title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: Chanel Parks of "The Huffington Post" wrote: "While it might be a little, dare we say it, sacrilegious to replicate this cult classic – we were wondering when there was going to be a music video homage to our favorite movie of all time. So props to you, Iggy." Brent Taalur Ramsey of "Paste" magazine praised the video, writing that "Azalea combined a quintessential 90s culture moment with her hip-hop vibes [...] this young Aussie brought it all together with some major beats and classic outfits—a sound and look that will be totally trending in the music world of 2014." It was named one of the 24 most iconic fashion moments in music videos by "Harper's Bazaar". Amy Heckerling, the director of "Clueless", reacted to Azalea and the video in an interview saying, "It looked like they had more money for the video than I had for the movie. But I was extremely flattered and I thought she was amazing." Original actors from the movie including Silverstone, Dash, Donovan and Donald Faison also complimented the homage.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: The music video was nominated for four awards at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Art Direction. On 19 June, the music video surpassed the 100 million view benchmark, making it Azalea's first Vevo Certified music video. "Fancy" was named the most-watched music video of 2014 on Vevo in America. It was the most-watched video in 2014 on YouTube in Australia. It has amassed over 1 billion views as of January 2021. "Entertainment Weekly" named it the best music video of 2014 saying, "A detail-obsessed ode to "Clueless"—that highway scene! Those knee socks!—that made everybody fall butt-crazy in love with Iggy. The nostalgia trip probably fueled a lot of the popularity of "Fancy," but don't get it twisted: Azalea is a star, and all she needed was the right role to convince the world that was true." In January 2015, "Billboard" named it the fifth best music video of the 2010s so far.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: Azalea and XCX appeared on an ad for Samsung's Milk Music streaming service performing the single. On 5 April 2014, Anna Kendrick covered the song on the 39th season of "Saturday Night Live". American rock band the Killers covered "Fancy" during their headlining show in Montreal on 10 July 2014, as an intro to one of their original songs. On 17 July 2014, English actor Gary Oldman covered the song on Capital FM. English rock band Kasabian also covered "Fancy" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 1 September 2014. On 24 January 2015, Ed Sheeran covered the song during a show for VH1 at Whelan's in Dublin, and on 1 February 2015, Nick Jonas also covered it during a live segment on Capital FM in London. American cover band Postmodern Jukebox performed the track during live shows in 2015.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic parodied the song as "Handy" for his 2014 album "Mandatory Fun". The parody's music video was released on 17 July 2014 through Yahoo! Screen's "Sketchy" channel. On 7 July 2014, host Jimmy Fallon covered the song in the manner and appearance of Neil Young on "The Tonight Show", backed up by the real Crosby, Stills and Nash. On 2 September 2014, he did an impression of the track while singing "Old McDonald Had a Farm" as a part of "The Tonight Show"'s "Musical Impressions Generator" segment.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: On 28 April 2014, Jimmy Fallon lip synched the song in a "Lip Sync Battle" against actress Emma Stone on "The Tonight Show". On 15 May 2014, "Fancy" was the featured song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live"s "New Lyrics for Old People" skit, featuring host Jimmy Kimmel and Iggy Azalea. In August 2015, gin brand Tanqueray used a 1920s jazz version of the track for their "Tonight We Tanqueray" campaign. Jazz fusion and funk band The New Mastersounds featured a reggae cover of the song on their 2015 album "Made for Pleasure". It was sampled on Jidenna's 2015 song "Classic Man."


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" has been performed on various reality television singing competitions. It was covered by "Rising Star" contestant Egypt Dixon on the second week of the show. Reagan James performed "Fancy" on "The Voice" season 7. Mitch Miller performed a jazz-inspired version of the track on "The Voice UK" season 4's auditions, while Joey Cook performed her rendition of the song on season 14 of "American Idol".


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: On 7 August 2014, English band Rizzle Kicks did a mashup of the song with Ed Sheeran's "Sing" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. Da Brat released a remix of the song in April 2014. Lil' Kim released a remix of the track on 28 August 2014. On 29 November 2015, "The X Factor" contestants 4th Impact performed the song as a mash-up with Gwen Stefani's "Rich Girl".


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" has been featured in TV series such as "Revenge" and "The Mindy Project" in 2014, and on the comedy films "Get Hard" (2015) and "Ride Along 2" (2016). A cover version by Tristan Prettyman appeared on the season 12 premiere of "Grey's Anatomy". The song also appears in video games "Dance Central Spotlight" (as DLC) and "Just Dance 2016". On 14 June 2018, Alicia Silverstone performed the song in "Lip Sync Battle" as Cher Horowitz.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: "Fancy" was first performed at the mtvU Woodie Awards during the SXSW Festival in Austin on 13 March 2014. Azalea and XCX also performed "Fancy" on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on 17 March 2014. On 22 April 2014, the pair recreated the "Clueless"-inspired video once again during another televised live performance on "Good Morning America" for the release of Azalea's debut album "The New Classic". They performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live" on 16 May 2014, at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on 18 May 2014 and on the season 18 finale of "Dancing with the Stars" on 20 May 2014. Azalea performed the song alone on the stage of the 2014 BET Awards on 29 June 2014 and at the 2014 ESPY Awards on 16 July 2014.


title: Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)

text: On 8 August 2014, Azalea performed "Fancy" on "The Today Show" as part of the Toyota concert series in Rockefeller Center, New York City. The song was also included in the setlist of her 2014 The New Classic Tour of North America and Europe, and also XCX's 2014 Girl Power North America Tour. The track was included on Azalea's medley performances on "Saturday Night Live" on 25 October 2014, and at the 2014 American Music Awards on 23 November 2014, with XCX joining her on stage for the latter. On 31 December 2014, Azalea and XCX performed the song on "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve".


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vincent Melouney (Maloney) (born 18 August 1945) is an Australian musician, singer and songwriter best known as an official member of The Bee Gees from 1967 to 1969 during the group’s initial period of worldwide success.


title: Vince Melouney

text: Prior to joining Bee Gees in March 1967, he had formed the bands The Vibratones (1963), The Aztecs (1964, later joined by Billy Thorpe), Vince And Tony’s Two (1965, with Tony Barber) and The Vince Maloney Sect (1966.) In 1970, Vince put together the Australian "supergroup" Fanny Adams. He was also briefly a member of Tony Worsley and The Blue Jays (1965,) Ashton, Gardner and Dyke (1969) and The Cleves (1971.)


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince Melouney was born in Sydney on 18 August 1945 and attended Normanhurst Boys High School from 1958 to 1961. As Vince Maloney, he was a founding member of Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, whose cover of the classic "Poison Ivy" famously kept The Beatles from the Number 1 spot on the Sydney music charts at the very moment that the Fab Four was making its first and only tour of Australia. Vince was the band’s lead guitarist from 1963 to 1965, playing on five Top Ten hits. This was followed by a short-lived duo with fellow Aztec Tony Barber, called Vince & Tony's Two. In 1966, he released two singles by The Vince Maloney Sect including the Garage Rock classic "No Good Without You" along with a solo single, "I Need Your Lovin' Tonight" and its B-side, "Mystery Train"; Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, and Maurice Gibb sing backup vocals on both songs. Vince also played guitar with The Beatles' mentor Tony Sheridan and the Joe Meek-produced artists Heinz and Screaming Lord Sutch when they toured Australia in the '60s.


title: Vince Melouney

text: In late 1966, he relocated to London where (after the Gibbs arrived there in early 1967) he was invited to join the Bee Gees, becoming an official member and partner, along with Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb and Colin Petersen. As a member of The Bee Gees, Vince appeared on seven US Top 20 singles; "New York Mining Disaster 1941," "To Love Somebody," "Holiday," "Massachusetts," "Words," "I've Gotta Get A Message To You" and "I Started A Joke" plus four US Top 20 albums; "Bee Gees' First," "Horizontal," "Idea" and "Odessa." Tracks featuring Vince also appear on The Bee Gees' platinum album "Their Greatest Hits: The Record" and their gold albums "Best of Bee Gees," "Number Ones" and "Ultimate Bee Gees."


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince's television appearances with The Bee Gees include "The Ed Sullivan Show," "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" and "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" in the US, "Top of the Pops" in the UK and "Beat Club" in Germany.


title: Vince Melouney

text: The Bee Gees' songs involving Vince have been covered by Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Tom Jones, Rod Stewart, Janis Joplin, Leonard Cohen, Nick Cave, Nina Simone, Gram Parsons, Dusty Springfield, Blur, Noel Gallagher, Flaming Lips and many other legendary artists.


title: Vince Melouney

text: In June 1968, while he was a Bee Gee he wrote and sang lead on "Such a Shame" (the only song on a Bee Gees album that was not written by one of the Gibb brothers). The song was released on the UK version of the album "Idea", but on the US version, it was replaced by "I've Gotta Get a Message to You".


title: Vince Melouney

text: Melouney prefers the Gibson Les Paul guitar and can be seen playing this model (and occasionally a Gibson SG or a Fender Telecaster) in numerous Bee Gees videos and live performances from 1967 and 1968. Vince endorsed Vox Amplification beginning in 1963, using an AC30 at performances and on all recordings (including "Bee Gees' First") until late 1967 when he received an endorsement from Marshall Amplification (initially using a 100 watt Super Lead) and has mostly used Marshall amps ever since, with the occasional use of a Vox AC30 for shows and an AC10 for recording.


title: Vince Melouney

text: In November 1968, it was reported by the UK music magazine, "NME", that Melouney's final concert with the Bee Gees would be on 1 December, following the end of their current German tour. The original 5-piece Bee Gees broke up in 1969 with the Gibb brothers reforming as a trio in 1970.


title: Vince Melouney

text: 149 individual mono, stereo and alternate tracks that Vince was involved with have been released by The Bee Gees so far (not counting unauthorized BBC and live recordings.)


title: Vince Melouney

text: In 1969, Vince produced the debut single "Maiden Voyage" by Ashton, Gardner and Dyke with George Harrison visiting a session at Apple Studios. The b-side, "See The Sun in My Eyes" is actually a Vince Melouney solo recording (originally recorded for Apple Records,) written, performed and produced by Vince and donated to Ashton, Gardner and Dyke. Due to restructuring at Apple, the single was released by Vince’s former label, Polydor Records.


title: Vince Melouney

text: In 1970, Vince signed a solo deal with Kapp/MCA Records and used this opportunity to form and produce the short-lived group, Fanny Adams, with Doug Parkinson on lead vocals, Teddy Toi on bass, and Johnny Dick on drums who recorded one eponymous album "Fanny Adams".


title: Vince Melouney

text: In the summer of 1976, he met up with former Bee Gees bandmate Barry Gibb and they wrote "Let It Ride" and "Morning Rain", but neither song was recorded. Vince hopes to record these songs later in 2021.


title: Vince Melouney

text: He rejoined The Bee Gees for the "One Night Only" concert in Sydney, playing to an audience of 66,000 fans at Stadium Australia on 27 March 1999 and later reunited with Billy Thorpe and the original Aztecs for the extremely successful "Long Way to the Top" tour in 2002 and 2003. After finishing that tour, he completed his first solo album, released with the title "Covers" which had ten cover versions of songs, including "Poison Ivy”, “Come Together", and "Over The Rainbow".


title: Vince Melouney

text: Melouney's influence was the Band, through their album "Music from Big Pink", as he explained: "I am influenced to the extent that I can see what they are doing and I respect that. I’ve let their ideas augment my ideas".


title: Vince Melouney

text: In 2020, Vince released his version of his friends The Easybeats' song "Women (Make You Feel Alright)" which was produced by the legendary Shel Talmy whose credits include classic tracks by The Kinks, The Who, The Creation and others. "Women" features Vince on vocal and lead guitar, joined by Clem Burke of Blondie on drums, Jonathan Lea of The Jigsaw Seen on additional guitars, Alec Palao on bass and Paul Kopf on backing vocals. Alec and Paul are members of the San Francisco-based band Strangers in a Strange Land and also play in the current version of veteran Garage Rock band The Seeds.


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince appears in the internationally successful 2020 documentary "The Bee Gees: How Can You Mend A Broken Heart", in newly filmed interview segments and archival footage. This documentary was nominated for 6 Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Documentary Special.


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince's latest release is a collaboration with Strangers in a Strange Land on the Bee Gees' 1967 rarity "Ring My Bell." Like "Women," Vince is joined on this track by Clem Burke of Blondie on drums and Jonathan Lea of The Jigsaw Seen on additional guitar and Mellotron. "Ring My Bell" was also produced by Shel Talmy.


title: Vince Melouney

text: In 2021, The Bee Gees' track "Whisper Whisper" (including Vince) was included in the soundtrack of the Disney film "Cruella".


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince has written a foreword for the book "DECADES: The Bee Gees in the 1960s" by Andrew Mon Hughes, Grant Walters and Mark Crohan, which will be published by Sonicbond and available on 28 October 2021.


title: Vince Melouney

text: Melouney occasionally tours Europe performing a solo spot in the musical "Massachusetts" with former members of The Bee Gees' backing band, drummer Dennis Bryon and keyboard player Blue Weaver.


title: Vince Melouney

text: Vince has recently formed a touring band based in Los Angeles and is planning shows where he’ll perform The Bee Gees' sixties hits and deep cuts, along with material by his previous bands The Aztecs and The Vince Maloney Sect.


title: Open Road Films

text: Open Road Films, LLC (formerly Global Road Entertainment from 2017 to 2018) is an American film production and distribution company based in Los Angeles, California. It was founded by Eric Hohl on March 26, 2011 as a joint venture between the two largest American theatrical exhibitors, AMC Theatres and Regal Entertainment Group, which both owned the company until it was bought out by Tang Media Partners, a media company owned by Donald Tang, in August 2017. After Tang's purchase, both companies Open Road and IM Global merged and formed "Global Road Entertainment". In September 2018, Open Road declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The bankruptcy did not affect TMP, IM Global or IM Global TV. On November 6, 2018, Open Road agreed to be purchased by Raven Capital Management. Raven completed its acquisition in February 2019.


title: Open Road Films

text: In March 2011, rival theater chains AMC Entertainment and Regal Entertainment Group announced the hiring of Tom Ortenberg as Chief Executive Officer of a new company, Open Road Films, it was founded by Eric Hohl as a Chairman, former executive of MGM's United Artists (1998-2006) and SPE's TriStar Pictures (2006-2011). Ortenberg, previously an executive of Lionsgate and The Weinstein Company, filled out his executive team with the April 2011 hirings of Jason Cassidy (president of marketing), Elliott Kleinberg (General Counsel and executive vice president of operations and business affairs), Steven Andriuzzo (chief financial officer), and Ben Cotner (senior vice president of acquisitions).


title: Open Road Films

text: Open Road's titles are distributed in the home entertainment market by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (UPHE), a deal that was signed in June 2011. In June 2011, a few months after it started operations, Open Road Films signed a pay-TV deal with Netflix, which expired in 2016. After Showtime expires in 2020, Netflix re-added Open Road movies in 2020.


title: Open Road Films

text: The studio released its first film, "Killer Elite", on September 23, 2011, directed by Gary McKendry and starring Jason Statham, Clive Owen and Robert De Niro. Open Road's 2015 film "Spotlight" received six Academy Award nominations and became the surprise winner for Best Picture at the 88th Academy Awards, also winning for Best Original Screenplay. These were the first Oscar wins for the company.


title: Open Road Films

text: In October 2013, the studio signed a pay-TV deal with Showtime that began in 2017 and expires in 2020. Open Road and UPHE extended its home distribution deal in February 2014 through 2017.


title: Open Road Films

text: On October 30, 2014, Open Road announced an international deal with FilmNation Entertainment. The deal would allow the company to purchase worldwide rights and FilmNation selling and servicing international distribution.


title: Open Road Films

text: Hohl left Open Road Films and it was purchased by Tang Media Partners in August 2017. Rob Friedman joined Tang Media Partners in August 2017 as chairman and CEO of TMP Entertainment to oversee Open Road, IM Global and IM Global TV. Open Road Films merged with IM Global and formed Global Road Entertainment on October 30, 2017 with Friedman assuming the Global Road chairman and CEO posts.


title: Open Road Films

text: In 2017, the company announced plans to have a slate of approximately 15 films per year by 2020. At the European Film Market in February 2018, Global Road announced that it anticipated spending $1billion on film and television productions over the next three years, with production budgets projected to be in the $20million to $100million range. In 2018, the company made an agreement with Blumhouse Productions to co-develop and co-finance low budget Chinese language genre films.


title: Open Road Films

text: Global Road's 2018 film distribution slate includes the teen drama "Midnight Sun", starring Bella Thorne and Patrick Schwarzenegger; family comedy "Show Dogs", starring Will Arnett; science fiction thriller "The Silence", which it acquired for US distribution; the action-thriller "Hotel Artemis", starring Jodie Foster and Sterling K. Brown; science fiction family adventure "A.X.L."; and animated family adventure-comedy "Playmobil: Uncharted".


title: Open Road Films

text: Upcoming Global Road productions include "Serenity", a neo-noir thriller starring Anne Hathaway, Matthew McConaughey, Diane Lane and directed by Steven Knight; "Richard Says Goodbye", a comedy-drama starring Johnny Depp and directed by Wayne Roberts; the science-fiction romance "Zoe", starring Ewan McGregor; and "Mortal", directed by André Øvredal. The company's film "I Think We're Alone Now", starring Peter Dinklage, Elle Fanning and Paul Giamatti, premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Open Road Films

text: Global Road's television arm develops scripted and non-scripted programming for both U.S. and global markets. Shows being developed include "Cat's Cradle", a limited series based on the novel by Kurt Vonnegut, being written and executive produced by Noah Hawley for FX; "Kilroy County", a dark comedy from Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor being developed for Showtime; Jenji Kohan's Lifetime drama "American Princess"; "Muscle Shoals", a drama in development at ABC with Johnny Depp as executive producer; the eight-part crime drama "Cold Courage", based on the novels by Pekka Hiltunen; "Fried Chicken and Latkes", an adaptation of Rain Pryor's one-woman comedy show; "Jett", a crime drama starring and executive produced by Carla Gugino for Cinemax; the reality cooking competition "Fridge Wars" for Canada's CBC network; and global rights to "Idiotest", based on the Game Show Network quiz show.


title: Open Road Films

text: In January 2018, Global Road signed a development deal with Reginald Hudlin and Byron Phillips through their company New Nation Networks, under which Hudlin and Phillips would develop and produce original content for Global Road. Later that month, the company signed a first-look television deal with Adam Shankman and Jennifer Gibgot's production company Offspring Entertainment; projects announced under this deal include "Wolfgang", based on the life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and an untitled comedy from husband-and-wife actor-producers Carlos and Alexa PenaVega. Around the same time, Global Road also announced co-development deals with French production company Newen and the Ukrainian Film.UA Group.


title: Open Road Films

text: Global Road's film unit was taken over by its primary lenders, Bank of America and East West Bank, in August 2018 as Donald Tang had not raised enough funds for Global Road. Lenders did have Global Road release "A.X.L." while stopping the release of "City of Lies", slated for September 7, 2018. With A.X.L. not doing well at the box office, the company was forced to lay off employees without severance, a requirement of the lenders. The company was also looking to sell a number of its upcoming films, "" "City of Lies", "The Silence" "Duck Duck Goose" "Arctic Justice" and "Playmobil The Movie"; it was also "backing out of" development for "The Secret Garden". The company was also sued along with TV rights distributor Miramax by lender Bank Leumi over loans for "City of Lies".


title: Open Road Films

text: On September 6, 2018, Global Road's film unit filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. On October 23, 2018, Global Road filed with the court plans for an auction of its assets beginning November 7 with a stalking horse bidder selected with term of $800,000 in expenses coverage and a $2.1million outbid fee if approve by the judge. In November 2018 after lack luster auction bidding, Open Road agreed to be purchased by Raven Capital Management for $87.5million pending court approval. On December 19, 2018, a Delaware bankruptcy judge approved the purchase and the acquisition took effect on February 7, 2019.


title: Open Road Films

text: Open Road Films indicated its come back in June of 2020 at the virtual Cannes by indicate its recapitalization of Open Road Films by Raven and named the production company's leadership of Raven principal James Masciello with key assistance from Matt Sidari. The company indicated that is partnering with Briarcliff Entertainment, Tom Ortenberg's new company, in acquiring and releasing films starting with "Honest Thief". Raven also indicated that it was a financier of Sculptor Media, whom Raven would look toward for development and production of films.


title: Open Road Films

text: In August 2017, Rob Friedman was named Global Road's chairman and CEO after Eric Hohl left the company. Rodolphe Buet was named president of international in October 2017, and the following month Lynn Harris was named president of worldwide production. In early 2018, Jack Pan was named president of worldwide theatrical marketing.


title: Open Road Films

text: In March 2018, the company announced several new hires to their international operations division, including Charlotte Van Weede as President of International Sales (replacing Michael Rothstein); Brad Kembel as Executive Vice President of Distribution and Operations; Melissa Martinez as Executive Vice President of International Marketing; and Sarah Genazzani as Director of International Marketing, with Executive Vice President of International Sales Tatyana Joffe extending her contract to work with the new team.


title: Friuli

text: Friuli (, , ) is an area of Northeast Italy with its own particular cultural and historical identity containing 1,000,000 Friulians. It comprises the major part of the autonomous region Friuli Venezia Giulia, i.e. the administrative provinces of Udine, Pordenone, and Gorizia, excluding Trieste.


title: Friuli

text: The multiethnic and subsequent multilingual tradition of Friuli means that the name of the region varies according to locality. Besides from Italian (), other local Romance forms include Friulan () and Venetian ; in German and in Slovene.


title: Friuli

text: Friuli is bordered on the west by the Veneto region with the border running along the Livenza river, on the north by the crest of the Carnic Alps between Carnia and Austrian Carinthia, on the east by the Julian Alps, the border with Slovenia and the Timavo river, and on the south by the Adriatic Sea. The adjacent Slovene parts of the Soča/Isonzo valley from Gorizia/Nova Gorica up to Triglav and the Vipava Valley, forming the "Goriška" region, may also be considered part of historic Friuli.


title: Friuli

text: The mountainous northern part of the region belongs to the Southern Limestone Alps. From west to east, the region's highest peaks are, in the Carnic Prealps ("Dolomiti Friulane")—the Cima dei Preti, , Duranno , and Cridola ; in the Carnic Alps—Peralba , Monte Bìvera and Coglians ; in the Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt , the Jôf di Montasio , Mangart , and Canin , which dominates the plain.


title: Friuli

text: Rivers flowing southwards from the mountains are numerous. The Friulian mountains surround the course of the Tagliamento river, which, at the latitude of Gemona del Friuli first crosses the hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain (Bassa Friulana), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects the cities of Codroipo and Palmanova. To the south of this road is the "risorgive" zone, where water resurfaces from underground waterways in spring-fed pools throughout the area. South of the plains lie the lagoons of Marano and Grado, which are nature reserves. Other important rivers include the Torre, Natisone, Stella, Isonzo/Soča, and Ausa.


title: Friuli

text: Friuli covers an area of , subdivided among the provinces of Udine , Pordenone and Gorizia . The historical capital and most important city is Udine, which was also the capital of the medieval Patria del Friuli. Other important towns are Pordenone, Gorizia/Nova Gorica, Sacile, Codroipo, Cervignano del Friuli, Cividale del Friuli, Gemona del Friuli, Monfalcone, and Tolmezzo.


title: Friuli

text: The climate of the Friulian plain is humid sub-Mediterranean. The climate in this area is suitable for growing white wine grapes, and 2.5% of wine produced in Italy comes from this part of the region. The hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is , while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to ; Udine , Pordenone , Gorizia ). Further north, in Tolmezzo, the average temperature is approximately . The lowest values are recorded in the Alps: at "Passo di Monte Croce Carnico" (at ) and between in Val Canale, which is situated above sea level. In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between approximately in Monfalcone and nearly in "Passo di Monte Croce Carnico", with intermediate temperatures of in Udine and in Valcanale. Gorizia, a short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly milder micro-climate with its approximate annual average of . In the warmest month, July, the temperatures range between along the coast and plains and between in Val Canale.


title: Friuli

text: Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies a great deal during the course of the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between (Gorizia over and Udine over ), whereas the alpine area's maximum annual rainfall is approximately . The Julian Prealps is one of Italy's rainiest regions: Musi receives about of annual precipitation, sometimes even 5000 mm, and can receive in a single month. In some areas of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the flooding of many rivers. Snow is sparse in the southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days each year in Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently further to the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23 days, and "Passo di Monte Croce Carnico" 28 days).


title: Friuli

text: One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the final decades of the 19th century and ended in the 1970s. It is estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated away over a period of approximately one hundred years. According to the most recent census by AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134,936. Of these, 56.0% reside in Europe, 24.0% in South America, 10.3% in North America and 4.7% in Oceania. This data only reflects those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded from the census because they are not Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have supported cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world.


title: Friuli

text: In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the Castellieri culture. These peoples most likely arrived from the sea and were the dominant culture in the area from about the 15th century BC until the early historical period. During the course of the 4th century BC Friuli was settled by the Carni (in ancient Greek "Καρνίοι"), a tribe of unknown ethnicity which may have spoken a Celtic, a Venetic or a Rhaetic language, and which introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. According to Strabo [4.6] the Carni inhabited ""the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia"" and both Pliny [3.22(18)] and Ptolemy [3.1] ascribe Aquileia, Concordia and Forum Julii to belong to the "towns of the Carni" in the "country of the Carni". The Carni worshiped the deity Belenus which is attested by the most numerous votive inscriptions found in and around Aquileia. A northern mountainous area of Friuli still retains the ancient name Carnia.


title: Friuli

text: Beginning from the 2nd century BC, Friuli was colonized by the Romans: Aquileia was the fourth largest city of Italy during Roman imperial times, capital of "Regio X" of the Italia province (the Augustan region "Venetia et Histria"). The city was the most important river port on the Natissa river, dominating trade between the Adriatic Sea and northern Europe (carried over the Via Iulia Augusta road). Aquileia owed its importance to the strategic position it has on the Adriatic sea and its proximity to the Alps. This location allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from the East. Julius Caesar quartered his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centers, such as "Forum Iulii" (Cividale del Friuli) and "Iulium Carnicum" (Zuglio), contributed to the increase in economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of the 5th century. In the final decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the center of one of the most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with Milan and, subsequently, Ravenna, for second place to Rome. A Hun invasion marked the start of Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meager forces, was forced to surrender and was razed to the ground by Attila in 452. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of Grado, returned to the city, but found it completely destroyed. The reconstruction of Aquileia was never completed and it never regained the old splendour of the capital of "X Regio". The city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, due to the creation of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. It ranked among the highest ecclesiastic authorities in Italy from the mid-6th century onward. The lack of security in the Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands of the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a generalized depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent colonization by barbarian "gentes".


title: Friuli

text: After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Friuli belonged to the kingdom of Odoacer and subsequently to that of Theodoric the Great. The Byzantine reconquest under Justinian I was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the Lombards, who invaded from Pannonia, and with that, ended the Greek-Byzantine era of the region. The Lombard king Alboin established the Duchy of Friuli, the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative Gisulf I. The capital of the duchy was established at "Forum Iulii" (Cividale del Friuli), which became the most important city of the area and for where it derived its name.


title: Friuli

text: The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the Avars and Slavs from Pannonia. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike Spoleto and Benevento to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its marcher status. Among later dukes, Ratchis became king in 744 and his ducal successor, Aistulf, succeeded him as king in 749. The historian Paul the Deacon was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the "Historia Langobardorum" and taught Latin grammar at Charlemagne's court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, Paulinus, was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia.


title: Friuli

text: After the Kingdom of Italy fell to the Franks, the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the March of Friuli in 846. The march was granted to the Unruoching dynasty. Friuli became the base of power of Berengar I during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924.


title: Friuli

text: The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to Lake Garda, the capital moved to Verona, and a new March of Verona and Aquileia established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the Duchy of Bavaria, then to the Duchy of Carinthia, for more than a century.


title: Friuli

text: On 3 April 1077, the Emperor Henry IV granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia. In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring Trieste, Istria, Carinthia, Styria, and Cadore. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a parliament representing the communes as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during Venetian domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Patriarch Marquard of Randeck (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the "Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii" ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to Udine, where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli.


title: Friuli

text: The Patriarchate ended in 1420: surrounded by the powerful states of the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Republic of Venice, it was the theatre of a war between Hungary and Venice, and was conquered by the latter. Friuli maintained some form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate, an autonomy not granted to the other cities and provinces submitted to Venice (even Venetian ones); on the other side, it maintained also its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time.


title: Friuli

text: Friuli was the eastern border of the "Stato da Tera", and suffered both from Ottoman raids and from the border wars with Austria. These wars led to poverty and instability of the rural population, with the inability to cultivate the land crossed by fighting armies and with the forced surrender of all livestock to feed traveling troops. The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the Bassa Friulana and central Friuli. Venice took possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them. These properties in turn would be sold by Venice during the 17th century to raise cash to alleviate its poor financial condition.


title: Friuli

text: Beginning in the 1630s, the Venetian Republic entered a relative decline, due to the enlarging horizon of European markets (reaching now from Asia to Africa to the Americas). Venice's richest families often directed financial resources into unproductive investments (specifically real estate), while there was a loss of competitiveness in industries and services. Friuli was subject to increasing fiscal pressure, and its industries and commercial activities were affected.


title: Friuli

text: According to some historians, the political populism practiced by Venice looked for ways to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of feudalism. Other researchers assert that the Venetian aristocratic government maintained a most oppressive feudal condition in Friuli. These policies were practiced by the Venetian government to ensure the support of the urban and rural population as a counterbalance to the independent tendencies and power of local oligarchies and aristocrats.


title: Friuli

text: An important jacquerie, known as "Joibe Grasse 1511" (Fat Thursday 1511), was started in Udine on February 27 by starving "Udinesi" citizens. They were subsequently joined by the farmers and the revolt spread to the whole territory of Friûl, against the feudal rule of some noble families; some other noble family, like the pro-Venetian Savorgnan, initially supported the revolters. This insurrection was one of the largest in Renaissance Italy and it lasted from 27 February until 1 March, when it ended as Venice dispatched around one hundred cavalry to put down the rebellion. The chiefs of the revolt were executed, but the feudal powers of the Friulian noblemen were reduced.


title: Friuli

text: With the 1516 Noyon pacts the boundary between the Venetian Republic and the County of Gorizia and Gradisca, now in the hands of the House of Habsburg, were redefined. Venice lost the upper Isonzo valley (that is the Gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it kept Monfalcone, Marano and a series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli stayed with the Archduke of Austria (until 1543). Between 1615 and 1617 Venice and Austria again fought for the possession of the fort of Gradisca d'Isonzo. The so-called War of Gradisca ended with a return to the "status quo".


title: Friuli

text: Beginning in 1516 the Habsburg Empire controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. In 1797, the year of the Treaty of Campo Formio, this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria. For a brief period from 1805 until the Bourbon Restoration, Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom.


title: Friuli

text: In 1815, the Congress of Vienna confirmed the union of Veneto, which Central-West Friuli was part of, with Lombardy (previously divided between Austrian Empire and Venetian Republic), to constitute the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Eastern Friuli was not included in the puppet state. In 1838, the District of Portogruaro was removed from the Province of the Friuli due to the Austrians' wishes and assigned to the Province of Venice. Portogruaro was for long time part of Friuli, even under Venetian Republic, and Friulian language was spoken in the area. In 1866, central Friuli (today's province of Udine) and western Friuli (today's province of Pordenone) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after the Third Italian War of Independence, while eastern Friuli (County of Gorizia and Gradisca) remained under Austria until the end of World War I.


title: Friuli

text: The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the k. u. k. Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of 401,357 Friulians living in the Austrian Empire. The majority of Friulians (351,805) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, the others (49.552) in the Friulian parts of the Austrian Küstenland. Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians.


title: Friuli

text: During World War I, Friuli was a theater of battle that had serious consequences for the civilian population, specifically the Battle of Caporetto.


title: Friuli

text: After World War II, the pro-devolution movement gained momentum in 1945. Friuli got entangled in the maze of opposing forces acting in the territory. Yugoslavian Titoists pursued an annexation of Friuli to the rising communist Yugoslavia. By contrast, in 1945, the traditionalist association Patrie tal Friul was founded by Tiziano Tessitori with a view to establishing an autonomous Friuli within Italy. The draft autonomic project was launched with the support of the Christian Democratic Party.


title: Friuli

text: In January 1947, the poet and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini went on to found the party Movimiento Popolari Friulano, with the same purpose of devolution. Pasolini opposed a possible Yugoslavian annexation, but at the same time lashed out at those who aimed at using regionalism for their immobilist, "backwards Conservatism". Pasolini dropped membership in his party after the Christian Democrats came to pull its strings. The Communist Party of Italy opposed devolution, sticking to an Italian centralist agenda.


title: Friuli

text: Around 350,000 people claim Friulan as their native language, though it's sparsely used in public life. There are some movements and political parties that advocate a more autonomous, or even an independent Friuli in line with historical borders, such as the Friuli Movement, Front Furlan, Patrie Furlane and Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan.


title: Friuli

text: While standard Italian is the primary official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli.


title: Friuli

text: Venetian and its dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) on the western border regions (i.e. Pordenone), sparingly in a few internal towns (i.e. Gorizia, etc.), and historically in some places along the Adriatic coast.


title: Friuli

text: In the southeastern part of Friuli, a Venetian transitional dialect is spoken, called "Bisiaco", that has influences of both Slovene and Friulian.


title: Friuli

text: Slovene dialects are spoken in the largely rural border mountain region known as Venetian Slovenia. German (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in Tarvisio and Pontebba); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in Malborghetto Valbruna), Carinthian Slovenian dialects are spoken too. Slovene is also spoken in the "Collio" area north of Gorizia. In the Resia valley, between Venetian Slovenia and the Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovene, known as Resian. According to the official estimates of the Italian government, between 45,000 and 51,000 Slovene speakers live in Friuli: around 11,000 in the Province of Gorizia, and the rest in the Province of Udine. Due to emigration, most Slovene speakers in the Province of Udine live outside their traditional compact zone of settlement.


title: Friuli

text: German-related dialects (like Rogasaxon) are spoken in several ancient enclaves like Timau, Zahre (Sauris) and Plodn (Sappada).


title: Friuli

text: Only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be local secondary official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects.


title: Friuli

text: Asteroid 212705 Friûl was named in honor of the region. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ().


title: Payment processor

text: A payment processor is a system that enables financial transactions, commonly employed by a merchant, to handle transactions with customers from various channels such as credit cards and debit cards or bank accounts. They are usually broken down into two types: front-end and back-end.


title: Payment processor

text: Front-end processors have connections to various card associations and supply authorization and settlement services to the merchant banks' merchants. Back-end processors accept settlements from front-end processors and, via the Federal Reserve Bank for example, move the money from the issuing bank to the merchant bank.


title: Payment processor

text: In an operation that will usually take a few seconds, the payment processor will both check the details received by forwarding them to the respective card's issuing bank or card association for verification, and also carry out a series of anti-fraud measures against the transaction.


title: Payment processor

text: Additional parameters, including the card's country of issue and its previous payment history, are also used to gauge the probability of the transaction being approved.


title: Payment processor

text: Once the payment processor has received confirmation that the credit card details have been verified, the information is relayed back via the payment gateway to the merchant, who will then complete the payment transaction. If verification is denied by the card association, the payment processor will relay the information to the merchant, who will then decline the transaction.


title: Payment processor

text: After centuries of using metal coins, paper currency made its first appearance in China during the Tang dynasty (around the 10th century AD) and was later introduced to the west in the 17th century. Also in the 17th century, people began to use checks as a payment method, which grew in popularity from the 1800s to the early 1900s. To help streamline and centralize the multiple types of currency, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913.


title: Payment processor

text: The first payment card was created in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara to allow members to use charge cards at their Diners’ Club, and consumers were required to pay their bill in full each month. In 1959, American Express created the first credit card that allowed users to carry a balance from month to month.


title: Payment processor

text: The ATM emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the growing movement toward “self-service” technology. ATMs provided the first technology-enabled banking option that allowed consumers to conveniently deposit and withdraw cash, without being restricted to a particular bank location or business hours.


title: Payment processor

text: In 1972, the first Automated Clearinghouse (ACH) association was formed in California in response to bank industry concerns that widespread check usage would outpace the technology needed to process them. ACH became the primary method of electronic funds transfer (EFT) for agencies, businesses, and individuals to pay or collect money online, and is still commonly used today.


title: Payment processor

text: Over the following decades, the evolution of payment technology accelerated. The first digital currency is attributed to an algorithm developed by David Chaum in 1983. Although modern folklore suggests the possibility of early internet purchases – specifically, online marijuana sales between MIT and Stanford students in 1971 and 1972, a 1974 pizza order by Donald Sherman, and a 1984 grocery purchase by Jane Snowball – the first legitimately recognized online purchase was most likely a CD sold by Dan Kohn in 1994 using a website he developed called NetMarket.


title: Payment processor

text: The first online payment processing company was founded in 1998, first under the name Confinity, which was later changed to X.com, changing again to its current name, PayPal, in 2001. The market continued to expand over the following two decades, branching out into a full payment processing ecosystem that includes card companies, digital wallets and apps, cryptocurrencies, payments software platforms and gateways, eCommerce partnerships, and peer-to-peer payments. Other technologies that are vital to the payment ecosystem are data security systems and processes, automated functionality, and customer engagement tools.


title: Payment processor

text: The future of the payment processing industry is being driven by an increase in vertical-specific processors, the accelerated adoption of contactless payment methods (in response to COVID-19-related limitations on contact and in-person interactions), and the trend toward customer choice and autonomy, particularly in western cultures.


title: Payment processor

text: Due to the many regulatory requirements levied on businesses, the modern payment processor is usually partnered with merchants through a concept known as software-as-a-service (SaaS). SaaS payment processors offer a single, regulatory-compliant electronic portal that enables a merchant to scan checks (often called remote deposit capture or RDC), process single and recurring credit card payments (without the merchant storing the card data at the merchant site), process single and recurring ACH and cash transactions, process remittances and Web payments. These cloud-based features occur regardless of origination through the payment processor's integrated receivables management platform. This results in cost reductions, accelerated time-to-market, and improved transaction processing quality.


title: Payment processor

text: Electronic payments are highly susceptible to fraud and abuse. Liability for misuse of credit card data can expose the merchant to significant financial loss if they were to attempt to manage such risks on their own. One way to lower this cost and liability exposure is to segment the transaction of the sale from the payment of the amount due. Many merchants offer subscription services, which require payment from a customer every month. SaaS payment processors relieve the responsibility of the management of recurring payments from the merchant and maintain safe and secure the payment information, passing back to the merchant a payment "token" or unique placeholder for the card data. Through Tokenization, merchants are able to use this token to process charges, perform refunds, or void transactions without ever storing the payment card data, which can help to make the merchant system PCI-compliant. Tokenization can be either local (on the merchant's system) or remote (on the service provider's system); the latter provides a higher level of security against a breach. Another method of protecting payment card data is Point to Point Encryption, which encrypts cardholder data so that clear text payment information is not accessible within the merchant's system in the event of a data breach. Some payment processors also specialize in high-risk processing for industries that are subject to frequent chargebacks, such as adult video distribution.


title: Payment processor

text: The typical network architecture for modern online payment systems is a chain of service providers, each providing unique value to the payment transaction, and each adding cost to the transaction: merchant, point-of-sale (PoS) software as a service (SaaS), aggregator, credit card network, and bank. The merchant can be a brick-and-mortar outlet or an online outlet. The PoS SaaS provider is usually a smaller company that provides customer support to the merchant and is the receiver of the merchant's transactions. The PoS provider represents the aggregator to merchants. The PoS provider transaction volumes are small compared to the aggregator transaction volumes, so a direct connection to the major credit card networks is not warranted, because of the low traffic. Additionally, the merchant does not handle enough traffic to warrant a direct connection to the aggregator. In this way, scope and responsibilities are divided among the various business partners to easily manage the technical issues that arise.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Tata Safari is a mid-size SUV produced by the Indian automobile manufacturer Tata Motors since 1998. The first-generation Safari has been designed as a seven-seater SUV with a foldable third row, roomy interior; on the market it has positioned itself as an alternative from the competitive price to other brands off-road vehicles.


title: Tata Safari

text: Safari was re-introduced in 2021. Unlike the first-generation , the second-generation Safari is a front-wheel-drive, monocoque crossover SUV, sharing its underpinnings with the Tata Harrier.


title: Tata Safari

text: The first-generation Safari was presented in 1998 in India. The Tata range in the nineties saw the expansion into new markets with newer models such as the Indica city car and the Safari. Exports to Europe took place during the same year, with sales in the UK in 1999.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Safari is powered by the same engine used in the Tata Telcoline, a 2.0-litre Peugeot "XD88" turbodiesel unit with power. It came with a synchromesh forward five-speed manual gearbox, with a 4WD option and 235/75x15 tyres. Compared to the Indian model, the European Safari presented some changes in particular accessories to meet the needs of European customers, the bumpers were different in colour compared to the rest of the bodywork. The name Safari was adopted to emphasize the supposed off-road qualities of the vehicle. In reality, the car was also designed for road use. The Safari is 4.65 meters long from one bumper to the other but the presence of the outer spare wheel increases the size up to 4.81 meters. The weighs of the vehicle is kerb for the 2WD version, adding an extra for the 4WD variant.


title: Tata Safari

text: In 2017, Tata announced that the Safari Dicor was phased out with the Safari Storme being the only model remaining on sale, until that, too, was discontinued in 2019.


title: Tata Safari

text: During the commercial life of the model, various aesthetic and mechanical updates were presented: in 2005 an important facelift was presented that saw the adoption of a new bumper shield, new optical groups and chrome grille, new interior and rear redesigned with graphics of the unpublished lights. New Borg Warner transmission unit and revised braking system. The engine adopted by the 2005 version was the new 3.0-litre four-cylinder diesel common rail "Dicor" with at 3000 rpm and of torque between 1600 and 2000 rpm. The 3,0 litre derived from a commercial Mercedes-Benz engine used in Tata 407 then upgraded.


title: Tata Safari

text: In December 2006, at the Bologna Motor Show, a further update saw the adoption of the 2.2-litre "Dicor" diesel common rail engine from the PSA Group and revisited with AVL support. The 2.2-litre engine was Euro 4 compliant and replaced the previous unit in European markets while in India, the 3.0-litre engine remained in production. The updated model went on sale during Spring 2007.


title: Tata Safari

text: In 2010 an aesthetic facelift introduced a new chrome grille, new interior trim, new interior instrumentation with wood inserts for the central console and new body colours.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Safari uses Telcoline's Tata X2 body-on-frame platform with a redesigned and strengthened rear axle to adapt it to off-road use with part-time all-wheel drive (rear-wheel drive with the option of traction in off-road situations only) with grafting system an electric control up to , self-locking rear differential and manual block front hubs, then eliminated in favor of the fully automatic solution). The front suspension is a double swinging trapezium and torsion bar, while a rigid bridge system with five pulling arms and coil springs has been adopted at the rear. The front brakes are a ventilated disc combined to the rear which is a self-adjusting drum. The braking system is the anti-accumulation system ABS brakes plus electronic brake force distribution EBD from the second series called EX2 (the first series, EX version was not equipped with ABS-EBD and fitted full brake discs, not self-ventilating).


title: Tata Safari

text: The engine of the first version was a 2.0-litre four-cylinder diesel (1948 cc effective), equipped with indirect injection and KKK turbocharger with two valves per cylinder distribution capable of delivering 92 horsepower Euro 2. The engine is derived from the Peugeot "XD88" unit built under license by Tata in India and used by Tata Telcoline and Sierra. With the Euro 3 standard power was reduced to 87 horsepower.


title: Tata Safari

text: A 2.1 litre 16V petrol engine was added in 2003. Is a straight-4 naturally aspirated developed by Tata Motors and AVL delivering 135 horsepower. In 2005, the 2.1 litre was discontinued.


title: Tata Safari

text: The 3.0 "Dicor" engine (acronym for "Direct injection common rail") is the first direct injection diesel engine fitted by the Indian company, a modern four-cylinder engine (derived from a Mercedes-Benz commercial unit), with common rail injection and sixteen valve distribution. It delivers maximum power of and complies with Euro 3 regulations. Maximum torque is delivered between 1,600 and 2,000 rpm. The 3.0 "Dicor" diesel has been removed from the European price list in 2007 with the entry of the 2.2 "Dicor" engine but for the foreign markets the production of 3.0 has continued since it has found a robust and elastic engine despite the few horsepower in relation to the displacement.


title: Tata Safari

text: The 2.2 "Dicor" engine (based on the PSA Group 2,179 cc DW12 unit, revisited by the Austrian company AVL and produced in India) is always a four-cylinder 16V with common rail direct injection and intercooler, delivers with maximum torque of available between 1,700 and 2,700 rpm. The new engine delivers several more horsepower than the previous units but consumption is lower than in the past: on the mixed cycle the Tata declares to travel , with average emissions of 205 grams of carbon dioxide emitted per kilometre. The 2.2 "Dicor" engine is the first Euro 4 approved engine made.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Tata Safari Storme was unveiled in January 2012 during the 11th Auto Expo 2012 and was launched in October 2012.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Tata X2 platform has been modified at the rear with the adoption of the new five-arms multi-link suspension (the same of the Tata Aria) which has a stronger hydro-formed chassis sections. It will have an upgraded BorgWarner G76-Mark II gearbox.


title: Tata Safari

text: Its "Varicor" (Variable Turbine Technology) 32-bit Electronically Controlled, Direct Injection Common Rail engine is available in 5-speed manual transmission capable of at 4000 rpm and at 1700-2700 rpm of maximum torque. This engine is a major revision of the previous "Dicor" engine. In 2015, the new 2.2 "Varicor 400" engine was introduced and is available with 6-speed manual transmission in both the 4x2 and 4x4 flagship versions. The 2.2 "Varicor 400" engine is an evolution of the previous "Varicor" and is capable of at 4000 rpm and at 1750-2500 rpm of maximum torque. The "Dicor" engine is not available in Safari Storme.


title: Tata Safari

text: In December 2016, Tata Motors was contracted to provide around 3,192 Safari Stormes, as the official vehicle of Indian Army, becoming the successor of Maruti Gypsy. The Tata Safari Storme had to fend off competition from the Mahindra Scorpio, and both vehicles are said to have undergone rigorous analysis which included them being tested on snow, high-terrain as well as marshy lands.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Storme passed the Army's GS800 (General Service 800) vehicle classification which calls for a hard top vehicle with a minimum 800 kg payload and air-conditioning.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Storme is in service with the Indian Army and Border Security Force, and has also been exported to the Seychelles for the Seychelles Police Force. In 2019, ten Safari Stormes were handed to the Tatmadaw by the Indian ambassador to Myanmar.


title: Tata Safari

text: Initially shown under the Buzzard name at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, and Gravitas name at the 2020 Auto Expo, as the three-row variant of the Harrier. In January 2021, it was announced and launched with the Safari nameplate. It features the 2 litre I4 turbocharged diesel engine, also found in the Tata Harrier and the Jeep Compass. It comes in either six- or seven-seat configurations, with the 6-seater version only found in the top-spec XZ Plus. At the time of introduction, the lineup began with the XE as the lowest equipment level, followed by the XM, XT, XT Plus, XZ, and XZ Plus versions.


title: Tata Safari

text: On 22 February 2021, the company announced the launch of the Safari Adventurer Persona edition which uses the same colour as shown on the Tata Buzzard and also launched in Orcus White in 2022 (the standard car is available in colours such as Daytona Grey, Orcus White, Royal Blue and Tropical Mist). It was the official sponsor of Vivo IPL2021. It launched the Safari Gold in two colours, Black Gold and White Gold. It gets cosmetic updates as well as some feature additions.


title: Tata Safari

text: The Dark edition was launched by the company in January 2022. A special Kaziranga edition was launched as well. A 4x4 version of the car is rumoured to be in production but there is no confirmation by the company yet.


title: SN 1987A

text: SN 1987A was a type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler's Supernova. 1987A's light reached Earth on February 23, 1987, and as the earliest supernova discovered that year, was labeled "1987A". Its brightness peaked in May, with an apparent magnitude of about 3.


title: SN 1987A

text: It was the first supernova that modern astronomers were able to study in great detail, and its observations have provided much insight into core-collapse supernovae.


title: SN 1987A

text: SN 1987A provided the first opportunity to confirm by direct observation the radioactive source of the energy for visible light emissions, by detecting predicted gamma-ray line radiation from two of its abundant radioactive nuclei. This proved the radioactive nature of the long-duration post-explosion glow of supernovae.


title: SN 1987A

text: For over thirty years, the expected collapsed neutron star could not be found, but in 2019, indirect evidence for its presence was found with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array telescope, with further evidence found in 2021 using the Chandra and NuSTAR X-ray telescopes.


title: SN 1987A

text: SN 1987A was discovered independently by Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile on February 24, 1987, and within the same 24 hours by Albert Jones in New Zealand.


title: SN 1987A

text: Later investigations found photographs showing the supernova brightening rapidly early on February 23. On March 4–12, 1987, it was observed from space by Astron, the largest ultraviolet space telescope of that time.


title: SN 1987A

text: Four days after the event was recorded, the progenitor star was tentatively identified as Sanduleak −69 202 (Sk -69 202), a [[blue supergiant]].


title: SN 1987A

text: After the supernova faded, that identification was definitively confirmed by Sk −69 202 having disappeared. This was an unexpected identification, because models of [[Stellar evolution#Massive stars|high mass stellar evolution]] at the time did not predict that blue supergiants are susceptible to a supernova event.


title: SN 1987A

text: Some models of the progenitor attributed the color to its chemical composition rather than its evolutionary state, particularly the low levels of heavy elements, among other factors. There was some speculation that the star might have merged with a [[Binary star|companion star]] before the supernova. However, it is now widely understood that blue supergiants are natural progenitors of some supernovae, although there is still speculation that the evolution of such stars could require mass loss involving a binary companion.


title: SN 1987A

text: [[Image:Composite image of Supernova 1987A.jpg|thumb|left|Remnant of SN 1987A seen in light overlays of different spectra. [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|ALMA]] data ([[Radio astronomy|radio]], in red) shows newly formed dust in the center of the remnant. [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] ([[Visible-light astronomy|visible]], in green) and [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra]] ([[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]], in blue) data show the expanding [[shock wave]].]]


title: SN 1987A

text: Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of [[neutrino]]s was observed at three [[neutrino detector|neutrino observatories]]. This was likely due to [[Supernova neutrinos|neutrino emission]], which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light is emitted. Visible light is transmitted only after the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At 07:35 [[Universal Time|UT]], [[Kamiokande II]] detected 12 [[antineutrino]]s; [[Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (detector)|IMB]], 8 antineutrinos; and [[Baksan Neutrino Observatory|Baksan]], 5 antineutrinos; in a burst lasting less than 13 seconds. Approximately three hours earlier, the [[Mont Blanc]] [[Neutrino detector#Scintillators|liquid scintillator]] detected a five-neutrino burst, but this is generally not believed to be associated with SN 1987A.


title: SN 1987A

text: The Kamiokande II detection, which at 12 neutrinos had the largest sample population, showed the neutrinos arriving in two distinct pulses. The first pulse started at 07:35:35 and comprised 9 neutrinos, all of which arrived over a period of 1.915 seconds. A second pulse of three neutrinos arrived between 9.219 and 12.439 seconds after the first neutrino was detected, for a pulse duration of 3.220 seconds.


title: SN 1987A

text: Although only 25 neutrinos were detected during the event, it was a significant increase from the previously observed background level. This was the first time neutrinos known to be emitted from a supernova had been observed directly, which marked the beginning of [[neutrino astronomy]]. The observations were consistent with theoretical supernova models in which 99% of the energy of the collapse is radiated away in the form of neutrinos. The observations are also consistent with the models' estimates of a total neutrino count of 10 with a total energy of 10 joules, i.e. a mean value of some dozens of MeV per neutrino.


title: SN 1987A

text: The neutrino measurements allowed upper bounds on neutrino mass and charge, as well as the number of flavors of neutrinos and other properties. For example, the data show that within 5% confidence, the rest mass of the electron neutrino is at most 16 eV/c, 1/30,000 the mass of an electron. The data suggest that the total number of neutrino flavors is at most 8 but other observations and experiments give tighter estimates. Many of these results have since been confirmed or tightened by other neutrino experiments such as more careful analysis of solar neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos as well as experiments with artificial neutrino sources.


title: SN 1987A

text: SN 1987A appears to be a core-collapse supernova, which should result in a [[neutron star]] given the size of the original star. The neutrino data indicate that a compact object did form at the star's core. Since the supernova first became visible, astronomers have been searching for the collapsed core. The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] has taken images of the supernova regularly since August 1990 without a clear detection of a neutron star.


title: SN 1987A

text: A number of possibilities for the "missing" neutron star are being considered. The first is that the neutron star is enshrouded in dense dust clouds so that it cannot be seen. Another is that a [[pulsar]] was formed, but with either an unusually large or small magnetic field. It is also possible that large amounts of material fell back on the neutron star, so that it further collapsed into a [[black hole]]. Neutron stars and black holes often give off light as material falls onto them. If there is a compact object in the supernova remnant, but no material to fall onto it, it would be very dim and could therefore avoid detection. Other scenarios have also been considered, such as whether the collapsed core became a [[quark star]]. In 2019, evidence was presented that a neutron star was inside one of the brightest dust clumps close to the expected position of the supernova remnant. In 2021, further evidence was presented that the hard X-ray emission from SN 1987A originates in the pulsar wind nebula. The latter result is supported by a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model, which describes the evolution of SN 1987A from the SN event to the current age, and reconstructs the ambient environment around the neutron star at various epochs, thus allowing to derive the absorbing power of the dense stellar material around the pulsar.


title: SN 1987A

text: Much of the [[light curve]], or graph of luminosity as a function of time, after the explosion of a [[type II supernova]] such as SN 1987A is produced by the energy from [[radioactive decay]]. Although the luminous emission consists of optical photons, it is the radioactive power absorbed that keeps the remnant hot enough to radiate light. Without the radioactive heat, it would quickly dim. The radioactive decay of [[isotopes of nickel|Ni]] through its daughters [[isotopes of cobalt|Co]] to [[isotopes of iron|Fe]] produces gamma-ray [[photon]]s that are absorbed and dominate the heating and thus the luminosity of the ejecta at intermediate times (several weeks) to late times (several months). Energy for the peak of the light curve of SN1987A was provided by the decay of Ni to Co (half life of 6 days) while energy for the later light curve in particular fit very closely with the 77.3-day half-life of Co decaying to Fe. Later measurements by space gamma-ray telescopes of the small fraction of the Co and Co gamma rays that escaped the SN1987A remnant without absorption confirmed earlier predictions that those two radioactive nuclei were the power source.


title: SN 1987A

text: Because the Co in SN1987A has now completely decayed, it no longer supports the luminosity of the SN 1987A ejecta. That is currently powered by the radioactive decay of [[Isotopes of titanium|Ti]] with a half life of about 60 years. With this change, X-rays produced by the ring interactions of the ejecta began to contribute significantly to the total light curve. This was noticed by the Hubble Space Telescope as a steady increase in luminosity 10,000 days after the event in the blue and red spectral bands. X-ray lines Ti observed by the [[INTEGRAL]] space X-ray telescope showed that the total mass of radioactive Ti synthesized during the explosion was .


title: SN 1987A

text: Observations of the radioactive power from their decays in the 1987A light curve have measured accurate total masses of the Ni, Ni, and Ti created in the explosion, which agree with the masses measured by gamma-ray line space telescopes and provides nucleosynthesis constraints on the computed supernova model.


title: SN 1987A

text: [[Image:Sn87a.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|The expanding ring-shaped [[Supernova remnant|remnant]] of SN 1987A and its interaction with its surroundings, seen in X-ray and visible light.]]


title: SN 1987A

text: The three bright rings around SN 1987A that were visible after a few months in images by the Hubble Space Telescope are material from the [[stellar wind]] of the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not "turn on" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) [[light years]]. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from the Earth for the local angle, one can use basic trigonometry to calculate the distance to SN 1987A, which is about 168,000 light-years. The material from the explosion is catching up with the material expelled during both its red and blue supergiant phases and heating it, so we observe ring structures about the star.


title: SN 1987A

text: Around 2001, the expanding (>7000 km/s) supernova ejecta collided with the inner ring. This caused its heating and the generation of x-rays—the x-ray flux from the ring increased by a factor of three between 2001 and 2009. A part of the x-ray radiation, which is absorbed by the dense ejecta close to the center, is responsible for a comparable increase in the optical flux from the supernova remnant in 2001–2009. This increase of the brightness of the remnant reversed the trend observed before 2001, when the optical flux was decreasing due to the decaying of [[Isotopes of titanium|Ti]] isotope.


title: SN 1987A

text: A study reported in June 2015, using images from the Hubble Space Telescope and the [[Very Large Telescope]] taken between 1994 and 2014, shows that the emissions from the clumps of matter making up the rings are fading as the clumps are destroyed by the shock wave. It is predicted the ring would fade away between 2020 and 2030. These findings are also supported by the results of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model which describes the interaction of the blast wave with the circumstellar nebula.


title: SN 1987A

text: The model also shows that X-ray emission from ejecta heated up by the shock will be dominant very soon, after which the ring would fade away. As the shock wave passes the circumstellar ring it will trace the history of mass loss of the supernova's progenitor and provide useful information for discriminating among various models for the progenitor of SN 1987A.


title: SN 1987A

text: In 2018, radio observations from the interaction between the circumstellar ring of dust and the shockwave has confirmed the shockwave has now left the circumstellar material. It also shows that the speed of the shockwave, which slowed down to 2,300 km/s while interacting with the dust in the ring, has now re-accelerated to 3,600 km/s.


title: SN 1987A

text: Soon after the SN 1987A outburst, three major groups embarked in a photometric monitoring of the supernova: the [[South African Astronomical Observatory]] (SAAO), the [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory]] (CTIO), and the [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO). In particular, the ESO team reported an [[infrared excess]] which became apparent beginning less than one month after the explosion (March 11, 1987). Three possible interpretations for it were discussed in this work: the infrared echo hypothesis was discarded, and [[thermal emission]] from dust that could have condensed in the ejecta was favoured (in which case the estimated temperature at that epoch was ~ 1250 K, and the dust mass was approximately ). The possibility that the IR excess could be produced by optically thick [[free-free emission]] seemed unlikely because the luminosity in UV photons needed to keep the envelope ionized was much larger than what was available, but it was not ruled out in view of the eventuality of electron scattering, which had not been considered.


title: SN 1987A

text: However, none of these three groups had sufficiently convincing proofs to claim for a dusty ejecta on the basis of an IR excess alone.


title: SN 1987A

text: An independent Australian team advanced several argument in favour of an echo interpretation. This seemingly straightforward interpretation of the nature of the IR emission was challenged by the ESO group and definitively ruled out after presenting optical evidence for the presence of dust in the SN ejecta.


title: SN 1987A

text: To discriminate between the two interpretations, they considered the implication of the presence of an echoing dust cloud on the optical light curve, and on the existence of diffuse optical emission around the SN. They concluded that the expected optical echo from the cloud should be resolvable, and could be very bright with an integrated visual brightness of [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]] 10.3 around day 650. However, further optical observations, as expressed in SN light curve, showed no [[inflection point|inflection]] in the light curve at the predicted level. Finally, the ESO team presented a convincing clumpy model for dust condensation in the ejecta.


title: SN 1987A

text: Although it had been thought more than 50 years ago that dust could form in the ejecta of a core-collapse supernova, which in particular could explain the origin of the dust seen in young galaxies, that was the first time that such a condensation was observed. If SN 1987A is a typical representative of its class then the derived mass of the warm dust formed in the debris of core collapse supernovae is not sufficient to account for all the dust observed in the early universe. However, a much larger reservoir of ~0.25 solar mass of colder dust (at ~26 K) in the ejecta of SN 1987A was found with the Hershel infrared space telescope in 2011 and confirmed with the [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array]] (ALMA) in 2014.


title: SN 1987A

text: Following the confirmation of a large amount of cold dust in the ejecta, ALMA has continued observing SN 1987A. Synchrotron radiation due to shock interaction in the equatorial ring has been measured. Cold (20–100K) carbon monoxide (CO) and silicate molecules (SiO) were observed. The data show that CO and SiO distributions are clumpy, and that different nucleosynthesis products (C, O and Si) are located in different places of the ejecta, indicating the footprints of the stellar interior at the time of the explosion.


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: The Four Books and Five Classics () are the authoritative books of Confucianism, written in China before 300 BCE. The Four Books and the Five Classics are the most important classics of Chinese Confucianism.


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: The Four Books () are Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism. They were selected by intellectual Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations. More information of them are as follows:


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: The Five Classics () are five pre-Qin (i.e. Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods) Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon. Several of the texts were already prominent by the Warring States period. Mencius, the leading Confucian scholar of the time, regarded the "Spring and Autumn Annals" as being equally important as the semi-legendary chronicles of earlier periods. During the Western Han dynasty, which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology, these texts became part of the state-sponsored curriculum. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as a set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics".


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: Up to the Western Han, authors would typically list the Classics in the order Poems-Documents-Rituals-Changes-Spring and Autumn. However, from the Eastern Han the default order instead became Changes-Documents-Poems-Rituals-Spring and Autumn.


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: Authors and editors of later eras have also appropriated the terms "Book" and "Classic" and applied them ironically to compendia focused on patently low-brow subject matter. Examples include the "Classic of Whoring" ("Piaojing" 嫖經) and Zhang Yingyu's "A New Book for Foiling Swindles" ("Dupian Xinshu" 杜騙新書, ca. 1617), which is known colloquially as "The Book of Swindles" or "The Classic of Swindles".


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: Traditionally, it was thought that Confucius himself had compiled or edited the texts of the Five Classics. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in the hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics." From the time of the Western Han dynasty, Yao continues, most Confucian scholars believed that Confucius re-collected and edited the prior works, thereby "fixing" the versions of the ancient writings which became the Classics. In the twentieth century, many Chinese scholars still held to this tradition. The New Confucian scholar, Xiong Shili (1885–1968), for instance, held that the Six Classics were the final versions "fixed up" by Confucius in his old age. Other scholars had and have different views. The Old Text School, for instance, relied on versions found in the Han dynasty which supposedly survived the Qin dynasty burning of the books but many of them held that these works had not been edited by Confucius but survived directly from the Zhou dynasty.


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: For quite different reasons, mainly having to do with modern textual scholarship, a greater number of twentieth century scholars both in China and in other countries hold that Confucius had nothing to do with editing the classics, much less writing them. Yao Xinzhong reports that still other scholars hold the "pragmatic" view that the history of the Classics is a long one and that Confucius and his followers, although they did not intend to create a system of classics, "contributed to their formation." In any case, it is undisputed that for most of the last 2,000 years, Confucius was believed to have either written or edited these classics.


title: Four Books and Five Classics

text: The most important events in the textual career of these classics were the adoption of Confucianism as state orthodoxy in the Han dynasty, which led to their preservation, and the "renaissance" of Confucianism in the Song dynasty, which led to their being made the basis of Confucian orthodoxy in the imperial examination system in the following dynasties. The Neo-Confucian sage Zhu Xi (1130–1200) fixed the texts of the Four Books and wrote commentaries whose new interpretations became accepted as being those of Confucius himself.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" is a song by the American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins. It was released as the lead single from their 1995 double album "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness", and is the sixth track on the first disc. This song was the band's first top-40 US hit, peaking at number 22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also spent six weeks at number two on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, the song peaked at number 18 on the "RPM" Top Singles chart and spent four weeks at number one on the "RPM" Alternative 30 chart, becoming Canada's most successful rock song of 1995. It also reached number one in Iceland for a week.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: The song won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1997. It was named the 91st best hard rock song of all time by VH1 in 2009 and ranked number 70 on the 2008 list of "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" of "Rolling Stone". The song came second in the Triple J Hottest 100, 1995, was later voted number 51 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009 and placed at number 25 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years, 2013.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: The song had its origins during the recording of 1993's "Siamese Dream". According to frontman Billy Corgan, "I have a tape of us from 1993 endlessly playing the 'world is a vampire' part over and over". It was not until 1995 that Corgan finished the song with the noted chorus "rat in a cage", on an acoustic guitar during the same session that "Landslide" was recorded.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: The lyrics "Can you fake it, for just one more show?" may refer to the band's experience headlining the 1994 Lollapalooza festival, with Corgan calling it "old Job". Along with other parts of the album, Corgan appears to compare himself to Jesus Christ, with the line "Tell me I'm the chosen one / Jesus was an only son".


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: Filming for the music video took place in February 1996 with Samuel Bayer as director. The filming location was a quarry located in the Simi Valley California hills, most likely the mining pits of the Gillibrand Industrial Sands facility, located adjacent to the Big Sky Film RanchThe visual look of the video was inspired by the work of Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado on gold mining, while, in contrast, the band used the video to debut their new glam rock wardrobes - notably, Billy Corgan's black shirt with the word "Zero" written in silver, and silver pants. The video also marks the last filmed appearance of Billy Corgan prior to his decision to shave his head.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: When asked why the band chose Bullet for the first video, Corgan responded "the record company did a survey of K-Mart shoppers between 30 and 40 and this is the song they came up with". "This is the blue light special", said Chamberlin, though it is likely in the context of the interview that these statements were sarcastic.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" is widely considered one of the Smashing Pumpkins' best songs. "Louder Sound" and "Kerrang" both ranked the song number three on their lists of the greatest Smashing Pumpkins songs.


title: Bullet with Butterfly Wings

text: The song is used, slightly edited, as the title song for the Animal Planet reality television series "Whale Wars", which follows the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society as they chase Japanese whalers in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. The song is also used in the "South Park" episode "Whale Whores", which parodies "Whale Wars".


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Charles Quinton Murphy (July 12, 1959 – April 12, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, and writer. He was best known as a writer and cast member of the Comedy Central sketch-comedy series "Chappelle's Show" as well as the co-star of the sitcom "Black Jesus". He is the brother of actor and comedian Eddie Murphy.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy was born on July 12, 1959, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. His mother Lillian Murphy was a telephone operator and his father, Charles Edward Murphy, was a transit police officer, actor, and comedian.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: As an adolescent, Murphy spent ten months in jail. In 1978 on the day of his release, he enlisted in the United States Navy and served for six years as a boiler technician.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy had minor roles in several films in the late 1980s and early 1990s and worked behind the scenes with hip hop group K-9 Posse, a duo composed of his half-brother Vernon Lynch Jr. and Wardell Mahone. On their 1988 self-titled debut, Murphy was credited as the album's executive producer as well as songwriter on "Somebody's Brother" and "Say Who Say What." He also made an appearance in the video for the duo's first single, "This Beat Is Military." Murphy's first major role in a motion picture was in the 1993 film "CB4", playing the antagonist Gusto.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy gained national attention as a recurring performer on "Chappelle's Show", particularly in the "Charlie Murphy's True Hollywood Stories" sketches. In these, Murphy recounts his misadventures as part of his brother's entourage including encounters with various celebrities such as Rick James and Prince. After "Chappelle's Show" host Dave Chappelle left the show, Murphy and Donnell Rawlings hosted the "lost episodes" compiled from sketches produced before his departure.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: In 2005, he appeared in "King's Ransom" (alongside Anthony Anderson and Jay Mohr). In the film, Murphy portrayed Herb, a gay ex-con who is hired by King (Anderson) to fake his kidnapping. Murphy also did voiceovers for Budweiser radio commercials, provided the voice for Iraq War veteran/criminal Ed Wuncler III on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim series "The Boondocks", and the voice for a pimp named Jizzy-B in Rockstar Games' "" video game. Murphy provided the voice for Spock on the G4TV's "Star Trek 2.0" shorts, and the dog in his younger brother Eddie's 2007 film, "Norbit".


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: On March 20, 2009, he began his own sketch comedy series "Charlie Murphy's Crash Comedy" on Crackle. A stand-up special, "Charlie Murphy: I Will Not Apologize" premiered on Comedy Central in late February 2010.


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy also made special appearances in "1000 Ways to Die" and the TBS sitcom "Are We There Yet?" as Frank Kingston. In 2014–15, Murphy played Vic on the Adult Swim live-action show "Black Jesus".


title: Charlie Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy was a resident of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey. He was married to Tisha Taylor Murphy from 1997 until her death from cervical cancer in December 2009. The couple had two children together, and Murphy had a child from a previous relationship. He was a karate practitioner.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Rainey Bethea ( – August 14, 1936) was the last person in the United States. Bethea, who confessed to the rape and killing of a 70-year-old woman named Lischia Edwards, was convicted of her rape and publicly hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky. Mistakes in performing the hanging, and the surrounding media circus, contributed to the end of public executions in the United States.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Little is known about Bethea's life before he arrived in Owensboro in 1933. Born around 1909 in Roanoke, Virginia, Bethea was an African-American man orphaned after the death of his mother in 1919 and his father in 1926. He worked for the Rutherford family and lived in their basement for about a year, and then he moved to a cabin behind the house of a man named Emmett Wells. He worked as a laborer and later rented a room from a woman, Mrs. Charles Brown. He also attended a Baptist church.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Bethea's first run-in with the law happened in 1935, when he was charged with breach of the peace and then fined $20. In April of the same year, he was caught stealing two purses from the Vogue Beauty Shop. Since the value of the purses exceeded $25, Bethea was convicted of a felony, grand larceny, and consequently sentenced to one year in the Kentucky State Penitentiary at Eddyville. He arrived there on June 1, 1935, and his prison physical exam information describes him as 5 ft. " (1.635 m) tall and weighing . He gained parole half a year later on December 1, 1935.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Upon returning to Owensboro upon release, Bethea continued to work as a laborer and earned about seven dollars per week. Less than a month later, he was arrested again for house breaking. On January 6, 1936, the court amended this charge to being drunk and disorderly in public and imposed a $100 fine (equivalent to $ in ). Because he could not afford to pay, he remained incarcerated in the Daviess County Jail until April 18, 1936.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: During the early morning of June 7, 1936, Bethea entered the home of Lischia Edwards on East Fifth Street by climbing onto the roof of an outbuilding next door. From there, he jumped onto the roof of the servant's quarters of Emmett Wells' house, and then walked down a wooden walkway. He climbed over the kitchen roof to Edwards' bedroom window.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: After removing a screen from her window, he entered the room, waking her. Bethea then choked Edwards and violently raped her. After she was unconscious, he searched for valuables and stole several of her rings. In the process, he removed his own black celluloid prison ring, and failed to later retrieve it. He left the bedroom and hid the stolen jewels in a barn not far from the house.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: The crime was discovered late that morning after the Smith family, who lived downstairs, noticed they had not heard Edwards stirring in her room. They feared she might have been ill and knocked on the door of her room, attempting to rouse her. They found the door locked with a key still inside the lock from the inside, which prevented another key from being placed in the lock from the outside. They contacted a neighbor, Robert Richardson, hoping he could help, and he managed to knock the key free, but another skeleton key would not unlock the door. Smith then got a ladder. He climbed into the room through the transom over the door and discovered that Edwards was dead.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: The Smiths alerted Dr. George Barr while he was attending a service at the local Methodist Church. Dr. Barr realized there was little he could do and summoned the local coroner, Delbert Glenn, who attended the same church. The Smiths also called the Owensboro police. Officers found the room was otherwise tidy, but there were muddy footprints everywhere. Coroner Glenn also found Bethea's celluloid prison ring.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: By late Sunday afternoon, the police already suspected Rainey Bethea after several residents of Owensboro stated that they had previously seen Bethea wearing the ring. Since Bethea had a criminal record, the police could use the then-new identification technique of fingerprints to establish that Bethea had recently touched items inside the bedroom. Police searched for Bethea over the next four days.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: On the Wednesday following the discovery of the murder, Burt "Red" Figgins was working on the bank of the Ohio River, when he observed Bethea lying under some bushes. Figgins asked Bethea what he was doing, and Bethea responded he was "cooling off." Figgins then reported this sighting to his supervisor, Will Faith, and asked him to call the police. By the time Faith had returned to the spot on the river bank, Bethea had moved to the nearby Koll's Grocery. Faith followed him and then found a policeman in the drugstore, but when they searched for Bethea, he again eluded capture.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Later that afternoon, Bethea was again spotted. This time, he was cornered on the river bank after he tried to board a barge. When police officers questioned him, he denied that he was Bethea, claiming his name was James Smith. The police played along with the fabricated name, fearing a mob would develop if residents were to learn that they had captured Bethea. After his arrest, Bethea was identified by a scar on the left side of his head.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: Judge Forrest A. Roby of the Daviess Circuit Court ordered the sheriff to transport Bethea to the Jefferson County Jail in Louisville. While being transferred, Bethea made his first confession, admitting that he had raped Edwards and strangled her to death. Bethea also lamented the fact that he had made a mistake by leaving his ring at the crime scene, stating that he had removed the ring in order to try on Edwards's rings.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: On June 12, 1936, Bethea confessed a second time, telling the guards where he had hidden the stolen jewelry. Owensboro police searched a barn in Owensboro and found the jewelry where Bethea said he had left it. Under Kentucky law, the grand jury could not convene until June 22, and the prosecutor charged Bethea solely with rape. Under extant state statutes, executions for murder and robbery were carried out by electrocution at the state penitentiary in Eddyville. Rape, however, could be punished by public hanging in the county seat where the crime occurred. Bethea was never charged with the remaining crimes of theft, robbery, burglary, giving a false name to police, or murder. After one hour and forty minutes, the grand jury returned an indictment, charging Bethea with rape.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: On June 25, 1936, officers returned Bethea to Owensboro for the trial, which took place that same day. Bethea asserted a Clyde Maddox would provide an alibi, but Maddox claimed he did not know Bethea. The defense subpoenaed four witnesses: Maddox, Ladd Moorman, Willie Johnson (a supposed accomplice given Bethea's statements), and Allen McDaniel. The first three were served; however, the sheriff's office could not find a person named Allen McDaniel.


title: Rainey Bethea

text: On the night before the trial, Bethea announced to his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty, doing so the next day at the start of the trial. The prosecutor still presented the state's case to the jury in spite of the guilty plea, requesting a death penalty for Bethea. In his opening statement, Commonwealth's Attorney Herman Birkhead said, "This is one of the most dastardly, beastly, cowardly crimes ever committed in Daviess County. Justice demands and the Commonwealth will ask and expect a verdict of the death penalty by hanging."


title: Rainey Bethea

text: After questioning 21 witnesses, the prosecution closed its case. The defense did not present or examine any witnesses. After a closing statement by the prosecutor, the judge instructed the jury that since Bethea had pleaded guilty, they must "...fix his punishment, at confinement in the penitentiary for not less than ten years nor more than twenty years, or at death." After only four and a half minutes of deliberation, the jury returned with a sentence of death by hanging. Bethea was then quickly removed from the courthouse and returned to the Jefferson County Jail. In all, Bethea's trial lasted for three hours.