title: Don Moen

text: Moen's first album for Hosanna! Music, "Give Thanks", became the label's bestseller. Produced by Tom Brooks, "Give Thanks" went on to be certified Gold by the RIAA. Moen followed this with a number of albums of his own including two, "En Tu Presencia" and "Trono De Gracia", in Spanish. "God with Us" won the Dove Award for Best Musical. On an Asian tour in 1999 he recorded "The Mercy Seat" at Singapore Indoor Stadium and "Heal Our Land" at Yoido Park in South Korea, which was released in 2000. One of Moen's albums, "I Will Sing", was recorded at Christian Broadcasting Network.


title: Don Moen

text: "God Will Make a Way: The Best of Don Moen" was released in 2003 and features 19 greatest hits. The title song was written for his sister-in-law and her husband, whose oldest son died in an auto accident while their other three children survived but were seriously injured. Moen's "Hiding Place" became his first studio album which was recorded at Paragon Studios in Franklin, Tennessee, and was released in the autumn of 2006. "I Believe There Is More" released in late 2008. His third studio recording titled "Uncharted Territory" (funded successfully through Kickstarter) released on March 27, 2012. His Christmas album, "Christmas: A Season of Hope", was released on October 22, 2012, and some songs were recorded at a studio in Czech Republic. Moen released "Hymnbook" as a celebration of reaching over 1 million likes on his Facebook page.


title: Max Benitz

text: Max Benitz (born 14 March 1985) is an English writer, journalist, and former film and television actor.


title: Max Benitz

text: Benitz was born in London. He attended Harrow School from 1998 to 2003, where he appeared in student productions of "As You Like It", "Hamlet", "The Pirates of Penzance", and "Me and My Girl". He completed two weeks' work experience as a filing clerk at the offices of "The Spectator" magazine. After seeing his performance as Midshipman Calamy in the film "", Boris Johnson, then editor of the "Spectator", wrote that Benitz had shown "much the same dash and dispatch [as Calamy] in rescuing my Toyota from the car pound."


title: Max Benitz

text: Benitz went on to study history at the University of Edinburgh. As an undergraduate, he completed a nine-month programme at University of Calcutta, after which, in 2007, he embarked, with friend and fellow University of Edinburgh student George Vlasto, in a journey from Calcutta to London by car. The trip, undertaken in a Hindustan Ambassador car, took ten weeks and covered in a route that passed through India, Pakistan, China, Central Asia, Turkey and Europe. As a part of journey, they raised more than £12,000 for the charities Future Hope in Calcutta and Royal Marsden Hospital on behalf of disadvantaged children.


title: Max Benitz

text: Benitz was a teenager when acting in what may be his best known role, as Midshipman Peter Calamy in the 2003 film "". Still a teenager, he next appeared in a small role as Huband in the 2005 TV movie of Thomas Hughes' novel "Tom Brown's Schooldays". In 2007, Benitz featured prominently as James Harrogate in the two-part episode "Sins of the Father" of the tenth series of "Trial & Retribution".


title: Max Benitz

text: After 2007, concentrating on his journalism career, Benitz, as of 2017, has only appeared in the 2014 film "The Water Diviner".


title: Max Benitz

text: In 2008–2009, Benitz worked as an unpaid journalist for the MOBY Group and as a freelancer in Afghanistan, covering the activities of the British Army in that country. His book, "Six Months Without Sundays: The Scots Guards in Afghanistan", was published by Birlinn in November 2011.


title: Fugacity

text: In chemical thermodynamics, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant. It is equal to the pressure of an ideal gas which has the same temperature and molar Gibbs free energy as the real gas.


title: Fugacity

text: Fugacities are determined experimentally or estimated from various models such as a Van der Waals gas that are closer to reality than an ideal gas. The real gas pressure and fugacity are related through the dimensionless fugacity coefficient .


title: Fugacity

text: For an ideal gas, fugacity and pressure are equal and so . Taken at the same temperature and pressure, the difference between the molar Gibbs free energies of a real gas and the corresponding ideal gas is equal to .


title: Fugacity

text: The fugacity is closely related to the thermodynamic activity. For a gas, the activity is simply the fugacity divided by a reference pressure to give a dimensionless quantity. This reference pressure is called the standard state and normally chosen as 1 atmosphere or 1 bar.


title: Fugacity

text: Accurate calculations of chemical equilibrium for real gases should use the fugacity rather than the pressure. The thermodynamic condition for chemical equilibrium is that the total chemical potential of reactants is equal to that of products. If the chemical potential of each gas is expressed as a function of fugacity, the equilibrium condition may be transformed into the familiar reaction quotient form (or law of mass action) except that the pressures are replaced by fugacities.


title: Fugacity

text: For a condensed phase (liquid or solid) in equilibrium with its vapor phase, the chemical potential is equal to that of the vapor, and therefore the fugacity is equal to the fugacity of the vapor. This fugacity is approximately equal to the vapor pressure when the vapor pressure is not too high.


title: Fugacity

text: Fugacity is closely related to the chemical potential . In a pure substance, is equal to the Gibbs energy for a mole of the substance, and


title: Fugacity

text: where is the ideal gas constant. The differential change of the chemical potential between two states of slightly different pressures but equal temperature (i.e., ) is given by


title: Fugacity

text: For real gases the equation of state will depart from the simpler one, and the result above derived for an ideal gas will only be a good approximation provided that (a) the typical size of the molecule is negligible compared to the average distance between the individual molecules, and (b)


title: Fugacity

text: the short range behavior of the inter-molecular potential can be neglected, i.e., when the molecules can be considered to rebound elastically off each other during molecular collisions. In other words, real gases behave like ideal gases at low pressures and high temperatures. At moderately high pressures, attractive interactions between molecules reduce the pressure compared to the ideal gas law; and at very high pressures, the sizes of the molecules are no longer negligible and repulsive forces between molecules increases the pressure. At low temperatures, molecules are more likely to stick together instead of rebounding elastically.


title: Fugacity

text: The ideal gas law can still be used to describe the behavior of a real gas if the pressure is replaced by a "fugacity" , defined so that


title: Fugacity

text: That is, at low pressures is the same as the pressure, so it has the same units as pressure. The ratio


title: Fugacity

text: If a reference state is denoted by a zero superscript, then integrating the equation for the chemical potential gives


title: Fugacity

text: Numerical example: Nitrogen gas (N) at 0 °C and a pressure of atmospheres (atm) has a fugacity of  atm. This means that the molar Gibbs energy of real nitrogen at a pressure of 100 atm is equal to the molar Gibbs energy of nitrogen as an ideal gas at . The fugacity coefficient is .


title: Fugacity

text: The contribution of nonideality to the molar Gibbs energy of a real gas is equal to . For nitrogen at 100 atm, , which is less than the ideal value because of intermolecular attractive forces. Finally, the activity is just without units.


title: Fugacity

text: It is difficult to measure fugacity in a condensed phase directly; but if the condensed phase is "saturated" (in equilibrium with the vapor phase), the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal (). Combined with the above definition, this implies that


title: Fugacity

text: When calculating the fugacity of the compressed phase, one can generally assume the volume is constant. At constant temperature, the change in fugacity as the pressure goes from the saturation press to is


title: Fugacity

text: This equation allows the fugacity to be calculated using tabulated values for saturated vapor pressure. Often the pressure is low enough for the vapor phase to be considered an ideal gas, so the fugacity coefficient is approximately equal to 1.


title: Fugacity

text: Unless pressures are very high, the Poynting factor is usually small and the exponential term is near 1. Frequently, the fugacity of the pure liquid is used as a reference state when defining and using mixture activity coefficients.


title: Fugacity

text: The fugacity is most useful in mixtures. It does not add any new information compared to the chemical potential, but it has computational advantages. As the molar fraction of a component goes to zero, the chemical potential diverges but the fugacity goes to zero. In addition, there are natural reference states for fugacity (for example, an ideal gas makes a natural reference state for gas mixtures since the fugacity and pressure converge at low pressure).


title: Fugacity

text: In a mixture of gases, the fugacity of each component has a similar definition, with partial molar quantities instead of molar quantities (e.g., instead of and instead of ):


title: Fugacity

text: where is the total pressure and is the mole fraction of the component (so the partial pressures add up to the total pressure). The fugacities commonly obey a similar law called the Lewis and Randall rule:


title: Fugacity

text: where is the fugacity that component would have if the entire gas had that composition at the same temperature and pressure. Both laws are expressions of an assumption that the gases behave independently.


title: Fugacity

text: In a liquid mixture, the fugacity of each component is equal to that of a vapor component in equilibrium with the liquid. In an ideal solution, the fugacities obey the Lewis-Randall rule:


title: Fugacity

text: where is the mole fraction in the liquid and is the fugacity of the pure liquid phase. This is a good approximation when the component molecules have similar size, shape and polarity.


title: Fugacity

text: In a dilute solution with two components, the component with the larger molar fraction (the solvent) may still obey Raoult's law even if the other component (the solute) has different properties. That is because its molecules experience essentially the same environment that they do in the absence of the solute. By contrast, each solute molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules, so it obeys a different law known as Henry's law. By Henry's law, the fugacity of the solute is proportional to its concentration. The constant of proportionality (a measured Henry's constant) depends on whether the concentration is represented by the mole fraction, molality or molarity.


title: Fugacity

text: where is the change in molar enthalpy as the gas expands, liquid vaporizes, or solid sublimates into a vacuum. Also, if the pressure is , then


title: Fugacity

text: The fugacity can be deduced from measurements of volume as a function of pressure at constant temperature. In that case,


title: Fugacity

text: This is useful because of the theorem of corresponding states: If the pressure and temperature at the critical point of the gas are and , we can define reduced properties and . Then, to a good approximation, most gases have the same value of for the same reduced temperature and pressure. However, in geochemical applications, this principle ceases to be accurate at pressures where metamorphism occurs.


title: Fugacity

text: This formula is difficult to use, since the pressure depends on the molar volume through the equation of state; so one must choose a volume, calculate the pressure, and then use these two values on the right-hand side of the equation.


title: Fugacity

text: The word "fugacity" is derived from the Latin "fugere", to flee. In the sense of an "escaping tendency", it was introduced to thermodynamics in 1901 by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and popularized in an influential textbook by Lewis and Merle Randall, "Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances", in 1923. The "escaping tendency" referred to the flow of matter between phases and played a similar role to that of temperature in heat flow.


title: Moondance Diner

text: The Moondance Diner was a diner in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, located at 80 Sixth Avenue, between Grand Street and Canal Street.


title: Moondance Diner

text: The restaurant opened in 1933 as the Holland Tunnel Diner. Like most diners of its vintage, it was built elsewhere and transported to its site. Measuring about 36 by 16 feet, it could seat about 34 people, with six tables and ten counter stools.


title: Moondance Diner

text: In 2007, the diner's operators announced that they would close the diner due to rising rent. Its demolition was set for August 1. Preservationists and the neighborhood's residents organized benefits for the diner.


title: Moondance Diner

text: In mid-2007, the diner was donated by Extell Development Company to the American Diner Museum in Providence, Rhode Island, which put it up for sale on its website before the structure was moved. In August, the diner was purchased from the museum by Vince and Cheryl Pierce, who spent $7,500 to buy the structure and another $40,000 to move it by semi-trailer truck some to La Barge, Wyoming. Within months, there were reports that the diner was unused and falling into dilapidation in its new site. During its first Wyoming winter, in January 2008, the diner's walls buckled and the entire roof caved in under the weight of ice and snow. The rotating moon sign, kept safe in storage, was undamaged. By March 2008, the diner was mostly repaired and restored, and was open for business six days a week. It was included in a late 2000s / early 2010s list of 51 "great burger joints" compiled by "USA Today" through reader suggestions.


title: Moondance Diner

text: As patronage declined with the local gas drilling industry, the diner closed in March 2012, and by July was again put up for sale.


title: Moondance Diner

text: While condominiums were announced to be built on the diner's former site in New York, the James Hotel went in instead.


title: Joël Veltman

text: Joël Ivo Veltman (born 15 January 1992) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion and the Netherlands national team.


title: Joël Veltman

text: A product of the Ajax youth academy, Veltman made 246 appearances for the Amsterdam club before moving on to Brighton in July 2020 for a £900,000 fee on a three-year deal.


title: Joël Veltman

text: Veltman began his football career in the youth teams of VV IJmuiden in his hometown of IJmuiden before moving to Ajax in 2001, where he went through the youth ranks of the club. While playing for the Ajax A1 youth squad in 2011–12, Veltman helped his side to win the Nike Eredivisie league title, as well finishing as runners-up to Inter Milan in the NextGen Series (the UEFA Champions League equivalent for under-20 teams) after losing on penalties (5–3) following a 1–1 deadlock after extra time.


title: Joël Veltman

text: He made his official debut for the Ajax first team on 19 August 2012 in an away match against NEC in Nijmegen, entering as a substitute for Mitchell Dijks in the 79th minute; the match ended in a 6–1 away win for Ajax. Following a successful starting season with the Ajax first team, helping his side secure its third-straight national title and his personal first, on 6 June 2013 it was announced that Veltman had extended his contract with Ajax for another four years, keeping him with the club until the summer of 2017.


title: Joël Veltman

text: On 5 August 2013, Veltman played in the Eerste Divisie debut of the newly-promoted reserves team Jong Ajax at the start of the season. Substituted off in the 89th minute of a 2–0 home win, due to a sustained injury, Veltman found himself sidelined for the next two months. He returned from injury on 30 September 2013 in another match for Jong Ajax, this time against Volendam, where he scored his first professional goal in the 3–2 loss at the Sportpark De Toekomst, netting the opener in the seventh minute. On 22 October 2013, Veltman made his continental debut for the first team when he replaced injured first-choice centre-back Niklas Moisander in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Celtic. The away match at Celtic Park ended in a 2–1 loss for the Amsterdam side.


title: Joël Veltman

text: In April 2018, Veltman tore his ACL in a match against VVV-Venlo. After a long recovery he returned to first-team action in February 2019.


title: Joël Veltman

text: On 29 July 2020, Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion announced that they had completed the signing of Veltman from Ajax on a three-year deal after activating the release clause in his contract, valued at £900,000. Veltman chose to wear the number 34 jersey, as a tribute to former Ajax teammate Abdelhak Nouri, who collapsed during a friendly in 2017 and went into an induced coma. Veltman made his debut for the Sussex side on 17 September 2020 starting in a 4–0 home victory over Portsmouth in the EFL Cup. Veltman made his league debut for Brighton on 3 October, coming on as a substitute at half time for Tariq Lamptey in a eventual 4–2 away defeat at Everton. He scored his first goal for the Sussex side, scoring an equaliser in an eventual 2–1 home defeat against bitter rivals Crystal Palace on 22 February 2021.


title: Joël Veltman

text: In the first Crystal Palace rivalry match of the 2021–22 season away at Crystal Palace on 27 September, from a poor Vicente Guaita goal kick, Veltman hit a long ball up to Neal Maupay in which he lobbed the keeper and scored a 90+5th equaliser ending the match at 1–1, taking a point back to the south coast. On 7 May 2022, Veltman played the whole match of the 4–0 humiliation of Manchester United, helping Brighton to their biggest ever top flight victory. On 22 May, the last game of the season, Veltman scored his second goal for the "Albion," the equaliser in an eventual 3–1 home victory over West Ham. The win secured Brighton's highest ever top flight finish, finishing in ninth place. Veltman revealed that he felt the 2021–22 season was his best of his career, earning the nickname "Mr Consistent" while also finishing as the runner-up in "Albions"' Supporters' Player of the Season award. He spoke of his form saying “It probably is my best season in terms of how I have played. The Premier League is the toughest competition in the world. I can say myself that I did well, I can be proud."


title: Joël Veltman

text: Veltman made Netherlands debut playing for the under-17 squad on 10 February 2009 in the 2009 edition of the La Manga Cup in the 0–4 loss against Czech Republic U17s. He also played in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship group stage match against England U17s which ended in a 1–1 draw, having previously appeared in three of the qualification matches. On 2 September 2010, Veltman made his debut for Netherlands U19s in a friendly against Germany which ended in a 2–2 draw. On 9 February 2011, Veltman scored his first international goal in another friendly for the U19s against France, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw. On 23 May 2012, Veltman made his debut for the U21 side at the 2012 Toulon Tournament in France. He appeared in four matches for the Dutch, making his debut against Egypt in the 3–0 win.


title: Joël Veltman

text: On 8 November 2013, it was announced that Veltman received his first call-up for the Netherlands senior team by head coach Louis van Gaal for the friendly matches against Japan and Colombia. Remaining on the bench for the duration of the first match against Japan, Veltman made his debut for the first team on 19 November in the fixture against Colombia, playing the full 90 minutes in the 0–0 draw at the Amsterdam Arena. On 31 May 2014, Veltman was named as part of the 23-man squad heading to the finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup under Van Gaal. He was joined by Ajax teammates Daley Blind and Jasper Cillessen.


title: Joël Veltman

text: Veltman was named in the Dutch 34-man preliminary squad for Euro 2020 on 14 May 2021, with the 26-man squad to be announced on 26 May. The tournament which is taken place in the summer of 2021 due to the previous year's postponement as a result of Coronavirus. He was included in the final 26-man squad on 26 May. His only appearance of the tournament came in the Netherlands' opening group game against Ukraine at the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam on 13 June, where he came on in the 88th minute replacing Jurriën Timber in a 3-2 victory. The Dutch were knocked out in the Round of 16 after a 2–0 loss against Czech Republic on 27 June at the Puskás Aréna in Budapest.


title: Boldt Castle

text: Boldt Castle is a major landmark and tourist attraction in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York. Open to guests seasonally between mid-May and mid-October, it is located on Heart Island in the Saint Lawrence River. Heart Island is part of the Town of Alexandria, in Jefferson County. Originally a private mansion built for American millionaire George Boldt, it is now maintained by the Thousand Islands Bridge Authority as a tourist attraction.


title: Boldt Castle

text: George Boldt, general manager of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City and manager of the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, and his family enjoyed an earlier frame cottage on Hart Island (the island's original name) for several summers, which they greatly expanded. In 1900, George Boldt launched an ambitious construction campaign to build a huge masonry structure, one of the largest private homes in the United States. He engaged the architectural firm G. W. & W. D. Hewitt and hundreds of workers for a six-story "castle" as a present to his wife. In addition, four other masonry structures on the island are architecturally notable. Equally distinctive is a huge yacht house on neighboring Wellesley Island, where the Boldts had another summer home and a vast estate, incorporating farms, canals, a golf course, tennis courts, stables, and a polo field.


title: Boldt Castle

text: The construction of Boldt Castle ceased abruptly in early 1904 after the death of Boldt's wife, Louise Kehrer Boldt. Boldt never returned to Heart Island, but continued to spend summers in the 1000 Islands until his 1916 death. For 73 years, the castle and other stone structures were left exposed to the harsh winter weather and occasional vandals. The Thousand Islands Bridge Authority acquired Heart Island and the nearby yacht house in 1977, for one dollar, under the agreement that all revenues obtained from the castle operation would be applied towards restoration, so that the island would be preserved for the enjoyment of future generations. In the five decades after acquiring the property, the Thousand Islands Bridge Authority spent around $15 million for restoration and improvements with work continuing annually. The initial goal of the restoration of Heart Island was not to finish what had not been completed, but to restore the island to the state it was in when construction was halted. Improvements have surpassed that goal, as a stained glass dome, marble floor, grand staircase woodwork, butler's pantry, maid's and servant's dining rooms and kitchen were restored. As of 2020, over $50 million has been spent on restoration and rehabilitation work on the Castle and surrounding structures.


title: Boldt Castle

text: Today, Boldt Castle is accessible by ferry, private boat, or by tour boat from Alexandria Bay, New York, Clayton, New York, Gananoque, Ontario, Rockport, Ontario, and Ivy Lea, Ontario. Most of the grounds and buildings can be explored by the public for a fee. Private boaters may also dock at Heart Island for free. Boldt Castle is a Port of Entry and has a U.S. Customs and Border Protection office on Heart Island. Visitors coming from Canada require appropriate identification to check in to the country, as visiting the island is considered entering the United States.


title: Boldt Castle

text: The Power House is located on the eastern edge of the island and was built to hold a generator to supply the island with power via steam generator. Exhibits inside describe how power was obtained in the early 1900s and hosts a small display of historic photographs of Boldt Castle construction and the 1000 Islands region Nearly destroyed by a fire in the 1930s, the Power House was one of the first restoration projects completed after the Thousand Island Bridge Authority acquired it in 1977.


title: Boldt Castle

text: Alster Tower was modeled after a Rhineland defense tower in Germany and purposely constructed with slanting and uneven walls, ceilings, and roofs. This unique structure sits on the south side of the island facing Alexandria Bay and boasts a two-lane bowling alley and stage for performances. The Alster Tower cafe is one of the restoration projects currently taking place on the island.


title: Boldt Castle

text: The George C. Boldt Yacht House on nearby Wellesley Island represents the only remaining wooden yacht house structure of this kind. The interior features extensive living quarters and a number of antique and wooden boats. For an additional admission fee, visitors can take a shuttle from Heart Island to the Yacht House on Wellesley Island to tour these exhibits. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.


title: Stuart Pankin

text: Stuart Pankin (born April 8, 1946) is an American actor. He is known for his role as anchor Bob Charles in "Not Necessarily the News" and as the voice of Earl Sinclair in "Dinosaurs". Stuart is also known for his portrayal of Commander Edward Plank in the "Zenon" trilogy films, and Orthodox Jew Ben Heineman in "Curb Your Enthusiasm", as well as making many guest appearances in many television shows and for lending his voice to various animated shows and films. Among his approximately three dozen films was "Hollywood Knights". He also appeared in "Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves" and "Arachnophobia" and as Jimmy in "Fatal Attraction".


title: Stuart Pankin

text: Pankin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1946. He attended Dickinson College, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, and Columbia University.


title: Stuart Pankin

text: Early in his career, Pankin frequently performed at St. Vincent Summer Theatre and still returns to perform there often. Pankin is known for his portrayal as anchor Bob Charles on HBO's "Not Necessarily the News", as well for voicing Earl Sinclair in the family sitcom "Dinosaurs", he is also known for playing the father Mike Dooley on the short-lived sitcom "Nearly Departed". Pankin also played an Orthodox Jew in "Curb Your Enthusiasm". Pankin made many guest appearances and lent his voice to animated shows, as well for appearing in numerous television commercials.


title: Stuart Pankin

text: One of Pankin's earliest film appearances was as asthmatic musician/magician Dudley Laywicker in "Hollywood Knights". Among his approximately three dozen film appearances, he starred in "", "", and "" as Commander Plank. He also appeared in "Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves", as the brother of Wayne Szalinski, and also co-starred as a bossy, self-important lawman in the horror/comedy "Arachnophobia".


title: Stuart Pankin

text: Pankin also appeared as an absent-minded professor in a series of edutainment 3D films ("Encounter in the Third Dimension" and "Misadventures in 3D"), designed for large-screen IMAX theaters. He has been a spokesman in infomercials, including for the " WalkFit Phase 4 Orthotics" shoe insert.


title: Stuart Pankin

text: Although Pankin is known for comedy roles and game show appearances (e.g., "The $100,000 Pyramid"), he has sometimes also taken dramatic roles, such as in the thriller "Fatal Attraction".


title: Irish cream

text: Irish cream is a cream liqueur based on Irish whiskey, cream and other flavourings. It typically has an ABV (alcohol by volume) level of 15 to 20% and is served on its own or in mixed drinks, most commonly Irish coffee. Its largest markets are the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.


title: Irish cream

text: It is not a traditional Irish product, as the first version of it, Baileys, was invented by a creative agency working for International Distillers & Vintners's Dublin office in 1973. Nevertheless, within the European Union, Irish cream is a protected geographical indicator product that must be produced in Ireland.


title: Irish cream

text: Top brands of Irish cream include Baileys, Kerrygold, Carolans and Saint Brendan's. The largest manufacturer is Diageo.


title: Irish cream

text: Irish cream is served straight, on the rocks or in mixed drinks, often in combination with Kahlúa in an Irish coffee or hot chocolate. It is also a common addition to White Russians. Some use Irish cream to flavour desserts and other sweet treats.


title: Bob Sinclar

text: Christophe Le Friant (; born 10 May 1969), better known by his stage name Bob Sinclar (), is a French record producer, DJ and remixer. He is the owner of the record label Yellow Productions.


title: Bob Sinclar

text: A native of Paris, Le Friant began DJing in the 1980s under the name Chris the French Kiss. During this time he was more influenced by hip hop and jazz music and created music projects such as The Mighty Bop and Reminiscence Quartet, the latter with an ensemble of musicians and where Le Friant used the alias Desmond K.


title: Bob Sinclar

text: In 1998 Le Friant adopted name of Bob Sinclar after the titular character from the 1973 film "Le Magnifique". He became known for popularising the "French touch" of house music with heavy use of sampled and filtered disco strings. He describes his musical style as inspired by "peace, love, and house music".


title: Bob Sinclar

text: In the 2000s, several of Sinclar's releases became international hits, being particularly popular in Europe. Some of his most popular hits include "The Beat Goes On" (2002), "Love Generation" (2005, featuring Gary "Nesta" Pine) and "World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)" (2006, featuring Steve Edwards). In 2006, Sinclar received the TMF Award Best Dance International (Belgium), and released the song "Rock This Party (Everybody Dance Now)", which samples the 1990 C+C Music Factory's song "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)", under the label Defected Records. In 2008, Sinclar also recorded, along with Steve Edwards, "Together". In 2009, he released "Lala Song" with the band The Sugarhill Gang, a remix of the band's 1979 hit "Rapper's Delight", that was one of the very early hip hop songs and the first to hit the top 40 charts.


title: Bob Sinclar

text: In the 2010s, Sinclar became a very prolific music producer. In 2011, he released a song with Italian showgirl Raffaella Carrà called "Far l'amore", a remixed version of Carrà's 1976 song "A far l'amore comincia tu". In 2013, Sinclar released a single called "Summer Moonlight", while in 2015 he collaborated with Dawn Tallman for a track titled "Feel the Vibe". In 2016, he released the track "Someone Who Needs Me", under the label Spinnin' Records, with whom he also released a collaboration with Akon, titled "'Til the Sun Rise Up". In June 2018, he released a single called "I Believe", that was very popular, particularly in Italy and other parts of Europe. In May 2021, he collaborated with the vocalist Molly Hammar to produce the song "We Could Be Dancing".


title: Bob Sinclar

text: Sinclar has produced dozens of official remixes over his long career, including those of songs by artists such as Jamiroquai, Moby, James Brown, Madonna and Rihanna.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: "The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march written and composed by John Philip Sousa in 1896. By a 1987 act of the U.S. Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: In his 1928 autobiography, "Marching Along", Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896. He was on board an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band. He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States. It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm. Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March". In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency. It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might. Except for impending disaster, circus bands never played the tune under any circumstances. One memorable example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944. At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: "The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard U.S. military march form—of repeated phrasing of different melodies performed in sections called strains: a Sousa legacy. Performances vary according to the arrangements of individual band directors or orchestrators, especially regarding tempo and the number and sequence of strains employed.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: The march begins with a four-bar introduction, following with the first strain, which is repeated; then the second strain, which is also repeated; and sometimes both are repeated again if (the band is) marching in parade (or the breakstrain may be interjected and repeated). Now follows the dominant woodwinds in the first run of the famous Trio strain—familiar to many for the nonsense lyrics: "Be kind to your web-footed friends..."—which repeats, and later repeats again as the piccolos obligato. (Here, in some performances, Sousa's patriotic lyrics may be sung in a choral overlay.) Then follows the breakstrain, the final strain, and the breakstrain repeated. The final repeats of the Trio (the Grandioso) render the famous obligato of the piccolo players—joined to a subdued but prominent countermelody by the brass section, then bringing everything to a close with once-more repeats of the grand finale.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States. The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North. The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones. The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: This is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, glockenspiel, and strings.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself. A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh. This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: The exact origin of the parody is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses, and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO. Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song." In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from "The Stars and Stripes Forever", with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends". It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year. In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, "Sing Along with Mitch". This version has perhaps the best known lyrics, which were used to end every show:


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series "The Berenstain Bears", but with the lyrics changed to:


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse. One popular version goes like this:


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc., until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller.


title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: "Here We Go", the British soccer chant, consists of the words "here we go" continuously repeated to the tune of "The Stars and Stripes Forever". It was described by Auberon Waugh as the national anthem of the working classes. It was the basis of Everton F.C.'s official song for the 1984 FA Cup Final. The tune has been repurposed for many other, similarly repetitive, football chants.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi Jin-Sil (December 24, 1968 – October 2, 2008) was a South Korean actress. She was considered one of the best actresses in South Korea, nicknamed "The Nation's Actress". She played leading roles in 18 films and 20 television dramas, appeared in 140 commercials and won the 33rd Grand Bell Award for Best Actress. She committed suicide by hanging on October 2, 2008, at her home in Seoul.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi was born as the first child to her parents Choi Guk-Hyeon and Jeong Ok-Suk on December 24, 1968, in Seoul. Her mother separated from her father in 1985 and divorced him in 1998. She had a younger brother, Choi Jin-young, who was an actor and singer.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Her family was so poor that her mother once managed the household by running a pojangmacha (a small street stall selling foods). She dreamed of becoming a star to escape from the poverty. She said in talk shows her nickname during her school days was "Choisujebi" because she used to eat "sujebi" (a dumpling soup) instead of ordinary meals due to the home environment. Although she later became a high-paid model and actress, she was known for frugality, even receiving awards for her savings activity and frugality.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In 1987, Choi graduated from Seonil Girls' High School. She began in Korea's entertainment circles as an advertising film model. She began to gain celebrity in an advertising campaign for Samsung Electronics in which she acted as a newly wedded housewife. In 1988, she became a TV actress starring in the MBC historical drama, "500 Years of Joseon". Her first film was "North Korean Partisan in South Korea" (1990). After several experiences in TV dramas as a supporting actress, Choi played leading roles in the movie "My Love, My Bride" (1990) and the MBC drama "Jealousy" (1992). In 1998, Choi published an autobiography "Yes, Let's Live Truthfully Today Too", looking back at the change from an ordinary high school graduate to a famous actress. She largely stayed out of the limelight, raising her two children after her high-profile divorce in 2004. In 2005, she returned with the soap opera "My Rosy Life" in a role that resurrected her career. Her last work was "Last Scandal" (2008), generating many positive reviews from critics and viewers. A second season of "Last Scandal" was being planned for broadcast in November 2008 before her death. She was also an MC in a talk show, "Choi Jin-sil 'Truth and Lie" in 2008.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In 1994, her former manager Bae Byeong-su, who was an influential figure in the entertainment field, was murdered by her road manager. She was called in as a witness. The incident shocked the Korean public. Rumors circulated that she was implicated in the crime and she was defamed by unspecified individuals. She had a traffic accident in 1995 and was often the victim of stalking, having nearly been abducted in 1994 and 1998.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In 2000, her marriage to Cho Sung-min received widespread attention in South Korea. Cho was a professional baseball player with the Yomiuri Giants of Japan. They first met on a television show in 1998. Choi gave birth to a son (2001) and a daughter Joon-Hee (2003).


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Cho insisted that Choi was a blameful spouse through the press without filing a lawsuit for divorce in December 2004. It was senseless act according to South Korean civil law. Choi privately had the consideration period in connection with divorce for about two years from 2002 to 2004. Choi had not been sued for divorce for the period. In September 2004, Choi decided to divorce Cho.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Cho committed a breach of marital fidelity, violence and defamation against Choi for about two years from 2002 to 2004. In addition, Cho borrowed money from Choi's mother and Choi's younger brother and defaulted on the debt; Cho was sued for it by them. In November 2002, Cho physically attacked Choi, who was pregnant at the time with their second child. In August 2004, Cho again assaulted her. The former violence was known to people in December 2002 by Cho and Cho insisted that the violence had been mutual attack to the press. Cho insisted that the latter violence also had been mutual attack. The case was widely publicized in the media.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi won the parental rights and child custody over the children on condition of exempting Cho's debt to her mother and brother as well as dropping several charges against Cho. Cho could visit his children regularly according to the mutual agreement. Choi won sole custody.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In January 2008, the South Korean family register ("hoju") was changed. As a result, children could now use their maternal family name. According to the register, her children changed their surname from "Cho" (paternal family name) to "Choi" (maternal family name).


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: After Choi's death, her mother managed the inheritance and was awarded custody of the children. The older of the two children is singer Choi Hwan-hee, who goes by the stage name Z.flat and made his debut in November 2020.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In August 2004, Choi Jin-sil came forward as a victim of domestic violence. Subsequently, the advertiser, Shinhan Engineering and Construction, claimed she had not kept her contractual obligation to "maintain dignity" as she had disclosed to the public her bruised and swollen face which was caused by the violence of her then husband.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: On June 4, 2009, the Supreme Court reversed a high court ruling that decided in favour of Choi in a compensation suit filed by the advertiser in 2004 against the actress, who was the model for its apartments. In handing down its ruling, the Supreme Court censured Choi for coming forward and declaring herself a victim of domestic violence, saying it constituted a failure to maintain proper "social and moral honour". Her two children became defendants as heirs.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: On June 9, 2009, Korean Womenlink, the Korea Women's Hot Line, and the Korea Women's Association United issued a joint statement lambasting the ruling. Women's groups censured the Supreme Court for not realising the suffering of domestic violence victims, which included Choi. As to the ruling, the groups claimed that revealing the results of domestic violence was not a matter of "dignity" but a matter of "survival". "When a person is suffering, he or she needs to restore their dignity and social honour by disclosing the damage and seeking proper legal help as Choi did", a director of Korean Womenlink said.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi was found hanged at home at Seoul; the cause of death was deemed to be suicide. Police said that Choi had killed herself at around midnight. Her suicide was confirmed by the police. She was survived by her two children, her mother and younger brother Choi Jin-Young, who committed suicide a year and a half later. Choi's suicide was linked in the media to a temporary 70% increase in suicide in South Korea for about a month after her death; police recorded 700 more suicides in that month than would have been typical statistically.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: On September 8, 2008, Ahn Jae-hwan, the husband of popular comedian Jeong Sun-Hee, was found dead in his car. Ahn committed suicide apparently due to distress over mounting debts. Jeong and Choi had been close friends for a long time; at his funeral Choi appeared deeply shaken. Shortly after, rumours circulated on the web that Choi, as a loan shark, had lent a large sum of money to Ahn. On September 22, 2008, Choi sought a police probe into the source of the rumours, calling them groundless. On September 28, 2008, police arrested a securities company employee for spreading the rumours.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi suffered greater stress amid rumours circulating on the Internet that she was involved in the suicide of fellow actor Ahn Jae-Hwan.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: In response to Choi's death, the South Korean government tried to strengthen a legal push to regulate Internet postings. Politicians have reacted by proposing legislation that would impose a more rigorous real name registration requirement on the Internet and more heightened punishment for libelous statements.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: The news of her death was widely reported and large number of reporters rushed to Choi's house to cover the event. Major portal websites blocked online users from leaving comments on articles concerning Choi, fearing that some users might leave malicious comments.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: "Almost 80 percent of South Korea's households have broadband access, fostering active online interactions. Most Web sites here have bulletin boards where users can post uncensored, anonymous comments, and nearly all young people run their own blogs, updating via cellphone. Such sites were a major avenue for rumors about the possible dangers of dropping a ban on American beef that fed enormous street protests and political upheaval earlier this year. Major Web portals have in recent years doubled the number of monitors to screen out online character assassination and respond more quickly to complaints of malicious rumors. But many victims still complained that vicious rumors spread so fast their reputations were ruined virtually overnight", "The New York Times" commented on her death on October 2, 2008.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: "She was more than South Korea's Julia Roberts or Angelina Jolie. For nearly 20 years, Choi was the country's cinematic sweetheart and as close to being a 'national' actress as possible. But since her body was found on Oct. 2, an apparent suicide, she has become a symbol of the difficulties women face in this deeply conservative yet technologically savvy society. Incessant online gossip appears to have been largely to blame for her death. But it's also clear that public life as a single, working, divorced mom—still a pariah status in South Korea—was one role she had a lot of trouble with", "Time" commented on her death on October 6, 2008.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: On August 15, 2009, Choi's ashes were stolen from her burial site. The police hunt for a suspect was aided by surveillance camera images showing a man carrying out the theft. On August 25, 2009, the police arrested him and Choi's ashes were found in his home.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: A small memorial park for Choi Jin-Sil has been built in a cemetery in Gyeonggi Province. Choi's ashes were placed in the new tomb in the park in the Gapsan Park Cemetery in Yangpyeong on September 28, 2009. Security devices have been installed to prevent a recurrence of the theft, with the tomb specially manufactured in China and more surveillance cameras placed around the tomb.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: Choi was the "big sister" who led the so-called "Choi Jin-Sil Association". It was a friendly group of close celebrities that included the comedians Lee Young-Ja and Jeong Sun-Hee, the models Hong Jin-Kyung and Lee So-Ra, and the actresses Choi Hwa-Jung and Uhm Jung-Hwa. After Choi's death, they founded "The Choi Jin-Sil Foundation" for charity.


title: Choi Jin-sil

text: The drama synopsis "As Life Goes On" (사노라면) which Choi Jin-Sil had written was found in her home after her death.


title: Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa

text: "Conqueror of Shamballa" premiered in Japan on July 23, 2005. A CD soundtrack has also been published featuring music from the film developed by Michiru Oshima and L'Arc-en-Ciel. In Japan, it has been edited in a standard DVD, as well as in a limited edition. It was later licensed in North America by Funimation that featured the film in cinemas for a short time, and also released it on DVD and Blu-ray.


text: Most of the staff from the first "Fullmetal Alchemist" anime started development on "Conqueror of Shamballa" shortly after the anime's ending. The original script had to be shortened to fit the film's length of 105 minutes. During its premiere in Japan, "Conqueror of Shamballa" remained as one of the most popular films in the year. Critical reaction to the film has commonly been positive, with reviews praising the film's story and animation used.


text: After Edward Elric recovers his arm and his brother Alphonse's body, Edward is dragged from his homeworld through the Gate of Alchemy—the source of alchemical energy—to a parallel world of Earth in 1923. The world is fundamentally governed by the laws of modern science instead of alchemy. When Edward arrives there, he discovers that he has been stripped of his alchemical powers and his newly restored arm and leg.


text: Two years later, in Munich, Germany, Edward researches rocketry with his friend Alfons Heiderich, a young man who resembles Alphonse, in the hopes of returning to his world. Edward rescues a persecuted Romani woman named Noah from being sold. Noah, who resembles Ed's friend Rosé, is taken in by Edward to live with him and Alfons, and begins having visions concerning Edward's life in his world. The next day, Edward meets Fritz Lang, a Jewish film director resembling King Bradley, who persuades Edward into helping him hunt down a dragon he has been seeking for inspiration for his next film. The dragon, which turns out to be homunculus Envy, attacks Edward, but is then weakened and captured by members of the Thule Society.


text: The Thule Society, led by Karl Haushofer and Dietlinde Eckhart, use Envy and Edward's kidnapped father Hohenheim as catalysts to open a portal to Edward's world, believing it to be the utopia Shamballa after learning about it from Hohenheim. A number of armored soldiers are sent through the portal, only to emerge on the other side in the city of Liore as mutated zombie-like creatures. Alphonse, who is visiting Liore, fights off the armored soldiers and merges parts of his soul to three of their suits to aid him in combat. Meanwhile, Edward breaks into the Thule Society headquarters and accidentally reopens the portal, returning the dead armored soldiers to Earth and allowing Alphonse's armored form to briefly reunite with his brother before his soul returns to his body, increasing Edward's determination to return to his world.


text: Alphonse is guided by the homunculus Wrath to the underground city beneath Amestris' Central City to reopen the Gate of Alchemy. There, they are attacked by the homunculus Gluttony, who fights and mortally wounds Wrath. At Wrath's insistence, Alphonse transmutes and sacrifices the two homunculi to use as material to open the Gate. Meanwhile, in Munich, the Thule Society persuades Noah into guiding them on how to correctly open the Gate based on what she had learned from reading Edward's mind. Edward learns from Lang that the Thule Society plans to use the weapons from his world to help Adolf Hitler in his attempt to start a revolution, and heads to stop them. Hohenheim and Envy are both transmuted at the same time that Alphonse transmutes Gluttony and Wrath. With the Gate opened, Eckhart leads a fleet into the other world, where she gains the ability to use alchemy. However, she begins to go mad with power and fear of her new surroundings and launches an attack on Central City. Alfons launches Edward in a rocket-powered plane to return him to his world before being gunned down.


text: Edward appears in his world, reunited with Alphonse and their friend Winry Rockbell, who fits Edward with new automail limbs. The Amestris military manages to stop most of Eckhart's soldiers with the help of Roy Mustang. Edward battles Eckhart before Alphonse transmutes parts of his soul to a group of armors, which attack her and force her to retreat. Upon reappearing in her own world, Eckhart is covered with shadow creatures from the Gate and killed by an officer out of alarm of her new, monstrous appearance. Understanding the danger posed by the connection between the two worlds, Edward returns to Earth to seal the Gate on the other side, knowing he will be trapped there forever. Instead of sealing the Gate on the other world's side as per Edward's request, however, Alphonse has Mustang seal the Gate and follows Edward to remain with his brother. Following Alfons' funeral, Edward and Alphonse leave Munich with Noah, intending to destroy the weapons meant to be used in Hitler's attack and make their new home a safer place. Back in Risembool, as Rosé's children play, Winry remembers the Elric brothers.


text: Several historic figures appear in supporting roles including Fritz Lang (physically based on King Bradley), Rudolf Hess, Karl Haushofer, and Adolf Hitler. The Earth counterparts of Maes Hughes and his wife Gracia appear in supporting roles, along with cameos from other characters.


text: Production of the film began shortly after the television series finishing its original broadcasting on Japanese channels, although pre-production started during the show's run in March 2004. The film's production was led by director Seiji Mizushima, who also had directed the series as well. Mizushima allowed a camera crew and interviewers into the show's conference room at the Bones studios where he described how production went, as seen in a special feature on the DVD release of the film. The conference room was filled with every cut and drawing created for the show and movie, but it was eventually cleared out to make room for other projects.


text: The original draft of the film's script was written by Sho Aikawa at a hundred pages long, making the film over three hours long. Mizushima and others had to cut a third of the script's scenes out in order to make the film an appropriate length. Some scenes and characters were removed from the final cut, including a character named Steiner who could see auras, having a role similar to Noah's. A scene which was cut involved characters Roy Mustang and Winry Rockbell meeting in front of the late Maes Hughes' grave. By October 2004, the script was completed and the pre-check storyboards were produced. The pre-check storyboards showed the movements of objects and characters in each shot along with the characters' lines. Production on the proper storyboards began in November of the same year, but the schedule in producing the film was immensely busy, so the directors of the film split the storyboards into six sections, one for each of the directors to create.


text: The opening and ending scenes were drawn by Mizushima; the scene involving the debut of the film's villain was drawn by Soichi Masui; the middle section of the film was drawn by Shingo Kaneko; Edward Elric's return to his homeworld was drawn by Masahiro Ando; action scenes were drawn by Shinji Aramaki; and the battle between Wrath and Gluttony was drawn by Yutaka Nakamura. Mizushima was repeatedly harassed by the head employees at Aniplex to speed up work on the storyboards. The artwork for the film was produced once Kaneko was finished and cel-animation was used to produce several characters or items in the film. Seven hundred of the film's animated frames had to be redone with only two weeks to the film's release.


text: A trailer was produced for the film in December 2004 with Romi Park, the voice actor for Edward Elric, narrating it. Three posters were produced for the film, two teaser posters and a third for the release of the film. A "Fullmetal Festival" was held on December 26, 2004 to celebrate the show and film. Most of the directors finished their assigned storyboards by February 2005 except Shingo Kaneko, who was taking longest due to the general slow process, but his storyboards were nevertheless impressive.


text: The film score was composed by Michiru Oshima. L'Arc-en-Ciel gave two of their new songs for the film's opening and closing credits, "Link" and "LOST HEAVEN", respectively. The film's orchestral music was performed by the Moscow Orchestra. "KELAS [LET'S-DANCE]," the song performed by the Romani women while Edward and Heiderich hitch a ride, was composed by Ferenc Snétberger (who also played guitar for the song), with vocals by Tayo Awosusi. A soundtrack CD of the film, "Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie Conqueror Of Shamballa OST", which contained forty-six tracks, was released on July 20, 2005. Single CDs of the songs "Link" and "LOST HEAVEN" have also been released by L'Arc-en-Ciel near the film's premier.


text: The film premiered in Japan on July 23, 2005. The Japanese DVD as well as the Universal Media Disc were released on January 25, 2006. A limited edition including with a special box, English subtitles and a series of other extras was published on the same date.


text: Some promotional activity was done before the film was already gone from theaters. The movie trailer was shown to a group of about 300 persons at Shiokazecon in Houston, Texas on April 27, 2006. Vic Mignogna, the English voice actor for Edward Elric, also promoted the film at anime conventions. On February 27, 2006, Funimation announced that they licensed the film. The movie premiered at Montreal Fantasia's Festival on July 22, 2006. The movie had its American premiere on July 3 at Anime Expo, and was later premiered on September 8 in 40 theaters by Funimation Films. It was announced on the movie's MySpace that the movie was going to be shown again in select theaters on September 20, 2007, but only for one day. During the 2006 Nan Desu Kan anime convention, the film was screened. Seiji Mizushima, director from the film, attended the screening.


text: Funimation released the English DVD on September 12, 2006, while the limited edition was published on November 14, 2006. Similar to the Japanese version, the English limited edition features several extras such as interviews with the Japanese cast, a video explanation of the film's creation, and an 18-page guidebook featuring character sketches. A special edition featuring extras, a book and cards was published on June 23, 2009. In May 2009, Funimation announced that the film would be released in Blu-ray format. It was released on November 17, 2009, and features the same special features on the limited edition except for the 18-page guidebook. On February 1, 2016, Funimation announced via its official blog that the company's licensing rights to the "Full Metal" titles would expire on March 31, 2016. Effective that date, both the film and the series were no longer available for streaming on Funimation.com, and no further home-video copies of either were produced.


text: During its premiere, "Conqueror of Shamballa" ranked 3rd at the Japanese box office. In the second week, it fell to 7th. By next week, it ranked 10th, but it did not appear in the top ten from the following weeks. In the Japanese market, the film's gross revenue summed up to $9,712,635 during 2005. Overseas, it grossed to $10,197,984 during 2005. As of 2007, it grossed to ¥1.22 billion ($10.8 million) in the Japanese box office. It became the seventh most popular anime film released in Japan during 2005. In a theatrical chart from the same year, "Conqueror of Shamballa" ranked as the seventh best anime film from 2005, and as the 47th best film in overall.


text: During the "9th Japanese Media Arts Festival Winners", the film was listed as "recommendable anime". In the Tokyo Anime Fair, the film won in the categories "Animation of the Year", "Best Original Story" (Hiromu Arakawa) and "Best Music" (Michiru Oshima). In an Oricon's survey from 2005, the film's theme song, "Link" by L'Arc-en-Ciel, sold 235,751 copies, ranking as fourth in the "Top 10 Anime Theme Songs of 2005". It also won the "2005 Animation Grand Award" prize in Mainichi Film Awards, and "Best Animated Film" prize in Fantasia International Film Festival (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). During the American Anime Awards, the film was nominated in the category of "Best Anime Feature". The first English DVD was the third bestselling Japanese anime DVD in the United States in 2006 with a sale ratio of 31 compared to the sales of the #1 title as 100. During 2007 the limited edition DVD from the film ranked 23rd with a sales ratio of 23. In the NEO Awards 2007 from "Neo", "Conqueror of Shamballa" won in the category "Best Anime Movie."


text: Critical response to the film has generally been positive. Theron Martin from Anime News Network found "Conqueror of Shamballa" as a very entertaining film "as it has all of the action, flashy magic, comedy, snappy dialogue, drama, and intrigue that made the TV series so great." The few negative points he found about the plot were lack of discussions of morality which were featured in the anime series and that "the writing and plotting just don't feel as sharp as they were for the series." He praised the additional content from the limited edition DVD as well as the English dub, but criticized the subtitles for having grammatical mistakes. Although Dani Moure from Mania Entertainment did not find the story to be very original, he still favored it due to its mix of themes, turning it into an entertaining film. He also praised the staff from the series, commenting they have done an "admirable job," making the film a "sequel well worthy of bearing the series' name." Chris Johnston of "Newtype USA" praised it is as "a perfect way" to conclude the TV series, saying it is "a rousing, action-packed and heartrending close."


text: It also received praise by IGN's Jeremy Mullin, who gave it an overall 9 over 10, having had good opinion of the graphics used during the film and how the film expands "Fullmetal Alchemist"s story. The film was compared to "The End of Evangelion" due to how both titles expand their anime's endings, resulting in a "proper ending" due to the characters' development featured in the film. Mullin also liked the audio from "Conqueror of Shamballa", but added that some of the English voice actors lacked accents. DVD Talk writer Todd Douglass Jr. also liked the film as he was "pleased to report that the story was handled nigh-flawlessly. The inclusion of real world events helps ground the fact that Edward is in our world, but there was just something surreal about that after seeing it." He found the film's ending to be fitting for "Fullmetal Alchemist" and said it will be well received by fans from the series. While reviewing the special edition DVD, Douglass commented the extras featured in the DVD "are worth the price." However, he also added that "some people just don't care about the extras" and concluded that "this is a strong reissue that could have possibly been better, but is fine just the same."


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Cuttino Rashawn Mobley (born September 1, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association from 1998 to 2008. He played college basketball for the Rhode Island Rams, earning conference player of the year honors in the Atlantic 10 in 1998. Mobley was selected in the second round of the 1998 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. He has played in the 3x3 basketball in the Big3.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Cuttino, also known as the "Cat", attended Incarnation of Our Lord grade school in the Olney section of Philadelphia. After graduating from grade school, Mobley attended Cardinal Dougherty High School, transferred to Maine Central Institute in 1992, and graduated in 1993.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: After high school, he attended the University of Rhode Island from 1993 to 1998 and redshirted his first year. At Rhode Island, he helped lead the Rams team to an Elite Eight appearance in the 1998 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament and graduated with a degree in communication studies.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: He was selected in the second round (41st overall) of the 1998 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets. Mobley started at the shooting guard position, where he and Steve Francis formed one of the NBA's elite scoring backcourts. Mobley played with them for six seasons before getting traded in 2004.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Cuttino Mobley was traded to the Orlando Magic along with Steve Francis and Kelvin Cato for Tracy McGrady, Juwan Howard, Reece Gaines, and Tyronn Lue in the 2004 offseason. He only played 23 games with the Magic.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Mobley was traded to the Sacramento Kings, along with Michael Bradley for Doug Christie. Mobley ranked third in the league in three-point percentage during the 2004–2005 season.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Mobley signed a five-year US$42 million deal with the Clippers on July 14, 2005. Besides being known for his three-point shooting, he also relied heavily on his post-up game. In addition, he also ran the Clutch City shootout contest in Houston during his Rockets years. Mobley, along with Sam Cassell and Elton Brand, led the Clippers to the 2006 NBA playoffs.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: On January 28, 2005, Mobley's home was burglarized. Thieves stole $500,000 in cash, jewelry, and other items from Mobley's Bel-Air, California home.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Mobley's half-brother, Daniel Smith, was a wide receiver for the National Football League's Carolina Panthers. He is also the cousin of former NFL linebacker John Mobley and the fourth cousin of Michelle Obama.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: On November 21, 2008, Mobley and Tim Thomas were traded to the New York Knicks for Zach Randolph and Mardy Collins. Mobley averaged 13.9 points per game as a member of the Clippers. This deal was delayed, for during Mobley's physical, the Knicks discovered he has a heart condition. Because the Knicks initially made the deal for salary cap reasons, they decided to finalize the deal regardless. However, on November 28, 2008, it was reported that the heart condition "may be career-ending."


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: In 2017, Mobley became the co-captain of Power in the BIG3; a 3-on-3 concept professional basketball league featuring former NBA players and prospects.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: Coached by hall-of-famer Nancy Lieberman, Mobley and his team became the 2018 BIG3 champions when they defeated 3's Company.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: As of the start of the BIG3 2022 season, Mobley is still a member of Power and is their current team captain.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: On December 10, 2008, Mobley announced his retirement due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that was disclosed in a physical exam. This is the same heart illness suffered by Reggie Lewis, who died in 1993, and Hank Gathers, who died in 1990. Although he retired as a Knick, Mobley did not play a game for the team before retiring.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: On April 5, 2010, the New York Knicks announced Mobley's formal release after the league approved their request for luxury tax relief.


title: Cuttino Mobley

text: In 2008, Mobley was named the recipient of the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association "Native Son" Award.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: While recreational use, possession and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law, official policy since the late 20th century has been to openly tolerate all recreational use while tolerating the other two under certain circumstances. This pragmatic approach was motivated by the idea that a drug-free Dutch society is unrealistic and unattainable, and efforts would be better spent trying to minimize harm caused by recreational drug use. As a result of this gedoogbeleid (lit. "tolerance policy" or "policy of tolerance"), the Netherlands is typically seen as much more tolerant of drugs than most other countries.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Legal distinctions are made in the Opium Law between drugs with a low risk of harm and/or addiction, called soft drugs, and drugs with a high risk of harm and/or addiction, called hard drugs. Soft drugs include hash, marijuana, sleeping pills and sedatives, while hard drugs include heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, LSD and ecstasy. Policy has been to largely tolerate the sale of soft drugs while strongly suppressing the sale, circulation and use of hard drugs, effectively separating it into two markets. Establishments that have been permitted to sell soft drugs under certain circumstances are called "coffee shops". Laws established in January 2013 required visitors of coffee shops to be Dutch residents, but these laws were only applied in Zeeland, North Brabant and Limburg after much local criticism. Possession of a soft drug for personal use in quantities below a certain threshold (5 grams of cannabis or 5 cannabis plants) is tolerated, but larger quantities or possession of hard drugs may lead to prosecution. Prosecution for possession, trade and (in some rare cases) use are typically handled by the municipal government except where large-scale criminal activity is suspected.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Notably absent from toleration of drugs is its production, particularly the cultivation of cannabis. This has led to a seemingly paradoxical system where coffee shops are allowed to buy and sell soft drugs but where production is nearly always punished. Because coffee shops have to get their goods from somewhere, criticism has been raised over the years against continued prosecution of soft drug producers. It was first challenged in court in 2014 when a judge found two people guilty of producing cannabis in large quantities but refused to punish them. A significant change occurred in early 2017, when a slight majority in the House of Representatives allowed for a law to pass that would partly legalize production of cannabis. In late 2017, the newly formed coalition announced that they would seek to implement an experimental new system in certain cities where coffee shops could legally acquire cannabis from a state-appointed producer.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: While the legalization of cannabis remains controversial, the introduction of heroin-assisted treatment in 1998 has been lauded for considerably improving the health and social situation of opiate-dependent patients in the Netherlands.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Large-scale dealing, production, import and export are prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law, even if it does not supply end users or "coffeeshops" with more than the allowed amounts. Exactly how coffeeshops get their supplies is rarely investigated, however. The average concentration of THC in the cannabis sold in coffeeshops has increased from 9% in 1998 to 18% in 2005. This means that less plant material has to be consumed to achieve the same effect. One of the reasons is plant breeding and use of greenhouse technology for illegal growing of cannabis in Netherlands.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The former minister of Justice Piet Hein Donner announced in June 2007 that cultivation of cannabis shall continue to be illegal.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The drug policy of the Netherlands is marked by its distinguishing between so called soft and hard drugs. An often used argument is that alcohol, which is claimed by some scientists as a hard drug, is legal and a soft drug cannot be more dangerous to society if it is controlled. This may refer to the Prohibition in the 1920s, when the U.S. government decided to ban all alcohol. Prohibition created a golden opportunity for organized crime syndicates to smuggle alcohol, and as a result the syndicates were able to gain considerable power in some major cities.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Cannabis remains a controlled substance in the Netherlands and both possession and production for personal use are still misdemeanors, punishable by fines. Coffeeshops are also technically illegal but are flourishing nonetheless. However, a policy of non-enforcement has led to a situation where reliance upon non-enforcement has become common, and because of this the courts have ruled against the government when individual cases were prosecuted.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: This is because the Dutch Ministry of Justice applies a "gedoogbeleid" (tolerance policy) with regard to the category of soft drugs: an official set of guidelines telling public prosecutors under which circumstances offenders should not be prosecuted. This is a more official version of a common practice in other European countries wherein law enforcement sets priorities regarding offenses on which it is important enough to spend limited resources.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: According to current "gedoogbeleid" the possession of a maximum amount of five grams cannabis for personal use is not prosecuted. Cultivation is treated in a similar way. Cultivation of 5 plants or less is usually not prosecuted when they are renounced by the cultivator.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Proponents of "gedoogbeleid" argue that such a policy practices more consistency in legal protection than without it. Opponents of the Dutch drug policy either call for full legalization, or argue that laws should penalize morally wrong or deviant behavior, whether enforceable or not. In the Dutch courts, however, it has long been determined that the institutionalized non-enforcement of statutes with well defined limits constitutes "de facto" decriminalization. The statutes are kept on the books mainly due to international pressure and in adherence with international treaties. A November 2008 poll showed that a 60% majority of the Dutch population support the legalisation of soft drugs. The same poll showed that 85% supported closing of all cannabis coffeeshops within 250 meters walking distance from schools.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Importing and exporting of any classified drug is a serious offence. The penalty can run up to 12 to 16 years if it is hard drug trade, maximum 4 years for import or export of large quantities of cannabis. It is prohibited to operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug that affects driving ability to such an extent that you are unable to drive properly. (Section 8 of the 1994 Road Traffic Act section 1). The Dutch police have the right to do a drug test if they suspect influenced driving. For example, anybody involved in a traffic accident may be tested. Causing an accident that inflicts bodily harm, while under influence of any drug, is seen as a crime that may be punished by up to 3 years in prison (9 years in case of a fatal accident). Suspension of driving license is also normal in such a case (maximum 5 years). Schiphol, a large international airport near Amsterdam, has long practiced a zero tolerance policy regarding airline passengers carrying drugs. In 2006 there were 20,769 drug crimes registered by public prosecutors and 4,392 persons received an unconditional prison sentence The rate of imprisonment for drug crimes is about the same as in Sweden, which has a zero tolerance policy for drug crimes.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Despite the high priority given by the Dutch government to fighting illegal drug trafficking, the Netherlands continue to be an important transit point for drugs entering Europe. The Netherlands is a major producer and leading distributor of cannabis, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and other synthetic drugs, and a medium consumer of illicit drugs. Despite the crackdown by Interpol on traffic and illicit manufacture of temazepam, the country has also become a major exporter of illicit temazepam of the jelly variety, trafficking it to the United Kingdom and other European nations. The government has intensified cooperation with neighbouring countries and stepped up border controls. In recent years, it also introduced so-called 100% checks and bodyscans at Schiphol Airport on incoming flights from Dutch overseas territories Aruba and Netherlands Antilles to prevent importing cocaine by means of swallowing balloons by mules.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Although drug use, as opposed to trafficking, is seen primarily as a public health issue, responsibility for drug policy is shared by both the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports, and the Ministry of Justice.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The Netherlands spends more than €130 million annually on facilities for addicts, of which about fifty percent goes to drug addicts. The Netherlands has extensive demand reduction programs, reaching about ninety percent of the country's 25,000 to 28,000 hard drug users. The number of hard drug addicts has stabilized in the past few years and their average age has risen to 38 years, which is generally seen as a positive trend. Notably, the number of drug-related deaths in the country remains amongst the lowest in Europe.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: On 27 November 2003, the Dutch Justice Minister Piet Hein Donner announced that his government was considering rules under which coffeeshops would only be allowed to sell soft drugs to Dutch residents in order to satisfy both European neighbors' concerns about the influx of drugs from the Netherlands, as well as those of Netherlands border town residents unhappy with the influx of "drug tourists" from elsewhere in Europe. The European Court of Justice ruled in December 2010 that Dutch authorities can ban coffeeshops from selling cannabis to foreigners. The EU court said the southern Dutch city of Maastricht was within its rights when it introduced a "weed passport" in 2005 to prevent foreigners from entering cafés that sell cannabis.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In 2010 the owner of Netherlands's largest cannabis selling coffeeshop was fined 10 million euros for breaking drug laws by keeping more than the tolerated amount of cannabis in the shop. He was also sentenced to a 16-week prison term.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Criminal investigations into more serious forms of organized crime mainly involve drugs (72%). Most of these are investigations of hard drug crime (specifically cocaine and synthetic drugs) although the number of soft drug cases is rising and currently accounts for 69% of criminal investigations.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In a study of the levels of cannabis, cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine and other amphetamine in wastewater from 42 major cities in Europe Amsterdam came near the top of the list in every category but methamphetamine.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The Netherlands tolerates the sale of soft drugs in ‘coffee shops’. A coffee shop is an establishment where cannabis may be sold subject to certain strict conditions, but no alcoholic drinks may be sold or consumed. The Dutch government does not prosecute members of the public for possession or use of small quantities of soft drugs.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands, the organized crime organizations form the main producer of MDMA, amphetamine and cannabis in Europe. Together with the proximity of the ports of Antwerp and especially Rotterdam where heroin and cocaine enter the European continent, this causes these substances to be readily available for a relative low price. Therefore, there is a large quantity drugs of a relative high purity/quality available. This means that users will not have to rely on more polluted substances with greater health risks. Together with an approach that focuses on easily accessible health care, harm reduction and prevention, this causes the medical condition of the Dutch addicts to be less severe than that of many other countries.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The Netherlands is a party to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The 1961 convention prohibits cultivation and trade of naturally occurring drugs such as cannabis; the 1971 treaty bans the manufacture and trafficking of synthetic drugs such as barbiturates and amphetamines; and the 1988 convention requires states to criminalize illicit drug possession:


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system, each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the possession, purchase or cultivation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances for personal consumption contrary to the provisions of the 1961 Convention, the 1961 Convention as amended or the 1971 Convention.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The International Narcotics Control Board typically interprets this provision to mean that states must prosecute drug possession offenses. The conventions clearly state that controlled substances are to be restricted to scientific and medical uses. However, Cindy Fazey, former Chief of Demand Reduction for the United Nations Drug Control Programme, believes that the treaties have enough ambiguities and loopholes to allow some room to maneuver. In her report entitled "The Mechanics and Dynamics of the UN System for International Drug Control", she notes:


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: Many countries have now decided not to use the full weight of criminal sanctions against people who are in possession of drugs that are for their personal consumption. The Conventions say that there must be an offence under domestic criminal law, it does not say that the law has to be enforced, or that when it is what sanctions should apply. . . . Despite such grey areas latitude is by no means unlimited. The centrality of the principle of limiting narcotic and psychotropic drugs for medical and scientific purposes leaves no room for the legal possibility of recreational use. . . . Nations may currently be pushing the boundaries of the international system, but the pursuit of any action to formally legalize non-medical and non-scientific drug use would require either treaty revision or a complete or partial withdrawal from the current regime.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch policy of keeping anti-drug laws on the books while limiting enforcement of certain offenses is carefully designed to reduce harm while still complying with the letter of international drug control treaties. This is necessary in order to avoid criticism from the International Narcotics Board, which historically has taken a dim view of any moves to relax official drug policy. In their annual report, the Board has criticised many governments, including Canada, for permitting the medicinal use of cannabis, Australia for providing injecting rooms and the United Kingdom for proposing to downgrade the classification of cannabis, which it has since done (although this change was reversed by the Home Secretary on 7 May 2008 against the advice of its own commissioned report).


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The liberal drug policy of the authorities in the Netherlands especially led to problems in "border hot spots" that attracted "drug tourism" as well as trafficking and related law enforcement problems in towns like Enschede in the East and Terneuzen, Venlo, Maastricht and Heerlen in the South. In 2006, Gerd Leers, then mayor of the border city of Maastricht, on the Dutch-Belgian border, criticised the current policy as inconsistent, by recording a song with the Dutch punk rock band De Heideroosjes. By allowing possession and retail sales of cannabis, but not cultivation or wholesale, the government creates numerous problems of crime and public safety, he alleges, and therefore he would like to switch to either legalising and regulating production, or to the full repression that his party (CDA) officially advocates. The latter suggestion has widely been interpreted as rhetorical. Leers's comments have garnered support from other local authorities and put the cultivation issue back on the agenda.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In November 2008, Pieter van Geel, the leader of the CDA (Christian Democrats) in the Dutch parliament, called for a ban on the cafés where cannabis is sold. He said the practice of allowing so-called coffeeshops to operate had failed. The CDA had the support of its smaller coalition partner, the CU (ChristenUnie), but the third party in government, PvdA (Labour), opposed. The coalition agreement worked out by the three coalition parties in 2007 stated that there would be no change in the policy of tolerance. Prominent CDA member Gerd Leers spoke out against him: cannabis users who now cause no trouble would be viewed as criminals if an outright ban was to be implemented. Van Geel later said that he respected the coalition agreement and would not press for a ban during the current government's tenure.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: 27 "coffeeshops" selling cannabis in Rotterdam, all within 200 metres from schools, were ordered to close down by 2009. This was nearly half of the "coffeeshops" that operated within its municipality. This was due to the new policy of city mayor Ivo Opstelten and the town council. The higher levels of the active ingredient in cannabis in Netherlands create a growing opposition to the traditional Dutch view of cannabis as a relatively innocent soft drug. Supporters of "coffeeshops" state that such claims are often exaggerated and ignore the fact that higher content means a user needs to use less of the plant to get the desired effects, making it in effect safer. Dutch research has however shown that an increase of THC content also increase the occurrence of impaired psychomotor skills, particularly among younger or inexperienced cannabis smokers, who do not adapt their smoking-style to the higher THC content. Closing of "coffeeshops" is not unique to Rotterdam. Many other towns have done the same in the last 10 years.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In 2008, the municipality of Utrecht imposed a Zero Tolerance Policy to all events like the big dance party Trance Energy held in Jaarbeurs. However, such zero-tolerance policy at dance parties are now becoming common in the Netherlands and are even stricter in cities like Arnhem.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The two towns Roosendaal and Bergen op Zoom announced in October 2008 that they would start closing all "coffeeshops", each week visited by up to 25,000 French and Belgian drug tourists, with closures beginning in February 2009.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In May 2011 the Dutch government announced that tourist are to be banned from Dutch coffeeshops, starting in the southern provinces and at the end of 2011 in the rest of the country. In a letter to the parliament, the Dutch health and justice ministers said that, "In order to tackle the nuisance and criminality associated with coffeeshops and drug trafficking, the open-door policy of coffeeshops will end".


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: A government committee delivered in June 2011 a report about Cannabis to the Dutch government. It includes a proposal that cannabis with more than 15 percent THC should be labeled as hard drugs. Higher concentrations of THC and drug tourism have challenged the current policy and led to a re-examination of the current approach; e.g. ban of all sales of cannabis to tourists in coffeeshops from end of 2011 was proposed but currently only the border city of Maastricht has adopted the measure in order to test out its feasibility. According to the initial measure, starting in 2012, each coffeeshop was to operate like a private club with some 1,000 to 1,500 members. In order to qualify for a membership card, applicants would have to be adult Dutch citizens, membership was only to be allowed in one club.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In Amsterdam 26 coffeeshops in the De Wallen area were ordered to close their doors between 1 September 2012 and 31 August 2015.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: A Dutch judge has ruled that tourists can legally be banned from entering cannabis cafés, as part of new restrictions which come into force in 2012.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: A study conducted by the European Monitoring Centre of Drugs and Drug Addiction report that 25.3% of Irish people smoked cannabis at some stage in their life, and 25.7% of Dutch people have tried cannabis.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: In October 2007, the prohibition of hallucinogenic or "magic mushrooms" was announced by the Dutch authorities.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: On 25 April 2008, the Dutch government, backed by a majority of members of parliament, decided to ban cultivation and use of all magic mushrooms. Amsterdam mayor Job Cohen proposed a three-day cooling period in which clients would be informed three days before actually procuring the mushrooms and if they would still like to go through with it they could pick up their spores from the smart shop.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The ban has been considered a retreat from liberal drug policies. This followed a few deadly incidents mostly involving tourists. These deaths were not directly caused by the use of the drug "per se", but by deadly accidents occurring while under the influence of magic mushrooms.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: As of 1 December 2008, all psychedelic mushrooms are banned. However, schlerotia (what are termed as "truffles" and which have similar effects to magic mushrooms), mushroom spores, and active mycellium cultures remain legal and are readily available in "smartshops", which are urban stores that sell legal drugs, herbs and related gadgets.


title: Drug policy of the Netherlands

text: The relatively recent increase in the cocaine trafficking business has been largely focused on the Caribbean area. Since early 2003, a special law court with prison facilities has been operational at Schiphol airport. Since the beginning of 2005, there has been 100% control of all flights from key countries in the Caribbean. In 2004, an average of 290 drug couriers per month were arrested, decreasing to 80 per month by early 2006.


title: Matt O'Leary

text: Matthew Joseph O'Leary (born July 6, 1987) is an American actor. He made his debut in the made-for-television Disney Channel Original film "Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire" (2000), and would go on to star in the thriller "Domestic Disturbance" (2001) opposite John Travolta. He also had supporting roles in "Frailty" (2001), and the independent neo-noir film "Brick" (2005).


title: Matt O'Leary

text: In 2011, he starred opposite Rachael Harris in the critically acclaimed independent film "Natural Selection", followed by a lead role in "Fat Kid Rules the World" (2012). He had a minor part in Gore Verbinski's "The Lone Ranger" (2013), and lead roles in the horror films "Stung" (2015) and "Bokeh" (2017).


title: Matt O'Leary

text: O'Leary auditioned for the lead in "Home Alone 3" and made his acting debut in the lead role in 2000 in the made-for-television film "Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire". He was subsequently cast in the thriller "Domestic Disturbance", playing the son of John Travolta's character.


title: Matt O'Leary

text: O'Leary next appeared in another thriller, "Frailty", directed by Bill Paxton, and in the kids comedy "", both of which opened in 2002 to positive reviews, gaining O'Leary recognition among teenage audiences. In 2003, O'Leary had a minor role in the third "Spy Kids" film, "", and also appeared in the 2004 drama "The Alamo", although most of his role was reduced to one line.


title: Matt O'Leary

text: In 2005, O'Leary had a role in "Warm Springs", a television film, and "Havoc", a drama starring Anne Hathaway that was released directly to video. O'Leary rose to mainstream prominence in the latter half of the 2000s for his roles in "Brick", a thriller starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and the 2007 films "Live Free or Die Hard" and "Death Sentence". He appeared as Garret in the 2009 film "Sorority Row" and as Johnny Koffin in "Mother's Day", released the following year.


title: Matt O'Leary

text: In 2011, O'Leary won the Breakthrough Performance award at the 2011 SXSW Film Festival for his work in the film "Natural Selection", with Rachael Harris.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: Parupalli Kashyap (born 8 September 1986) is an Indian badminton player. A former World No.6, he trains at Gopichand Badminton Academy. He was awarded the Arjuna Award by the Government of India in 2012.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: He created history by reaching the quarter-finals of men's singles at the 2012 London Olympics, being the first male player from India to do so. At the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games, he won the gold medal in men's singles. Kashyap was the Icon Player for the Indian Badminton League team, Banga Beats in the 2013 edition.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: Born to Uday Shankar and Subhadra of Guntur, as an 11-year-old, Kashyap Parupalli first enrolled with a training camp conducted by S. M. Arif in Hyderabad, India. Because his father had a transferable job, their family kept moving frequently. While in Bangalore, he joined the Padukone Academy. In 2004, they moved back to Hyderabad. Soon after, Kashyap was diagnosed with asthma after a few medical tests. Kashyap felt that his stay in Bangalore during 2000–03 might have aggravated the condition. Though the diagnosis came as a shock to him and he thought that his playing career was finished, he put in a lot of effort with determination to overcome the problem. Using appropriate medication, his condition began to improve dramatically. He continued his training at the Gopichand Academy under Pullela Gopichand, a former All England Open champion.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: In 2005, Kashyap represented Andhra Pradesh and won the a boys' singles title at the National Junior Open Badminton Championships. From 2006 onwards, he started to appear at international tournaments. In that year's Hong Kong Open, he caused an upset by defeating the then world number 19 Przemysław Wacha in the pre-quarterfinals; he lost the next round though. A few months later, he defeated Wacha again at the Bitburger Open to reach the semifinals. In 2006, his world ranking improved from outside the 100 to 64. Coach Gopichand was happy at the win and felt that it was a good sign that Kashyap was winning his important matches against higher-ranked players. In the same year, Kashyap was chosen to represent India at the 2006 Asian Games. At the 33rd National Games, Kashyap defeated the then National champion Chetan Anand to win a gold medal for Andhra Pradesh. Between 2006–07, Kashyap won a few national tournaments as well.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: In 2009, Kashyap was a semifinalist at the Dutch Open and the 2009 Senior National Badminton Championships. In the same year, he was the runners-up at the Thailand International, Spanish Open and Toulouse Open. At the 2009 Singapore Super Series, Kashyap was the semifinalist.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, he reached the semifinals stage but lost to Rajiv Ouseph of England. He won the bronze medal against chetan Anand. He also played a crucial role in India winning a silver medal in the Team Event of 2010 Commonwealth Games


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: He also reached the semi-finals at the 2010 Indian Open Grand Prix Gold where he lost out to compatriot Gurusai Datt. He lost out to Arvind Bhat in the finals of the 75th Senior National Badminton Championship held at Rohtak in 2011.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: Kashyap reached the semifinal stage of 2012 Djaram Indonesia Open in the men's singles competition, where he eventually lost. En route to the semifinals, he upset world number 3 Chen Long and world number 16 Hans-Kristian Vittinghus.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

text: At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Kashyap surprised one and all by winning all his matches at the group stage, which involved the shocking defeat of Nguyễn Tiến Minh. In the Pre-quarters he defeated Niluka Karunaratne of Sri Lanka by 21–16, 15–21, 21–14. In the Quarterfinals, it was disappointment as a dejected looking Kashyap was escorted out of the court after his loss to top seed Lee Chong Wei in straight sets. In the process, he created history by becoming the only Indian to reach the Quarterfinal stages in the Olympics in Men's Singles. This achievement led him to 19th rank.