title: Qanun (instrument)

text: On the regular diatonically tuned qanun, "mandal" technology was first implemented, according to Turkish musicologist Rauf Yekta, some 30 years prior to his submission of his invited monograph on Turkish Music to the 1922 edition of Albert Lavignac's "Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire". Levantine qanuns, prior to that time, remained rather inflexible and cumbersome to perform on (especially as demanding modulations/transpositions came into vogue that were increasingly emulating Western tonality and key changes), requiring the player to use the fingernail of the thumb to depress on the leftmost ends of the courses to achieve on-the-fly intervallic alterations.


title: Qanun (instrument)

text: With the advent of electronic tuners some decades later, standardization of the placement of "reference mandals" on the qanun began. While Armenian kanuns now employ only equidistant half-tones and Arabic qanuns exact quarter-tones as a result, Turkish kanun-makers went so far as dividing the electroacoustically referenced equal-tempered semitone of 100 cents into 6 equal parts, yielding – for all intents and purposes – 72 equal divisions (or commas) of the octave pitch resolution. Not all pitches of 72-tone equal temperament are available on the Turkish kanun, however, since kanun-makers affix mandals that only accommodate modulations/transpositions popularly demanded by performers. This has subsequently led to the familiar interrupted and irregular pattern of mandals on the Turkish kanun becoming a visual guide for players, in facilitating modal and intonational navigation on an instrument which is ordinarily bereft of pitch markers. Some kanun-makers may also choose to divide the semitone distance from the nut of the lower registers into 7 parts instead for microtonal subtlety (and the highest registers, conversely, into 5 parts due to spacing constraints); but do so at the expense of octave equivalences. Despite the mentioned discrepancies, hundreds of mandal configurations are at the player's disposal when performing on an ordinary Turkish kanun.


title: Qanun (instrument)

text: On the other hand, the nowadays widespread application of equidistant 24-tones on Arabic and 72-tones on Turkish qanun models presents an ongoing source of controversy. This is particularly in regards to how adequate such Eurocentric octave divisions are in faithfully reproducing the traditionally or classically understood fluid pitches and inflexions of Arabic music or Ottoman classical music scales. Pitch measurement analyses of relevant audio recordings reveal that, equal temperaments based on bike-chained "multiples of twelve" are essentially not compatible with authentic Middle Eastern performances; substantiating the notion instruments strictly based on them would clash audibly with a justly tuned/intoned tanbur, oud, ney, or kemenche.


title: Qanun (instrument)

text: Alternate tuning approaches for the qanun thus also exist. Turkish music theorist Ozan Yarman has proposed, for example, an academical 79-tone temperament for the expression within tolerable error-margins of Maqamat / Makamlar / Dastgaha at all pitch levels, that was implemented by the renowned late luthier Ejder Güleç (1939–2014) on a Turkish kanun. Likewise, the late Swiss-French qānūn performer Julien Jalâl Ed-Dine Weiss (1953–2015), who was critical of the tuning deficiency of Eurocentric octave divisions in approximating just intervals, is known to have conceived, since 1990, a number of prototypes that were entirely based on low prime-limit or simple integer ratio Pythagorean and harmonic intervals; which were once again built, on instructions from Weiss, by Ejder Güleç.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In music theory, the half-diminished seventh chord (also known as a half-diminished chord or a minor seventh flat five chord) is a seventh chord composed of a root note, together with a minor third, a diminished fifth, and a minor seventh (1, 3, 5, 7). For example, the half-diminished seventh chord built on C, commonly written as Cm7(♭5), or C, has pitches C–E–G–B:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The half-diminished seventh chord exists in root position and in three inversions. Note that the first inversion shares identity with a chord on the minor sixth:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In diatonic harmony, the half-diminished seventh chord occurs naturally on the seventh scale degree of any major scale (for example, B in C major) and is thus a leading-tone seventh chord in the major mode. Similarly, the chord also occurs on the second degree of any natural minor scale (e.g., D in C minor). It has been described as a "considerable instability".


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The half-diminished seventh chord is frequently used in passages that convey heightened emotion. For example, the "mournful affect" of the sombre opening Chorus of J. S. Bach's "St Matthew Passion" features the chord on the tenth beat of its first measure:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In contrast, however, one of the most striking and best known examples of a half diminished seventh can be found in a piece that expresses joyful celebration, namely the chord that follows the fanfare at the start of the Wedding March from Mendelssohn's incidental music to "A Midsummer Night's Dream".


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: An instance of the power latent in this "quintessentially dramatic chord" can be found in the "shriek of despair" that launches the "torrent of fury" that is Chopin's Scherzo No. 1:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: Wagner frequently used the chord for dramatic and expressive effect. (The chord that opens "Tristan und Isolde" is the best known and most-discussed example.) However, in his final opera "Parsifal", the composer used the half-diminished seventh to colour a leitmotif that conveys how its hero develops as the story progresses. In the first Act, the music portrays Parsifal as vigorous, youthful and naïve. His leitmotif consists almost entirely of diatonic chords:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: "As the hero grows in wisdom, so his music develops." When Parsifal re-appears in the final act, set many years later, half-diminished chords permeate the leitmotif. The chromatic harmony here conveys "a deeply sad and resigned impression"


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In the opening section of his Fantasy-Overture, "Romeo and Juliet", Tchaikovsky follows a minor chord with a half-diminished chord to striking effect:


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: Gustav Mahler saw the opening movement of his Symphony No. 7 "as a tragic night without stars or moonlight." The low register of the half-diminished chord at the start appropriately conveys a dark, brooding character. A striking phrase on the tenor horn unfolds the chord as an arpeggio in the second bar.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In his book celebrating popular songs of the first half of the twentieth century, musicologist Allen Forte writes, "The half-diminished seventh chord is in many respects the star of the seventh chord harmonic cast. Many songs in the classic American popular song repertoire reserve it for their most intensely expressive moments." Forte cites as a particular example George Gershwin's use of the chord in his song "Embraceable You". Other examples in the popular song repertoire that use the half-diminished seventh chord include "From This Moment On" by Cole Porter, where the opening phrase of the melody unfolds the chord as an arpeggio and "Because" by the Beatles.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: Half-diminished seventh chords are often symbolized as a circle with a diagonal line through it, as in C or simply C. It also can be represented as m, −, m, "etc."


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The terms and symbols for this chord break expectations that derive from the usual system of chord nomenclature. Normally a symbol like "Bdim" indicates a diminished triad and "B" indicates a major triad plus a minor seventh. Thus, one would expect the term "Bdim" to indicate a diminished triad plus a minor seventh. Instead, it means a diminished triad plus a diminished seventh. To make this distinction clear, the term "half-diminished" and the symbol (ø) were invented. Since the term dim (as in Bdim) meant something else, the accurate but unwieldy term "minor seventh flat five" (as in B) came to be used.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: Jazz musicians typically consider the half-diminished chord (more commonly known as the minor seventh flat five chord, m75, among jazz musicians) as built from one of four scales: the seventh mode (the Locrian mode) of the major scale, the sixth mode of the melodic minor scale (the latter scale is nearly identical to the Locrian mode, except that it has a 9 rather than a 9, giving it a somewhat more consonant quality): or the second mode of the harmonic minor scale. Jazz teacher Barry Harris taught that bebop musicians would play a descending Dominant seventh (Mixolydian) scale with an added half-step to maintain all of the chord tones on the beat. For example, for the chords "D-7b5 G7b9 play down the Bb7 scale from its seventh to B" (B being the added half-step bebop note and the 3rd of the G7b9 chord). One reason this works is that the notes of the D-7b5 chord = D F Ab and C, which are also chord tones of Bb7(9) = Bb D F Ab C. This jazz scale is the only scale permutation that maintains the chords tones of both D-7b5 and its G7b9 on the beat. It is sometimes called a Phrygian dominant scale.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The "Tristan chord" is sometimes described as a half-diminished seventh chord; however, the term "Tristan chord" is typically reserved for a very specific harmonic function, especially determined by the chord voicing and sometimes even the way the chord is spelled.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The half-diminished seventh chord has three functions in contemporary harmony: predominant (also called "subdominant"), diminished, and dominant function.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The vast majority of its occurrences are on the II chord in the minor mode, where it takes a predominant function, leading naturally to the dominant V chord. Not including the root motion, there is only a one-note difference between a half-diminished seventh chord and a V chord with a flat ninth. Since it is built on the diatonic II chord of the minor scale, most of the time the II-V pattern resolves to a minor tonic (such as in the progression D – G – Cm), but there are also instances where there is a major tonic resolution.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: For example, over the first three bars of the Ciaccona movement of J.S. Bach's Violin Partita No. 2 in D minor, the tonic in the first measure progresses to the ii chord (in third inversion) for the first beat of the second measure, then to the dominant (a V in first inversion), and then back to the tonic in the third measure.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: Diminished chord function is rarer but still exists. Half-diminished chords can function in the same way as fully diminished chords, such as in the chord progression CM – Cdim – Dm, or Em – Edim – Dm, where the diminished chord serves as a chromatic passing chord preceding a chord with a diatonic root. A typical example of this is when IV progresses to IVm, such as in the Cole Porter song "Night and Day", where there is the progression F – Fm – Em – Edim – Dm – G – CM. If analyzed in its predominant function, it wouldn't sufficiently explain how it functions preceding the Fm chord.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: In dominant function, the VII half diminished chord, like its fully diminished counterpart, can take the place of the dominant V chord at a point of cadential motion. This chord, sometimes called a "leading-tone diminished seventh chord", is represented by the Roman numeral notation vii, the root of which is the leading-tone to the tonic. In the key of C, this is chord is B, as shown below.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: This generally occurs in a major key, since the flattening of the sixth degree in the natural minor scale renders a dominant diminished seventh chord "fully" diminished if played within the scale. Indeed, the VII half diminished chord in a major key is identical to a dominant ninth chord (a dominant seventh with a major ninth) with its root omitted.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The dominant function of the half-diminished seventh chord may also occur in a secondary dominant context, i.e., as part of a progression where the chord performs the dominant function with respect to the overall key's dominant chord. In this scenario, the half-diminished seventh chord is built on the tritone of the overall key and is equivalent to a secondary dominant seventh chord with added ninth and omitted root. If written with respect to the overall key, this chord is styled "iv," but in terms of its function in the progression, the styling "vii/V" is more descriptive.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: A variant of the supertonic seventh chord (ii) is the supertonic half-diminished seventh with the raised supertonic (ii), which is enharmonically equivalent to the lowered third (in C: D = E).


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The sharpened subdominant diminished triad with minor seventh chord is represented with the Roman numeral notation iv; the root of this chord is the raised subdominant (sharpened fourth). That root also serves as the leading tone to the dominant when used in the vii/V function described above; such a function is the diminished, secondary-dominant equivalent of a backdoor progression. For example, in the key of C major, the chord playing this role is F.


title: Half-diminished seventh chord

text: The half-diminished seventh chord may also be enharmonically interpreted as an augmented sixth chord. The minor seventh interval (between root and seventh degree, i.e.: { C B } in { C E G B } ) is enharmonically equivalent to an augmented sixth { C E G A }. Transposing this gives { A C D F }, a virtual minor version of the French augmented sixth chord. Like the typical augmented sixth chord, this enharmonic interpretation gives on a resolution irregular for the half-diminished seventh but regular for the augmented sixth chord, where the two voices at the enharmonic major second converge to unison or diverge to octave.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: Fernando Francisco Reges (born 25 July 1987), known simply as Fernando (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Sevilla as a defensive midfielder.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: He spent the longest spell of his career with Porto after signing in 2007, going on to appear in 237 competitive matches and win 12 major titles, including four Primeira Liga championships and the 2011 Europa League. He also played professionally in England, Turkey and Spain, winning the domestic league twice with Galatasaray, the 2016 League Cup with Manchester City and the 2020 Europa League with Sevilla.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: Fernando was born in Alto Paraíso de Goiás. In June 2007 he signed a five-year contract with FC Porto directly from the Série C, having started his career at Vila Nova Futebol Clube. However, he spent his first year in Portugal loaned to C.F. Estrela da Amadora, where he was first choice.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: In the 2008–09 season, having returned to Porto, Fernando was an ever-present midfield fixture alongside established Lucho González and Raul Meireles, as the northerners achieved a fourth consecutive Primeira Liga title. He continued to be a starter when healthy, appearing in 41 competitive games during the 2010–11 campaign (including two goals in nearly 3,000 minutes of action) as his team won the treble.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 9 February 2014, following an extensive negotiation that inclusively saw the player being suspended, Fernando renewed his contract with Porto until 2017.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 25 June 2014, Fernando completed a move to Manchester City for an undisclosed fee believed to be in the region of £12 million; upon arriving, he said: "I will give my all every time I play and I'm looking forward to many happy years in Manchester". He made his competitive debut on 10 August in the 2014 FA Community Shield, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–3 loss against Arsenal at Wembley Stadium. He first appeared in the Premier League a week later, in a 2–0 win away to Newcastle United.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: Fernando scored his first goal for City on 26 December 2014, contributing to a 3–1 away victory over West Bromwich Albion. He featured 90 minutes in the final of the League Cup on 28 February 2016, helping defeat Liverpool on penalties. On 4 May, he scored an own goal after 20 minutes of the UEFA Champions League semi-final fixture against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium – the first time the club coached by Manuel Pellegrini had reached that stage– in an eventual 1–0 loss (also on aggregate).


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: During his three-year spell at the City of Manchester Stadium, Fernando played 102 official matches and scored four times.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 4 August 2017, Fernando signed with Galatasaray SK on a three-year contract for an initial fee of €5.25 million; in a note published on the Turkish club's official website, it was confirmed that the payment would ascend based on the accomplishment of certain performance variables during his spell. He made his Süper Lig debut in the first fixture, playing 82 minutes in a 4–1 home defeat of Kayserispor. He made 26 competitive appearances during the season, scoring on 9 December in a 4–2 home victory against Akhisar Belediyespor and repeating the feat the following 29 April to help defeat reigning champions Beşiktaş J.K. 2–0 at home, a result which proved decisive for achieving the league title.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 12 July 2019, aged 32, Fernando joined Sevilla FC of the Spanish La Liga for a fee of €4.5 million, agreeing to a deal until 30 June 2022. He made his debut on 18 August in a 2–0 win at RCD Espanyol on the first day of the season, and scored his first league goal on 23 February 2020 in a 3–0 away victory over Getafe CF; he added another on 11 June in a 2–0 win against city rivals Real Betis. He made seven appearances in the team's successful campaign in the UEFA Europa League, including the 3–2 defeat of Inter Milan in the final in Cologne.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: In the final stretch of 2020–21, Fernando scored in wins at RC Celta de Vigo and Real Sociedad, as well as a draw away to Real Madrid, as Sevilla finished in fourth place. At the start of the following calendar year, with over 100 club appearances to his name, the 34-year-old added two more seasons to his contract.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: Fernando was in the Brazil under-20 squad at the 2007 South American Youth Championship, where he was sent off in the second round against Chile for assaulting referee Albert Duarte, as the nation went on to win the tournament in Paraguay. Subsequently, he received a one-year ban from CONMEBOL competitions for his actions and was not included for the following tournament in the category, the 2007 FIFA World Cup.


title: Fernando (footballer, born 1987)

text: In January 2013, Fernando declared: "Even if someone asked me to naturalize, I would refuse. My dream is to play for Brazil. I'm sure one day I will wear the "amarelinha"". However, in December, he became a Portuguese citizen, applying to FIFA in March 2014 to change his international allegiance to Portugal. Despite this, under article 8.1 of the governing body's statutes, he was only eligible to represent Brazil internationally as he previously played for that country at under-20 level and did not hold Portuguese citizenship at that time.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk, initially known as the Boeing T-X (later Boeing–Saab T-X), is an American/Swedish supersonic advanced jet trainer produced by Boeing in partnership with Saab. It was selected on 27 September 2018 by the United States Air Force (USAF) as the winner of the T-X program to replace the Northrop T-38 Talon as the service's advanced jet trainer.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The USAF's Air Education and Training Command (AETC) began developing the requirements for a replacement for the supersonic Northrop T-38 Talon as early as 2003. Originally, the replacement trainer was expected to enter service around 2020. A fatigue failure of a T-38C killed the two-person crew in 2008 and the USAF advanced the target date of initial operational capability (IOC) to 2017. In the Fiscal 2013 budget proposal, the USAF suggested delaying the initial operating capability to FY2020 with the contract award not expected before FY2016. Shrinking budgets and higher priority modernization projects pushed the IOC of the T-X program winner to "fiscal year 2023 or 2024". Although the program was left out of the FY 2014 budget entirely, the service still viewed the trainer as a priority.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: In cooperation with its Swedish aerospace partner, Saab, Boeing's submission to the competition was the Boeing T-X, a single-engine advanced jet trainer with a twin tail, tandem seating, and retractable tricycle landing gear. The submitted aircraft and demonstration models featured a General Electric F404 afterburning turbofan engine.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: Boeing revealed its aircraft to the public on 13 September 2016. The first T-X aircraft flew on 20 December 2016.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: On 27 September 2018, Boeing's design was officially announced as the USAF's new advanced jet trainer to replace the T-38 Talon. A total of 351 aircraft, 46 simulators, maintenance training and support are to be supplied at a program cost of up to US$9.2 billion. This contract has options for up to 475 airplanes in total.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: In May 2019, Saab announced that it would open a U.S. manufacturing facility for the T-X in Indiana in partnership with Purdue University.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: On 16 September 2019, the USAF officially named the aircraft the "T-7A Red Hawk" as a tribute to the Tuskegee Airmen, who painted their airplanes' tails red. It also pays homage to the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, one of the aircraft flown by the 99th Fighter Squadron, the U.S. Army Air Force's first black fighter squadron.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: Boeing intends to offer an armed version of the T-7 as replacement for aging Northrop F-5 and Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet fleets around the world.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The design officially entered series production in February 2021. In April 2021, Saab Group delivered one aft section of T-7A aircraft to the Boeing St. Louis plant. On 24 July 2021, Saab had delivered the second aft section to the Boeing St. Louis plant. Boeing will splice Saab's aft section with the front section, fins, wings and tail assembly to become a complete test aircraft for use in the EMD’s flight test program. On completion of the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase, Saab's brand new facility in West Lafayette, Indiana will serve as the manufacturing hub for the T-7A Red Hawk’s aft section and sub-systems such as hydraulics, fuel systems and secondary power. Saab has developed new software for the T-7 to help provide for cheaper and faster development. The T-7A employed digital engineering that went from development to the first test flight within 36 months. The T-7A has an advanced and digitized production line that takes only 30 minutes to splice the aft section with the wings. The digital build process allows technicians to build the aircraft with minimal tooling and drilling during the assembly process.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The T-7's design allows for future missions to be added, such as the aggressor and light attack/fighter roles. In the training environment, it has been specifically designed for high-G and high angle-of-attack maneuvers and night operations, with an emphasis on being easily maintained. The aircraft is equipped with a single GE F404 turbofan engine, one less than its twinjet predecessor, but produces three times the total thrust as the T-38.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: Boeing aims to sell over 2,700 Red Hawks globally. In addition to the U.S. Air Force, the company is also targeting Serbia and Australia as potential international customers.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is looking to replace 33 BAE Hawk Mk 127 Lead-in Fighter (LIF) jet trainers, which it first ordered in 1997. Boeing intends to participate in the tender of the RAAF’s LIFT program.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: Serbia is looking at the T-7A Red Hawk as one possible replacement for its G-4s and J-22 trainer aircraft.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: Moreover the F/T-7X, a variant of the T-7, is one of the contenders for the United States Air Force's Advanced Tactical Trainer program, with a possible 100 to 400 aircraft sale.


title: Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk

text: The T-7 is also one of the contenders for the United States Navy's Tactical Surrogate Aircraft program, with a possible sale of 64 aircraft.


title: Beady Eye

text: Beady Eye were an English rock band formed in London in 2009 by former Oasis members Liam Gallagher (vocals), Gem Archer (guitar), Andy Bell (guitar), and Chris Sharrock (drums). In 2013, former Kasabian guitarist Jay Mehler joined the band as a touring bassist. The band was created when Oasis' lead guitarist and primary songwriter Noel Gallagher quit in August 2009, after which the remaining members decided to rename themselves and continue making music.


title: Beady Eye

text: The band released two studio albums"Different Gear, Still Speeding" (2011) and "BE" (2013)both of which reached the top 5 on the UK Albums Chart, though they had only one UK top 40 single with "The Roller", which peaked at No. 31. They received some praise from Oasis fans, with "Q" claiming that their debut album was the best Liam had performed on since Oasis' "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?".


title: Beady Eye

text: Liam Gallagher announced in October 2014 that Beady Eye had disbanded. He would subsequently later embark upon a solo career, with Mehler as his session musician. Archer and Sharrock joined Noel's band, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, while Bell returned to his original band, Ride, following the band's reunion shortly after Beady Eye's dissolution.


title: Beady Eye

text: After Oasis abruptly split in August 2009, Liam Gallagher announced in November he and former Oasis band members had written new material as part of a new project, and could be gigging as early as a couple of months, and stated that "Oasis are done; this is something new". On 19 November 2009, Liam Gallagher announced that he would be recording an album with Gem Archer, Andy Bell, Chris Sharrock around Christmas time, with a possible release date in July 2010.


title: Beady Eye

text: He told MTV: "We've been demo-ing some songs that we've had for a bit. Just doing that, on the quiet, not making a big fuss about it. After Christmas we might go in the studio and record them and hopefully have an album out in July." He later said that the band would "do it in a different kind of way now. I'll try and reconnect with a new band, new songs, and I'm feeling confident about the songs." He was reported to be "feeling a million per cent confident that they could be better than Oasis."


title: Beady Eye

text: On 16 March 2010, Liam announced that his new band would be releasing their first single in October with an album to follow the next year. On 9 November 2010 Beady Eye released their first single "Bring the Light" as a free download.


title: Beady Eye

text: The band released "Bring the Light" as a promotional single on 15 November 2010, as a free download. A limited physical release followed, and charted at number sixty-one on the UK Singles Chart, topping the Indie and Rock charts. A second promotional single, "Four Letter Word", was released on 26 December 2010.


title: Beady Eye

text: "The Roller" was announced as the band's first commercial single, and preceded "Different Gear, Still Speeding" which was released on 28 February 2011. The album was recorded in London at RAK studios in Autumn 2010 and produced by Steve Lillywhite. The band then undertook a short promotional tour of the UK and Europe in March 2011. A second single, "Millionaire", was announced for 2 May. Following a performance at Brixton Academy, they released a cover of "Across the Universe", originally by The Beatles, as a download only single, with proceeds going to the British Red Cross Japan Tsunami Appeal.


title: Beady Eye

text: The third single from their debut album, "The Beat Goes On", was released on 18 July 2011 with a new B side, "In the Bubble with a Bullet".


title: Beady Eye

text: In July 2011, Beady Eye recorded the song "Blue Moon", which is sung by Manchester City fans during matches, in support of Manchester City's new 2011/12 kit. Gallagher said "I've been a City fan since I was a kid, so to be involved with the launch of a new kit is colossal. Manchester City fans are known for having a lot of style and the new shirt looks mega. I love the soundwave idea and the Mod-inspired collar looks proper smart. "Blue Moon" is a top tune and has been City's song for as long as I can remember. It's been covered by loads of people but the only good one until now was the one Elvis did. I hope the fans buzz off our version and sing along to it at the stadium".


title: Beady Eye

text: The band toured UK, Europe and America from March to December 2011, initially shying from playing Oasis songs, because Liam Gallagher wanted the band to "become known for what it is".


title: Beady Eye

text: On 28 June 2012, Beady Eye played at Warrington's Parr Hall in which they played two Oasis songs: "Morning Glory" and "Rock 'n' Roll Star". During the same gig, they also showcased a new song entitled "The World's Not Set in Stone".


title: Beady Eye

text: On 12 August 2012, Beady Eye performed Oasis classic "Wonderwall" at the London 2012 Olympics closing ceremony.


title: Beady Eye

text: After continued writing and sporadic recording in 2012, in November the band started recording the follow up to "Different Gear, Still Speeding" with musician and producer Dave Sitek.


title: Beady Eye

text: "Flick of the Finger", the first song from the band's new album debuted on Californian radio station KCRW on 5 April.


title: Beady Eye

text: On 10 April 2013, Liam Gallagher announced that Beady Eye's second album would be released on 10 June 2013 and would be titled "BE". The album was produced by Dave Sitek who has previously produced records for Yeah Yeah Yeahs, TV on the Radio and Jane's Addiction. The first single "Second Bite of the Apple" was released in May. The album charted at Number 2 in the UK on its release. The double A-side "Shine a Light" / "The World's Not Set in Stone" was released on 19 August.


title: Beady Eye

text: Beady Eye opened the Glastonbury Festival 2013 with an unbilled performance on the Other Stage on Friday 28 June, despite Liam previously claiming he would never return to the festival. Their August tour with dates including V Festival was cut short, due to a head injury sustained by guitarist Gem Archer at his home.


title: Beady Eye

text: On 18 October 2013, Beady Eye played at A Night For Jon Brookes, a tribute concert for Charlatans' former drummer, the late Jon Brookes. Former Oasis guitarist Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs joined the band in place of Archer, who reportedly was in the audience. Included in Beady Eye's set were covers of George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord" and Oasis' "Live Forever" and "Columbia."


title: Beady Eye

text: Their new double A-side "Iz Rite" / "Soul Love" was released on 25 November 2013. The band were set to play at Coachella Festival 2014 before canceling their appearance.


title: Beady Eye

text: On 25 October 2014, Liam Gallagher announced that Beady Eye had disbanded. His post on Twitter stated the band are "no longer" and thanked fans for their support. He would later embark upon a solo career, while Archer and Sharrock joined Noel's band, High Flying Birds, and Bell returned to his original band, Ride.


title: Beady Eye

text: In a 2018 interview, Liam blamed a lack of coverage for Beady Eye's disbandment, as well as the diminishing size of crowds and the second album's failure to gain popularity in the United States, resulting in the band not touring there. He stated that if their third album had not been successful they would have been "playing pubs".


title: Beady Eye

text: Beady Eye Records Ltd. was a record label set up by the band to release their material in the UK and Ireland, serving the same purpose as Big Brother Recordings did for Oasis. On 24 January 2011, it was announced that American indie label Dangerbird Records would release "Different Gear, Still Speeding" in North America on 1 March 2011.


title: Beady Eye

text: Beady Eye's debut album "Different Gear, Still Speeding" was shortlisted for XFM's New Music Award to find the best debut album from a British band in 2011. Their debut single "The Roller" was announced as the best selling vinyl single of 2011 in the UK. Follow up release "Millionaire" was the second best selling, and "The Beat Goes On" was fifth. The documentary "Start Anew? A Film About Liam Gallagher and Beady Eye" won the People's Choice Lovie Award, while "Shine A Light" was nominated for Q Awards' Best Video.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Queerplatonic relationships (QPR) and queerplatonic partnerships (QPP) are committed intimate relationships which are not romantic in nature. They may differ from usual close friendships by having more explicit commitment, validation, status, structure, and norms, similar to a conventional romantic relationship. The concept originates in aromantic and asexual spaces in the LGBT community. Like romantic relationships, queerplatonic relationships are sometimes said to involve a deeper and more profound emotional connection than typical friendship.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: C. J. DeLuzio Chasin defines QPRs as "non-romantic significant-other relationships of 'partner status'". Julie Sondra Decker writes that QPR often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic". She also notes that observers can misread it as a typical close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected. For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is 'queered' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Some definitions put less stress on the partner-status structure of QPR and focus more on the idea that it represents a stronger emotional connection than usual friendship. For instance, the College of William & Mary's neologism dictionary defines QPR as an "extremely close" relationship that is "beyond friendship" without being romantic, and sex therapist Stephanie Goerlich in "Psychology Today" similarly describes QPRs as a "deeper commitment than friendship but often are not romantic in nature".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: In asexual and aromantic online spaces, queerplatonic partners are sometimes nicknamed "zucchinis". LGBT news website PinkNews describes this as "a joke which refers to the lack of terminology to describe meaningful relationships outside of romantic or sexual partnerships." A platonic crush is called a "squish", and this term might also be applied to QPR.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: The term originates in the aromantic and asexual communities, and it was largely restricted to these spaces in the 2010s. "The Huffington Post" described it in 2014 as a "new label" coming from the same place as "aromantic" and "demisexual", the College of William & Mary's neologism dictionary observed in 2016 that it was only used in aromantic and asexual spaces, and Zach Schudson and Sari van Anders characterised it in 2019 as one of several "emergent gender and sexual identity discourses" appearing on LGBT social networking sites.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: However, from 2021, some popular websites aimed at general audiences began to discuss the concept, and the concept has been used (rather than merely discussed as a neologism) in some academic art and literature criticism.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Some authors observed in the 2020s that QPR is associated with polyamory. A 2021 qualitative analysis of the language used by people involved in polyamory gave the word "queerplatonic" as a typical example of the "complex" vocabulary often used by individuals involved in consensual non-monogamous relationships. Y. Gavriel Ansara, writing for an audience of relationship counsellors, also observes that the term is common among polyamorous people. A 2022 article in the women's magazine "Bustle" drew parallels between "queerplatonic life partnerships" and consensual non-monogamy, relating both to relationship anarchy and the shared principle that the participants "customize their commitments according to what the people in the relationship desire".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Schudson and van Anders (2019) and the 2022 "Bustle" article also assert that use of the term is driven by "young people", or millennials and Generation Z.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Sex therapist Stefani Goerlich claimed in 2021 that the concept was inspired by Boston marriages—formalized romantic friendships between wealthy women in late nineteenth century New England. She also characterized QPRs as "an ancient practice made popular again", and suggests that Ruth and Naomi in the Hebrew Bible might have had "one of the earliest recorded QPRs".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: In her reading of "Heat: Between You and Me", an early Omegaverse fan fiction, Milena Popova argues that two characters from different castes cohabitating as friends in a society where those from different castes are forbidden to interact non-sexually might be read as an "implicitly queerplatonic life partnership" that "flouts social expectations and transforms dominant sexual scripts".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Savie Luce challenges the conventional queer reading of Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman's "Two Friends", a story depicting a Boston marriage, which casts it in a "sexualized queer light" as depicting a sapphic relationship. She argues that through the lens of QPR and Ela Przybylo's concept of "asexual erotics", Freeman's protagonists can be read as erotic lesbian partners without the need to mischaracterise their relationship as sexual or romantic, which Luce regards as "erotonormative". She also presents QPR as a radical counter-narrative to the lesbian bed death trope, with asexuality "an additive quality rather than a deficit" in a queerplatonic partnership between women.


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Some authors have seen the concept of QPR as a reaction against an amatonormative hierarchy in which romantic relationships are regarded as more important than friendships. The author of the William & Mary neologism dictionary's entry on QPR opines that the desire to designate a close platonic attachment as a significant other rather than a best friend only exists because of the normative expectation that an individual should prioritize their partner over their friends—for them, QPR is only distinguished from friendship because the latter is not "considered a valid replacement for romantic love".


title: Queerplatonic relationship

text: Similarly, Roma De las Heras Gómez connects relationship anarchy's critique of the idea that a romantic relationship is necessary to "create a family that includes long-term partnership, cohabitation, joint economic responsibility, and potential child raising" to the folk categories used in "asexual communities and aromantic communities online", and though she does not directly mention QPR, she does use the phrase "queerplatonic relationships" as a keyword for the paper, suggesting that she sees QPR as similar to relationship-anarchist non-sexual cohabitation and co-parenting.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Wilbur Louis Ross Jr. (born November 28, 1937) is an American businessman who served as the 39th United States Secretary of Commerce from 2017 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, Ross was previously chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of WL Ross & Co from 2000 to 2017.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Before founding WL Ross & Co, Ross ran the bankruptcy restructuring practice at N M Rothschild & Sons in New York beginning in the late 1970s. In April 2000, Ross left Rothschild to found WL Ross & Co. Ross was a banker known for acquiring and restructuring failed companies in industries such as steel, coal, telecommunications, and textiles, later selling them for a profit after operations improved, a record that had earned him the moniker "King of Bankruptcy". Ross has been chairman or lead director of more than 100 companies operating in more than 20 countries.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Named by Bloomberg Markets as one of the 50 most influential people in global finance, Ross was previously an adviser to New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani on privatization, and was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the board of The U.S. Russia Investment Fund.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On November 30, 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Ross to become the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. On February 27, 2017, the Senate confirmed him in a 72–27 vote. He was sworn into office on February 28, 2017; at age 79, he was the oldest first-time Cabinet appointee in U.S. history.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross was born on November 28, 1937, in Weehawken, New Jersey, and grew up in nearby North Bergen, New Jersey. His father, Wilbur Louis Ross, was a lawyer who later became a judge, and his mother, Agnes (née O'Neill), of Irish descent, was valedictorian at Sacred Heart Academy in Hoboken and taught third grade in North Bergen for 40 years.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross attended Xavier High School, a Catholic school, and college-preparatory school in Manhattan. He ran track and was captain of the rifle team. He graduated in 1955. In 1959, he received a bachelor's degree from Yale College, his father's alma mater. At Yale, Ross edited one of the literary magazines and worked at the radio station. His dream was to be a writer. He enrolled in an English course that required writing a thousand words by 10 a.m. every day; after two weeks, he ran out of things to write about and dropped the course. His faculty adviser at Yale helped him get his first summer job on Wall Street. In 1961, he received a Master of Business Administration degree at Harvard Business School.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In 1963, he joined what became Wood, Struthers & Winthrop. There, he liquidated the portfolio of its venture capital affiliate.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: He then worked for Faulkner, Dawkins & Sullivan, an institutional securities research company, where he rose to become president of its investment banking operation. The firm was sold to what became Shearson Lehman.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In 1976, Ross began his 24-year employment with the New York City office of Rothschild & Co, where he ran the bankruptcy restructuring advisory practice. By 1998, Ross was involved in eight of the 25 biggest bankruptcies to date, including Drexel Burnham Lambert, Texaco, Public Service of New Hampshire (now Eversource Energy), and Eastern Air Lines.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In the 1980s, Donald Trump's three casinos in Atlantic City were under threat of foreclosure from lenders. Ross, who was then the senior managing director of Rothschild & Co, represented investors in the casino. Along with Carl Icahn, Ross convinced bondholders to strike a deal that allowed Trump to keep control of the casinos.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In November 1997, under Rothschild & Co, Ross started a $200 million fund to invest in distressed securities. In its first year, it earned a 15.2% return. In April 2000, just before the dot-com bubble burst, Ross founded WL Ross & Co and raised $450 million to buy the fund from Rothschild and make additional investments. By 2003, the fund had averaged a 30% return.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In February 2002, WL Ross & Co founded International Steel Group. He first agreed to buy the assets of bankrupt Ling-Temco-Vought for $325 million, paying $11 per ton of capacity when other firms were trading for $200 per ton of capacity. A few weeks later, George W. Bush slapped a 30% tariff on many types of imported steel. A year later, WL Ross & Co acquired the assets of bankrupt Bethlehem Steel. As part of the bankruptcy reorganizations, these companies shifted their huge pension liabilities to the government-backed Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In April 2005, WL Ross & Co sold International Steel Group to Mittal Steel Company for $4.5 billion, half in cash and half in stock, and made 12.5 times its original investment. Ross personally made a $260 million profit on his $3 million investment and gained a seat on the board of directors of Mittal Steel.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: After outbidding Warren Buffett, who offered $579 million, WL Ross & Co acquired Burlington Industries for $620 million and combined it with Cone Mills in 2004 to form International Textile Group.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In October 2006, Ross had International Textile Group acquire Safety Components International. Ross controlled both companies and in February 2014, Ross paid $81 million to settle a lawsuit brought by shareholders that Ross breached his fiduciary duty when structuring the merger. International Textile Group was acquired by private equity firm Platinum Equity in 2016.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: International Automotive Components Group was formed in 2006 by WL Ross & Co and investment funds managed by Franklin Templeton Investments. In 2006, the company acquired the European operations of Lear Corporation and in 2007, it acquired Lear's North American interiors operations. In 2005–2007, IAC purchased several divisions of Collins & Aikman. In September 2005, investors led by Ross invested $100 million in Oxford Automotive for 25% of the company. In 2006, Oxford merged with Wagon Automotive.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: WL Ross & Co founded International Coal Group in 2004 after acquiring the assets of several bankrupt coal companies. The United Mine Workers of America protested the reorganization as it led to changes in health care and pensions for the existing employees.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In 2006, the Sago Mine disaster, an explosion in a coal mine indirectly owned by International Coal Group, likely caused by a lightning strike, led to the deaths of 12 miners. The mine had 12 roof collapses in 2005, and U.S. Department of Labor data showed 208 citations for safety violations in that same period, including 21 times for build-up of toxic gases. Miners and their families accused Ross of ignoring safety violations. Ross defended his company's management of the mine.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: By January 2016, WL Ross & Co was the "biggest investor" in Navigator Gas, a liquefied gas shipping company.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In February 2017, "Forbes" reported that Ross has a net worth of $2.5 billion. Financial disclosure forms filed by Ross after his nomination as Commerce Secretary showed less than $700 million in assets, and Forbes later revised his net worth to $600 million.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In August 2018, "Forbes" reported that Ross's business partners and workers accused Ross of illicitly siphoning or stealing a total of $120 million.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In December 2017, a report by two Irish financial analysts, commissioned by Luke Ming Flanagan, an Irish member of the European Parliament, accused Ross of insider trading as part of a 2014 sale of shares in the Bank of Ireland by WL Ross & Co.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In August 2016, Ross agreed to reimburse investors $11.8 million and pay a fine of $2.3 million to settle a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission probe into the overcharging of fees by WL Ross & Co. The company had self-reported the issue and did not admit any liability.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On August 7, 2018, five former WL Ross & Co. employees and investors claimed the firm was charging its investors fees on money it had lost, including allegedly charging fees on one investment that was essentially worthless.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On November 30, 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Ross for Secretary of Commerce. On February 27, 2017, the Senate confirmed Ross in a 72–27 vote. Ross was sworn into office on February 28, 2017.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross took office at the age of 79, making him the oldest first-time Cabinet appointee in U.S. history. The previous record-holder was another Secretary of Commerce Philip Klutznick, who took office in 1980 at the age of 72.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In December 2016, after being designated by Trump as his nominee to lead the Commerce Department, Ross said in a speech to Cypriot financiers that Brexit was a "God-given opportunity" for other countries, such as Ireland and Germany, to draw business away from the United Kingdom's financial services industry. In 2017, Ross said that a trade deal with the UK was a low priority for the Trump administration; however, he outlined possible terms. No U.S. trade deal with the UK was concluded, although Ross and Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin stated in January 2020 that they hoped to have an "easy" agreement with the UK that year.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In September 2017, Ross traveled to Beijing as part of efforts to de-escalate the U.S.–China trade war. In February 2018, the Commerce Department recommended an increase of tariffs in aluminum and steel imports. On March 1, 2018, Trump implemented a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports. In September 2018, Ross said that the tariffs are meant to "modify China's behavior".


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In 2018, under Trump and Ross, the U.S. imposed tariffs on the import of steel and aluminum from the European Union, Canada, and Mexico. Ross dismissed concerns that the tariffs would increase costs to U.S. consumers, harm the U.S. economy, and damage relations with U.S. allies, saying that tariffs were "blips on the radar screen" and that the EU "will get over this in due course." He also dismissed concerns over EU retaliatory tariffs. In November 2019, Ross indicated that the Trump administration might now also impose tariffs on imports of automobiles from the EU; in January 2020, however, Ross said that the Trump administration might still impose tariffs on European cars despite ongoing trade talks. Also in January 2020, Ross threatened retaliation if the EU adopted a proposed carbon tax, comparing it to a proposed EU digital services tax, to which the administration has also threatened tariffs in response.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In January 2019, Ross was present with other American politicians when 23 criminal charges were announced against Huawei and its CFO Meng Wanzhou, including financial fraud, money laundering, conspiracy against the United States, industrial espionage, mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice and violation of sanctions against Iran. In July 2019, Ross stated that the United States will keep Huawei on its blacklist but will allow licensed sales.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In May 2017, Ross accompanied Trump on his first foreign visit, to Saudi Arabia, where Ross generated controversy after heralding the president's visit as a success due to a lack of protests, unaware that the Saudis had banned public protest and demonstrations since 2011.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: During the 2018–19 federal government shutdown, Ross was criticized as being out of touch with average American citizens after expressing bewilderment about why furloughed, unpaid workers and contractors would choose to visit food banks rather than apply for a personal loan.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In February 2019, Ross's financial disclosure was rejected by the Office of Government Ethics after he reported that he had sold bank stock when in fact he held on to them.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross failed to disclose a lawsuit from ex-business partner David Storper on his financial disclosure forms. Ross settled the lawsuit for $9 million after being subpoenaed for information that he did not want to disclose.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In June 2018, an investigation by "Forbes" found that Ross, while Secretary of Commerce, owned "stakes in companies co-owned by the Chinese government, a shipping firm tied to Vladimir Putin's inner circle, a Cypriot bank reportedly caught up in the Robert Mueller investigation, and that Ross had failed to divest his financial holdings, instead putting them in a trust for his family members, contradicting Ross's written statement in November 2017 that he had divested all his financial holdings. Ross may have broken the law in doing so. These holdings posed a conflict of interest for Ross, as the Trump administration was in a position to affect the value of the holdings.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross was confirmed by the Senate in February 2017 and he agreed to sell his stocks before the end of May 2017. In July 2018, it was reported that Ross divested from his stock in Invesco, originally worth between $10 million and $50 million, in December 2017. Between the end of May and the sale date in December, the value of Ross's holdings in Invesco increased by between approximately $1.2 million to $6 million, depending on the number of shares he owned, which was not disclosed. Ross said that he "mistakenly believed that all [his] previously held Invesco stock was sold". On July 13, 2018, after he received a letter from the government's top ethics watchdog warning of "potential for a serious criminal violation", Ross announced that he will sell all his remaining stock.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In October 2018, documents showed that Ross had participated in a meeting with executives from Chevron Corporation where they discussed oil and gas developments, tax reform and trade issues. Ross's wife owned a stake in Chevron worth at least $250,000 at the time.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In October 2020, it was reported that Ross had continued to serve on the board of a Chinese joint venture until January 2019 (which was nearly two years into his tenure as Secretary of Commerce); at the same time, the United States and China were engaged in a trade war.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: While Secretary of Commerce, Ross shorted at least five stocks. In June 2018, it was revealed that Ross shorted stock after he knew of an upcoming report with information that would adversely affect the company but before the story was published. Ross later closed out the position at a substantial profit after the story was published. Ethics experts said that the shorting was alarming given that federal office-holders are prohibited from profiting on nonpublic information. Ross denied that he had engaged in insider trading. Ross had shorted two additional stocks in June 2018 and two additional stocks in July 2018.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: As Secretary of Commerce, Ross oversaw the Census Bureau and the 2020 Census. In December 2018, he approved sending, in the form of a letter (which was originally drafted by Thomas Hofeller), a noted anti-immigrant political figure that was later copied by James Uthmeier into a memo, a request to the Department of Justice to add a question to the Census for the first time since the 1940s asking about the U.S. citizenship status of the members of the responding household. Specifically, Ross sought to amend the decennial Census to add the controversial question: "Is this person a citizen of the United States?"


title: Wilbur Ross

text: New York solicitor general Barbara Underwood led a lawsuit filed by 18 states and many cities to attempt to stop the Trump administration from adding a citizenship question on the 2020 Census. The Department of Justice supported the Department of Commerce. U.S. federal judge Jesse M. Furman ruled against the Department of Justice and Wilbur Ross, stating that if the trial is delayed the appeals process may not be done by summer 2019, the printing deadline of the census. Furman blocked the census question proposal on January 15, 2019, saying Ross had violated a "veritable smorgasbord" of federal rules, asserting Ross and his aides made false or misleading statements under oath and that he sought to add the question to the Census based on a pretext. The House of Representatives held Ross in contempt of Congress and accused Ross of lying about the citizenship question's origins. Specifically, Ross had testified under oath that the addition of the question was prompted by DOJ when in fact he had made the request via the Hofeller letter he had transmitted. It became known in July 2021 that the Justice Department inspector general had determined Ross had misled Congress, but the Trump Justice Department declined to prosecute him.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross and the Trump administration refused to comply with a congressional subpoena, issued by the House Oversight Committee, for documents regarding efforts to add a citizenship question to the 2020 Census. After Trump asserted executive privilege over the subpoenaed documents, the House Oversight Committee voted to hold Ross and Attorney General William Barr in criminal contempt of Congress, with the committee's chairman saying that Ross and Barr had "blatantly obstructed our ability to do congressional oversight." In June 2019, the House held Barr and Ross in contempt of Congress on a mostly party-line 230–198 vote; this was only the second time in U.S. history that a sitting Cabinet member was held in contempt. The vote signified an escalation of the House of Representatives' battles with the Trump White House over congressional oversight, but was largely symbolic as Trump's Justice Department did not act on the criminal citation.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On June 27, 2019, the Supreme Court, in "Department of Commerce v. New York", left the citizenship question blocked from the 2020 census, in part because of the government's explanation for why it was added. In the Supreme Court opinion, there was a significant mismatch between Secretary Ross's decision to add the question, and his stated reason that the question would support Department of Justice's Voter Rights Act.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In November 2017, leaked documents known as the Paradise Papers showed that, during his confirmation hearings, Ross had failed to clearly disclose a financial interest in Navigator Gas, a shipping company which transports petrochemicals for Russian gas and petrochemicals company Sibur. Ross had failed to clearly disclose ties to Russian interests during his confirmation hearings. While his confirmation was pending, Ross promised in a letter to the Office of Congressional Ethics to cut ties "with more than 80 financial entities in which he has interests". This letter played a key role in securing his confirmation. However, according to the leaked documents, while he did divest some holdings, he did not disclose the full extent of those he retained.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Speaking about his financial ties to Navigator, Ross said the media was making "a lot more out of it than it deserves" and "There is nothing wrong with it. The fact that it happens to be called a Russian company doesn't mean there is any evil in it." A spokesman for Ross stated that Ross has never met Shamalov, Timchenko or Mikhelson and that Ross "recuses himself from any matters focused of transoceanic shipping vessels, but has been generally supportive of the administration's sanctions of Russian and Venezuelan entities".


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In July 2019, "Politico" reported that the Commerce Department under Ross reached "new heights of distraction"; an outside source, as well as multiple senior staffers, described Ross as "seen as kind of irrelevant" and morale at the department as "very low because there's not a lot of confidence in the secretary." Ross allegedly left his department leaderless due to the large amounts of time spent in the White House trying to win support from President Trump. Also, Ross allegedly tends to fall asleep in meetings to the extent that senior staffers have avoided putting him in critical meetings where he could fall asleep. Reports of Ross's inability to stay awake have gone back as far as May 2017, where in a meeting in Riyadh with the Arab-Islam-American Summit during President Donald Trump's speech, Ross appeared to have been completely asleep.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On September 1, 2019, President Donald Trump made the incorrect claim that Hurricane Dorian presented a major threat to Alabama; minutes later the Birmingham, Alabama, branch of the National Weather Service (NWS) (which is under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which is part of the Commerce Department) reported that Alabama was not at risk. "The New York Times" reported that Ross had threatened, a few days late, to fire high-level NOAA staff unless the agency disavowed its contradiction of Trump's false claim, leading to a September 6 NOAA statement from an unidentified spokesperson endorsing Trump's position and declaring that the NWS Birmingham's contradiction of Trump was incorrect. The Commerce Department denied that Ross had threatened to fire "any NOAA staff over forecasting and public statements about Hurricane Dorian." Later reporting said that Ross had made the call from Greece, where he was traveling, after being told to "fix the problem" by acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney, reportedly on Trump's orders. The NOAA's disavowal prompted an outcry from scientists and others, who said that the agency's failure to back its hurricane forecasters damaged its credibility.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: A subsequent report by the National Academy of Public Administration, commissioned by NOAA, found that NOAA's leadership violated the agency's scientific integrity policy by releasing a statement backing Trump's false statement about Hurricane Dorian's path. The Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Commerce Department separately investigated the incident and concluded that the Commerce Department "ran a 'flawed process' that did not sufficiently engage NOAA and went against the interests of the agency and the National Weather Service." In a July 2020 letter to Ross, Inspector General Peggy Gustafson expressed "deep concern" that the department was blocking OIG from publicly releasing its report by asserting "amorphous and generalized privileges." The letter prompted Democratic Senator Maria Cantwell, the ranking member of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee, to call upon Ross to "immediately cease this campaign to keep the public in the dark." The House Science Committee also probed Ross's role in the issuance of the NOAA statement.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In a January 30, 2020, interview with Maria Bartiromo of Fox Business, when asked if the COVID-19 outbreak in China would threaten the U.S. economy, Ross said, "I think it will help to accelerate the return of jobs to North America ... I don't want to talk about a victory lap over a very unfortunate, very malignant disease ... the fact is, it does give business yet another thing to consider when they go through their review of their supply chain." The outbreak became a pandemic, and caused a major recession, with 10 million Americans filing unemployment claims and unemployment rising more than during the entirety of the Great Recession.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Due to delays and operation challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, Ross and U.S. Census Bureau director Steven Dillingham announced on April 13, 2020, that they would extend the timeframe for field data collection and self-response for the 2020 United States Census to October 31, 2020. However, on August 3, 2020, the Census Bureau announced that they were moving this deadline up to September 30, 2020. Community advocates and former Census Bureau employees expressed concern that this shortened timeframe would result in poor-quality data and a significant undercount that would disproportionately affect traditionally hard-to-count groups such as ethnic minorities, young adults, and people living in rural areas.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: On September 24, 2020, federal district court judge Lucy Koh issued a preliminary injunction against the plan to end counting on September 30 rather than the scheduled October 31, saying the Commerce Department "never articulated a satisfactory explanation." She also blocked a plan to deliver the count results to the White House by December 31, rather than the original April 2021 delivery date when Trump might be out of office. On the next business day, Ross announced the count would end October 5, as the administration appealed Koh's decision to the 9th circuit. Koh subsequently called the October 5 end date "a violation" of her court order and prepared to begin contempt proceedings against Ross and the Commerce Department. The appeals court rejected the administration's appeal, and the Census Bureau announced on October 2 that the count would continue until October 31. However, the counted ultimately ended at 11:59 PM on October 15 after the administration appealed to the Supreme Court, which issued a 7–1 ruling allowing the count to finish early.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In 1999, Ross was awarded the Order of Industrial Service Merit medal by South Korean president Kim Dae Jung for his assistance during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. He was awarded the American Irish Historical Society Gold Medal in 2014 in recognition of his work in Ireland and Irish-American causes. The Japanese government awarded Ross the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, in recognition of his service as Chairman of the Board of New York's Japan Society, his work to promote and strengthen the Japanese economy, and his relief efforts after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross is a past director of the Turnaround Management Association and member of its hall of fame. Ross has been the vice-chairman of the board of Bank of Cyprus, the largest bank in Cyprus, after he and his investors invested €400 million in the bank in 2014. As of January 2012, Ross was the leader (or "Grand Swipe") of the secret Wall Street fraternity, Kappa Beta Phi. Ross served on the board of trustees of the Brookings Institution. He is also on the board of advisors of Yale School of Management and is a former board member of the Yale University Art Gallery. He served as International Counsel Member of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, and President of the American Friends of the René Magritte Museum in Brussels. Ross has been on the board of directors of Navigator Gas since March 2012.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Although he was an early supporter of Donald Trump's presidential campaign, Ross was previously a registered Democrat, served as an officer of the New York State Democratic Committee, and held fundraisers for Democratic candidates at his apartment in New York City. He served under President Bill Clinton on the board of the U.S. Russia Investment Fund.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In January 1998, he funded $2.25 million in seed money into the campaign of his then-wife, Betsy McCaughey, who was seeking the Democratic nomination for Governor of New York. Since at least 2011, Ross has donated to Republican candidates and organizations.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In the 1990s, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani appointed Ross as his privatization advisor. He helped push to privatize the city's public broadcasting stations and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and worked to sell off empty land lots to businesses.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross has described himself as "pro-sensible trade" and said that the U.S. government "should provide access to our markets to those countries who play fair, play by the rules and give everybody a fair chance to compete. Those who do not should not get away with it – they should be punished." Initially in favor of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, Ross has said that after examining the agreement, he found it was "not consistent with what was advertised".


title: Wilbur Ross

text: At the 2018 World Economic Forum in Davos, Ross responded to concerns of a trade war by noting that "There have always been trade wars. The difference now is U.S. troops are now coming to the ramparts."


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross married Judith Nodine in 1961. They divorced in 1995. After the divorce, Nodine sued Ross for failing to transfer stock by the agreed-upon deadline and Ross counter-sued. They had two children, Jessica Colby Ross (b. 1962) and Amanda Colby Ross (b. 1965). Amanda attended the French Culinary Institute and founded a baking company, while Jessica worked for Sotheby's. In 1995, Ross married his second wife, Lieutenant Governor of New York Betsy McCaughey. They divorced in 2000. On October 9, 2004, Ross married his third wife, Hilary Geary Ross, a society writer for "Quest" magazine.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: In December 2016, while his Manhattan penthouse apartment at The Briarcliffe was on the market for $21 million, Ross purchased a 10,000 square foot house in the Massachusetts Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C., from Adrienne Arsht for $10,750,000. In 2018, he purchased a $3.2 million house in The Berkshires. He also owns two multimillion-dollar properties in Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Wilbur Ross

text: Ross owns an art collection valued at $150 million that includes pieces ranging from Western surrealists to contemporary Eastern sculptures. Ross owns 25 works by René Magritte, valued at $100 million, including some of the artist's most valuable paintings, such as "The Pilgrim".


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Jameel Sadik "Jim" Al-Khalili (; born 20 September 1962) is an Iraqi-British theoretical physicist, author and broadcaster. He is professor of theoretical physics and chair in the public engagement in science at the University of Surrey. He is a regular broadcaster and presenter of science programmes on BBC radio and television, and a frequent commentator about science in other British media.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: In 2014, Al-Khalili was named as a RISE (Recognising Inspirational Scientists and Engineers) leader by the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). He was President of Humanists UK between January 2013 and January 2016.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Al-Khalili was born in Baghdad in 1962. His father was an Iraqi Air Force engineer, and his English mother was a librarian. Al-Khalili settled permanently in the UK in 1979. After completing (and retaking) his A-levels over three years until 1982, he studied physics at the University of Surrey and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1986. He stayed on at Surrey to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy degree in nuclear reaction theory, which he obtained in 1989, rather than accepting a job offer from the National Physical Laboratory.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: In 1989, Al-Khalili was awarded a Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) postdoctoral fellowship at University College London, after which he returned to Surrey in 1991, first as a research assistant, then as a lecturer. In 1994, Al-Khalili was awarded an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Advanced Research Fellowship for five years, during which time he established himself as a leading expert on mathematical models of exotic atomic nuclei. He has published widely in his field.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Al-Khalili is a professor of physics at the University of Surrey, where he also holds a chair in the Public Engagement in Science. He has been a trustee (2006–2012) and vice president (2008–2011) of the British Science Association. He also held an EPSRC Senior Media Fellowship.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Al-Khalili was awarded the Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize for science communication for 2007 and elected an Honorary Fellow of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He has been a Fellow of the Institute of Physics since 2000, when he also received the Institute's Public Awareness of Physics Award. He has lectured widely both in the UK and around the world, particularly for the British Council. He is a member of the British Council Science and Engineering Advisory Group, a member of the Royal Society Equality and Diversity Panel, an external examiner for the Open University Department of Physics and Astronomy, a member of the Editorial Board for the open access Journal PMC Physics A, and Associate Editor of Advanced Science Letters. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee for the Cheltenham Science Festival.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: In 2007, he was a judge on the BBC Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction and has been a celebrity judge at the National Science & Engineering Competition Finals at The Big Bang Fair. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours. In 2013 he was awarded an Honorary Degree (DSc) from the University of London. Al-Khalili was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2018.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to science and public engagement in STEM.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: As a broadcaster, Al-Khalili is frequently on television and radio and also writes articles for the British press. In 2004, he co-presented the Channel 4 documentary "The Riddle of Einstein's Brain", produced by Icon Films. His big break as a presenter came in 2007 with "Atom", a three-part series on BBC Four about the history of our understanding of the atom and atomic physics. This was followed by a special archive edition of "Horizon", "The Big Bang".


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: In early 2009, Al-Khalili presented the BBC Four three-part series "Science and Islam" about the leap in scientific knowledge that took place in the Islamic world between the 8th and 14th centuries. He has contributed to programmes ranging from "Tomorrow's World", BBC Four's "Mind Games", "The South Bank Show" to BBC One's "Bang Goes the Theory". In October 2011, he began a programme on famous contemporary scientists on Radio Four, called "The Life Scientific". The first of this series featured his interview with Sir Paul Nurse. He has since interviewed a series of notable scientists, including Richard Dawkins, Alice Roberts, James Lovelock, Steven Pinker, Martin Rees, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Mark Walport and Tim Hunt, and he has himself been interviewed on the show by Adam Rutherford.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Al-Khalili hosts a regular "Jim meets..." interview series at the University of Surrey, which is published on the university's YouTube channel. Guests have included Sir David Attenborough, Lord (Robert) Winston, Professor Brian Cox and Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 2011, Al-Khalili hosted a three-part documentary series on BBC Four entitled "". In 2012, Al-Khalili presented a Horizon special on BBC 2, which examined the latest scientific developments in the quest to discover the Higgs Boson, with preliminary results from the Large Hadron Collider experiment at CERN suggesting that the elusive particle does indeed exist.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: Al-Khalili lives in Southsea, Portsmouth with his wife Julie. They have a son and daughter. Al-Khalili describes himself as an atheist and a humanist, remarking, "as the son of a Protestant Christian mother and a Shia Muslim father, I have nevertheless ended up without a religious bone in my body". Al-Khalili became Vice President of Humanists UK in 2016 after stepping down as its President. Al-Khalili is also Patron of Guildford-based educational, cultural and social community hub, The Guildford Institute.


title: Jim Al-Khalili

text: A list of Jim Al-Khalili's peer reviewed research papers can be found on Google Scholar and Scopus. His published books include:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: A free kick is a method of restarting play in association football. It is only awarded after an infringement of the laws by the opposing team.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The referee signals an indirect free kick by raising the arm vertically above the head; a direct free kick is signaled by extending the arm horizontally. A popular method for identifying the different signals is that, for indirect free kicks, the referee holds his hand above his head, creating the letter "I", for an indirect free kick.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The free kick is taken from the place where the infringement occurred, with the following exceptions:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The ball must be stationary and on the ground. Opponents must be at least from the ball until it is in play, unless they are on their own goal-line between the goal-posts. If the free kick is taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, opponents must be outside the penalty area.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: If the defending team forms a "wall" of three or more players, all attacking players must be at least from the wall until the ball is in play.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and clearly moves. The ball must be kicked (a goalkeeper may not pick up the ball). A free kick can be taken by lifting the ball with a foot or both feet simultaneously. It is legal to feint to take a free kick to confuse opponents. (This distinguishes the free kick from the penalty kick, where feinting is illegal once the run-up has been completed).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: A player may be penalised for an offside offence from a free-kick. This distinguishes the free-kick from most other methods of restarting the game, from which it is not possible for a player to commit an offside offence.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick against the opposing side. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick, and an own goal may not be scored directly from any free kick. If the ball goes directly into the opposing team's goal from an indirect free kick, a goal kick is awarded to the opposing team. If the ball goes directly into the kicking team's own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: When an indirect free kick has been awarded, the referee must maintain the vertically-raised arm until the kick has been taken and the ball touches another player, goes out of play, or it is clear that a goal cannot be scored directly. If the referee fails to signal that the free kick is indirect, and the ball goes directly into the opponents' goal, the kick must be retaken.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: If the ball is moving, or in the wrong place, the kick is retaken. A player who takes a free kick from the wrong position in order to force a retake, or who excessively delays the restart of play, is cautioned.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: If an opponent is less than from the spot where the kick is taken, the kick is re-taken unless the kicking team chooses to take a "quick free kick" before opponents have been able to retreat the required distance. An opponent also may be cautioned (yellow card) for failing to retreat , or for deliberately preventing a quick free kick from being taken.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: If the kicker touches the ball a second time before it has touched another player, an indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team, unless this second touch is an illegal handball offence, in which case a direct free kick or penalty kick is awarded.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: If an attacking player stands within of a "wall" of 3 or more defending players, an indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: A team may choose to take a "quick" free kick, that is, take the kick while opponents are within the minimum required distance. This is usually done for some tactical reason, such as surprising the defence or taking advantage of their poor positioning. The referee has full discretion on whether to allow a quick free kick, and all other rules on free kicks still apply. However, in taking a quick free kick the kicking team waives their entitlement to retake the kick if an opponent who was within intercepts the ball. Football governing bodies may provide further instruction to referees on administering quick free kicks; for example, the United States Soccer Federation advises that referees should not allow a quick free kick if a card is shown prior to the restart, if a trainer has to enter the field to attend to an injured player, if the kicking team requests enforcement of the rule, or if the referee needs to slow the pace of the match (e.g., to talk to a player).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Direct free kicks awarded near the opponent's goal can often lead to scoring opportunities, either from the kick itself or from an ensuing set piece. Accordingly, developing plays from free kicks are an important part of team strategy, and defending against them is an important skill for defenders.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: There are various techniques used with direct free kicks. The player taking the direct free kick may choose to strike the ball with as much force as possible, usually with the laces of the boot. Alternatively, players may attempt to curl the ball around the keeper or the wall, with the inside or outside the boot. Additionally, certain free-kick specialists will choose to kick the ball with minimal spin, making the ball behave unpredictably in the air (similar to the action of a knuckleball pitch in baseball). The kicker may also attempt to drive the shot under the wall formed by the opposition defenders using the inside of their boot in a passing manner. Free kick takers may also attempt to cross the ball to their centre-backs or strikers to get a header on goal, since they usually are the tallest members of the team, especially if the position of the free kick is close to the wings.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Most teams have one or two designated free kick takers, depending on the distance from goal and the side of the pitch from which the free kick is to be taken. The strategy may be to score a goal directly from the free kick, or to use the free kick as the beginning of a set piece leading towards a goal scoring opportunity.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The kicking team may have more than one player line up behind the ball, run up to the ball, and/or feint a kick in order to confuse or deceive the defence as to their intentions; this is usually legal as long as no other infringements occur.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Where there is a potential for a shot on goal to occur from a direct free kick, often the defending side will erect a "wall" of players standing side by side as a barrier to the shot. The number of players composing the wall varies based on distance and strategy. The wall is typically positioned to screen the area of the near side post, while the far side post is normally referred to as the primary responsibility of the goalkeeper, which is why the goalkeeper is often positioned further towards the far side post than the near side post after forming a wall.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Beginning in the 2020s teams often choose to deploy a player to lie behind the wall, to prevent the free kick taker kicking the ball below the wall when the defenders jump anticipating a kick over the top. Colloquially this role has become known as a 'draught excluder'. A kicker who has the skill to curl the ball around a wall is at a distinct advantage. Since 2000, referees at the highest levels of football have used vanishing spray to enforce the minimum required distance for the wall; referees without vanishing spray may indicate the minimum distance verbally and/or with hand gestures. In 2019, Law 13 was changed to require attacking players to maintain a minimum distance from a defensive "wall" until the ball is in play.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The following are the offences punishable by a free kick in the 2019 Laws of the Game. A free kick may be awarded only for an offence committed while the ball is in play, or at a restart of play. If an offence is committed in any other circumstance, the offending player may be punished with disciplinary action, but play restarts in the same manner it would have restarted without the offence.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The concept of a free kick—i.e., an opportunity to kick the ball without being challenged by opponents—is found in public school football games from the early nineteenth century. The three situations in which the free kick was typically found are:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The fair catch was the most common reason for a free kick in football codes of the early nineteenth-century. An early example is found in the testimony of Matthew Bloxam, in the famous passage where he attributes the innovation of "running with the ball" at Rugby School to the actions of William Webb Ellis in 1823:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The first published laws of football, those of Rugby School in 1845, confirm that a free kick was awarded for a catch:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Although the 1848 "Cambridge rules" described by Henry C. Malden in 1897 have not survived, Malden implies that they awarded a free kick for a fair catch. The 1856 Cambridge rules, which do survive, explicitly awarded such a free kick:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Other early codes awarding a free kick for a fair catch include Shrewsbury School (1855), Harrow School (1858), Sheffield FC (1858), Melbourne FC (1859), and Blackheath FC (1862). All these kicks, except for Sheffield's, permit a goal to be scored directly.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The free kick after a touch-down (also known as a "try at goal") is found at Rugby School from the mid 1830s. It is also found in Rugby-influenced codes, such as Marlborough College, and in the Cambridge Rules of 1863, which were drawn up by a committee including representatives from both Marlborough and Rugby.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The first Rugby School rules (1845) awarded a punt or a drop-kick to the opposition after a player took "a punt when he [was] not entitled to it". The 1846 revision of the Rugby School rules kept that rule, but added the provision that a goal could not be scored from such a drop-kick, giving an early example of an indirect free-kick. Other codes that used a free kick to punish an infringement of the rules included the Uppingham laws of 1857 (for offside), and the Melbourne FC laws of 1860 (for any offence).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The original laws of the Football Association, published in December 1863, awarded a free kick in two situations:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In both cases, the kick could be taken "in such manner as the kicker may think fit". This was interpreted as allowing a kick from hand (a punt or drop-kick), in addition to a place kick. In the first ever game played under Football Association rules, (Barnes v Richmond, 19 December 1863), Barnes FC attempted six such "tries at goal", but missed all of them.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: At the first revision of the FA laws, in 1866, the free kick was removed from the game. Reference to the fair catch disappeared from the laws (though catching was still permitted), while the touch down, rather than being rewarded with a free kick, became a tie-breaker to be used when an equal number of goals was scored by each team.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1867, Sheffield Football Club proposed to the FA that handling should be banned, with a free kick awarded as punishment for handball. Records of the FA's annual meeting do not indicate that this proposal received any formal discussion, and it was not adopted: however, a similar proposal "was" incorporated into the inaugural laws of the Sheffield Football Association later that same year.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1870, handling was completely banned in the FA laws, upon the basis of a proposal by Upton Park FC. Wanderers FC and Civil Service FC both suggested that handling should be punished with a throw-in to the opposition, but their proposals were not adopted.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1872, the free kick was reintroduced, on the basis of a proposal by Harrow Chequers F.C. It was awarded to punish illegal handling of the ball, and did not allow a goal to be scored directly. The 1872 laws neglected to define exactly how a free kick should be taken; this omission was made up in 1873, when it was specified that the ball must be on the ground, with opponents at least from the ball, unless behind their own goal-line. These restrictions were proposed by Clapton Pilgrims, and amended by Francis Marindin of Royal Engineers FC.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1913, the distance opponents were required to retreat was increased from to. In 1936, it was further specified that players could be less than away only if they were on the goal-line between the posts (rather than anywhere on the goal-line).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1965, opponents were required to remain outside the penalty area when a free kick was being taken from within the kicking team's penalty area. (A similar change had been made to the laws for the goal kick in 1948).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 2019, members of the team taking the free-kick were forbidden from standing within one metre of any "wall" made by the defensive team.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1887, it was specified that "[t]he ball must at least be rolled over before it shall be considered played". This requirement was made more precise in 1895: the ball "must make a complete circuit or travel the distance of its circumference" before being in play. In 1997, this requirement was eliminated: the ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved (and left the penalty area, if necessary; see below). In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1937, a free kick taken within the kicking team's own penalty area was required to leave the penalty area before being considered in play. This followed a parallel change in the goal-kick law the previous year. Both changes were reversed in 2019.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 2007, the laws specified that feinting, and lifting the ball with one or both feet, were both legitimate methods of taking a free kick.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1874, the player taking the free kick was forbidden from touching the ball again until it had been played by another player.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1891, the penalty kick was introduced, for certain offences committed within of the goal-line. The penalty kick permitted a goal to be scored directly (unlike the free kick, which was still exclusively indirect).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1903 the direct free-kick was reintroduced, for the same offences penalized by a penalty kick when committed in the penalty area.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1927, the laws were amended to prevent an own goal from being scored directly from any free kick (whether direct or indirect).


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1978, it was specified that a free-kick awarded to a team within its own goal-area could be taken from any point within that half of the goal-area in which the offence occurred. This change was made in order to remove any disadvantage that might come from being forced to take the kick from a "restricted position" near the goal-posts. In 1992, this provision was further widened to permit such a free-kick to be taken from any point within the goal-area. This change, which was proposed "to reduce time-wasting", was made in conjunction with a parallel change to the goal kick law.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1984, it was specified that an indirect free kick awarded for an offence within the opposing team's goal area should be taken at the closest point on the line. This change was made in order to avoid "crowding" and "jostling".


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1882, an indirect free kick was awarded to the opposing side if the player taking the free kick touched the ball twice.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1905, encroachment by the opposition at a free kick was also punished with an indirect free-kick. In 1938, this punishment was eliminated; it was specified instead that, in the event of encroachment, the referee "shall delay the taking of the kick until the Law is complied with".


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1937, it was specified that if a free kick taken from within the kicking side's penalty area did not leave the penalty area, it should be retaken. This requirement was removed in 2019.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 2019, the laws were modified to state that, if a team-mate of the kicker was closer than one metre to a "wall" formed by the defending team, an indirect free-kick should be awarded.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The laws of football have always permitted an offside offence to be committed from a free kick. The free kick contrasts, in this respect, with other restarts of play such as the goal kick, corner kick, and throw-in.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: An unsuccessful proposal to remove the possibility of being offside from a direct free-kick was made in 1929. Similar proposals to prevent offside offences from any free-kick were advanced in 1974 and 1986, each time without success. In 1987, the Football Association (FA) obtained the permission of IFAB to test such a rule in the 1987-88 GM Vauxhall Conference. At the next annual meeting, the FA reported to IFAB that the experiment had, as predicted, "assisted further the non-offending team and also generated more action near goal, resulting in greater excitement for players and spectators"; it nevertheless withdrew the proposal.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: As mentioned above, the free kick was revived in 1872 to punish illegal handling (by the goalkeeper or any other player). In 1903, when the direct free kick was reintroduced, it was used to punish handball: technical handling offences by the goalkeeper continued to be punished by an indirect free kick.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1874, the use of the free kick was extended to cover offences resulting from foul play. Since 1903, when the direct free kick was reintroduced, most forms of foul play have been punished by a direct free kick. The exceptions, punished by an indirect free kick, are listed below:


title: Free kick (association football)

text: Since 1907, an indirect free kick has been awarded whenever play is stopped to send off a player (unless the laws called for a direct free kick or penalty kick). In 1934, this principle was extended to cautions.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: From 1967 to 2000, there was a separate offence of timewasting by the goalkeeper, punishable by an indirect free kick.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: In 1882, an indirect free-kick was awarded for a double touch at a free kick, throw-in, goal kick, or kick-off. In 1901, this was extended to a double touch at a penalty kick.


title: Free kick (association football)

text: The indirect free-kick was also awarded for a foul throw from 1882. In 1931, this remedy was changed to a throw-in to the opposition.


title: Brainwashed (George Harrison album)

text: Brainwashed is the twelfth and final studio album by English rock musician George Harrison. It was released posthumously on 18 November 2002, almost a year after his death at age 58, and 15 years after his previous studio album, "Cloud Nine". Recordings began over a decade before Harrison's death but were repeatedly delayed. The album's overdubs were completed by his son Dhani, session drummer Jim Keltner, and longtime friend and collaborator Jeff Lynne.


title: Brainwashed (George Harrison album)

text: "Brainwashed" reached the top 30 in the UK and the top 20 in the US, and received mostly favourable reviews. The album includes the singles "Stuck Inside a Cloud" and "Any Road". The instrumental "Marwa Blues" went on to receive the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, while "Any Road" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.