title: Jean Ross

text: Anxious to avoid a libel suit, Isherwood implored Ross to give him permission to publish the story. Ross' reluctance delayed the publication of the manuscript. Because abortion was a controversial topic in 1930s England and carried the penalty of life imprisonment, Ross feared Isherwood's thinly-disguised story recounting her lifestyle and abortion in Berlin would further strain her difficult relationship with her status-conscious family.


title: Jean Ross

text: To prevail upon Ross to give consent for the novella's publication, Isherwood said he was in the direst financial circumstances. Ross, who herself was often impoverished, sympathised with any friend in a similar situation. As a personal favour to Isherwood, she yielded her objections to the publication of "Sally Bowles", which was then published by Hogarth Press. Following the tremendous success of the novella, Ross regretted this decision and believed it permanently harmed her reputation. Now deeply committed to the socialist cause, Ross noticed Isherwood's story undermined her standing "among those comrades who realised she was the model for Sally Bowles".


title: Jean Ross

text: Around 1934 and 1935, Ross wrote a manifesto for the short-lived British Workers' Film and Photo League (BWFPL) and served as its General Secretary. Much like its communist-backed US counterpart, the BWFPL's main objective was to launch a cultural counter-offensive to the "bourgeois" and "nauseating" films produced in capitalist societies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. The organisation sought to take anti-capitalist "revolutionary films to workers organisations throughout the country". Despite its limited personnel and modest funds, the League produced newsreels, taught seminars on working-class film criticism, organised protests against "reactionary pictures", and screened the latest blockbusters of Soviet Russia to cadres of like-minded cineastes. The BWFPL frequently screened such motion pictures as "Storm over Asia" (1928), "" (1928), "Road to Life" (1931), and "China Express" (1929).


title: Jean Ross

text: During Ross' tenure as General Secretary, the BWFLP was closely tied to the Friends of the Soviet Union, to which it often sublet its office space. After her resignation as the League's Secretary, Ross continued to serve as a League member and helped produce the short film "Defence of Britain" in March 1936. Drawing upon her family's resources, Ross personally donated a considerable sum to the fledgling organisation in February 1936. Another League member named Ivan Seruya, however, embezzled the majority of Ross' donation to finance his own private venture International Sound Films. This incident and the subsequent dearth of organisational funds reportedly contributed to the League's lack of progress and to its demise in 1938.


title: Jean Ross

text: Between 1935 and 1936, Ross worked as a film critic for the Communist newspaper "Daily Worker" using the alias Peter Porcupine, which she presumably adopted as a homage to radical English pamphleteer William Cobbett, who had used the same pseudonym. Ross' interest in film criticism purportedly began in Berlin when she often attended the cinema with Isherwood, Auden, and Spender. According to Spender, their quartet of friends collectively viewed such films as Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari", Fritz Lang's "Metropolis", and Josef von Sternberg's "The Blue Angel". They were particularly fond of "heroic proletarian films" such as G.W. Pabst's "Comradeship" as well as "Russian films in which photography created poetic images of labour and industry", which is exemplified in "Ten Days That Shook the World" and "The Battleship Potemkin". Fellow critic Dwight Macdonald described this period as spanning the Golden Age and Iron Age of Soviet cinema:


title: Jean Ross

text: In her film criticism, Ross insisted "the workers in the Soviet Union [had] introduced to the world" new variations of this art form with "the electrifying strength and vitality and freedom of a victorious working class". Her reviews of early Soviet cinema were later described by scholars as "ingenious piece[s] of dialectical sophistry".


title: Jean Ross

text: In mid-September 1936, while the Spanish Civil War was in its first year, Ross purportedly met English poet and communist John Cornford at the Horseshoes pub in England while in the company of his friend John Sommerfield. As the first English volunteer to enlist against Francisco Franco's forces, Cornford had just returned from the Aragon front, where he had served with the POUM militia near Saragossa, and fought in the early battles near Perdiguera and Huesca. Cornford then returned to England from Barcelona to recruit volunteers to combat the fascists in Spain.


title: Jean Ross

text: Following the initial meeting between Ross and Cornford, a near brawl occurred at the pub when an ex-fascist volunteer who had been in the Irish Brigade was present and almost came to blows with Cornford over the subject of the war. After leaving the pub, Cornford and Ross went for dinner to Bertorelli's on Charlotte Street in Fitzrovia, central London, where Ross impressed Cornford with her knowledge of ongoing political matters in Spain, as well as between England and Germany. By the end of the evening, Cornford and Ross began a romance.


title: Jean Ross

text: Cornford possibly moved into Ross' apartment in the ensuing weeks while he recruited volunteers to return "en masse" with him to Spain. While living with Ross, Cornford published his first book of poems and worked on a translation of "Lysistrata". If such a relationship occurred, this brief union was not to last due to their mutual commitment to fighting Franco in Spain.


title: Jean Ross

text: In September 1936, Ross travelled to war-torn Spain either in the company of Claud Cockburn or separately. At this point, Cornford had returned to Spain with 21 British volunteers to fight the fascists and had become the "de facto" representative of the British contingent in the International Brigades. He served with a mitrailleuse unit, and fought in the Battle of Madrid in November and December 1936. During the subsequent battle for University City of Madrid, he was wounded by a stray anti-aircraft shell. Despite his injuries, he then served with the English-speaking volunteers of the Marseillaise Brigade and was killed in action at Lopera near Córdoba on 27 or 28 December.


title: Jean Ross

text: Upon hearing of Cornford's death, Ross was devastated and may have attempted to kill herself with an overdose of sleeping pills. Decades later, she would confide to her acquaintance John Sommerfield during a personal conversation that Cornford "was the only man I ever loved". The death of Cornford and other friends in the service of the doomed Republican cause likely solidified Ross' anti-fascist sentiments, and she remained in Republican Spain throughout the prolonged conflict as a war correspondent for the "Daily Express".


title: Jean Ross

text: Throughout the Spanish Civil War, Ross worked for the London branch office of the "Espagne News-Agency" ("Spanish News Agency"). During Ross' tenure in the organisation, the "Espagne News-Agency" was accused by journalist George Orwell of being a Stalinist apparatus that disseminated false propaganda to undermine anti-Stalinist factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War. In particular, during the Barcelona May Days, when anarchist factions on the Republican side were annihilated by Stalinist-backed troops, the "Espagne News-Agency" and the "Daily Worker" published false claims saying the anarchists had been planning a coup and were secretly allied with the fascists and thus justified their extermination.


title: Jean Ross

text: All of the agency's staff—including Ross—were loyal operatives of the Comintern apparatus, the international Communist organization that sought to create a worldwide Soviet republic. Ross' fellow Comintern propagandists included Hungarian journalist Arthur Koestler, Willy Forrest, Mildred Bennett of the "Moscow Daily News", and Claud Cockburn.


title: Jean Ross

text: Ross and Cockburn became closer as the civil war progressed. By this time, Cockburn was a prominent member of the British Communist Party. Within five years, he would become a leader of the Comintern in Western Europe. While covering the Spanish Civil War for the "Daily Worker" in 1936, Cockburn had joined the elite Fifth Regiment of the left-wing "Republicanos" battling the right-wing "Nacionales" and, when not fighting, he gave sympathetic coverage to the Communist Party.


title: Jean Ross

text: While Cockburn fought with the Fifth Regiment, Ross served as a war correspondent for the "Daily Express". When Cockburn was at the front lines, Ross ghost-wrote his columns for him, "imitating his style and filing it at the "Daily Worker" under his name while continuing to send her own reports to the "Express"". Ross was embedded with Republican defenders in Madrid.


title: Jean Ross

text: Among the other foreign correspondents in besieged Madrid were Herbert Matthews of "The New York Times", Ernest Hemingway of the North American Newspaper Alliance, Henry Tilton Gorrell of United Press International, and Martha Gellhorn of "Collier's", as well as Josephine Herbst. Ross and other foreign correspondents often dined together in the ruined basement of Gran Via, the sole restaurant open in besieged Madrid during its relentless bombardment by fascist troops. Armed loyal sentries heavily guarded the basement restaurant and no-one was permitted entry without a press pass.


title: Jean Ross

text: In early 1937, as the civil war progressed, Ross, her friend Richard Mowrer of "The Chicago Daily News"—the step-son of Ernest Hemingway's first wife Hadley Richardson—and their guide Constancia de la Mora travelled to Andalusia to report on the southern front. Ross and Mowrer investigated and reported upon war-time conditions in Alicante, Málaga, and Jaén. A week before Ross' arrival, Jaén had been bombed by a squadron of German Junkers 52 aircraft. Amid the rubble, Ross reported on the death toll and interviewed survivors including mothers whose children had died in the bombardment. She then proceeded to Andújar where, amid the ongoing battle and machine-gun fire, she interviewed Colonel José Morales, a commander of the southern armies.


title: Jean Ross

text: Following her interview with Morales, the convoy in which Ross was travelling faced recurrent enemy fire and later, during the evening, was bombed by a fascist air patrol. De la Mora recalled this bombing as one of the daily perils Ross and other pro-Republican journalists endured to report news from the front lines:


title: Jean Ross

text: During her time in Andújar, Ross endured nine aerial bombardments by German Junkers and survived each despite the lack of air raid shelters. Recalling these events, Mora described Ross as a fearless reporter who had seemingly resigned herself to death and looked "as natural as possible" when the bombs fell. Her friends noted Ross "had a comforting air of calmness about her". Following her reporting in Andújar, Ross continued to report from the fronts at Córdoba and Extremadura. She continued reporting on the progress of the war, often from the front lines of the Republican forces, for the next year.


title: Jean Ross

text: In late 1938, while pregnant with Cockburn's child, Ross witnessed the final months of the Siege of Madrid and endured aerial bombardment by Francoist forces. By the time the besieged city fell to the Nationalist armies on 28 March 1939, Ross had escaped to England. Her wartime experiences, especially the atrocities she witnessed and the friends she lost in combat, solidified her lifelong commitment to anti-fascist resistance.


title: Jean Ross

text: Sixty days after the fall of Madrid, Ross gave birth to a daughter by Claud Cockburn. The child, Sarah Caudwell, who was born on 27 May 1939, was the only offspring of their union. Some sources say Ross did not marry Cockburn due to her political beliefs about women's emancipation, but under British law, Cockburn still was married to his first wife Hope Hale Davis; he could not marry Ross at that time without committing bigamy. Whether Ross knew Cockburn was still legally married to Davis is unknown. Several months before her daughter's birth, Ross filed a deed poll in which she changed her surname to Cockburn.


title: Jean Ross

text: In 1938 or 1939, Cockburn entered into a clandestine relationship with Patricia Arbuthnot. In August 1939, Cockburn "walked out" on Ross and their newly-born child to live with Arbuthnot. Cockburn later omitted all mention of Ross from his memoirs. Following her abandonment by Cockburn, Ross did not have another recorded partner. She later told an acquaintance "having a man around was like having a crocodile in the bath".


title: Jean Ross

text: Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, Ross, her daughter Sarah, and her widowed mother Clara Caudwell moved to Hertfordshire. Ross became friends with Isherwood's old acquaintance Edward Upward and his wife Hilda Percival, both of whom were socialist in outlook. Upward later met Olive Mangeot through their attendance of Communist Party meetings and the two began an extramarital affair. Olive, whom Isherwood depicted as Marvey Scriven in "The Memorial" and as Madame Cheuret in "Lions and Shadows", eventually separated from her husband Andre Mangeot and lived in the London suburbs at Gunter Grove, Barnet, where she invited Ross and her daughter Sarah to live with her.


title: Jean Ross

text: For many years, Ross and Sarah lived as Olive's boarders in modest circumstances in Gunter Grove. Much like Ross, Mangeot had been an apolitical bohemian in her youth and transformed with age into a devout Stalinist who sold the "Daily Worker" and was an active member of various left-wing circles. According to Isherwood, Mangeot, Ross, and their social circle refused to consort with Trotskyites or other communist schismatics who had strayed from the Stalinist party line.


title: Jean Ross

text: For the remainder of her adult life, Ross devoted herself to advancing the ideology of socialism and raising her daughter Sarah. To obtain the most advantageous education available for Sarah, Ross moved to Scotland. In 1960, they moved to Barnes, London, for Sarah to attend Oxford University. They lived with Jean's invalid sister Margaret "Peggy" Ross, a sculptor and painter who trained at the Liverpool School of Art. At this point, Ross acted as a caretaker for both Peggy—who had severe arthritis affecting her mobility—and her ailing mother Clara, who had suffered a debilitating stroke. Under Ross' tutelage, Sarah became one of the first women to join the Oxford Union as a student and to speak in the Oxford Union's Debating Chamber. She went on to teach law at Oxford and became a senior executive at Lloyds Bank, and later a celebrated author of detective novels.


title: Jean Ross

text: While Sarah was at Oxford, Ross continued to engage in political activities including protesting nuclear weapons, boycotting apartheid South Africa, and opposing the Vietnam War. Even in later life, she continued to sell copies of the "Daily Worker" to neighbouring houses and to raise awareness of ongoing political campaigns. Acquaintances who met Ross during the later decades of her life noted various hardships and impoverished economic circumstances had taken their toll on her. By this time, she had few clothes and very little money. Sommerfield said:


title: Jean Ross

text: Ross and writer Isherwood met a final time shortly before her death. In a diary entry for 24 April 1970, Isherwood recounted their final reunion in London:


title: Jean Ross

text: On 27 April 1973, Ross died at her home in Richmond, Surrey, aged 61, from cervical cancer. She was cremated at East Sheen.


title: Jean Ross

text: According to Ross' daughter Sarah Caudwell, her mother detested her popular identification with the vacuous character Sally Bowles. She believed the character's political indifference more closely resembled Isherwood or his hedonistic friends, many of whom "fluttered around town exclaiming how sexy the storm troopers looked in their uniforms". Ross' opinion of Isherwood's beliefs is partly confirmed by Isherwood's biographer Peter Parker, who wrote Isherwood was "the least political" of W. H. Auden's social circle in Weimar Berlin, and Auden noted the young Isherwood "held no [political] opinions whatever about anything".


title: Jean Ross

text: According to Caudwell, Ross further disliked the Sally Bowles character, which offended her feminist convictions. Isherwood's fictionalised depiction of Ross uses a literary convention that necessitated "a woman must be either virtuous (in the sexual sense) or a tart. So Sally, who is plainly not virtuous, must be a tart to depend for a living on providing sexual pleasure". Such a submissive gender role would have "seemed to [Ross] the ultimate denial of freedom and emancipation."


title: Jean Ross

text: Above all, Ross resented Isherwood's 1937 novella "Sally Bowles" depiction of Ross expressing anti-Semitic bigotry. In the 1937 story, Bowles laments having sex with an "awful old Jew" to obtain money. Caudwell said such racial bigotry "would have been as alien to my mother's vocabulary as a sentence in Swahili; she had no more deeply rooted passion than a loathing of racialism and so, from the outset, of fascism." Due to her unyielding dislike of fascism, Ross was incensed Isherwood had depicted her as thoughtlessly allied in her beliefs "with the [racist] attitudes which led to Dachau and Auschwitz". In the early 21st century, some writers have argued the anti-Semitic remarks in "Sally Bowles" are a reflection of Isherwood's own much-documented prejudices. In Peter Parker's biography, he states: "Isherwood is revealed as being fairly anti-Semitic to a degree that required some emendations of the Berlin novels when they were republished after the war".


title: Jean Ross

text: Isherwood never publicly confirmed Ross was his model for Sally Bowles until after her death. Other mutual acquaintances were less discreet. Ross said her former partner Claud Cockburn had leaked to his friends in the press she had inspired the character. In 1951, poet Stephen Spender in his autobiography "World Within World" publicly confirmed Bowles was based on a real person, and he also confirmed the novella's abortion incident is factual. Later, Gerald Hamilton, the inspiration for Isherwood's character Mr Norris, identified Ross as Sally Bowles due to a public feud with Cockburn. Consequently, when "Cabaret" garnered acclaim in the late 1960s, journalists—particularly those from the "Daily Mail"—tracked down Ross and hounded her with intrusive questions.


title: Jean Ross

text: Ross refused to discuss her sexual misadventures in Weimar Berlin with journalists. Caudwell said the journalists' relentless questions "were invariably a disappointment on both sides: the journalists always wanted to talk about sex" while Ross "wanted to talk about politics". Ross noted reporters often claimed to seek knowledge "about Berlin in the Thirties" but they did not wish "to know about the unemployment or the poverty or the Nazis marching through the streets—all they want to know is how many men I went to bed with". Ross became angered when the reporters ascribed her many sexual affairs to her feminist beliefs: "They asked if I was a feminist. Well, of course I am, darling. But they don't think that feminism is about sex, do they? It's about economics".


title: Jean Ross

text: Ross steadfastly declined invitations to watch "Cabaret" or any related adaptations. Her ambivalence towards the popular success of "Cabaret" was not unique among Isherwood's acquaintances: Stephen Spender said "Cabaret" glossed over Weimar Berlin's crushing poverty, and he later noted there was "not a single meal or club in the movie "Cabaret" that Christopher and I could have afforded". Both Spender and Ross often said Isherwood's stories glamourised and distorted the harsh realities of life in 1930s Berlin. According to Ross, Isherwood's "story was quite, quite different from what really happened". She nonetheless conceded the accuracy of the depiction of their social group of British expatriates as pleasure-seeking libertines: "We were all utterly against the bourgeois standards of our parents' generation. That's what took us to [Weimar-era] Berlin. The climate was freer there".


title: Jean Ross

text: Sally Bowles, the fictional character inspired by Jean Ross, has been portrayed by a number of actors; Julie Harris in "I Am a Camera", the 1951 adaptation of "Goodbye to Berlin" and the 1955 film adaptation of the same name; Jill Haworth in the original 1966 Broadway production of "Cabaret"; Judi Dench in the original 1968 West-End stage version of "Cabaret"; Liza Minnelli in Bob Fosse's 1972 film adaptation of the musical, and Natasha Richardson in the 1998 Broadway revival of "Cabaret".


title: Jean Ross

text: In 1979, critic Howard Moss noted the resilience of the Sally Bowles character: "It is almost fifty years since Sally Bowles shared the recipe for a Prairie oyster with Herr Issyvoo in a vain attempt to cure a hangover" and yet the character in subsequent permutations lives on "from story to play to movie to musical to movie-musical". Moss ascribed the character's continuing appeal to the aura of sophisticated innocence that pervades Isherwood's depiction of the character and of Weimar Berlin in which "the unseemly and the ugly" are either de-emphasised or made to appear genial to the spectator.


title: Jean Ross

text: According to critic Ingrid Norton, Sally Bowles later inspired Holly Golightly in Truman Capote's novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's". Norton has said Isherwood's Bowles was the key model for Capote's Golightly character, and that both scenes and dialogue in Capote's 1958 novella have direct equivalencies in Isherwood's 1937 work. Capote, who admired Isherwood's novels, had befriended Isherwood in New York in the late 1940s.


title: Jean Ross

text: In 2011, British actor Imogen Poots portrayed Jean Ross in "Christopher and His Kind", in which she starred opposite Matt Smith as Christopher Isherwood. For her performance, Poots attempted to show Ross' personality as "convincingly fragile beneath layers of attitude" but did not wish to depict Ross as a talented singer. Poots said if "Jean had been that good, she wouldn't have been wasting her time hanging around with Isherwood in the cabarets of the Weimar Republic, she would have been on her way, perhaps, to the life she dreamed of in Hollywood".


title: Jean Ross

text: As well as inspiring Sally Bowles, Ross has been credited as the inspiration for one of the 20th century's most-enduring popular songs, "These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You)". Although its composer Eric Maschwitz's wife Hermione Gingold said her autobiography the song was written for either herself or actor Anna May Wong, Maschwitz's own autobiography contradicts that of Gingold. Maschwitz cites "fleeting memories of [a] young love" as the inspiration for the song, and most sources—including the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"—say cabaret singer Ross, with whom Maschwitz had a youthful romantic liaison, was the muse for the song.


title: Villa Borghese gardens

text: Villa Borghese is a landscape garden in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions. It is the third largest public park in Rome (80 hectares or 197.7 acres) after the ones of the Villa Doria Pamphili and Villa Ada. The gardens were developed for the Villa Borghese Pinciana ("Borghese villa on the Pincian Hill"), built by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese, who used it as a "villa suburbana", or party villa, at the edge of Rome, and to house his art collection. The gardens as they are now were remade in the late 18th century.


title: Villa Borghese gardens

text: In 1605, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, nephew of Pope Paul V and patron of Bernini, began turning this former vineyard into the most extensive gardens built in Rome since Antiquity. The vineyard's site is identified with the gardens of Lucullus, the most famous in the late Roman republic. In the 19th century much of the garden's former formality was remade as a landscape garden in the English taste ("illustration, right"). The Villa Borghese gardens were long informally open, but were bought by the commune of Rome and given to the public in 1903. The large landscape park in the English taste contains several villas. The Spanish Steps lead up to this park, and there is another entrance at the Porte del Popolo by Piazza del Popolo. The "Pincio" (the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome), in the south part of the park, offers one of the greatest views over Rome.


title: Villa Borghese gardens

text: The Piazza di Siena, located in the villa, hosted the equestrian dressage, individual jumping, and the jumping part of the eventing competition for the 1960 Summer Olympics. A balustrade (dating from the early seventeenth century) from the gardens, was taken to England in the late 19th century, and installed in the grounds of Cliveden House, a mansion in Buckinghamshire, in 1896. In 2004, a species of Italian snail was discovered, still living on the balustrade after more than 100 years in England.


title: Cave dweller

text: A cave dweller, or troglodyte, is a human being who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff.


title: Cave dweller

text: Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not ("see" "Homo" and Human evolution). Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called "cave men" (the term also refers to the stereotypical "caveman" stock character type from fiction and popular culture). Despite the name, only a small portion of humanity has ever dwelt in caves: caves are rare across most of the world; most caves are dark, cold, and damp; and other cave inhabitants, such as bears and cave bears, cave lions, and cave hyenas, often made caves inhospitable for people.


title: Cave dweller

text: The Grotte du Vallonnet, a cave in the French Riviera, was used by people approximately one million years ago. Although stone tools and the remains of eaten animals have been found in the cave, there is no indication that people dwelt in it.


title: Cave dweller

text: Since about 750,000 years ago, the Zhoukoudian cave system, in Beijing, China, has been inhabited by various species of human being, including Peking Man ("Homo erectus pekinensis") and modern humans ("Homo sapiens").


title: Cave dweller

text: Starting about 170,000 years ago, some "Homo sapiens" lived in some cave systems in what is now South Africa, such as Pinnacle Point and Diepkloof Rock Shelter. The stable temperatures of caves provided a cool habitat in summers and a warm, dry shelter in the winter. Remains of grass bedding have been found in nearby Border Cave.


title: Cave dweller

text: About 100,000 years ago, some Neanderthals dwelt in caves in Europe and western Asia. Caves there also were inhabited by some Cro-Magnons, from about 35,000 years ago until about 8000 B.C. Both species built shelters, including tents, at the mouths of caves and used the caves’ dark interiors for ceremonies. The Cro-Magnon people also made representational paintings on cave walls.


title: Cave dweller

text: Also about 100,000 years ago, some "Homo sapiens" worked in Blombos Cave, in what became South Africa. They made the earliest paint workshop now known, but apparently did not dwell in the caves.


title: Cave dweller

text: Writers of the classical Greek and Roman period made several allusions to cave-dwelling tribes in different parts of the world. For details, "see" "Troglodytae".


title: Cave dweller

text: Especially during war and other times of strife, small groups of people have lived temporarily in caves, where they have hidden or otherwise sought refuge. They also have used caves for clandestine and other special purposes while living elsewhere.


title: Cave dweller

text: Perhaps fleeing the violence of Ancient Romans, people left the Dead Sea Scrolls in eleven caves near Qumran, in what is now an area of the West Bank managed by Qumran National Park, in Israel. The documents remained undisturbed there for about 2,000 years, until their discovery in the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Cave dweller

text: The DeSoto Caverns, in what became Alabama in the United States, were a burial ground for local tribes; the same caves became a violent speakeasy in the 1920s. The Caves of St. Louis may have been a hiding-place along the Underground Railroad.


title: Cave dweller

text: From about 1000 to about 1300, some Pueblo people lived in villages that they built beneath cliffs in what is now the Southwestern United States.


title: Cave dweller

text: In Hirbet Tawani, near Yatta Village, in the Southern Hebron Hills, in an area contested by the Palestinian Authority and Israel, there are Palestinians living in caves. People also inhabited caves there during the time of the Ottoman Empire and of the British Mandate for Palestine. In recent years some have been evicted by the Israeli government and settlers.


title: Cave dweller

text: In her book "Home Life in Colonial Days", Alice Morse Earle wrote of some of the first European settlers in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania living in cave dwellings, also known as "smoaky homes":


title: Cave dweller

text: In Pennsylvania caves were used by newcomers as homes for a long time, certainly half a century. They generally were formed by digging into the ground about four feet in depth on the banks or low cliffs near the river front. The walls were then built up of sods or earth laid on poles or brush; thus half only of the chamber was really under ground. If dug into a side hill, the earth formed at least two walls. The roofs were layers of tree limbs covered over with sod, or bark, or rushes and bark. The chimneys were laid of cobblestone or sticks of wood mortared with clay and grass. The settlers were thankful even for these poor shelters, and declared that they found them comfortable. By 1685 many families were still living in caves in Pennsylvania, for the Governor's Council then ordered the caves to be destroyed and filled in.


title: Cave dweller

text: In the 1970s, several members of the Tasaday apparently inhabited caves near Cotabato, in the Philippines.


title: Cave dweller

text: Caves at Sacromonte, near Granada, Spain, are home to about 3,000 Gitano people, whose dwellings range from single rooms to caves of nearly 200 rooms, along with churches, schools, and stores in the caves.


title: Cave dweller

text: Some families have built modern homes in caves, and renovated old ones, as in Missouri; Matera, Italy; and Spain.


title: Cave dweller

text: At least 30,000,000 people in China live in cave homes, called yaodongs; because they are warm in the winter and cool in the summer, some people find caves more desirable than concrete homes in the city.


title: Cave dweller

text: In the Australian desert mining towns of Coober Pedy and Lightning Ridge, many families have carved homes into the underground opal mines, to escape the heat.


title: Cave dweller

text: In Greece, some Christian hermits and saints are known by the epithet "cave dweller" () since they lived in cave dwellings; examples include Joseph the Cave Dweller (also known as Joseph the Hesychast) and Arsenios the Cave Dweller.


title: Innerspeaker

text: Innerspeaker is the debut studio album by Australian musical project Tame Impala. Recorded at a remote beach shack in Western Australia during the winter of 2009, the album was released on 21 May 2010 by Modular Recordings.


title: Innerspeaker

text: "Innerspeaker" was acclaimed by critics for its reminiscence of 1960s psychedelic rock. The album peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum in the country. At the J Awards of 2010, the album won Australian Album of the Year. It was recognized as the 83rd Best Album of the Decade So Far by "Pitchfork" in August 2014.


title: Innerspeaker

text: Tame Impala had previously released their self-titled EP in 2008 and single "Sundown Syndrome" in 2009. In the lead-up to the release of "Innerspeaker", four small video snippets were released through their YouTube channel, showing them practicing the songs, "The Bold Arrow of Time", "Island Walking" and another instrumental piece. The album contains two re-recorded songs, "Desire Be Desire Go" (previously released on their self-titled EP) and "The Bold Arrow of Time" (previously recorded, but unreleased).


title: Innerspeaker

text: Past Tame Impala releases were done by Kevin Parker purely for his own enjoyment. "Innerspeaker" marks the first time Parker has "recorded something for an intended release. In the past [he has] just recorded a song, then done another two weeks later and eventually put them together." While Tame Impala tour as a band, it is Parker's personal music project in which he writes and records all the music to. Commenting on this, Parker said "Tame Impala is just one sliver of the giant amount of noise-making that we do as a circle of friends. I don't feel bad doing the recording by myself because I don't expect that input in their bands...to us Tame Impala is just Kevin Parker's project and everyone has a project" and "Tame Impala has always been a solo project. It has two halves: one half is the recording side which is very calculated and pieced together, and the other side is the live side, where we take what's been recorded and turn them into live songs." Parker has been recording music solo for a long time, as he explains "I’ve always recorded music. When I was 12, I used to set up two tape machines and multi-track myself. First, I’d record a beat on the drums, then, I’d play that tape into another tape recorder while playing keyboard; then I’d take that tape and play bass guitar along with the drums and keyboard. I’d keep adding instruments. I did that for a long time until my dad bought me an 8-track, and then I continued recording music by myself, even if I was in other bands at the same time." Parker's father "played a lot of music as a hobby" and was a "big influence" on Kevin.


title: Innerspeaker

text: The album was recorded almost entirely at Wave House, Injidup, a beach shack about four hours south of Perth with 180 degree views of the Indian Ocean, with "no internet, no phone reception and no TVs". While it had been reported that Tame Impala were recording in a mansion, Parker ran into problems: "The mansion isn't really like a mansion to us, it's more like a big, wooden house; the roof was leaking and the power was so bad that it kept turning off and I kept losing drum tracks. I lost a whole day's worth of drum tracks one day while recording "Innerspeaker". Sometimes the power would go off for a second, which was enough to kill off my eight-track, and I lost everything. We also had plastic on top of everything because the roof was leaking so bad". Still, he maintained that "it's the most amazing scenery [he has] ever woken up to" and that recording in the house was a luxury, with the scenery having a subconscious influence on the recording.


title: Innerspeaker

text: Recording started in June 2009 and finished in August 2009. Parts of the album were recorded all over the house, with some being recorded on the balcony overlooking the ocean whilst the Fremantle Doctor blew towards the house. Additional recording took place at Poon's Head Studio and at Parker's House. Regarding the recording environment, Parker said, "the idea of going to some flash studio where there's some stranger telling you how to arrange your song is pretty absurd to us". Consequently, the majority of the album was recorded and produced by Parker, with Jay Watson and Dominic Simper contributing small parts to the recording.


title: Innerspeaker

text: Mixing began in November 2009 and was undertaken by acclaimed Flaming Lips producer Dave Fridmann at Tarbox Road Studios in Cassadaga, New York.<ref name="Dave Fridmann/Tarbox News/Notes"></ref> Originally, Parker had intended to make the entire album by himself, recording, mixing and producing it all by himself, but he ran into problems when he was "mixing it and couldn't get the sounds [he] wanted to." Parker wanted it to sound "absolutely explosive" but was not able to do so on his own. At first, he was hesitant to let Fridmann mix it and was "torn about instantly handing over everything". However, he later concluded that "in the end, there's no way in hell [he] could've made the album sound as good as Dave [Fridmann] made it sound" and that his experiences working with Fridmann made him "feel like [he had] taken a giant leap forward as an engineer". Speaking about the album's and Fridmann's slightly lo-fi sound, Parker said "it has a different emotion to it, it brings out a different feeling".


title: Innerspeaker

text: Tim Holmes from the band Death in Vegas also came along during the recording of "Innerspeaker" to handle engineering duties, but was not required very often. As Parker recalls, "I told him that the Tame Impala set-up was pretty unprofessional and that there wouldn't be much for him to do. Tim was totally cool with it. He said he'd bring his fishing rod and help out when needed." Parker later said, "He encouraged me to use some different mics instead of some old mics I was using, which helped a lot. I look back now and it was really invaluable having him there."


title: Innerspeaker

text: "Innerspeaker" features album artwork from Australian artist Leif Podhajsky. It features an image of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina, United States. The original image has been digitally altered using the Droste effect in recursion to make it appear as if the image continues into itself, creating a distinctly psychedelic feeling reminiscent of Pink Floyd's album cover for "Ummagumma".


title: Innerspeaker

text: Parker revealed his intentions for the album artwork: "I had an idea for the album cover but didn't have the graphic design skills or the resources to carry it out. It was to be a shot of some scenery where the features of the landscape repeat infinitely into the horizon. Leif Podhajsky is an artist we found who has an amazing eye for weird cosmic art. We'll probably ask him to do the next album!" and "I think it's pretty important that you have the right image for people to associate with the sound. Especially the colours. With the "InnerSpeaker" cover we worked with a graphic artist for a long time to get the right shapes and colours."


title: Innerspeaker

text: "Innerspeaker" was released on 21 May 2010. Four singles were released from the album, the first single, "Solitude Is Bliss", was released in April 2010, second single, "Lucidity" was released in July 2010, third single, "Expectation" was released in December 2010 and fourth single, "Why Won't You Make Up Your Mind?" was released in February 2011. "Solitude Is Bliss", "Lucidity" and "Expectation" all featured music videos.


title: Innerspeaker

text: On 12 May 2010, iTunes accidentally made "Innerspeaker" available to buy immediately (not pre-order) and therefore it was leaked before the official release date. It was also leaked on the internet in poor quality a month earlier. Parker commented on this poor quality leak by saying "That was a real bummer. It was kind of bittersweet because I was glad that people could finally hear it, I wasn’t that pissed off about the sales or release or whatever, it was just that it was in bad quality from how it actually sounded."


title: Innerspeaker

text: Originally, Parker intended for "Innerspeaker" to be a double album, but eventually lacked the motivation to make it. Many of the songs demos intended for the double album were later leaked onto YouTube in unmixed form. An image in the Limited Edition version of "Innerspeaker" shows a drafted track listing, featuring titles such as "Feelin' the Dread", "I Know Where", "Dance", "Latenight Moonlight", "Pretty Song", "Stormy", "Funk Jam" and "Don't Ask", all of which have not seen an official release, which were possibly considered being released on the double album. In 2012, Tame Impala recorded a cover of "That's All for Everyone" to be included on the Fleetwood Mac tribute album "Just Tell Me That You Want Me", which was originally intended to be released on "Innerspeaker". "When we made our first album our first idea is that it would be a double album and that it would finish with a cover of "That's All for Everyone". The joke being that we'd choose a song from Fleetwood Mac's double and use it to close out our double album, which was also our debut album. It never actually happened because we realized that making a double album was gonna be way too much work. So it was great when we got the offer to be included on that compilation because it meant we finally had a reason to record that song."


title: Innerspeaker

text: The title "Innerspeaker" was selected by Parker, which was a term he came up with to try to explain the "feeling you get when you're at your most inspired, the idea that [a song] just appears to you vividly and if someone plugged a stereo into your brain they'd be able to hear it" and also said "the songs come from somewhere internal, rather than slowly taking shape with a bunch of guys jamming in a room. One way of writing a song is that you've got an idea in your head and build a song around that. Another is more of a collaborative thing: It starts out as nothing and gets put together with whatever happens. This album was very much a case of the former; it's meant to give off the idea that the songs would be preserved."


title: Innerspeaker

text: On 27 May 2011, "Innerspeaker: Limited Edition" was released on CD. This collector's edition includes a second disc, "Extraspeaker", containing B-sides and remixes.


title: Innerspeaker

text: "Innerspeaker" was released to critical acclaim, with many praising Parker's ability to put a modern spin on elements of 1960s psychedelic rock, creating a new and original sound. The album was awarded with being the feature album for Triple J Radio from 16 May to the 22nd. The album was nominated for a J Award for Australian Album of the Year on 26 July 2010. At the end of Triple J's Australian Music Month (November), it was announced as the winner. It was also nominated, and ultimately won, the "Rolling Stone" award for Album of the Year. It was also featured on the Triple J Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time in 2011, firstly being featured at number 18 in the list voted by Australian musicians and industry experts, and secondly being featured at number 19 on the public voted list. It was nominated for an ARIA Award in 2010 in the categories of Album of the Year and Best Rock Album and also for a WAMI Award in 2011 for Most Popular Album.


title: Innerspeaker

text: Upon release, the album entered the Recent Releases chart on UK-based review aggregator AnyDecentMusic? with an ADM rating of 7.5. "Pitchfork" placed it at number 43 on its list "The Top 50 Albums of 2010".


title: Innerspeaker

text: Vinyl editions split tracks between sides as the following: tracks 1 to 3 (A), 4 to 6 (B), 7 to 9 (C), 10 and 11 (D).


title: Innerspeaker

text: † The iTunes version has "Island Walking" as the 7th of its 12 tracks; placed between "Solitude Is Bliss" and "Jeremy's Storm".


title: Innerspeaker

text: † This track is found by inserting the "Innerspeaker" CD into a computer CD drive, which takes you to a webpage featuring this track plus "Live at the Corner" and extra videos. It is an improvised jam session which features musician and photographer Matthew Saville on drums, with Kevin Parker playing guitar and Dominic Simper playing bass.


title: Innerspeaker

text: The 10th anniversary edition includes new mixes and previously unreleased material. Side E (12 & 13) were mixed by Kevin Parker at Fremantle in 2020, Side G (16) is a collage of demos cut and pasted by Parker from sessions dating 2008–2010, and Side H (17) is a one-take jam at Wave House in Injidup, Western Australia, dating July 2009, with Kevin Parker on guitar, Dom Simper on bass and Matthew C. Saville on drums.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Margaret Jane "Dee Dee" Myers (born September 1, 1961) is an American political analyst who served as the 19th White House Press Secretary during the first two years of the Clinton administration. She was the first woman and the second-youngest person to hold that position.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Myers later co-hosted the news program "Equal Time" on CNBC, and was a consultant on "The West Wing". She was the inspiration for fictional White House Press Secretary C. J. Cregg. She is also the author of the 2008 "New York Times" best-selling book, "Why Women Should Rule the World". In 2020, she joined the Gavin Newsom administration as Senior Advisor to the Governor and Director of the Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Margaret Jane Myers was born in 1961 at Quonset Point in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, to Stephen and Judy Myers. Her nickname, "Dee Dee", originated when her sister could not pronounce "baby." Myers spent most of her formative years in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California. Her father was a Navy aviator who completed two tours of duty in the Vietnam War, and her mother worked as a real estate agent. Myers is a graduate of William S. Hart High School and Santa Clara University (1983).


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: She met her husband, Todd Purdum, the national editor for "Vanity Fair", former White House correspondent, and Los Angeles bureau chief for "The New York Times", during the 1992 presidential campaign. The couple married in 1997, have two children, Kate and Stephen, and live in Los Angeles, California.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Myers' career in political communications began shortly after graduating from college, taking a full-time role on the 1984 presidential campaign of Walter Mondale. She later served as a field representative for California State Senator Art Torres, and as assistant press secretary in the office of Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley and on his 1986 campaign for California governor. She was also a spokesperson for Michael Dukakis' 1988 presidential bid and Dianne Feinstein's 1990 California gubernatorial campaign, and served as campaign manager for Frank Jordan's 1991 run for San Francisco mayor.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Myers joined Bill Clinton's presidential campaign team in 1991 and, following the 1992 presidential election, was named Clinton's first White House Press Secretary, a role she held from January 20, 1993, to December 22, 1994. She was the first woman to serve in that position, as well as being the second-youngest overall, having taken the job at the age of 31. Myers is sometimes cited as the youngest-ever White House Press Secretary; however, Ron Ziegler, Richard Nixon's press secretary, was 29 when he assumed the role in January 1969.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: According to the "Detroit Free Press", Myers earned a reputation for her "humour and patience" in handling the White House press corps, often delivering "quick one-liners" while issuing daily press briefings. Until September 1994, when she was given the title of Assistant to the President, she held the lesser title of "deputy assistant" and had a lower salary than previous White House Press Secretaries. She also lacked consistent access to Clinton's inner circle. This was frequently noted in news coverage about Myers throughout her term, and is addressed in her 2008 book, "Why Women Should Rule The World".


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: After the Clinton administration, she became a political analyst and commentator, appearing on television and speaking at events on politics and the media.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: In May 1995, Myers became the co-host of political talk show "Equal Time" on CNBC. She initially hosted the show opposite Mary Matalin, and later opposite Bay Buchanan. In 1997, she was the winning contestant on an episode of Celebrity "Jeopardy!", beating Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. Myers has also appeared as a guest on other television programs, including "The Today Show", "Charlie Rose", and ABC's "Nightline". She also appeared as herself in the 1997 Robert Zemeckis film, "Contact".


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Writer Aaron Sorkin recruited Myers to serve as a consultant and script advisor on the Emmy Award-winning TV series "The West Wing", beginning in 1999. The character of C. J. Cregg (played by Allison Janney), the White House Press Secretary on the series, was partially inspired by Myers. News articles have also reported that she may have served as the basis for the character of Daisy Green in the novel and film "Primary Colors", played by Maura Tierney.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Myers has contributed to "Vanity Fair" since July 1995, originally as a Washington editor, and since 1997 as a contributing editor. She is the author of the 2008 "New York Times" best-selling book "Why Women Should Rule The World", about women taking on positions of leadership and her own experiences in the White House. Her writings have also appeared in a number of other publications, including the "Los Angeles Times", "The New York Times", "Time", "The Washington Post", "", "Politico", and "The Huffington Post". Since leaving the White House, Myers has also been invited to speak at numerous events, usually on the topics of women's issues, the media and politics. In 2011, she became a brand ambassador for Jones New York's Empower your Confidence campaign, and appeared as a model in advertisements for the brand.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: Myers joined The Glover Park Group in September 2010, as a managing director of public affairs. Her role at the firm involves consulting with clients on communications strategy, marketing and reputation management. In January 2013 she was the spokeswoman for Paula Broadwell during the Petraeus scandal.


title: Dee Dee Myers

text: In September 2014, Myers became the head of corporate communications at Warner Bros. She departed from this position in February 2020.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16 or Global Goal 16) is about "peace, justice and strong institutions." One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, the official wording is: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels". The Goal has 12 targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards targets will be measured by 23 indicators.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The goal has ten "outcome targets": Reduce violence; protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence; promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice; combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows, substantially reduce corruption and bribery; develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions; ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making; strengthen the participation in global governance; provide universal legal identity; ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. There are also two "means of achieving targets": Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism; promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Reducing violent crime, sex trafficking, forced labor, and child abuse are clear global goals. The International Community values peace and justice; they call for stronger judicial systems that will enforce laws and work toward a more peaceful and just society. All women need to be able to turn to fair and effective institution to access Justice and important services. We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace and stability in any country.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations. It is an engine for progress and an enabling tool for all other goals. The broad goals are interrelated though each has its own targets to achieve. The SDGs cover a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, Water supply, sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice. The SDGs include an emphasis on the importance of achieving progress on peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and rule of law, and effective, accountable and inclusive institutions.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: SDG 16 addresses the need for major intervention to promote peace and inclusive institutions and contribute to the other Sustainable Development Goals. Areas of improvement include: reducing lethal violence, reducing civilian deaths in conflicts, and eliminating human trafficking.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The UNODC reports that in 2017 alone, around 464,000 people were victims of intentional homicide and homicide rates were 6.1 per 100,000. Two thirds of global homicides occur in Latin America and the Caribbeans or sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty, economic inequality, and high youth unemployment are some of the major reasons behind the high homicide rates in Latin America. The UNODC found that, homicides are four times morel likely to occur in regions with high economic disparity than those that have economic equity, which helps to explain the high homicide rates in some Latin American regions. Although homicide rates have been seeing a reduction the past several years, the progress on SDG 16 has been reversing. If current global trends continue, it is estimated that all forms of violence will increase by 10-46 percent by 2030.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: SDG 16 has twelve targets and twenty-four indicators. Three of the targets specify their agenda by the year 2030. Below is the list of all the targets with a short version and a long version of the titles.Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 16) "SDG-ああああああFile:Homicide rate.png|thumb|300x300px|World map for 16.1.1 - Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population in 2016]]


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: No data is available yet for the following indicators: 16.4.1, 16.4.2, 16.6.2, 16.7.1, 16.7.2, 16.b.1. For all the other indicators, data and world maps are available to visualize progress.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Honour based violence (HBV) is classified as not only murder or violence, but rather a heroic attainment of religious beliefs, typically committed by a male family member. The United Nations estimates that around 5,000 women are killed annually in relation to HBV. However, the actual number is several times higher due to weak administration of these crimes. Authorities are reluctant to report statistics that could potentially affect their international reputation or are bribed in order to protect the family's reputation. Target 16.5 indicates instills the concept of bribery further, and Target 16.2 portrays the lack of crime reported.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Where conflict strikes, men are more likely to die on battlefields, but women will be targeted for sexual violence, exploitation and other violation. economic growth is affected by violence.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: A survey conducted in Kuwait measures both support and opposition for HBV crimes in correlation with demographic attributes (age, sex, education) and social indicators (status, religion). The survey indicated high levels of public support in justifying physical violence towards female adultery or for transgression of female gender norms. One of the strongest attributes are aligned with political Islam. In a revision of 172 honour-killings, more than half occurred in Muslim-majority countries and 91% of the perpetrators were Muslim.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: UNICEF, as well as indicator 16.1.3, classifies violence into three categories: physical, psychological, and sexual. Save the Children, a non-governmental organization aimed to help vulnerable adolescents in Bolivia who fit at least one classification of violence through modules as follows:


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The program was found to have had a positive effect for success for females, with an improvement in bargaining power within the household and reduction in income-related stress. Additionally, this program may be a factor that led to the decrease in violence against girls in Bolivia.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Long title: "End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children." It ensures that children are better served.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: One target is to see the end to sex trafficking, forced labor, and all forms of violence against and torture of children. However, reliance on the indicator of "crimes reported" makes monitoring and achieving this goal challenging. For instance, 84 percent of countries have no or insufficient data on violent punishment of children. Of the data available, it is clear that violence against children by their caregivers remains pervasive: Nearly 8 in 10 children aged 1 to 14 are subjected to violent discipline on a regular basis (regardless of income). The global pandemic has magnified the challenges of child protection and mental health services, instead of prioritizing them. With this occurring in the world currently, no country is on track to eliminate all forms of violence and to promote mental health and well-being as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development pledges.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: By 2017, the UN could report progress on detecting victims of trafficking. More women and girls than men and boys were victimized, yet the share of women and girls has slowly declined (see also violence against women). In 2004, 84 percent of victims were females and by 2014 that number had dropped to 71 percent. Sexual exploitation numbers have declined, but forced labor has increased.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Every 7 minutes, a child somewhere around the world through violence is killed and about one out of four children's birth are never recorded, which makes them at the long run feel deprived of legal identity which is important for the protection of their right to Justice and social services


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.3: "Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: One of the aims of indicator 16.3.1 in measuring the "proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization" is to reduce the underreporting of crime and acts of violence. The lack of an official data source poses a great challenge for accurately measuring the progress on this indicator across the globe. For Africa, the Afrobarometer serves as a significant source of data for indicator 16.3.1; however, data is only available from the years 2011-2013. According to the surveys conducted by Afrobarometer, where in which surveyees were asked "Did you report the incident to the police?", the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) finds that "30 per cent or less of all violence incidents were reported to the police" in 6 of 32 African countries with available data, as well as another 6 African countries where "60 per cent of incidents were reported to the police."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Regarding indicator 16.3.2, the IEP further concludes that of the 149 countries with available data, 31 countries had "a rate lower lower than 15 per cent" and 62 had "a rate higher than 35 per cent." Asia and Oceania countries experienced high increases in rates during the years 2016-2018. The COVID-19 pandemic has further complicated the access to justice for unsentenced detainees who make up 31 per cent of all prisoners. Prison overcrowding combined with poor health care leaves prisoners vulnerable to COVID-19.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.4: "By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Based on available data from 38 countries collected in years 2010-2020, bribery when accessing public services was least present (at an average rate of 3.7 per cent) in high-income countries and most present (at an average of 22.3 per cent) in lower-income countries.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.6: "Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.7: "Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.8: "Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance." The target has a single indicator.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Indicator 16.8.1 is the "Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.9: "By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration." It has one indicator:


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Indicator 16.9.1 is the "Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Different businesses are evaluating the addition of target 16.9 according to their priorities, categories include child protection, economic development, national security, social protection, public health, and so forth. Individuals without proof of legal identity, primarily women and the less fortunate are excluded from the economy.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Target 16.9 overlaps with other SDG targets. For instance, Target 1.3 which implements social protection systems can not be nationally addressed without the vulnerable being able to identify themselves. This is also affiliated with SDG 3 in terms of healthcare and SDG 4 in terms of education. A lack of legal identity can prevent numerous measures that are put in effect to benefit individuals who require it most, creating higher rates of inequality. With more than a quarter of children under 5 unregistered worldwide as of 2015, about 1 in 5 countries will need to accelerate progress to achieve universal birth registration by 2030.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.10: "Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Rights to information is a fundamental piece of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 2019, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) found that 125 countries have chosen to take up Right to Information(RTI), Access to Information(ATI), or Freedom to Information(FTI)  laws or equivalent guarantees. Seventeen countries were found to not have any sort of laws or promises in favor of public access to information. Although a majority of countries globally have adopted RTI related policies, UNESCO identified an issue regarding the sustainability in monitoring and reporting practices on target 16.10. They called for the implementation of oversight bodies, specifically, giving them leadership positions on overseeing progress on the SDG’s nationally.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The importance of progressing target 16.10 can be seen through a quote by Nadia Al-Sakkaf, the Republic of Yemen’s former Minister of Information, “If information is power then access to information is empowerment.”


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.a: "Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime." It has one indicator.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Indicator 16.a.1 is the "Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: President Uribe of Colombia changed the conventional military combat to survive against a rebel group, FARC. The key focus was to indicate the number of guerilla casualties in combat. Soldiers would instead begin to kidnap and murder innocent homeless people and present them as casualties. Target 16a indicates the prevention of violence, combat terrorism and crime which in extreme cases must be done through military means. However, Colombian soldiers encouraged terrorism with an abuse of power, leading to injustice and abuse of authority.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The full text of Target 16.b: "Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development." It has one indicator.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: Indicator 16.b.1 is the "Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The International Programme for the Development of Communication is responsible for the follow-up of the SDG 16 through indicators 16.10.1 and 16.10.2. Every two years, a report containing information from the Member States on the status of judicial inquiries on each of the killings condemned by UNESCO is submitted to the IPDC Council by UNESCO's Director-General. The journalists safety indicators is a tool developed by UNESCO which, according to UNESCO's website, aims on mapping the key features that can help assess the safety of journalists, and help determine whether adequate follow-up is given to crimes committed against them. The IPDC Talks also allow the Programme to raise awareness on the importance of access to information. The IPDC also monitors and reports on access to information laws around the world through the United Nations Secretary-General global report on follow-up to SDGs.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The threat to sustainable development is conflict, insecurities, weak institution and limited access to Justice.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The global COVID-19 pandemic is predicted to increase the frequency of conflicts as countries blame others for their situation. It is also expected that global peace and security will be threatened with over 60% countries risking the spread of COVID-19 in prisons due to overcrowding.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The Sustainable Development Goals are not taken as being completely independent one from the other, but rather as being closely linked. In this way, media development enhances freedom of speech, peace, but also contributes to sustainability, poverty eradication and human rights. Fostering peace and inclusive societies can help reduce inequalities (SDG10) and help economies prosper (SDG8). The 2012 outcome document of the United Nations Summit on the 2030 Agenda considers that sustainable development can not be achieved without building peaceful, just and inclusive societies and addressing issues of corruption, poor governance, insecurity and injustice.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations global development network which is concerned with SDG 16. Hence, the Program focuses on democratic governance and peace building. The UNDP also works on conflict prevention by empowering youth, especially women. Also, they aim at supporting the frameworks and structure and by acting as mediators.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 16

text: In the US there are over thirty thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN SDG 16, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by X4Impact. X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive tool Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions in the US. This online tool enables users to see indicators related to the correctional system nationally and by state, as well as relevant information for over two thousand tax-exempt organizations in the US working on issues related social justice, civil rights, and criminal justice. The nonprofit data in the tool is updated every 15 days while the indicators are updated annually.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Hermosa Beach ("Hermosa", Spanish for "Beautiful") is a beachfront city in Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California, United States. Its population was 19,728 at the 2020 U.S. Census. The city is located in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles area; it is one of the three Beach Cities. Hermosa Beach is bordered by the other two, Manhattan Beach to the north and Redondo Beach to the south and east.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The city's beach is popular for sunbathing, beach volleyball, surfing, paddleboarding, bars, cycling and running. The city itself extends only about 15 blocks from east to west and 40 blocks from north to south, with Pacific Coast Highway running down the middle. Situated on the Pacific Ocean, Hermosa's average temperature is 70 °F (22 °C) in the summer and 55 °F (13 °C) in the winter. Westerly sea breezes lessen what can be high summertime temperatures in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the county and help keep the smog away 360 days of the year.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: A paved path, called The Strand, runs along Hermosa's beach from Torrance Beach in the south approximately twenty miles north to Santa Monica. The Hermosa Beach Pier is at the end of Pier Avenue, which is one of the beach community's main shopping, dining and entertainment areas.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Hermosa Beach was originally part of the 1784 Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant that later became the ten-mile (16 km) ocean frontage of Rancho Sausal Redondo. In 1900, a tract of was purchased for $35 per acre from A. E. Pomroy, then owner of the greater part of Rancho Sausal Redondo. Messrs. Burbank and Baker, agents, bought this land for Sherman and Clark who organized and retained the controlling interest in the Hermosa Beach Land and Water Company.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: In early days, Hermosa Beach — like so many of its neighboring cities (Inglewood, Lawndale, Torrance) — was one vast sweep of rolling hills covered with fields of grain, mostly barley. During certain seasons of the year large herds of sheep were grazed over this land, and corrals and large barns for storing the grain, as well as providing shelter for horses and farm implements, were located on the ranch between Hermosa and Inglewood. The Spanish words "Rancho Sausal Redondo" mean a large circular ranch of pasture of grazing land, with a grove of willow on it.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The first official survey was made in the year 1901 for the board walk on the Strand, Hermosa Avenue and Santa Fe Avenue; work on these projects commenced soon after. In 1904 the first pier was built. It was constructed entirely of wood even to the pilings and it extended five hundred feet out into the ocean. The pier was constructed by the Hermosa Beach Land and Water Company. In 1913 this old pier was partly washed away and later torn down and a new one built to replace it. This pier was built of concrete long, and paved with asphalt its entire length. Small tiled pavilions were erected at intervals along the sides to afford shade for fishermen and picnic parties. A bait stand was built eventually out on the end. Soon after, about 1914, an auditorium building was constructed; it has housed various enterprises and at present the public rest rooms, the Los Angeles Life Guard Service, and the local branch of the Los Angeles County Public Library occupy rooms in the building. This pier is municipally owned.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Los Angeles Pacific Railway, a trolley system, was the first trolley service in Hermosa Beach, running the entire length of Hermosa Ave. on its way from L.A. to Redondo Beach. A few years later it was merged with most other trolley companies in the region to form the new Pacific Electric Railway Company, informally called the Red Cars.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Santa Fe Railway was the first railroad to run through Hermosa Beach. It was seven blocks from the beach. The street that led to the tracks was called Santa Fe Avenue, but was later renamed Pier Avenue. There was no Santa Fe railway station for Hermosa, but Burbank and Baker built a railway platform on the west side of the tracks near Santa Fe Avenue, and later the railroad company donated an old boxcar to be used as a storage place for freight. In 1926, the Santa Fe built a modern stucco depot and installed Western Union telegraph service in it.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The first city election for city officers was held December 24, 1906. On January 14, 1907, Hermosa Beach became the nineteenth incorporated city of Los Angeles County.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Hermosa Beach has an average of 325 days of sunshine a year. Because of its location, nestled on a vast open bay (Santa Monica Bay), morning fog and haze is a common phenomenon in May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Locals have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the "May Gray" and the "June Gloom". Overcast skies are common for June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area will enjoy sunny skies and warmer temperatures. At times, the sun shines east of PCH, while the beach area is overcast.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: As a general rule, the temperature is from 5 to 10 °F (3 to 5.5 °C) cooler than it is inland. A typical spring day (mid-April) is sunny, pleasant and about 68 °F (20 °C). In the summer, which stretches basically from May to late October, temperatures can reach to the mid-80s Fahrenheit (about 30 °C) at the beach. In early November, it is about 68 °F (20 °C). In late January, temperatures are around 63 °F (17 °C). It is winter, however, when the hot, dry Santa Ana winds are most common. In mid-December 2004, temperatures soared to 84 °F (28 °C) in Santa Monica, for a few straight days, with perfectly sunny skies.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The rainy season is from late October through late March. Winter storms usually approach from the northwest and pass quickly through the Southland. There is very little rain during the rest of the year, on average, there is just about 14 inches of rain per year in the city.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Hermosa Beach usually enjoys a cool breeze blowing in from the ocean, keeping the air fresh and clean. Therefore, smog is less a problem for Hermosa Beach than elsewhere around Los Angeles.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Hermosa Beach had a population of 19,506. The population density was . The racial makeup of Hermosa Beach was 16,928 (86.8%) White (80.9% Non-Hispanic White), 229 (1.2%) African American, 49 (0.3%) Native American, 1,111 (5.7%) Asian, 46 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 325 (1.7%) from other races, and 818 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,632 persons (8.4%).


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Census reported that 19,491 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 11 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4 (0%) were institutionalized.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: There were 9,550 households, out of which 1,878 (19.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,254 (34.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 460 (4.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 325 (3.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 710 (7.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 64 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,644 households (38.2%) were made up of individuals, and 606 (6.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04. There were 4,039 families (42.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.80.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The population was spread out, with 3,093 people (15.9%) under the age of 18, 1,242 people (6.4%) aged 18 to 24, 8,516 people (43.7%) aged 25 to 44, 4,898 people (25.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,757 people (9.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.1 males.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: There were 10,162 housing units at an average density of , of which 4,255 (44.6%) were owner-occupied, and 5,295 (55.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.4%. 10,083 people (51.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,408 people (48.2%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Hermosa Beach had a median household income of $101,655, with 3.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 18,566 people, 9,476 households, and 3,553 families residing in the city. The population density was 12,982.4 inhabitants per square mile (5,012.8/km). There were 9,840 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.58% White, 0.80% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 4.40% Asian, 0.22% Pacific Islander, 1.68% from other races, and 2.91% from two or more races. 4.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: There were 9,476 households, out of which 14.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.6% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 62.5% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.65.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 12.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 55.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.8 males.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $81,153, and the median income for a family was $104,645. Males had a median income of $67,407 versus $50,295 for females. The per capita income for the city was $54,244. About 1.7% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The wide flat beach makes Hermosa Beach one of the most popular places to play beach volleyball, from professional to amateur. Hermosa Beach is home to the AVP Hermosa Beach Open tournament, and several amateur CBVA tournaments during the year. The Strand stretches north to Santa Monica and south to Redondo Beach, and is a popular place for walkers, joggers and biking. Of the three Beach Cities, only Hermosa Beach owns its own beach. The other two cities' beaches are owned by the county of Los Angeles.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Running parallel to The Strand is a lovely linear trail known today as the Hermosa Valley Greenbelt. Once part of a railroad easement, this narrow strip had long been the subject of heated controversy and pressure from various commercial interests. After years of litigation and wrangling, the city was poised to permit intensive retail and condominium development in the mid-1980s when a grassroots group spearheaded by activist Rosamond Fogg forced the matter to a vote. The City Council at the time was divided over whether the matter was of much importance but after an energetic and passionate campaign, the citizens found that the greenbelt was a vital recreational resource and mandated its preservation for the use and enjoyment of residents and visitors. This ballot initiative passed by almost 87%, the highest in California history. On the same Ballot, the public approved a referendum added a utility user's tax by 2% to help pay for the purchase, to be sunset after the property was acquired. As a result, the Hermosa Valley Greenbelt has the quality of a rural country lane, home to the monarch butterfly and many bird and animal species. At any time of day or night joggers and walkers enjoy its soft woodchip trails and graceful landscaping. The Greenbelt is also now part of the federal rails to trails network. The AIA R/UDAT (Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team) found that Hermosa Beach, thanks in large part to the existence of the Greenbelt, was a "world class pedestrian city".


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: According to the 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $32.4 million in revenues, $33.9 million in expenditures, $93.8 million in total assets, $12.2 million in total liabilities, and $23.0 million in cash and investments.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Beach Cities Health District, provides health and wellness services to the residents of Hermosa Beach, Manhattan Beach, and Redondo Beach. The voters of the three beach cities elect the 5-member Board of Directors to 4-year terms. One of 78 California Health Districts, it was created in 1955 as South Bay Hospital and took on its current name in 1993. Beach Cities Health District opened AdventurePlex, a Manhattan Beach fitness center for kids and their families, in 2002. Filled with mazes, tunnels, outdoor rock climbing walls, complex ropes courses, and an indoor gym, AdventurePlex challenges children physically and intellectually in health-focused recreational activities.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Los Angeles County Fire Department has a sectional lifeguard headquarters located at the Hermosa Beach Pier since the new building opened its doors since 2006, currently commanded by Capt. Tracy Lizzotte who leads the entire "Team HB" as part of "Team South" in the L.A. County Lifeguard. Currently located at 1200 The Strand housed a lifeguard garage where response vehicles have parked.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Hermosa Beach has its own elementary school and middle school but high school students are served by either Manhattan Beach or Redondo Beach where rankings are in the 80 to 90th percentiles. Hermosa Beach residents are zoned to Hermosa Beach City School District for grades Kindergarten through 8. Before Proposition 13 passed, Hermosa Beach had five elementary schools (North, South, Hermosa View, Prospect Heights, Valley Vista) and one junior high school (Pier Avenue).


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: Residents of Hermosa Beach were in South Bay Union High School District until 1993, when it dissolved.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: In 2005, Hermosa Valley and Hermosa View schools were honored as U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon Schools, along with 33 California schools and less than 300 schools across the nation. The award was based on academic achievement. Hermosa schools are among the top 10% of schools in the state with students scoring at or above the 90% in the highest grade tested in reading and math. For the award, the Department of Education reviewed growth in scores over a three-year period.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: The Hermosa Beach City School District as a whole received a score of 915 on the 2006 California Academic Performance Index, neighboring Manhattan Beach Unified School District scored just below at 906 making it one of California's best performing districts. Each individual school also ranks at the top of its respective category.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: At one point the International Bilingual School, a Japanese preparatory school for grades K-9, moved to Hermosa Beach. In 1992 the school moved to Palos Verdes Estates.


title: Hermosa Beach, California

text: In addition to the "Los Angeles Times", Hermosa Beach is served by the hometown "Easy Reader", local daily the "Daily Breeze" and local weekly the "Beach Reporter". The most popular local sites are EasyReaderNews.com and SouthBayEvents.com, which offers a weekly entertainment guide, as well as a full local business listing.


title: Amazonite

text: Amazonite, also known as Amazonstone, is a green tectosilicate mineral, a variety of the potassium feldspar called microcline. Its chemical formula is KAlSiO, which is polymorphic to orthoclase.


title: Amazonite

text: Its name is taken from that of the Amazon River, from which green stones were formerly obtained, though it is unknown whether those stones were amazonite. Although it has been used for over two thousand years, as attested by archaeological finds in Egypt and Mesopotamia, no ancient or medieval authority mentions it. It was first described as a distinct mineral only in the 18th century.


title: Amazonite

text: Green and greenish-blue varieties of potassium feldspars that are predominantly triclinic are designated


title: Amazonite

text: as amazonite. It has been described as a "beautiful crystallized variety of a bright verdigris-green" and as possessing a "lively green colour." It is occasionally cut and used as a gemstone.


title: Amazonite

text: Amazonite is a mineral of limited occurrence. Formerly it was obtained almost exclusively from the area of Miass in the Ilmensky Mountains, 50 miles southwest of Chelyabinsk, Russia, where it occurs in granitic rocks.


title: Amazonite

text: Amazonite is now known to occur in various places around the globe. Those places are, among others, as follows:


title: Amazonite

text: For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Some people assumed the color was due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors. A 1985 study suggest that the blue-green color results from quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Subsequent 1998 theoretical studies by A. Julg expand on the potential role of aliovalent lead in the color of microcline.


title: Amazonite

text: Other studies suggest the colors are associated with the increasing content of lead, rubidium, and thallium ranging in amounts between 0.00X and 0.0X in the feldspars, with even extremely high contents of PbO, lead monoxide, (1% or more) known from the literature. A recent 2010 study also implicated the role of divalent iron in the green coloration. These studies and associated hypotheses indicate the complex nature of the color in amazonite, in other words the aggregate effect of several mutually inclusive and necessary factors.


title: Amazonite

text: A 2021 study by the German Institut für Edelsteinprüfung (EPI) found that the amount of lead that leaked from an sample of Amazonite into an acidic solution simulating saliva exceeded European Union standard DIN EN 71-3:2013's recommended amount by five times. This experiment was to simulate a child swallowing Amazonite, and could also apply to new wellness practices such as inserting the mineral into oils or drinking water for days.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: Operation Wandering Soul was a propaganda campaign and psychological warfare effort exercised by U.S. forces during the Vietnam War. It was an attempt to increase desertions and defections from Việt Cộng forces and weaken their morale.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: Like most cultures, Vietnamese culture includes beliefs and rituals that show respect for the dead. Vietnamese culture calls for a proper burial and it is believed that if this does not occur, the soul of the deceased continues to wander the earth thus becoming a "Wandering Soul," equivalent to a ghost or spirit.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: It is the Vietnamese belief that the dead must be buried in their homeland, or their soul will wander aimlessly in pain and suffering. Vietnamese feel that if a person is improperly buried, then their soul wanders constantly. They can sometimes be contacted on the anniversary of their death and near where they died. Vietnamese honor these dead souls on a holiday when they return to the site where they died. The U.S. used this to their advantage and tried to trick the Viet-Congs into leaving by playing the audio recording of their dead friends wandering around.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: U.S. engineers spent weeks recording eerie sounds and altered voices, which acted in roles of slain Việt Cộng soldiers. The United States of America also brought in South Vietnamese soldiers to record their audio sayings over the tape for further authenticity. The tape, dubbed Ghost Tape Number Ten, was played on loudspeakers in areas of Việt Cộng activity, generally at night. Helicopters were also deployed at times to broadcast recordings in which the pre-recorded voices called on their "descendants" in the Việt Cộng to defect and cease fighting. The United States would also use patrol boats going up and down the river playing the ghost tape. The United States would also deploy special infantry to infiltrate enemy lines and play the recording too. Most of these types of operations did take place at night.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: The United States understood the potential effectiveness of using ghost sounds on the Việt Cộng as there were many different types of ghosts within their folklore and culture, all of them with different names and meanings. The ghost that was mentioned in their folklore is, "Ma chó" which dealt with the ghost of dogs. Another one was "Ma mèo" or the cat ghost. Some ghosts were more malicious than others, such as the "tightening-knot ghost", which was used to convince Vietnamese troops to commit suicide after whispering "cổ cổ", translating to neck in Vietnamese. The United States would also use North Việt Cộng soldiers who had defected to talk into loudspeakers to convince others to defect and join them. The ghost tapes were hard to ignore as they were so loud the sound would travel underground through the Việt Cộng secret underground tunnels.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: An example of the ghost tape being used effectively, was when the 6th Psychological Operations Battalion mixed an authentic tiger roar during a time when North Việt Cộng soldiers were being attacked by tigers near a mountain. The 6th PSYOP got their information from a Việt Cộng defector by the name of Chiêu Hồi. With this information and a new recording, they sent soldiers behind enemy lines up a mountain passage with the task of playing this new ghost tape. After the 6th PSYOP played this recording, reportedly 150 Việt Cộng soldiers decided to leave their position on the mountain in fear of being killed by tigers. That is just one of many examples of the ghost tape being used effectively.


title: Operation Wandering Soul (Vietnam War)

text: The overall success of these ghost tapes was mixed, because in the event that the Việt Cộng soldiers knew it was just a recording, their immediate response would be to fire upon where the sound was coming from, which in turn revealed their hidden positions within the jungle. The United States ultimately stopped Ghost 10 in the early 1970's.


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: According to the Islamic doctrine, Zakariyā (, Zechariah) is a prophet and messenger of God (Allah), and a father of the prophet Yahya.


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: Zakariya was a righteous priest and prophet of God whose office was in the Second Temple in Jerusalem. He would frequently be in charge of managing the services of the temple and he would always remain steadfast in prayer to God.


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: As he reached his old age, Zakariya began to worry over who would continue the legacy of preaching the message of God after his death and who would carry on the daily services of the temple after him. Zakariya started to pray to God for a son. The praying for the birth of an offspring was not merely out of the desire for a child. He prayed both for himself and for the public – they needed a messenger, a man of God who would work in the service of the Lord after Zakariya. Zakariya had character and virtue and he wanted to transfer this to his spiritual heir as his most precious possession. His dream was to restore the household to the posterity of the Patriarch Jacob, and to make sure the message of God was renewed for Israel. As the Qur'an recounts:


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: As a gift from God, Zakariya was given a son named "Yaḥyá" (, a name specially chosen for this child alone. Muslim tradition narrates that Zakariya was ninety-two years old when he was told of John's birth.


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: In accordance with Zakariya's prayer, God made John (Yahya) renew the message of God, which had been corrupted and lost by the Israelites. As the Qur'an says:


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: Muslim theology maintains that Zakariya, along with John the Baptist and Jesus, ushered in a new era of prophets – all of whom came from the priestly descent of Amram (Imran), the father of the prophet Aaron. The fact that, of all the priests, it was Zakariya who was given the duty of keeping care of Mary (Maryam) shows his status as a pious man. Zakariya is frequently praised in the Qur'an as a prophet of God and righteous man. One such appraisal is in sura al-An'am:


title: Zechariah in Islam

text: After his son Yahya (AS) had been decapitated by the Children of Israel, Zakariya tried to escape from them. Some historians say that as a miracle a tree opened for Zakariya (AS) to hide in but accidentally a small part of clothing stuck out. Shaytan (Satan) saw this and took it to his advantage. He took on the form of a human and told the Children of Israel where Zakariya (AS) was hiding. For this, the soldiers then cut down the tree, killing Zakariya painfully. Some people say he was 130 years old when he died.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: The 2024–25 UEFA Nations League will be the fourth season of the UEFA Nations League, an international association football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: The 55 UEFA national teams will be divided into four leagues, with Leagues A, B and C featuring 16 teams each, divided into four groups of four teams. League D will feature 7 teams divided into two groups, with one containing four teams and the other containing three. The teams are allocated to leagues based on the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League overall ranking. Each team will play six matches within their group, except for one group in League D which will play four, using the home-and-away round-robin format on double matchdays in the FIFA International Match Calendar.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: In the top division, League A, teams compete to become the UEFA Nations League champions. The four group winners of League A qualify for the Nations League Finals, which is played in a knockout format, consisting of the semi-finals, third place play-off and final. The semi-final pairings, along with the administrative home teams for the third place play-off and final, are determined by means of a draw. The host country will be selected among the four qualified teams by the UEFA Executive Committee, with the winners of the final crowned as the Nations League champions.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: Teams also compete for promotion and relegation to a higher or lower league. In Leagues B, C and D, the group winners are promoted, while the last-placed teams of each group in Leagues A and B are relegated. As League C has four groups while League D has only two, the two League C teams which are to be relegated will be determined by play-outs in March 2024. Based on the Nations League overall ranking of the fourth-placed teams, the first-ranked team will face the fourth-ranked team, and the second-ranked team will face the third-ranked team. Two ties will be played over two legs, with the higher-ranked team hosting the second leg. The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs will remain in League C, while the loser will be relegated to League D. If the aggregate score is level, extra time is played (the away goals rule is not applied). If the score remains level after extra time, a penalty shoot-out is used to decide the winner.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: If two or more teams in the same group are equal on points on completion of the league phase, the following tie-breaking criteria are applied:


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: In order to rank teams in League D, which is composed of different sized groups, the results against the fourth-placed team in Group D1 are not taken into account for the purposes of comparing teams placed first, second and third in their respective groups.


title: 2024–25 UEFA Nations League

text: The ranking of the top 4 teams in League A are determined by their finish in the Nations League Finals: