title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren is an extraterrestrial being with a humanoid stature. His visage is reminiscent of the grey alien archetype, with a pair of grey eyes that has enlarged black pupils and a very muscular physique. As a member of the Pride Troopers, Jiren wears their standardized red and black costumed uniform with white gloves and boots. Jiren's visual design for the "Dragon Ball Super" manga is illustrated by Toyotarou, although his initial concept underwent some significant corrections by Toriyama as oversight for the final product. One major difference is that Toriyama inverted Toyotarou's body design for Jiren, by reducing the thickness of his lower body and accentuating his upper body. Toriyama also spread apart Jiren's eyes and drew it to be more square in shape.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Megumi Ishitani, the director of Episode 131 of the "Dragon Ball Super" anime series, provided a lengthy explanation of Jiren's character motivations during the Universal Survival arc in response to a question about his character development on the social discussion website Reddit. She said that Jiren's belief in the concept of "solitude is strength" is influenced by his tragic past, and that his own power had reinforced the validity of this belief until Episode 130 when he loses to Goku, a rival who had grown strong through his allies. Ishitani indicated that as a result of experiencing a crisis of faith and loses the opportunity to fight Goku on even terms, Jiren is unable to draw out his full power as he is plagued with self-doubt and emotional loss when he is forced to fight Frieza and Android 17, both of whom he consider to be unworthy opponents. Ishitani indicated that his emotional state and will to fight improves after receiving a show of support by his Pride Trooper teammate, and especially after he is confronted by a revived Goku who has regained some of his strength, due to his respect for Goku and for getting a second chance to finish their fight. On a scene where Jiren's barrier shatters like glass following a combined attack of Goku and his allies, Ishitani described it as conveying the visual cue that "there is now nothing separating Jiren from Goku and the others", and that Jiren's smile is intended to imply that he has broken through his emotional shell.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: In an interview with "Comic Book Resources", Jiren's English voice actor Patrick Seitz noted that Jiren is "so overpowered and they're setting him up to be such a badass that he didn't really have to try at all", and as a result he did not need to exert his voice until later in the series. On the issue of vocal health awareness which concerns voice acting for animation works, and with the context that characters are known to be depicted with a high frequency of yelling and screaming during fight scenes in the "Dragon Ball" series, Seitz indicated that he is happy to be playing a character like Jiren at a later stage in his career where he has since learned how to apply a judicious yet effective use of his vocal abilities.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Despite his humble origins, Jiren is regarded as one of the most powerful mortal beings among the twelve universes in the "Dragon Ball" mythos. Jiren was once considered as a candidate to become a God of Destruction - deities who are concerned with balancing the development of the universe they preside over by selectively destroying planets, civilizations or external threats. Due to his refusal, the position went to the Pride Trooper leader, or Top in the English localization of the anime, who is Jiren's friend and superior instead. His power level is said to have surpassed his universe's God of Destruction, or Vermoud in the English localization of the anime. In the manga, it is claimed that Jiren's strength and growth is immeasurable and that he is able to quickly adapt and become more capable on the battlefield.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren possesses superhuman speed, strength, durability and reflexes, all of which are magnified to incredibly high levels. With "ki" energy manipulation, Jiren can fly and can use "ki" blasts for offensive uses and barriers for defense. His signature attack is Power Impact (パワーインパクト "Pawā Inpakuto") which fires an energy ball that travels far enough until it discharges into an explosion, or it can also be used in different variations. He can also widen his eyes to create an invisible projection of force to repel attacks.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren is first shown meditating, prior to being invited by the Pride Troopers, and Vermoud to participate in the Tournament of Power. Initially, Jiren appears to be aloof and uninterested, despite the risk of the losing universes being erased from existence by Zeno, but later relented when Vermoud announced that the winner would be granted the Super Dragon Balls for a wish. Arriving in the Null Realm for the tournament alongside the Pride Troopers, Goku from Universe 7 attempted to greet him, only to be harshly rejected.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: During the tournament, Jiren mostly remains inactive in spite of most of the Pride Troopers being eliminated from the tournament early on, but remains an intimidating force throughout. When Kale, a Saiyan from Universe 6 goes berserk, Jiren immediately approaches and incapacitates her with little effort. He was also able to repel the Light of Love technique from Universe 2's Ribrianne and swiftly eliminated Universe 3's Maji Kayo with a single punch after Maji Kayo threatened to torture Dyspo, one of the Pride Trooper's and Universe 11's contestants.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren ultimately fights against Goku, with the former easily holding the advantage and dominating the latter by a wide margin. In desperation, Goku uses the Spirit Bomb from energy collected from his teammates. Jiren manages to overcome the Spirit Bomb, but Goku emerges in a new transformation, Ultra Instinct. In this new state, Goku is able to fight Jiren more effectively and surprise him for a few moments before the forms gives out, allowing Jiren to defeat him again. Soon afterwards, he is confronted by Hit, the strongest fighter of Universe 6, who, despite being overwhelmed, manages to trap him using his time manipulation abilities. Despite this, Jiren breaks free of Hit's trap and immediately eliminates him from the tournament. Seeing that he has defeated Goku and Hit, whom he perceived were the two greatest threats to him in the tournament, Jiren retreats to meditate while the remaining two Universe 11 fighters, Top and Dyspo carried on with the fighting.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren awakens from his meditation upon sensing that Goku reactivated his Ultra Instinct form during his battle against Kefla, the Potara fusee of two Universe 6 Saiyans, Caulifla and Kale. He would continue to observe the battlefield until only Universe 7 and Universe 11 remained. He challenged Goku again and shares a vague explanation of his wish by stating that he seeks "what is beyond strength". He is then met by Vegeta who manages to out-maneuver and deliver a series of attacks before Jiren quickly incapacitates him. Vegeta later recovers, unleashes a limit-breaking transformation and allies with Goku to battle Jiren again, with the latter commending on how Goku and Vegeta are improving. The battle continues until Jiren stops to muse about Top's transformation as a God of Destruction and Vegeta departing to fight against Top, leaving only Goku to deal with. After Top is defeated, Jiren promptly calls him pathetic for throwing away his ideals and losing and praising Vegeta for holding on to his beliefs. He then proceeds to power up and stop holding back. Despite the aid of Android 17 and Frieza, Goku and Vegeta are unable to faze Jiren for too long, as he is able to successfully counterattack.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Vermoud then recites Jiren's backstory, and explained that one day when Jiren was still a child, he found his home, village and parents killed by a mysterious, malevolent individual. Jiren was then adopted and trained by a martial arts teacher, alongside others to avenge Jiren's parents, until he encountered the evil figure again, during which Jiren's teacher and most of his disciples were killed. Not willing to avenge their comrades, the remaining students left Jiren alone, causing him to believe in one's own strength as an absolute goal towards justice and that trust in other is unnecessary. Jiren would later train and fight on his own, ultimately joining the Pride Troopers later on. Jiren cuts off Vermoud's speech before re-engaging Android 17, who criticized him for being disdainful of his teammates and for only being focused on himself, before Jiren powers up a large energy attack to destroy the tournament area. However, Android 17 uses a self-destruct bomb and seemingly sacrifices himself to nullify Jiren's attack, preventing Goku and Vegeta from being eliminated. Vegeta confronts Jiren again, despite suffering from exhaustion due to his battle with Top. Jiren toys with Vegeta and severely injures him, despite the Saiyan refusing to give up, before eliminating him.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Goku recovers after receiving energy from Vegeta before his elimination and resumes his fight against Jiren, activating his Ultra Instinct form again midway through. The fight intensifies as Goku begins to persevere throughout and Jiren becoming more destructive. Ultimately, Goku masters his Ultra Instinct form, attaining an even more advanced stage of the transformation, and begins to overwhelm Jiren. Fearing that he might lose, Jiren becomes infuriated and unleashes his full power on Goku, and even launches an intentional attack at the tournament's spectator stands in a fit of rage and denial, potentially harming Goku's allies and his own Pride Trooper comrades. Goku deflects the attack and pummels Jiren harshly to the brink of defeat, but his Ultra Instinct form wears out, causing Goku to be immobilized and exhausted with excessive pain. Jiren reluctantly takes this advantage to eliminate Goku, but is saved by Frieza who is joined by Android 17 for a final battle. Jiren battles Frieza and Android 17, but his exhaustion catches up and the latter two are able to overwhelm him. However, a motivational speech from Top allows Jiren to regain his footing and fight back. Goku also pulls back from his exhaustion and repels an energy blast intending to eliminate Frieza and Android 17. Jiren then launches a final attack, but the combined teamwork of Goku, Frieza and Android 17 manages to overwhelm and eliminate him, allowing Universe 7 to win the tournament. Before he is erased alongside his allies and universe, Goku offers a truce and rematch, to which Jiren accepts. He is later resurrected by Android 17's wish, after which Jiren reconsiders his philosophy and agrees to work with Top and the Pride Troopers as true companions and to have a rematch against Universe 7 in the future.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: The manga version of Jiren is different from his anime counterpart, as he is less reserved in nature and has no reservations about informing others of his motivations and what his wish would be should he gain access to the Super Dragon Balls by winning the Tournament of Power. He first appears by assisting his Pride Trooper comrades in defeating a large monster and sealing it inside a capsule. He is then greeted by Belmod who announces the Tournament of Power. Jiren initially refuses, but accepts after Belmod tells him about the Super Dragon Balls. During the tournament, he is met by Universe 7's Goku whom he promptly tells to go away. After Goku challenges the Pride Troopers briefly, he takes on Jiren during the first five minutes of the tournament, but Goku is eventually saved by Hit of Universe 6, who takes Goku's place. Jiren defeats and eliminates Hit after luring him to a false sense of security before facing off against Goku again. During Kale's rampage, Goku suggests Jiren to help out his teammates, to which he refuses, stating it as unnecessary. The two fight again, only to be interrupted by Master Roshi who manages to dodge Jiren's attacks with his martial arts skill. Despite this, Jiren is able to eliminate him quickly, but is then confronted by Goku who has managed to activate his Ultra Instinct form. The two fight again, with Goku reverting to normal very quickly.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Nearing the end of the tournament, Dyspo and Toppo, at a severe disadvantage, ask Jiren for help to which he retorts by having them observe "from the bench" allowing the two to be eliminated. Vegeta then challenges Jiren, followed by Android 17 and Frieza. Jiren is able to easily overpower them, with Android 17 resorting to self-destruct to take him down. Jiren recovers, disappointed that Android 17 seemingly scarified himself for nothing and encounters Goku again. Goku awakens Ultra Instinct, with Jiren responding by powering himself up. Goku and Jiren clash once more, but Goku masters Ultra Instinct midway through and starts to dominate and overwhelm Jiren, until the transformation wore off, allowing Jiren to retake the advantage and nearly knock Goku off the tournament arena. Goku is saved by Vegeta, who engages in battle. Jiren then states that he wants the Super Dragon Balls to wish back his former master, Gicchin, to which Belmod and Toppo claim that Jiren wants approval and recognition from his former master. Vegeta criticizes Jiren for wanting a selfish wish, prompting Jiren to attack him, but Goku resurfaces and the two Saiyans manage to fight back.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Eventually, Jiren grows frustrated, and tackles a combined Kamehameha and Final Flash blast after powering up. Jiren reappears damaged from the attack and promptly eliminates Vegeta from the tournament before taking on a worn out Goku, swiftly overpowering him. Suddenly, Frieza shows up, preparing a Death Ball, telling Goku to grab Jiren from behind. Although Goku manages to hold on to Jiren behind, he deflects Frieza's attack, only for the latter to surprise him by colliding onto Jiren and Goku head on. The force of the blow knocked Goku, Jiren and Frieza off of the arena, eliminating all three of them before Android 17 reveals himself from under the battlefield's rubble. Before Universe 11's erasure, Jiren admits to Belmod that he acknowledges Gicchin does not want to be revived and that he understood what his former master wanted from him. Shortly afterwards, he is revived by the Super Dragon Balls via Android 17's wish.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren made his first video game appearance in "Super Dragon Ball Heroes", as well as its promotional anime. He was later announced as a DLC character for the Extra Pack 2 bundle for "Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2", one of six DLC characters introduced by FighterZ Pass 2 of "Dragon Ball FighterZ", and as a playable character for "". Jiren, along with two of his Pride Trooper teammates and his universe's God of Destruction, makes a cameo appearance in the 2018 film "". Several variations of Jiren has been released in "Dragon Ball Legends".


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Jiren has been described as a popular character with series fans by Ian Walker from "Kotaku", Brian Bove from "Syfy", and Adam Newell from "Dot Esports". He placed third by fan vote in a poll of "Dragon Ball" antagonists published by the March 2018 issue of "V Jump". Jiren became the subject of fan works which circulated among Spanish-speaking fans over the internet.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Critical reception towards the character has been mixed. Nick Valdez from "Comicbook.com" said Jiren stands out as a morally ambiguous villain because he is in fact a hero in his own universe, and that he "chooses to avoid fighting for fighting's sake" in spite of his strength. In his review of Episode 107 of the "Dragon Ball Super" anime for "IGN", Shawn Saris praised the show for effectively "conveying the respect and fear that Jiren’s allies have for him", which develops Jiren's enigmatic persona as well as his interest in the character. Saris said that Episodes 109 and 110 further reinforced his view of the show's restrained yet competent handling of Jiren as a character, which maintains a "near perfect pacing" which helps make the episodes an enjoyable watch. Saris observed that Jiren's character was developed to such a degree that "Super" would be remiss to not bring him back for future stories, and assessed the final battle between Jiren and Goku's allies in Episode 130 as being "one of the best battles in "Dragon Ball" history". Stefan Sgarioto from Madman Entertainment named Jiren as the third most memorable villain of the "Dragon Ball" series and praised the contrast between his virtuous traits and his role as an antagonistic character.


title: Jiren (Dragon Ball)

text: Conversely, Saris criticized the delivery and content of Jiren's backstory in his review of Episode 127, who commented that the murder of Jiren's parents is "an incredibly weak excuse for such a powerful character and did virtually nothing to make him more interesting". In an opinion piece, Valdez expressed disappointment in Jiren's backstory and echoed Saris' sentiment that it does not fit a character like Jiren. Valdez noted that his origin story felt generic and does not live up to the extraordinary backstories of other antagonistic characters in the series, such as Beerus or Vegeta, as it does not adequately explain his power level or change in attitude. Valdez was of the view that Jiren lost his mystique as a character due to the reveal of his backstory, and that its delivery or place in the series overall was also problematic besides the issue of content quality, though he acknowledged that there were high expectations on the character to succeed as he was meant to be the final antagonist of the anime series for the foreseeable future. On the character's abandonment of his sense of nobility out of desperation, Sam Stone from "Comic Book Resources" commented that "the move to deliberately kill innocents is an unexpected dark turn for Jiren, as someone who had previously kept to his own moral code throughout the competition".


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Rubí is a Mexican telenovela television series produced by José Alberto Castro for Televisa. It is based on a short story by Yolanda Vargas Dulché, published as a serial on the 1960s Mexican comic book "Lágrimas, Risas y Amor". Bárbara Mori stars as the main protagonist, the ruthless Rubí.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Canal de las Estrellas aired "Rubí" from May 17 to October 22, 2004, with "Apuesta por un amor" replacing it. Univision broadcast "Rubí" from September 20, 2004 to March 7, 2005, and has named "Rubí" as the top telenovela of all time.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Rubí Pérez (Bárbara Mori) is a very beautiful but poor woman who is obsessed with money. She studies at an exclusive university thanks to the financial support from Cristina (Paty Diaz), her hard-working older sister. Rubí hopes to become rich by befriending rich people. She is best friends with Maribel de la Fuente (Jacqueline Bracamontes), a kind and wealthy young woman. Maribel has a paralyzed leg, which prevents her from having a normal social life. Rubí is actually jealous of Maribel's social status while pitying her disability.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Rubí meets Maribel's online boyfriend Héctor Ferrer (Sebastián Rulli), an architect, and his best friend Alejandro Cárdenas (Eduardo Santamarina), a doctor. Héctor intrigues her because she knows he is very rich, and marrying a rich man has always been her ambition to leave poverty behind. However, she finds herself falling in love with Alejandro. Héctor and Maribel get engaged. Rubí starts dating Alejandro, but when she finds out that he is from a middle-class background and is not rich, she dumps him, though it breaks her heart. Rubi's mother, Refugio tries to make Rubi see that money is not everything in life and that she will regret leaving Alejandro. However Rubí refuses to listen and then sets out to seduce Héctor.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Héctor quickly falls under Rubí's spell. On Héctor and Maribel's wedding day, Héctor leaves a devastated Maribel at the altar and elopes with Rubí instead to Cancun, where they get married. Rubí finally has the lifestyle and money that she has always dreamed of, although she's disowned by her family and friends. On their wedding night Hector tries to make love to Rubi, Rubi keeps thinking about Alejandro, which makes her run out to the beach crying. Despite this, she is still in love with Alejandro, though he vows to her that he would never forgive her for what she did to Maribel. Hector was supposed to move to New York and work on an important project, but is kicked out after he dumps Maribel at the altar. Rubí also meets a tycoon named Yago Pietrasanta, who is a womanizer and Rubi starts going out with him despite being still married to Héctor and also her mother and Alejandro's objections, Rubi also gets envious of her sister Cristina's happy relationship with Maribel's ex chauffeur, Cayetano and to separate them, she has him framed of theft by slipping on him a priceless jeweled necklace, sending him to jail days before their wedding. However, Cristina soon finds that she's pregnant with Cayetano's child and tells Refugio about it, who in turn asks for Rubí's help to release him from jail, but Rubí reveals to her mother what she did to Cayetano and a disappointed and ashamed Refugio disowns Rubí and dies from a heart attack before she could tell Cristina the truth about Cayetano. Later in Refugio's funeral, Rubí is shunned and driven away by Cristina and her neighbors, who found out that she caused her mother's heart attack and also gets disowned by Cristina.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Héctor decides to travel the world with Rubí, since he is not entirely sure that she has gotten over Alejandro. They are away for three years. When they return, Rubí discovers that Alejandro is now very rich and has a new wife named Sonia (Marlene Favela) and also meets Cristina's daughter, Fernanda, whom Rubí likes due to her resemblance to her. During an argument between Rubí and Sonia on a glass bridge, the floor below Sonia shatters, and she falls through the glass and dies. When Rubí is phoning Loreto, Héctor enters his wife's room and snatches the phone away from her. He accuses Rubí of going to see Alejandro, but Rubí claims that she went to see Marco instead of Alejandro. Enraged, Héctor pushes Rubí into the bed and makes love to her after Rubí attempts to warn her husband not to do this again. That night, Rubí and Héctor end up getting naked on a bed after making love. Rubí scolds her husband for being intimate with her, but Héctor tells her that, since they are married, Rubí is going to make love to him. Héctor makes love to his wife again. Rubí comforts Alejandro after Sonia's death and seduces him once again. He and Rubí become lovers.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: When he hears that Rubí was at the scene when Sonia died, he has her arrested for murder. They seemingly hate each other now, but Rubí begins to feel love for him again when she learns that she is pregnant with his child. Because she does not want to divorce Héctor and lose her money and status, she lies and tells Héctor that the baby is his. She is released from jail, since it is ruled that Sonia's death was accidental.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Héctor overhears Rubí telling her friend Loreto (Miguel Pizarro) that the child is actually Alejandro's. Angry and humiliated, Héctor realizes that she never loved him, so he keeps her prisoner in her own home, intending to keep her and her child with him forever and away from Alejandro. Rubí manages to escape from Héctor with help from Loreto and Genaro, and the truth about who is the father of her child finally comes out. By now, Alejandro is aware that Maribel has been secretly in love with him and that he too has feelings for her, but he chooses to stay with Rubí for the sake of their baby.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Sometime later, Rubí saves her beloved niece Fernanda (Kristel Casteele) from being hit by a car; Rubí is hit instead and has a miscarriage. She blames Héctor for the miscarriage, since he has hit her before because of his jealousy. Héctor tries to prove that Rubí actually lost her baby after being hit by a car, but no one believes him except for Elena (Yadhira Carrillo). She is the assistant to the Count of Aragón and in love with Héctor. Héctor is fatally injured in a car accident and dies before he could tell Alejandro, who is performing Héctor's surgery and trying to save his life, the truth about Rubí.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Héctor left everything in his will to Rubí, much to his parents' chagrin. However, Elena, who hates Rubí, ensures that all of Rubí's money is lost in the stock market, leaving Rubí poor again. Alejandro is unjustly charged with intentionally letting Héctor die on the operating table and is arrested, when the actual responsible was former hospital director Bermudez who secretly sabotaged the surgery to get revenge on Alejandro for getting him fired from the hospital and sent to jail. Immediately afterwards, the suspicions are proven unfounded and the charges against him are dropped, and Bermudez is arrested, though he accidentally shoots his son Ernesto, while he was saving Elena's life. Upon his release, Alejandro discovers exactly how Rubí lost their baby. It is also revealed that Elena is pregnant with Héctor's child, though he never knew it.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Disgusted by the all the damage that she has done, Alejandro pays Rubí a visit one last time and tells her that it is over between them: he has chosen Maribel. Rubí begs him not to leave her, even humiliating herself by getting down on her knees. He leaves her and begins to walk down the stairs. As Rubí follows him, running down the staircase while holding onto the rail and screaming that she will never let him go, she loses her grip on the rail, falls several stories down, and crashes into a glass table below.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: To save her life, doctors have to amputate her leg. When Rubí wakes up, she finds out to her horror that her leg was amputated. Even more devastating, her beautiful face is now full of scars because of multiple glass cuts. However, despite this, Rubí still doesn't regret her actions and soon escapes from the hospital.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Finding the wedding date of Alejandro and Maribel, she shows up unseen at the church. She sights a gun through a crack on a door, targeting Alejandro, but she cannot bring herself to shoot him. She then aims at Maribel, but her sister Cristina, Maribel's maid of honor, is in the way and blocking a clean shot. Rubí relents and hides in a corner of the churchyard, despondent.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: After the wedding, her niece Fernanda wanders over to Rubí's hiding place. Rubí shows her scarred face to Fernanda, but the little girl is not repulsed by it. On the contrary, she feels sympathy for her favorite aunt. When Rubí asks her if she would like to continue meeting her secretly and serve as an instrument to get her revenge and ruin Alejandro's life, Fernanda happily agrees. Rubí limps away, dressed in rags.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Eighteen years later, Fernanda (now played by Bárbara Mori) is all grown up, bearing a striking resemblance to Rubí, save for her blonde hair. She visits her aunt, who is living in a one-room flat. After hearing that Alejandro has returned to Mexico after years of living abroad, Rubí tells Fernanda that Alejandro and Maribel have a son, and that her job will be making both Alejandro and his son fall in love with her in order to destroy Maribel's family.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Alejandro is now the director of a hospital. One day he finds Fernanda in his office. He is utterly shocked, mistaking her for Rubí. She greets him without revealing her identity and by pulling him by his tie and bringing him in for what looks like a kiss. The screen caption, "The End..?" then appears.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: There is a deleted scene from the ending where an adult Fernanda meets up with Rubí's old friend Loreto, who has lost his fame and became poor. Fernanda tells him about her intentions of avenging her aunt, and asks him to tell her the full story of Rubí to better know how to plan her revenge, as her family refuses to talk about Rubí and he tells with full details his own version about Rubí's wrongdoings while showing Fernanda the neighborhood where she grew up, Maribel's empty mansion and Rubí and Hector's former mansion, and after Loreto finishes the story, Fernanda decides to go to get revenge on both Alejandro and Maribel.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: Canal de las Estrellas' October 22 finale broadcast of "Rubí" earned a rating of 28 points. Univision's March 7 finale broadcast of "Rubí" was watched by 8 million viewers.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: In 1968, the original story, "Rubi", was produced, directed by Francisco Wagner and produced by Valentín Pimstein, starring Fanny Cano, Antonio Medellín and Carlos Fernández.


title: Rubí (2004 TV series)

text: In April 2017, Brazilian artist Metturo starred in Rubí's first theatrical version under the name Diamante. Being a male version. Metturo himself stands out for having similar eyebrows to Barbara Mori's, and for the beauty he has.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Oosaravelli ( Chameleon) is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film directed by Surender Reddy. It stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Tamannaah with Prakash Raj in an important role. The score and soundtrack for the film is composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The film released across 1,800 screens worldwide. The film is remade into Bengali as "Rocky" (2013).


title: Oosaravelli

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics with praised for the cast performances, action sequences, set-pieces and technical aspects. It broke previous Tollywood records of highest opening day gross by grossing . The film completed 50 days run at the box office and was one of the "Hit" films of 2012.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Tony is a self-employed hitman who will do anything for money. He meets Niharika at a terror attack in Kashmir where they manage to escape and Tony falls in love with her, but Niharika leaves without knowing/listening to Tony's feelings. Niharika is living with her friend Chitra when Tony finds her and arrives to tell her that he loves her and thought she loved him when they escaped from Kashmir.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Niharika tells him that she is already engaged to Rakesh and is soon going to marry him. However, Niharika is unaware that Rakesh is actually an arms smuggler and also happens to be the minister's son. Rakesh asks Tony to meet him, but Tony calls Niharika and tells her to hide and hear their conversation. Niharika overhears Rakesh saying that if Niharika doesn't marry him, he will kill her and whoever she marries. Niharika learns about Rakesh's true identity and leaves him.


title: Oosaravelli

text: She also realises that she is in love with Tony and calls him, but is unaware of Tony's real profession. Tony is kidnapped by Rakesh and Irfan Bhai, who is the younger brother of a Dubai-based gangster Ajju Bhai. He kills Irfan, Rakesh and his father, thus making him a target of Ajju Bhai's gang and the police. When Tony, Niharika, and Chitra leave to attend religious services held in a temple where Chitra witness Tony killing DCP Vikram Sinha, who is in-charge of the case.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Tony reveals to Chitra that he actually knew Niharika, before he rescued her in Kashmir. He reveals that his father was a gangster in Bombay where on his deathbed told him to do something good, which people will remember long after his death and also divulges that Niharika's brother Surya was an undercover cop in Ajju Bhai gang and the superior officer is Vikram Sinha, who had double-crossed Surya by revealing his real identity to Ajju Bhai, who gets him and his family killed.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Surya is called a traitor in the news channels. Niharika was the lone survivor, who survived the assassination, but suffers from a bullet lodged in her head. Due to the bullet lodged, she begins to lose her memory. Tony learnt her injustice when he first met Niharika, who pleaded with him to take everything, including her self-respect, Tony promises Niharika that Surya's death and innocence will be avenged. Niharika recognises one person and loses her memory.


title: Oosaravelli

text: Tony has been killing everyone for Niharika, but had lost her memory and can't remember anything. Tony request Chitra not to reveal Niharika about her past, who realising that Tony is doing the right thing. Ajju Bhai kills Chitra, when she doesn't divulge Tony's identity and frames Tony for her death. Tony kills Ajju Bhai's gang and Niharika arrives where she reveals to Tony that Ajju Bhai killed Chitra and tells him to avenge Chitra's death (Before dying, Chitra reveals to Niharika that Ajju Bhai is behind her death). Tony reveals Niharika's family and identity to Ajju Bhai and kills him. In the end, Tony proves Surya's identity as a cop to the world and reunites with Niharika.


title: Oosaravelli

text: The production of the film began on 3 March 2011 at Gandipet. The film was shot in Hyderabad, Switzerland, Bangkok, Pattaya, Italy and France.


title: Oosaravelli

text: The soundtrack of the film was released worldwide on 15 September 2011. K. Raghavendra Rao graced the audio function and released the CD's as well as the 2 GB microchip sim card. At the same time, the first CD was received by M. M. Keeravani, the first microchip sim card was received by S. S. Rajamouli. Other prominent guests in the function were D. Suresh Babu, Boyapati Srinu, Kodali Nani, Nallamalapu Bujji, Vallabhaneni Vamsi, B.V.S.N. Prasad, Dil Raju, Vamsi Paidipally, Surender Reddy, Jr NTR, Tamanna, Ganesh, K L Narayana, Devi Sri Prasad, Sirish, Lakshman, G.V, Gunnam Gangaraju, Ramajogayya Sastry, Anantha Sreeram, B Bapineedu, Gautham Raju, K S Rama Rao, K Atchi Reddy, Suresh Reddy, Koratala Siva, Rasool Yellora, Vakkantham Vamsi and others. The music was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The song 'Dandiya India' was reused by Devi Sri Prasad from 'Pudikale Pudikadhu' song, from Tamil movie "Venghai" (2011), starring Dhanush, Tamanna.


title: Oosaravelli

text: 123telugu.com gave a review stating "‘"Oosaravelli"’ is not a typical NTR album. NTR said that he is trying out something new with ‘"Oosaravelli"’ and it reflects in the audio album. There are some nice melodies and youthful tracks but there are some mass, commercial numbers as well. The audio tries to play to the strengths of NTR and Surender Reddy. There is ample scope for stylish picturization and room has been left for NTR to showcase his dancing. "Niharika Niharika", "Nenante Naaku","Dandiya India" & "Love Ante Caring" are my picks. A pretty decent album overall but definitely not DSP’s best work. Success will depend on choreography and picturization." Ragalahari.com gave a review stating, "Overall vision of the songs is good but this album may disappoint the movie lovers a little since they have already listened to better songs in NTR-Devisri combination in the past. However, Devisri has the ability to instantly capture the listeners’ attention through these catchy songs "Oosaravelli", "Dandiya India", "Niharika", "Love ante Caring" and "Yelango Yelango"." milliblog stated the album as a "Thoroughly enjoyable soundtrack by Devi!" Bharatstudent.com gave a review stating "The album has some solid numbers and two or three tracks have the appetite for getting into the chartbuster list. However, this is not an album which will catch you in the first listening. One has to go through the album two to three times to get into its groove. As expected, the focus is more on the beats and the energy levels than the melody. So, the songs would be fit for a season and forgotten later. Overall, this can be bought for those selected numbers."


title: Oosaravelli

text: The film released in 1800 screens worldwide on 6 October 2011. The Nizam area of Andhra Pradesh saw 200 theatres including 76 theatres in Hyderabad screening the film, while in the overseas territory, the release in the USA was 91 theatres.


title: Oosaravelli

text: A critic from "Times Of India", which gave a two star, said "screenplay falls short, especially in the second half of the film. NTR steals the show in the first half. In most scenes, he underplays his emotions and manages to evoke some laughs. But towards the end of the movie, his act gets inconsistent and he doesn't emote too well either. Tamannah and Payal Ghosh do justice to their roles. A critic from "CNN-IBN" gave a negative review commenting ""Oosaravelli" fails to live up to the expectations, and one can blame a weak script for this debacle. The movie is a disappointment for ardent NTR fans but for average viewers it is nothing more than a predictable hotchpotch film". A critic from "Rediff" gave a two and half stars explaining ""Oosaravelli" is a routine revenge drama. There is some humour woven in, and there are some interesting twists and turns and some flashback episodes. Even so, the director does not seem to have a proper grip on the story. Post-interval, the momentum slackens. NTR is different in terms of his styling and acting. On the whole, it seems like watching a new, more restrained NTR. Tamannaah turns in a good performance.


title: Oosaravelli

text: A critic from "Oneindia.in" gave the film an average verdict, saying ""Oosaravelli" promises big but falls very short of expectations. The film is an average entertainer and the one big positive thing in "Oosaravelli" is that the director has tried something new and different. Tamanna also gets a good role that has scope for action. She does complete justice to her role. NTR brings in positive energy. The twists are good". B.V.S. Prakash of "Deccan Chronicle" wrote, "A street-smart goon, played by NTR, goes on a killing free terminating ruthless people in an effort to fulfil a promise he made to a hapless girl played by Tammanah. Instead of making a regular vigilante movie, director Surender Reddy blends romance with humour to lessen the gory part of this entertainer, but once the “secret” behind the killings is revealed, the film loses its sheen". A critic from "NDTV" stated "With "Oosaravelli", director Surender Reddy has tried something new and different. If you are a hardcore NTR fan, then it is a must-watch otherwise the film is an average entertainer".


title: Oosaravelli

text: Gemini TV secured the satellite rights for a sum of 5.50 crore. The DVD was Released by Bhavani Videos on 14 January 2012 with a Purchase price of $7.99 in NTSC Video Format and Dolby Digital 5.1 Audio Format. The Blu-ray was Released on 1 February 2012 with a Purchase price of $14.99 in NTSC Video Format and DTS HD Master, 5.1 Surround Sound.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: Sid Meier's Pirates! is a video game created by Sid Meier for the Commodore 64 and published by MicroProse in 1987. It was the first game to include the name "Sid Meier" in its title as an effort by MicroProse to attract fans of Meier's earlier games, most of which were combat vehicle simulation video games. The game is a simulation of the life of a pirate, a privateer, or a pirate hunter in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was widely ported to other systems.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: "Pirates!" is set in the Caribbean. The "Pirates!" playing field includes the Spanish Main (namely the northern coast of South America), Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula, the entire Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and all Caribbean islands, plus Bermuda. The player is free to sail to any part of the above-mentioned lands, stopped by an invisible barrier southeast of Trinidad, all the way north to just northeast of Bermuda.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The "Pirates! Gold" remake, with minor improvements and better graphics, was released in 1993. An enhanced remake, also named "Sid Meier's Pirates!", was released in 2004. Versions for mobile devices have also been released.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: "Pirates!" is a single-player, open-world game. The player receives a letter of marque authorizing service as a privateer for the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of England, or the French colonial empire in the Caribbean. The player's loyalties may change over the course of the game; they may also hold rank with multiple countries and may turn to piracy at any time. Gameplay is open-ended; the player may choose to attack enemy ships or towns, hunt pirates, seek buried treasure, rescue long-lost family members, or even avoid violence altogether and seek to increase their wealth through trade. The game also has no predetermined end, although as time goes on, it becomes more difficult to recruit crew members. As the player character ages, fighting becomes more difficult, and deteriorating health will eventually force the character into retirement. The game ends when the player retires, at which point they are given a position in their future life, from beggar to King's advisor, based on accumulated wealth, land, rank, marital status, and other accomplishments.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The era of play is one of the choices given to a player at game-start. Different eras provide a different challenge, as political and economic power shifts between the four fledgling European empires. Choosing 1560 (the earliest choice) as the starting year places the player in the Caribbean almost devoid of influence but that of Spain, while 1680 (the latest choice) provides a mature Caribbean with many non-Spanish colonies and an overall higher degree of activity in the region. The other choices include 1600, 1620, 1640, and 1660, with the progressive effect of reducing Spanish dominance in favor of the other nations, while increasing seafaring traffic. Ship designs are also era-dependent, with some types of ships appearing more frequently in certain eras and less in others, and certain ship types being used near-exclusively by certain nations.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The game tests a wide range of skills: hand-eye coordination during the fencing sections, tactical ability during the land and sea combat phases, and strategic thinking, for everything from choosing a wife to deciding when to divide up the plunder. Moreover, each game is likely to take a different course, as most events in the game are random, including the economic and political systems, and early in the game, these can greatly affect future strategic options. In the course of the game a player may try to tack in a frigate in order to run down a smaller and faster pinnace, but must be fortunate enough to have the weather gage.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: One of the most innovative features of "Pirates!" is the introduction of a dynamic playing field. In "Pirates!" many of the most important factors which affect player decisions are randomized at the beginning of the game and continue to shift during gameplay. This not only creates a new experience each time the game is played, but also requires the player to remain flexible, and be ready to exploit possibilities when they occur. Changes happen whenever time passes and they are unrelated to player actions. In fact, in this game in the series, random events do not have any graphical representation, and the player can do nothing to prevent them.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The most important random factor in the game lies in the diplomatic relations between the four nations laying claim to the Caribbean. Relations may differ greatly from game to game, and can shift in an instant, creating and removing opportunities, possibly even for long periods of time. The player generally benefits from periods of war between two or more countries, because any aggression towards a country's ships or cities, which occurs often if not specifically avoided, will gain recognition with its enemies, prompting them to bestow the player with land, titles, and other benefits. During peacetime, the player can only benefit from the capture of pirates on the high seas, which is seen as favorable by all nations, but is a rare occurrence.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: Cities are also dynamic, with statistics like wealth and population fluctuating constantly. The player can access any city's statistics. Knowing the statistics of a city helps the player plan ahead, especially with regards to trading or any desire to raid or conquer cities.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The original versions of "Pirates!" sported both disk and manual copy protections. Users were asked the time at which various treasure ships were arriving at the port. If the time was wrong, the game would continue, but at a much higher difficulty level that would frustrate most people.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: In early 1986, Meier and fellow MicroProse designer Arnold Hendrick wanted to create a role-playing adventure game, but Meier's business partner Bill Stealey was skeptical of producing non-vehicle simulations. The company planned several game elements that it removed before release, including multiple NPCs per town, more detailed sailing including fleet actions, and a subplot involving religion and nobility. "Pirates!" success resulted in the similar "Sword of the Samurai".


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: With five successful years behind him, Microprose considered star designer Sid Meier a selling point and chose to put his name on the box of his next game, despite a shift away from combat simulators he had become known for. According to Stealey, the idea to add Meier's name came after meeting Robin Williams: "We were at dinner at a Software Publishers Association meeting, and Robin Williams was there. And he kept us in stitches for two hours. And he turns to me and says 'Bill, you should put Sid's name on a couple of these boxes, and promote him as the star'".


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: Meier in his interview said that ""Pirates!" was actually inspired by a technological trick" when "one of our programmers came up with a cool trick where we could create images, pieces of art, by packing them into a font. And that allowed us to very quickly bring in new pictures".


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: Meier admits that "Pirates!" was not intended to provide an authentic, true-to-life recreation of historical piracy: ""Pirates!" was designed more around your fantasy of pirates than the actual reality. That allowed you to bring in all the stuff from the movies, whatever you had read, whatever was in your imagination".


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The game was widely ported from the original Commodore 64 version, first to the Apple II (1987), then later to the IBM PC (1987), Apple IIGS (1988), Macintosh (1988), Amstrad CPC (1988), Atari ST (1989), Amiga (1990), and Nintendo Entertainment System (1991). The NES port was developed by Rare and published by Ultra Games. Tobacco is replaced as a trade item by "crops" because of Nintendo's family-friendly requirements.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The IBM PC version was originally released in 1987 as a self-booting disk, stored on either two 5¼-inch disks or a single 3½-inch disk. A version for MS-DOS compatible operating systems was released in 1994 on CD-ROM in Europe, edited by Kixx.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: "Pirates!" was a groundbreaking game in its era. Its puzzles appealed more to female gamers than previous products from MicroProse, a company known for military simulations like "F-15 Strike Eagle". Although other open-ended games had already been released, the style of player-directed gameplay in "Pirates!" led it to be the spiritual predecessor of countless others since, both by Sid Meier himself ("Civilization", "Railroad Tycoon") and many others.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: "Compute!'s Gazette" in 1987 praised the detailed gameplay with arcade and strategic aspects, stating that "the designers of "Pirates!" set themselves a variety of ambitious goals and succeeded on every count". The magazine concluded that the game "is a real treasure". The game was reviewed in 1988 in "Dragon" #132 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. "Pirates!" won many awards at the time of its release, including "Computer Gaming World"'s "Action Game of the Year" for 1988, and two Origins Awards: "Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1987" and "Best Screen Graphics in a Home Computer Game of 1987". "Computer Gaming World" gave "Pirates!" five stars out of five in a 1990 survey of historical strategy and war games, and four stars in a 1993 survey of pre 20th-century strategy games, calling it "a genre breakthrough, this is a fascinating simulation of the Age of Piracy". "The Australian Commodore and Amiga Review" noted excellent manual, educational and historical aspects. Orson Scott Card wrote in "Compute!" in 1989 that "Pirates" use of an unusually strict copy protection was understandable because "the game is so good that even people who drive 55 mph might consider stealing it". He stated that "Pirates!" seemed misleadingly easy, with players discovering non-obvious nuances to the gameplay.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: In 1989, "Computer Gaming World" named "Pirates!" to its Hall of Fame for games readers rated highly over time, with a score of 9.71 out of 12, and "Compute!" gave it the Compute! Choice Award for Historical Game. In 1990 "Pirates!" received the tenth-highest number of votes in a survey of "Computer Gaming World" readers' "All-Time Favorites". In 1996, the magazine ranked it as the 18th best video game of all time, noting that the Amiga version was by far the best by then. In 2004, readers of "Retro Gamer" voted "Pirates!" the 84th top retro game, with the staff noting that "people still play the original version, even though Sid Meier himself produced later versions". In 2005, IGN rated it as the sixth greatest video game of all time. In 2011, Polish web portal Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the fifth most addictive classic game "that stole our childhood". In 2006, abandonware website "Abandonia"s Sebatianos reviewed "Pirates!", who was impressed with graphics and sounds.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: The "Pirates! Gold" remake was released for Windows 3.1x, MS-DOS compatible operating systems, Macintosh, and Sega Genesis in 1993. It was also released on CD for the CD32 in 1994 with enhanced CD audio tracks. Sun sighting was not present in this version, and there were no special items. The game added several new features, such as extra missions assigned to the player by governors. The MS-DOS version includes VGA graphics, a MIDI score, mouse support, and a copy protection scheme requiring the player to identify the flag of a pirate ship sighted on the horizon.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: An enhanced remake published in 2004, also entitled "Sid Meier's Pirates!", was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox, Xbox 360, Mac OS X, Wii, and PSP.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: "Sid Meier's Pirates! Mobile" was developed by Oasys Mobile in 2008. Mobile versions were later released for BlackBerry (2010) and Apple's iPad (2011). On 20 April 2012, a version for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch was released, published by 2K Games. In addition, the game was ported over to the Windows Phone 7 on 9 April 2012.


title: Sid Meier's Pirates!

text: In 2013, Tommo purchased the rights to the game and began digitally publishing it through its Retroism brand.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: FirstEnergy Stadium is a stadium in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, primarily for American football. It is the home field of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL), and serves as a venue for other events such as college and high school football, soccer, and concerts. It opened in 1999 as Cleveland Browns Stadium and was renovated in two phases in early 2014 and 2015. The initial seating capacity was listed at 73,200 people, but following the first phase of the renovation project in 2014, was reduced to the current capacity of 67,431. The stadium sits on of land between Lake Erie and the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland, adjacent to the Great Lakes Science Center and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Cleveland Stadium stood on the site from 1931 to 1996.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: FirstEnergy Stadium is located on the site of Cleveland Stadium, commonly called Cleveland Municipal Stadium, a multipurpose facility built in 1931 that served as the Browns' home field from their inception in 1946 through the 1995 season. During the 1995 season, owner Art Modell announced his plans to move the team to Baltimore, which resulted in legal action from the city of Cleveland and Browns season ticket holders. The day after the announcement was made, voters in Cuyahoga County approved an extension of the original 1990 sin tax on alcohol and tobacco products to fund renovations to Cleveland Stadium. Eventually, as part of the agreement between Modell, the city of Cleveland, and the NFL, the city agreed to tear down Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site using the sin tax funds. Modell agreed to leave the Browns name, colors, and history in Cleveland and create a new identity for his franchise, eventually becoming the Baltimore Ravens, while the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by 1999 through expansion or relocation of another team. Demolition on the old stadium began in November 1996 and was completed in early 1997. Debris from the former stadium was submerged in Lake Erie and now serves as an artificial reef.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: Ground was broken for the new stadium on May 15, 1997, and it opened in July 1999. The first event was a preseason game between the Browns and the Minnesota Vikings on August 21, followed the next week by a preseason game against the Chicago Bears. The first regular-season Browns game at the stadium was played the evening of September 12, 1999, a 43–0 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: Since 2011, the stadium has been referred to by some as the "Factory of Sadness", a name that was first coined that year by comedian and Browns fan Mike Polk. Polk made a video outside the stadium in which he complains about the team's futility. In 2021, after the Browns defeated the Steelers at Heinz Field, local TV station WKYC broadcast a segment with Polk where he "closed" the Factory of Sadness.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: Through the 2020 season, FirstEnergy Stadium and Allegiant Stadium are the only NFL venues that have yet to host a postseason game of any kind. The Browns are one of six teams who have yet to host a home playoff game in their respective stadium, along with the Atlanta Falcons, Detroit Lions, Las Vegas Raiders, Los Angeles Chargers, and New York Jets. These teams (save for the Raiders), however, have hosted the Super Bowl at their respective stadiums, while the Jets' home, MetLife Stadium, has also hosted a New York Giants home playoff game.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The stadium was designed by Populous, which was known at the time as the Sport Venue Event Division of Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK). Indianapolis-based Huber, Hunt & Nichols was the construction manager. The stadium is a concrete and glass structure, using precast concrete and cast in-place for the upper concourse. Natural stone accents were used at the base of the stadium. The construction of the concrete superstructure took more than 6,000 truckloads of concrete, or the equivalent of , with a weight of approximately .


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The playing surface is a Kentucky Bluegrass irrigated field, with a sand-soil root zone and an underground heating system that involves nine boilers and of underground piping. The heating system prevents the field from freezing and extends the growing season of the turf. Although it was designed for football, the playing surface was built large enough to accommodate international soccer matches.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The eastern seating section is the home of the Dawg Pound, a section of bleacher seats. It was designed as a successor to the original Dawg Pound at Cleveland Stadium, the bleacher section also located in the east end zone. When FirstEnergy Stadium opened in 1999, the Dawg Pound was a 10,644, double-deck area. During stadium renovations in 2014, the upper level of the Dawg Pound was reduced to make way for a new, larger scoreboard, auxiliary scoreboard, and additional fan areas, and the bleacher seating in the upper level was replaced with chairbacks.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: In 2013, Browns owner Jimmy Haslam announced a modernization project for FirstEnergy Stadium. The project included two phases that took place during the NFL offseasons in 2014 and 2015. Phase one included improving the audio system, installing new scoreboards three times the size of the original scoreboards and at the time the fourth largest in an NFL stadium, as well as adding more seats to the lower bowl. Phase two included concession improvements, upgrades to technology connectivity, graphics throughout the stadium, and enhancing the premium suites. The renovations reduced the stadium's capacity to approximately 68,000. The total cost of the renovations was estimated at $120 million with the city of Cleveland paying $30 million over 15 years and the Browns covering the rest of the cost.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The city specifically chose not to sell the naming rights to the stadium itself, which is highly unusual for major American stadiums built in recent years. However, it instead sold the naming rights to each of the facility's four main entrance gates. Originally, the gates were named for National City Bank, Steris Corp., CoreComm Inc., and the Cleveland Clinic Sports Health. The arrangement was later discontinued, though has since been partially restored. As of the 2018 season, the southwest gate is not sponsored, while the southeast gate is sponsored by and named for University Hospitals of Cleveland, the northeast gate by Cree Inc., and the northwest gate by Fifth Third Bank. The stadium is sometimes referred to as the "Factory of Sadness," due to the Browns' recent period of futility.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: Randy Lerner sold the Browns to Jimmy Haslam, CEO of truck stop chain Pilot Flying J, in August 2012. Before the deal officially closed in October 2012, Haslam announced he would sell the stadium's naming rights. Haslam effectively ruled out his family business as buying the naming rights, mentioning that he had received offers for the naming rights, and that none of them are based in his home state of Tennessee. On January 14, 2013, it was reported that the naming rights were sold to FirstEnergy Corporation, the Akron-based electric utility serving most of northeastern Ohio. The Browns announced the following day that the stadium would be renamed "FirstEnergy Stadium, Home of the Cleveland Browns", with the deal getting official Cleveland City Council approval on February 15, 2013. Though naming rights belong to FirstEnergy Corporation through 2029, the stadium itself is actually serviced by Cleveland Public Power.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The stadium does not have public parking facilities. However, there are several adjacent parking facilities: the Port Authority visitors lot, the West 3rd Street parking lot, and the Great Lakes Science Center parking garage. Additionally, the West 3rd Street station of Cleveland's Waterfront light rail line serves the stadium.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: In addition to home games for the Browns, the stadium hosts other events during the year, including college football, high school football, and international soccer, along with occasional concerts. The Ohio Classic, a college football game, was held there in both 2004 and 2005. In September 2006, it hosted the game between the Bowling Green Falcons and Wisconsin Badgers, which had an announced attendance of 30,307 people. From 2007 through 2009, the stadium hosted an event known as the Patriot Bowl, a season-opening game intended to showcase teams from the Mid-American Conference. The first Patriot Bowl featured the Army Black Knights and Akron Zips and drew 17,835 fans. The following season, Boston College defeated Kent State in the second Patriot Bowl on August 30, 2008 in front of 10,788 people. The third and final Patriot Bowl game was between the Ohio State Buckeyes and Toledo Rockets. While the game was considered a home game for Toledo, the crowd of 71,727 was mostly Ohio State fans.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: It has hosted numerous high school football games, including playoff games of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) tournament. In June 2010, the Browns announced that four area powerhouses would play in doubleheader named the "High School Football Charity Game". The games were played on August 28, 2010. Most recently it hosted the rivalry game between two of the Cleveland area's largest parochial schools, St. Ignatius High School and St. Edward High School, in October 2016, which had 17,400 fans in attendance.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: The stadium is the setting for Progressive Corporation's "At Home" campaign showing Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield living with his wife in the facility.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: FirstEnergy Stadium is a periodic host for both the United States men's (USMNT) and women's national soccer (USWNT) teams. The stadium hosted a match between the USMNT and Venezuela in the run-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, a 2–0 victory for the Yanks, and a 2–4 loss in 2013 against Belgium that drew 27,720 fans. The USWNT has played at the stadium on three occasions, with the most recent being in 2018. It hosted a 4–0 friendly victory against Germany in 2010 and the second leg of a friendly series with Japan in 2016, a 2–0 win for the USWNT. The game against Japan had 23,535 fans in attendance, the largest crowd to see the USWNT play in Ohio. The USWNT returned on June 12, 2018, in a game against China, won by the U.S. 2–1. CONCACAF announced in December 2016 that FirstEnergy Stadium would host games in the group stage of the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup, with the USMNT playing at the stadium July 15, 2017 against Nicaragua as part of a doubleheader that also included Panama and Martinique. Both Panama and the United States won their respective matches by a score of 3–0. FirstEnergy Stadium again hosted group stage play during the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup, with Panama defeating Guyana 4–2 and the USMNT winning 6–0 over Trinidad and Tobago.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: A limited number of concerts have been held at FirstEnergy Stadium since it opened. The first concert held in the stadium was George Strait in 2000, followed in 2001 by NSYNC, as part of their "PopOdyssey" Tour, and The Three Tenors. Kenny Chesney has performed at the stadium on three occasions. His "Flip-Flop Summer Tour" came to Cleveland in 2007, followed by "The Poets and Pirates Tour" in 2008, and the "Brothers of the Sun Tour" in 2012. In 2015, the stadium was part of the circuits for One Direction and their "On the Road Again Tour" as well as Luke Bryan and his "Kick the Dust Up Tour". U2 performed at FirstEnergy Stadium July 1, 2017 as part of "The Joshua Tree Tour 2017". Tickets for the concert went on sale January 17 and were sold out the following day. Concerts held at the stadium in 2018 included Taylor Swift in Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour on July 17, followed by Beyoncé and Jay-Z on July 25 as part of their On the Run II Tour. On July 14, 2022, Def Leppard and Mötley Crüe continued their The Stadium Tour at the stadium to a sold-out crowd.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: On August 22, 2022, it was announced that on February 18, 2023, the stadium would host their first outdoor hockey game, a college ice hockey game between Michigan and Ohio State, titled Faceoff on the Lake.


title: FirstEnergy Stadium

text: On October 11, 2022, it was announced that on March 4, 2023, the stadium would host an American Hockey League game between the Cleveland Monsters and the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, titled the Cleveland Monsters Outdoor Classic.


title: Michael Copon

text: Michael Copon is an American actor and producer. He is known for playing Felix Taggaro in the television series "One Tree Hill", Vin Keahi in the television series "Beyond the Break", and Lucas Kendall in "Power Rangers Time Force".


title: Michael Copon

text: Copon was born and raised in Chesapeake, Virginia. His father is Filipino. He graduated from Deep Creek High School in 2000.


title: Michael Copon

text: In 2001, Copon was as the Blue Power Ranger, Lucas Kendall, on the "Power Rangers Time Force" television series. He reprised this role in two episodes of "Power Rangers Wild Force". In 2004, he appeared in a music video for the song "Backflip" by Raven-Symoné which was directed by Sanaa Hamri. Copon portrayed the recurring character Felix Taggaro on the television series "One Tree Hill". From 2006 to 2009, Copon recurred on the drama series "Beyond the Break" on The N network. In between that time (in 2005) he appeared (and subsequently won) the competition on VH1's "But Can They Sing?"


title: Michael Copon

text: In 2008, Copon played the love interest of Ashley Benson in straight-to-video movie "". Copon followed this up in 2008 playing the titular role in straight-to-video movie "".


title: Michael Copon

text: On September 8, 2010, Copon released "Let's Get Nasty" on iTunes and in the same year he appeared on a TV commercial ad as a spokesperson for an Asian TV station foundation called Bantay Bata. Copon starred in the thriller "Killer Holiday", and he also produced and did stunts in the film. Copon is also a member of the Hollywood Knights celebrity basketball team which raises funds for various schools and charitable organizations in the Greater Los Angeles area.


title: Michael Copon

text: In summer 2012, Copon started co-hosting a weekend radio show on Positive Hit Radio the Current, WJLZ 88.5 FM, in Virginia with Trina Olson called "Saturday Night with Trina & Mike." The show airs Saturday nights from 5PM to 10PM ET and features Christian rock and hip hop music. The show is streamed live on the station's webpage.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford is a historic market town in Hertfordshire, England, just west of the M11 motorway on the county boundary with Essex, north-east of central London, and by rail from Liverpool Street station. Stortford had an estimated population of 41,088 in 2020. The district of East Hertfordshire, where the town is located, has been ranked as the best place to live in the UK by the Halifax Quality of Life annual survey in 2020. The town is commonly known as “Stortford” by locals.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The origins of the town's name are uncertain. One possibility is that the Saxon settlement derives its name from 'Steorta's ford' or 'tail ford', in the sense of a 'tail', or tongue, of land. The town became known as Bishop's Stortford due to the acquisition in 1060 by the Bishop of London.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The River Stort is named after the town, and not the town after the river. When cartographers visited the town in the 16th century, they reasoned that the town must have been named after the ford over the river and assumed the river was called the Stort.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Little is known of Bishop's Stortford until the Roman era, with the evidence being small archaeological finds. Limited evidence of ancient Mesolithic and Microlithic peoples in the form of flakes, cores and an axe have been found on the Meads and Silverleys respectively. Most Bronze Age evidence is from the neighbouring parish of Thorley to the south as opposed to Stortford proper, but a 3,000 year old socketed spearhead has been found at Haymeads Lane within the town. Evidence of settlement has been found on Dunmow Road dating from the Middle Bronze Age through to Romano-British times. In "Bishop's Stortford: A History", Jacqueline Cooper concludes "existing evidence suggests that the Stortford area was settled only sparsely in prehistoric times, and nearby places like Braughing and Little Hallingbury were of more importance."


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford was on the line of the Roman Road, Stane Street, which ran from St Albans to Colchester via Braughing. Construction started around 50AD on the road. Little evidence from the period survives except for excavations showing a section of the road, evidence of a cremation facility and a burial site. None of the excavations has shown evidence of the Roman fort which likely existed in Stortford. The settlement was probably abandoned in the 5th century after the break-up of the Roman Empire.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: However, little is known about Stortford until the 1060s with the evidence becoming much stronger after the Norman Conquest. In 1060 when William, Bishop of London, bought Stortford manor and estate for £8, leading to the town's modern name. By 1086, the motte-and-bailey Waytemore Castle had been built as a local strongpoint for the area. It acted as a centre for defence and civil administration for roughly 125 years before it was dismantled but not destroyed by King John in 1211. Rebuilding of the castle started the following year at John's expense, and John stayed the night in the castle in 1216. By the 15th century, the castle had fallen into disrepair, and the Bishop's Court (one of the administrative structures for the area) moved to Hockerill, to the east of the town.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: At the time of the "Domesday Book" the village had a population of around 120, and grew to around 700 by the 13th century.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: In terms of governance, early medieval Bishop's Stortford was part of the Braughing Hundred, but acquired burgesses and between 1306 and 1336 was taxed as a borough. No charter survives however, and civil authority passed to two local manor courts at the Castle and the Rectory. Stortford briefly sent two members to parliament in the reigns of Edward II and Edward III, with writs being issued to the town in the 1311–1315, 1318, 1320, 1322 and 1340.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: At the start of the early modern period in the mid 15th century, Stortford was a primarily agricultural community, but had also acquired a tanning industry. By the 16th century, Stortford had become an important centre of the malting industry. Not only were the local soils well suited for grains, but the fact that the town was just 35 miles to London provided an impetus to its development. The economic draw of the maltings and the town's market supported a large number of inns and public houses by the middle of the 16th century pointing to its prosperity.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Over the following hundred years, Stortford grew markedly. The population of Bishop's Stortford reached 1,500 by 1660 as a result of a positive net birth rate and migration to the town. This was despite a series of a dozen plagues between the 1560s and 1660s. The town also enjoyed a series of royal visits in the 17th century, with Charles I visiting the town in 1625, 1629 and 1642.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The years following the last of Charles' visits were to prove somewhat turbulent for the town. During the English Civil War Stortford backed the Parliamentarians, with the Manor of Stortford being sequestered from the Bishop of London and sold off for £2,845. It was returned to the Bishop at the Restoration. The Great Plague of 1666-7, and its lasting effects, reduced the population to only around 600 by 1700. The effects of the plague were so severe that the town had to appeal to the Hertfordshire magistrates, who levied a rate on every parish in the county for the relief of Bishop's Stortford, Hoddesdon and Cheshunt.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Despite the demographic impact of the Great Plague, perhaps the turning point in Stortford's fortunes was the creation of the 'Hockerill by-pass' in 1670. King Charles II had in the 1660s been increasingly travelling from London to Newmarket for the races and disliked the noise and congestion of Stortford, with its oderous market, maltings and tanneries. Moreover, the route was not always passable as noted by diarist Samuel Pepys who in made the following entry in his diary on 23 May 1668: "‘and so to Bishop's Stafford [sic]. The ways mighty full of water so as hardly to be passed’." As a result, the road from London to Newmarket was diverted to the east of the centre of Stortford, and instead ran through the outlying settlement of Hockerill. The inns of Hockerill become an important overnight location for stop overs for overnight coaches to East Anglia. Further demands for improved roads led to the creation of the Essex and Hertfordshire Turnpike Trust (later Hockerill Turnpike Trust) in 1744 to repair the road between Harlow Bush Common and Stump Cross in Great Chesterford. Later Acts of Parliament extended the term of the Trust and allowed new road construction. From March 1785 the mail coaches ran from London to Norwich via Stortford. Thus, the improved highways marked the first of the phases of Stortford's growth driven by emergent transport technology.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The second major transport development to provide a significant boost to the town was the construction of the Stort Navigation, which canalised the River Stort, and opened in 1769. The improvements to the navigation of the Stort were driven by the inability of the malting industry to use the Stort for river transport, which caused significant to the local roads and handed a competitive advantage to neighbouring malting areas like Ware who were linked to London by the River Lea. The work on the canal undertaken by George Jackson (later Sir George Duckett) had the added benefit of alleviating the flooding risk in the town.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: With the roads and Stort navigation providing easy access to London markets, industrialisation came to Stortford. The advent of the Stort navigation brought new industries to the town, with bargemen, lock-keepers, wharfingers, coal and timber merchants all appearing. The malting industry also saw output significantly increase, with brown malt production doubling between 1788 and 1811. Together with national trends in the brewing industry, the 40 malthouses in Stortford in early 1800s Stortford also helped to stimulate the local brewing trade. At the turn of the 19th century, there were 18 brewers in town which in turn boosted the inn trade. The boom in the town in turn boosted the metal working and bricklaying trades, and also aided the general retail trade. In 1791 there were 30 principal traders according to a contemporary directory.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The vibrancy of the local economy - especially the agricultural trade sector - was demonstrated in 1828 when a consortium of local businessmen built the Bishop's Stortford Corn Exchange, which provided trading accommodation for 65 dealers. By this point, the town directory was listing 200 commercial entries, and 350 by the turn of the century.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The third major transport innovation to have a significant impact upon Stortford was the arrival of the railway in 1842. The line initially ran from London Liverpool Street to Stortford, but by 1845 the line was linked to Norwich. The new rail link brought an almost immediate end to the coaching industry, and the Stort Navigation entered terminal decline. The town, though boomed. Massive new residential estates grew up in the New Town (to the south and west of the historic core) and Hockerill (across the river to the east of the historic core) in the decades following the building of the railway. A Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line was built to Braintree to bring goods into Stortford from the surrounding more rural areas, with the first section to Great Dunmow opening in 1864. The single track line struggled to gain traction, and by 1922 had only seven eastbound and six westbound trains per day. The bus service which started between Stortford and Dunmow in 1920 contributed to the demise of the line which closed to passengers in 1952 and freight in 1972.The mid-19th century onwards also saw the rapid growth in public utilities, public services and governance in the town. The first gas street lights were installed in the town in the 1830s, in 1855 the New Cemetery was opened, in the 1870s a sewage farm and an isolation hospital were built, while in 1895 the town's first proper hospital was opened. By 1911, the "Encyclopædia Britannica" referred to the town as having strong educational pedigree: "The high school, formerly the grammar school, was founded in the time of Elizabeth... There are a Nonconformist grammar school, a diocesan training college for mistresses, and other educational establishments."


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: During World War II, Bishop's Stortford was the evacuation centre for many Britons, including Clapton Girls Technology College.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: In the post-war era. the town centre underwent changes with the demolition of a multi-storey car park and surrounding area to make way for a new town centre area and city-type apartments and penthouses on the riverside and elsewhere. Jackson Square (a modern shopping complex) was rebuilt and an extension added.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford continued to grow as a comutter town from the second half of the 20th century onwards, spurred by the construction of the M11 motorway, Stansted Airport, as well as rail links to London and Cambridge. This contributed to its rise in population to almost 38,000 at the time of the 2011 census.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Of the seven suburbs of Thorley, Thorley Park, Havers, Snowley, Bishop's Park, St Michael's Mead and Hockerill, the last is a separate ecclesiastical parish east of the River Stort, centred around the old coaching inns, All Saints in Stansted Road and the railway station. Postwar development has enlarged the town's area further.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The earliest reliable population figure for Bishop's Stortford was 120 at the publication of the Domesday Book in 1086. Over the successive centuries the population waxed and waned as a result of economic growth and plagues, and generally only rough population estimates exist. By the time of the first nationwide census in 1801 Stortford's population had reached 2,305 spurred by the town's position on the Hockerill Turnpike and the canalisation of the River Stort. Steady growth continued over the coming decades as the railways spurred industrialisation. Population growth averaged 1.12% per annum through to 1911 and the advent of World War I. Inter-war growth averaged 1.54% per annum. Stortford's population exceeded the county town of Hertford in the 1961 census, even though Stortford's average population growth slowed to 1.39% between World War II and 2020. Sources of population growth have been predominantly natural growth and in-migration, but on a number of occasions the boundaries of Bishop's Stortford parish have been expanded. Most recently this occurred in 1992 when some neighbouring parts of Essex were moved into the town and in 2018 when homes were moved into Stortford from neighbouring Thorley Parish. In 2020 Bishop's Stortford was the largest town in East Hertfordshire.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: At the 2011 census, 93.6% of the population of Bishop's Stortford described themselves as white, which was lower than the 96.2% recorded in the 2001 census. The number of people describing themselves as having a white background in 2011 was significantly higher than the England aggregate of 85.4%, but slightly lower than the overall East Hertfordshire figure.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The proportion of Bishop's Stortford residents reporting having been born in the United Kingdom was 87.8%, and was only slightly higher than the English average of 86.2%. Stortford recorded a significantly higher proportion of European Union-born residents than either East Hertfordshire or England. The number of UK-born residents in 2011 was down from the 92.4% recorded in 2001.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The number of occupied dwellings in Bishop's Stortford rose from 13,733 in 2001 to 14,920. In Stortford 3.0% of properties were recorded as empty in 2011, compared with 4.3% across England. Overall, the dominant type of housing are detached and semi-detached housing, although the proportion of flats has grown from 13.0% in 2001 to 17.6% in 2011. The proportion of flats is well below the English average of 22.1%


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Home ownership is high in Bishop's Stortford at 72.3% of households, which is above both the East Hertfordshire and English averages. The proportion of properties available for social rent has risen from 9.8% in 2001 to 10.1% in 2011.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford has three tiers of local government at parish (town), district, and county level: Bishop's Stortford Town Council, East Hertfordshire District Council, and Hertfordshire County Council.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Historically, Bishop's Stortford was administered by its parish vestry, in the same way as most small towns and rural areas; no borough corporation was established for the town, despite some limited moves in that direction in the fourteenth century. Bishop's Stortford was included in the hundred of Braughing. The Bishop's Stortford Poor Law Union was established in 1835, covering the town and surrounding parishes in both Hertfordshire and Essex.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: On 25 October 1866 a public meeting at the town's corn exchange voted to establish a local board, the Bishop's Stortford Local Board. The parish of Bishop's Stortford was declared to be a local government district with effect from 25 December 1866, and the local board held its first meeting at the corn exchange on 23 February 1867. Jones Gifford Nash was chosen as the first chairman of the local board. The Local Board later established offices at 7 North Street.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Under the Local Government Act 1894, the Bishop's Stortford Local Board became the Bishop's Stortford Urban District Council with effect from 31 December 1894. The new council held its first meeting on 5 January 1895. The last chairman of the local board, John Slater, was appointed the first chairman of the urban district council. The council continued to be based at 7 North Street until the First World War. In 1914 the council bought a large old house called Wharf House at 4 The Causeway. The house had been built by George Jackson, who had also built the adjoining Stort Navigation. Wharf House was renamed the Council House, and served as the council's offices until October 1972, when the council moved to purpose-built offices at 1 The Causeway. The Council House was demolished shortly afterwards to make way for the Jackson Square shopping centre.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford Urban District was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of East Hertfordshire on 1 April 1974. Bishop's Stortford Town Council was established as a successor parish to the old urban district. The former urban district council's offices at 1 The Causeway were taken over by East Hertfordshire District Council, whilst the new town council was based at the former offices of the Braughing Rural District Council at 2 Hockerill Street. The town council moved to the Old Monastery on Windhill in 1994. East Hertfordshire District Council vacated 1 The Causeway in 2013, having consolidated most of its functions at its main offices in Hertford. The district council set up a smaller Bishop's Stortford office in Charringtons House, adjoining 1 The Causeway. The vacated office at 1 The Causeway was demolished in 2017.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford is the largest town within the Hertford and Stortford County Constituency for elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The constituency covers Stortford, Hertford, Ware, Sawbridgeworth and the surrounding rural areas. Since the creation of the seat in 1983, it has been represented by Conservative MPs.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: For elections to East Herts District Council, Bishop's Stortford is currently divided into five wards: All Saints, Central, Meads, Silverleys and South. However, as a result of a boundary review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, the town will be split into six wards from the May 2023 local elections: All Saints, Central, North, Parsonage, South and Thorley Manor. At present, Bishop's Stortford residents elect 13 of the 50 councillors on East Herts Council, but this will rise to 14 out of 50 in May 2023.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: For elections to Hertfordshire County Council, out of the 78 electoral divisions in total, three divisions cover Bishop's Stortford: Bishop's Stortford East (comprising the areas covered by the All Saints and Meads District Council Wards), Bishop's Stortford Rural (Bishop's Stortford South, Little Hadham and Much Hadham Wards) and Bishop's Stortford West (Central and Silverleys District Council Wards).


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford is a prosperous town. The key drivers of its growth according to the "Town Wide Employment Study for Bishop's Stortford" are "Stansted Airport, an excellent rail service into central London and good road links via the M11 to London, the M25 northern sub-region and Cambridge. Bishop's Stortford is well positioned in relation to the UK's most dynamic economies." This study also highlights Stortford's skilled population, as well as the importance of "quality of life" as an important economic asset. In addition to East Hertfordshire topping the Halifax Quality of Life survey in 2020, Stortford has been highlighted as a popular commuter town in articles in The Times, "The Evening Standard," and the Metro newspaper London.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Like the UK as a whole, Bishop's Stortford has a highly service-based economy. In the 2011 census, 84.5% of Stortford residents in employment stated that they worked in a service industry, which was higher than East Hertfordshire (81.2%) and England (81.2%). Of particular note is that 7.9% of local workers are employed in Transportation and Storage which is well above the English average of 5.0%. The most significant employer in this industry is Stansted Airport, which was estimated in 2013 to employ at least 1,000 people who live in Stortford.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Commuters represent a sizeable proportion of the local working age population. The "Town Wide Employment Study" estimated in 2013 around 3,000 people (round 15% of those in employment) commute from Stortford by rail, with the largest proportion "in all probability" travelling into Central London. This is reflected in Stortford in the 2011 census having a much higher proportion of workers in managerial and professional occupations than the national average, as shown in the table below.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford itself has a strong internal economy, with an estimated 16,985 people employed within the town boundaries. There are 329 businesses established in the town centre (as of 2018) represented by the Bishop's Stortford Business Improvement District (BID). There is also a Bishop's Stortford Chamber of Commerce.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford is considered the Principal Town Centre in East Hertfordshire by East Hertfordshire District Council's "District Plan", serving as a destination for visitors from beyond the town. There is both an indoor shopping centre, Jackson Square, and a traditional high street running along the axis of South Street, Potter Street and North Street, as well as the adjoining streets. The town has a twice weekly market and a monthly farmers market run by Bishop's Stortford Town Council.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The "Bishop's Stortford Independent" newspaper covers Stortford, along with the neighbouring towns of Sawbridgeworth and Stansted Mountfitchet. The newspaper was founded in October 2017 following the closure of the Stortford office of the "Herts and Essex Observer" newspaper in 2016.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The town is also covered by a number of print magazines including the "Bishop's Stortford Flyer," "CM23 Connection," "Axis Magazine," and "The BISH".


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford railway station is on the West Anglia Main Line, and was first opened in 1842. There were 2.00 million passenger entries and exits at Bishop's Stortford in 2020/21. All trains are run by Greater Anglia.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Greater Anglia trains provide Bishop's Stortford with a direct link southbound to Harlow, Tottenham Hale and London Liverpool Street, with many services calling at intermediate stations. A direct service to Stratford in East London also operates, which calls at most intermediate stations.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Northbound services link Bishop's Stortford to Cambridge North railway station and Stansted Airport railway station and at certain times, to Ely.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The M11 motorway passes to the east of Bishop's Stortford. Junction 8 links the motorway to the town, and the M11 carries traffic from Bishop's Stortford directly to Cambridge, Harlow and London. As the road passes the town, Bishop's Stortford falls in the M11 corridor for innovation.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The A120 runs east–west along the northern edge of the town. To the west, the A120 meets the A10 at Puckeridge (for Hertford or Royston). To the east, the A120 passes Stansted Airport "en route" to Braintree, Colchester, the A12 and Harwich.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: East Hertfordshire District Council monitors nitrogen dioxide (NO) levels at Hockerill Junction in the town centre. There are four diffusion tubes around the junction for air quality monitoring. In 2017, three out of four tubes failed to meet the UK National Objective of 40μg/m (micrograms per cubic metre):


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stansted Airport is to the east of the town, with rail and bus links to Bishop's Stortford. Stansted serves over 200 destinations globally.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The town is on the Arriva Shires & Essex bus network. Buses 309, 508, 509 and 510 connect the town to Stansted Airport. Buses 508, 509 and 510 all terminate to the south in Harlow.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Other key routes include the 301 to Saffron Walden, the 351 to Hertford, and the 386 to Stevenage (via Letchworth). There are further routes to rural destinations in Hertfordshire and Essex.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: National Cycle Route 11 is an incomplete cycle route which will run through the town centre. Completed sections of the route currently pass through Harlow, Sawbridgeworth, Stansted Mountfitchet and Cambridge. The section between Sawbridgeworth and Bishop's Stortford is in development, but when completed, the route will provide a direct, non-stop connection from Bishop's Stortford to the Lea Valley (southbound) and King's Lynn (northbound).


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: National Cycle Route 16 passes just to the northeast of Bishop's Stortford. The route is segregated from traffic, running non-stop to Great Dunmow. The route continues east on on-road and off-road routes to Braintree and Witham.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The Bishop's Stortford Circular Ride is a recreational cycle route on country lanes to the north of the town. The route begins and ends on Northgate End in the town centre. It passes through Patmore Heath, Stocking Pelham, Brent Pelham, Little Hormead, Braughing and Albury.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The River Stort towpath is a shared-use path which begins in Bishop's Stortford. Running parallel to the river, the path links the town directly to Sawbridgeworth and Harlow, and eventually to the River Lea towpath towards Hertford, or Tottenham and London's East End. Parts of the towpath carry NCR 11. The route is maintained by the Canal and River Trust.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The historic core of Bishop's Stortford is covered by a Conservation Area, which roughly aligns with the boundaries of the town in 1874-1894. As of the last formal Appraisal of the Conservation Area in 2014, there were 105 listed buildings in Stortford, including 71 within the Conservation Area. Two of the buildings are Grade 1 listed: Waytemore Castle and St Michael's Church. Grade II* listed buildings include 10 Bridge Street (the Black Lion pub), 30 High Street (the Boar's Head restaurant) and 8-10 High Street. Much of the Conservation Area is also an Area of Archaeological Significance.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Waytemore began as a motte and bailey castle in the time of William the Conqueror. A rectangular great tower was added to the motte in the 12th century. It was improved in the 13th century under King John and a licence for crenellation was granted in the mid-14th century. It lost significance after the Civil War and was used as a prison in the 17th century.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: In 1935 All Saints' Church, Hockerill was destroyed by fire, and in 1937 a new church, to a spacious, light, and airy design by the architect Stephen Dykes Bower, was erected in its place. This is a Grade II listed building and the tower dominates the eastern skyline of the town. The church contains a notable rose window designed by Hugh Ray Easton and a two-manual Henry Willis II organ. Concerts are also held there.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Stortford schools regularly appear with rankings of the best schools in the country, with Hockerill Anglo-European College, The Hertfordshire and Essex High School, and The Bishop's Stortford High School frequently being top performers in "The Sunday Times" Schools Guide Hertfordshire County Council is the education authority for the state schools in Bishop's Stortford, and is responsible for admissions.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: All of the state primary schools in Stortford have nurseries attached, while all of the state secondaries have sixth forms. Bishop's Stortford High School and Herts and Essex High School are a single sex boys and girls school, respectively, from years 7-11 but both have mixed-sex sixth forms. There is also an independent school, the Bishop's Stortford College, which covers the whole educational spectrum from ages 4 to 18.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: There are no further education or higher educational institutions in Stortford. However, nearby educational options include Stansted Airport College, Harlow College, Hertford Regional College, and Cambridge Regional College.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: The South Mill Arts complex (formerly the Rhodes Arts Complex) incorporates a theatre, cinema, dance studio and conference facilities. Situated within the complex, in the house where Cecil Rhodes was born, is the Bishop's Stortford Museum. It has a local history collection, a unique collection relating to Rhodes and the British Empire in Africa, as well as a temporary exhibition gallery.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: South Mill Arts is the town's largest live music venue. In the 1960s, the Rhodes Theatre had a string of concerts by now very high-profile musicians, who were then at the start of their careers. Performers included David Bowie, Stevie Wonder and Lulu as well as iconic bands such as The Who, The Animals, The Moody Blues, Small Faces and Wayne Fontana and The Mindbenders.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Semi-professional football team Bishop's Stortford F.C. were formed in 1874, and play at Woodside Park in the town. Currently members of the Isthmian Football League Premier Division, the seventh tier of the English football pyramid, the club have won two national titles – the 1973–74 FA Amateur Cup and the 1980-81 FA Trophy. It is the first club to win both competitions.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford Rugby Football Club play in National League 1, the third tier of English rugby. In total the club has around 700 male players across its Mini, Youth and Senior teams, as well as over 80 female players, as of 2021.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford Cricket Club play their home matches at Cricket Field Lane, which is also a home venue for Hertfordshire County Cricket Club. Thorley Cricket Club play in Bishop's Stortford, and as of 2021 had 40 adult members and over 100 children in their summer coaching programme. Hockerill Cricket Club play at their ground on Beldams Lane which they share with Bishop's Stortford Running Club. BSRC supports road running and cross-country running.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Bishop's Stortford Hockey Club was formed in 1948 and is based at The Hertfordshire and Essex High School with a clubhouse and state of the art pitch. They have 14 senior sides – 6 men's and 8 ladies' – along with a large junior section. The club has a number of former international players still involved with coaching or playing, including Rob Clift (gold medallist), Bernie Cotton, Pippa Bull, Vernon Brown, Ronnie Stott, in addition to a number of senior members who still represent their country at Masters level.


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: Public sports facilities include the Grange Paddocks swimming pool and gym, a tennis club, a squash club, and a golf club. A concrete skateboard park plaza featuring a back-and-forth run with a quarter-pipe and flat bank either side of several ledges and a rail is located in the town park. Bishop's Stortford Town Council is investing in the facility to create a broader "teenage recreation space".


title: Bishop's Stortford

text: A greyhound racing track was in existence at Lowes Farm. It opened on 15 April 1933 and meetings took place on Saturdays; the closing date is not known. It was unaffiliated to a governing body.