The South African Navy, South African Air Force, South African Military Health Service, and South African Police Service adopted a short carbine version of the 5.56 mm Galil SAR, which was license-manufactured as the R5. The R5, when compared to the larger R4, has a barrel that is shorter, together with a shorter gas system and handguard. It also lacks a bipod, and the flash hider does not support rifle grenades.


title: Vektor R4

text: In the 1990s, an even more compact personal defence weapon variant of the R5 was developed for armoured vehicle crews, designated the R6, which has a further reduced barrel and a shortened gas cylinder and piston assembly. This reduced the barrel length to .


title: Vektor R4

text: Denel developed prototypes for the R7 and R8, a heavy barrelled squad automatic weapon and a locally produced Micro-Galil, respectively, but it is unclear whether these entered production.


title: Vektor R4

text: LIW/DLS also introduced a line of semi-automatic variants of the R4, R5 and R6 called the LM4, LM5 and LM6 respectively, built for civilian and law enforcement users. The rifles were marketed by Musgrave, with the joint venture between the Lyttelton and Musgrave conferring the rifle's "LM" prefix.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: Haaz Sleiman (; ; born July 1, 1976) is a Lebanese actor. He most notably played the role of Tarek in the 2007 film "The Visitor" for which he was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male and the role of Jesus in the American TV mini-series "Killing Jesus", in addition to a number of American TV series.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: Sleiman was born in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and raised in Beirut, Lebanon. He immigrated to the United States when he was twenty-one years old.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: In 2006, Sleiman portrayed an American soldier in Iraq on the NBC series "ER" and, that same year, had a recurring role as an Arab billionaire in the CBS series "Company Town". He portrayed the terrorist suspect Heydar in three 2007 episodes of the FOX series "24" and appeared on both "NCIS" and "Veronica Mars" in 2007.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: He co-starred as Tarek, an undocumented Syrian immigrant in the critically acclaimed 2007 independent film "The Visitor", a drama directed by Tom McCarthy. The film was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award. Sleiman also had small roles in the 2006 film "American Dreamz" and the 2007 film "AmericanEast".


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: Sleiman played nurse Mohammed "Mo-Mo" De La Cruz in the first season of the Showtime dark comedy series "Nurse Jackie", which premiered in June 2009.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: In 2011, Sleiman played the role of Omar, a Palestinian activist, in the Channel 4 mini-series "The Promise".


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: Sleiman also played the role of Kasim Tariq in the CW Network TV show "Nikita"; he appeared in two episodes.


title: Haaz Sleiman

text: In an interview with the Christian Broadcasting Network, Sleiman claimed that he is Muslim, Christian, and Jewish. On August 22, 2017, he came out as gay via a Facebook video.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Oghenemaro Miles "Maro" Itoje (born 28 October 1994) is an English professional rugby union player, who plays as a lock or as a blindside flanker for Gallagher Premiership club Saracens and the England national team. He signed his first professional contract with Saracens in 2012, and made his first appearance the following year. He received his first-call up to the England team in 2016 ahead of the annual Six Nations Championship, and became a firm favourite to both Saracens and England fans.


title: Maro Itoje

text: So far in his rugby career, he has won four English Premiership titles with Saracens, three European Rugby Champions Cup titles, and three Six Nations Championship titles.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje has been selected for two British & Irish Lions tours and in the second tour was voted the Lions Player of the series by his peers.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Maro Itoje was born in Camden, North London to Nigerian parents. He attended Salcombe Preparatory School in Southgate, North London at a primary level, before moving to board at St George's School in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. At St George's Itoje was first introduced to rugby at the age of eleven. He later won a scholarship to Harrow School, an independent school in London.


title: Maro Itoje

text: As a schoolboy, Itoje played several sports including basketball, football, rugby and athletics, representing England at U17 level in shot put. He studied for a politics degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies in Bloomsbury, London at the same time as starting his rugby career.


title: Maro Itoje

text: His senior debut for Saracens came in the 2013–14 season, aged 19, when he played against Cardiff Blues in the Anglo-Welsh Cup. He made his Aviva Premiership debut against Leicester Tigers later in the same season. Prior to this he had played for Harpenden RFC at junior level (2005–11), then in the first team at Old Albanian RFC, usually as a lock (second row forward). During his time at Saracens he has won four Premiership titles in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, with Itoje featuring in all four finals. He also helped Saracens win the European Champions Cup in 2016, 2017 and 2019.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje represented England at U18 and captained the England U20 team in the 2013–14 season. He scored a try in every 2014 Six Nations Under 20s Championship game and was England's Man of the Tournament.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Also in 2014 Itoje with England won the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship co-captaining the side throughout the tournament.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje was called up to the England Saxons squad on 21 January 2015 and made his debut against Ireland Wolfhounds on 30 January 2015.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje was selected for the England 2015 Rugby World Cup training squad and received his first call-up to the senior England squad from new coach Eddie Jones on 13 January 2016 for the 2016 Six Nations Championship. He went on to make his first-team debut against Italy and was named Man of the Match for his performance in the win against Wales on 12 March 2016. England later went on to win the Grand Slam. Itoje also played a starring role in the summer series win against Australia, starting all three Tests.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje was again instrumental in England's defence of the Six Nations title in 2017, this time starting all five games at blindside flanker rather than his more usual second row.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje was selected for the British & Irish Lions for their tour of New Zealand, being the youngest player named in the 41-man squad, aged 22. He was one of the standout players on the tour, scoring one try against the Maori All Blacks and appearing in all three tests against the All Blacks. The Lions went on to draw the three-game series in the final test.


title: Maro Itoje

text: He was again selected for the 2021 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa, which the tourists went on to lose in the closely fought 3rd game decider. He was again a standout player and was subsequently voted the Lions Player of the series by his peers.


title: Maro Itoje

text: Itoje has been described by many as a hard-working player and also as a team leader, with many writers claiming him to be a "star player". He is mobile and agile for a lock forward, with the capacity to get into wide channels, make breaks through his speed, and claim turnovers in the ruck. He is also outstanding in the air, whether in the lineout or open play. Many believe he has no real weaknesses as a rugby player, though some have argued he does give away too many penalties in breakdowns.


title: Laki

text: Laki () or Lakagígar (, "Craters of Laki") is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The fissure is properly referred to as Lakagígar, while Laki is a mountain that the fissure bisects. Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Þórðarhyrna. It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction.


title: Laki

text: The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn, pouring out an estimated 42 billion tonnes or of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil, leading to the death of over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops. This led to a famine which then killed approximately a quarter of the island's human population.


title: Laki

text: The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures, as 120 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India.


title: Laki

text: On 8 June 1783, a fissure of at least 130 vents opened with phreatomagmatic explosions because of the groundwater interacting with the rising basalt magma. Over a few days the eruptions became less explosive, Strombolian, and later Hawaiian in character, with high rates of lava effusion. This event is rated as 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, but the eight-month emission of sulfuric aerosols resulted in one of the most important climatic and socially significant natural events of the last millennium.


title: Laki

text: The eruption, also known as the ("Skaftá fires") or Síðueldur produced an estimated of basalt lava, and the total volume of tephra emitted was . Lava fountains were estimated to have reached heights of . The gases were carried by the convective eruption column to altitudes of about .


title: Laki

text: The eruption continued until 7 February 1784, but most of the lava was ejected in the first five months. One study states that the event "occurred as ten pulses of activity, each starting with a short-lived explosive phase followed by a long-lived period of fire-fountaining". Grímsvötn volcano, from which the Laki fissure extends, also erupted at the time, from 1783 until 1785. The outpouring of gases, including an estimated 8 million tonnes of fluorine and an estimated 120 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, gave rise to what has since become known as the "Laki haze" across Europe.


title: Laki

text: The consequences for Iceland, known as the (mist hardships), were disastrous. An estimated 20–25% of the population died in the famine after the fissure eruptions ensued. (Some sources specify a death toll of 9,000 people.) Approximately 80% of sheep, 50% of cattle and 50% of horses died because of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis from the 8 million tons of fluorine that were released. The livestock deaths were primarily caused by eating the contaminated grass; the subsequent famine claimed many of the human lives that were lost.


title: Laki

text: The parish minister and provost of Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla, Jón Steingrímsson (1728–1791), grew famous for the ("fire mass") that he delivered on 20 July 1783. The church farm of Kirkjubæjarklaustur was endangered by a branch of the lava flow that halted not far from the farm while the Rev. Jón and his parishioners were worshipping in the church. The spot at which the lava diverted away from the church became known thereafter as ("Fire Mass Point").


title: Laki

text: There is evidence that the Laki eruption weakened African and Indian monsoon circulations, leading to between less daily precipitation than normal over the Sahel of Africa, resulting in, among other effects, low flow in the River Nile. The resulting famine that afflicted Egypt in 1784 cost it roughly one-sixth of its population. The eruption was also found to have affected South Arabia and India.


title: Laki

text: The Great Tenmei famine of 1782–1788 in Japan may have been worsened by the Laki eruption. In the same year, Mt. Asama erupted in Japan (Tenmei eruption).


title: Laki

text: An estimated 120,000,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide was emitted, about three times the total annual European industrial output in 2006 (but delivered to higher altitudes, hence its persistence), and equivalent to six times the total 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. This outpouring of sulfur dioxide during unusual weather conditions caused a thick haze to spread across western Europe, resulting in many thousands of deaths throughout the remainder of 1783 and the winter of 1784.


title: Laki

text: The summer of 1783 was the hottest on record and a rare high-pressure zone over Iceland caused the winds to blow to the south-east. The poisonous cloud drifted to Bergen in Denmark–Norway, then spread to Prague in the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) by 17 June, Berlin by 18 June, Paris by 20 June, Le Havre by 22 June, and Great Britain by 23 June. The fog was so thick that ships stayed in port, unable to navigate, and the sun was described as "blood coloured".


title: Laki

text: Inhaling sulfur dioxide gas causes victims to choke as their internal soft tissues swell – the gas reacts with the moisture in the lungs and produces sulfurous acid. The local death rate in Chartres was up by 5% during August and September, with more than 40 dead. In Great Britain, the east of England was most affected. The records show that the additional deaths were among outdoor workers; the death rate in Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire, and the east coast was perhaps two or three times the normal rate. It has been estimated that 23,000 British people died from the poisoning.


title: Laki

text: The weather became very hot, causing severe thunderstorms with large hailstones that were reported to have killed cattle, until the haze dissipated in the autumn. The winter of 1783–1784 was very severe; the naturalist Gilbert White in Selborne, Hampshire, reported 28 days of continuous frost. The extreme winter is estimated to have caused 8,000 additional deaths in the UK. During the spring thaw, Germany and Central Europe reported severe flood damage. This is considered part of a volcanic winter.


title: Laki

text: The meteorological impact of Laki continued, contributing significantly to several years of extreme weather in Europe. In France, the sequence of extreme weather events included a failed harvest in 1785 that caused poverty for rural workers, as well as droughts, bad winters and summers. These events contributed significantly to an increase in poverty and famine that may have contributed to the French Revolution in 1789. Laki was only one factor in a decade of climatic disruption, as Grímsvötn was erupting from 1783 to 1785, and there may have been an unusually strong El Niño effect from 1789 to 1793.


title: Laki

text: In North America, the winter of 1784 was the longest and one of the coldest on record. It was the longest period of below-zero temperatures in New England, with the largest accumulation of snow in New Jersey, and the longest freezing over of Chesapeake Bay. At the time, the capital of the United States was situated on the Chesapeake at Annapolis, Maryland; the weather delayed Congressmen who were traveling there to vote for the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the American Revolutionary War. A huge snowstorm hit the South; the Mississippi River froze at New Orleans and there were reports of ice floes in the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Laki

text: According to contemporary records, Hekla did not erupt in 1783; its previous eruption was in 1766. The Laki fissure eruption was east and the Grímsvötn volcano was erupting about northeast. Katla, only southeast, was still renowned after its spectacular eruption 28 years earlier in 1755.


title: Laki

text: Sir John Cullum of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England, recorded his observations on 23 June 1783 (the same date on which Gilbert White noted the onset of the unusual atmospheric phenomena), in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the Royal Society:


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Neo-Ottomanism (Turkish: "Yeni Osmanlıcılık, Neo-Osmanlıcılık") is an Islamist, irredentist and imperialist Turkish political ideology that, in its broadest sense, advocates to honor the Ottoman past of Turkey and promotes greater political engagement of the Republic of Turkey within regions formerly under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor state that covered the territory of modern Turkey among others.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: The term has been associated with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's irredentist, interventionist and expansionist foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the neighboring Cyprus, Greece, Iraq, Syria, as well as in Africa, including Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh. However, the term has been rejected by members of the Erdoğan Government, such as the former Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu and Parliament Speaker Mustafa Şentop.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: One of the first uses of the term was in a Chatham House paper by David Barchard in 1985, in which Barchard suggested that a "Neo-Ottoman option" might be a possible avenue for Turkey's future development. It seems also to have been used by the Greeks sometime after Turkey's invasion of Cyprus in 1974.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: In the 21st century, the term has come to signify a domestic trend in Turkish politics, where the revival of Ottoman traditions and culture has been accompanied by the rise of the Justice and Development Party (Turkish: Adalet ve Kalkınma Patisi, abbreviated AKP founded in 2001) which came to power in 2002. The use of the ideology by Justice and Development Party has mainly supported a greater influence of Ottoman culture in domestic social policy which has caused issues with the secular and republican credentials of modern Turkey. The AKP have used slogans such as "" ("descendant of the Ottomans") to refer to their supporters and also their former leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (who was elected President in 2014) during their election campaigns. These domestic ideals have also seen a revival of neo-Ottomanism in the AKP's foreign policy. Besides acting as a clear distinction between them and ardent supporters of secularism, the social Ottomanism advocated by the AKP has served as a basis for their efforts to transform Turkey's existing parliamentary system into a presidential system, favouring a strong centralised leadership similar to that of the Ottoman era. Critics have thus accused Erdoğan of acting like an "Ottoman sultan".


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Neo-Ottomanism has been used to describe Turkish foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party which took power in 2002 under Erdoğan, who subsequently became Prime Minister. Neo-Ottomanism is a dramatic shift from the traditional Turkish foreign policy of the Kemalist ideology, which emphasized looking westward towards Europe. The shift away from this concept in Turkish foreign policy under Turgut Özal's government has been described as the first step towards neo-Ottomanism.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Neo-Ottomanism had a basis in religious circles. Fethullah Gülen, an influential Islamic cult leader, looks both to personal transformation and social and political activism, and fully embraces Turkish nationalism—the defining characteristic of which is Islam, not nationality—and economic neoliberalism while stressing continuity with Turkey's Ottoman past. His emphasis on the role of the state and neoliberalism are legacies of the changing nature of the late Ottoman state from the vantage point of the east, including conflicts between Muslims and Christians in the Yugoslavia and, later, the expansion of the Soviet Union and the threat it posed.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: The Ottoman Empire was an influential global power which, at its peak, controlled the Balkans and most of the modern-day Middle East. Neo-Ottomanist foreign policy encourages increased engagement in these regions as part of Turkey's growing regional influence. This foreign policy contributed to an improvement in Turkey's relations with its neighbors, particularly with Iraq, Iran and Syria. However Turkey's relations with Israel, once Turkey's ally, suffered, especially after the 2008–09 Gaza War and the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Ahmet Davutoğlu, Turkish foreign minister from 2009 to 2014 and "head architect" of the new foreign policy, has, however, rejected the term "neo-Ottomanism" to describe his country's new foreign policy.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Turkey's new foreign policy started a debate, principally in the Western media, as to whether Turkey is undergoing an "axis shift"; in other words whether it is drifting away from the West and heading towards the Middle East and Asia. Such fears appear more frequently in Western media when Turkish tensions with Israel rise. Then-President Abdullah Gül dismissed claims that Turkey has shifted its foreign policy axis.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: Davutoğlu worked to define Turkey's new foreign policy on the principle of "zero problems with neighbours", as opposed to Neo-Ottomanism. "Soft power" is regarded as particularly useful.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: As President, Erdoğan has overseen a revival of Ottoman tradition. While serving as the Prime Minister of Turkey, Erdoğan's AKP made references to the Ottoman era during election campaigns, such as calling their supporters 'grandsons of Ottomans' "(Osmanlı torunu)." This proved controversial, since it was perceived to be an open attack against the republican nature of modern Turkey founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In 2015, Erdoğan made a statement in which he endorsed the old Ottoman term "külliye" to refer to university campuses rather than the standard Turkish word "kampüs". Many critics have thus accused Erdoğan of wanting to become an Ottoman sultan and abandon the secular and democratic credentials of the Republic. The American philosopher, Noam Chomsky, said that "Erdogan in Turkey is basically trying to create something like the Ottoman Caliphate, with him as caliph, supreme leader, throwing his weight around all over the place, and destroying the remnants of democracy in Turkey at the same time".


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: When pressed on this issue in January 2015, Erdoğan rejected these claims and told TRT that he would aim to fill a role more similar to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, explaining, "In my opinion, even the UK is a semi-presidency. And the dominant element is the Queen".


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: In July 2020, after the Council of State annulled the Cabinet's 1934 decision to establish the Hagia Sophia as museum and revoking the monument's status, Erdoğan ordered its reclassification as a mosque. The 1934 decree was ruled to be unlawful under both Ottoman and Turkish law as Hagia Sophia's "waqf", endowed by Sultan Mehmed II, had designated the site a mosque; proponents of the decision argued the Hagia Sophia was the personal property of the sultan. This redesignation is controversial, invoking condemnation from the Turkish opposition, UNESCO, the World Council of Churches, the Holy See, and many other international leaders. In August 2020, he also signed the order that transferred the administration of the Chora Church to the Directorate of Religious Affairs to open it for worship as a mosque. Initially converted to a mosque by the Ottomans, the building had then been designated as a museum by the government since 1934.


title: Neo-Ottomanism

text: August 26, 2020, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan gave a speech, saying that "in our civilization, conquest is not occupation or looting. It is establishing the dominance of the justice that Allah commanded in the region. First of all, our nation removed the oppression from the areas that it conquered. It established justice. This is why our civilization is one of conquest. Turkey will take what is its right in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Aegean Sea, and in the Black Sea.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Jonathan Bryan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne (born 16 March 1930), is a British peer and businessman. A member of the Guinness family, he is the elder of the two sons of Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne, and his first wife Diana Mitford (later Lady Mosley). Until his retirement, he was a merchant banker with Messrs Leopold Joseph.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Guinness was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford. He worked as a journalist and then as a merchant banker. From 1970 to 1974 he was a Leicestershire County Councillor.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Guinness stood twice unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for the Conservative Party, at both the 1973 Lincoln by-election (notable for the election of Dick Taverne) and the 1976 Coventry North West by-election.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: He was a long-standing and early member (1968) of the Conservative Monday Club, serving on several of its committees. He was a member of the club's executive council in 1971, when he became chairman of their 'Action Fund'. In the Spring 1972 edition of "Monday World" he contributed an article entitled "The Club Today – Opportunities and Growing Pains". He was subsequently elected national chairman on 5 June following, fighting off challenges from Richard Body MP, and Timothy Stroud. "The Guardian" and "The Times" referred to his election as "a right-wing victory". At the club's annual general meeting in April 1973 Guinness retained the chairmanship for another year, defeating George Kennedy Young by 30 percent of the vote. In mid-1974 he was invited to address conservative students at Portsmouth Polytechnic, but was "prevented from entering by a solid wall of militant protesters hurling abuse". Guinness was a supporter of Rhodesia and, with John Stokes and the Lord Barnby addressed a Monday Club meeting on the issue in 1974 in Caxton Hall.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: On 10 October 1989, at the Conservative Party Conference, he chaired a fringe meeting organised by the Young Monday Club, advertised as "The End of the English? – Immigration and Repatriation". The other speakers were MPs Tim Janman and Nicholas Budgen.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: As chairman of the club's Race Relations & Immigration Committee, he also wrote the same month to all Club members; "There has been a lot of ill-thought out agitation following events in China, urging the government to amend the British Nationality Act so as to give the right of UK residence to more than three million people from Hong Kong who hold British passports. At the time of writing the government has stayed firm on this, but it is under pressure. If you have not already done so, please write to your M.P., your local and national newspapers, or the Prime Minister expressing support for the government's stand. Remember, a passport is not a residence permit, but a travel document; and think of the sheer physical burden of housing and accommodating a sudden influx of this size."


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Lord Moyne was accused of involvement in a Swedish financial scandal. The case concerns a now defunct Swedish investment company, Trustor, of which Lord Moyne was made a figurehead director. It was alleged that Guinness was involved in the disappearance of £50,000,000 from Trustor's accounts, £35,000,000 of which were soon found on Trustor AB:s own bank account as they had never left the company. Guinness maintained that he was innocent of any wrongdoing, claiming he has been "stitched up". During the proceedings, Swedish authorities were successful in obtaining a freezing order over what little assets he had left. He was found innocent by the Swedish court.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Lord Moyne has spoken in support of the Falun Gong movement in China since it was banned there in 1999, as reported in Hansard.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Lord Moyne was a non-executive director from 1960 to 1988 of the company set up by his family. His book "Requiem for a Family Business" gives an uninvolved insider's account of the corporate developments leading to the Guinness share-trading fraud.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: He married firstly, in 1951 (marriage dissolved 1963), Ingrid Wyndham, later the wife of Lord Kelvedon, with issue:


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: To avert a scandal over the extramarital affair with Taylor, Lord Moyne published "Shoe – The Odyssey of a Sixties Survivor" in 1989. "The Sun" newspaper ran a double-page article with pictures entitled "Always a Mistress – Never the Bride" on 6 July 1989.


title: Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne

text: Moyne and his daughter Daphne both had letters published in the same edition of "The Daily Telegraph" (16 August 2003) attacking the writer Andrew Roberts over his criticism in the same newspaper on 13 August 2003 of Jonathan's mother, Lady Mosley, following her death.


title: Back-pass rule

text: In association football, the back-pass rule prohibits the goalkeeper from handling the ball in most cases when it is passed to them by a team-mate. It is described in Law 12, Section 2 of the Laws of the Game.


title: Back-pass rule

text: Goalkeepers are normally allowed to handle the ball within their own penalty area, and once they have control of the ball in their hands opposition players may not challenge them for it. However the back-pass rule prohibits goalkeepers from handling the ball after it has been deliberately kicked to them by a team-mate, or after receiving it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate. Back-passes with parts of the body other than the foot, such as headers, are allowed. Despite the popular name "back-pass rule", there is no requirement in the laws that the kick or throw-in must be "backwards"; handling by the goalkeeper is forbidden regardless of the direction the ball travels.


title: Back-pass rule

text: The penalty for the offence is an indirect free kick. This is awarded from the position where the handling occurred, unless it is within the 6-yard goal area, in which the kick is taken from the point on the 6-yard line closest to the point of the offence.


title: Back-pass rule

text: Goalkeepers are allowed to handle the ball if the ball is played back to them by an action other than a kick or throw-in (such as a header), but defenders are not permitted to attempt to use a deliberate trick to pass the ball to the goalkeeper with a part of the body other than the foot to circumvent the rule. This would include flicking the ball up with the foot and then heading the ball back to the goalkeeper, or heading a ball on the ground that would otherwise be regularly playable with the foot.


title: Back-pass rule

text: The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) has provided the following guidance to goalies about when they cannot use their hands on the ball in the penalty area:


title: Back-pass rule

text: The back-pass rule was introduced in 1992 to discourage time-wasting and unduly defensive play after the 1990 World Cup was described as exceedingly dull, rife with back-passing and goalkeepers holding up the ball to waste time.


title: Back-pass rule

text: The first games played with the new rule were at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Early matches with the new rule resulted in some confusion in defences; indeed in the very first game Italy fell foul of the new rule and the United States were able to score after being awarded an indirect free kick 15 yards from goal.


title: Back-pass rule

text: In 1997, the back-pass rule was extended to prevent goalkeepers handling the ball when received directly from a team-mate's throw in.


title: Back-pass rule

text: A goal scored by FC Bayern Munich from an indirect free kick, awarded for a back-pass late in a game between them and Hamburger SV, was decisive in Bayern winning the 2000–01 Bundesliga.


title: Back-pass rule

text: The back pass rule is considered one of the most popular and successful rule changes in the modern game. As well as preventing dull play, it also required goalkeepers to become more proficient with playing the ball with the foot, and has been cited as the start of the evolution of the play-making "sweeper-keeper".


title: Golden Gate

text: The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. The entire shoreline and adjacent waters throughout the strait are managed by the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.


title: Golden Gate

text: During the last ice age, when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River scoured a deep channel through the bedrock on their way to the ocean. (A similar process created the undersea Hudson Canyon off the coast of New York and New Jersey.) The strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters. With its strong currents, rocky reefs and fog, the Golden Gate is the site of over 100 shipwrecks.


title: Golden Gate

text: The Golden Gate is often shrouded in coastal fog, especially during the summer. Heat generated in the California Central Valley causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the California Coast Range, allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there. Although there is no weather station on Golden Gate proper, the area has a mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csb") with very narrow temperature fluctuations, cool summers and mild winters. For the nearest weather station see the weatherbox of San Francisco. The Golden Gate Bridge being nearer the ocean and at elevation indicate it being cooler during summer days. Nearer the San Francisco urban core, the temperatures resemble the official NOAA weather station instead.


title: Golden Gate

text: Before Europeans arrived in the 18th century the area around the strait and the bay was inhabited by Native Americans - the Ohlone people to the south and Coast Miwok to the north. Descendants of both tribes remain in the area.


title: Golden Gate

text: The opening to the strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo nor Francis Drake, both of whom may have explored the nearby coast in the 16th century in search of the fabled Northwest Passage. The strait is also unrecorded in observations by Spanish galleons on the Manila-Acapulco run from the Philippines that laid up in nearby Drakes Bay to the north. These rarely passed east of the Farallon Islands ( west of the Golden Gate), for fear of the possibility of rocks between the islands and the mainland.


title: Golden Gate

text: The first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. In 1769, Sgt José Francisco Ortega, the leader of a scouting party sent north along the San Francisco Peninsula by Don Gaspar de Portolá from their expedition encampment in San Pedro Valley to locate the Point Reyes headlands, reported back to Portolá that he could not reach the location because of the existence of the strait. On August 5, 1775 Juan de Ayala and the crew of his ship "San Carlos" became the first Europeans known to have passed through the strait, anchoring in a cove behind Angel Island, the cove now named in Ayala's honor. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the "Boca del Puerto de San Francisco" ("Mouth of the Port of San Francisco"). On July 1, 1846, before the discovery of gold in California, the entrance acquired a new name. In his memoirs, John C. Frémont wrote, "To this Gate I gave the name of 'Chrysopylae', or 'Golden Gate'; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn." He went on to comment that the strait was “a golden gate to trade with the Orient.”


title: Golden Gate

text: The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp on May 1, 1923, celebrating "The Golden Gate", portraying the schooner USS "Babcock" passing through an empty strait. The "Babcock" served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919, with San Francisco as its port of call.


title: Golden Gate

text: In 1933 construction began on the Golden Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge connecting the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. Today it is part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1.


title: Golden Gate

text: The Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when completed in 1937, and is an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and the state of California. Since its completion the span has been surpassed by eighteen other bridges, and remains second longest in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the "List of America's Favorite Architecture" by the American Institute of Architects.


title: Golden Gate

text: The Golden Gate strait serves as the primary access channel for navigation to and from the San Francisco Bay, one of the largest cargo ports in the United States. Commercial ports includes the Port of Oakland, the Port of Richmond, and the Port of San Francisco. Commercial cargo ships use the Golden Gate to access the San Francisco Bay, as well as barges, tankers, fishing boats, cruise ships, and privately owned boats, including wind-surfers and kite-boards. About 9000 ships moved through the Golden Gate in 2014, and a similar amount in 2015. The U.S Coast Guard maintains a Vessel Traffic Service to monitor and regulate vessel traffic through the Golden Gate.


title: Golden Gate

text: For navigational guidance, there are white and green lights on the center of the span of the Golden Gate Bridge. Lighthouses with beacons and foghorns provide alerts at Point Bonita, Point Diablo, Lime Point and Mile Rocks. Before the Golden Gate Bridge was built, a lighthouse protected the south side of the strait at Fort Point. Buoys and radar reflectors provide additional navigational aid at various locations throughout the strait.


title: Jesus Jones

text: Jesus Jones are a British alternative rock band from Bradford-on-Avon in Wiltshire, formed in late 1988, who continue to record and perform, as of 2021. Their track "Right Here, Right Now" was an international hit, and was subsequently globally licensed for promotional and advertising campaigns. The single was also nominated for a Grammy award at the 34th Annual Grammy Awards in 1991, as was its album, "Doubt". They also achieved chart success with the songs "Real Real Real", "International Bright Young Thing" and "Info Freako".


title: Jesus Jones

text: Incorporating elements of electronic music styles such as house and techno to an indie rock format, along with fellow British groups such as The Shamen, Pop Will Eat Itself and EMF, Jesus Jones were one of the leading purveyors of the early 1990s alternative dance scene. In late 1988, while on holiday in Spain, Mike Edwards, Gen, and Al Doughty decided to leave the band they were in at the time, and form their own band. The name of the band came about when they realised that they were three "Joneses" sitting on a beach in Spain surrounded by people called Jesus.


title: Jesus Jones

text: Back in London they advertised in the music press for a guitarist, and Jerry De Borg joined the band. Edwards had recently met Iain Baker in a pub in North London, they had got talking as they recognised each other as skateboarders, due to their footwear. Edwards asked Baker to join as the keyboardist and the line-up was complete.


title: Jesus Jones

text: They achieved initial critical acclaim with their 1989 album "Liquidizer", and in particular, the single "Info Freako", which featured buzzing rock guitars with samples and a hip-hop sensibility, relatively new at the time. The track was particularly championed by Bruno Brookes on his BBC Radio 1 programme.


title: Jesus Jones

text: In the spring of 1990, Jesus Jones recorded their second album, "Doubt", but their record label was forced to delay its release until the beginning of 1991. The album sold well, due to the success of "Right Here, Right Now". The song is about the swift end of the Cold War, and reached No. 2 in the US and No. 31 in the UK. In June 1990, Jesus Jones appeared at the Glastonbury Festival.


title: Jesus Jones

text: Other singles from "Doubt" included "Real, Real, Real" and "International Bright Young Thing", which became two of their biggest hit singles in the UK, reaching No. 19 and No. 7 respectively in the UK Singles Chart. In 1991, Jesus Jones were the only UK winners when they won the Best New Artist award at the MTV Awards. In April 1991, the British music magazine "NME" reported that their US tour had sold out before Jesus Jones arrived in the country.


title: Jesus Jones

text: The follow-up to "Doubt" was "Perverse" (1993), a darker and more industrial based album, which, though a big seller, did not reach the worldwide hit status of "Doubt". "Perverse" was one of the first rock albums recorded entirely digitally.


title: Jesus Jones

text: After the release of the "Perverse" album, Jesus Jones took an extended hiatus and did not return to the recording studio until December 1996. After the recording of their fourth album, drummer Gen left the band before the album was released. They released their fourth album, titled "Already", in 1997 after which Jesus Jones and their record label EMI parted company. The final months of the band are chronicled in the PDF book written by Mike Edwards "Death Threats From An 8 Year Old In The Seychelles", which was available for a time from the band's website. The band remained in contact and came back with a new drummer Tony Arthy with the low-selling "London" in 2001 on the indie record label Mi5 Recordings. EMI issued , a greatest hits compilation album whilst the band moved from the North American-only Mi5 to the newly established Mi5 Recordings UK.


title: Jesus Jones

text: With the exception of the release of the "Culture Vulture" EP in 2004, no new material from the band had been released between 2001 and 2018. However, in 2010, a series of download albums were released to Amazon.co.uk. The release consisted of six different albums containing "in concert" performances at the BBC. Most were EPs but a few were live albums.


title: Jesus Jones

text: The single "Right Here, Right Now" was resurrected in 2006 as an advertising jingle for the American retailer Kmart, in an image campaign for CBS News, and in promotional advertisements for the now defunct television channel, TechTV. Ford Motors was using "Right Here, Right Now" in their 2010 televisual advertising campaign. A cover of the song was also recorded by New Zealand band The Feelers to use in advertising for the 2011 Rugby World Cup.


title: Jesus Jones

text: In 2011 the band released "The Collection & Other Rarities", which included many of their B-side tracks as well as demos and rarities.


title: Jesus Jones

text: In November 2014 EMI reissued all four of the band's albums in a special CD+DVD bundle. In addition to the original album's tracks the reissues feature radio sessions, long-deleted b-sides, rare remixes and alternate versions. The DVDs include rare live concert footage and other extras.


title: Jesus Jones

text: In a 2015 interview for the online periodical "Soot Magazine" band leader Mike Edwards acknowledged that, besides re-recording some older tracks with new arrangements, he was in the process of writing material for a new album: "I am writing new stuff – I was actually writing some new material yesterday and I have loads of little bits and pieces ticking over."


title: Jesus Jones

text: Since the mid-2000s, Jesus Jones have continued performing live. In August 2011 the band went on a short tour (dubbed on one poster "The World's Smallest World Tour"), playing three shows in Australia before closing with a show in Japan. In November 2011 the band were due to perform in the UK in Birmingham and London, but the dates were postponed due to bass player Al Doughty being ill. They took place in January 2012. The band also toured the UK in December 2013 as part of The Wonder Stuff's Sleigh The UK tour. In March 2015 the band again returned to Australia and New Zealand for a five city tour.


title: Jesus Jones

text: On 24 December 2013 the band announced the resignation of drummer Tony Arthy. Having been with the band for 13 years, Arthy had replaced original drummer Simon "Gen" Matthews who had left after the rocky completion of "Already". On 1 January 2014 the band announced that Matthews would be rejoining the band.


title: Jesus Jones

text: The band announced that a new album called "Passages" would be released in 2017. On 9 November 2017, Iain Baker posted an update via PledgeMusic.com that the album release was being postponed until 20 April 2018 due mainly to the logistics of the release. The album was finally released 20 April 2018 via PledgeMusic.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: Kang Ji-young (born January 18, 1994), also known as Jiyoung or JY, is a South Korean singer and actress based in Japan. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Kara.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: Kang Ji-young was born on January 18, 1994, in Paju, South Korea. She is the cousin of the K-pop singer NS Yoon-G.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: She attended Bongilcheon Middle School and Muhak Women's High School, graduating from the latter in February 2012.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: Jiyoung joined the girl group Kara in 2008 along with member Hara, following the departure of former member Kim Sung-hee. She was 14 years old at the time, making her the youngest member of the group.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: Jiyoung was the only Korean female singer to be featured on CDTV Japan's Favorite Female Artist Ranking for 2011, where she was ranked at #21.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: On January 15, 2014, it was announced that she would leave the group once her contract expired in April 2014 to focus on her studies with acting and language skills in London. In 2022, she rejoined the group for their 15th anniversary promotions.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: After leaving Kara, Jiyoung signed with the agency Sweet Power to resume her activities in Japan as an actress, using her name in kanji, 知英. She made her first appearance in the 19th Tokyo Girls Collection fashion show in the Saitama Super Arena on September 6.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: Jiyoung's first work in Japan was the live-action of "Hell Teacher Nube", where she played the heroine, Yukime.


title: Kang Ji-young

text: In December 2015, Sony Music announced that Jiyoung would debut as a singer under the name of JY. Her first solo single was "The Last Farewell" (最後のサヨナラ, saigo no sayonara), for the OST for the Japan NTV drama "Higanbana".


title: Kang Ji-young

text: On March 18, 2016, she released her debut solo EP as JY, "Radio", consisting of three tracks. Two of the three tracks were released with music videos. "Radio" was written by London-based songwriter and producer MNEK, while Darren Craig directed its music video. "Radio" peaked at #2 on the iTunes Pop Top Song Chart. It was marketed in the US and other parts of Asia in addition to South Korea and Japan.


title: Sam Totman

text: Ian Samuel Totman is an English-born New Zealand musician best known as guitarist and main songwriter for the power metal band DragonForce.


title: Sam Totman

text: Totman was born in England and grew up mainly in New Zealand. He moved back to England around age 22 because England's music scene offered numerous shows to attend every week—an option he did not have in geographically isolated New Zealand. He began playing classical guitar at the age of nine—receiving formal training for several years.


title: Sam Totman

text: Totman was part of the black power metal band Demoniac—which also featured his future DragonForce bandmate Herman Li. During his time with Demoniac Totman was referred to as Heimdall (the Norse God of vigilance). Demoniac struggled to achieve any real fame outside of Australasia despite releasing three albums and relocating to London, UK. Demoniac split sometime in late 1999 shortly after the album "The Fire and the Wind" was released. Most of the members went on to form power metal band DragonHeart which later became known as DragonForce. Keyboardist Steve Williams and bassist Steve Scott left Dragonheart to form Power Quest with whom Totman recorded on their demo as well as their first album "Wings of Forever". Totman also provided guest instrumentation on the band's following album "Neverworld".


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: Peter Elliot Rosenberg (born July 23, 1979) is an American radio disc jockey, television show host, and professional wrestling personality, who is signed to WWE where he is a one-time WWE 24/7 Champion. He is a co-host of two New York City radio programs: "Ebro in the Morning", the weekday morning show at hip hop radio station WQHT ("Hot 97"); and "The Michael Kay Show" on ESPN Radio affiliate WEPN-FM, which is also simulcast on the YES Network.


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg was born and raised in Chevy Chase, Maryland, to M.J. Rosenberg, a Capitol Hill staffer father and public school teacher mother, and he attended Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School. He describes his upbringing as "a very Jewish, upper middle class, regular suburban life." He was introduced to hip hop by his older brother, and has also cited popular songs such as "Parents Just Don't Understand" by DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince as early influences. Visiting his grandparents in Rockaway Beach in Queens, New York, US, he was influenced by radio shows hosted by DJ Red Alert and Marley Marl. He obtained his first set of turntables at the age of 14 years.


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: In the summer before his freshman year at the University of Maryland, Rosenberg started hosting a late-night underground hip hop show, "From Dusk 'Til Dawn", on campus radio station WMUC-FM. His initial DJ name was "PMD," an acronym for "Peter From Maryland" (a name given to him by Marley Marl while winning a contest on Marl's radio show). After graduating from college, Rosenberg performed as a DJ at a variety of radio stations in the DC area, including WPGC, WHFS and on talk radio at WJFK-FM. He began making online parody videos, which were seen by the soon-to-be program manager of New York's Hot 97 Ebro Darden, and these led to his 2007 hiring at the radio station.


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg co-hosts the weekday morning show, "The Hot 97 Morning Show", on Hot 97 from 6 to 10 a.m. with Ebro and Laura Stylez. They play contemporary hip hop and R&B tracks, interview musicians, and discuss music, relationships, sex and race in a straightforward style. He also hosts "Real Late With Rosenberg" on Sunday nights on Hot 97, and he and Cipha Sounds co-host the podcast "Juan Epstein", which has featured guests such as Jay-Z, Eminem, Rick Ross and Pusha T. Hot 97 is the most listened-to hip hop station in New York City and Rosenberg has said that he dreamed of being on the station as a child.


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: Rosenberg is also known for supporting and introducing the public to up-and-coming New York rap artists. He was the first media personality to interview rapper Earl Sweatshirt after he returned in 2012 from a nearly two-year hiatus in Samoa. In an April 2014 "New Yorker" piece on Rosenberg, he explained: "Since I have a foot in both worlds, an artist can play me three tracks, and I can go, ‘This one only hip-hop heads like me will appreciate. This one could be big, but it’s corny. But this one could reach a lot of people, without you sacrificing who you are’".


title: Peter Rosenberg

text: After becoming mayor of New York City in 2014, Bill de Blasio's debut traditional Friday morning mayoral radio interview was by phone with Rosenberg and Ebro on "The Hot 97 Morning Show".