title: Jayan

text: Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy.He was a member of the Indian Navy team to travelled to Britain in 1961 for taking India's first war ship INS Vikrant. He also played for Navy football team. His first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie "Shapa Moksham". A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan died in the year 2000 at the age of 56. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some films during the early 1970s. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie "Shapamoksham", which is usually credited as his first film.


title: Jayan

text: The name "Jayan" ( "The Victor") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of "Shapamoksham". Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in "Panchami" (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in "Thacholi Ambu" (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film "Etho Oru Swapnam," which was well received by critics. He also appeared in the 1978 horror film "Lisa," in a supporting role"." But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in "Sarapancharam" (1979, "Bed of Arrows"). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like "Chaakara" (1980), "Love in Singapore" (1980)", Paalattu Kunjikkannan" (1980)"," "Naayattu" (1980), "Manushya Mrugam" (1980) and "Angadi" (1980) the latter of which was the highest grossing film of the year. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema.


title: Jayan

text: "Sarapancharam" broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, "Angadi" in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as "Aavesham" and "Manushya Mrugam" he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legendary pop culture icon in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as "Naayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Paalattu Kunjikkannan, Maamaankam, Prabhu" etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. "Thacholi Ambu" and "Panchami"), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in "Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam" by P. Venu, that showcased the most famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in "Naayattu", which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thambi. The duo acted together many action films such as "Irumbazhikal", "Love in Singapore" etc. where the box office draw was huge.


title: Jayan

text: In the peak of his career, on 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie "Kolilakkam" ( "Shockwave") at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.


title: Jayan

text: According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.


title: Jayan

text: After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie "Deepam", which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Soman Nair, his younger brother, died in 1999.


title: Jayan

text: Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.


title: Jayan

text: After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, "Kolilakkam". In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as "Thushaaram" by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's "Sphodanam", and Sasi Kumar's "Dhruvasangamam". Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's "Garjanam", but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.


title: Jayan

text: Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).


title: Jayan

text: However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema "Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so".


title: Jayan

text: In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.


title: Jayan

text: The "comeback" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: "Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man."


title: Jayan

text: A film titled "Avatharam" presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death "Jayan – The Man behind the Legend" is nearing completion for release in the near future.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.


title: Jayan

text: Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as "Jayan years" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films "Sharapancharam" and "Angadi", released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, "Kolilakkam" was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.


title: Jayan

text: A few prominent examples may be "Puthiya Velicham" ("New Light", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, "Aavesham" ("Inspiration", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like "Thadavara" ("Prison", 1981) and "Sharapancharam" (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like "Maamaankam" involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called "Moorkhan" ("Cobra", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in "Chandrahasam" ("Moonsword", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in "Ariyappedatha Rahasyam" ("Secret never known", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.


title: Jayan

text: The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. The National Film Archive of India, in a tweet writes: "Jayan, an action star of the 70s is remembered for his heroic style & ability to perform daredevil stunts."


title: Jayan

text: Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in "Sharapancharam", "Angadi", "Venalil Oru Mazha" and "Puthiya Velicham" to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in "Angadi". The sage's role played by him in "Etho Oru Swapnam" was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in "Kannappanunni", Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in "Panchami" and the rapist in "Kanthavalayam" are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like "Idimuzhakkam", "Venalil Oru Mazha", "Ithikkara Pakki", "Maamaankam", "Puthiya Velicham", "Karimpana", "Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam", "Chaakara" and "Kazhukan". While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like "Sharapancjaram" and "Angadi" were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.


title: Jayan

text: Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song "Kannum Kannum" in the film "Angadi" presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is "Kasthuri Manmizhi" from the movie "Manushya Mrugam". A song that hit tremendous popularity was "Cham Chacha Chum Chacha" in "Love in Singapore" and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in "Karimpana". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as "Adipoli" songs. There is a song in the film "Etho Oru Swapnam" called "Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.


title: Jayan

text: "Ezham Malika Mele" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was "Pournami Penne" in Arifa hassan's "Benz Vasu" and it was hummed by the youth of that time.


title: Jayan

text: Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as "Jayan Memorial Hall". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.


title: Jayan

text: There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed "Olayil Jayan Nagar" in his honour.


title: Jayan

text: "Jayan Samskarika Vethi" or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.


title: Jayan

text: In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan memorial club and a Jayan memorial National highway waiting shed consisting of all Jayan film names and pics built by fans in Thrissur.


title: Jayan

text: Jayan's Wax statue is unveiled at the Sunil Wax Museum in the state capital of Thiruvananthapuram in 2022.


title: Jayan

text: In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled "Avatharam" (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: James Patrick Johnson (born February 20, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was the starting power forward for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons from 2007 to 2009. He was drafted 16th overall in the 2009 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: Johnson attended Cheyenne East High School in Cheyenne, Wyoming. During his senior year, he averaged 28 points and nine rebounds per game.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Johnson was listed as the No. 16 small forward and the No. 62 player in the nation in 2007.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: As a freshman at Wake Forest in 2007–08, Johnson had an instant impact, garnering third-team All-ACC honors as a freshman and finishing second in the 2008 ACC Rookie of the Year balloting, as he led the Demon Deacons in scoring and rebounding.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: As a sophomore, Johnson again led the team in rebounding, leading the team to a 24–5 record and a #1 ranking during the 2008–09 season. He was again named third team All-ACC. Following the season, Johnson declared his eligibility for the 2009 NBA draft.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: Johnson was drafted 16th overall by the Chicago Bulls in the 2009 NBA draft. On July 8, 2009, he signed his first professional contract with the Bulls. On January 27, 2011, Johnson was assigned to the Iowa Energy of the NBA D-League. On February 14, 2011, he was recalled by the Bulls.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On February 22, 2011, Johnson was traded to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for the 2011 first round pick that they had acquired from the Miami Heat.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On July 16, 2012, Johnson was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for a 2014 second-round draft pick. On December 28, 2012, Johnson hit a game-winning 3-pointer at the buzzer which gave the Kings a 106–105 victory over the New York Knicks.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: In November 2013, Johnson was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. In 10 games with the Vipers, he averaged 18.5 points, 9.1 rebounds, 4.8 assists, 1.9 steals and 3.4 blocks per game.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On December 19, 2014, in Detroit, after Johnson's dunk on Andre Drummond made it 95–75 midway through the fourth, on Toronto's next possession, Drummond smashed into Johnson with a forearm and hip smash. This set off a melee that saw Drummond get a flagrant foul and four technicals called. Following the game, Johnson said "That was nasty, but that's basketball. I don't expect anything less from anybody that's trying to win. Frustration sets in when you want to win – no hard feelings." When asked to comment on the dunk itself, Johnson remarked, "That was nasty, right? I cocked that joint back and banged on him!" Johnson's quote, combined with the dunk, garnered social media buzz by Raptor fans, gaining popularity as a catchphrase associated with him to the point that it once spawned online T-shirt sales featuring his quote printed on T-shirts by an entrepreneur for a charitable campaign.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On July 10, 2016, Johnson signed a one-year, $4 million contract with the Miami Heat. He made his debut for the Heat in their season opener on October 26, 2016, recording 11 points and six assists off the bench in a 108–96 win over Orlando Magic. On February 10, 2017, he scored a season-high 26 points in a 108–99 win over the Brooklyn Nets, helping the Heat record their 13th straight win. On April 5, 2017, he went 6 of 7 from three-point range and had 26 points in a 112–99 win over the Charlotte Hornets.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On July 7, 2017, Johnson re-signed with the Heat on a 4-year, $60 million contract. On January 10, 2018, he was suspended for one game without pay for an altercation with Serge Ibaka during a game against the Toronto Raptors a day earlier. On March 19, 2018, he scored a career-high 31 points in a 149–141 double-overtime win over the Denver Nuggets.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On November 20, 2020, Johnson was traded, alongside the draft rights to Aleksej Pokuševski and Minnesota's 2024 second-round pick, to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Ricky Rubio and the draft rights to Jaden McDaniels and Immanuel Quickley. On November 27, Johnson was traded to the Dallas Mavericks in a three-team trade involving the Detroit Pistons.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On March 26, 2021, Johnson was traded, alongside Wes Iwundu and a second-round draft-pick, to the New Orleans Pelicans in exchange for JJ Redick and Nicolò Melli.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: On August 6, 2021, Johnson signed a one-year contract with the Brooklyn Nets. On March 1, 2022, he logged a season-high 19 points, alongside three assists, in a 108–109 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On April 7, Johnson was waived by the Nets.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: Johnson is of African-American and Samoan heritage. He is a black belt in Karate and has a kickboxing record of 20–0 and has also fought in MMA.


title: James Johnson (basketball, born 1987)

text: Johnson was arrested for domestic assault on June 7, 2014, after allegedly hitting and choking his wife, Callie, at their home. On June 30, 2014, the domestic assault case against Johnson was dismissed after his wife failed to appear in court. The couple later divorced, with Callie gaining custody of their son.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: Bitten is a Canadian television series based on the "Women of the Otherworld" series of books by author Kelley Armstrong. The name was inspired by the first book in the series. The show was produced as an original series for Space, with most filming in Toronto and Cambridge, Ontario. Its third and final season finished in April 2016.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: The first season's story centres on Elena Michaels (portrayed by Laura Vandervoort), a female werewolf who is torn between a normal life in Toronto with her human boyfriend, Philip, and her "family" obligations as a werewolf in upstate New York. Among her pack is her ex-fiancé Clayton, who is responsible for her becoming a werewolf.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: In the second season, the narrative is featured as the story centres on the aftermath of the battle, as well as the meeting of witches Paige and Ruth, who are looking to save their lost coven member, Savannah, from evil warlock Aleister.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: On May 22, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes, with production beginning in Summer. On May 22, 2015, Space confirmed that the series would be renewed for a third season, with filming set to begin in the summer / fall of 2015. It was confirmed in December 2015 that the third season of "Bitten" would be its final one.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: The series was acquired by Syfy for airing in the United States, and premiered in January 2014. It premiered in Australia on August 8, 2015 on FOX8. SyfyUK commenced broadcast on May 19, 2016.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: "Bitten" has received mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the first season a score of 59 out of 100 (based on 8 reviews).


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: In ratings, "Bitten" averaged 348,000 viewers in its timeslot, making it Space's highest-rated original series of all time.


title: Bitten (TV series)

text: A live after-show titled "InnerSpace: After Bite" premiered on Space on February 7, 2015, following the season two premiere. "After Bite" features hosts Morgan Hoffman and Teddy Wilson discussing the latest episode with actors and producers of "Bitten".


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Thunderclap Newman were an English rock band that Pete Townshend of the Who and Kit Lambert formed in 1969 in a bid to showcase the talents of John "Speedy" Keen, Jimmy McCulloch, and Andy "Thunderclap" Newman.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Their single, "Something in the Air", a 1969 UK number one hit, remains in demand for television commercials, film soundtracks and compilations. The band released a critically acclaimed rock album, "Hollywood Dream", and three other singles (which appeared on the album), "Accidents", "The Reason" and "Wild Country".


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: From 1969 until 1971, the nucleus of the band consisted of the songwriter John "Speedy" Keen (vocals, drums, guitar), Andy "Thunderclap" Newman (piano) and Jimmy McCulloch (guitar). Pete Townshend (using the alias "Bijou Drains") played bass guitar on their album and singles, all of which he had recorded and produced at the IBC Studio and his Twickenham home studio. The band augmented its personnel during its tours: in 1969 with James "Jim" Pitman-Avery (bass guitar) and Jack McCulloch (drums);. The band folded in April 1971 but was resurrected by Andy Newman with a new group in 2010.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: The most current Thunderclap Newman group was formed in February 2010 at the instigation of music business manager Ian Grant. The lineup of the band was Andy Newman, Mark Brzezicki, Nick Johnson, Josh Townshend and Tony Stubbings. They recorded and released an album in 2010 titled "Beyond Hollywood".


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In 1969, Townshend created the band to showcase songs written by the former Who chauffeur, drummer/singer/guitarist Speedy Keen. Keen wrote the opening track on "The Who Sell Out" album, "Armenia City in the Sky". Keen, Newman and McCulloch met each other for the first time in December 1968 or January 1969 at Townshend's home studio to record "Something in the Air". Townshend produced the single, played its bass guitar under the pseudonym Bijou Drains and hired GPO engineer and Dixieland jazz pianist "Thunderclap" Newman (born Andrew Laurence Newman, 21 November 1942, Hounslow, Middlesex, died 29 March 2016) and the fifteen-year-old Glaswegian guitarist Jimmy McCulloch. Before then, Townshend had planned to work on projects for each of the musicians, but Kit Lambert prevailed upon Townshend, who was working on what became the rock-opera "Tommy", to save time by coalescing the three musicians into the collective project that became Thunderclap Newman.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: "Something in the Air", which Keen wrote, was number one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks, replacing the Beatles' "Ballad of John and Yoko" and holding off Elvis Presley. Originally titled "Revolution", but later renamed because the Beatles had released a song of that name in 1968 (the B-side of "Hey Jude"). By December 1969, the single was awarded a gold disc for world sales of more than a million.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: "Something in the Air" appeared on the soundtracks of the films "The Magic Christian" (1969) and "The Strawberry Statement" (1970), the latter having helped the single reach number 25 in the United States. In the UK and US, a follow-up single, "Accidents", came out in May 1970 and charted at No. 44 for only a week, but not charting at all in the US. "Something in the Air" was also in the film "Kingpin" (1996) and is used on the soundtrack. It was also used in "Almost Famous" (2000) and is on the soundtrack. It was also used in a 2008 television episode of "My Name Is Earl".


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: The critic Nathan Morley described "Accidents" as the band's masterpiece. "One would", he wrote, "have to listen to Wagner in a funeral parlour for something even more morbid than Thunderclap Newman’s 'Accidents', which chronicles the deaths of various hapless children who all meet a very nasty end – Poor Mary falls in a river whilst waiting for the Queen to sail by and little Johnny is killed by a speeding car. That said, the song, orchestration and performance are simply brilliant. It is captivating and without doubt their best recording."


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Thunderclap Newman had not planned to undertake live performances, but the band relented when, to their collective surprise, "Something in the Air" became a chart success. The trio, augmented by Jim Pitman-Avery (bass guitar) and McCulloch's elder brother Jack (drums), undertook a 26-date tour of England and Scotland in support of Deep Purple from July 1969 to August 1969. On 8 August, Pitman-Avery and McCulloch announced their intention to leave the band. Within weeks, they had formed the country-rock band Wild Country with Terry Keyworth (guitar) and Stuart Whitcombe (keyboards). That year, the band appeared in television programmes in Britain ("How Late It Is", "Top of the Pops") and Germany ("Beat-Club").


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In October 1970, Thunderclap Newman released its critically acclaimed album, "Hollywood Dream". Produced by Townshend, the album peaked at #163 on the "Billboard" 200. That year, they released three singles: "Accidents/I See It All", "The Reason/Stormy Petrel" and "Wild Country/Hollywood Dream". On 7 November, they appeared on "Ev" (a.k.a., "The Kenny Everett Show"). In early 1971, the founding trio reformed with the Australian musicians Roger Felice (drums) and Ronnie Peel (bass guitar).


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: On 6 March 1971, the "New Musical Express" reported the band's personnel change: "Thunderclap Newman has finally settled down into a five-piece group, with two new members being brought in—although on certain dates, the outfit may be augmented by a brass section. Permanent line-up now comprises Newman (piano), Speedy Keen (rhythm guitar and vocals), Jimmy McCulloch (lead guitar), Ronnie Peel (bass) and Roger Felice (drums). Dates include University of Sussex (tomorrow, Saturday), Sheffield University (12 March) and Nelson Imperial (14). A Scottish tour is being set for the end of April."


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: With its new line-up, from January 1971 to April 1971 Thunderclap Newman supported Deep Purple during a 19-date tour of England and Scotland. At some time during those months, the band supported Leon Russell during a tour of the Netherlands and they had supported Deep Purple during a tour of Scandinavia. They played the club circuit and had avoided playing in ballrooms. That year, Thunderclap Newman made a cameo appearance in the British movie "Not Tonight, Darling".


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Thunderclap Newman broke up around 10 April 1971, days before they were scheduled to start a tour of Scotland and weeks before they were scheduled to be part of a package tour with Marsha Hunt and others during the Who's 12-week tour of the US.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: The members of the band had little in common. In a 1972 "NME" interview, Newman said that he got on with Keen's music but not with Keen personally, while the exact opposite was true with regard to McCulloch.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In 2008, Newman appeared on an episode of the British television programme "Those Were The Days" to comment upon the night of the first moon landing, when Thunderclap Newman had performed an almost-nightlong concert.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: McCulloch had stints with a dozen or more bands, including John Mayall, Stone the Crows, and Paul McCartney's Wings but, at the age of 26, he died in his home of heroin-induced cardiac arrest on 25 September 1979. His body was discovered by his brother, Jack, two days later.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In 1973, Keen released a solo album for Track, entitled "Previous Convictions", which featured McCulloch and Roger Felice on some tracks. He began recording a double album as a follow-up. Frustrated by his lack of progress at Track, he took the demos to Island Records, which pared it down to the single album "Y'know Wot I Mean?" and released it in 1975. Its single, "Someone to Love", received plenty of airplay but failed to sell.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Discouraged, Keen ceased recording after one more single in 1976. He tried his hand at record producing, working with the punk band Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers on their first album "L.A.M.F." in 1977, and also produced Motörhead's first album before leaving the music industry. He appears on several tracks on the best of Motorhead double CD "All the Aces", as part of a live set originally performed under the name the Muggers. The set includes five songs written and sung by Keen, only one of which had appeared on his solo albums.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Keen suffered from arthritis for several years, and was recording his third solo album, when he unexpectedly died of heart failure at the age of 56 on 12 March 2002.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In 1971, Newman recorded a solo album, "Rainbow", and he played assorted instruments on Roger Ruskin Spear's first album.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In 2002, Newman was eventually coaxed out of retirement by István Etiam and David Buckley (ex-Barracudas). Another three musicians were added to the line-up and in late 2005 the Thunderclap Newman Band was formed. It was an international collection of six musicians of various nationalities and with different musical backgrounds. Under the leadership of Andy Newman, the band set out to celebrate the music of Thunderclap Newman and to honour the legacy of John 'Speedy' Keen and Jimmy McCulloch.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: One of the aims of the band was to perform "Hollywood Dream" for the first time ever in its entirety, alongside material written by Keen and McCulloch after Thunderclap Newman had gone their separate ways. With two more songwriters, David Buckley and István Etiam, there were plans to add new songs to the existing material.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In February 2008, former music critic of "The Times", David Sinclair, supported the Thunderclap Newman Band at the Windmill in Brixton, London with his band, the David Sinclair Trio (now David Sinclair Four). In his band blog he said: "Of the original guys who made the record ("Hollywood Dream"), only the keyboard player is alive, which is tragic. Newman was already something of an eccentric in 1969. He has gathered an endearingly quirky bunch of talented, multi-national musicians around him who were some of the friendliest people we have encountered on the circuit."


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: "New York Waste Magazine" reviewed Thunderclap Newman Band's gig at the Half Moon in Putney, London in March 2008: "This was the big return for Thunderclap Newman, the band with the big hit "Something in the Air". Andy Newman has resurfaced with a great new band performing all the great songs from the back catalog and some new ones too. Andy and his band sounded great and there is definitely Something in the Air!"


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: Despite good press reviews and numerous successful performances, disagreements within the band started to emerge. Andy Newman accepted an offer from Big Country's manager Ian Grant to assemble a new band around him and in March 2010 the Thunderclap Newman Band was disbanded.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: The Thunderclap Newman Band was: Andy 'Thunderclap' Newman (UK) – keyboards, soprano sax, clarinet, oboe, David Buckley (US) – vocals, guitar, István Etiam (HU) – rhythm guitar, lap-steel guitar, harmonica & vocals, Stefanos Tsourelis (GR) – lead guitar, Brian Jackson (UK) – bass guitar, Antonio Spano (I) – drums.


title: Thunderclap Newman

text: In February 2010, Newman performed as Thunderclap Newman at the Con Club in Lewes, Sussex, with a new line-up: Tony Stubbings (bass guitar), Nick Johnson (lead guitar), Mark Brzezicki (former Big Country, drums) and Josh Townshend (nephew of Pete Townshend, on rhythm guitar and vocals). Soon thereafter, the band released a CD entitled "Beyond Hollywood", a live album with three studio re-rerecordings of Thunderclap Newman songs. Thunderclap Newman supported Big Country on a 2011 tour of the UK. The band played 15 concerts between 2010 and 2012, the last one in June 2012 at the Isle of Wight festival; this was the last one ever, and after that the band stopped performing.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Avtar Kishan Hangal (1 February 1914 – 26 August 2012) was an Indian freedom fighter from 1929 to 1947 and also stage actor from 1936 to 1965 and later became a character actor in Hindi language films from 1966 to 2005. His most notable roles are as Ram Shastri in "Aaina" (1977), as the Inder Sen in "Shaukeen", as Bipinlal Pandey in "Namak Haraam", as Imaam Saa'b in "Sholay", as Anokhelal in "Manzil" and the antagonist in "Prem Bandhan" and the 16 films he did with Rajesh Khanna. He has acted in around 225 Hindi films in a career spanning from 1966 to 2005.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Avtar Kishan Hangal was born in Sialkot in the Punjab Province of British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan) into a Kashmiri Pandit family, he spent his childhood and youth in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province where he had performed in theatre for some major roles. His family home was inside Reti Gate as mentioned in his memoirs. His father's name was Pandit Hari Kishan Hangal. His mother's name was Ragia Hundoo. He had two sisters. Bishan and Kishan. He was married to Manorma Dar from Agra. However, his primary occupation for the early part of his life was that of a tailor. He was an active participant in the Indian freedom struggle from 1929 to 1947. He joined Shree Sangeet Priya Mandal, a theatre group in Peshawar in 1936 and continued to act in many plays in undivided India till 1946. Following his father's retirement, the family moved from Peshawar to Karachi. He moved to Bombay after the Partition of India in 1949 after 3 years in prison in Pakistan. He was involved with the theatre group IPTA along with Balraj Sahni and Kaifi Azmi, both of whom had Marxist leanings. He was jailed because he was a communist in Karachi for two years from 1947 to 1949 and after his release came to India and settled in Mumbai. He later acted in many plays in theatres in India from 1949 to 1965.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: He started his Hindi film career at the age of 52 with Basu Bhattacharya's "Teesri Kasam" in 1966 and "Shagird", and went on to play as the man of principles playing the on-screen father or uncle of the leading men/women in the films in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, or sometimes the quintessential meek and oppressed old man. His pivotal roles in the films such as Chetan Anand's "Heer Raanjha", "Namak Haraam", "Shaukeen" (1981), "Sholay", "Aaina" (1977), "Avtaar", "Arjun", "Aandhi", "Tapasya", "Kora Kagaz", "Bawarchi", "Chhupa Rustam", "Chitchor", "Balika Badhu", "Guddi" and "Naram Garam" are considered to be among his best. He, as a character actor was part of 16 films with Rajesh Khanna as the lead hero, like "Aap Ki Kasam", "Amar Deep", "Naukri", "Prem Bandhan", "Thodisi Bewafaii", "Phir Wohi Raat", "Kudrat", "Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar", "Bewafai" until "Sautela Bhai" in 1996. His best performances in his later years was in "Shararat" (2002) his character roles in "Tere Mere Sapne" (1997) and "Lagaan". In movies he has played a very large number of character roles, mostly positive, with rare exceptions where his negative roles became famous, like in "Manzil" and "Prem Bandhan". He also acted in a NFDC film, "DATTAK" (The Adopted), directed by Gul Bahar Singh in 2001.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Producer Debika Mitra had signed Madan Puri for Inder Sen's role, but a friend advised that A. K. Hangal would be a better choice. The superlative performance went on to become one of the most cherished acts of Hangal.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: On 8 February 2011, Hangal 'walked' the ramp in a wheelchair for fashion designer Riyaz Ganji for his summer line in Mumbai.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Hangal made his last appearance in the television series "Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon" in May 2012, in which he had a cameo. "Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon" was a tribute to 100 years of Indian cinema. The episode that featured Hangal aired on 1 June at 22:00 on "Colors". In the early 2012, Hangal also gave his voice for the character of King Ugrasen in the animation film Krishna Aur Kans which was released on 3 August 2012. This was final work in his career before his death. His portrayal of Ugrasen was much appreciated by critics.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Hangal, who had more than 200 films to his credit in a career that spanned nearly five decades, due to his old age post 2007 found it difficult to meet his medical expenses. His son Vijay, a retired cameraman and former Bollywood photographer, himself is 75 and has not had a full-time job since 2001. As a result, the family had financial difficulties. Though previously Vijay would take up small jobs, but later he suffered from back problems and was unable to work. After 2007, Hangal has been suffering from an illness and could not afford the treatment. At this point, following a media spotlight on 20 January 2011, many film stars and directors promised to help him financially. Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan also pledged to assist the veteran actor. Before that, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena activists visited Hangal at his home and offered him medical and financial help. They also provided revitalization of memories of veteran's work and made media report it. Upon asking, Raj Thackeray expressed his concerns towards such actors who are neglected in their old age.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: The actor had last shot for Amol Palekar's film, "Paheli" in 2005. In fact, he had not gone out of his house for the last eight months. "We were surprised to see him get out of home. He would have done it only for acting," said his son Vijay and added, "My father had remained at home for the past few months. The show producer Saurabh Tiwari and senior executives from the channel came to our place to offer him the role. Several filmmakers had approached him in the last few years. But father did not take those up due to health issues."


title: A. K. Hangal

text: A. K. Hangal returned to face the studio lights after seven long years. Having reached the sets of a TV Series "Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon" on a wheelchair, the then 97-year-old actor wasn't sure he would be able to handle it physically. But once the cameras started rolling, there was no stopping the actor within.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Hangal participated in the Indian freedom movement when as a student, he joined protests in the North West Frontier Province against the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh. He later moved to Karachi, where he spent three years in prison for protesting against British rule.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: He is also related to India's first Prime Minister, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. Jawahar's wife, Kamla Nehru, was first cousin of A. K. Hangal's mother.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: Hangal was admitted to the Asha Parekh Hospital in Santa Cruz, Mumbai on 16 August 2012, three days after he fractured his thigh bone from a fall in his bathroom. His son said that he went to the hospital as he had "suffered a back injury and had to undergo a surgery. But that could not take place as later it was found that he has chest and breathing problems." On 26 August, he was put on life support. Dr Vinod Khanna, an orthopaedic surgeon at the hospital said: "He is on life support system. One of his lungs is not functioning. He is also having respiratory problems." But, his condition worsened and he died on the same day, at the age of 98. His cremation was held the next afternoon at Pavan Hans crematorium.


title: A. K. Hangal

text: In reaction to his death, Shabana Azmi wrote on "Twitter": "An era comes to an end. Theatre and film were enriched by him." The Communist Party of India described Hangal as a committed social and political activist who withstood the Shiv Sena onslaught. The BJP's L. K. Advani and Nitin Gadkari also condoled his death.


title: John Bittrolff

text: John Bittrolff (born July 1, 1966) is an American convicted murderer and a suspect in the Long Island serial killer case. In July 2014, he was charged with the murders of Rita Tangredi and Colleen McNamee. He is also a suspect in the murder of a third woman, Sandra Costilla. Bittrolff became a suspect in the unsolved murders after his brother, Timothy Bittrolff, was partially matched to DNA found on the bodies in 2013. Timothy Bittrolff submitted the sample after violating an unrelated order of protection, in 2013.


title: John Bittrolff

text: On July 5, 2017, Bittrolff was found guilty of Tangredi and McNamee's murders. He was sentenced to two consecutive 25-year-to-life sentences on September 12, 2017. He is imprisoned at Clinton Correctional Facility. His department identification number is 17A3925.


title: John Bittrolff

text: Tangredi was found dead on November 2, 1993 in Suffolk County, New York. Tangredi lived in East Patchogue and was known by police to be a sex worker.


title: John Bittrolff

text: McNamee's body was found on January 30, 1994 in Shirley, New York, also in Suffolk County. Believed by authorities to be a sex worker, she was beaten, strangled to death and left naked in the woods, near the William Floyd Parkway.


title: John Bittrolff

text: After Bittrolff's sentence, the case's prosecutor announced that Bittrolff was also a suspect in at least one of the 10 murders attributed to the unidentified Long Island serial killer in New York's Suffolk and Nassau counties. Suffolk County District Attorney's office prosecutor Robert Biancavilla released a statement noting that Bittrolff was likely responsible for the deaths of other women, and that, "There are remains of the victims at Gilgo that may be attributed to the handiwork of Mr. Bittrolff, and that investigation is continuing".


title: John Bittrolff

text: Bittrolff was a carpenter who lived in Manorville, where the torsos of Jessica Taylor and Valerie Mack were recovered. The remains were discovered roughly three miles away from Bittrolff's home. He also reportedly once "cut out the heart of a deer he had just shot and ate it raw in the woods."


title: John Bittrolff

text: A further link between Bittrolff and the Long Island serial killer case has been established: the adult daughter of Bittrolff victim Rita Tangredi was reportedly "best friends" with Melissa Barthelemy, one of the first victims discovered at Gilgo Beach. Barthelemy's mother also reported that Melissa "had a lot of calls to Manorville from her phone" at the time.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: Norman Jesse Whitfield (May 12, 1940 – September 16, 2008) was an American songwriter and producer, who worked with Berry Gordy's Motown labels during the 1960s. He has been credited as one of the creators of the Motown Sound and of the late-1960s subgenre of psychedelic soul.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: During his 25-year career, Whitfield co-wrote and produced many enduring hits for Motown artists, including "Ain't Too Proud to Beg", "(I Know) I'm Losing You", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Cloud Nine", "I Can't Get Next to You", "War", "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", "Smiling Faces Sometimes", and "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". Whitfield worked extensively with The Temptations as a producer and songwriter, producing eight of their albums between 1969 and 1973. He then started his own label, Whitfield Records, in 1975, which yielded the Rose Royce hit "Car Wash". Alongside his Motown lyrical collaborator Barrett Strong, he was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2004. He wrote or co-wrote 61 hits on the UK charts and 92 on the US charts.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: Whitfield was born and raised in Harlem, New York, and spent much of his teen years in local pool halls. In his late teens, he and his family moved to Detroit, Michigan, so that his father could join his sister and work in her husband's chain of drug stores, Barthwell Drugs. He attended Northwestern High School.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: At 19, Whitfield began frequenting Motown's Hitsville USA offices for a chance to work for the growing label. Founder Berry Gordy Jr. recognized Whitfield's persistence and hired him for the quality control department, which determined which songs would or would not be released. Whitfield joined Motown's in-house songwriting staff, co-writing the Marvin Gaye hit "Pride & Joy", The Marvelettes's "Too Many Fish in the Sea" and The Velvelettes's "Needle in a Haystack". He took over Smokey Robinson's role as the main producer for The Temptations in 1966, after his "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" performed better than Robinson's "Get Ready" on the pop charts.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: From 1966 to 1974, Whitfield produced virtually all of the Temptations' music, experimenting with sound effects and other production techniques. He found a songwriting collaborator in lyricist Barrett Strong, the performer on Motown's first hit record, "Money (That's What I Want)", and wrote material for the Temptations and other Motown artists such as Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight & the Pips, both of whom recorded Whitfield-produced hit versions of the Whitfield/Strong composition "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". The Gladys Knight & the Pips' version was the best-selling Motown single so far, but it was surpassed a year later by Gaye's version.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: After Temptations lead singer David Ruffin was replaced by Dennis Edwards in 1968, Whitfield moved the group into a harder, darker sound that featured a blend of psychedelic rock and funk heavily inspired by the work of Sly & the Family Stone and Funkadelic. He added contemporary song topics, moving from love songs to the social issues of the time, such as war, poverty and politics. The first Temptations single to feature this new psychedelic soul style was "Cloud Nine" in late 1968, which earned Motown its first Grammy Award for Best Rhythm & Blues Performance by a Duo or Group, Vocal or Instrumental). In 1969, Whitfield won three BMI Awards for the songs "I Heard It Through the Grapevine," "I Wish It Would Rain," and "You're My Everything." A second Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for Whitfield and the Temptations came in 1973 with "Papa Was A Rollin' Stone". The single's instrumental B-side earned Whitfield and arranger Paul Riser a Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance, and Whitfield and Strong shared the songwriters' award for Best Rhythm and Blues Song.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: The psychedelic soul records Whitfield produced for The Temptations and other artists such as Edwin Starr and The Undisputed Truth experimented with and updated the Motown sound for the late-1960s. Longer songs, distorted guitars, multitracked drums, and inventive vocal arrangements became trademarks of Whitfield's productions, and later of records produced by Motown staffers he coached, including Frank Wilson. But friction and antagonism grew between Whitfield and the Temptations; the group hated how Whitfield put more emphasis on the instrumentation instead of their vocals, and that he was writing fewer romantic ballads for them.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: Whitfield often recorded notably different versions of songs with different artists in search of a hit, and did so successfully in the cases of Edwin Starr, with "War" (1970; originally recorded by The Temptations), and The Undisputed Truth, with "Smiling Faces Sometimes" (1971; also originally by The Temptations). "Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" (1972) was done first by The Undisputed Truth, before Whitfield rerecorded the song with The Temptations for a longer, more definitive (and massively successful) version. One of Whitfield's last major hits at Motown was Yvonne Fair's "It Should Have Been Me" (1975), a song he had written in 1963 and recorded originally with Kim Weston.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: In 1975, Whitfield left Motown, following its move from Detroit, to form his own label, Whitfield Records. His first act was The Undisputed Truth, whom he had convinced to leave Motown, followed by Rose Royce, Willie Hutch, Yvonne Fair, Nytro, Mammatapee and Junior Walker. The Undisputed Truth scored their second biggest hit in 1976 with the disco song "You + Me = Love", their first single on Whitfield Records. Norman Whitfield had an international smash hit in 1976 with Rose Royce's "Car Wash", issued on MCA Records. Rose Royce (whose members were originally Edwin Starr's backing band while at Motown) went on to record three more popular albums, and had two huge UK hits with "Wishing on a Star" (1977) and "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" (1978), but could never top the success of "Car Wash", which served as the theme song to the 1976 motion picture "Car Wash." The "Car Wash" soundtrack won Whitfield a Grammy Award for Best Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special. He also composed the theme song for the 1977 motion picture "Which Way Is Up?", performed by Stargard. He produced soul group Masterpiece in 1980.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: In the early 1980s, Whitfield began working as a producer for Motown again, helming the Temptations' 1983 hit single "Sail Away" and the soundtrack to "The Last Dragon".


title: Norman Whitfield

text: On January 18, 2005, Whitfield pleaded guilty for failing to report royalty income he earned from 1995 to 1999 to the Internal Revenue Service. Facing charges of tax evasion on more than $2 million worth of income, he was sentenced to six months of house confinement and a $25,000 fine. He was not imprisoned because of health problems such as diabetes.


title: Norman Whitfield

text: During his last months alive, Whitfield was bed-ridden at Los Angeles's Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he underwent treatment for diabetes and other ailments. Whitfield fell into a coma, briefly improved, but eventually succumbed to diabetic complications. Whitfield died on September 16, 2008. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond ( ) is a city in Lake County, Indiana. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area, and the only city in Indiana to border Chicago. First settled in the mid-19th century, it is one of the oldest cities of northern Lake County. As of the 2020 United States census, it is also the largest in population. The 2020 population was 77,879, replacing Gary as the most populous city in Lake County. From north to south, Hammond runs from Lake Michigan down to the Little Calumet River; from east to west along its southern border, it runs from the Illinois state line to Cline Avenue. The city is traversed by numerous railroads and expressways, including the South Shore Line, Borman Expressway, and Indiana Toll Road. Notable local landmarks include the parkland around Wolf Lake and the Horseshoe Hammond riverboat casino. Part of the Rust Belt, Hammond has been industrial almost from its inception, but is also home to a Purdue University campus and numerous historic districts that showcase the residential and commercial architecture of the early 20th century.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The first permanent residents arrived around 1847 to settle on land between the Grand and Little Calumet Rivers, on the south end of Lake Michigan. Those first residents were German farmers newly arrived from Europe looking for land and opportunity. Before that time, the area was a crossroad for Indian tribes, explorers, stagecoach lines and supply lines to the West. Convenient location and abundant fresh water from Lake Michigan led to the beginning of Hammond's industrialization in 1869 with the George H. Hammond Company meat-packing plant following merchants and farmers to the area. Hammond was incorporated on April 21, 1884, and was named after the Detroit butcher.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond is one of the oldest cities in Lake County, with Crown Point being the oldest, established in 1834.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: According to the "Encyclopedia of Chicago," George Henry Hammond, a pioneer in the use of refrigerated railcars for the transport of fresh meat, first used this method with his small packing company in Detroit, Michigan. In 1868, Hammond received a patent for a refrigerator car design. In the early 1870s, he built a new plant in northern Indiana along the tracks of the Michigan Central Railroad. By 1873, the George H. Hammond Co. was selling $1 million worth of meat a year; by 1875, sales were nearly $2 million. The company's large packing house in Hammond rivaled those located at the Union Stock Yard in Chicago. By the middle of the 1880s, when it built a new plant in Omaha, Nebraska, Hammond was slaughtering over 100,000 cattle a year and owned a fleet of 800 refrigerator cars. After Hammond died in 1886, the company became less important and no longer challenged the giant Chicago packers, who acquired Hammond at the turn of the century and merged it into their National Packing Co.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: On June 22, 1918, the Hammond circus train wreck occurred about east of the city, killing 86 and injuring 127 persons.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The downtown Hammond shopping district along State Street and Hohman Avenue included major chains such as Sears and J. C. Penney. The largest stores in downtown were the Goldblatt's and E.C. Minas department stores. The E.C. Minas store was constructed in 1894 and was in business until August 1984. The building which housed the Goldblatt's store had been purchased by the Chicago-based retailer in 1931 and operated until 1982 when it closed due to bankruptcy.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Architect Victor Gruen designed the Woodmar Mall in the Woodmar neighborhood. The mall opened in 1954 and was anchored by a Carson Pirie Scott and Co. store.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: According to the 1960 United States Census Hammond's population reached a record high of 111,698 residents. Hammond, like other industrial cities in the Rust Belt, went into decline during the 1970s and 1980s, with the city's population plunging to 94,000 in 1980, and 83,000 in 2000. However, Hammond's economy was more diversified than neighboring Gary, Indiana, East Chicago, Indiana, and the south side of Chicago, which all relied on heavy industry (primarily steel production). Hammond's economy, on the other hand, depended on light manufacturing, transportation & warehousing, retail, banking & insurance, healthcare, hospitality & food service, and construction. In 1981, a toxic flood in Gary led Hammond to erect a barrier on 165th Street, one of several roads connecting the two cities, which led to lasting tensions with Gary.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Prominent manufacturing companies in Hammond include Unilever's soap factory, Atlas Tube, Cargill food processing, Munster Steel, Lear Seating Corporation, Jupiter Aluminum, Tri-State Automation, and Dover Chemical. Warehousing and storage is also prominent, with ExxonMobil and Marathon Petroleum having large oil storage facilities, and FedEx has a distribution center. Large railroad marshalling yards are also present in the city, with the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad's headquarters in the city. The State Line Generating Plant operated on the Indiana-Illinois state line from 1929 to 2012, and was demolished in 2014.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The Empress Casino opened in Hammond in June 1996 and was replaced with the Horseshoe Hammond casino in 2001.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: In February 2006, the decision was made to demolish Woodmar Mall except for the Carson's store. The Hammond Redevelopment Commission announced plans in June 2016 for a $12 million sports complex to be built on the site of the former mall. The Carson's store closed in 2018, and was demolished in 2019, as part of its parent company's liquidation.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The city sits within the boundaries of the former Lake Chicago, and much of its land area consists of former dune and swale terrain that was subsequently leveled. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand was removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: According to the 2010 census, Hammond has a total area of , of which (or 91.54%) is land and (or 8.46%) is water.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 80,830 people, 29,949 households, and 19,222 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 32,945 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 59.4% White, 22.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 13.3% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34.1% of the population.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: There were 29,949 households, of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.36.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 83,048 people, 32,026 households and 20,880 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 34,139 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 72.35% White, 14.57% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 9.32% from other races, and 2.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.04% of the population.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: There were 32,026 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.23.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The median income for a household in the city was $35,528, and the median income for a family was $42,221. Males had a median income of $35,778 versus $25,180 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,254. About 12.0% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The following single properties and national historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond Public Library, located at 564 State Street, includes the Suzanne G. Long Local History Room. The system used to operate the E.B. Hayward Branch at 1212 172nd Street and the Howard Branch at 7047 Grand Avenue. Both branches have since been closed. The Hammond Public Library was the first library in the state to form a recognized union, a local of AFSCME. Patricia E. Robinson was the first president of the library union.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The Hammond Pros was one of the earliest professional football teams in the United States. When the American Professional Football League was formed in 1920, the Hammond Pros was a charter member, as it also was when the league changed its name to National Football League in 1922. However, four years later, when the NFL decided to reduce the number of teams, it did so by simply folding smaller franchises. The Hammond Pros never played a home game in Hammond.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: During the four years of the Hammond Pros' existence, the NFL had nine African-American players, six of whom played for the Pros. The NFL's first African-American head coach was Hall-of-Famer coach Fritz Pollard of the Pros.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond is incorporated as a city under Indiana law. It therefore has a mayor and a nine-member city council. Hammond's City Hall is located at 5925 Calumet Avenue. The Hammond City Council has meetings scheduled for the second and fourth Mondays of each month.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The city maintains a city court on the second floor of the City Hall, exercising a limited jurisdiction within Lake County. The court handles not only local ordinance violations and certain minor criminal matters, but also a significant portion of the debt collection and eviction actions brought in Lake County.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond is served by the School City of Hammond, a school corporation under Indiana state law that is independent of the civil city.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: In June 2021, the School City of Hammond permanently closed two junior/senior High Schools: Donald E. Gavit and George Rogers Clark, first opened in the 1930s and 1960s respectively.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: St. Catherine of Siena, a Catholic elementary school, opened prior to 1949. Prior to 2009 its enrollment had declined, with 130 students that year, and its financial state had deteriorated. The school closed in 2009.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Most of Hammond's streets are laid out in a grid pattern similar to Chicago's streets. While Madison Street in Chicago acts as the reference point for north–south street numbering the first "1" is removed; this makes what would be a five digit address number in Illinois into a four digit address number in Hammond. The state line is used as the reference point for east–west street numbering.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Other cities and towns in Northwest Indiana that use the Hammond numbering system are Whiting, Munster and Highland. Dyer also uses the Hammond numbering system but the first number removed from the north–south streets is a "2," as by that point the Illinois numbers across the state line start with the number 2 (Munster's street numbers start with a "1" north of the Dyer line, making them 5 digits); and East Chicago uses the canal located in the middle of the city as the east–west reference point, while embodying Hammond's numbering system for the north–south streets.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The South Shore Line, a Chicago to South Bend, Indiana commuter rail line, has a station on Hohman Avenue. It is operated by the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides twice-daily service in both directions, operating its Wolverine through the Hammond–Whiting station between Chicago and Pontiac, Michigan, just north of Detroit.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The nearest commercial airport is Chicago Midway International Airport about 25 miles away in Chicago.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Bus transit was provided by the Northwest Indiana Regional Bus Authority, which assumed responsibility from the city's Hammond Transit System in 2010, establishing EasyGo Lake Transit system in its place. All EasyGo buses were discontinued on June 30, 2012 due to a lack of funding. In addition, Pace routes 350 and 364 and GPTC Tri-City Connection Route 12 from Gary, Indiana stop at Hammond's Dan Rabin Transit Plaza.


title: Hammond, Indiana

text: The only hospital in Hammond is Franciscan St. Margaret Health on Stateline Road, across the street from Calumet City, Illinois. It is an accredited chest pain center serving Northwest Indiana and the south suburbs of Chicago. The hospital was founded in late 1898 and was originally called St. Margaret Hospital, later merging with Our Lady Of Mercy Hospital in Dyer, Indiana, in the 1990s and was part of the former Sisters of St. Francis Health Services.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa Island, known mononymously as Sentosa, and formerly "Pulau Belakang Mati", is an island located off the southern coast of Singapore's main island. The island is separated from the main island of Singapore by a channel of water, the Keppel Harbour, and is adjacent to Pulau Brani, a smaller island wedged between Sentosa and the main island.


title: Sentosa

text: Formerly used as a British military base and afterwards as a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp, the island was renamed Sentosa and was planned to be a popular tourist destination. It is now home to a popular resort that receives more than twenty million visitors per year. Attractions include a long sheltered beach, Madame Tussauds Singapore, an extensive Cable Car network, Fort Siloso, two golf courses, 14 hotels and the Resorts World Sentosa, which features the Universal Studios Singapore theme park and one of Singapore's two casinos, the other being in Marina Bay Sands.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa is also widely known as being the location of the 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, where North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un and U.S. President Donald Trump met at the Capella Hotel located on the island. This was the first-ever meeting between the leaders of North Korea and the United States.


title: Sentosa

text: The name "Sentosa" translates as "peace and tranquility" in Malay, which was in turn derived from the Sanskrit term "Santosha", meaning "contentment, satisfaction". Sentosa was formerly known as Pulau Belakang Mati


title: Sentosa

text: The name "Belakang Mati" is old; an island was identified as "Blacan Mati" in Manuel Godinho de Erédia's 1604 map of Singapore. Other early references to the island of Belakang Mati include "Burne Beard Island" in Wilde's 1780 MS map, "Pulau Niry", "Nirifa" from 1690 to 1700, and the nineteenth century reference as "Pulau Panjang" (J.H. Moor). However, early maps did not separate Belakang Mati from the adjacent island of Pulau Brani, so it is uncertain to which island the seventeenth century place names referred.


title: Sentosa

text: The island has changed name several times. Up to 1830, it was called Pulau Panjang ("long island"). In an 1828 sketch of Singapore Island, the island is referred to as "Po. Panjang". According to Bennett (1834), the name Belakang Mati was only given to the hill on the island by the Malay villagers on the island. The Malay name for this island is literally translated as "dead back" or "behind the dead"; "belakang" means "at the back" or "behind" or "after"; "mati" means "dead". It is also called the "dead island" or the "island of the dead" or perhaps "island of after death".


title: Sentosa

text: There are a number of different suggestions on how the island came to acquire such an unpropitious name:


title: Sentosa

text: In 1827, Captain Edward Lake of the Bengal Engineer Group in his report on public works and fortifications had proposed an alternative name for Belakang Mati as the "Island of St George". However, the island was seen as too unhealthy for habitation and his proposed name was never realised.


title: Sentosa

text: In a 1972 contest organised by the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board, the island was renamed "Sentosa", a Malay word meaning "peace and tranquility", from Sanskrit, "Santosha".


title: Sentosa

text: "Pulau Belakang Mati" was once home to the native Malays who were relocated to the mainland, together with the Pulau Brani villagers, due to urban redevelopment in the late 1970s. In the nineteenth century, the island was considered important because it protected the passage into Keppel Harbour. Plans to fortify the island as part of the defence plan for Singapore were drawn up as early as 1827, but few fortifications actually materialised until the 1880s, when the rapid growth of the harbour led to concern over the protection of coal stocks against enemy attack. The four forts built on the island were Fort Siloso, Fort Serapong, Fort Connaught and the Mount Imbiah Battery.


title: Sentosa

text: The western end of Pulau Belakang Mati, the place where Fort Siloso is now, used to be called "sarang rimau" (the tiger's den). "Selusuh" is a kind of herb used as a remedy in childbirth, but there is no explanation of how the fort came to be so called, the "orang laut" of Kampong Kopit only knowing the place by the name of "sarang rimau". By the 1930s, the island was heavily fortified and a crucial component of Fortress Singapore, and the base of the Royal Artillery.


title: Sentosa

text: "Fort Connaught", on eastern side of Sentosa island, was earlier called "Belakang Mati East Battery" which was constructed in 1878. It had ammunition similar to Fort Siloso, with three Mark I 7 Inch RML Guns of 6½ Tons and two RML 64-pounder 64 cwt guns. In 1890 it was renamed the Fort Connaught to mark the visit of Duke of Connaught. In 1930s, fort was rebuilt and three Mark X 9·2-Inch Guns on 30° Mark VII Mountings with better range replaced the older firepower. On Mount Serapong, an underground Battery Plotting Room on northern side and a Battery Observation Post on top of mountain the were constructed. In 1942, during WWII, British forces at this fort exhausted their ammunition, and guns were tempered with and disabled before the British surrender to Japanese forces. A significant part of Mount Serapong was removed and it made way for the present day "Tanjong Golf Course", due to which a major part of the fort was destroyed. Presently few remains of the fort can still be seen in the extreme east corner of the Tanjong Golf Course, namely observation tower in the northeast corner of golf course near Allenbrooke road, then to the south of it are gun number 3, gun number 2 and engine room, and finally gun number 1 - all short distance from each other.


title: Sentosa

text: "Fort Serapong", Fort Siloso, Fort Connaught and Imbiah Battery were constructed on Sentosa island in 1870 to form the southern defence of Singapore. Presently only 20% of the original fort has been discovered.


title: Sentosa

text: During the Second World War, the island was a British military fortress. The British set up large-calibre gun fortifications at various points along the island that were aligned to the south, facing the sea in expectation of a seaward Japanese assault. The myth that the guns were incapable of pointing north developed after the War but this was wrong, they could swivel to point north but they were only equipped with armour-piercing shells for ships which made the shells ineffective against land based forces. The Japanese invaded and captured Singapore from the north, after having done the same to Malaya (now known as West or Peninsular Malaysia).


title: Sentosa

text: Following the surrender of the Allied Forces on 15 February 1942, Fort Siloso became a prisoner of war camp, housing Australian and British prisoners of the Japanese. During the Japanese Occupation, under the Sook Ching Operation, Chinese men who were suspected, often arbitrarily, of being involved in anti-Japanese activities were brutally killed. 300 bodies, riddled with bullet wounds, washed up on the beach of Pulau Belakang Mati, and were buried by the British prisoners.


title: Sentosa

text: After the Japanese surrender in 1945 and the return of Singapore to British rule, the island became the base of the locally enlisted First Singapore Regiment of the Royal Artillery (1st SRRA) in 1947. Other locally enlisted men from Singapore were sent to the island for basic military training before being sent to other units of the British Army in Singapore. Ten years later, the 1st SRRA was disbanded and its guns dismantled. The coast artillery was replaced with Gurkha infantry units, first the 2/7th Duke of Edinburgh's own Gurkha Rifles and later the 2/10th Princess Mary's own Gurkha Rifles. Fort Siloso and Mount Imbiah became a religious retreat and a Protestant church house respectively. Fort Connaught was left in ruins. Fort Serapong became a secure communications and listening station.


title: Sentosa

text: In the early 1960s, during the Indonesian Confrontation, the 2/10th occupied the island. Even though Indonesia was in close proximity there were few amateurish attempts of direct action by the Indonesians against Singapore. The Gurkha battalion rotated on a six monthly basis to Borneo where most military action during the Confrontation took place. A significant parade took place on the island during the Confrontation to announce the award of the Victoria Cross to Rambahadur Limbu for an action in Borneo. With the end of the Confrontation in 1966 and the withdrawal of the Gurkha battalion from the island, the British handed over Sentosa to the Singapore Armed Forces of the newly independent Government of Singapore in 1967. In 1967, Pulau Belakang Mati became the base for the Singapore Naval Volunteer Force, which relocated there from its old base at Telok Ayer Basin. The School of Maritime Training was also set up there, as was the first Naval Medical Centre. It became part of the Republic of Singapore Navy. Also in 1967, Pulau Belakang Mati became the military base for the School of Field Engineers, which relocated there from Pasir Leba Camp. The Field Engineer School trained the 1st Batch of Combat Engineer Commanders who in turn trained the 1st batch of Full Time National Servicemen who were enlisted in 1968. The 1st operational Combat Engineer Battalion was also raised here. The Engineer Headquarters (EHQ) was established here 1970 before moving to Gillman Camp in 1971.


title: Sentosa

text: By 1967, the Singapore government had reached an agreement with Esso to build an oil refinery on the island with the intent to eventually turn the island into a petrochemical complex. However, the then-chief of the Urban Renewal Unit (the forerunner of the Urban Redevelopment Authority), Alan Choe, wanted to somehow preserve the greenery of the island. With the support of Dr Albert Winsemius, he managed to convince then-Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong to turn the island into a tourism destination, and shift the planned Esso refinery to Jurong Island instead.


title: Sentosa

text: In the late 1960s, the government began to set out proposals for developing the island, and a contest to find a new name for the island was held in November 1969. The island was renamed "Sentosa" in September 1970, which means "peace and tranquility" in Malay (from Sanskrit, "Santosha"), from a suggestion by the public. In March 1971, the government announced plans to develop the island into a holiday resort for local visitors and tourists, and a S$124-million plan for developing Sentosa was unveiled in March 1972.


title: Sentosa

text: The Sentosa Development Corporation was formed and incorporated on 1 September 1972 to oversee the development of the island. Since then, some S$420 million of private capital and another S$500 million of government funds have been invested to develop the island.


title: Sentosa

text: In 1974 the Singapore Cable Car system was built, linking Sentosa to Mount Faber. Finally, in 1975, the Republic of Singapore Navy had moved out from the Sentosa to Pulau Brani Island. A series of attractions were subsequently opened for visitors including Fort Siloso, Surrender Chamber wax museum, Musical Fountain, and the Underwater World. The causeway bridge was opened in 1992 connecting Sentosa to the mainland.


title: Sentosa

text: The Sentosa Monorail system was opened in 1982 to transport visitors across seven stations located around the western side of the island.


title: Sentosa

text: The former political prisoner and Nobel prize nominee Chia Thye Poh spent three-and-a-half years in internal exile on Sentosa after he was freed from 23 years in jail in 1989.


title: Sentosa

text: On 16 March 2005, the monorail service was discontinued to make way for the new Sentosa Express, which commenced operations on 15 January 2007. An environmental assessment conducted by the government of Singapore concluded that the construction of an integrated resort on Sentosa would result in a high likelihood of high scale biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, soil erosion and climate change, as well as several other destructive ecological impacts. Therefore, over two hundred trees and plants from the area that was to be cleared for the construction of the resorts were replanted elsewhere on the island to minimize negative environmental impact.


title: Sentosa

text: In 2009, construction of a new foot bridge began. The S$70 million Sentosa Boardwalk includes themed gardens, shops and eateries. There are covered walkways and travellators along the boardwalk for rainy days. The Boardwalk, officially opened by Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean on 29 January 2011, provides visitors with an alternative mode of travel to reach the island. Sentosa Boardwalk, designed by Aedas, was named Best Leisure Architecture in Asia Pacific and 5* Best Leisure Architecture in Singapore, at the 2014 Asia Pacific Property Awards.


title: Sentosa

text: The island hosted the 2018 North Korea–United States summit between the United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea on 12 June 2018, at the Capella Hotel. Sentosa island was gazetted as a 'special event area' by the Singapore Government and the Capella Hotel was chosen as the venue by the White House, a week prior to the summit.


title: Sentosa

text: In his 2018 autobiography, Emeritus Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong revealed that, when the tourism sector was suffering, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew made an attempt to allow a nudist resort to be built on Sentosa in order to attract tourists, but the motion was ultimately vetoed.


title: Sentosa

text: The island has an area of close to . It lies just half a kilometre (a quarter of a mile) away from the southern coast of the main island of Singapore. It is Singapore's fourth-largest island (excluding the main island). 70% of the island was covered by secondary rainforest, the habitat of monitor lizards, monkeys, peacocks, parrots as well as other native fauna and flora, also, when the construction of Resorts World Sentosa commenced; environmental impact was kept at a minimum when over two hundred trees in the designated area were replanted elsewhere on the island.


title: Sentosa

text: Further development has significantly impacted the biodiversity of the island, resulting in the loss of much of the native fauna and flora. The island also has a stretch of white sand beach, which has impacted the reef. Significantly large portions of land are currently being added to Sentosa due to land reclamation.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa can be reached from the Singapore mainland via a short causeway or Cable Car, which originates from Mount Faber and passes through HarbourFront en route to its final destination at Imbiah Lookout. In 2015, Sentosa opened an intra-island Cable Car to facilitate travelling within the island. Dubbed the sky network, the Cable Car has 3 stations, in Siloso, Imbiah, and near the now-closed Merlion, and is not linked to the original Cable Car.


title: Sentosa

text: Public bus services are available to connect Sentosa Island to the mainland. Tong Tar Transport service RWS8 operates between VivoCity/ HarbourFront station to Resorts World Sentosa during peak hours only. On 30 July 2017, SBS Transit Bus Service 123 was extended to enhance connectivity to Resorts World Sentosa, Merlion Tower (now closed), and Beach Station Bus Terminal.


title: Sentosa

text: Prior to COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore, SMRT had operated Express Bus Services 188R and 963R between Choa Chu Kang and Woodlands towards Resorts World Sentosa respectively on weekends and public holidays. These bus routes were withdrawn on 7 April 2020 due to low demand.


title: Sentosa

text: The island is also accessible by the Sentosa Express monorail, which replaced the old Sentosa Monorail that operated from 1982 to 2005. The Sentosa Express has three stations on Sentosa and one on mainland Singapore. The northern terminus of the line, which opened on 15 January 2007, is located at the VivoCity shopping mall on the mainland and the southernmost terminus, Beach Station, is located on Sentosa Island. In Vivocity, the mainland MRT is in turn served by the HarbourFront of the North East Line and the Circle Line.


title: Sentosa

text: Within Sentosa, there are three bus services, identified as Bus A, Bus B, and Bus C. Bus C duplicates Bus A's service entirely but both are operating.


title: Sentosa

text: Visitors can also access the island via the Sentosa Boardwalk which is parallel to the causeway (which opened on 29 January 2011). The first two days of its opening were marked with free entry into Sentosa for visitors who walk, and subsequently, an SGD 1 admission fee into Sentosa is charged. From 7 June 2014 to 4 January 2015, walk-in entry into Sentosa via the Sentosa Boardwalk is free on weekends and public holidays. Walk-in has been free of charge since the end of SG50 celebrations. The Sentosa Boardwalk hosts frequent bazaars on weekends.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa Beach Tram is a tram that serves Palawan Beach, Siloso Beach, and Tanjong Beach, using four vehicles including 2 Volvo B12BLEAs, in which the second carriage is an open-top and another one with green and blue liveries. The Volvo B12BLEAs were manufactured by ComfortDelGro Engineering bodywork. The connection is at Beach Station.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa offers a variety of attractions, museums, and other facilities. These include Universal Studios and Madame Tussauds chain of attractions, as well as a Marine Life Park, which consists of a water park and an aquarium. Most of the attractions on Sentosa are located in either Resorts World Sentosa, Imbiah Lookout, or the Sentosa Beachfront.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa has a stretch of sheltered beach of more than on its southern coast, divided into three portions: Palawan Beach, Siloso Beach and Tanjong Beach. These beaches are artificial, reclaimed using sand bought from Indonesia and Malaysia. They are guarded by a beach patrol lifeguard team who are easily identified by their red and yellow uniforms.


title: Sentosa

text: The Singapore Civil Defence Force's (SCDF) newest fire station officially commenced operations on the island of Sentosa at 8am on Monday (6 June 2016). Sentosa Fire Station, which is located at 37 Artillery Avenue, has a fleet of five emergency vehicles: two fire engines, a fire bike, an ambulance and an aerial firefighting and rescue support vehicle. It is strategically placed to provide emergency services within the island and the immediate vicinity such as the HarbourFront and Telok Blangah areas.


title: Sentosa

text: This is a family-oriented Integrated Resort with a casino at its core. A resort developer and operator was chosen on 8 December 2006. The winning proposal was the Genting/Star Cruises consortium in their bid for Resorts World Sentosa. It has a Universal Studios Theme Park (known as Universal Studios Singapore) which occupies nearly half of the resort space. Development of the resort was financed privately at a cost of $SGD5.75 billion and it does not receive any government subsidies. The proposal for a casino was met with extensive opposition from many conservative critics. Nevertheless, the government has constantly reassured the public that there would be stringent measures in place to maintain the social fabric of the nation Singapore, and to prevent problems such as gambling addiction. It is also home to several celebrity chef restaurants, including Joël Robuchon, and the Ocean Restaurant by Cat Cora, which faces the open ocean display of the S.E.A. Aquarium.


title: Sentosa

text: The Adventure Cove waterpark offers water rides (including the Southeast Asia's first hydro wet coaster), and marine experiences like swimming with dolphins, sharks, manta rays, as well as snorkeling in an artificial reef.


title: Sentosa

text: It also has a concert venue known as the Hard Rock Colosseum, which has played host to musical acts like Of Monsters and Men, Jimmy Eat World and Bastille.


title: Sentosa

text: On 14 February 2010 at exactly 12:18 p.m., which was also the first day of the Chinese New Year, Resorts World Sentosa was opened to the public. In Cantonese, "1218" sounds like "prosperity", hence the opening time. The resort's main attractions include Universal Studios Singapore, Adventure Cove water park, S.E.A. Aquarium, the Maritime Experiential Museum, "The Royal Albatross" and the Trick Eye Museum Singapore.


title: Sentosa

text: Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) has developed a sustainability plan to safeguard the environment and to conserve Sentosa's heritage assets. In fact, many parts of Sentosa still retain her original tranquil and lush environment - driven by the corporation's land-use policy of maintaining 60% of the island as green and open spaces (natural area reduced to about 25% by 2014).


title: Sentosa

text: Efforts are made to raise awareness among both visitors and staff of the island regarding environmental issues and sustainable tourism. This is done via regular campaigns and educational talks.


title: Orenburg Oblast

text: Orenburg Oblast (, "Orenburgskaya oblast") is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name "Chkalov Oblast" () in honor of Valery Chkalov. Population: 2,033,072 (2010 Census).


title: Orenburg Oblast

text: Orenburg Oblast's internal borders are with the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan to the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast to the north-east, and with Samara and Saratov oblasts to the west. Orenburg Oblast also shares an international border with Kazakhstan to the east and south. The oblast is situated on the boundary between Europe and Asia. The majority of its territory lies west of the continental divide in European Russia and smaller sections in the east situated on the Asian side of the divide. The most important river of the oblast is the Ural and the largest lake Shalkar-Yega-Kara. Orenburg is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. The highest point of the oblast is high Nakas (mountain).


title: Orenburg Oblast

text: As of a 2012 survey, 40.2% of the population of Orenburg Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% declare themselves to be generic nondenominational Christians (excluding the Protestant definition), 2% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or belong to non-Russian Orthodox churches. Muslims constitute 13% of the population. 3% of the population are followers of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 6.8% are followers of other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 20% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.


title: Orenburg Oblast

text: Orenburg Oblast is one of the major agricultural areas of Russia. Its climate is favorable to farming with a humid spring, dry summer and many sunny days, which make perfect conditions for cultivating hard wheat and rye, sunflowers, potatoes, peas, beans, corn, and gourds.


title: Orenburg Oblast

text: The range of the oblast's export commodities includes oil and oil products, gas and gas produced products, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, nickel, asbestos, chromium compounds, rough copper, electric engines, and radiators, which are used to make products from the machine-building industry.


title: Alina Boz

text: Alina Boz (; born 14 June 1998) is a Russian-born Turkish actress. She is best known for her series "Elimi Bırakma" and "Maraşlı", and the Netflix series "Aşk 101."


title: Alina Boz

text: Alina Boz was born on 14 June 1998 in Moscow, Russia, to Turkish father and Russian mother. Her paternal grandparents were among the Turk minority in Bulgaria and then immigrated from Bulgaria to Turkey (also known as Bulgarian Turk). Boz was seven when her family moved to Turkey due to her father's new job. There she learned Turkish and attended primary school. She speaks Turkish, Russian and English. She studied at Private Gökjet Aviation High School. She began her dance career in the dance theatre. Before starting her acting career, Boz worked as a model on commercials and magazines.


title: Alina Boz

text: Before commencing her acting career, Boz worked in several commercials. She started her acting career at the age of fifteen in the 2013 series "Cesur Hemşire" as Canan. In 2014, she starred in the series "Paramparça" and depicted the character of Hazal along with actress Nurgül Yeşilçay. In 2016, she appeared in the movie "Kaçma Birader" and portrayed the character of Melis Kahvaci. In 2017, Boz had a role in the movie "Böluk" and also worked in the series "Sevdanın Bahçesi" as Defne. In 2018, she was cast in the series "Vatanım Sensin" as Princess Anastasia Romanova, and in the same year she had a leading role as Azra Güneş in the series "Elimi Bırakama".


title: Alina Boz

text: Boz had a leading role in the Netflix original series "Aşk 101" and portrayed the character of "Eda". In 2021, she starred as Mahur Türel opposite Burak Deniz in the television series "Maraşlı". In 2021, she signed a contract for the brand "Duru", she received 1 million Turkish lira for the deal. The commercial was shot in Bursa. Simultaneously, Boz starred in the sequel of "Aşk 101", which premiered on 30 September 2021 on Netflix.