title: God's Son (album)

text: In a mixed review, Ta-Nehisi Coates of "The Village Voice" criticized Nas for abandoning his role as "rap's foremost observer" for "the ballad of the learned thug" and stated, "Nas has rendered himself mediocre. At his worst, he becomes a Tupac clone content to contemplate hackneyed hip-hop maxims, like whether there is a heaven for gangsters (see 'Thugz Mansion N.Y.'). A more apt question is whether there is a heaven for a cliché, because several cuts on "God's Son" are begging for funerals." "Spin" commented that "Nas' heart is in the right place, but his mind is somewhere else entirely", adding that "God's Son" follows what "we were "really" waiting for", "The Lost Tapes". "Stylus Magazine" editor Brett Berliner stated, "Honestly, if Nas had chosen to drop about 4 tracks and cut it down to "Illmatic"s 10, it would be in the class of "Stillmatic", and we’d be talking about it as Nas’ 4th classic." However, Berliner viewed that Nas' performance makes up for the album's flaws, commenting that "Nas stays poignant, clever and intelligent, and, in doing so, adds an extra incentive to purchase his album: simply put, he's the best lyricist in Rap today, maybe all time. Specifically, his consistency is such that he has the ability to save poorly produced songs with his rhymes alone."


title: God's Son (album)

text: In his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau gave the album a three-star honorable mention (), indicating "an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure." Christgau cited "Book of Rhymes" and "Get Down" as highlights and quipped, "confessions of a mama's boy, tales of a hustler, lies of a mortal man". Despite criticizing it for its "boring-ass filler", Christian Hoard of "Rolling Stone" lauded Nas' "talent" throughout the album, and stated "he may yet have another masterpiece in him. Either way, he's hip-hop's Comeback Playa of the Year." "Spin" named "Made You Look" the ninth best single of 2003. "The Village Voice" ranked "God's Son" number 52 on its Pazz & Jop critics' poll. "Kludge" included it on their list of best albums of 2002. The website aggregator Metacritic ranked it as the 25th best-reviewed album of 2002. Henry Adaso of About.com cited "God's Son" in retrospect as the one album where Nas shows "growth and maturity".


title: God's Son (album)

text: "God's Son" debuted at #18 on the "Billboard" 200 chart with first week sales of 156,000 copies, ultimately peaking at number 12. It sold 630,000 copies in its 3 weeks within the Top 20 of the chart. It reached #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and was certified Platinum in sales on January 14, 2003, by the RIAA. Additionally, its three singles performed well on the charts. "I Can" was a Rhythmic Top 40 and Top 40 Mainstream hit that peaked #12 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Made You Look" peaked #32 on the Hot 100 singles chart, while "Get Down" peaked at #76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. The success of its singles allowed "God's Son" to obtain Platinum RIAA status.


title: God's Son (album)

text: After the releases of "Ether" and "Stillmatic", Nas gained renewed respect and acclaim as the best rapper in New York, also known as the "King of New York". "God's Son" was a chance for Nas to either reassure his prolific status or prove to be an inconsistent artist. In a review of "God's Son", Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated:


title: God's Son (album)

text: On "God's Son", Nas referenced his feud with Jay-Z on various tracks. Most notably, Nas references Jay-Z's attacks on Nas "Last Real Nigga Alive" as "sneak attack[s]" while he was caring for his mother. This track also revealed roots of his feud with Jay-Z including his feud with The Notorious B.I.G. In fact, Nas ends the first verse of "Last Real Nigga Alive" by saying, "There's more shit than wanting to be this King of New York shit." Similarly, on "Mastermind," Nas says: "This King Of New York shit only last 15 minutes." Additionally, on "The Cross", Nas explained how he was the old king of New York Rap, and soon reinvented himself to reign again as New York's king. Amy Linden of Yahoo! Music found it to be an album "worthy of [Nas'] landmark 1994 debut" "Illmatic" and elaborated on "God's Son"s significance at the time, stating "If this is the last round with Jay, as the surprisingly civil tone and anti-battle messages imply, then God's Son is going out on top."


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: German submarine "U-96" was a Type VIIC U-boat of the German Navy ("Kriegsmarine") during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 16 September 1939, by Germaniawerft, of Kiel as yard number 601. She was commissioned on 14 September 1940, with "Kapitänleutnant" Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock in command. Lehmann-Willenbrock was relieved in March 1942 by "Oberleutnant zur See" Hans-Jürgen Hellriegel, who was relieved in turn in March 1943 by "Oblt.z.S." Wilhelm Peters. In February 1944, "Oblt.z.S." Horst Willner took command, turning the boat over to "Oblt.z.S." Robert Rix in June of that year. Rix commanded the boat until 15 February 1945.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: During autumn 1941, war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim joined "U-96" for her seventh patrol. This experience was the basis for his 1973 bestselling novel "Das Boot", which was adapted into the 1981 Oscar-nominated film of the same name.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-96" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-96" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: As part of the 7th U-boat Flotilla, stationed in Saint Nazaire, on the French Atlantic coast, "U-96" conducted 11 patrols, sinking 27 ships totalling and damaging four others totalling . She also caused one vessel of to be declared a total loss. The boat was a member of eleven wolfpacks. On 30 March 1945, "U-96" was sunk by US bombs while in the submarine pens in Wilhelmshaven. In her entire career, she suffered no casualties to her crew. The boat was also known for her emblem, a green laughing sawfish. It became the symbol of the 9th Flotilla after Lehmann-Willenbrock took command in March 1942.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: "U-96" departed Kiel on 4 December 1940 on her first patrol. Her route took her across the North Sea, through the gap between the Faroe and Shetland Islands and into the North Atlantic.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 11 December, "U-96" made contact with the scattered convoy HX 92 and attacked the British passenger ship "Rotorua" of , sinking her with a single torpedo launched at 15:12 in position . Most of her passengers and crew survived, her master, the convoy commodore and 21 others, however, perished. Later the same day, "U-96" launched a torpedo at the Dutch merchant ship "Towa" of , hitting her amidships. The crippled ship did not immediately sink, so at 21:30 "U-96" launched a second torpedo. After the second hit, the ship still stayed afloat, so the U-boat began shelling her half an hour later. The ship finally went under at 22:42 in position . The 37 crew members of "Towa" abandoned ship in three lifeboats, one of which capsized, drowning its occupants. 19 survivors were later picked up by an escort. A torpedo attack on "Cardita" of was unsuccessful.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: In the early hours of 12 December, "U-96" attacked the Swedish steamer "Stureholm" of , sinking her with a single torpedo launched at 01:56 in position . Two and a half hours later the un-escorted Belgian Macedonier was sighted and attacked with a single torpedo, which hit amidships, sinking her within 10 minutes in position . The crew had immediately abandoned ship and all but four out of 47 survived.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: Two days later, on 14 December "U-96" sank the British motor ship "Western Prince" of in position with two torpedoes. Later that day, at 21:02, "U-96" fired at the British steamer "Empire Razorbill", trying to stop her. After six rounds from her deck gun which resulted in three hits, "U-96" abandoned the attack on the armed merchantman due to bad weather.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 18 December, "U-96" encountered the Dutch motor tanker "Pendrecht" and attacked her with a single torpedo at 16:15. The ship was hit astern but remained afloat. The crew, which had initially abandoned the ship, was able to re-board and sail her to Rothesay escorted by a British destroyer. "U-96", which had lost contact during the night, remained in the general area, encountering a British battleship and her escorts, but could not attack.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: After 26 days at sea, "U-96" arrived in Lorient in occupied France on 29 December, having sunk five ships for a total of and damaging a further two ships for a total of .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 9 January 1941, "U-96" departed Lorient for her second war patrol. She returned to the waters west of Scotland, where she attacked the British of early in the morning of 16 January. Three torpedoes were launched by "U-96" in the space of two hours, finally sinking the ship in position at 06:16. One hundred and six passengers and crew perished, while 143 survivors were picked up by British destroyers.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The next day, "U-96" encountered the un-escorted British passenger steamer of . A first torpedo was launched at 07:45, hitting the ship amidships, causing her to stop. A second torpedo hit the ship astern 20 minutes later, but still did not sink. Two more torpedoes were needed before "Almeda Star" sank in position , three minutes after the fourth and last torpedo was launched at 13:55. All passengers and crew, in total 360, were lost.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: "U-96" returned to base on 22 January 1941 and once more docked in Lorient after 14 days at sea, sinking two ships for a total of .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 30 January 1941, "U-96" left Lorient for her third war patrol in the North Atlantic. Two weeks into the patrol, she sighted a straggler from convoy HX 106 s, the British motor tanker "Clea". The U-boat attacked shortly after 15:00 with a single torpedo, which hit "Clea" amidships, snapping her in half and setting the wreck on fire. The two halves were then sunk with artillery.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: Later the same day, another tanker, "Arthur F. Corwin", of , was sighted. The tanker had already been hit by torpedoes from , and was lagging behind the same convoy as "Clea". "U-96" launched two more torpedoes into the burning wreck, sinking her in position .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: At 02:27 on 18 February, the British of , part of HX 107 s, was attacked with a torpedo. A second torpedo sank the ship twelve minutes later. "Black Osprey"s crew of 36 abandoned ship in heavy weather, however, only eleven survivors were picked up two days later.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 21 February a Focke Wulf "Condor" of I./KG 40 attacked and damaged a straggler from convoy OB 287, the 6,999 GRT "Scottish Standard", killing five of her crew. The crew abandoned ship and 39 survivors were picked up an escort, . On the next day, 22 February, "U-96" came upon the abandoned tanker. Although there was a destroyer patrolling the area, "U-96" was able to launch two torpedoes, sinking "Scottish Standard" in position . Following the second explosion, HMS "Montgomery" pursued the U-boat for five hours, dropping 37 depth charges without causing serious damage.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 23 February 1941, "U-96" made contact with convoy OB 288, and proceeded to attack in conjunction with , , , and as well as the . The U-boats sank nine ships, including one escort, three of which were claimed by "U-96".


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The first, the British 5,457 GRT cargo ship "Anglo-Peruvian", was mistaken for an auxiliary cruiser and attacked with two torpedoes at 23:27. The ship sank within three minutes after being hit with the loss of 29 of her crew in position . The 17 survivors were later picked up by a British merchant ship. Later the same night, at 01:16 on 24 February, the unescorted British of was attacked with a single torpedo. The ship sank 25 minutes after being hit by the torpedo at the stern. All 35 crew members were lost in the attack.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: An hour after "Linaria" was attacked, "U-96" attacked the British of , hitting the ship amidships. Six hours later, "U-96" launched a second torpedo at the wreck, that had been abandoned by the crew, which included the commodore of OB 288, Rear Admiral R.A.A. Plowden, DSO. There were no survivors.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: After escaping the attack of an escort, , "U-96" made for port in St. Nazaire, France, where she arrived after 30 days at sea on 28 February, having sunk seven ships for a total of . Upon arrival the commander of "U-96", Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock, was presented with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, which he had been awarded two days before. The Wehrmachtbericht had announced on 25 February that Lehmann had sunk 55,600 tons on his last patrol, and a total of 125,580 tons of Allied shipping since taking command of "U-96".


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 12 April 1941 "U-96" set to sea again for her fourth war patrol. On 16 April, the U-boat made contact with convoy OB 309 and was immediately attacked by an escort, HMS "Rockingham", resulting in some damage to the boat. On 28 April, "U-96" encountered her sister "U-95" in contact with convoy HX 121. At 19:25 "U-96" launched three torpedoes against three tankers in the convoy. The first ship to be hit, "Oilfield", a British motor tanker of , went up in flames upon being hit, all but eight of her crew of 55 perished in the attack.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The second ship, the Norwegian tanker "Caledonia", was hit in the engine room, killing seven crew members there. A further five crew members were killed when they drifted into the burning wreck of "Oilfield" nearby after jumping overboard. The rest of the crew survived when the rescue ship "Zaafaran" picked up 25 survivors in a lifeboat. The third ship sunk that day, the British steamship "Port Hardy" of , was hit accidentally when the third torpedo missed its target. Before the torpedo hit, "U-96" was forced to submerge, as an escort, the Flower-class corvette arrived on the scene. "Port Hardy" lost one crew member in the attack, while 97 passengers and crew were picked up by "Zaafaran".


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: Shortly after 13:00 the next day, a slightly damaged "U-96" was attacked by an aircraft, a Lockheed Hudson from No. 233 Squadron RAF, but the bombs did not cause any further damage. In the evening of 1 May, "U-96" unsuccessfully attacked an unescorted freighter, before making contact with another convoy on 4 May. Contact was lost the next day, however. On 7 May, "U-96" was spotted by a Short Sunderland shortly after noon, and over the course of two and a half hours, 32 bombs were dropped. Another air attack occurred a week later, on 14 May, when a four-engine aircraft dropped three bombs on the U-boat.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: Early on 19 May, the British steamship "Empire Ridge" of , crossed "U-96"s path west of Bloody Foreland (Ireland). Mistaking her for a 9000 GRT tanker, "U-96" launched two torpedoes. "Empire Ridge" broke in half when the torpedoes hit, taking with her 31 of a crew of 33.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: After 41 days at sea, "U-96" returned to Saint Nazaire on 22 May, having sunk four ships for a total of .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The fifth war patrol started on 19 June 1941, when "U-96" left Saint Nazaire for the North Atlantic again. Two weeks into the patrol, "U-96" made contact with a small convoy. The boat was about north of the Azores on 5 July 1941 when she found the survey vessel leading an armed merchant cruiser (AMC) HMS "Cathay" and , a cargo and passenger liner of that had been converted into a troop ship. Also escorting the small convoy were three s: , and . "U-96" was under the impression that she had hit the survey ship and the AMC; instead, she had struck "Anselm" twice, sinking her and killing 254 people. "Starwort"s ASDIC was not working, but "Lavender" and "Petunia" counter-attacked with depth charges. The U-boat was seriously damaged and forced to curtail her patrol.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 2 August 1941, "U-96" left for her sixth patrol in the North Atlantic. On 12 August, the U-boat was part of group Greenland. Two weeks later, on 28 August, she joined group Prince-Elector. In early September, "U-96" belonged to group Seawolf before returning to base. On 12 September she entered St.Nazaire after 42 days at sea, without attacking any ships.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 27 October, "U-96" left for her seventh patrol with journalist Lothar-Günther Buchheim aboard and joined group Stoßtrupp three days later. The next day, 31 October, the group made contact with convoy OS 10. "U-96" launched four torpedoes at a long range, one of which struck the Dutch . The ship went down half an hour after being hit, taking nine of her crew of 56 with her.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: Following the attack, the sloop arrived on the scene and forced "U-96" under water with gun fire. The U-boat escaped the barrage of 27 depth charges unscathed.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The U-boat spent November patrolling the North Atlantic as part of groups Störtebecker and Benecke, until secretly entering the neutral port


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: of Vigo, Spain, and being resupplied by the interned German on 27 November. After leaving Vigo, "U-96" made for the Straits of Gibraltar, with orders to enter the Mediterranean. However, late on 30 November the U-boat was spotted by a Fairey Swordfish of 812 Naval Air Squadron and heavily damaged by two bombs dropped by the aircraft. Unable to reach her destination, "U-96" made for the port of Saint Nazaire. On the way she encountered the Spanish , which returned from South America, after delivering a group of Jewish refugees to the Dutch colony of Curaçao, when Brazil denied them entry. When "U-96"s torpedo missed, the ship was stopped and her papers checked.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On 6 December 1941, after 41 days at sea, "U-96" returned to Saint Nazaire, having sunk one ship of .


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The boat's eighth patrol saw success when she operated off the Canadian east coast. She sank "Lake Osweya" near Halifax on 20 February 1942. She was only from her target when the torpedo was launched.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: She sank "Torungen" off Nova Scotia on 22 February and attacked "Kars" later the same day. The latter ship broke in two following the torpedo's impact. The bow section quickly sank, but the stern section was beached and declared a total loss.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: For the ninth patrol, "U-96" left St. Nazaire on 23 April 1942 and returned 73 days later, on 1 July without attacking anything.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: On the tenth patrol, the boat damaged "F. J. Wolfe" on 10 September 1942 (although this ship was able to keep up with her convoy). "U-96" also sank "Sveve" on the same day, as well as "Elisabeth van Belgie". It also sank "Deläes" on the 11th.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: The boat's final operational patrol commenced with her departure from Saint Nazaire on 26 December 1942. Crossing the Atlantic for the last time, she then came back to the eastern side and after transferring a sick crew-member to on 3 January 1943, arrived at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on 8 February.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: She spent most of the rest of the war as a training vessel. She was decommissioned on 15 February 1945 in Wilhelmshaven.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: When US Eighth Air Force attacked Wilhelmshaven on 30 March 1945, "U-96" was sunk in Hipper basin. The remains of the U-boat were broken up after the war.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: During 1941, war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim joined "U-96" for her seventh patrol. His orders were to photograph and describe the U-boat in action for propaganda purposes. Over 5,000 photographs, most of them taken by Buchheim, survived the war. From his experiences, he wrote a short story, ""Die Eichenlaubfahrt" (The Oak-Leaves Patrol)" and a 1973 novel which was to become an international best-seller, "Das Boot (The Boat)," followed in 1976 by "U-Boot-Krieg (U-Boat War)," a nonfiction chronicle of the voyage.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: In 1981 Wolfgang Petersen created the critically acclaimed film "Das Boot" based on Buchheim's novel of the same name with several alterations to the plot and characters. Both the novel and the film had a much darker ending than in reality, where the U-boat returns to port only to be destroyed during an air raid with many of her crew killed or wounded. In reality, "U-96" survived war service, being decommissioned in February 1945 and converted into a training vessel. "U-96" was sunk one month later in March by Allied bombs. The same replica of "U-96" was used in Steven Spielberg's 1981 film "Raiders of the Lost Ark", but has the number "U-26", which in reality was a Type IA U-boat.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: In 2019, Deep Water Studio released the video game "UBOAT" in early access. "UBOAT" gives the player command of "U-96" during the Second World War.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: "U-96" is also featured as one of the five playable submarines in the video game "Wolfpack" released by Usurpator AP into early access in 2019.


title: German submarine U-96 (1940)

text: "U-96" conducted eleven patrols, sinking 27 ships totalling and damaging four others totalling . She also caused one vessel of to be declared a total loss.


title: BloodRayne

text: BloodRayne is a media franchise that originated with an action-adventure video game series originally developed by Terminal Reality and published by Majesco Entertainment which began with the game of the same name in 2002.


title: BloodRayne

text: The franchise focuses on Rayne, a dhampir working for the Brimstone Society, a secret fraternity of individuals who works to protect humanity from supernatural threats. Additional media has been developed for the franchise in the form of film adaptations and comics.


title: BloodRayne

text: A fourth game, titled "BloodRayne: The Shroud", was in development for the Nintendo 3DS. The game was put "on hold" due to "Betrayal's" low sales.


title: BloodRayne

text: In Summer 2020, Ziggurat Interactive bought the rights to the BloodRayne franchise and other titles from Majesco and intends to revive the series with Terminal Reality.


title: BloodRayne

text: Rayne, sometimes called Agent BloodRayne, is a fictional character in the series. She is the series' titular protagonist, appearing in both games and later extended media, such as comic books and films related to the series. In English she is voiced by Laura Bailey in "BloodRayne" and "BloodRayne 2" and Jessie Seely in "".


title: BloodRayne

text: Rayne is a human vampire hybrid called a dhampir, born 1915. Her human mother was raped by her vampire father, Kagan. Kagan later murdered her mother's entire family so that the only family member Rayne could turn to was him. Recognizing her dhampir nature as well as her skills at hunting vampires, she was recruited into the mysterious Brimstone Society via an invitation. The Brimstone Society sent her on missions to eliminate supernatural threats to the world, including those involving vampires as well as demons and unnatural apex predators.


title: BloodRayne

text: A film adaptation was released on January 6, 2006 starring Kristanna Loken as Rayne and Ben Kingsley as Kagan. The film is set in the 1800s and follows Rayne's quest to stop her father Kagan's nefarious schemes to slaughter mankind. The film was directed by Uwe Boll, who directed other video-game-to-movie adaptations including "House of the Dead" and "Alone in the Dark".


title: BloodRayne

text: The film was followed by two direct-to-DVD sequels starring Natassia Malthe; 2007's "" and 2011's "". In addition, Boll directed the parody film, "Blubberella", which was also released in 2011.


title: BloodRayne

text: Several "BloodRayne" comic books have been published by Digital Webbing. In addition, Rayne was the first video game character to appear topless in Playboy.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields is a district in the East End of London and within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The area is formed around Commercial Street (on the A1202 London Inner Ring Road) and includes the locale around Brick Lane, Christ Church, Toynbee Hall and Commercial Tavern. It has several markets, including Spitalfields Market, the historic Old Spitalfields Market, Brick Lane Market and Petticoat Lane Market. It was part of the ancient parish of Stepney in the county of Middlesex and was split off as a separate parish in 1729. Just outside the City of London, the parish became part of the Metropolitan Board of Works area in 1855 as part of the Whitechapel District. It formed part of the County of London from 1889 and was part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney from 1900. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1921.


title: Spitalfields

text: The name Spitalfields appears in the form "Spittellond" in 1399; as "The spitel Fyeld" on the "Woodcut" map of London of c.1561; and as "Spyttlefeildes", also in 1561. The land belonged to St Mary Spital, a priory or hospital (a lodging for travellers run by a religious order) erected on the east side of the Bishopsgate thoroughfare in 1197, from which its name is thought to derive ("spital" being a corruption of the word "hospital".) An alternative, and possibly earlier, name for the area was "Lolsworth".


title: Spitalfields

text: The area that is Spitalfields was covered with fields and nursery gardens until late in the 17th century when streets were laid out for Irish and Huguenot silk weavers. The Romans had a cemetery to the east of the Bishopsgate thoroughfare, which roughly follows the line of Ermine Street: the main highway to the north from Londinium. The cemetery was noticed by the antiquarian John Stow in 1576 and was the focus of a major archaeological excavation in the 1990s, following the redevelopment of Spitalfields Market. In 2013 lead isotope analysis of tooth enamel, by Dr Janet Montgomery of Durham University, led to the identification of the first person from Rome known to have been buried in Britain. She was a 25-year-old woman who was buried in a lead-lined stone sarcophagus, with unique jet and intricate glass grave goods, around the middle of the 4th century A.D.


title: Spitalfields

text: In 1197, a priory, "The New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopsgate", latterly known as St Mary Spital, founded by Walter Brunus and his wife Roisia, was built on the site of the cemetery. It was one of the biggest hospitals in medieval England and had a large medieval cemetery with a stone charnel house and mortuary chapel. The chapel has been uncovered by archaeologists and preserved for public viewing. The priory and hospital were dissolved in 1539 under Henry VIII. Although the chapel and monastic buildings were mostly demolished, the area of the inner precinct of the priory maintained an autonomous administrative status as the Liberty of Norton Folgate. The adjacent outer precincts, to the south, were re-used as an artillery ground and placed under the special jurisdiction of the Tower of London as one of its Tower liberties. Other parts of the priory area were used for residential purposes by London dwellers seeking a rural retreat and by the mid-17th century further development extended eastward into the erstwhile open farmland of the Spital Field.


title: Spitalfields

text: In 1729 Spitalfields was detached from the parish of Stepney becoming as a parish (with vestry) with two churches Christchurch Spitalfields and St Stephen's Spitalfields. The church of St Stephen Spitalfields was built in 1860 by public subscription but was demolished in 1930. The adjacent vicarage is all that remains. Spitalfields became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in 1900 and was abolished as a civil parish in 1921. It became part of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields' historic association with the silk industry was established by French Protestant (Huguenot) refugees who settled in the area after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. By settling outside the bounds of the City of London, they hoped to avoid the restrictive legislation of the City guilds. The Huguenots brought with them little, apart from their skills, and an Order in Council of 16 April 1687 raised £200,000 to relieve their poverty. In December 1687, the first report of the committee set up to administer the funds reported that 13,050 French refugees were settled in London, primarily around Spitalfields, but also in the nearby settlements of Bethnal Green, Shoreditch, Whitechapel and Mile End New Town.


title: Spitalfields

text: The late 17th and 18th centuries saw an estate of well-appointed terraced houses, built to accommodate the master weavers controlling the silk industry, and grand urban mansions built around the newly created Bishops Square which adjoins the short section of the main east–west street known as Spital Square. Christ Church, Spitalfields on Fournier Street, designed by the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor, was built during the reign of Queen Anne to demonstrate the power of the established church to the dissenting Huguenots, who had built ten chapels in the area. More humble weavers dwellings were congregated in the Tenterground. The Spitalfields Mathematical Society was established in 1717. In 1846, it merged with the Royal Astronomical Society.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields Market was established in 1638 when Charles I gave a licence for flesh, fowl and roots to be sold in what was then known as Spittle Fields. The market currently receives around 25,000 visitors every week.


title: Spitalfields

text: Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields and to raise funds for a permanent memorial to the Huguenots.


title: Spitalfields

text: From the 1730s Irish weavers came, after a decline in the Irish linen industry, to take up work in the silk trade. The 18th century saw periodic crises in the silk industry, brought on by imports of French silk – in a lull between the wars between the two rivals; and imports of printed calicos. The depression in the trade and the prices paid to weavers led to protests. In 1769, the Spitalfield riots occurred when attempts were made to disperse protest meetings by weavers during the downturn in the market for silk. The riots ended in an Irish and a Huguenot weaver being hanged in front of the Salmon and Ball public house at Bethnal Green.


title: Spitalfields

text: Price controls on amounts master weavers could pay journeymen for each piece were established, removing incentives to pay higher wages during good times. During bad times workers had no work. As the price was per piece, there was no incentive for using machinery, as the master would have to pay for the machine and still pay the same price per piece to journeymen. By 1822 labour rates were so above market labour rates, that much of the employment in silk manufacture had moved away. Remaining manufacture focussed on expensive fashion items, which required proximity to court and had higher margins.


title: Spitalfields

text: By the Victorian era, the silk industry had entered a long decline and the old merchant dwellings had degenerated into multi-occupied slums. Spitalfields became a by-word for urban deprivation, and, by 1832, concern about a London cholera epidemic led "The Poor Man's Guardian" (18 February 1832) to write of Spitalfields:


title: Spitalfields

text: The low houses are all huddled together in close and dark lanes and alleys, presenting at first sight an appearance of non-habitation, so dilapidated are the doors and windows:- in every room of the houses, whole families, parents, children and aged grandfathers swarm together.


title: Spitalfields

text: In 1860, a treaty with France allowed the import of cheaper French silks. This left the many weavers in Spitalfields, as well as neighbouring Bethnal Green and Shoreditch, unemployed and indigent. New trades such as furniture and boot making came to the area, and the large windowed Huguenot houses were found suitable for tailoring, attracting a new population of Jewish refugees drawn to live and work in the textile industry.


title: Spitalfields

text: By the later 19th century, inner Spitalfields became known as the worst criminal rookery in London and common lodging-houses in the Flower and Dean Street area were a focus for the activities of robbers and pimps. In 1881 Flower and Dean Street was described as being "perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the metropolis". Another claimant to the distinction of being the worst street in London was Dorset Street, which was highlighted by the brutal killing and mutilation of a young woman, Mary Jane Kelly, in her lodgings here by the serial killer, Jack the Ripper in the autumn of 1888. The murder was the climax of a series of murders that became known as the Whitechapel Murders. The renewed focus on the area's poverty helped prompt the decision to demolish some local slums in 1891–94. Deprivation continued and was brought to notice by social commentators such as Jack London in his "The People of the Abyss" (1903). He highlighted 'Itchy Park', next to Christ Church, Spitalfields, as a notorious rendezvous for homeless people.


title: Spitalfields

text: In the late 20th century the Jewish presence diminished and was replaced by an influx of Bangladeshi immigrants, who also worked in the local textile industry and made Brick Lane the curry capital of London. By 1981, at least 60% of households were of minority ethnic origin.


title: Spitalfields

text: Another development, from the 1960s onwards, has been a campaign to save the housing stock of old merchant terraces west of Brick Lane from demolition. Many have been conserved by the Spitalfields Historic Buildings Trust which has led to gentrification and a large increase in property prices.


title: Spitalfields

text: In the 21st century, large modern office blocks were built between Bishopsgate and Spitalfields Market. These represent an expansion of the City of London, northwards. A rear-guard action (contravailing planning policies) insisted on by conservationists resulted in the preservation of Old Spitalfields Market and the provision of shopping, leisure amenities and a plaza (urban square) beside the blocks. Permission was granted to demolish the Fruit and Wool exchange on the edge of old Spitalfields market to provide office buildings by developer Exemplar.


title: Spitalfields

text: Since 1998 the area has formed part of the "Spitalfields and Banglatown" electoral ward; the last name first arising in use in the late 20th century caused controversy between the cores of both neighboring communities but the unit boundaries less so, an effect of avoiding malapportionment, that is differing size of electorates. Communities widely accept the end of the Anglican parish-based naming.


title: Spitalfields

text: In 2014, the disused Shoreditch tube station was used as a "pop-up" cinema: in summer the auditorium was furnished with six-person hot tubs from which to watch the films while in winter the concept was "bring your own pillow" to use on bean bag style beds.


title: Spitalfields

text: In September 2015, a demonstration against gentrification in London took the form of a protest at Cereal Killer Cafe, a hipster café on Brick Lane which serves cereal.


title: Spitalfields

text: In April 2016 the London Borough of Tower Hamlets approved and designated the Spitalfields Neighbourhood Planning Forum to monitor and enhance local planning policies, this included the transfer of Brick Lane Market into Spitalfields from Bethnal Green.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields is part of the Spitalfields & Banglatown ward and has two councilors in the Tower Hamlets Borough Council, all are members of the Labour Party. They include Shad Chowdhury and Leema Qureshi. A small part of Sptitalfields however falls under the Weavers ward, which are also both members of the Labour Party, they are Abdul Mukit and John Pierce.


title: Spitalfields

text: The Spitalfields Neighbourhood Planning Forum is made up of local Spitalfields residents, business operators and community organisations who represent a range of interests in the Spitalfields, this allows local people to help shape neighbourhood planning policies and local services in their area.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields is in the constituency of Bethnal Green and Bow, represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Rushanara Ali of the Labour Party.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields has a very strong sense of local community, with the Spitalfields Community Group aiming to represent the people who both live and work, this is to build a better sense of community as well as improve the quality of life of its members and their neighbours in Spitalfields. and the Spitalfields Music who strengthen the local community through musical events. The Spitalfields Housing Association also works closely with residents by providing good quality community services. A community garden, Nomadic Community Gardens, is a social project based in an area once an area fenced off and overgrown and is popular among a diverse range of people such as locals without gardens, and is made up of found materials, street art, sculpture and allotments. Nomadic Community Gardens is a temporary project or "meanwhile use" run by a private limited company on behalf of the property developer Londonewcastle, which leases the site to the garden operator for a peppercorn rent and provided start-up funding. Londonewcastle gained planning consent for a development of "affordable housing, townhouses and apartments" on the site in November 2015. Construction on the Fleet Street Hill Project was intended to commence in 2016 but, as of June 2019, no work has begun on the site.


title: Spitalfields

text: Dennis Severs' House in Folgate Street is a "still-life drama" created by the Severs as an "historical imagination" of what life would have been like inside for a family of Huguenot silk weavers. In 2009, Raven Row, a non-profit contemporary art centre, opened to the public at 56 Artillery Lane. Constructed in a pair of 18th-century silk merchants' houses, onto which London practice 6a Architects added two contemporary galleries, it stands on the part of the street known until 1895 as Raven Row. Whitechapel Art Gallery is at the bottom of Brick Lane.


title: Spitalfields

text: Amongst the many well known artists living in Spitalfields are Gilbert and George, Ricardo Cinalli, Tracey Emin and Stuart Brisley. TV presenter, architecture expert and Georgian fanatic Dan Cruickshank was an active campaigner for Spitalfields, and continues to live in the area. Writer Jeanette Winterson turned a derelict Georgian house into an organic food shop, Verde's, as part of the Slow Food movement.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields figures in a number of works of literature, including "A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed" (performed 1610–14; printed 1632) by William Rowley, a dramatisation of the foundation of St Mary Spital; "The People of the Abyss" (1903), the journalistic memoir by Jack London; "Hawksmoor" (1985) by Peter Ackroyd; "Rodinsky's Room" (1999) by Iain Sinclair and Rachel Lichtenstein; "Brick Lane" (2003) by Monica Ali; and "The Quincunx" (1991) by Charles Palliser.


title: Spitalfields

text: 19th-century Spitalfields is the setting for the film "From Hell," a fictional retelling of the story of Jack the Ripper.


title: Spitalfields

text: In December 2009 an anonymous Spitalfields resident started a blog called "Spitalfields Life", writing under the pseudonym "The Gentle Author", and promising to post 10,000 daily essays. , the writer had posted over 4,000 articles about life in Spitalfields, and the surrounding areas within walking distance.


title: Spitalfields

text: The economic makeup of Spitalfields is primarily centred around its four marketplaces. Old Spitalfields Market is the main one where traders sell antiques, food and fashion items, while Petticoat Lane Market mainly sells general clothing.


title: Spitalfields

text: Spitalfields has no connection to the London Underground. Historically it had a station on the Great Eastern Main Line called Bishopsgate (Low Level) that opened on the 4 November 1872, but closed on 22 May 1916. Shoreditch tube station, the northern terminus of the East London Line, technically lay within the boundaries of Spitalfields, but principally served Shoreditch: it closed in 2006. Liverpool Street station (mainline and underground), Aldgate East (underground) and Shoreditch High Street (London Overground) are all in close proximity to Spitalfields.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Robert I (Italian: "Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria"; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the "Risorgimento". He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Born in Florence, Robert was the elder son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France. He succeeded his father to the ducal throne in 1854 upon the latter's assassination, when he was only six, while his mother stood as regent.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: When Robert was eleven years old, he was deposed, as Piedmontese troops annexed other Italian states, ultimately to form the Kingdom of Italy. Despite losing his throne, Robert and his family enjoyed considerable wealth, traveling in a private train of more than a dozen cars from his castles at Schwarzau am Steinfeld near Vienna, to Villa Pianore in northwest Italy, and the magnificent Château de Chambord in France.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: On 5 April 1869, while in exile in Rome, he married Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1849–1882), daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. She was his half first cousin once removed, as her father (Ferdinand II) and Robert's maternal grandmother (Princess Caroline Ferdinande of Bourbon-Two Sicilies) were half-siblings, both being children of Francis I of the Two Sicilies.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Maria Pia belonged to the deposed Royal Family of the Two Sicilies and was thus a Bourbon, like her husband. She bore him 12 children, many of whom had intellectual disabilities, before dying in childbirth:


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: After his first wife's death in childbirth, he remarried on 15 October 1884 to Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of the deposed King Miguel I of Portugal and his wife, Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Maria Antonia was his second cousin once removed, as her paternal grandmother (Charlotte of Spain) and Robert's paternal great-grandmother (Maria Luisa of Spain) were siblings, both being children of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Less than four months after Robert's death in November 1907, the Grand Marshal of the Austrian court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent (they had severe mental retardation), at the behest of his widow, Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was his son Elias, the youngest son of his first marriage and the only one of his sons by that marriage to beget children of his own. Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Although the eldest sons of Robert's second marriage, Sixte and Xavier, eventually sued their older half-brother Elias for trying to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune, they lost in the French courts, leaving the issue of Robert's second marriage with modest prospects. Some of his younger sons served in the Austrian armed forces.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if Duke Robert were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robert, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Robert is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a sub-branch of the House of Bourbon-Spain, itself originally a branch of the House of Bourbon, and thus of the Capetian dynasty and of the Robertians.


title: Robert I, Duke of Parma

text: Robert's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. It follows the Dukes of Parma as well as the Kings of Spain, France, and Navarre. The line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: Ocean Network Express Holdings, Ltd. (ONE) is a Japanese container transportation and shipping company jointly owned by the Japanese shipping Lines Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, and K Line. Launched in 2017 as a joint venture, ONE inherited the container shipping operations of its parent companies, corresponding to a combined fleet capacity of about 1.4 million TEU.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: ONE was founded in 2016 as a joint venture between Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK), Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (MOL), and K Line. The company was formed as part of a larger process of consolidation that was occurring in the container shipping industry at that time, affected by poor profits and surplus capacity. It merged the container shipping divisions of the three companies, forming the sixth-largest container shipping company in the world at that time. NYK controls a 38% stake of the joint venture, while MOL and K Line own 31% each.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: After starting corporate and sales activities in October 2017, the company began trading in April 2018, with headquarters in Japan, business operation headquarters in Singapore and regional headquarters in United Kingdom, United States, Hong Kong, and Brazil, and local offices in 90 countries.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 2 April 2018, "ONE Minato" (ordered by K Line, and originally named "Minato Bridge") was launched from Imabari Shipbuilding as trial. The vessel has a capacity of 14,000 TEU, and has been re-painted in magenta.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 15 May 2018, the first magenta painted vessel was delivered and added into the fleet. "ONE Commitment" (formerly known as "MOL Commitment", built in 2013), started her maiden voyage at Singapore and reached Yantian International Container Terminals in China. Sailing under Japanese flag, the vessel operates on THE Alliance PN2 service calling Japan, China, US and Canada with a total capacity of 8,560 TEU.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 12 June 2018, the newly built "ONE Stork" was delivered and launched from Hiroshima, Kure Shipyard in Japan. This vessel was originally intended as "NYK Stork", as part of the 8 Bird-class container ship sister ships, ordered and owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha, and chartered to ONE. The ship has a capacity of 14,000 TEUs and is magenta painted. The first deployment was instructed towards North America East Coast, after calling several loading ports in China, Hong Kong and Singapore.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 7 July 2018, "ONE Competence" made fast at the Port of Oakland. The vessel was built in 2008 as "MOL Competence", to carry over 8000 TEUs. She has recently been repainted in magenta, following the intended plan to rebrand over 240 vessels in the fleet.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: In December 2018, ONE and PSA International signed an agreement to form a joint venture at Pasir Panjang Terminal in Singapore to conduct container operations in the terminal, starting in the first half of 2019.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 30 November 2020, the container ship "ONE Apus" lost an estimated 1816 containers overboard during severe weather while traveling from Yantian in China to Long Beach, California, USA. Among these were 64 containers of dangerous goods. Removing collapsed containers from the deck took 3 months after the ship docked in Kobe, Japan.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: On 19 April 2021, ONE has announced the formation of a new Green Strategy Department, that will be involved in environmental sustainability projects, such as the successful trial of bio-fuel to power the "MOL Experience" container ship.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: ONE decided to paint all its newly launched ships and containers in a recognizable and eye-catching magenta shade. The magenta colour scheme was inspired by the cherry blossom trees, one of the national symbols of Japan, where the mother companies are located. Other owned ships will also be painted magenta.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: Along with Hapag-Lloyd, HMM Co. Ltd., and Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation, ONE is a member of THE Alliance. THE Alliance is a group of container shipping companies intended to provide 34 shipping services, directly calling at 81 different ports around the world on a monthly basis.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: At establishment, the fleet counted 240 container vessels, including 31 container ships with a capacity of around 14,000 TEU or higher, of which 6 have 20,000 TEU capacity.


title: Ocean Network Express

text: As a result of the merger, it also inherited container ship orders from its predecessors, with one ultra-large 20,000 TEU vessel and twelve 14,000 TEU vessels due to be delivered (the Millau Bridge-class container ships). A tonnage review was scheduled to happen within 18 months from the operations beginning, in order to be competitive on all services by using the most recent, technological and environment friendly ships available to be built.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Malcolm Xavier Smith (born July 5, 1989) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at USC. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLVIII after the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith attended William Howard Taft High School, where he was a letterman in football and track. In football, he was named to the Student Sports Sophomore All-American and Cal-Hi Sports All-State first-team as a 2004 sophomore when he had 800-plus yards of total offense and 8 touchdowns, plus 2 interceptions, as Taft won the L.A. City title. As a junior in 2005, he made Cal-Hi Sports All-State Underclass first-team, All-L.A. City first-team and Los Angeles Daily News All-Area first-team while making 41 tackles, 2 sacks and 1 fumble recovery, plus running for 639 yards on 73 carries (8.8 avg.) with 10 touchdowns and catching 27 passes for 411 yards (15.2 avg.) with 7 scores as Taft was the L.A. City runnerup. In his final year in 2006, he had 31 tackles, 10 sacks, and four fumble recoveries at linebacker and ran for 919 yards on 118 carries with 15 touchdowns as a running back, despite missing the first half of the season with a leg injury.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Also a standout track athlete, Smith competed as a sprinter for the Taft High track & field team. He qualified for the Los Angeles City Section T&F Championships in the 100m and 200m dashes. He recorded a personal-best time of 10.8 seconds in the 100-meter dash as a junior, and got a PR of 22.39 seconds in the 200-meter dash as a senior. He also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.45 seconds.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith received scholarship offers for football from Notre Dame, California, Arizona, Michigan, and Penn State.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) in order to play college football for the USC Trojans football team. As a true freshman in 2007, Smith played in all 13 games as a backup linebacker and special teams player. He finished the year with six tackles and a forced fumble.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: As a sophomore in 2008 he again spent time as a backup and on special teams. He finished the season with 18 tackles in 13 games. In the 2009 game against cross-town rival UCLA Bruins, Smith led the Trojan defense for a 28–7 win. Smith returned the first UCLA interception 62 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter. For his play, Smith was awarded the "Legend Nike Game Ball" for the National Defensive Player of the Week.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith entered the 2011 NFL Draft, but did not receive an invitation to perform at the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. On March 30, 2011, Smith attended USC's pro day and performed all of the combine and positional drills for team representatives and scouts. He also attended private meetings with the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears. Smith was projected to be a sixth or seventh round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Smith was ranked as the 29th best outside linebacker prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the 37th best outside linebacker by Scouts Inc.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: The Seattle Seahawks selected Smith in the seventh round (242nd overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. Smith was the 30th linebacker drafted in 2011 and reunited with Seattle Seahawks' head coach Pete Carroll. Carroll was Smith's head coach at USC from 2007–2009.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On July 28, 2011, the Seattle Seahawks signed Smith to a four-year, $2.08 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $45,900.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Throughout training camp, Smith competed to be a backup outside linebacker against K. J. Wright, Matt McCoy, and David Vobora. Head coach Pete Carroll named Smith the backup weakside linebacker to start the regular season, behind Leroy Hill.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Seattle Seahawks' season-opener at the San Francisco 49ers and made two combined tackles in their 33–17 loss. Smith made his first career regular season tackle on Ted Ginn Jr. and stopped him for a ten-yard loss during a punt return in the second quarter. On November 13, 2011, Smith collected a season-high four solo tackles, forced a fumble, and made his first career sack during a 22–17 victory against the Baltimore Ravens. Smith forced a fumble by David Reed that was recovered by teammate Atari Bigby and led to a last second field goal before the end of the second quarter. He also sacked Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco for an eight-yard loss in the fourth quarter. Smith was inactive for the last two games of the regular season (Weeks 16–17). He finished his rookie season in 2011 with 16 combined tackles (ten solo), a forced fumble, and a sack while appearing in 12 games with zero starts. Smith received an overall grade of 52.1 from Pro Football Focus in 2012.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: During training camp, Smith competed for a roster spot as a backup outside linebacker against Jameson Konz, Allen Bradford, Heath Farwell, Mike Morgan, and Kyle Knox. Defensive coordinator Gus Bradley retained Smith as a backup outside linebacker, behind Leroy Hill and K. J. Wright, to begin the regular season. On December 2, 2012, Smith made his first career start and replaced Leroy Hill who was inactive due to an ankle injury. He finished the Seahawks' 23–17 win at the Chicago Bears with two solo tackles. In Week 16, he collected a season-high five combined tackles during a 42–13 victory against the San Francisco 49ers. Smith completed the 2012 season with 22 combined tackles (12 solo) and two pass deflections in 16 games and three starts. Smith was limited to 166 defensive snaps (16%), but played 258 snaps on special teams (60%). Smith earned an overall grade of 77.0 from Pro Football Focus in 2012.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: The Seattle Seahawks finished second in the NFC West with an 11–5 record and earned a wildcard berth. On January 6, 2013, Smith appeared in his first career playoff game and recorded three solo tackles during the Seahawks' 24–14 win at the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made three solo tackles as the Seahawks lost the NFC Divisional Round 30–28 at the Atlanta Falcons.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith entered training camp slated as the starting weakside linebacker after the departure of Leroy Hill. Smith received competition from Korey Toomer, Bruce Irvin, Mike Morgan, and Allen Bradford. Head coach Pete Carroll officially named Smith and K. J. Wright the starting outside linebackers to start the season, along with middle linebacker Bobby Wagner.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: He started in the Seattle Seahawks' season-opener at the Carolina Panthers and made two solo tackles in their 12–7 victory. Smith was sidelined for the Seahawks' Week 3 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars due to a hamstring injury. On October 17, 2013, Smith collected a season-high nine combined tackles, a pass deflection, and a sack during a 34–22 win at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 7. The following week, Smith was surpassed on the depth chart by Bruce Irvin who was named the starting strongside linebacker in his place. Smith became the starting weakside linebacker in Week 15 after K. J. Wright sustained a fractured foot and was sidelined for the last three games of the regular season. On December 22, 2013, Smith recorded eight combined tackles, a pass deflection, and made his first career interception during a 17–10 loss to the Arizona Cardinals in Week 16. Smith intercepted a pass attempt by Cardinals' quarterback Carson Palmer, that was originally intended for running back Andre Ellington, and returned it for a 32-yard gain in the second quarter. In Week 17, Smith made five combined tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for his first career touchdown in a 27–9 win against the St. Louis Rams. He intercepted a pass by Kellen Clemens, that was originally thrown to tight end Lance Kendricks, and returned it for a 37-yard touchdown in the first quarter. Smith finished the 2013 season with 54 combined tackles (34 solo), four passes defensed, a forced fumble, one sack, an interception, and a touchdown in 15 games and eight starts. Smith completed the season with 480 defensive snaps (46%) and 228 snaps on special teams (51%). Pro Football Focus gave Smith an overall grade of 83.0 in 2013. His grade ranked 16th among the 56th qualifying linebackers in the league.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: The Seattle Seahawks finished first in the NFC West with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. On January 11, 2014, Smith started in his first career playoff game and made nine combined tackles during a 23–15 victory against the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 19, 2014, Smith made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and made an interception to seal the Seahawks' 23–17 victory against the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game. He intercepted a pass by quarterback Colin Kaepernick, that was intended for wide receiver Michael Crabtree. The pass was deflected by Richard Sherman and caught in the endzone for a touchback by Smith with the Seahawks up by six points with 30 seconds remaining.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On February 2, 2014, Smith recorded ten combined tackles (six solo), deflected a pass, recovered a fumble, and returned an interception for a touchdown in the Seahawks' 43–8 victory against the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII. Smith intercepted a pass by quarterback Peyton Manning, that was intended for running back Knowshon Moreno, and returned it for a 69-yard touchdown in the second quarter. He also recovered a fumble by wide receiver Demaryius Thomas in the third quarter after it was forced by teammate Byron Maxwell. His performance earned him the Super Bowl MVP award, making him the first defensive player to win the award since Dexter Jackson in Super Bowl XXXVII. Smith is one of seven defensive players to win Super Bowl MVP honors.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith returned to a reserve role in 2014 after the return of K. J. Wright from injury. Defensive coordinator Dan Quinn opted to retain Bruce Irvin, K. J. Wright and Bobby Wagner as the starting linebacker trio to start the regular season. In Week 7, Smith earned his first start of the season after Bobby Wagner was inactive for five games (Weeks 7–11) due to a turf toe injury. He finished the Seahawks' 28–26 loss at the St. Louis Rams with a season-high ten solo tackles. Smith was inactive for two games (Weeks 9–10) due to a groin injury. Smith finished the 2014 season with 38 combined tackles (28 solo), two forced fumbles, and a pass deflection in 14 games and five starts. Smith played predominantly on special teams and finished the season with 255 snaps (59%) on special teams and 273 snaps (27%) on defense. Pro Football Focus gave Smith an overall grade of 37.3, which marked the lowest grade of his career.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: The Seattle Seahawks finished first in the NFC West with a 12–4 record and secured a playoff berth. On January 18, 2015, the Seattle Seahawks played the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game after defeating the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional Round. Smith made two combined tackles as Seattle defeated the Packers 28-22. On February 1, 2015, Smith appeared in Super Bowl XLIX, but was held without a stat as the New England Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28–24.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On March 10, 2015, the Oakland Raiders signed Smith to a two-year, $7 million contract with $3.75 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2 million. Smith reunited with defensive coordinator Ken Norton Jr., who was his linebackers coach from 2007–2009 at USC and from 2010–2014 with the Seattle Seahawks.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Head coach and fellow USC alumnus Jack Del Rio named Smith the starting weakside linebacker to start the regular season, along with Ray-Ray Armstrong and starting middle linebacker Curtis Lofton. On October 25, 2015, Smith had a season-high 11 solo tackles, two pass deflections, a sack, and an interception in the Raiders' 37–29 victory at the San Diego Chargers. Smith intercepted a pass by quarterback Philip Rivers, that was originally intended for wide receiver Stevie Johnson, and returned it for a 27-yard gain during the Chargers' opening drive. In Week 16, Smith made a career-high 14 combined tackles (11 solo) during a 23–20 win against the San Diego Chargers. Smith started all 16 games in 2015 and made a career-high 122 combined tackles (99 solo), six passes defensed, and four sacks. He also had two forced fumbles and an interception. Smith earned an overall grade of 44.3 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked 60th among all qualifying linebackers in 2015.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Head coach Jack Del Rio retained Smith as the starting weakside linebacker to start 2016, along with Bruce Irvin and middle linebacker Ben Heeney. Smith was inactive for the Raiders' Week 5 win against the San Diego Chargers due to a quadriceps injury. In Week 11, Smith collected ten combined tackles (nine solo), made a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Brock Osweiler during a 27–20 victory against the Houston Texans in Mexico City. On January 1, 2017, Smith recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles (nine solo) as the Raiders lost 24–6 at the Denver Broncos in Week 17. He finished the 2016 season with 103 combined tackles (86 solo), three pass deflections, two forced fumbles, and an interception in 15 games and 15 starts. Smith's performance suffered in 2016 and he earned an overall grade of 46.3 from Pro Football Focus. His grade ranked 68th among 88 qualifying linebackers during the season.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On March 9, 2017, the San Francisco 49ers signed Smith to a five-year, $26.50 million contract with $11.50 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $7 million.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith entered training camp slated as the starting right outside linebacker, but saw competition from rookie first round pick Reuben Foster. On August 5, 2017, Smith injured his pectoral during a training camp practice held in Levi's Stadium. On August 7, 2017, the San Francisco 49ers officially placed Smith on injured reserve after an MRI determined he had suffered a torn pectoral muscle. He remained on injured reserve throughout the entire 2017 season.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: In 2018, he appeared in 12 games, tallying 35 tackles (22 solo) and one pass defensed. On August 27, 2019, Smith was released by the 49ers.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On October 22, 2019, Smith was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. He appeared in 2 games as a backup. He was released on November 5.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: On December 17, 2019, Smith was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys to provide depth because of injuries for the last 2 games, reuniting with his former defensive coordinator Kris Richard. He appeared in 2 games with one start, registering 5 tackles and one forced fumble.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith signed with the Cleveland Browns on August 23, 2020. In Week 3 against the Washington Football Team, Smith recorded his first interception as a Brown during the 34–20 win. This was Smith's first interception since 2016. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Browns on December 31, 2020, and activated on January 9, 2021.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith's brother Steve Smith also attended USC from 2003 to 2006 and played wide receiver for the New York Giants, Philadelphia Eagles, and the St. Louis Rams.


title: Malcolm Smith (American football)

text: Smith has achalasia, a rare disorder of esophagus which affects its ability to move food toward the stomach. It started to affect him around the time of the 2009 Rose Bowl, where he began losing a few pounds of body weight each week because food would get stuck in his esophagus and he would have to throw it up. The weight loss was a problem as Smith tried to keep his weight up to . Originally diagnosed as acid reflux, further tests revealed the problem as achalasia. Smith underwent a surgical procedure called a Heller myotomy which helped somewhat, but he still has dietary restrictions that force him to eat very slowly.


title: Archer (season 10)

text: The tenth season of the animated television series, "Archer", known as Archer: 1999, premiered on May 29, 2019, on FXX. It is also the final season for Adam Reed as a full-time show runner.


title: Archer (season 10)

text: FXX announced that this season would see a change in the time again, with this series taking place in space. Along with the change in the time, the network announced that the same voice cast would return as in previous seasons, and they would again play different versions of their characters. This means that Archer, who was found shot in actress Veronica Deane's pool after season seven, remains in a coma, and the events of the season are of his imagination.


title: Archer (season 10)

text: These different versions have similar personalities to their "normal" counterparts but are in different jobs or roles and have different relationships. The season's premise sees Archer as the hard-drinking half-captain (with Lana Kane as the other half-captain) of the spacefaring M/V "Seamus" salvage ship.


title: Archer (season 10)

text: Sterling Archer in his comatose dreaming imagines that he is the captain of the "M/V "Seamus" (934TXS)", a space salvage freighter, co-captaining with his ex-wife Lana, with whom he is co-owner of the ship. Krieger is the android scientist/doctor on board, while Cyril is the onboard accountant as well as Lana's lover, and Ray is a gay courtesan. Pam is a hulking grey alien, while Cheryl/Carole is a bloodthirsty/suicidal spacefighter pilot. "Mother", or Ms. Archer, is a glowing ball of light. The crew has the aesthetic of Ridley Scott's "Alien"'s space trucker crew.


title: Archer (season 10)

text: The crew have sci-fi space adventures with the usual hijinks. Amongst the recurring characters are Barry-6, a robot space-pirate, and human space-captain Brett. At the end of the season, Sterling wakes from his coma in the hospital, three years after being shot.


title: 2020–21 FC Bayern Munich season

text: The 2020–21 season was the 122nd season in the existence of FC Bayern Munich and the club's 56th consecutive season in the top flight of German football. In addition to the domestic league, Bayern Munich participated in this season's editions of the DFB-Pokal, the DFL-Supercup, the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup. The season covered the period from 24 August 2020 to 30 June 2021.


title: 2020–21 FC Bayern Munich season

text: As a result of winning last season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal, they qualified for this season's DFL-Supercup, which they won. Additionally, as a result of winning last season's UEFA Champions League, they qualified for both the UEFA Super Cup as well as the FIFA Club World Cup for this season and won both of those competitions as well. Collectively, winning all six competitions available in the 2020 calendar year, namely the 2019-2020 season's Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, and UEFA Champions League followed by the 2020-2021 season's DFL-Supercup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup was a feat known as the "sextuple" and this was one of only two times the feat had been accomplished in the history of European football.


title: Graveyard orbit

text: A graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a supersynchronous orbit well beyond geosynchronous orbit. Some satellites are moved into such orbits at the end of their operational life to reduce the probability of colliding with operational spacecraft and generating space debris.


title: Graveyard orbit

text: A graveyard orbit is used when the change in velocity required to perform a de-orbit maneuver is too large. De-orbiting a geostationary satellite requires a delta-v of about , whereas re-orbiting it to a graveyard orbit only requires about .


title: Graveyard orbit

text: For satellites in geostationary orbit and geosynchronous orbits, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred kilometers beyond the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit beyond geostationary orbit requires the same amount of fuel as a satellite needs for about three months of stationkeeping. It also requires a reliable attitude control during the transfer maneuver. While most satellite operators plan to perform such a maneuver at the end of their satellites' operational lives, through 2005 only about one-third succeeded. Given the economic value of the positions at geosynchronous altitude, unless premature spacecraft failure precludes it, satellites are moved to a graveyard orbit prior to decommissioning.


title: Graveyard orbit

text: According to the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) the minimum perigee altitude formula_1 beyond the geostationary orbit is:


title: Graveyard orbit

text: where formula_3 is the solar radiation pressure coefficient and formula_4 is the aspect area [m] to mass [kg] ratio of the satellite. This formula includes about 200 km for the GEO-protected zone to also permit orbit maneuvers in GEO without interference with the graveyard orbit. Another of tolerance must be allowed for the effects of gravitational perturbations (primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the solar radiation pressure, which depends on the physical parameters of the satellite.


title: Graveyard orbit

text: In order to obtain a license to provide telecommunications services in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002, to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life. U.S. government regulations require a boost, formula_5, of about .


title: Graveyard orbit

text: Uncontrolled objects in a near geostationary [Earth] orbit (GEO) exhibit a 53-year cycle of orbital inclination due to the interaction of the Earth's tilt with the lunar orbit. The orbital inclination varies ± 7.4°, at up to 0.8°pa.


title: Graveyard orbit

text: While the standard geosynchronous satellite graveyard orbit results in an expected orbital lifetime of millions of years, the increasing number of satellites, the launch of microsatellites, and the FCC approval of large megaconstellations of thousands of satellites for launch by 2022 necessitates new approaches for deorbiting to assure earlier removal of the objects once they have reached end-of-life. Contrary to GEO graveyard orbits requiring three months' worth of fuel (delta-V of 11 m/s) to reach, large satellite networks in LEO require orbits that passively decay into the Earth's atmosphere. For example, both OneWeb and SpaceX have committed to the FCC regulatory authorities that decommissioned satellites will decay to a lower orbita disposal orbitwhere the satellite orbital altitude would decay due to atmospheric drag and then naturally reenter the atmosphere and burn up within one year of end-of-life.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: The Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty (SAMDT), formally Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China, was a defense pact signed between the United States and the Republic of China (Taiwan) effective from 1955 to 1980. It was intended to defend the island of Taiwan from invasion by the People's Republic of China. Some of its content was carried over to the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 after the failure of the "Goldwater v Carter" lawsuit.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: In the context of Cold War confrontation between capitalist countries and communist countries worldwide, the SAMDT between the United States of America and the Republic of China was intended to secure the island of Taiwan from potential invasion by the People's Republic of China (Red China) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War on Mainland China.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: Rather than taking a multilateral approach to alliances and treaties in East Asia, as had been done in Europe with NATO, the U.S. decided on a bilateral approach with its Asian allies (Philippines, China (Republic of), Japan and South Korea), known as the San Francisco System or hubs-and-spokes system. Because the politics in Asia ranged from democratic to authoritarian, it would be difficult to find a base for multilateral relations stemming from shared values. Furthermore, the countries in Asia were not perceived to face a single threat, unlike western Europe from the Soviet Union. It was therefore considered more beneficial to pursue bilateral relations.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: The treaty supported the Republic of China in asserting legitimacy as the sole government of the whole of mainland China until the early 1970s. During the Cold War, the treaty also helped US policymakers to shape the policy of containment in East Asia together with South Korea and Japan against the potential spread of communism.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: The treaty consists of ten main articles. The content of the treaty included the provision that if one country came under attack, the other would aid and provide military support.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: The treaty was limited in application to the defense of the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores only. Kinmen and Matsu were not protected by this treaty. Therefore, the US stood aside during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. The treaty also discouraged the Republic of China from initiating any military action against mainland China, since only Taiwan and Pescadores were included and unilateral military actions not supported.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: From the viewpoint of US Senate, in conjunction with the ratification of the MDT, a report issued Feb. 8, 1955, by the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations specified: "It is the view of the committee that the coming into force of the present treaty will not modify or affect the existing legal status of Formosa and the Pescadores."


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: To avoid any possibility of misunderstanding on this aspect of the treaty, the committee decided it would be useful to include in this report the following statement:


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: "It is the understanding of the Senate that nothing in the treaty shall be construed as affecting or modifying the legal status or sovereignty of the territories to which it applies."


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: Although the treaty had no time limit, Article 10 of the treaty stipulated that either party can terminate the treaty one year after notifying the other party. Accordingly, the treaty came to an end on January 1st, 1980, one year after the United States established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on January 1st, 1979.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: The authority for President Jimmy Carter to unilaterally annul a treaty, in this case the SAMDT, was the topic of the Supreme Court case "Goldwater v. Carter" in which the court declined to rule on the legality of this action on jurisdictional grounds, thereby allowing it to proceed.


title: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: Shortly after the United States' recognition of the People's Republic of China, the U.S. Congress passed the Taiwan Relations Act. Some of the SAMDT's content survives in the Act; for example the definition of "Taiwan". However, it falls short of promising Taiwan direct military assistance in case of an invasion.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: A forward-swept wing is an aircraft wing configuration in which the quarter-chord line of the wing has a forward sweep. Typically, the leading edge also sweeps forward.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The forward-swept configuration has a number of characteristics which increase as the angle of sweep increases.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The rearward location of the main wing spar would lead to a more efficient interior arrangement with more usable space.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Air flowing over any swept wing tends to move spanwise towards the rearmost end of the wing. On a rearward-swept wing this is outwards towards the tip, while on a forward-swept wing it is inwards towards the root. As a result, the dangerous tip stall condition of a rearward-swept design becomes a safer and more controllable root stall on a forward-swept design. This allows full aileron control despite loss of lift, and also means that drag-inducing leading edge slots or other devices are not required.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: With the air flowing inwards, wingtip vortices and the accompanying drag are reduced. Instead, the fuselage acts as a very large wing fence and, since wings are generally larger at the root, this raises the maximum lift coefficient allowing a smaller wing.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: At transonic speeds, shockwaves build up first at the root rather than the tip, again helping ensure effective aileron control.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: One problem with the forward-swept design is that when a swept wing yaws sideways (moves about its horizontal axis), one wing retreats while the other advances. On a forward-swept design, this reduces the sweep of the rearward wing, increasing its drag and pushing it further back, increasing the amount of yaw and leading to directional instability. This can lead to a Dutch roll in reverse.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: One of the drawbacks of forward swept wings is the increased chance of divergence, an aeroelastic consequence of lift force on forward swept wings twisting the tip upwards under increased lift. On a forward-swept design, this causes a positive feedback loop that increases the angle of incidence at the tip, increasing lift and inducing further deflection, resulting in yet more lift and additional changes in wing shape. The effect of divergence increases with speed. The maximum safe speed below which this does not happen is the divergence speed of the aircraft.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Such an increase in tip lift under load causes the wing to tighten into turns and may result in a spiral dive from which recovery is not possible. In the worst case, the wing structure can be stressed to the point of failure.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: At large angles of sweep and high speeds, in order to build a structure stiff enough to resist deforming yet light enough to be practicable, advanced materials such as carbon fiber composites are required. Composites also allow aeroelastic tailoring by aligning fibers to influence the nature of deformation to a more favorable shape, impacting stall and other characteristics.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Any swept wing tends to be unstable in the stall, since the wing tips stalls first causing a pitch-up force worsening the stall and making recovery difficult. This effect is less significant with forward sweep because the rearward end carries greater lift and provides stability.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: However, if the aeroelastic bending is sufficient, it can counteract this tendency by increasing the angle of attack at the wing tips to such an extent that the tips stall first and one of the main characteristics of the design is lost, on a conventional wing the tips always stall first. Such a tip stall can be unpredictable, especially where one tip stalls before the other.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Composite materials allow aeroelastic tailoring, so that as the wing approaches the stall it twists as it bends, so as to reduce the angle of attack at the tips. This ensures that the stall occurs at the wing root, making it more predictable and allowing the ailerons to retain full control.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Belyaev, the author of the below mentioned DB-LK project, tested forward-swept wing gliders BP-2 and BP-3 in 1934 and 1935.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Forward-swept wings designs, some whose design had begun during the prewar period, were developed during the Second World War, independently in Germany, Russia, Japan, and the US.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: An early example to fly, in 1940, was the Belyayev DB-LK, a twin-boom design with forward-swept outer wing sections and backwards-swept tips. It reportedly flew well. Belyayev's proposed Babochka research aircraft was cancelled following the German invasion.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The American Cornelius Mallard flew on 18 August 1943. The Mallard was powered by a single engine, but it was followed by the Cornelius XFG-1 prototypes, which were flying fuel tanks, unpowered and designed for towing by larger aircraft. These Cornelius designs were unusual for being not only forward swept but also tailless.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Meanwhile in Germany, Hans Wocke was studying the problems of swept wings at the near-sonic speeds of which the new jet engines were capable. He recognised many of the advantages that forward sweep offered over the backwards-swept designs then being developed, and also understood the implications of aeroelastic bending and yaw instability.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: His first such design to fly was the Junkers Ju 287, on 16 August 1944. Flight tests on this and later variants confirmed the low-speed advantages but also soon revealed the expected problems, preventing high-speed trials. Wocke and the incomplete Ju 287 V3 prototype were captured and, in 1946, taken to Moscow where the aircraft was completed and flown the next year as the OKB-1 EF 131. The later OKB-1 EF 140 was essentially the same airframe re-engined with a pair of Mikulin-design Soviet jet engines of greater thrust.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: In 1948 the Soviet Union created the Tsybin LL-3. The prototype would subsequently have a great impact on the Sukhoi SYB-A, which was completed in 1982.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: When the German research reached the United States after the war, a number of proposals were put forward. These included the Convair XB-53 supersonic bomber and forward-swept variants of the North American P-51 Mustang, Bell X-1 rocket plane and Douglas D-558-I. The Bell proposal reached the wind tunnel testing stage, where the problems of aeroelasticity were confirmed.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The structural problems confirmed by the Ju 287 series and the Bell X-1 studies proved so severe that the materials available at the time could not make a wing strong and stiff enough without also making it too heavy to be practical. As a result, forward sweep for high-speed designs was abandoned, until many years later when new structural materials would become available.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Throughout World War II, numerous fighter, bomber, and other military aircraft can be described as having forward-swept wings, due to the average chord of their wings being forward-sweeping. However, these designs almost always utilized a rearward-swept leading edge, which would technically render them as high aspect ratio trapezoidal wings.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The Nakajima Ki-43 is notable for being the only successful fighter aircraft with a truly forward-swept wing, although the forward sweep of its leading edge is nearly unnoticeable.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Small amounts of sweep do not cause serious problems and even moderate forward sweep allows a significant aft movement of the main spar attachment point and carry-through structure.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: In 1954 Wocke returned to the German Democratic Republic, moving to West Germany shortly afterwards and joining Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) as their chief designer. In Hamburg, Wocke completed work on the HFB 320 Hansa Jet business jet which flew in 1964. The forward sweep enabled the main spar to be moved aft behind the cabin so that the spar did not need to project into the cabin.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Moderate forward sweep has been used for similar reasons in many designs, mainly sailplanes and light aircraft. Many high-wing training gliders with two seats in tandem have slightly forward-swept wings in order to enable the wing root to be located further aft to prevent the wing from obscuring the rear occupant's lateral visibility. Typical examples are the Schleicher ASK 13 and the Let Kunovice LET L-13 Blaník.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: In the late 1970s, DARPA began investigating the use of newer composite materials to avoid the problem of reduced divergence speed through aeroelastic tailoring. Fly-by-wire technology allowed for the design to be dynamically unstable and improved maneuverability. Grumman built two X-29 technology demonstrators, first flying in 1984, with forward swept wings and canards. Maneuverable at high angles of attack, the X-29 remained controllable at a 67° angle of attack.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: Advances in thrust vectoring technology and a shift in air combat tactics toward medium range missile engagements decreased the relevance of a highly agile fighter aircraft.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: In 1997, Sukhoi introduced the Su-47 fighter prototype at the Paris Air Show. It did not enter production, although it underwent a series of flight tests and performed at several air shows.


title: Forward-swept wing

text: The KB SAT SR-10 is a prototype Russian single-engine jet trainer aircraft, fitted with forward-swept wings. It first flew in 2015.


title: Kate Humble

text: Katherine Mary Humble (born 12 December 1968) is an English television presenter and narrator, mainly working for the BBC, specialising in wildlife and science programmes. Humble served as President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds from 2009 until 2013. She is an ambassador for the UK walking charity Living Streets.


title: Kate Humble

text: Born in Wimbledon, London, to IBM employee Nick Humble and Diana (née Carter), she is the granddaughter of Bill Humble, a well-known pre-Second World War aviator. She is also the great-great-great granddaughter of Joseph Humble, colliery manager of Hartley Colliery at the time of the Hartley Colliery disaster. She has a brother. She grew up in Bray in Berkshire and attended the Abbey School in Reading. She later said of her schooling:


title: Kate Humble

text: After leaving school she travelled through Africa from Cape Town to Cairo, doing various jobs including waitressing, driving safari trucks and working on a crocodile farm. She has returned to Africa many times since. In 1994, she travelled around Madagascar, the subject of her first article for "The Daily Telegraph" travel section. Since then she has written articles about diving and cycling in Cuba, an 'exploding' lake in Cameroon and hippopotamus conservation work in Ghana.


title: Kate Humble

text: In 1990, Humble appeared for the first time as an actress in a TV production, "", and was credited as "Lauren Heston … The redhead". She was the assistant to a casting director who was looking for an actress to play a brief nude scene, and she got the job herself.


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble started her television career as a researcher, later transferring to presenting programmes such as "Top Gear", "Tomorrow's World" and the 2001 series "The Holiday Programme – You call the shots" where the team travelled the world doing whatever viewers recommended using the then-novel media of text messaging and emailing the team as they travelled.


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble has specialised in presenting wildlife programmes, including "Animal Park", "Springwatch" and "Autumnwatch" with Bill Oddie, Simon King, Chris Packham and Martin Hughes-Games and later, "Wild in Africa" and "Seawatch".


title: Kate Humble

text: From 2000 to 2005, she presented a BBC series called "Rough Science", in which a number of scientists were set various challenges to be solved using basic tools and supplies.


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble presented "The Blue Planet Live!" on the 2008 UK tour at Wembley Arena, St David's Hall in Cardiff and at Symphony Hall in Birmingham.


title: Kate Humble

text: Her BBC television series, "The Hottest Place On Earth", is a record of a month spent living with the Afar people in Ethiopia's hostile Danakil Depression.


title: Kate Humble

text: She occasionally performs on the lecture circuit with a show based on her experiences with wildlife, titled "Harassed by Hippos and Battered by Cod: A Humble Way to Make a Living".


title: Kate Humble

text: She founded the web site "Stuff Your Rucksack" that helps organisations around the world find the items they need by matching them with travellers.


title: Kate Humble

text: On 29 July 2009, Humble was the subject for the programme "Who Do You Think You Are?" where she discovered that she had family connections to the Hartley Colliery disaster. Her paternal grandfather Bill Humble was a test pilot who tested the Hawker Tempest and her maternal grandfather Stan Carter was an officer in the RAF and after being shot down was held as a prisoner of war in Stalag Luft III at the time of "The Great Escape".


title: Kate Humble

text: In August 2009, Humble presented a series of programmes for the BBC in which she made a two thousand mile journey across the Middle East, following the ancient frankincense trade route of Arabia which first connected the Arab world with the West. The series culminates in her presenting frankincense, that she has carried throughout the journey, to be used in a Christmas service at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.


title: Kate Humble

text: On 3 October 2009, Humble was appointed President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. In 2013, Humble was succeeded as President of the RSPB by Miranda Krestovnikoff.


title: Kate Humble

text: In 2010, Humble described being on holiday in the north-eastern region of Afghanistan where there were no signs of conflict, but where the Wakhi people were expected to be hostile. Instead, Humble said they were "amongst the most astonishing, hospitable, warm, genuine people" she has ever met. They were also hard and tough, and Humble believes that "if anyone thinks they are going to win a war against an Afghan they are insane!" She is writing about her experiences in Afghanistan for a forthcoming publication.


title: Kate Humble

text: In February 2011, Humble presented a three-part series of programmes, "The Spice Trail", on the trail of six of the world's most valuable spices revealing their history, trade, mythology and usage.


title: Kate Humble

text: In March 2012, she co-presented with Dr Helen Czerski a three part BBC series, "Orbit". In July, Humble co-presented "Volcano Live" with Professor Iain Stewart.


title: Kate Humble

text: In 2017 Humble presented the BBC Two documentary series "Extreme Wives with Kate Humble". In the first episode she visited the Kuria people in Kenya and explored issues of polygamy and female genital mutilation. In the second episode she spoke to members of the Haredi orthodox Jewish community in Jerusalem. The third episode meets the matrilineal community of Shillong in the Indian state of Meghalaya.


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble's book, "Thinking on My Feet: The small joy of putting one foot in front of another," was shortlisted for the 2019 Wainwright Prize.


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble is married to the television producer Ludo Graham. They first met when she was aged 16, and married in Newbury, Berkshire, in 1992, when she was 23. In 2007, they moved from Chiswick, West London, to the village of Trellech in the Wye Valley, where they had wanted to live for "a very long time". Humble now owns her own farm after working on "Lambing Live". She has a sheep called Humble, named after her, that currently lives with her friend and colleague Adam Henson. Humble reacted to public criticism on ITV's "Lorraine" about her lack of intent to have children stating that "I don’t want them, I’ve never wanted them".


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble is a naturist who "likes to get closer to nature by being naked". About being naked, she says "There's something joyous about it, and I urge everyone to try it".


title: Kate Humble

text: Humble is an honorary graduate of the Open University. She is a beekeeper and a member of the British Beekeepers Association.


title: David Myatt

text: David Wulstan Myatt (born 1950) Additionally gone by the pseudonym Abdul al-Qari, is a British author, religious leader, far-right and Islamist militant, most notable for allegedly being the political and religious leader of the theistic Satanist organization Order of Nine Angles (ONA) from 1974 onwards. He is also the founder of Numinous Way and a former Muslim.


title: David Myatt

text: David Wulstan Myatt grew up in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), where his father worked as a civil servant for the British government, and later in the Far East, where he studied martial arts. He moved to England in 1967 to complete his schooling. He is reported to live in the Midlands


title: David Myatt

text: According to Jeffrey Kaplan, Myatt has undertaken "a global odyssey which took him on extended stays in the Middle East and East Asia, accompanied by studies of religions ranging from Christianity to Islam in the Western tradition and Taoism and Buddhism in the Eastern path. In the course of this Siddhartha-like search for truth, Myatt sampled the life of the monastery in both its Christian and Buddhist forms."