title: Deptford

text: Deptford is an area on the south bank of the River Thames in southeast London, within the London Borough of Lewisham. It is named after a ford of the River Ravensbourne. From the mid 16th century to the late 19th it was home to Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Dockyards. This was a major shipbuilding dock and attracted Peter the Great to come and study shipbuilding. Deptford and the docks are associated with the knighting of Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the "Golden Hind", the legend of Sir Walter Raleigh laying down his cape for Elizabeth, Captain James Cook's third voyage aboard HMS "Resolution", and the mysterious apparent murder of Christopher Marlowe in a house along Deptford Strand.


title: Deptford

text: Though Deptford began as two small communities, one at the ford, and the other a fishing village on the Thames, Deptford's history and population has been mainly associated with the docks established by Henry VIII. The two communities grew together and flourished during the period when the docks were the main administrative centre of the Royal Navy, and some grand houses like Sayes Court, home to diarist John Evelyn, and Stone House on Lewisham Way, were erected. The area declined as first the Royal Navy moved out, and then the commercial docks themselves declined until the last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in 2000.


title: Deptford

text: A Metropolitan Borough of Deptford existed from 1900 until 1965, when the area became part of the newly created London Borough of Lewisham.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford took its name from a ford across the Ravensbourne (near what is now Deptford Bridge DLR station) along the route of the Celtic trackway which was later paved by the Romans and developed into the medieval Watling Street. The modern name is a corruption of "deep ford".


title: Deptford

text: Deptford was part of the pilgrimage route from London to Canterbury used by the pilgrims in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", and is mentioned in the prologue to "The Reeve's Tale". The ford developed into first a wooden then a stone bridge, and in 1497 saw the Battle of Deptford Bridge, in which rebels from Cornwall, led by Michael An Gof, marched on London protesting against punitive taxes, but were soundly beaten by the King's forces.


title: Deptford

text: A second settlement, Deptford Strand, developed as a modest fishing village on the Thames until Henry VIII used that site for a royal dock repairing, building and supplying ships, after which it grew in size and importance, shipbuilding remaining in operation until March 1869.


title: Deptford

text: Trinity House, the organisation concerned with the safety of navigation around the British Isles, was formed in Deptford in 1514, with its first Master being Thomas Spert, captain of the Mary Rose. It moved to Stepney in 1618. The name "Trinity House" derives from the church of Holy Trinity and St Clement, which adjoined the dockyard.


title: Deptford

text: Originally separated by market gardens and fields, the two areas merged over the years, with the docks becoming an important part of the Elizabethan exploration. Queen Elizabeth I visited the royal dockyard on 4 April 1581 to knight the adventurer Francis Drake. As well as for exploration, Deptford was important for trade – the Honourable East India Company had a yard in Deptford from 1607 until late in the 17th century, later (1825) taken over by the General Steam Navigation Company. It was also connected with the slave trade, John Hawkins using it as a base for his operations, and Olaudah Equiano, the slave who became an important part of the abolition of the slave trade, was sold from one ship's captain to another in Deptford around 1760.


title: Deptford

text: Diarist John Evelyn lived in Deptford at Sayes Court, the manor house of Deptford, from 1652 after he had married the daughter of the owner of the house, Sir Richard Browne. After the Restoration, Evelyn obtained a 99-year lease of the house and grounds, and laid out meticulously planned gardens in the French style, of hedges and parterres. In its grounds was a cottage at one time rented by master woodcarver Grinling Gibbons. After Evelyn had moved to Surrey in 1694, Peter the Great, the Russian tsar, studied shipbuilding for three months in 1698 while staying at Sayes Court. Evelyn was angered at the antics of the tsar, who got drunk with his friends who, using a wheelbarrow with Peter in it, rammed their way through a "fine holly hedge". Sayes Court was demolished in 1728-9 and a workhouse built on its site. Part of the estates around Sayes Court were purchased in 1742 for the building of the Navy Victualling Yard, which was renamed the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard in 1858 after a visit by Queen Victoria. This massive facility included warehouses, a bakery, a cattleyard/abattoir and sugar stores, and closed in 1961. All that remains is the name of Sayes Court Park, accessed from Sayes Court Street off Evelyn Street, not far from Deptford High Street. The Pepys Estate, opened on 13 July 1966, is on the former grounds of the Victualling Yard.


title: Deptford

text: The Docks had been gradually declining from the 18th century; the larger ships being built found The Thames difficult to navigate, and Deptford was under competition from the new docks at Plymouth, Portsmouth and Chatham. When the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 the need for a Docks to build and repair warships declined; the Docks shifted from shipbuilding to concentrate on victualling at the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard, and the Royal Dock closed in 1869. From 1871 until 1913 the shipyard site was the City of London Corporation's Foreign Cattle Market, to which live animals were brought by cattle boat from four continents and from whence came about half of London's meat supply.


title: Deptford

text: The yard was taken over by the War Office in 1914, and was an Army Supply Reserve Depot in the First and Second World Wars. The site lay unused until being purchased by Convoys (newsprint importers) in 1984, and eventually came into the ownership of News International. In the mid-1990s, although significant investment was made on the site, it became uneconomic to continue using it as a freight wharf. In 2008 Hutchison Whampoa bought the 16ha site from News International with plans for a £700m 3,500-home development scheme. The Grade II listed Olympia Warehouse will be refurbished as part of the redevelopment of the site.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford experienced economic decline in the 20th century with the closing of the docks, and the damage caused by the bombing during the Blitz in the Second World War – a V-2 rocket destroyed a Woolworths store in New Cross Gate, killing 160 people. High unemployment caused some of the population to move away as the riverside industries closed down in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The local council have developed plans with private companies to regenerate the riverside area, and the town centre.


title: Deptford

text: The Manor of Deptford or West Greenwich was bestowed by William the Conqueror upon Gilbert de Magminot or Maminot, bishop of Lisieux, one of the eight barons associated with John de Fiennes for the defence of Dover Castle. Maminot held the head of his barony at Deptford and according to John Lyon writing in 1814, he built himself a castle, or castellated mansion at Deptford. The location of the building is not known, but ancient foundations found on the brow of Broomfield, near the Mast Dock and adjacent to Sayes Court may be the remains of the building.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford was mostly located in the Blackheath Hundred of the county of Kent, with the Hatcham part in the Brixton Hundred of Surrey.


title: Deptford

text: In 1730 was divided into the two parishes of St Nicholas and St Paul. It was also referred to as West Greenwich, with the modern town of Greenwich being referred to as East Greenwich until this use declined in the 19th century. The whole of Deptford came within the Metropolitan Police District in 1830 and was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855.


title: Deptford

text: It was transferred to the County of London in 1889. Originally under the governance of the ancient parishes of St Paul and St Nicholas, in 1900, a Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was formed out of the southern parish of St Paul, with St Nicholas and the area around the Royal Dockyard coming under the governance of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich.


title: Deptford

text: Under the London Government Act 1963, the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford was absorbed in 1965 into the newly created London Borough of Lewisham, with the Deptford St Nicholas area becoming part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich, with both these new boroughs now forming part of the new Greater London body. In 1994 the bulk of the northern part, including the former Royal Dockyard area, was transferred to Lewisham, an adjustment of about , leaving only the north eastern area, around St Nicholas's church, in Greenwich.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford is split between two electoral wards - Evelyn in the north and part of New Cross to the south. Following public consultation, the Local Government Boundary Commission for England recommended in June 2020 that the Deptford wards (Evelyn and New Cross) should be unified and renamed Deptford.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford borders the areas of Brockley and Lewisham to the south, New Cross to the west and Rotherhithe to the north west; the Ravensbourne river divides it from Greenwich to the east, and the Thames separates the area from the Isle of Dogs to the north east; it is contained within the London SE8 post code area. The area referred to as North Deptford is the only part of the London Borough of Lewisham to front the Thames and is sandwiched between Rotherhithe and Greenwich. Much of this riverside estate is populated by the former Naval Dockyards, now known as Convoys Wharf, the Pepys Estate and some southern fringes of the old Surrey Commercial Docks.


title: Deptford

text: The name Deptford – anciently written Depeford meaning "deep ford" — is derived from the place where the road from London to Dover, the ancient Watling Street (now the A2), crosses the River Ravensbourne at the site of what became Deptford Bridge at Deptford Broadway. The Ravensbourne crosses under the A2 at roughly the same spot as the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) crosses over; and at the point where it becomes tidal, just after Lewisham College, it is known as Deptford Creek, and flows into the River Thames at Greenwich Reach.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford's population has been mainly associated with the docks since the establishment of the Royal Docks by Henry VIII, though there has also been some market gardening and potteries. When the docks were thriving as the main administrative centre of the British Navy, so the area prospered, and fine houses were built for the administrative staff and the skilled shipbuilders, and a few grand houses like Sayes Court and Stone House on Lewisham Way were erected.


title: Deptford

text: There was a start of a demographic shift downwards when the Royal Navy pulled out of Deptford, and the docks moved into storage and freight. The downward shift continued into the 20th century as the local population's dependency on the docks continued: as the docks themselves declined, so did the economic fortune of the inhabitants until the last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in 2000.


title: Deptford

text: In common with neighbouring areas of South East London, immigrants from the Caribbean settled in Deptford in the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford's northern section nearest the old docks contains areas of council housing, with some concentrations of people experiencing the forms of deprivation typically associated with the poverty of Inner London. Northern Deptford near the Thames, along with neighbouring New Cross, has been touted as "the new Shoreditch" by some journalists and estate agents paying attention to a trendy arts and music scene that is popular with students and artists. To the south where Deptford rolls into the suburban spread of Brockley, the previously multi-occupancy Victorian houses are being gentrified by young city workers and urban professionals. Deptford has a growing Vietnamese community reflected in the number of restaurants in the area.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford contains a number of student populations, including those of Goldsmiths College, the University of Greenwich, Bellerbys College and Laban Dance Centre. Goldsmiths College's hall of residence, Rachel McMillan, in Creek Road was sold in 2001 for £79 million, and was subsequently demolished and replaced with the McMillan Student Village which opened in 2003 and provides accommodation for approximately 970 students of the University of Greenwich, Trinity Laban and Bellerbys colleges.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford's economic history has been strongly connected to the Dockyard - when the Dockyard was thriving, so Deptford thrived; with the docks now all closed, Deptford has declined economically. However, areas of Deptford are being gradually re-developed and gentrified - and the local council has plans to regenerate the riverside and the town centre. A large former industrial site by the Thames called Convoys Wharf is scheduled for redeveloping into mixed use buildings. This will involve the construction of around 3,500 new homes and an extension of the town centre northwards towards the river.


title: Deptford

text: The site of a former foundry (established in 1881 by J. Stone & Co in Arklow Road) which closed in 1969 is being redeveloped for commercial and residential use.


title: Deptford

text: Much of the area along Creek Road, close to Greenwich, has also been redeveloped, with the demolition of the old Deptford Power Station and Rose Bruford College buildings. Aragon Tower on the Pepys Estate was sold by Lewisham Borough to fund regeneration plans for the estate; the award-winning refurbishment into privately owned accommodation was featured in the BBC One documentary, "The Tower".


title: Deptford

text: Deptford Market, a street market in Deptford High Street sells a range of goods, and is considered one of London's liveliest street markets. In February 2005, the High Street was described as "the capital's most diverse and vibrant high street" by Yellow Pages business directory, using a unique mathematical formula.


title: Deptford

text: The Albany Theatre, a community arts centre with a tradition of "radical community arts and music" including holding 15 "Rock Against Racism" concerts, has its roots in a charity established in 1894 to improve the social life of Deptford's deprived community. The original building, the Albany Institute, was opened in 1899 on Creek Road, changing its name in the 1960s to the Albany Empire. It was burnt down in 1978, but rebuilt on Douglas Way, with Prince Charles laying the foundation stone, and Diana, Princess of Wales opening it in 1982.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford Cinema is a volunteer run, not-for-profit, community cinema, art gallery, and occasional music venue, open since late 2014 and located at 39 Deptford Broadway. At the time of opening it was the borough of Lewisham's only functioning cinema.


title: Deptford

text: Creekside, a regeneration area beside Deptford Creek, is used for educational and artistic purposes, such as the Laban Dance Centre, which was designed by Swiss architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, and opened in February 2003; and the Art in Perpetuity Trust (APT) gallery and studio space. A record label, Deptford Fun City Records was set up by Miles Copeland III, brother of Stewart Copeland, in the late 1970s as an outlet for Deptford bands such as Alternative TV and Squeeze.


title: Deptford

text: The area has several pubs, including the "Dog & Bell" which has a reputation for serving a range of cask ales; and "The Bird's Nest" which has live music, film and art performances from local bands and artists. The town hall of the former Metropolitan Borough of Deptford, built in 1905 with decorative sculpture by Henry Poole, lies just outside Deptford, on the New Cross Road in New Cross. It was purchased by Goldsmiths College in 2000.


title: Deptford

text: There are several green spaces in the area, the largest being Brookmill Park, Deptford Park, Ferranti Park, Pepys Park and Sayes Court Park. In 1884 William John Evelyn, a descendant of John Evelyn, sold ground then being used as market gardens in Deptford, to the London County Council for less than its market value, as well as paying toward the cost of its purchase. It was officially opened to the public as Deptford Park on 7 June 1897. In 1886, he dedicated an acre and a half of the Sayes Court recreation ground in perpetuity to the public and a permanent provision was made for the Evelyn estate to cover the expense of maintenance and caretaking, this was opened on 20 July 1886.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford is served by National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services. The National Rail service is operated by Southeastern and Thameslink on the suburban Greenwich Line at Deptford railway station, the oldest passenger only railway station in London. Deptford station was redeveloped during 2011 and 2012. The works included the demolition of the original 1836 station building and its replacement by a new station to the west in the former station yard. Deptford's DLR station is at Deptford Bridge on the DLR's Lewisham branch.


title: Deptford

text: There are two main road routes through Deptford: the A200 which runs along Evelyn Street and Creek Road, and the A2 which runs along New Cross Road, and is the modern version of the Celtic trackway which was later paved by the Romans and developed into the medieval Watling Street. The A20 marks the southern boundary of the area, along Lewisham Way and Loampit Vale.


title: Deptford

text: Since June 2016, Deptford has been on the cycling route of the London Quietway route Q1 that starts in Greenwich and ends near Waterloo Bridge in central London. A second Quietway route, Q14, between Waterloo and Thamesmead, passes through Deptford's riverfront.


title: Deptford

text: There are five primary schools in the area. There are no local secondary schools directly in Deptford, however there are two secondary schools near the border between New Cross and Deptford: Deptford Green, regarded by Ofsted as "needing improvement", and Addey and Stanhope, regarded by Ofsted as "good". A branch of the further education college, Lewisham College incorporating Southwark College (known as LeSoCo), is located on Deptford Church Street; the college was regarded as "inadequate" in the 2014 Ofsted inspection.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford railway station is one of the oldest suburban stations in the world, being built (c.1836-38) as part of the first suburban service (the London and Greenwich Railway), between London Bridge and Greenwich. Close to Deptford Creek is a Deptford pumping station, a Victorian pumping station built in 1864, part of the massive London sewerage system designed by civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette.


title: Deptford

text: The former Deptford Power Station, in use from 1891 to 1983, originated as a pioneering plant designed by Sebastian de Ferranti, which when built was the largest station in the world.


title: Deptford

text: In 2008, Lewisham Council granted permission for the last remnants of the Deptford Ragged School known as The Princess Louise Institute to be demolished and replaced by flats.


title: Deptford

text: Albury Street (previously Union Street) contains a fine row of early urban houses largely dating from 1705 to 1717 which were once popular with naval captains and shipwrights.


title: Deptford

text: Tanners Hill in the St John's or New Deptford area to the south of New Cross Road, is part of an Area of Archaeological Priority due to the longevity of settlement and early industry, and contains a set of commercial buildings from numbers 21 to 31 which are survivors from a row of 31 which were built in the 1750s on the site of cottages dating from the 17th century.


title: Deptford

text: These timber-frame buildings have a Grade II listing from English Heritage and are home to established businesses such as bicycle maker Witcomb Cycles. Of Deptford's two important houses, Sayes Court no longer exists, but the Stone House in St Johns, built around 1772 by the architect George Gibson the Younger, and described by Pevsner as "the one individual house of interest in this area", still stands by Lewisham Way.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford's Albany Theatre has a history stretching back over 100 years and is a prominent feature of the South-East London arts scene.


title: Deptford

text: St Nicholas' Church, the original parish church, dates back to the 14th century but the current building is 17th century. The entrance to the churchyard features a set of skull-and-bones on top of the posts. A plaque on the north wall commemorates playwright Christopher Marlowe, who was stabbed to death by Ingram Frizer in a nearby house, and buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard on 1 June 1593. Frizer was pardoned for the killing on the grounds that he acted in self-defence.


title: Deptford

text: There is also St. Luke's, another historic circular church, dating from 1870. It is the daughter church of the parish of St Nicholas'.


title: Deptford

text: In the 18th century St. Paul's, Deptford (1712–1730) was built, acclaimed by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England as one of the finest Baroque churches in the country. John Betjeman is attributed as referring to the church as "a pearl at the heart of Deptford". It was designed by the architect Thomas Archer, who was a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, as part of the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches with the intention of instilling pride in Britain, and encouraging people to stay in London rather than emigrate to the New World.


title: Deptford

text: Adjacent to the church yard is Albury Street, which contains some fine 18th-century houses which were popular with sea captains and shipbuilders.


title: Deptford

text: Deptford Dockyard was established in 1513 by Henry VIII as the first Royal Dockyard, building vessels for the Royal Navy, and was at one time known as the King's Yard. It was shut down from 1830 to 1844 before being closed as a dockyard in 1869, and is currently known as Convoys Wharf. From 1871 until the First World War it was the City of London Corporation's Foreign Cattle Market. In 1912, "The Times" reported that over 4 million head of live cattle, and sheep, had been landed.


title: Deptford

text: From 1932 until 2008 the site was owned by News International, which used it to import newsprint and other paper products from Finland until early 2000. It is now owned by Hutchison Whampoa Limited and is subject to a planning application to convert it into residential units, though it has safeguarded wharf status.


title: Deptford

text: Other notable shipyards in Deptford were, Charles Lungley's Dockyard and the General Steam Navigation Company's yards at Deptford Green and Dudman's Dock, also sometimes referred to as "Deadmans Dock" at Deptford Wharf.


title: Deptford

text: The Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe was killed during an alleged drunken brawl in Eleanor Bull's house in Deptford Strand in May 1593. Various versions of Marlowe's death were current at the time. Francis Meres says Marlowe was "stabbed to death by a bawdy serving-man, a rival of his in his lewd love" as punishment for his "epicurism and atheism". In 1917, in the "Dictionary of National Biography", Sir Sidney Lee wrote that Marlowe was killed in a drunken fight. Some modern theories posit that he was assassinated. It is commonly assumed that the fight took place in a Deptford tavern.


title: Deptford

text: The scholar Leslie Hotson discovered in 1925 the coroner's report on Marlowe's death in the Public Record Office which gave fuller details. Marlowe had spent all day in a house owned by the widow Eleanor Bull, along with three men, Ingram Frizer, Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley. Witnesses testified that Frizer and Marlowe had earlier argued over the bill, exchanging "divers malicious words." Later, while Frizer was sitting at a table between the other two and Marlowe was lying behind him on a couch, Marlowe snatched Frizer's dagger and began attacking him. In the ensuing struggle, according to the coroner's report, Marlowe was accidentally stabbed above the right eye, killing him instantly. The jury concluded that Frizer acted in self-defence, and within a month he was pardoned. Marlowe was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St Nicholas, Deptford, on 1 June 1593.


title: Deptford

text: Among people associated with Deptford are Christopher Marlowe, who was killed at Deptford Strand; diarist John Evelyn (1620–1706), who lived at Sayes Court, and had Peter the Great (1672–1725) as a guest for about three months in 1698; Sir Francis Drake, who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the "Golden Hind" in Deptford Docks; and Emperor Norton (Joshua Abraham Norton), the San Francisco eccentric and self-proclaimed "Emperor of the United States", who was born in Deptford in 1818.


title: Deptford

text: Other people who have lived in Deptford range from the first governor of the East India Company and ambassador to the court of Russia, Thomas Smythe, whose magnificent house was destroyed by fire in 1618; to early members of the Chartist movement, John Gast and George Julian Harney; and the Cleveleys, John Cleveley the Elder and his sons John and Robert, a family of marine artists who also worked as tradesmen in the Dockyard. Another artist born in Deptford is Henry Courtney Selous, who is known for "The Opening of The Great Exhibition", painted in 1851.


title: Deptford

text: Members of rock groups Squeeze and Dire Straits lived on the Crossfield Estate in Deptford in the late 1970s, along with Mark Perry, founder of the punk fanzine "Sniffin Glue" and punk rock band Alternative TV. The DJ and music journalist Danny Baker lived near the Crossfield Estate, where he was born and brought up.


title: Deptford

text: Children's author Robin Jarvis wrote two trilogies of books: "The Deptford Mice" (and a couple of spin off books called "The Deptford Mouselets" series) and "The Deptford Histories", set in and around Deptford and featuring many of its landmarks.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Regina Annette Taylor (born August 22, 1960) is an American actress and playwright. She has won several awards throughout her career, including a Golden Globe Award and NAACP Image Award. In July 2017, Taylor was announced as the new Denzel Washington Endowed Chair in Theater at Fordham University.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Taylor was born in Dallas, Texas. Her mother, Nell Taylor, is a social worker and poet. At the age of 12, she moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma. The family later returned to Dallas, where she graduated from L. G. Pinkston High School in 1977.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Her earliest professional acting roles were two made-for-television films while she was studying at Southern Methodist University: 1980's "Nurse" (1980) and "Crisis at Central High" (1981). In the latter movie, she was praised by critic John O'Connor of "The New York Times" for her portrayal of Minnijean Brown, a member of the Little Rock Nine, a group of African-American students who braved violence and armed guards to integrate Little Rock Central High School in 1957.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Her first role to garner widespread attention was that of Mrs. Carter, the drug-addicted mother of a promising young female student, in the 1989 film "Lean on Me". She became well known to the television viewing public for her role as Lilly Harper on the early 1990s TV series "I'll Fly Away". This role won her a and also an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series. In 2018, Taylor had a role as Dr. Hannah Moshay in season 5 of the highly successful NBC crime thriller series "The Blacklist".


title: Regina Taylor

text: Since then she has had some critical success for various supporting roles in films, such as the Spike Lee film "Clockers", "Courage Under Fire", "A Family Thing", "The Negotiator", and for the films "Losing Isaiah" and "Strange Justice" — a Showtime original film in which she portrayed Anita Hill — and as the lead in the PBS telefilm "Cora Unashamed", based on a Langston Hughes short story. She was a cast member for all four seasons of the CBS drama "The Unit".


title: Regina Taylor

text: Taylor is also an accomplished stage actress, and was the first black woman to play Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet" on Broadway. Her other Broadway credits include "Macbeth" and "As You Like It". She appeared in Off-Broadway and regional productions of such plays as "Jar the Floor" (Off-Broadway, 1999), "Machinal" (Off-Broadway, 1990), "L'Illusion" (Off-Broadway, 1988), and "A Map of the World" (Off-Broadway, Public Theatre). She appeared as "Ariel" in "The Tempest" at the La Jolla Playhouse, California in 1987, for which she received a Dramalogue Award.


title: Regina Taylor

text: In 2016, Taylor starred in the original pilot of "Time After Time" as Vanessa Anders, but was replaced by Nicole Ari Parker before the series aired, containing a new pilot with Parker.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Taylor is currently the writer-in-residence at the Signature Theatre, where her new play "stop.reset." premiered at the Off-Broadway


title: Regina Taylor

text: A Distinguished Artistic Associate of Chicago's Goodman Theatre, in 1991, Taylor co-wrote two one act plays adapted from Franz Xaver Kroetz's Sty Farm and Ghost Train with her husband, Mario Emes. It was produced by Joseph Papp at the Public Theater, New York City, was directed by Melia Bensussen and starred Mary Alice, Paul Benjamin, Paul Butler and Kenya Scott.


title: Regina Taylor

text: She wrote "Escape From Paradise", a one-woman show which was produced at the Goodman Theatre Studio, Chicago, in October 1995. Her short plays "Watermelon Rinds" and "Inside the Belly of the Beast" were incorporated into a program at the Goodman Theatre Studio in 1994. She wrote and appeared in the play "Millennium Mambo", a one-woman work, presented at the Goodman Theatre in February 2000. She wrote the play "A Night in Tunisia", which premiered during the 2000 Alabama Shakespeare Festival.


title: Regina Taylor

text: In 2000, Taylor won a best new play award from the American Critics' Association for "Oo-Bla-Dee", a play about 1940s female jazz musicians. The Goodman Theatre produced the play in 1999.


title: Regina Taylor

text: She wrote and directed "Crowns", which is a co-production of the McCarter Theatre, where it premiered in October 2002 and the Second Stage Theatre, produced in December 2002. "Crowns" is described by "Playbill" as a "play-with-gospel-music", and is based on the book of the same name of photographs by Michael Cunningham and journalist Craig Marberry. "Crowns" has been produced in various locations, including the Meroney Theater in Salisbury, North Carolina with The Piedmont Players in May 2009; the Zach Theatre in Austin, Texas in September 2004, the Pasadena Playhouse in co-production with Ebony Repertory Theatre in July 2009; Syracuse Stage in Syracuse, New York; at the Connecticut Repertory Theatre in Storrs, Connecticut in May 2009 and at the Electric City Playhouse in Anderson, South Carolina in May 2011. "Crowns" was the most performed musical in the country in 2006. It won four Helen Hayes Awards (for Washington, D.C. productions), including Taylor's win for Best Direction as well as Best Regional Musical.


title: Regina Taylor

text: She wrote and directed an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull" titled "Drowning Crow". "Drowning Crow" was produced on Broadway in February 2004 by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the Biltmore Theatre, directed by Marion McClinton.


title: Regina Taylor

text: She wrote and directed "The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove", a dramatic rendering of the financial gains and emotional losses of African-American businesswoman Madam C.J. Walker, which received its world premiere production in January 2005 at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Taylor's play "Magnolia", set during the beginning of desegregation in Atlanta in 1963, premiered at Chicago's Goodman Theatre in March 2009 directed by Anna Shapiro. after receiving a workshop production in July 2008 at the National Playwrights' Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut.


title: Regina Taylor

text: Taylor returned to the Goodman Theatre in January and February 2011 for the world premiere of her new play entitled "The Trinity River Plays", a co-production with Dallas Theater Center, directed by Ethan McSweeny. The production is a trilogy composed of "Jar Fly", "Rain", and "Ghoststory".


title: Regina Taylor

text: According to a DNA analysis, she is descended, mainly, from Mende people of Sierra Leone and of Kru people of Liberia. Taylor is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.


The 2020 United States Senate election in Kentucky was held on November 3, 2020, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the Commonwealth of Kentucky, concurrently with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, who had been Senate Majority Leader since 2015 and senator from Kentucky since 1985, won reelection to a seventh term in office. He faced off against former U.S. Marine fighter pilot Amy McGrath and Libertarian Brad Barron.


title: 2020 United States Senate election in Kentucky

text: The Democratic and Republican primaries took place on June 23, 2020. As the primaries neared, the president of the National Bar Association accused officials of carrying out voter suppression. Compared to typical numbers of 3,700, the number of polling stations was reduced to 200 with only one in Louisville. Because a large number of voters voted by mail, absentee ballots were not counted until June 30. In the primary, over 937,000 people requested absentee ballots or voted early, a far greater number than usual.


text: Despite much speculation about this race being potentially competitive and large amounts of money being poured in to try to defeat McConnell, he wound up winning a seventh term with his largest margin of victory since 2002, defeating McGrath by nearly 20 percentage points. He also won Elliott and Wolfe Counties for the first time, solidifying rural Kentucky's hard swing towards the GOP. This was the first election in which McConnell attained more than 1 million votes.


text: The Libertarian Party of Kentucky did not qualify to nominate through the taxpayer-funded primary and held its own privately operated primary on March 8, 2020. Anyone registered Libertarian in the state of Kentucky as of January 1, 2020, could participate. All candidates of the Libertarian Party of Kentucky must defeat None Of The Above (NOTA) to obtain the nomination.


text: Despite record breaking fundraising from McGrath and speculation that the race could be competitive, McConnell was handily re-elected. Throughout the general election, McConnell portrayed McGrath as a overly liberal "rioter apologist" and made use of a comment from 2018 where McGrath compared her reaction to Trump being elected in 2016 to how she felt during the 9/11 attacks.


text: McConnell was announced as the winner on November 3. When pressed for a potential recount of the election amid legal disputes regarding the general, McConnell dismissed the idea since,—"at the risk of bragging, it wasn't very close."


text: McConnell flipped seven of the ten counties that he had not won in 2014, with Bath, Elliott, Marion, Menifee, Nicholas, Rowan and Wolfe counties all flipping.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco are a British rock band formed in Bedford, England, in 2008. The band consists of Rob Damiani (lead vocals), Simon Delaney (guitar), Tom Doyle (bass and programming) and Matt Donnelly (drums, lead and backing vocals). The band have released four studio albums, including "Priorities" (2012), "Automatic" (2015) and "Technology" (2018). Their most recent album "Amazing Things" (2021) was their first to reach No.1 in the UK Album Charts.


title: Don Broco

text: The band's origins go back to before their university years during secondary school, attending Bedford Modern School, where they played their first gigs, but it was not until after studying at Nottingham University that they decided to become a band.


title: Don Broco

text: The band initially took on many different names, including "Summer fall" and "Club Sex". One of the group's ideas was "Don Loco", which was changed to Don Broco following guitarist Simon Delaney breaking his wrist in a football accident.


title: Don Broco

text: They first toured England in November 2008, playing gigs in places such as Leeds, Birmingham, Manchester, Swindon, Watford and County Durham amongst others.


title: Don Broco

text: They appeared at Camden Crawl and Download Festival in 2009, as well as supporting Enter Shikari on a short run of shows in May 2009.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco also played Underage Festival, at Victoria Park in London, UK, in both 2009 and 2010. They played Sonisphere festival 2010 on the Red Bull Bedroom Jam stage. The band then went on to support Enter Shikari at both their Christmas parties at Hatfield Forum in December 2010. In September 2010 Don Broco also played in a local festival called Amersham Summer Festival.


title: Don Broco

text: In January 2011, they released the video to "Beautiful Morning", directed by Lawrence Hardy. The following month they released "Beautiful Morning" as a single. They released their EP "Big Fat Smile" on 14 February 2011. It was produced and engineered by Matt O'Grady and mixed by John Mitchell.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco, alongside Lower than Atlantis and Veara, supported We Are The Ocean on tour in April/May 2011. The band completed a third UK headline tour in May 2011 with support from Burn The Fleet. This run of shows included a show at the Alternative Escape Festival in Brighton, with Deaf Havana and at Hub Festival in Liverpool, as well as performances at Slam Dunk Festival North and South.


title: Don Broco

text: Over the summer 2011, Don Broco played a number of UK Festivals including Download Festival, Sonisphere Festival, Hevy Festival, Liverpool Sound City, Slam Dunk Festival, The Great Escape Festival. and at the Reading and Leeds festivals on the BBC Introducing stage which they were put forward for by the BBC Introducing programme which covers the Bedford area where the band is originally from.


title: Don Broco

text: An accompanying video to the band's B-Side "We Are On Holiday" off their "Dreamboy" single was released in August 2011. The single was made available to download on iTunes on 22 August 2011.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco supported Four Year Strong on their UK tour in January and February 2012. During this time, before the release of the debut album, Darren Playford and Luke Rayner left the band due to commitment issues and different interests, however they are still on good terms. The band played Hit the Deck festival in Bristol and Nottingham, the Great Escape Festival in Brighton, Slam Dunk festivals in Leeds, Hertfordshire and Cardiff, and Redfest 2012. Don Broco were going to support Futures in April 2012, but their tour was postponed to July 2012.


title: Don Broco

text: On 23 March 2012, the band announced that they had signed a deal with Search and Destroy Records, a new venture between Raw Power Management and Sony Music. The band's first single "Priorities" from their debut album of the same name was released on 20 May, with the album released on 13 August. The band replaced original bassist with new bassist Tom Doyle. In April, the band supported You Me At Six in Dublin and Belfast on their Irish leg of their UK tour. The band replaced the support bill originally consisting of Kids In Glass Houses, The Skints and Mayday Parade, however the Irish leg was rescheduled after Josh Francheschi contracted tonsillitis. The band supported The Used on their April/May UK tour, alongside Marmozets.


title: Don Broco

text: The band released the second single from "Priorities", titled "Actors" it was released on the same day as Don Broco's debut album, 13 August 2012. The video sees the boys performing and a storyline where the boys don't get on and putting all the chemistry between them on for the cameras.


title: Don Broco

text: On 20 September, "Hold On" was revealed to be the third single from the album and shortly after they supported Lower Than Atlantis along with The Dangerous Summer and Gnarwolves in Autumn 2012, followed by their first European tour, supporting Young Guns accompanied with Your Demise on their European leg in October 2012. It was announced that Don Broco will be the final support on the Rock Sound Riot Tour 2012 in November 2012 along with Billy Talent and Awolnation.


title: Don Broco

text: In February 2013, they embarked on their first headline tour of the United Kingdom with dates spanning from February to April. For the February to March dates they brought Mallory Knox and Hey Vanity along as support. On 3 February it was announced that all dates for the February leg of the tour had sold out. For the April dates Pure Love and Decade were the supporting acts.


title: Don Broco

text: On 30 March 2013 Don Broco performed a headlining set at the Radstock Festival, Liverpool, at the O2 Academy Liverpool. On the weekend of 23–25 August 2013, Don Broco performed on the main stage at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. The band concluded 2013 by releasing their new song "You Wanna Know" as a standalone single which also came as a bundled EP featuring various remixed versions of the song.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco stated that the majority of 2014 would be focused around writing material for a new album and that they will headline a tour after its release. It was announced that the band will be supporting British band You Me at Six during their UK headline tour during March and April 2014, along with support act Young Kato.


title: Don Broco

text: In late August 2014 Don Broco were announced to headline 2015's Kerrang! tour in February, when they toured the UK with support from pop rock band We Are the In Crowd and metalcore bands Bury Tomorrow and Beartooth.


title: Don Broco

text: On 23 November 2014, the first single from the new album, titled "Money Power Fame", premiered on BBC Radio 1's "Rock Show" programme. A second single, "Fire", was streamed online on 26 January 2015. On 7 April 2015, the band released the third song off the new album titled "What You Do to Me", followed by music videos for the tracks "Automatic" and "Superlove" respectively.


title: Don Broco

text: "Automatic" was released on 7 August 2015. It is available in standard and deluxe versions; the deluxe version includes the standard ten tracks as well as four bonus tracks, two of these being previously released songs "Money Power Fame" and "You Wanna Know".


title: Don Broco

text: In April 2016, they supported Bring Me the Horizon on the European leg of their tour and also supported 5 Seconds of Summer between 15 April 2016 and 8 June 2016 on their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour.


title: Don Broco

text: On 24 June 2016, the band officially signed with SharpTone Records, a label co-founded by Shawn Keith and Nuclear Blast CEO Markus Staiger.


title: Don Broco

text: On 21 October 2016, SharpTone Records uploaded Don Broco's 2013 music video for "You Wanna Know" on their YouTube channel. It was also announced that Don Broco will rerelease "Automatic" in the United States on 11 November 2016 through SharpTone Records. The label uploaded the videos for "Money Power Fame", "Superlove", and "Automatic" to their YouTube channel prior to the release.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco released five singles for their third album "Technology": "Pretty", "Technology", "Stay Ignorant", "T-Shirt Song" and "Come Out to LA". The band went on to play to a sold-out crowd at London's Alexandra Palace in November, 2017, their biggest show to date. "Technology" was released on 2 February 2018 via SharpTone Records.


title: Don Broco

text: In October to November 2016, Don Broco appeared as a support act for rock-metal band Bring Me the Horizon on their UK tour, playing arenas such as The O2 Arena. In 2018, Don Broco was one of the support bands for Our Last Night's North American and European tours. They also toured with Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park in support of his album "Post Traumatic".


title: Don Broco

text: On 6 September 2019, Don Broco released the standalone single "Action". Two versions of this single were released, one solely featuring Don Broco vocalists Rob Damiani and Matt Donnelly while the second features Caleb Shomo (Beartooth), Tyler Carter (Issues), Taka Moriuchi (One Ok Rock) and Tilian Pearson (Dance Gavin Dance). The music video for "Action" won the award for Best Music Video by Heavy Music Awards.


title: Don Broco

text: Don Broco began writing new material for their fourth studio album in early 2020, and began recording in December 2020. They released a series of studio updates via YouTube before the release of the first single "Manchester Super Reds No.1 Fan" on Annie Mac’s Future Sounds, and its accompanying music video on 13 May 2021. Announcement of the album "Amazing Things" came the following day, along with a UK tour that took place in October–November 2021. The second single "Gumshield" was released on 8 July 2021, with a music video involving boxer Dave Allen.


title: Don Broco

text: The band headlined Slam Dunk Festival, in Leeds and Hatfield in September 2021, and also released a small set of warm-up gigs to precede the festival. The album was released on streaming platforms on 22 October 2021, initially reaching No. 91 on the UK Album Charts. The physical release had to be delayed due to a global vinyl shortage until 28 Jan 2022. During the build up to the physical release of the album, Don Broco did a run of intimate gigs at small venues in the UK to push physical sales of Amazing Things, the album then went on to claim the band's first UK No.1 album the week following its release. On 21 March 2022 the band played the Iconic Royal Albert Hall in London in support of Teenage Cancer Trust, this performance featured a live orchestra and Choir, something the band had only previously done with the Orchestral studio version of the single 'One True Prince'.


title: Don Broco

text: In April 2022, Don Broco released the single "Fingernails" on the 25th of the month to help promote their 2023 UK Arena Tour that was announced on the same day, with Papa Roach and Dance Gavin Dance in support.


title: Don Broco

text: Primarily categorised as alternative rock, the band's style has also been described as pop rock and post-hardcore by reviewers; AltSounds reviewed their debut album "Priorities" to have elements of all three genres. AlreadyHeard expressed that the album was mostly alternative rock, yet praised the album's range of different moods, going from energetic to "cheeky" songs. A live review from "Virtual Festivals" reviewed the band's performance at the Leeds Festival in 2013 and proclaimed that the changes in the band's musical style compared to their earlier music from the likes of the "Living the Dream" and "Thug Workout" EPs were substantial. They claimed that due to this some members of their audience were unsatisfied and that the new material was dulled by a slower tempo and a "love-letter" lyrical style.


title: Don Broco

text: "RocksFreaks.Net" expressed the "Thug Workout" EP to be a half mixture of nu metal and post-hardcore due to the mixture of half-rap verses and screams and related their sound to that of A Day to Remember. The reviews for the third EP "Big Fat Smile" primarily called it a general rock album with elements of rock pop. "Rocksound" called the album a "good mix of Brit-rock riffs, sarcastic lyrical content and jovial pop sensibilities". with "Alter the Press!" also backing this statement up, placing them with the likes of many other "British rock hopefuls for 2011".


title: Don Broco

text: Their second album "Automatic" saw the band change to a poppier sound with "funk and new wave elements". Third album "Technology" saw yet another change with a "far rockier sound", but still with some synth elements. Reviews of their fourth album "Amazing Things" show a change to a mix of nu metal, rap metal and post-hardcore, more similar to earlier EPs.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: In Canada, driver's licences are issued by the government of the province or territory in which the driver is residing. Thus, specific regulations relating to driver's licences vary province to province, though overall they are quite similar. All provinces have provisions allowing non-residents to use licences issued by other provinces and territories, out-of-country licences, and International Driving Permits. Many provinces also allow non-residents to use regular licences issued by other nations and countries. Canadian driver's licences are also valid in many other countries due to various international agreements and treaties.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Canada's driving age is determined on a province-by-province basis. The age to begin driving varies by province, with the earliest being Alberta at 14 years of age. The provinces use a graduated driver licensing (GDL) system for a standard car and light-truck license to ensure the proficiency of drivers.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Except for Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and DND 404 licences, each data field on the licence is labelled with a number. The field labels follow ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018, which extends the labels for EU driving licences specified in Directive 2006/126/EC.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Some fields are optional. For example, some provinces omit some or all of these fields: 4d, 17, 18, and 19.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Drivers upgrading to a Class 1, 2, 3, or 4 licence must possess a Class 5 (non-probationary) licence and be at least 18 years of age to apply.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: British Columbia has been using a GDL system since August 1998. The program was last revised in October 2003, which involved large changes to the time it took to acquire a full licence (previously, a person could complete the Class 7L stage in as little as 3 months, and the Class 7N in 12, and no passenger limit was enforced above Class 7L). British Columbia requires all new resident drivers to take a driving knowledge test and a road test in order to get a BC driver's licence, except for people holding a valid driver's licence from other Canadian jurisdictions, Austria, Australia, France, Germany, Guernsey, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, or the United States.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: In 2017, all four Atlantic provinces (including New Brunswick) updated the driver's licence design to use a numbering scheme that resembles the European driving licence.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: In Newfoundland and Labrador, one can apply for a learner's licence for Class 5 vehicles (passenger car or light truck) at the age of 16 and cannot obtain their licence until turning 17 (unless one is a graduate of Young Drivers of Canada), as well as Class 6 vehicles (motorcycles). Upon completion and pass of a written knowledge test and a vision test, a Class 5 Level I licence will be issued. This licence, commonly referred to as a "learner's permit" restricts holders to one passenger in the vehicle who must be a licensee of no less than 4 years, a blood alcohol level of 0% and no driving between 12am and 5am. A "novice driver" sign must also be placed on the rear windshield. Parental consent is required for applicants under the age of 19.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: After 12 months in Level I, or 8 months with the completion of a government-approved driving school program containing both classroom and in-car training, a road test can be taken to advance to Level II. Upon successful completion of the road test, one is advanced to Level II of the graduated licensing program. Level II lasts for 12 months and carries less restrictions than the initial stage. Passengers are permitted during the day but between 12am and 5am, the Level II driver must be accompanied by a licensed driver with 4 years driving experience and cannot have any other passengers in the vehicle. The drivers' blood alcohol content must remain at 0% in this stage.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: After 12 months in Level II, the driver is automatically advanced to a full Class 5 licence (unless their licence was suspended in the learner's stage).


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Newfoundland and Labrador uses a demerit point system. In two years, a driver can accumulate a maximum of 12 points, although in the novice stage, a maximum of 6 points can be accumulated.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: For Class 7 or 8 licences, the Learner's stage of the system lasts for twelve months, which may be reduced to nine months if a recognized driver education or training program is taken.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: All licences in Ontario can carry any of the following restrictions/endorsements excluding some which are vehicle class specific. Some are related to health or to law enforcement penalty.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Ontario has used a graduated licensing system since 1994. A driver can take as little as 20 months to get a full licence; however, a driver must have a full (G) licence within five years of obtaining a learner's permit (G1).


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: In 2006, Ontario passed legislation that would allow a court to suspend the licence of high school dropout until they turn 18. The act did not receive royal assent until December 2009, but is now in effect.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Traffic violation convictions usually come with demerit points against a person's licence. While the demerit points have no official impact on insurance rates, most insurance providers will increase the rate charged to a driver in response to demerit points. The demerit points are used by the Ministry of Transportation to determine licence suspensions due to repeated traffic violations (effects on Ontario insurance rates and eligibility are typically measured by the number of tickets received in recent years, rather than the associated points).


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Drivers from out of province must obtain an Ontario driver's licence if staying more than 90 days. New residents of Ontario may only apply after residing in the province for 60 days.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Starting June 2009, Ontario began issuing enhanced drivers licences (EDLs) as an option to residents upon request. These licence while almost visually identical to regular drivers licences contained two distinct differences. The first being a machine readable code printed on the back of the card (visually similar to the same coding on a Canadian passport). The second: an embedded RFID microchip. These changes were made in response to the heightened security precautions at US land border crossings. The changes allowed for quicker procedures at a border crossing as well as a cheaper alternative to a passport ($40 vs. $100).


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: If a person is 16 years or older, they may apply for an Instruction Permit. A instruction permit allows a person to drive under supervision to receive instruction. This type of licence is valid for two years. Testing Requirements for a Driver's Licence are a written or oral exam, road sign, driving, vision test and Novice Driving or Driver Education Course is required for first-time drivers.The classes of licence that can be obtained with appropriate training and required testing are as follows:


Driver's licences in Canada


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: During the Learning period the applicant must have held a Class 3 learner's licence for 3 months OR for 1 month if the applicant is aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a Class 5 licence.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: During the Learning period the applicant must have held a Class 2 learner's licence for 3 months OR for 1 month if aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a Class 5 licence.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: An applicant who meets one of these three requirements, the one-month period may be substituted by a training program that includes at least 20 driving hours on the public roadway with a vehicle covered by a Class 2 licence.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: An additional 'certificate of competence' is required in the case of a school bus, and there are endorsements for Air brake system (F endorsement) Manual transmission (M endorsement)


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: During the Learning period the applicant must have held a class 1 learner's licence for 3 months OR for 1 month if the applicant is aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a class 5 licence; or is registered in the truck driving training program which leads to the Diploma of Vocational Studies issued by the Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport and has successfully completed all mandatory sections of the program required to drive on the road without an accompanying rider; or already has a class 2 or 3 driver's licence.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: The Department of National Defence issues a special driving licence known as DND 404 to Canadian Forces military personnel driving CF vehicles or vehicles rented by DND, and the issue is contingent on possession of a provincial driving licence and passing of a DND Safe Driving Course (SDC). Between 2011 and 2012, all DND 404 permits were replaced with modern photo ID cards. Provincial law enforcement agencies do enforce highway traffic laws against such permit holders, and DND 404 permits can be accordingly suspended.


title: Driver's licences in Canada

text: Although licence suspensions and revocations are generally a matter for the territorial and provincial government departments of motor vehicles, some driving offences (e.g. dangerous driving and impaired driving) are criminal offences, set down in Canada's Criminal Code. Prison sentences are often given to repeat offenders and to drivers convicted of causing death or grievous bodily harm via Criminal Code driving offences.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: 3 World Trade Center (3 WTC; also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street along the eastern side of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties through a ground lease with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), the landowner. It is high, with 80 stories. , it is the ninth-tallest building in the city.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The current 3 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was the Marriott World Trade Center, a 22-story, 825-room hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex. Opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, it was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The new 3 World Trade Center was planned as a skyscraper measuring 1,240 feet (378 m) tall. The building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, but only the lower stories were built because the skyscraper lacked an anchor tenant. Construction resumed in 2014 after advertising company GroupM was signed on as anchor tenant. The building's concrete core was topped out during August 2016, with the perimeter steel structure following on October 6, 2016. The building opened on June 11, 2018.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: 3 World Trade Center is at 175 Greenwich Street, within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Dey Street to the north, Church Street to the east, and Cortlandt Way to the south. Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; World Trade Center Transportation Hub and 2 World Trade Center to the north; and 4 World Trade Center to the south. Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast, as well as One Liberty Plaza to the southeast.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: For most of the 20th century, the site of 3 WTC was occupied by the Cortlandt Building, built in 1907 and one of two office structures that comprised the Hudson Terminal complex. The site was also abutted by several low-rise buildings on Greenwich Street to the west. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the adjoining section of Cortlandt Street had been part of Manhattan's Radio Row, which contained many electronics stores. The Hudson Terminal complex was demolished in 1972, when the original World Trade Center was built.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which was responsible for the construction of the World Trade Center, had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center, including parts of Cortlandt, Dey, and Greenwich Streets. The site of the current skyscraper was occupied by 5 World Trade Center at the northeast corner of the World Trade Center site. Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks. Greenwich Street was restored as part of the redevelopment of the World Trade Center, and the block of Cortlandt Street next to 3 WTC was rebuilt as a pedestrian walkway. The intersection of Cortlandt Way and Greenwich Street reopened in 2014, improving access to the National September 11 Memorial.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The Marriott World Trade Center (originally the Vista International Hotel), a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms, was the first building on the WTC site with the address 3 World Trade Center. It had a roof height of and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. In contrast to the current skyscraper, the Vista Hotel was on the western side of the World Trade Center, near the intersection of West Street and Liberty Street.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Construction began in 1979. It opened on July 1, 1981, as the Vista International Hotel and was located at the southwest corner of the World Trade Center. The hotel was heavily damaged in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and was subsequently closed. It reopened on November 1, 1994, after being repaired. One year afterward, the Host Marriott Corporation acquired the hotel for $141.5 million. Forty people in the hotel died when the complex was destroyed during the September 11 attacks. Marriott, which held a long-term lease on the hotel site, surrendered its lease in 2003, allowing the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to be built there.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001. His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks. In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003. The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub. By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center. The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers. The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: British architect Richard Rogers of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners was hired to design the new 3 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 175 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Additionally, Norman Foster and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 2 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively. The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006. 3 World Trade Center would be a 71-story, building with diagonal bracing on its facade for structural reinforcement. The tentative plans also called for four spires, one at each corner, rising above the flat roof. The building would have contained of retail space in its base; five trading floors; and of offices across 54 stories. The lowest stories of 3 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC. The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings. The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path. Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007. The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section. At the time, construction of 3 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008. As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC. The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of , then constructing a slurry wall around the site. The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early. If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred. The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008. The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Investment bank Merrill Lynch & Co. expressed interest in relocating its headquarters to 3 World Trade Center in mid-2008. Following this, the PANYNJ voted to extend the deadline for the building's completion to June 2012. Merrill had been the first private firm to show interest in leasing significant amounts of space at the World Trade Center, and the announcement raised the possibility that 3 WTC could be redesigned for Merrill's use. The PANYNJ offered to lease the underlying land to Merrill for $510 million, 25 percent lower than the agency's original asking price for the land, and Silverstein offered to sell his stake in the project for $340 million. Merrill balked at Silverstein's offer, and it reneged from the project in July 2008 after failing to secure a lease on favorable terms. Merrill's withdrawal came shortly after the PANYNJ had announced that the World Trade Center redevelopment would be delayed significantly. Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk. A study published in early 2009 predicted that 3 WTC would not be fully occupied until 2037, due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: By May 2009, the PANYNJ was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein. The developer had requested that the PANYNJ fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower. The PANYNJ wanted to build 3 WTC only to the fourth story, allowing Silverstein to construct a hotel or office building above when market conditions improved. New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with little success. In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration. Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month. He requested that the PANYNJ pay $2.7 billion in damages. An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages. However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to PANYNJ if they were not completed by 2014. The panel gave Silverstein and the PANYNJ two months to reach an agreement.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site. The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold. In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term. The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least of the space. Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space. PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 3 WTC's power. In the meantime, the tower had been delayed indefinitely. The investment bank UBS was considering leasing space at 3 WTC in mid-2011, but UBS ultimately decided not to move there. At the time, although the complex was originally supposed to have been anchored by large financial firms, these companies were generally no longer seeking to expand their space.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Silverstein Properties and the PANYNJ agreed in early 2012 to complete only the first seven stories of 3 WTC unless tenants could be found by the end of the year. The base had been built entirely with insurance proceeds, and the tower stories would only be built after Silverstein met the requirements. By that February, the ground floor concrete was almost done and the lower podium had reached the 5th floor; the podium was then planned to be completed in September 2012. Owen Steel's president David Zalesne announced in June 2012 that his company had been selected to provide the structural steel for the building. The next month, the concrete core had reached the 8th floor, and all concrete work had halted. Media conglomerate Viacom and financial firm Citigroup had both declined to relocate to 3 WTC. The lower podium was completed by November 2012. If Silverstein were unable to finalize a lease by the end of 2013, he would have been required to build a semi-permanent roof above the 7th story.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: By late 2012, advertising company GroupM was negotiating to lease at 3 WTC, and law firm White & Case was looking for about . Either of these deals would be large enough to qualify the project for up to $600 million in public benefits. GroupM signed a letter of intent for the building in mid-2013, and the company finalized its lease that December, taking . The following month, U.S. senator Chuck Schumer obtained $340 million in federal Recovery Zone bonds to finance the project's construction.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Silverstein asked the city, state, and PANYNJ in 2014 to refinance the project on terms that were more favorable to him. In exchange, he would contribute a greater share of private capital. The PANYNJ postponed a vote on whether to guarantee $1.2 billion of construction loans in March 2014, and the vote was delayed again that April. Although PANYNJ chairman Scott Rechler supported the subsidy, other PANYNJ board members said the guarantee was wasteful because the majority of the proposed building still did not have tenant commitments. The PANYNJ voted against guaranteeing the construction loans in May 2014, but the PANYNJ and Silverstein reached a financing agreement the next month. The large amount of unleased space made it difficult for Silverstein to sell bonds to private investors, so the building was instead mainly funded by the sale of $1.6 billion of tax-exempt bonds, the largest-ever unrated bond deal in the municipal bond market. Other sources of funding included $600 million in insurance proceeds, $210 million in cash from the city and state governments of New York, and $55 million in cash from Silverstein Properties. Silverstein sold the municipal bonds at the end of October 2014.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: Following the financing agreement, the tower crane returned, and the PANYNJ and Silverstein announced that the building would be completed by 2017. Unusual for a high-rise, the building's concrete core was built before the rest of the structure was completed. Fintech company Fundrise sold $5 million of the building's municipal bonds to private investors in January 2015. Work above the second story had begun by the next month. That June, the architects eliminated the planned rooftop masts, reduced the building's planned height to its current height of . Nonetheless, by August 2015, the building had reached half of its final height. The construction process was complicated by the fact that water started leaking into the construction site in late 2015, delaying the opening of the adjacent Westfield World Trade Center mall. The site was completely exposed to the outdoors, and workers were constantly spraying water onto the building's concrete to decrease dust levels, both of which caused water to seep into the building.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: On May 20, 2016, the tower's concrete core reached the symbolic height of , thus officially reaching supertall status and exceeding the roof height of neighboring 4 World Trade Center. 3 World Trade Center's core was topped out one month later on June 23, 2016. In a ceremony held at the base of the building, a 2-ton bucket of concrete was signed by workers, and executives, including developer Larry Silverstein, and was hoisted up with an American flag, which was also used with the topping out of 7 and 4 World Trade Center, to the top of the tower.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: On the evening of August 11, 2016, a construction crane struck one of 3 World Trade Center's windows. There was a heavy wind gust at the time, and construction workers were securing the crane when it veered into a 12th-story glass panel, cracking it. No one was injured. On October 6, 2016, the entire building was topped out when the last steel beam was lifted and installed on top. The glass facade was completed in August 2017, at which point several retailers had signed leases for the atrium retail space.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: 3 WTC's anchor tenant GroupM had expanded its space to in January 2016. The stock exchange platform IEX leased in the building in April 2018. This was followed the next month by global consulting company McKinsey & Company, which leased . The building officially opened on June 11, 2018. At the time, the building was 38 percent occupied.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: In the first three months of 2019, Silverstein leased space to Hudson River Trading, Casper Sleep, beverage firm Diageo, technology startup Asana Inc., and mortgage lender Better.com. These five leases totaled . Later that year, ridesharing company Uber leased more than , and law firms Kelley Drye & Warren and Cozen O'Connor also leased space there. Private equity firm Blue Wolf Capital Partners leased space in early 2020, and Uber sought to sublease some of its space by the end of that year. Casper subleased some of its space to advertising company Index Exchange in 2021. In addition, the law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer leased four stories at 3 WTC in August 2022.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: 3 World Trade Center was designed by Richard Rogers of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. The structural engineer for the building was WSP Global. It is tall with 80 above-ground stories. The lowest 17 stories of the tower comprise a podium. There are five stories of retail, spanning the basement and sub-basement levels as well as the first three above-ground stories.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The facade is composed of double-glazed, low emissivity glass panels. Most of the facade is a curtain wall with 10,000 panels of annealed glass, which are more resistant to shattering compared with traditional glass panels. The curtain wall panels span from the floor to the ceiling on each story. They measure high on each of the podium stories and high on each of the tower stories. At the base of the building, a cable-net wall surrounds the lobby on three sides. The cable-net wall is composed of panels measuring wide and tall.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The eastern and western elevations of the facade contain K-shaped bracing, which is composed of diagonal beams clad in stainless steel. The diagonal beams reinforce the superstructure and remove the need for structural columns at the corner. The stainless steel cladding is used to protect the beams from weathering, and it was also intended to complement the glass panels on the facade. The roof of the building is flat, though originally it was planned with several spires.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: 3 World Trade Center covers in total. Each of the building's stories spans . The building uses of steel and of concrete. 3 WTC also includes 44 passenger elevators and five service elevators. Four of the service elevators are also specifically designed to be used for emergency evacuations. Eight of the passenger elevators serve the first 17 stories exclusively, and there are two passenger and two service elevators within the retail section of the building. There are also four staircases within the podium and two staircases within the upper stories.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: There are nine entrances to 3 WTC's lobby. The floor of the lobby is made of Sardinian gray granite. The western wall of the lobby is made of Zimbabwe black granite and measures high. The walls of the elevator banks contain glass panels with a metallic mesh embedded into them. There are also LED wall panels next to the elevators themselves. One wall of the lobby contains "Joystick", a mural by James Rosenquist, which was originally painted in 2002 and reinstalled at 3 WTC in 2020. The lobby's ceiling measures up to high, though it slopes down to as low as . The ceiling is made of a stretched material, behind which are LED lights; at the time of 3 WTC's opening, this was the largest stretched ceiling in the world.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The rest of the ground, second, and third stories are used as retail space. There are two basement levels, which also contain retail and are part of Westfield World Trade Center mall. The five retail stories are connected by two passenger elevators and four staircases. The mall connects to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, which in turn links with the New York City Subway and PATH trains.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The building has ceiling heights ranging from . There are terraces wrapping around 3 World Trade Center on floors 17, 60, and 76. The terrace on floor 17 is high and is divided into two sections, each measuring . One of the terraces on floor 17 is shared by all of the building's tenants, while the other is a private terrace. The terrace on floor 17 was originally designed as a mechanical area with space for financial companies' equipment, but this was scrapped when GroupM became the building's anchor tenant. The terrace on floor 60 is high, while that on floor 76 is high.


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: The air-conditioning systems on each story are controlled separately, thus reducing energy consumption. In addition, the building's filtration systems are able to extract 95 percent of particulates, in addition to ozone and volatile organic compounds. The building contains air intake openings on its upper stories, since the air on higher stories was supposed to be cleaner than the air near ground level. Jaros, Baum & Bolles provided the mechanical, electrical, plumbing and vertical transportation design..


title: 3 World Trade Center

text: When 3 WTC was completed in 2018, James Gardner of "The Real Deal New York" wrote: "I can say with reasonable confidence that it will prove to be the least architecturally interesting of the four main buildings on the hallowed site." In particular, Gardner criticized "the arbitrary asymmetries, the industrial aesthetic in one part but not another, the shift in cladding patterns" in the design.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring International Raceway is a road course auto racing facility in the southeastern United States, located near Sebring, Florida.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring Raceway is one of the oldest continuously operating race tracks in the U.S., its first race being run in 1950. Sebring is one of the classic race tracks in North American sports car racing, and plays host to the 12 Hours of Sebring.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The raceway occupies a portion of Sebring Regional Airport (an active airport for private and commercial traffic that was originally built as Hendricks Army Airfield, which was a World War II training base for the United States Army Air Forces).


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring Raceway occupies the site of Hendricks Army Airfield (a training base for B-17 pilots in operation from 1941 to 1946). After the war, Russian-American aeronautical engineer Alec Ulmann was seeking sites for converting military aircraft to civilian use when he discovered potential in Hendricks' runways and service roads to stage a sports car endurance race similar to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, a race Ulmann was inspired to somewhat re-create in the United States. Sebring's first race was held on New Year's Eve of 1950, attracting thirty race cars from across North America. The Sam Collier 6 Hour Memorial race was won by Frits Koster and Ralph Deshon in a Crosley Hot Shot that had been driven to the track by Victor Sharpe.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The first 12 Hours of Sebring was held on March 15, 1952, shortly growing into a major international race. In 1959, the track hosted the U.S.' first Formula One race (the successor to historic European Grand Prix motor racing), held as that year's installment of the historic United States Grand Prix competition. However poor attendance and high costs relocated the next U.S. Grand Prix to Riverside International Raceway in southern California.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: For much of Sebring's history, the track followed a layout. After a disastrous 1966 12 Hours with five fatalities, the track was widened in parts and also lengthened a total of for 1967 with the removal of the Webster Turn between the hairpin and the top of the track and replacement with the faster Green Park Chicane, further down the track. This was closer to the hairpin and allowed a flat-out run through a very fast corner to the top of the track and the runway. This was done to move the track off the dangerous Warehouse Straight and the warehouses, hangars and airplanes flanking it; a crash during that 1966 12 Hours involving a privately entered Porsche that went into one of the warehouses (this area was off-limits to non-track personnel) and into a crowd, killing four spectators.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The circuit was changed and shortened in 1983 to allow simultaneous use of the track and one of the runways, and major changes in 1987 allowed use of another runway. Further changes in 1991 accommodated expansion of the airport's facilities, allowing the entire track to be used without interfering with normal airport operations and bringing it close to its current configuration. The hairpin was removed in 1997 due to a lack of run-off, and replaced with what became known as the "safety pin". Gendebien Bend was also re-profiled to slow the cars' entry to the Ullman straight.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The track is currently owned by IMSA Holdings, LLC through its subsidiary Sebring International Raceway, LLC via its purchase of the Panoz MSG in September 2012. It is currently leased by the Sebring International Raceway, LLC, which acquired the facility from Andy Evans in 1997.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The track is often recognized for its famous, high-speed "Turn 17", a long, bumpy, fast right hander that can make or break a car's speed down the front straight. The corner can fit up to 3 cars wide.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Skip Barber Racing School held numerous programs at the facility, including a scholarship opportunity for young racers.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The World Endurance Championship runs a round called the 1000 Miles of Sebring, run concurrently with the famed 12 Hours. This race was first run in 2019, with Toyota Gazoo Racing winning overall.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: On October 30, 2021 the 1st ever 24 Hours race at Sebring took place hosted by The World Racing League, an Amateur endurance championship series.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring International Raceway consist of three tracks: the Full Circuit, the Short Circuit, and the Club Circuit. The course of the track itself is long. It is a seventeen-turn road course with long straights, several high-speed corners, and very technical slower corners. Many of the turns and points along the track are named for the early teams and drivers. Due to Florida's flat nature there is very little elevation change around the track and little camber on the surface, providing a challenging track for drivers, especially when it rains.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring is renowned for its rough, bumpy and changing surfaces. The course still runs on old sections of World War II-era landing fields that were constructed of concrete sections with large seams. The transitions between sections are quite rough and often, sparks fly from the undercarriages of the cars as they traverse them. Much of the track has intentionally been left with its original concrete runway surface. The 12 Hours of Sebring is renowned as a race that is even harder on machinery and drivers than Le Mans, and is seen as an ideal preparation run for the famed French race.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The track surface has of asphalt and of concrete. Mario Andretti, a 3-time 12 Hours winner, said that one of the hardest parts about the original Sebring track was "finding the track to begin with." There had been many accounts of drivers retiring due to accidents at night, quite simply because they got lost on the runway sections and couldn't find the track again. Some drivers got lost even during the day, mostly because the track was poorly marked down with white lines and cones.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring is most notable for hosting the 12 Hours of Sebring, sanctioned by the FIA and IMSA, as part of many major endurance racing series, including the World Sportscar Championship, Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, ALMS, and now, the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. This race is the second of four races in the Michelin Endurance Cup. It has also hosted the final round of the Creventic 24H Series since 2021.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The track also hosts the Legends of Motorsport and Historic Sportscar Racing series, and is the winter home of the Skip Barber Racing School. Many IndyCar, sports prototype, and Grand Touring teams use Sebring for winter testing due to the warm climate.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The track is used numerous times each year by the Sports Car Club of American (SCCA) and the National Auto Sport Association (NASA) for amateur events that draw participants from all over the country.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Each February, the racetrack hosts the Bike Sebring 12/24 Hours, an ultra-distance cycling race organized by the Highlands Pedalers Bicycle Club and the Rotary Club of Highlands County.


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: The official fastest race lap records at the Sebring International Raceway for different classes are listed as:


title: Sebring International Raceway

text: Sebring Raceway is featured in the video games "rFactor 2","Pitstop II", "iRacing", "The Crew", "Forza Motorsport 2", "Forza Motorsport 3", "Forza Motorsport 4", "Forza Motorsport 5", "Forza Motorsport 6", "Forza Motorsport 7", "Total Immersion Racing" and "Sports Car GT". There are also end-user created versions for "rFactor", "GTR2", "GTR Evolution", "GT Legends", "Grand Prix Legends" and "NASCAR Racing 2003 Season". In board gaming, Sebring was also featured in the first expansion for the "Formula D" board game by Asmodee games. People have also recreated this track using the course maker in "Gran Turismo 6".


title: Plunderphonics

text: Plunderphonics is a music genre in which tracks are constructed by sampling recognizable musical works. The term was coined by composer John Oswald in 1985 in his essay "Plunderphonics, or Audio Piracy as a Compositional Prerogative", and eventually explicitly defined in the liner notes of his "Grayfolded" album. Plunderphonics can be considered a form of sound collage. Oswald has described it as a referential and self-conscious practice which interrogates notions of originality and identity.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Although the concept of plunderphonics is seemingly broad, in practice there are many common themes used in what is normally called plunderphonic music. This includes heavy sampling of educational films of the 1950s, news reports, radio shows, or anything with trained vocal announcers. Oswald's contributions to this genre rarely used these materials, the exception being his rap-like 1975 track "Power."


title: Plunderphonics

text: The process of sampling other sources is found in various genres (notably hip-hop and especially turntablism), but in plunderphonic works, the sampled material is often the only sound used. These samples are usually uncleared and sometimes result in legal action being taken due to copyright infringement. Some plunderphonic artists use their work to protest what they consider to be overly restrictive copyright laws. Many plunderphonic artists claim their use of other artists' materials falls under the fair use doctrine.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Development of the process is when creative musicians plunder an original track and overlay new material and sounds on top until the original piece is masked and then removed, though often using scales and beats. It is a studio-based technique used by such groups as the American experimental band The Residents (who used Beatles tracks). Often the new track has little resemblance to the original, making it a derivative work and thus freeing the musician from copyright issues.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Although the term "plunderphonics" tends to be applied only to music made since Oswald coined it in the 1980s, there are several examples of earlier music made along similar lines. Notably, Dickie Goodman and Bill Buchanan's 1956 single "The Flying Saucer", features Goodman as a radio reporter covering an alien invasion interspersed with samples from various contemporary records. The Residents' "Beyond The Valley Of A Day In The Life" consists of excerpts from Beatles records. Various club DJs in the 1970s re-edited the records they played, and although this often consisted of nothing more than extending the record by adding a chorus or two, this too could be considered a form of plunderphonics.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Some classical composers have performed a kind of plunderphonia on written, rather than recorded, music. Perhaps the best-known example is the third movement of Luciano Berio's "Sinfonia", which is entirely made up from quotes of other composers and writers. Alfred Schnittke and Mauricio Kagel have also made extensive use of earlier composers' works. Earlier composers who often plundered the music of others include Charles Ives (who often quoted folk songs and hymns in his works) and Ferruccio Busoni (a movement from his 1909 piano suite "An die Jugend" includes a prelude and a fugue by Johann Sebastian Bach played simultaneously). During the '90s Oswald composed many such scores for classical musicians which he classified with the term "Rascali Klepitoire".


title: Plunderphonics

text: In France, Jean-Jacques Birgé has been working on "radiophonies" since 1974 (for his film "La Nuit du Phoque"), capturing radio and editing the samples in real-time with the pause button of a radio-cassette. His group Un Drame Musical Instantané recorded "Crimes parfaits" on LP "A travail égal salaire égal" in 1981, explaining the whole process in the piece itself and calling it "social soundscape". He applied the same technique to TV in 1986 on the "Qui vive?" CD and published on the 1998 CD "Machiavel" with Antoine Schmitt, an interactive video scratch using 111 very small loops from his own past LPs.


title: Plunderphonics

text: "Plunderphonics" was used as the title of an EP release by John Oswald. Oswald's original use of the word was to indicate a piece that was created from samples of a single artist and no other material. Influenced by William S. Burroughs' cut-up technique, he began making plunderphonic recordings in the 1970s. In 1988 he distributed copies of the "Plunderphonics" EP to the press and to radio stations. It contained four tracks: "Pretender" featured a single of Dolly Parton singing "The Great Pretender" progressively slowed down on a Lenco Bogen turntable so that she eventually sounds like a man; "Don't" was Elvis Presley's recording of the titular song overlaid with samples from the recording and overdubs by various musicians, including Bob Wiseman, Bill Frisell and Michael Snow; "Spring" was an edited version of Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring", shuffled around and with different parts played on top of one another; "Pocket" was based on Count Basie's "Corner Pocket," edited so that various parts loop a few times.


title: Plunderphonics

text: In 1989 Oswald released a greatly expanded album version of "Plunderphonics" with twenty-five tracks. As on the EP, each track used material by just one artist. It reworked material by both popular musicians like The Beatles, and classical works such as Ludwig van Beethoven's "Symphony No. 7". Like the EP, it was never offered for sale. A central idea behind the record was that the fact that all the sounds were "stolen" should be quite blatant. The packaging listed the sources of all the samples used, but authorization for them to be used on the record was neither sought nor given. All undistributed copies of "plunderphonic" were destroyed after a threat of legal action from the Canadian Recording Industry Association on behalf of several of their clients (notably Michael Jackson, whose song "Bad" had been chopped into tiny pieces and rearranged as "Dab") who alleged copyright abuses. Various press statements by record industry representatives revealed that a particular item of contention was the album cover art which featured a transformed image of Michael Jackson derived from his Bad cover.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Oswald was subsequently approached by Phil Lesh to use Grateful Dead material on what became the "Grayfolded" album.


title: Plunderphonics

text: Later works by Oswald, such as "Plexure", which lasts just twenty minutes but is claimed to contain around one thousand very short samples of pop music stitched together, are not strictly speaking "plunderphonic" according to Oswald's original conception (he himself used the term "megaplundermorphonemiclonic" for "Plexure"), but the term "plunderphonic" is used today in a looser sense to indicate any music completely — or almost completely — made up of samples. Plunderphonics 69/96 is a compilation of Oswald's work, including tracks from the original "plunderphonic" CD.


title: Plunderphonics

text: It is often assumed that "plunderphonics" is a brand name that Oswald applies exclusively to his recordings, but he has stated several times that he considers the term to describe a genre of music, with many exponents.