title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: By February 1943, Flossenbürg had 4,004 prisoners, not including the Soviet prisoners of war. From April 1943, the commandant was Max Koegel, described by American historian Todd Huebner as "a vicious martinet" who lacked the ability to manage the camp during its rapid expansion. Continuing influxes of political prisoners from occupied countries caused Germans to become a minority that same year. During 1944, Flossenbürg's population expanded almost eightfold, from 4,869 to 40,437, due to a high influx of mainly non-German prisoners. This was part of an expansion that applied over the entire Nazi concentration camp system.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: By the end of 1943, the number of guards had increased to about 450, including 140 Ukrainian auxiliaries. As with other concentration camps, guards initially consisted of SS men from Germany and Austria, whose ranks were augmented with "Volksdeutsche" recruits after 1942. The number of guards increased sixfold during 1944 and reached 4,500 by the time the camp was evacuated. Due to manpower shortages, fit young guards were called up for front-line service and many older men, members of the Wehrmacht and five hundred SS women were recruited into the guard force at Flossenbürg.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The expansion of the camp led to the establishment of subcamps, the first of which was established at Stulln in February 1942 to provide forced labor to a mining company. Many of them were located in the Sudetenland or across the border in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Initially, the subcamps were not involved in armaments production, which changed in the second half of 1944 due to a large influx of available prisoners and the activities of the "Jägerstab", which sought to increase German aircraft production. The "Jägerstab"'s dispersal of aircraft production spurred the expansion of the subcamp system in 1944 and resulted in the establishment of the two largest of the subcamps, at Hersbruck and Leitmeritz. In the second half of 1944, 45 new camps were created, compared to three camps in the previous six months. The staffing of these new camps was increasingly filled by Luftwaffe soldiers, "Volksdeutsche" SS men (ethnic Germans from outside the Reich), and SS women, for the subcamps containing female prisoners. By April 1945, 80% of the prisoners were at the subcamps.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Three quarries were operational by the end of 1938, and a fourth opened in April 1941. All four quarries were located near the main camp, and the total planned output was annually. The stone was average quality blue-gray and yellow-gray granite, 90% of which was suitable for architectural purposes. Production gradually increased during 1940, but remained constant in 1941. Initially all work was done by manual labor; prisoners worked alongside civilian laborers and performed the most arduous and dangerous tasks. Accidents led to many deaths. Beginning in 1940 and 1941, machines were introduced to increase efficiency. In mid-1939, the quarries became the main use of labor in the camp and the following year they consumed half of the total labor, which was valued at 367,000 Reichsmarks.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: From November 1940, some prisoners were trained as stonemasons in a specialized workshop; their numbers reached 1,200 by December 1942. The prisoners were instructed by civilian experts in a ten-week course covering both practical and theoretical topics but watched carefully by kapos. Those who failed to advance were sent to work in the quarries, while those whose productivity improved were given cigarettes and extra food. The stone that they cut was used for construction of the camp, the "Autobahn", and various SS military projects, but later on it was destined for the monumental German Stadium project and the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Of the five prewar concentration camps where economic industries were prominent, Flossenbürg was the one that was most significant and consistent in producing income for DEST. For example, it produced of stone in 1939, almost three-quarters of the total production that year. The largest buyer of Flossenbürg granite was Albert Speer's office for the reconstruction of Berlin. Within this project the largest and most significant orders were for Wilhelm Kreis' Soldiers' Hall ("Soldatenhalle") project, beginning in 1940. Increasing amounts of stone were used for road building; 15% in 1939 but 60% the next year.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The first quarry shut down in May 1943 and its workers were reassigned to arms production, but half of the prisoner labor was still going to the quarries. Although civilian production was being scaled back in order to reorient the economy to total war, DEST managed to secure permission to keep many of its quarries open into 1944. At Flossenbürg, the company maintained strong control over the economic enterprises of the camp, despite the fact that this aspect was supposed to be under the control of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (SS-WHVA). In early 1944, 1,000 prisoners were still employed in the quarries.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: During 1942, the focus of the SS shifted towards war production, leading to negotiations with arms manufacturers to license their products to DEST. Messerschmitt AG was one of the most important armaments companies that demonstrated interest in acquiring the slave labor of concentration camp prisoners, opening negotiations with DEST via Regensburg by the end of 1942 to produce parts for the Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft at Flossenbürg. Under the terms of the deal, Messerschmitt would provide skilled technicians, raw materials, and tools, paying DEST 3 Reichsmarks per day for a skilled laborer and 1.5 Reichsmarks per day for an unskilled prisoner. Thus, Messerschmitt could increase its profit margin by reducing labor costs, while DEST could reduce its administrative costs by acting as a manpower agency. In mid-January 1943, DEST accepted the offer; production started in early February.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: According to Yad Vashem historian Daniel Uziel, the conversion of Flossenbürg to armaments production was especially significant because it had been the most profitable DEST enterprise. The number of prisoners working for Messerschmitt increased greatly after the bombing of Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant on 17 August 1943. That month, 800 prisoners worked for Messerschmitt; a year later, 5,700 prisoners were employed in armaments production. , a subcontractor of Messerschmitt, established Flossenbürg subcamps to support its production: a subcamp at Johanngeorgenstadt, established in December 1943, to produce tailplanes for the Bf 109, and another subcamp at Mülsen-St. Micheln which produced aircraft wings, in January 1944. Despite strict regulations forbidding contact, the German civilian workers came into contact with prisoners and some helped by providing extra food or other assistance.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The Flossenbürg camp system had become a key supplier of Bf 109 parts by February 1944, when Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant was bombed again during "Big Week". Seven hundred Soviet prisoners who had been working at the Regensburg factory were transferred to Flossenbürg to continue working on Bf 109 production. Increased production at Flossenbürg was essential to restoring production in the aftermath of the attack. Aircraft manufacturer Arado eventually became one of the primary users of slave labor at the subcamps for the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber project, at Freiberg among other locations. Other prisoners in the subcamps were forced to work on synthetic oil production or repairing railways. Before the end of the war, about 18,000 prisoners at Flossenbürg and its subcamps were working on aviation-related projects.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Ten percent of the deaths at Flossenbürg occurred before 1943. The quarries caused the death rate to be higher at Flossenbürg than at camps with less physically demanding industries, such as brickworks; the switch to armaments production in 1943 led to a decrease in the death rate. Prisoners also suffered from a shortage of fresh water, due to the elevation, and unusually cold and wet weather; their clothing was not adequate for these conditions. The main camp, situated in a narrow valley, had little room for expansion. Originally constructed for only 1,500 prisoners, the population of the main camp increased to between 10,000 and 11,000 before it was evacuated in April 1945. In order to increase productivity, the prisoners were forced to sleep and work in shifts. This also helped alleviate the chronic overcrowding in the barracks.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The prisoner functionaries at Flossenbürg were unusually brutal and corrupt because the positions had been taken by criminal prisoners even though overall only about 5% of prisoners had been classified as criminal. The final camp elder, Anton Uhl, was beaten to death by prisoners after liberation. Many of the criminal functionaries sexually abused young male prisoners, causing the commandant to isolate teenage boys in separate barracks. The SS hierarchy was also known for corruption and brutality. Prisoners were mistreated in various ways, from being beaten or doused with cold water to being shot by guards during alleged escape attempts.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The prisoners were chronically undernourished and disease was rampant. Conditions differed based on a prisoner's status and race. Polish and Soviet prisoners occupied the lowest rungs on the prisoner hierarchy, being put on the most physically demanding work details and allocated less food than other prisoners. There was an epidemic of dysentery in January 1940 that shut down work at the camp, and typhus epidemics in September 1944 and January 1945 claimed many lives. The total number of prisoners who passed through Flossenbürg and its subcamps has been estimated at 89,964 or over 100,000. About 30,000 of the prisoners died at Flossenbürg or during its evacuation, the main causes of death were malnutrition and disease. Between 13,000 and 15,000 prisoners died at the main camp and more than 10,000 at the satellite camps. An estimated three-quarters of the deaths occurred in the nine months before liberation.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Due to increased mortality from the harsh conditions, the SS ordered the construction of an on-site crematorium, which was completed in May 1940. Executions by shooting began at Flossenbürg on 6 February 1941; the first victims were Polish political prisoners. Victims were separated after the evening roll call and read their sentences. After a night in the camp jail, they were shot at the firing range adjacent to the crematorium. After a mass execution of 80 Polish prisoners on 8 September, the execution method was changed to lethal injection due to complaints from local residents of blood and body parts washing up in nearby streams. The primary victims were Polish political prisoners and Soviet prisoners of war.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Doctors who had participated in the "Aktion T4" mass killings toured several concentration camps to select ill inmates to be transported to euthanasia centers; they visited Flossenbürg in March 1942. Thousands of prisoners who were worn out by forced labor were sent to death camps such as Majdanek and Auschwitz. One transport from Flossenbürg to Auschwitz arrived on 5 December 1943 with more than 250 of the 948 prisoners dead. By 18 February, only 393 survived. Women unable to work were often deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The rate of executions increased during the final months of the camp. The SS liquidated prisoners who they suspected might try to escape or organize resistance; most of the victims were Russians. Some of them were high-profile prisoners who had been kept alive previously for interrogation. During the last days of the camp's existence, the SS executed thirteen Allied secret agents and seven prominent German anti-Nazis, including former "Abwehr" head Wilhelm Canaris and the Confessing Church theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. In all, the SS had executed at least 2,500 people at Flossenbürg.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: A total of 12,000 prisoners in seventeen transports arrived at Flossenbürg in late 1944 and early 1945, causing the camp to fall into a state of disarray. The first of these prisoners had been evacuated from Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp in summer 1944. In early 1945, 2,000 prisoners were sent to Flossenbürg during the evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp. 9,500 prisoners arrived after the evacuation of Gross-Rosen; of 3,000 on one transport, only 1,000 arrived alive. The influx of prisoners caused conditions to worsen and the death rate to increase dramatically: 3,370 prisoners died between mid-January and 13 April.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: As there was not enough space in the infirmary for all of the sick prisoners, commandant Max Koegel ordered hundreds of sick prisoners sent to Bergen-Belsen in April. In order to cope with the disorder, he founded a camp police force composed of ethnic German prisoners, mostly criminals. These prisoners mistreated non-German prisoners. During the last months of the camp's existence, many of the prisoners were idle because no raw materials for their work had arrived. Because of its location near the border of the Protectorate, Flossenbürg was the destination for evacuation transports from Buchenwald concentration camp when the Allies neared the camp in mid-April. At least 6,000 prisoners from Buchenwald arrived at Flossenbürg between 16 and 20 April; many of the Jews were sent on to the Theresienstadt Ghetto while non-Jewish prisoners remained at Flossenbürg. On 14 April, the population of Flossenbürg and its subcamps was 45,800, including 16,000 women. The main camp's population peaked at between 10,000 and 11,000.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: On 14 April 1945, SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered all of the camps to be evacuated: "Not a single prisoner must fall alive into enemy hands". As soon as he received the order, Koegel sent some families of SS men away and prepared to evacuate the camp. At 5 am on 16 April, the 1,700 Jewish prisoners at Flossenbürg main camp were separated from the rest and ordered to assemble. Eight SS men guarded each column of 100 prisoners. When they reached the railway station, distant, they were loaded into closed and open freight cars, 60 to 75 each. The train was strafed by United States aircraft soon after setting out, causing the guards to flee temporarily. Many prisoners were injured or killed; others rummaged for food that the SS guards had left behind. After the raid, the guards returned and shot injured prisoners. The total number of deaths was several dozen, increasing in the next two days as the prisoners were not provided with food or water.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The route proceeded by rail through Neunburg vorm Wald, Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Pfreimd, Nabburg, and Schwarzenfeld, where, on 19 or 20 April, about 750 of the Jewish prisoners were stranded after another aerial attack disabled the locomotive. The SS murdered any prisoners who were unable to continue the march on foot. After the liberation, 140 corpses were found in a nearby field; some of the victims had been killed in the air raid, while others had been murdered. One prisoner testified that "The SS men joked and laughed during the shooting... the prisoners were led in groups of 15–20, they had to lie on the ground and were shot in the nape". The survivors were divided into columns 100-strong and marched through heavy rain and mud. Many were ill with fever, but anyone unable to keep up was shot on the spot. At Neukirchen-Balbini, the death march joined up with the larger one of non-Jewish prisoners. Another group of Jewish evacuees continued towards Theresienstadt, arriving in early May.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Evacuation of non-Jewish prisoners began on 17 April, when 2,000 prisoners left on foot, arriving at Dachau on 23 April. This group consisted of longtime Flossenbürg prisoners, a group from Ohrdruf concentration camp, and the survivors of the death march from Buchenwald. SS official Kurt Becher, who was involved in negotiations between Himmler and the Allies, visited Flossenbürg on 17 April and attempted to persuade Koegel not to evacuate the camp. A telegram from Himmler the next day repeated the order not to let any prisoner fall into enemy hands. On 19 April, some 25,000 to 30,000 remaining prisoners in Flossenbürg and its subcamps were ordered to evacuate to Dachau. About 16,000 prisoners actually set out, and only a few thousand reached their destination. The prisoners were transported by rail to Oberviechtach, where they split into two groups. One of these traveled by foot and in trucks via Külz, Dieterskirchen, and Schwarzhofen, joining the earlier march of Jewish prisoners in Neunburg. Many prisoners remained in the town from 20–22 April, when the SS guards deserted. The United States Army arrived in the area on 23 April and found 2,500 surviving prisoners. Many others were liberated on the road to Cham, to the southeast.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: At many of Flossenbürg's subcamps, the SS massacred sick Jewish prisoners before evacuating. Including these massacres, the death marches cost the lives of about 7,000 prisoners from Flossenbürg and its subcamps. The 90th Infantry Division of the United States Army liberated the main camp on 23 April and found 1,527 ill and weak prisoners in the camp hospital; more than 100 prisoners had died in the preceding three days. Despite the efforts of American medics, only 1,208 prisoners survived the immediate aftermath of liberation. Initially, the American authorities ordered the bodies to be burned in the camp crematorium, but after protests from the survivors, held a funeral for 21 former prisoners on 3 May. Some of Flossenbürg's eastern subcamps, located east of the demarcation line, were liberated by the Red Army.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: Investigation of Nazi war criminals at Flossenbürg began on 6 May 1945, when the United States Army appointed eleven investigators. "SS- Hauptsturmführer" Friedrich Becker, the head of the labor department at Flossenbürg, had signed most of the transport lists and was considered the most important perpetrator by the American prosecutors; Koegel had committed suicide by hanging shortly after being captured by the Americans in 1946. After a year of pretrial investigation, the United States charged Becker and fifty other defendants on 14 May 1946. The defendants, who were tried before a United States military court at Dachau between 12 June 1946 and 22 January 1947, all pled not guilty. Thirty-three of the defendants were low-ranking SS members, sixteen were former prisoner functionaries, and two were civilians. Charges against seven were dropped and five were found not guilty. Of the remainder of the defendants, fifteen received death sentences, eleven life sentences, and the remainder jail terms of varying length.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: After the trial, two of the prosecution witnesses were tried for perjury following a petition by the nephew of a defendant. One was convicted and the other acquitted, leading to judicial review of the charges against the defendants, but a War Crimes Board of Review found that the perjury had not affected the outcome of the trial. Two of the defendants who had received death sentences had their sentences reduced on appeal. The remaining death sentences were carried out on 3 and 15 October 1947 or 1948. Between December 1950 and December 1951, the remaining twenty-six prisoners had their sentences reviewed. Most were commuted to time served or a shorter term. The last prisoner was paroled in 1957 and had his sentence remitted on 11 June 1958.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: After liberation, Flossenbürg was used to hold Axis Disarmed Enemy Forces and later as a displaced persons camp. During the following decades, much of the camp was built over or repurposed. For example, the former prisoner laundry and kitchen were used commercially until the 1990s. The Flossenbürg camp quarry is on land owned by the Bavarian state government but is currently leased to a private company. The lease expires in 2024, and the Green Party is attempting to prevent the lease from being renewed so that the quarry can be incorporated into the memorial.


title: Flossenbürg concentration camp

text: The first memorial on the site was set up in 1946, and the cemetery was added during the 1950s. A small exhibition was opened in 1985, and a permanent museum opened in what had been the laundry room in 2007. A second exhibition has existed since 2010 in the prisoner kitchen. A list of the names of more than 21,000 prisoners who died at the camp is available on the museum's website.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The newsboys' strike of 1899 was a U.S. youth-led campaign to facilitate change in the way that Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst's newspapers compensated their force of newsboys or newspaper hawkers. The strikers demonstrated across New York City for several days, effectively stopping circulation of the two papers, along with the news distribution for many New England cities. The strike lasted two weeks, causing Pulitzer's "New York World" to decrease its circulation from 360,000 papers sold per day to 125,000. Although the price of papers was not lowered, the strike was successful in forcing the "World" and "Journal" to offer full buybacks to their sellers, thus increasing the amount of money that newsies received for their work. This event inspired the 1992 movie musical, "Newsies," which was adapted for Broadway in 2012.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: At the turn of the century, newsboys were essential to newspaper distribution. While morning editions of the paper were often delivered directly to subscribers, the afternoon editions relied almost exclusively on newsboys to sell. Most of the newsboys came from poor immigrant families and sold papers in the afternoons and evenings, after their school activities. They bought papers at 50¢ per hundred, and sold them at 1 cent each, for a profit of half a cent per paper.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: There were newsboy strikes several years before the events of 1899, including those in 1886, 1887, and 1889. The last notable strike that the newsboys held against the "World" and the "Journal" was in August 1889.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: In 1898, with the Spanish–American War increasing newspaper sales, several publishers raised the cost of a newsboy's bundle of 100 newspapers from 50¢ to 60¢, a price increase that at the time was offset by the increased sales. After the war, many papers reduced the cost back to previous levels, with the notable exceptions of "The Evening World" and the "New York Evening Journal".


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: On approximately July 18, 1899, a group of newsboys in Long Island City turned over a distribution wagon for the "New York Journal" and declared a strike against the papers of Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the "World", and William Randolph Hearst, publisher of the "Journal", until prices were rolled back to 50¢ per hundred. The newsboys of Manhattan and Brooklyn were quick to follow the next day.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The newsboys' methods were violent in the early days of the strike. Any man or boy found to be selling the two boycotted papers would be mobbed by a group of strikers, beaten, and his papers destroyed. The newspaper owners paid grown men to sell their papers, offering them police protection, but the strikers often found ways to distract the officers so they could get at the "scabs." Women and girls fared a little better because, as union leader Kid Blink put it, "A feller can't soak a lady."


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The newsboys also distributed flyers and hung signs around the city, encouraging people to help them in their cause by not buying the "World" and "Journal".


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: On July 24, 1899, the newsboys held a city-wide rally at Irving Hall sponsored by state senator, Timothy D. Sullivan. An estimated five thousand boys from Manhattan attended the rally, along with two thousand boys from Brooklyn and several hundreds from other areas of the city.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Many local businessmen and politicians addressed the crowd, including lawyer Leonard A. Suitkin, Frank B. Wood, and ex-Assemblyman Phil Wissig. When the adults had finished speaking, the union president, David Simmons, read a list of resolutions saying that the strike was to stand until the papers reduced their prices, and also calling on the newsboys to adopt non-violent methods of resistance.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Other speeches were made by "Warhorse" Brennan, Jack Tietjen, "Bob the Indian", union leader "Kid Blink", "Crazy" Arborn, Annie Kelly, and Brooklyn union leader, "Racetrack" Higgins. The night ended with a song sung by "Hungry Joe" Kernan.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: In the days following the rally, the newsboys' tactics changed to be largely non-violent. Even though they were no longer beating people who sold the "World" and "Journal", the strike was still effective because the public was on their side and chose not to buy the papers, even if they were for sale.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: On July 26, 1899, the newsboys planned a parade, where as many as 6,000 boys would march, accompanied by a band and fireworks, but this parade never happened due to issues with obtaining a permit.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: On July 26, 1899, rumors spread among the newsboys that strike leaders, Kid Blink and David Simmons had betrayed the strike and agreed to sell the boycotted papers in exchange for a bribe from the newspaper executives. Both boys denied the charges, but some sources note that Kid Blink wore clothes a bit nicer than usual, indicating the possibility that he may have accepted a bribe. In response to these suspicions, Kid Blink and David Simmons resigned from their leadership positions, Simmons changing from union president to treasurer, and Kid Blink becoming a walking delegate.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: That night, Kid Blink was chased through the streets by a group of boys angry about the rumors that he had abandoned the strike. A police officer, seeing the group of running boys, assumed that Kid Blink was the leader and arrested him for disorderly conduct. Kid Blink was given a fine and let go, while a group of newsboys outside the court jeered at him.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: After the rumors about Kid Blink and David Simmons' desertion of the strike, combined with their failure to obtain a parade permit, the newsboys' faith in centralized leadership was diminished. Other newsboys stepped up to lead the strikers, but none of them had the same level of power and influence that Kid Blink once had.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: On August 1, 1899, the "World" and "Journal" offered the newsboys a compromise: the price of a hundred papers would remain at 60¢, but they would buy back any unsold papers. This meant that the boys, who had trouble selling all their papers would not be forced to sell late into the night to avoid taking a loss for the day. The newsboys accepted this compromise, ended the strike and disbanded the union on August 2, 1899.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The leadership of the newsboy strike was less centralized than most unions, with boys in each neighborhood feeling more loyalty to the other boys in their area than to the centralized leadership. That said, some boys were more influential than others, organizing rallies, acting as spokespeople for the strike, and being interviewed by papers such as the "New York Tribune", "New York Sun" or "New York Herald". The papers often quoted the strikers with their New York accents, depicted as an eye dialect, using such sayings as "Me nobul men is all loyal."


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The face of the strike was Louis "Kid Blink" Baletti. Kid Blink was 18 during the strike, and was described by papers at the time as an "undersized boy" with red hair and an eye patch over his left eye. He also went by the nicknames “Red Blink,” "Muggsy McGee" and "Blind Diamond."


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Kid Blink was a charismatic leader. Several newspapers recorded speeches, which he gave at rallies, one of which reads in part "Friens and feller workers. This is a time, which tries de hearts of men. Dis is de time when we've got to stick together like glue... We know what we want and we'll get it even if we are blind." His speech at the Irving Hall rally won him a floral horseshoe for the best speech of the evening.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Kid Blink was accused of betraying the strike and accepting a bribe to sell the boycotted papers, and though some sources claim he was acquitted of these charges, he still stepped down from his leadership position after being accused.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: When he was arrested during the strike, Kid Blink told the police his name was Louis Ballat, but he was likely lying or misheard because his real name appears to have been Louis Baletti.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: After the strike, Kid Blink got a job as a cart driver and later as a saloon keeper. He may have also worked as the right-hand man to New York mobster Chuck Connors. He died in July 1913 at the age of 32 of tuberculosis.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: David Simmons was president of the newsboy union at the beginning of the strike, and treasurer in the second half, after he was accused of betraying the strike and was forced to step back from his leadership role. He was twenty-one at the time of the strike and had been selling newspapers since the age of eight. He was also a well-known amateur prizefighter at the local athletic clubs.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Simmons read a list of resolutions at the rally at Irving Hall, which the crowd reportedly found quite boring.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Ed "Racetrack" Higgins was the leader of the Brooklyn union, and was elected vice-president of the general union after Kid Blink and David Simmons were accused of selling out. Higgins was a fixture at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track, and referenced horses in many quotes at the time of the strike.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Higgins was a charismatic speaker, several papers mentioning his use of humor in his speeches to the striking newsboys. "Brooklyn Life" referred to him as "a born leader of boys, and he may yet be of men." His speech at the rally went off so well that the "New York Times" said that "If the newsboys present could have had a vote last night, 'Race Track Higgins' could have had any office in their gift."


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Morris Cohen was union president after Kid Blink and David Simmons stepped down. Very little is known about him, but a July 20 memo from Joseph Pulitzer's business manager, Don Seitz, named Cohen as the boy, who started the strike in New York City.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Henry "Major Butts" Butler was leader of the Upper Manhattan union after Kid Blink stepped down. He was arrested on July 31, 1899, on a charge of blackmail after telling executives at the "New York World" that he would not break the strike for less than $600 ($600 in 1900 is roughly equivalent to $16,000 in 2018).


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Annie Kelly was one of the few newswomen loyal to the strike, a fact that made her very popular with the striking newsboys, who saw her as "almost a patron saint." She was the only woman to speak at the rally at Irving Hall, after being pulled on stage by a crowd of cheering newsboys, where she told them "All I can say, boys, is to stick together and we'll win. That's all I've got to say to you."


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The newsboys' strike of 1899 has been credited with inspiring later strikes, including the Butte, Montana newsboys' strike of 1914, and a 1920s strike in Louisville, Kentucky.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: Some decades later, the introduction of urban child-welfare practices led to improvements in the newsboys' quality of life.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The newsboys were fictionalized in 1942 by DC Comics as the Newsboy Legion, first appearing in issue number 7 of "Star Spangled Comics" and continuing therein, through issue 64, as well as in various forms, including the modern-day comics.


title: Newsboys' strike of 1899

text: The events of the 1899 strike later inspired the 1992 Disney film "Newsies", including a character named Kid Blink (who wears an eye patch), but in this version of the story, the leader of the strike was named Jack Kelly. A musical theatre adaptation of the film, also called "Newsies", debuted in 2011 and played on Broadway from 2012 to 2014, starring Jeremy Jordan as Jack Kelly, and on tour from 2014 to 2016. A live filmed version of the stage production with cast members from both the Broadway and Tour productions was digitally released on May 23, 2017, on Netflix and later switched to Disney+.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Siegfried (), WWV 86C, is the third of the four music dramas that constitute "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"), by Richard Wagner. It premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 16 August 1876, as part of the first complete performance of "The Ring" cycle.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: The libretto of "Siegfried" was drafted by Wagner in November–December 1852, based on an earlier version he had prepared in May–June 1851 and originally entitled "Jung-Siegfried" ("Young Siegfried"), later changed to "Der junge Siegfried". The musical composition was commenced in 1856, but not finally completed until 1871.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: The libretto arose from Wagner's gradual reconception of the project he had initiated with his libretto "Siegfrieds Tod" ("Siegfried's Death") which was eventually to be incarnated as "Götterdämmerung", the final section of the Ring cycle. Having grappled with his text for "Siegfrieds Tod", and indeed having undertaken some musical sketches for it during 1851, he realized that it would need a 'preface'. At this point he conceived that the prefatory opera, "Der junge Siegfried", could act as a comic foil to the tragedy of "Siegfrieds Tod". Preliminary musical sketches for "Der junge Siegfried" in 1851 were however quickly abandoned, although Wagner had written to his friend Theodor Uhlig that "the musical phrases are making themselves for these stanzas and periods, without my even having to take pains for them. It's all growing out of the ground as if it were wild." Shortly afterwards he wrote to Uhlig that he was now planning to tell the Siegfried story in the form of "three dramas, plus a prologue in three acts"—a clear prefiguring of the Ring cycle.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Full work was finally commenced on the music of "Siegfried", as the composer henceforth referred to it, in 1856, when Wagner prepared concurrently two drafts, a complete draft in pencil and a version in ink on up to three staves in which he worked out details of instrumentation and vocal line. The composition of Acts I and II was completed by August 1857. Wagner then left off work on "Siegfried" to write the operas "Tristan und Isolde" and "Die Meistersinger." He did not resume work on "Siegfried" until 1869, when he composed the third act. The final revision of the score was undertaken in February 1871. Performance was withheld until the first complete production of the Ring cycle, at Bayreuth in August 1876.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: A cave in rocks in the forest. An orchestral introduction includes references to leitmotifs including themes relating to the original hoard plundered by the Nibelung Alberich, and one in B-flat minor associated with the Nibelungs themselves. As the curtain rises, Alberich's brother, the dwarf Mime, is forging a sword (""Zwangvolle Plage!""). Mime is plotting to obtain the ring of power originally created by his brother Alberich. He has raised the human boy Siegfried as a foster child, to kill Fafner, who obtained the ring and other treasures in the opera "Das Rheingold" and has since transformed himself from a giant to a dragon. Mime needs a sword for Siegfried to use, but the youth has contemptuously broken every sword Mime has made. Siegfried returns from his wanderings in the forest with a wild bear in tow, and immediately breaks the new sword. After a whining speech by Mime about ingratitude, and how Mime has brought him up from a mewling infant (""Als zullendes Kind""), Siegfried senses why he keeps coming back to Mime although he despises him: he wants to know his parentage. Mime is forced to explain that he encountered Siegfried's mother, Sieglinde, when she was in labor; she died giving birth to Siegfried. He shows Siegfried the broken pieces of the sword Nothung, which she had left in his custody. Siegfried orders him to reforge the sword; however, Mime is unable to accomplish this. Siegfried departs, leaving Mime in despair (""Aus dem Wald fort in die Welt zieh’n"").


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: An old man (Wotan in disguise) arrives at the door and introduces himself as the Wanderer (""Heil dir, weiser Schmied!""). In return for the hospitality due a guest, he wagers his head on answering any three questions Mime may ask. The dwarf asks the Wanderer to name the races that live beneath the ground, on the earth, and in the skies. These are the Nibelungs, the Giants, and the Gods, as the Wanderer answers correctly. When Mime still refuses hospitality, the Wanderer reverses the wager. He asks: the race most beloved of Wotan, but most harshly treated; the name of the sword that can destroy Fafner; and the person who can repair the sword. Mime can answer only the first two questions: the Wälsungs (Siegmund and Sieglinde whose tale is told in the opera "Die Walküre") and the sword Nothung. Wotan tells him that only "he who does not know fear" can reforge Nothung, and abstains from taking Mime's head, leaving it in favour of that person.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Mime despairs as he imagines the ferocity of the dragon Fafner, while "the orchestra paints a dazzling picture of flickering lights and roaring flames" (""Verfluchtes Licht!""). Siegfried returns and is annoyed by Mime's lack of progress. Mime realizes that Siegfried is "the one who does not know fear" and that unless he can instill fear in him, Siegfried will kill him as the Wanderer foretold. He tells Siegfried that fear is an essential craft; Siegfried is eager to learn it, and Mime promises to teach him by taking him to Fafner (""Fühltest du nie im finst’ren Wald""). Since Mime was unable to forge Nothung, Siegfried decides to do it himself (""Nothung! Nothung! Neidliches Schwert!""). He succeeds by shredding the metal, melting it, and casting it anew. In the meantime, Mime brews a poisoned drink to offer Siegfried after the youth has defeated the dragon. After he finishes forging the sword, Siegfried demonstrates its strength by chopping the anvil in half with it (""Hoho! Hoho! Hohei! Schmiede, mein Hammer, ein hartes Schwert!"" - "Siegfrieds Schmiedelied" - "Siegfried's Forging Song").


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Deep in the forest. The Wanderer arrives at the entrance to Fafner's cave, where Alberich is keeping vigil (""Im Wald und Nacht""). The two enemies recognize each other. Alberich boasts of his plans to regain the ring and rule the world. Wotan states that he does not intend to interfere, only to observe. He even offers to awaken the dragon so that Alberich can bargain with him. Alberich warns the dragon that a hero is coming to kill him, and offers to prevent the fight in exchange for the ring. Fafner dismisses the threat, declines Alberich's offer, and returns to sleep. Wotan leaves with a mysterious advice to Alberich that all things follow their own ways, which no one will change. Alberich withdraws, muttering threats.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: At daybreak, Siegfried and Mime arrive. After assuring Siegfried that the dragon will teach him what fear is, Mime withdraws. As Siegfried waits for the dragon to appear, he hears a woodbird singing from the trees ("Waldweben" - "Forest Murmurs"). He attempts to mimic the bird's song using a reed pipe, but is unsuccessful. He then plays a tune on his horn ("Siegfrieds Hornruf" - "Siegfried's Horn Call"), which unintentionally wakes Fafner in his cave. After a short exchange, they fight; Siegfried stabs Fafner in the heart with Nothung. Regretful about his own life Fafner in his last moments learns the boy's name and tells Siegfried to beware the might of the curse, which condemns every lord of the Ring to death, just as it has now brought death to him. When Siegfried withdraws his sword from Fafner's body, his hands are burned by the dragon's hot blood and he puts his finger in his mouth. On tasting the blood, he finds that he can understand the woodbird's song (""Hei! Siegfried gehört nun der Niblungen Hort!""). Following its instructions, he takes the ring and the magic helmet Tarnhelm from Fafner's hoard.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Outside the cave, Alberich and Mime meet and quarrel over the treasure (""Wohin schleichst du eilig und schlau""). Alberich hides as Siegfried comes out of the cave. Siegfried contemplates the ring but doesn't know what could be its use, viewing it just innocently as a valueless object of nature (""Was ihr mir nützt, weiß ich nicht""); nevertheless, on the forest bird's advice he decides to keep it. Then he complains to Mime that not even the dragon Fafner has taught him the meaning of fear. Mime offers him the poisoned drink; however, the magic power of the dragon's blood allows Siegfried to read Mime's treacherous thoughts, and he stabs him to death (""Willkommen, Siegfried!""). Hidden nearby, Alberich is heard laughing spitefully at his brother's death. Siegfried puts Mime's body into the treasure cave and places Fafner's body in the cave entrance to block it. The woodbird now sings of a woman sleeping on a rock surrounded by magic fire (""Nun sing! Ich lausche dem Gesang""). Siegfried, wondering if he can learn fear from this woman, follows the bird towards the rock.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: At the foot of Brünnhilde's rock. The Wanderer summons Erda, the earth goddess (""Wache, Wala!""). Erda, appearing confused, is unable to offer any advice (""Männerthaten umdämmern mir den Muth""). Wotan informs her that he no longer fears the end of the gods; indeed, he wills it, because he now recognizes that through his own demise the true heritage of his life will be left to the independent pair free from envy in their love, to Siegfried the Wälsung, who took Alberich's ring without succumbing to its corrupting influence thanks to his fearlessness, and Brünnhilde (Erda's and Wotan's child), who will work the deed that redeems the World (""Dir Unweisen ruf’ ich’s in’s Ohr""). Dismissed, Erda sinks back into the earth.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Siegfried arrives, and the Wanderer questions the youth (""Mein Vöglein schwebte mir fort""). Siegfried, who does not recognize his grandfather, answers insolently and starts down the path toward Brünnhilde's rock. The Wanderer blocks his path, but Siegfried mocks him, laughing at his floppy hat and his missing eye, and breaks his spear (the symbol and source of Wotan's authority and power) with a blow from Nothung. Wotan, accepting his fate, calmly gathers up the pieces and vanishes (""Zieh’ hin! Ich kann dich nicht halten!"").


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Thanks to his fearlessness Siegfried passes through the ring of fire, emerging on Brünnhilde's rock (""Selige Öde auf sonniger Höh’!""). At first, he thinks the sleeping armored figure is a man. However, when he removes the armor, he finds a woman beneath. At the sight of the first woman he has ever seen and struck with the feeling of love, Siegfried at last experiences fear. In desperation, he kisses Brünnhilde, waking her from her magic sleep. Upon waking Brünnhilde hails the Sun and greets Siegfried as the World's Light (""Heil dir, Sonne! Heil dir, Licht!""). Afraid and hesitant at first to do so, Brünnhilde is eventually won over by Siegfried's love and renounces through her love for him the world of the gods and with it her own powers (""Ewig war ich, ewig bin ich""). Together, they solemnly sing praises to love, in comparison with which the glory of the gods itself seems dimmed and in which even dying can be jubilant: "radiant love, laughing death!" (""Leuchtende Liebe, lachender Tod!"")


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: In a letter to Uhlig, Wagner recounted "The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was", based on a fairy-tale of the Brothers Grimm. It concerns a boy so stupid he had never learned to be afraid. Wagner wrote that the boy and Siegfried are the same character. The boy is taught to fear by his wife, and Siegfried learns it when he discovers the sleeping Brünnhilde.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Siegfried's ability in Act Two to see through Mime's deceitful words seems to have been derived from a 19th-century street theatre version of the story of Faust.


title: Siegfried (opera)

text: Some elements of the story are derived from legends of Sigurd, notably the "Völsunga saga" and the "Thidrekssaga". Scene 1 of Act III (between The Wanderer and Erda) has a parallel in the Eddic poem "Baldrs draumar", in which Odin questions a völva about the future of the gods.


title: Gajakesari

text: Gajakesari is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language historical action film directed by cinematographer Krishna and produced by Jayanna and Bogendra. The film stars Yash in leading role along with Amulya and Anant Nag. The film also prominently features an elephant named Arjuna from Waynad, Kerala. Actor Prakash Raj plays as narrator for the film to introduce Yash's character. This film is also dubbed in Hindi as "Gajakeasari:The Big Lion".


title: Gajakesari

text: The film begins in the forest area of Aanegudde, an elephant reserve. A state minister arrives at the place of a local don, Rana. Rana forces the minister to sign a deal to open a resort at Anegudde. The minister signs reluctantly after seeing his bodyguard being murdered by Rana.


title: Gajakesari

text: The scene next shifts to Prakash Raj introducing an ancient temple in the royal city of Mysore called "Shankara Narayana" temple, which is being managed by a holy Muth (holy association), headed by the pontiff (Anant Nag). The Muth has an outstanding reputation for not being involved into any politics and also being equally revered by both Shaivites and Vaishnavites. Then comes into the picture, the hero Krishna (Yash), with his mother Girija Lokesh. Krishna is a happy-go-lucky youth, a hard-core Rajkumar fan, who has a kind heart for people and is involved in a small-time loan financing company. It is revealed that Krishna's family is very much devoted to the Muth and also that he was born after Krishna's father pledged that Krishna would be sent to become the next Pontiff of the Muth after Anant Nag. In this context, Krishna is given a warm welcome at the Muth and is requested by the Muth's head Anant Nag to take up the spiritual leadership. Krishna refuses as he feels he is still attached to the worldly ambitions, and he requests the pontiff to suggest an alternative. The Pontiff says that Krishna has to donate an elephant to the Muth, if he cannot take up the leadership of the Muth.


title: Gajakesari

text: Krishna first tries several ways to avoid taking up Sanyasa ashramam in various negative ways, but each time in his attempt, he is given full respect and protected. Krishna finally goes in search of the elephant and hence sets his foot in the forest of Aaneguddi. He takes the help of the local Forest officer "Agni" (Rangayana Raghu) who introduces him to the forest tribal people. The ancestors of these tribal people have been in that forest since centuries and have taken care of the local elephants. They befriend Krishna, and some incidents make Krishna meet a single strong elephant, "Kalinga", who is feared by the tribal folk for his roughness. Krishna also meets a young ecologist (Amulya).


title: Gajakesari

text: The local don Rana hatches a plan to route out the local tribal folk from their homes and build a resort there. When he comes there with his henchmen, Krishna and Amoolya revolt and help the folk. Krishna fights the henchmen and creates fear in the mind of Rana. Rana takes his right-hand man Selva to kill Krishna, and at this juncture, the elephant Kalinga comes to his rescue.


title: Gajakesari

text: The head of the tribal folk sees Krishna reducing the anger of Kalinga and deduces that he is definitely the incarnation of Baahubali (Yash), a fierce warrior in the army of the King of Karunadu. The tribal chief then narrates the story about the valour of Baahubali. The king of Karunadu is about to be attacked by a king Verma. At this juncture, Baahubali defeats one of the strongest warriors of Verma. Saddened at this, Verma resorts to a cunning way and makes Baahubali's close friend poison Baahubali. When he is poisoned, Verma attacks him with his army along with the traitor minister of Karunadu. In spite of his dying state, Baahubali single-handedly defeats the entire army of Verma and kills them. In this fight, Baahubali loses his pet elephant, "Balarama" (this is the elephant which has incarnated as Kalinga), who kills some of the enemy soldiers and dies. Finally, Baahubali dies, and the king of Karunadu awards the title of "Gajakesari" to Baahubali for his meritorious act of bravery and his service to the Motherland.


title: Gajakesari

text: Now, Krishna, having known his past life, faces Rana and his henchmen and is almost killed. The Pontiff Anantnag, having sensed Krishna's battle for life, performs Mrityunjaya Homa at the Muth. This ritual strengthens Krishna, and Kalinga aids him to finish off Rana and the henchmen. Finally, the Muth Pontiff arrives at the tribal village and tells Krishna that it was his destiny that he had to help the village tribal people and that he has to continue to protect them as he did in his previous birth. The Pontiff also tells him that he need not become the next successor to him nor donate any elephant to the Muth. He blesses Krishna to marry Meera(Amulya) and lead a prosperous life.


title: Gajakesari

text: The film released at around 150 theaters across Karnataka. It was reported that the film recovered its making cost even before the release. The satellite rights were sold at . Thus, the film broke records even before the release.


title: Gajakesari

text: Following its success at the domestic box-office, "Gajakesari" was screened in the United States, Germany, Ireland, Singapore, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong and London.


title: Gajakesari

text: The music for the film and soundtracks were composed by V. Harikrishna, with lyrics for the soundtrack penned by Yogaraj Bhat, A. P. Arjun, K. Kalyan and Pawan Wadeyar. The album has six soundtracks.


title: Gajakesari

text: The audio launch event of "Gajakesari" was a low-key affair without much fanfare or stage performances. The function was held on 11 April 2014.


title: Gajakesari

text: Shyam Prasad S of Bangalore Mirror wrote "You will have fun watching the film, especially with kids. Cinematographer Krishna, who makes his debut as director, knows how to present a film in all its glory though tightening the screws on the screenplay is tougher. If you have the time, this could be your Kannada film to end the long summer holidays.""The Times of India" scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "It’s Yash show all the way. He has given life to his character with excellent expression and dialogue delivery in all sequences. Amulya has very little to do. Santhosh Anand Ram’s dialogues are quite interesting as they repeatedly mention about Rajkumar movies. Sachina Heggar’s costume for Yash and Amulya are good. Depi S Kumar done a perfect job in editing. Camera work by Sathya Hegde is brilliant. V Harikrishna offers a bunch of lovely tunes."Sify wrote "Gajakesari has definitely opened up to a gajakesari yoga to the film makers of the movie and has all the essence required for a blockbuster. Go get entertained this weekend with Gajakesari."


Mahavitaran or Mahadiscom or MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Maharashtra State Electricity Board. It is the largest electricity distribution utility in India (2nd largest in the World after SGCC in terms of consumers]. MSEDCL distributes electricity to the entire state of Maharashtra except for some parts of Mumbai city where Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, Tata Power and Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited are electricity distributors.


title: Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited

text: The erstwhile Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) was looking after Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Electricity in the State of Maharashtra. But with the enactment of the Electricity Act 2003 of the Government of India, MSEB was unbundled into 4 Companies on 6 June 2005 viz.


text: Of these, Mahavitaran is responsible for the distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from either MahaGenco, Captive Power Plants, or from other State Electricity Boards and Private sector power generation companies. The 'MSEB Holding Company' was created to hold all the stakes in these three companies.


text: MSEDCL supplies electricity to a total of 28.4 million consumers across the categories all over Maharashtra. There are about 20.7 million Domestic Residential (72.4%), 4 million Agricultural (16%), 1.7 million commercial (7%), and 0.346million industrial consumers (1.8 0%) in MSEDCL who fetch an Annual Revenue of about Rs.500 million. The consumption share of Residential Consumers is 19.03%, Commercial Consumers is 7.35%, Industrial Consumers is 42%, Agricultural Consumers is 25.13% and others is 6.49%.


text: MSEDCL operates through a network of offices consisting of a Corporate Office in Mumbai, 4 Regional Offices (Konkan, Pune, Aurangabad & Nagpur), 16 Zonal Offices, 44 Circle Offices, and 145 Divisional Offices.


text: MSEDCL's sources of power include thermal, hydro, gas, and non-conventional sources like solar, wind, bagasse, etc. apart from hydropower of the Koyna Hydroelectric Project. Thermal power constitutes the major share which it gets from Mahagenco projects, Central Sector projects, and RGPPL.


text: To overcome the power crisis and improve consumer services MSEDCL made an in-depth study involving sub-division-wise research of distribution networks and planned ambitious projects. They include :


text: MSEDCL's existing network handles a load of about 10,000 to 11,000 MW. By 2012, there will be an addition of another 10,000 MW in the system. With a view to cater to future load, provide quality, reliable energy supply, and reduce losses MSEDCL formulated Rs. 11000 crore infrastructure plan. The plan envisages the erection and commissioning of 586 sub-stations, 52351 circuit kilometers of HT lines, 58,629 distribution transformers besides augmentation of the existing network. MSEB had erected 1846 sub-stations during its lifetime, whereas MSEDCL aims to construct 586 sub-stations in just 2 years. A leap forward in the direction of infrastructure development. The project is being implemented on a total turn-key basis and through 119 DPRs. Orders of about Rs. 9189 crore has already been placed on various agencies. Earlier capital investment for infrastructure development was a paltry sum of Rs. 200 to 300 crore per year. The new infrastructure with augmentation and renovation of the distribution network will revolutionize the quality and reliability of supply.


text: MSEDCL has been implementing long-term Load Management schemes to reduce load shedding. Feeder separation is one such long-term scheme in which agriculture feeders are carved out. This not only helps load management but also strengthens the infrastructure and reduces technical losses. MSEDCL has also implemented Single Phasing Scheme in some parts of Maharashtra. Currently rural areas face 8.30 to 11 hours of load shedding a day which is decided by MERC. However, the load shedding hours have been almost halved in about 24,461 villages that have been covered so far under these schemes. The load shedding duration of these villages has come down to 2.00 to 5.45 hours which is on par with urban areas. The project cost of these schemes is Rs. 3233 crores.


text: This is a flagship scheme of Govt. of India. There are 4,709 villages and 13,44,087 identified BPL households targeted to be electrified under this scheme. MSEDCL had prepared proposals for 34 schemes costing Rs. 829 crore for 33 districts of Maharashtra. Maharashtra has been implementing the scheme and has spent Rs. 443 crore so for. Connections to 905541 BPL households have been released and 4243 villages electrified under the scheme. BPL families are provided with 1.5 point power connections at a nominal charge of Rs.15/- each and the villages are electrified as per the new definition under this scheme.


text: R-APDRP is a flagship scheme sponsored by Govt. of India and financed by the Power Finance Corporation of India (PFC). There are 134 towns having population of more than 30,000 as per the 2001 census selected in Maharashtra under this scheme. The scheme is being implemented in two phases – Part-A and Part-B. Creation of IT infrastructure and allied works are included in Part-A for which a turnkey contract for 95 towns has been awarded to M/s.Larsen & Toubro Ltd. while M/s Spanco Ltd has been awarded the Part 'A' contract for the remaining 35 towns. On completion of Part-A, the works under Part-B which include renovation and modernization of distribution network, load bifurcation, load balancing, aerial bunched conductoring, HVDS, capacitor bank, etc. will be taken up. Distribution loss in R-APDRP towns is targeted to be reduced to 15%.


text: Energisation of Agricultural Pumps: Maharashtra has a record number, highest as compared to any state, of agricultural pumps energized so far. The number is about 30 lakhs. Earlier, there used to be a long list of pending applications and the farmers used to wait for years together for supply. The issue was addressed in a proper perspective by MSEDCL. Nowadays about 1 lakh agricultural pumps are energized every year. MSEDCL, in a year or two, would be in a position to grant agricultural connections on-demand on par with other categories of consumers.


text: This is being implemented on regular basis. MSEDCL has established 50 flying squads functioning under Security and Enforcement department to detect and handle power theft cases quickly.


text: For many consumers, meters were installed in hard-to-access places, making theft easy to conceal. MSEDCL, therefore, decided to shift all meters to the front of buildings to make them as conspicuous as possible. This project is currently in progress on a large scale.


text: MSEDCL has decided to replace all the meters which have been in service for the last 10 years and more under the mass meter replacement program. It is planned to replace all the electromechanical meters with static ones. A process has already been initiated for purchasing about 30 lakh meters for the purpose. This is a huge project which will definitely lead to increase in metered sales.


text: MSEDCL plans to install high-quality meters at all necessary system points, including interconnecting points. Feeder metering of all 10,240 feeders in complete and again, photo reading of these feeder meters are taken.


text: There are total 2,84,633 Distribution Transformer Centers(DTCs) in operation, out of which about 1.51 Lakh DTCs have already been metered.


text: Bhiwandi, a power loom city, had typical problems like rampant theft and non-payment. MSEDCL opted for an input-based franchisee model for electricity distribution. It has handed over Bhiwandi Circle to M/S Torrent Power on 26 January 2007. This experiment proved to be very successful and a trendsetter in the power distribution sector of the Country. Its later Distribution franchisee attempts for Aurangabad Urban I & II Divisions of Aurangabad Urban Circle (M/s GTL Private Limited) and Gandhibag, Civil Lines, and Mahal Divisions of Nagpur Urban Circle (given to M/s Spanco & later M/s Essel group) miserably failed after a few years of operation and MSEDCL has to take over these areas after facing huge loss of revenue from these two Metro Cities. Recently the company has appointed Distribution Franchisees for Malegaon town.


text: Zero Load Shedding Model is being implemented at certain places with the active participation of local citizens through consumer groups and peoples representatives. The mechanism is extremely transparent and is prior approved by the Regulator. In this model, a costly power to the extent of shortfall is arranged for which a reliability charge is levied upon the local consumers. Beginning in Pune, the model was implemented in Navi Mumbai, Thane, Pen and Baramati. Of late MSEDCL itself filed a petition before the MERC for implementing Zero Load Shedding Model at all the Headquarters of Revenue Divisions - Nagpur, Amravati, Navi Mumbai, Pune and Aurangabad. The MERC approved the proposal and the model was implemented at these headquarters from December 2009. MSEDCL has planned to extend it further to district headquarters, taluka headquarters and so on.


title: Deed

text: In common law, a deed is any legal instrument in writing which passes, affirms or confirms an interest, right, or property and that is signed, attested, delivered, and in some jurisdictions, sealed. It is commonly associated with transferring (conveyancing) title to property. The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed. A deed can be unilateral or bilateral. Deeds include conveyances, commissions, licenses, patents, diplomas, and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds. The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval charter, and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin.


title: Deed

text: The traditional phrase "signed, sealed and delivered" refers to the practice of seals; however, attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent. Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or "specialty"; in the United States, a specialty is enforceable without consideration. In some jurisdictions, specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed, thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity. Specialties, as a form of contract, are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants, which, being also under seal, are unilateral promises.


title: Deed

text: Conditions attached to the acceptance of a deed are known as covenants. A deed indented or indenture is one executed in two or more parts according to the number of parties, which were formerly separated by cutting in a curved or indented line known as the chirograph. A deed poll is one executed in one part, by one party, having the edge polled or cut even, and includes simple grants and appointments.


title: Deed

text: In the transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various warranties. The precise name and nature of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. Often, however, the basic differences between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or the warranty may be limited to only claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. The latter type of deed is usually known as a "special warranty deed". While a "general warranty deed" was normally used for residential real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds are becoming more common and are more commonly used in commercial transactions.


title: Deed

text: A third type of deed, known as a "bargain and sale deed", implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or fiduciaries that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at sheriff's sale, or an executor.


title: Deed

text: A so-called "quitclaim deed" is (in most jurisdictions) actually not a deed at all—it is actually an estoppel disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property.


title: Deed

text: In some jurisdictions, a deed of trust is used as an alternative to a mortgage. A deed of trust is not used to transfer property directly. It is commonly used in some states — California, for example — to transfer title to land to a “trustee”, usually a trust or title company, which holds the title as security ("in escrow") for a loan. When the loan is paid off, title is transferred to the borrower by recording a release of the obligation, and the trustee's contingent ownership is extinguished. Otherwise, upon default, the trustee will liquidate the property with a new deed and offset the lender's loss with the proceeds.


title: Deed

text: "Sanad", also spelt as "sunnud", was a deed granted to the rulers of native princely states in British India confirming them in their ruling position in return for their allegiance to the British Raj.


title: Deed

text: Since the extinction of the royal bloodline would be a ground for annexation of a principality by the British, some rulers were also granted "sanads" of adoption. Devised as a reward for loyalty to British rule in India, especially after the Indian rebellion of 1857, such deeds gave a ruler the right to adopt chosen heirs from local noble families in case of lack of direct issue. Among the rulers that were given sanads of adoption, Takht Singh, Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur, as well as the rulers of Nagod State, Samthar State and the Chaube Jagirs are worth mentioning.


title: Deed

text: Usually the transfer of ownership of real estate is registered at a cadastre in the United Kingdom. In most parts of the United States, deeds must be submitted to the recorder of deeds, who acts as a cadastre, to be registered. An unrecorded deed may be valid proof of ownership between the parties, but may have no effect upon third-party claims until disclosed or recorded. A local statute may prescribe a period beyond which unrecorded deeds become void as to third parties, at least as to intervening acts.


title: Deed

text: Ownership transfer may also be crafted within deeds to pass by demise, as where a property is held in concurrent estate such as "joint tenants with right of survivorship" (JTWROS) or "tenants by the entirety". In each case, the title to the property immediately and automatically vests in the named survivor(s) upon the death of the other tenant(s).


title: Deed

text: In most states joint tenancy with the right of survivorship requires all owners to have equal interests in the property, meaning upon sale or partition of the property, all owners would receive an equal distribution of the proceeds.


title: Deed

text: Joint ownership may also be by tenants in common (TIC). In some states, joint ownership is presumed to be as tenants in common unless the parties are married and the deed so states or the deed sets for joint tenants with right of survivorship. Upon death, the decedent's share passes to his or her estate.


title: Deed

text: A life estate is the right to use, possess and enjoy the property for a period of time measured by the natural life of a person or persons. When all life tenants are dead, the remainderman holds full title.


title: Deed

text: When deeds are taken as joint tenants with rights of survivorship (JTWROS) or joint tenants in common (TIC), any co-owner can file a petition for partition to dissolve the tenancy relationship. JTWROS deed holders always take the property in equal shares; therefore, if the partnership is dissolved through partition, the proceeds must be equally distributed between all of the co-owners without regard to how much each co-owner contributed to the purchase price of the property. No credits would be allowed for any excess contributions to the purchase price. For example, if A and B co-own property as JTWROS and A contributed 80% of the purchase price, A and B would still receive equal distributions upon partition. On the other hand, TIC deed holders may be granted at partition a credit for unequal contributions to purchase price. During either partition, credits may be awarded to any co-owner who may have contributed in excess of his share to the property expenses after taking deed to the property. Credits may be allowed for utilities and maintenance; however, credits for improvements may not be allowed unless the improvements actually added substantial value to the property.


title: Deed

text: In the United States, a pardon of the President was once considered to be a deed and thus needed to be accepted by the recipient. This made it impossible to grant a pardon posthumously. However, in the case of Henry Ossian Flipper, this view was altered when President Bill Clinton pardoned him in 1999.


title: Deed

text: The Germany operate a 'property register'. Title deeds are documents showing ownership, as well as rights, obligations, or mortgages on the property. Since around 2000, compulsory registration has been required for all properties mortgaged or transferred. The details of rights, obligations, and covenants referred to in deeds will be transferred to the register, a contract describing the property ownership.


title: Deed

text: The main difference between a deed and an agreement is that the deed is generally signed by only one person / party. Examples of a deed are deeds of hypothecation for creating charge on movable properties in favour of the banks/financial institutions etc.


title: Deed

text: An agreement by its name suggests that there should be at least two parties signing/approving the same. Examples of an agreement are agreement to sale, loan agreement etc.


title: Deed

text: At common law, ownership was proven via an unbroken chain of title deeds. The Torrens title system is an alternative way of proving ownership. First introduced in South Australia in 1858 by Sir Robert Torrens and adopted later by the other Australian states and other countries, ownership under Torrens title is proven by possession of a certificate of title and the corresponding entry in the property register. This system removes risks associated with unregistered deeds and fraudulent or otherwise incorrect transactions. It is much easier and cheaper to administer, lowering transaction costs. Some Australian properties are still conveyed using a chain of title deeds – usually properties that have been owned by the same family since the nineteenth century – and these are often referred to as 'Old System' deeds.


title: Deed

text: A deed that is recorded, but is not connected to the chain of title of the property, is called a wild deed. A wild deed does not provide constructive notice to later purchasers of the property, because subsequent bona fide purchasers cannot reasonably be expected to locate the deed while investigating the chain of title to the property. Haupt has stated that


title: Deed

text: Because title searching relies on the grantor/grantee indexes, it's possible that a deed won't be discovered even though it was recorded. "Example: Atwood sells his land to Burns, but Burns does not record his deed. Burns later sells the land to Cooper, and Cooper records her deed. But because the previous deed (the deed from Atwood to Burns) was not recorded, Cooper's deed is outside the chain of title. In a title search, someone looking up Atwood's name in the grantor index would find no indication that Atwood conveyed the property, and nothing would lead the searcher to Cooper's deed." A deed that is outside the chain of title is called a wild deed. The general rule is that a subsequent purchaser is not held to have constructive notice of a wild deed. In the example, Cooper's title is unprotected against subsequent good faith purchasers. Suppose Atwood were to fraudulently sell the same property to another person, Dunn. A court would rule that Dunn has good title to the property, not Cooper.


title: Deed

text: A wild deed has been described as a deed "executed by a stranger to the record title hung out in the air like Mahomet's coffin." Mahomet is an archaic spelling of Muhammad. There is a legend that the Prophet Muhammad's coffin was suspended without visible supports, from the ceiling of his tomb, just as a wild deed just hangs there, not touching the chain of title.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: William Arturo Muñoz González (born September 29, 1988) is a Mexican "luchador" (Spanish for professional wrestler), known under the ring name Rush (). He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He is best known for his time performing for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as well as the U.S. based Ring of Honor (ROH).


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Muñoz's father Arturo Muñoz is also a professional wrestler, most recently known under the ring name La Bestia del Ring. William's younger brothers are also professional wrestlers, using the ring names Dralístico and Dragon Lee. While most luchadors portray clear cut good guys or bad guys in the ring, Rush portrays a character that straddles that divide, his in-ring actions is often chaotic or brawling, with tendencies to cheat but is still popular with the fans.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Muñoz made his in-ring debut in 2007, working under the name Latino until he started working for CMLL in 2009 where he was given the name "Rush". He is a former CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion, multiple time CMLL World Tag Team Champion, CMLL World Trios Champion and two-time Mexican National Trios Champion. Rush, along with La Sombra and La Máscara created the group "Los Ingobernables" ("the unruly") and he was the only original member to remain part of the group in CMLL before departing the promotion in 2019. The success of "Los Ingobernables" led to the formation of the "Los Ingobernables de Japón" (LIJ) group in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), which Rush was a part-time member of when he touring Japan or when LIJ toured Mexico. Through CMLL's business partnerships, Rush additionally appeared for both NJPW and the U.S. based ROH, and his CMLL contract allowed him to work dates for other companies as well, most notably Major League Wrestling in the U.S., and The Crash Lucha Libre and International Wrestling Revolution Group in Mexico.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: William Arturo Muñoz was initially trained for his professional wrestling career by his father Arturo Muñoz Sánchez and his uncles, who worked under the ring names Pit Bull I and Pit Bull II. He made his in-ring debut on July 29, 2007.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Muñoz made his debut for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) in October 2008, performing under the ring name Latino. He would wrestle midcard matches for IWRG for eight months, before making his final appearance on June 7, 2009.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: During the summer of 2009, Muñoz was signed by one of Mexico's top promotions, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and given the new ring name Rouge, which was soon afterwards tweaked to its current form, Rush. He would make his debut for the promotion on August 9, teaming with Mictlán and Stuka Jr. to defeat Hooligan, Loco Max and Pólvora in a six-man tag team match. Rush would spend his first year in the promotion wrestling tag team and six-man tag team matches, often teaming with Máximo, Mictlán, Metro and Toscano. Despite being booked as a "técnico" ("Face", or those that portray the good guys), Rush would often show "rudo" ("heel" or those that portray the bad guys) tendencies during his matches. During the summer of 2010, Rush entered a feud with Loco Max, which culminated on August 15 in a Hair vs. Hair "Lucha de Apuestas" match, where Rush was victorious, thus forcing his adversary to have his hair shaved off.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On November 25, Rush won CMLL's Bodybuilding Contest in the advanced category. With his win, Rush gained the new nickname "Mr. CMLL". On January 2, 2011, Rush, Ángel de Oro and Diamante defeated Metal Blanco, Palacio Negro and El Sagrado in the finals of a two-week-long tournament to become the number one contenders to the Mexican National Trios Championship. On January 9, the trio defeated Delta, Metro and Stuka Jr. to become the new champions.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On February 15, Rush teamed with Máscara Dorada and La Sombra against the team of Averno, Dragón Rojo Jr. and Ephesto and managed to win the match for his team by pinning the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion Ephesto, afterwards challenging him to a match for the title. The title match took place on February 22 and saw Rush defeat Ephesto to become the new CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion. In response to the backlash over his sudden push, Rush acknowledged his many detractors by posting a list of the various moves he could do in the ring, while also promoting his youth, strength and physique. After successfully defending the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against Rey Bucanero and Psicosis, Rush was granted a shot at the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, held by Último Guerrero. The title match took place on June 12 and saw Guerrero retain his title two falls to one. Afterwards, Rush began feuding with Japanese wrestler Yoshihashi, which led to the two agreeing to face each other in a Hair vs. Hair "Lucha de Apuestas". On August 1, Rush defeated Yoshihashi two falls to one to win his second Hair vs. Hair match.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On August 23, 2012, Rush made his third successful defense of the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship by defeating Mr. Águila. On September 20, Rush, Ángel de Oro and Diamante lost the Mexican National Trios Championship to "Los Invasores" (Olímpico, Psicosis and Volador Jr.).


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On November 13, Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against El Terrible. The following month, Rush teamed up with Máximo and the returning Marco Corleone to form "La Tercia Sensación", later renamed "El Bufete del Amor".


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On December 25, Rush and El Terrible survived a "torneo cibernetico" match used to determine the two competitors in a match for the vacant CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 1, 2012, El Terrible defeated Rush two falls to one to win the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 21 and 22, Rush took part in the CMLL and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) co-produced "Fantastica Mania 2012" events in Tokyo, teaming with Máscara Dorada losing to the team of Hirooki Goto and Kushida on the first night and losing to Goto in a singles match on the second night. On February 19, "El Bufete del Amor" defeated "Los Hijos del Averno" (Averno, Ephesto and Mephisto) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship. Also in February, Rush teamed with El Terrible in the National "Parejas Increibles" tournament, where teams were made up of rivals. Rush and El Terrible eventually made it to the finals of the tournament on March 2, 2012, at "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas", where they were defeated by the team of Atlantis and Mr. Niebla. Two days later, Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against El Terrible, the reigning CMLL World Heavyweight Champion.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In May, Rush started feuding with New Japan Pro-Wrestling representative Yujiro Takahashi, which built to a match on June 5, where Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against Takahashi. On July 8, New Japan Pro-Wrestling announced Rush as a participant in the 2012 G1 Climax tournament. Rush returned to the promotion on July 29 at "Last Rebellion", where he, Karl Anderson, MVP and Shelton Benjamin defeated Suzuki-gun (Minoru Suzuki, Lance Archer, Taichi and Taka Michinoku) in an eight-man tag team match. Rush opened his G1 Climax tournament on August 1 with a win over Hirooki Goto, avenging his loss from "Fantastica Mania". After three wins, one over IWGP Heavyweight Championship contender Tetsuya Naito, and five losses, Rush was eliminated from the tournament on August 11, eventually finishing last in his block. Upon Rush's return to CMLL, he continued his rivalry with El Terrible going into the 2012 Universal Championship tournament, where he made it to the finals of his block, before losing to El Terrible, after which he was attacked by both El Terrible and his stablemate Rey Bucanero. On September 9, Rush defeated Bucanero in a steel cage match to retain the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship. Rush's rivalry with El Terrible culminated five days later in the main event of CMLL's "79th Anniversary Show", where Rush was victorious in a Hair vs. Hair "Lucha de Apuestas", forcing his rival to have his head shaved.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In late 2012 Rush and Diamante Azul participated in NJPW's 2012 World Tag League under the name "CMLL Asesino" (CMLL Assassins). Rush and Diamante ended the tournament on November 28, 2012, with just four points after victories over Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) and Complete Players (Masato Tanaka and Yujiro Takahashi), finishing in the last place in Group B, after losses to the teams of Chaos (Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano), K.E.S. (Lance Archer and Davey Boy Smith Jr.), Muscle Orchestra (Manabu Nakanishi and Strong Man), and finally Black Dynamite (MVP and Shelton Benjamin). Rush scored both of his team's pinfall wins and was not pinned or submitted in any of the losses. Rush and Azul finished their tour with a pay-per-view on December 2, losing to Jado and Yoshi-Hashi in a tag team match, with Azul once again being the one pinned for the win. On January 15, 2013, Rush gave up the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship to get another shot at El Terrible's CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 18, Rush returned to Japan to take part in the three-day "Fantastica Mania 2013" event. During the first night, he defeated former rival Yoshi-Hashi in a singles match. The following night, Rush was pinned for the win by Rey Escorpión in a six-man tag team match, where he, Hiroshi Tanahashi and La Máscara faced Escorpión, Kazuchika Okada and Volador Jr. During the third and final night, Rush defeated Escorpión in a singles match.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Back in Mexico on January 22, Rush failed in his CMLL World Heavyweight Championship challenge against El Terrible, after being struck with a kick to the groin. In March, Rush and El Terrible teamed up for the 2013 "Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles" like they had for the 2012 tournament, but the team lost in the first round to Dragón Rojo Jr. and Niebla Roja. Two weeks later they were on opposite sides of a six-man tag team match at the 2013 "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas" show, where Rush, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and Shocker defeated El Terrible, Mr. Niebla and Universo 2000 by disqualification. In May, Rush, Marco Corleone and Máximo were stripped of the CMLL World Trios Championship, when Corleone was sidelined with a knee injury. On June 9, Rush earned a big win over NJPW representative Shinsuke Nakamura in a main event singles match. On June 30, Rush won the Mexican National Trios Championship for the second time, when he, La Máscara and Titán defeated "Los Invasores" (Kráneo, Mr. Águila and Psicosis) for the title. On August 23, Rush entered the 2013 Universal Championship tournament, defeating El Terrible, La Máscara and Rey Escorpión to win his block and advance to the finals, to be held two weeks later. On September 6, Rush was defeated in the finals of the tournament by NJPW representative Tanahashi.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In mid-2013, Rush once again began teasing a possible "rudo" turn as the crowd reaction to him grew more and more negative. Despite officially being a "técnico", Rush was now referred to as "the most hated wrestler in CMLL". On September 13 at CMLL's 80th Anniversary Show, Rush pinned Negro Casas to win a six-man tag team match, while holding the ring ropes, a move commonly associated with "rudos". On October 8, Rush and La Máscara defeated Atlantis and La Sombra in the finals of a tournament to become the number one contenders to the CMLL World Tag Team Championship. On October 18, Rush and La Máscara were awarded the CMLL World Tag Team Championship, when Rey Bucanero, one half of the previous champions, was unable to defend the title due to an injury. Rush then began feuding with one half of the previous champions, NJPW representative Tama Tonga. After losing to Tonga in a singles match on November 1, Rush and La Máscara successfully defended the CMLL World Tag Team Championship against Tonga and El Terrible on November 8, after Rush faked taking a low blow from Tonga.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On November 12, 2013, Rush received another shot at the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, but once again failed in his attempt to dethrone longtime rival El Terrible. Rush then resumed his rivalry with Negro Casas, pinning him following a low blow in a six-man tag team match on November 15, after which he accepted Casas' challenge for a Hair vs. Hair match between the two. In January 2014, Rush returned to Japan to take part in the five-day "Fantastica Mania 2014" tour. For the entire tour, Rush feuded with Shinsuke Nakamura, culminating in a singles rematch between the two at the fourth event on January 18, where Nakamura was victorious. Back in CMLL, Rush started another rivalry with Shocker, a longtime "técnico", who turned "rudo" just so he could go up against Rush. On February 18, Rush, La Máscara and Titán lost the Mexican National Trios Championship to "La Peste Negra" (El Felino, Mr. Niebla and Negro Casas). Rush, Casas and Shocker had agreed to a three-way "Lucha de Apuestas", but Casas was forced to pull out of the match, set for March 21, declaring that he would face the winner at a later date. On March 21 at "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas", Rush defeated Shocker for his fourth "Lucha de Apuestas" win.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: The following month, Rush formed a new partnership with La Sombra. Now referred to as the two most hated men in CMLL's recent history, the two effectively became "rudos", though they refused to acknowledge themselves as such, instead calling themselves "técnicos diferentes". The two were eventually also joined by La Máscara, who adopted their "técnico diferente" attitude, forming a stable originally called "Los Indeseables" ("The Undesirables"), but later renamed "Los Ingobernables" ("The Ungovernables"). On June 13, Rush and La Máscara lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship to Negro Casas and Shocker. On August 1 at "El Juicio Final", Rush defeated Negro Casas for his fifth Lucha de Apuestas win. Rush announced Casas' hair as the last hair he wanted to take, saying that he now wanted to wage his hair against masks. In November, Rush was sidelined from in-ring action, after breaking two bones in his ankle during a match. He made his return from the injury on February 27, 2015.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In May, it was reported that Muñoz was in legal trouble after allegedly punching an Arena México security guard, who had denied his wife entry to the arena. The security guard reportedly received a third degree cervical sprain, a concussion and a possible fractured vertebra in the incident, which took place on April 7. Afterwards, CMLL reportedly tried to keep the security guard from releasing the story to the media, while pulling Muñoz from all Mexico City events for three weeks. Following the story going public, Muñoz was also pulled from that week's CMLL events. On July 21, Rush and La Sombra were involved in an incident in Guadalajara, where the two attacked fans who were throwing beers at them. The following day, Jalisco's Boxing and Wrestling Commission suspended the two from wrestling in the state for three months. While the commission only suspended them from wrestling in Jalisco, CMLL decided to pull both Rush and La Sombra from their "Super Viernes" show three days later. CMLL did not offer an official explanation for the change. In early November, Rush and La Sombra began having issues with each other, which led to a singles match between the two on November 13, where Rush was victorious. After the match, the two founding members of "Los Ingobernables" made peace with each other. It later turned out that this was La Sombra's final CMLL match as on November 19 it was announced that he had signed with WWE. On March 18, 2016, at "Homenaje a Dos Leyendas", Rush won his sixth "Lucha de Apuestas", when he defeated Máximo Sexy with help from Pierroth. On May 13, Rush and Pierroth, now acknowledged as his real-life father, turned on La Máscara. Rush and La Máscara eventually reconciled the following September. On November 18, Rush returned to CMLL's Japanese partner New Japan Pro-Wrestling as the surprise tag team partner of Los Ingobernables de Japón Tetsuya Naito in the 2016 World Tag League. Rush and Naito finished the tournament on December 7 with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals due to losing to block winners Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa in their final round-robin match. On December 22, 2017, Rush won the 2017 "Leyenda Azul" tournament.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In February 2018, Rush and former rival El Terrible were teamed up for the 2018 Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles, defeating the teams of Forastero/Stuka Jr., Atlantis/Mr. Niebla, Carístico/Euforia and finally Volador Jr. and Último Guerrero to win the tournament. After the victory El Terrible became an official member of "Los Ingobernables". After Volador Jr. and Flyer won the 2018 Gran Alternativa, they were attacked by Los Ingobernables. Moments later Volador Jr,'s uncle L.A. Park and cousin El Hijo de L.A. Park made their surprise return to CMLL by running to the ring and chasing off Los Ingobernables, bringing the rivalry between Rush and L.A. Park to the CMLL ring for the first time. Over the summer Los Ingobernables and "La Familia Real ("The Royal Family"; L.A. Park, Volador Jr., Flyer and El Hijo de L.A. Park) main evented many Friday night shows in CMLL. The main focus was building a rivalry between Rush and L.A. Park, believed to be leading to a Lucha de Apuestas, at the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show. As part of the storyline Rush and El Terrible defeat Volador Jr. and Valiente to win the CMLL World Tag Team Championship on July 13, 2018. the feud between Rush and L.A. Park was not confined to CMLL, with Rush and Dragon Lee losing to L.A. Park and El Hijo de L.A. Park in the main event of IWRG's 2018 Festival de las Máscaras show, In the late summer, CMLL shifted focus from Rush vs. Parka to Rush and Bárbaro Cavernario against Volador Jr. and Matt Taven as the main event of the 85th Anniversary Show. In the main event of the anniversary show Rush and Cavernario won a tag team "lucha de apuestas", forcing Volador Jr. and Taven to have their hair shaved off for the first time in their careers. On November 18, 2018, Diamante Azul and Valiente defeated Los Ingobernables, taking the CMLL World Tag Team Championship from them in the process. While the feud between Rush and L.A. Park was downplayed by CMLL it continued on the independent circuit, including the main event of IWRG's Triangular en Jaula ("triangle in a cage") show, which saw Rush defeat L.A. Park and Penta 0M in a steel cage match.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In January 2019, Rush signed a contract with Ring of Honor, becoming a regular wrestler of their roster. On September 27, 2019, Rush wrestled on ROH's Death Before Dishonor event and not at the CMLL 86th Anniversary Show. That same day, he announced on his Twitter he would become independent, leaving CMLL. Shortly afterwards CMLL announced that they had fired both Muñoz and his brother Dragon Lee for not following guidelines set by the promotion's programming department.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On November 8, 2018, Rush made his debut for the US-based Major League Wrestling (MLW) as he defeated Sammy Guevara in a match MLW taped for their weekly television show "MLW Fusion". After the initial appearance MLW announced that 2019 would be "the year of El Toro Blanco", revealing that they have plans for him in 2019. He returned to MLW on December 13 and 14 for their television tapings, during which he interacted with long time rival L.A. Park who is also a MLW regular, leading to MLW announcing that Rush and L.A. Park would face off on April 4, as part of MLW's WrestleMania weekend show. However, it was later announced that Rush had been pulled from the match due to signing with Ring of Honor in the United States. His final match for MLW was a match pitting him against Shane Strickland. The match aired on the January 18, 2019 episode of "MLW Fusion", where Rush was the winner of the contest. Rush left the promotion when he signed an exclusive contract with Ring of Honor.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Through CMLL's partnership with the US-based Ring of Honor (ROH) Rush made his debut for ROH on December 15, 2018, defeating T. K. O'Ryan in his first match for the group. After the match, he was attacked by the rest of The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Vinny Marseglia) building on Rush and Taven's feud in Mexico. On January 15, 2019, it was announced that Rush had signed an exclusive contract with Ring of Honor. Rush defeated Vinny Marseglia in first ROH match under full contract on February 9, 2019. The following month Rush made his ROH pay-per-view (PPV) debut, as he defeated Bandido as part of the ROH 17th Anniversary Show.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On September 27, 2019, at the Death Before Dishonor XVII PPV, Rush won the ROH World Championship from Matt Taven. At Final Battle, he lost the championship to PCO.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On December 15 at , Rush introduced the ROH branch of Los Ingobernables, known as La Facción Ingobernable (LFI), including himself, Dragon Lee, Kenny King, and Amy Rose. "La Facción Ingobernable"s first match as a team saw them defeat Villain Enterprises (Marty Scurll, Brody King, and PCO). At "Gateway to Honor", held on February 29, 2020, Rush regained the ROH World Heavyweight Championship in a match against PCO and Mark Haskins. During the match Nick Aldis attacked PCO during the match, allowing Rush to get the pin fall.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: ROH halted operations in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resuming that August. Rush would then make his return on December 10 of that year, defending the ROH World Title against Brody King at Final Battle, where his father La Bestia Del Ring would attack King, assisting Rush in retaining the title, and subsequently joining his sons in LFI.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: In September 2021 Rush Revealed that his contract is scheduled to expire in January 2022. On October 27, 2021, Rush, along with the rest of the Ring of Honor roster and All personnel would be released from their contracts and would not be renewed.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: After All Elite Wrestling owner Tony Khan purchased Ring of Honor, Rush, who had been appearing for AEW, made his return to Ring of Honor on July 23, defeating his brother Dragon Lee at Death Before Dishonor.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On December 1, 2019, at "Triplemanía Regia", Rush made his AAA debut, defeating Pagano and L.A. Park in a three-way match. On December 14 at "Guerra de Titanes", the now-renamed "Rush El Toro Blanco" teamed with Blue Demon Jr. and Rey Escorpión to defeat Psycho Clown, Dr. Wagner Jr., and Drago. After the match, it was announced that Rush, La Bestia del Ring, Killer Kross, L.A. Park and Konnan were forming a new group called "La Facción Ingobernable" (based on Rush's "Los Ingobernables" group from CMLL).


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On May 29, 2022, during the promotion's Double or Nothing pay-per-view, Rush was revealed as a new member of All Elite Wrestling aligning with his former partner Andrade El Idolo. On the June 24, 2022 episode of "AEW Rampage", Rush made his televised debut in AEW, helping El Idolo defeat Rey Fenix. Rush wrestled his first match for AEW, on the June 29 episode of "Rampage" competing in the Royal Rampage Battle Royal, but failed to win. On the July 6 edition of "Dynamite", Rush made his singles debut defeating Fenix's brother Penta Oscuro. On the July 27 at Fight for the Fallen, Rush faced Jon Moxley in an AEW Interim World Championship eliminator match, but lost. The feud between the duos of El Idolo and Rush and Oscuro and Fenix ended when Rush and El Idolo defeated The Lucha Brothers in a tornado tag team match, on the August 10 episode of "Dynamite".


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: The following week, Rush, El Idolo and Dragon Lee, competed in the first round of the tournament to crown the inaugural AEW World Trios Champions, but were defeated in the first round by The Elite, after the loss Rush and El Idolo attacked and unmasked Lee, ending their alliance with him. On September 4 at All Out, Rush and El Idolo competed in the Casino Ladder match, but both men failed to win. On September 30, 2022, Rush was signed to a full-time contract with AEW.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: On the October 21 edition of "Rampage", Rush competed in a three-way match for the AEW All-Atlantic Championship involving 10 and champion Orange Cassidy. The match ended with Cassidy retaining the championship. In November, Rush was announced as a participant in the AEW World Championship Eliminator Tournament, but was defeated in the first round by Bandido.