title: Encyclopédie

text: The "Encyclopédie" played an important role in the intellectual foment leading to the French Revolution. "No encyclopaedia perhaps has been of such political importance, or has occupied so conspicuous a place in the civil and literary history of its century. It sought not only to give information, but to guide opinion," wrote the 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica". In "The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution", a work published in conjunction with a 1989 exhibition of the "Encyclopédie" at the University of California, Los Angeles, Clorinda Donato writes the following:


title: Encyclopédie

text: While many contributors to the "Encyclopédie" had no interest in radically reforming French society, the "Encyclopédie" as a whole pointed that way. The "Encyclopédie" denied that the teachings of the Catholic Church could be treated as authoritative in matters of science. The editors also refused to treat the decisions of political powers as definitive in intellectual or artistic questions. Some articles talked about changing social and political institutions that would improve their society for everyone. Given that Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe at the time and that many European leaders used French as their administrative language, these ideas had the capacity to spread.


title: Encyclopédie

text: Print run: 4,250 copies (note: even single-volume works in the 18th century seldom had a print run of more than 1,500 copies).


title: Encyclopédie

text: Readex Microprint Corporation, NY 1969. 5 vol. The full text and images reduced to four double-spread pages of the original appearing on one folio-sized page of this printing.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Dr. Samuel John Beckett is a fictional character and the protagonist on the science fiction television series "Quantum Leap", played by Scott Bakula.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Initially, the audience knows very little about Sam, much as Sam knows little about himself due to holes in his memory dubbed the "Swiss cheese effect"—a side effect from the time travel (and an effective trope to allow the writers to add to Sam's character as the show went on). Eventually, it turned out that Sam was a true Renaissance Man, equally good at math/science and the arts. His skills allow him to adapt to the various situations that he finds himself in, although many of those situations still take Sam off guard with comical results.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Sam tends to fall in love easily, yet be naive about women; his traveling companion Al Calavicci has playfully called him a "Boy Scout."


title: Sam Beckett

text: Sam also learned painful things from his past that likely inspired him to travel through time in the first place. Sam tries to do the right thing no matter what, although when the leaps hit close to home, he tends to lose perspective and make irrational decisions; at those times, he requires Al to guide him back to the right path.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Sam Beckett was born at 12:30 p.m. EST on August 8, 1953, in "fictional" Elk Ridge, Indiana, to dairy farmer John Samuel Beckett and his wife, Thelma Louise Beckett. As a child, he had two cats, named Donner and Blitzen, but never had a dog. Sam was a child prodigy, learning to read at age 2 and do advanced calculus in his head at age 5. By the time he was 10, he could beat a computer at chess. Sam also played piano in a concert at Carnegie Hall when he was 19, plays guitar, is a good dancer, sings tenor, and his favorite song is John Lennon's "Imagine". Sam has a photographic memory, an IQ of 267, likes dry or light beer, and likes microwave popcorn. Sam also knows several kinds of martial arts and has been afraid of heights since he was 9 years old.


title: Sam Beckett

text: In his teen years, Sam's family was dealt a hard blow when his older brother, Tom, was killed in Vietnam on April 8, 1970, but Sam leaps into his brother's unit and saves him on that day. Tom (Thomas Andrew Beckett) was a good athlete, an All-State basketball player, an Annapolis graduate, is a Navy SEAL Commander, and has a wife named Mary. Sam has one sister named Katie (Katherine Elizabeth Beckett), born during a flood in 1957, whose first husband was an abusive alcoholic named Chuck. They divorced and she is now married to Navy officer Lt. Jim Bonnick. They have lived in Hawaii with Thelma Beckett since 1974. Sam's father suffered a fatal heart attack in 1974 while Sam was in college; the guilt of his absence during his family's time of need would stay with Sam for years.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Sam graduated from high school at age 16 and, following his brother's advice, attended MIT in the early 1970s. While at MIT, Sam and his mentor, Professor Sebastian LoNigro, developed a string theory of time travel ("Her Charm"; see below). Sam went through four years of MIT in two years, and continued through various colleges to eventually obtain seven doctoral degrees in music, medicine, quantum physics, archaeology, ancient languages, chemistry, and astronomy, but not psychiatry or law. In the pilot episode, Sam is told he only has six doctorates; this was later retconned to seven. He speaks six modern languages including English, Spanish, French, Russian, German, and Japanese, but not Italian or Hebrew. He knows four extinct languages, including Egyptian hieroglyphics. He's proficient in martial arts such as Judo, Karate, Muay Thai, and Taekwondo. He has won a Nobel Prize for physics, which he remembers during one leap ("Disco Inferno"). For this, "TIME" called him "the next Einstein".


title: Sam Beckett

text: One of the few things that Sam cannot do is cook; two of his onscreen attempts at this, in the episodes "Another Mother" and "Good-bye, Norma Jean" failed humorously, as did his attempt at baking in "Liberation." He did, however, cook a meal for the colleagues of the husband of the woman he leaps into in "Liberation," and there was nothing to suggest that it was anything other than a normal meal that everybody ate with no problems. No one ate the breakfasts he made in "One Strobe Over the Line," "What Price Gloria?" or "Liberation." He was able to make chitlins with Al's help in "The Color of Truth," but it isn't shown whether or not anyone ate them.


title: Sam Beckett

text: As a young adult in the 1980s, Sam was a key member of the Starbright Project (details on the nature of the project were not revealed on the show), where he would meet some of his closest and most trusted friends: Al Calavicci, a decorated naval officer; a brilliant computer programmer known simply as Gushie; and Dr. Donna Eleese, the love of Sam's life, whom he met in 1984. Five years after the Starbright Project, Sam and Donna were engaged, but Sam was jilted at the altar on June 5, 1989, and never saw Donna again.


title: Sam Beckett

text: On Sam's third leap, he meets Donna years before their actual engagement. Realizing that Donna's damaged relationship with her father is the reason why she can never commit to a relationship (as her father left her, she subconsciously feels that any man she meets will inevitably abandon her and thus prevents them from doing so by leaving them first), Sam drives Donna out to reconcile with her father so that she might get some closure. We learn later in the episode "The Leap Back" that as a result of this, Donna never leaves Sam at the altar, and they are married to this day.


title: Sam Beckett

text: However, before "The Leap Back" Sam has no current memory of Donna and his marriage. The reason for this is twofold. First, Sam's "Swiss cheesed" brain caused him amnesia in regard to his marriage. Second, Donna understood that in some cases, in order for Sam to successfully leap, it would be necessary for Sam to have romantic encounters with various women. In order to spare the "choir-boy" Sam mental anguish (it is established that, unlike Al, Sam takes vows of marriage very seriously) and to facilitate his leaping, Donna forbids Al or anyone else from alerting Sam that he is married.


title: Sam Beckett

text: A few months later in 1989, Sam and Al spearheaded Project Quantum Leap, a time travel experiment based on the string theory Sam had developed while at MIT. The PQL facility was located in Stallion's Gate, New Mexico, in a primarily underground complex. In 1995, after constructing the necessary machinery, including a holographic imaging chamber and a supercomputer ("Ziggy") with access to vast historical databases, the project's funds were running thin. Eager to prove his theories, Sam prematurely stepped into the nuclear accelerator chamber and propelled himself back in time.


title: Sam Beckett

text: In the pilot episode, Sam awoke in 1956, having exchanged places in time with an Air Force test pilot. He is startled to see a stranger in the mirror as he prepares to shave. Others also see Sam as the person he displaced. As Sam would soon discover, quantum-leaping had an unforeseen side-effect: He was struck with partial amnesia; he describes his own situation with the analogy of his brain being like a hunk of Swiss cheese, with his memory full of holes and lacking some personal information about his past, the most consistently absent detail being his marriage to Donna (with Donna preferring that Sam not be reminded of their marriage so that he can more easily commit to the people his hosts are in love with and thus solve whatever he is there to accomplish, consoling herself about Sam's 'cheating' by reasoning that his amnesia means that he isn't technically cheating on her but is the equivalent of a man unaware that someone else is in love with him).


title: Sam Beckett

text: To lead Sam and the audience from this confusion comes Al, an observer from Sam's own time, except Al has to convince Sam he is not a hallucination but a hologram tuned to Sam's brainwaves that only Sam can see and hear, but convincing an amnesiac he is real is difficult. Al conveys to Sam a theory to return Sam to the present: that an unknown influence (God, Fate, or Time) was using Sam to correct a mistake in the past — in this case, saving the life of the pilot Sam had displaced, who was killed in an experimental aircraft in the original history.


title: Sam Beckett

text: When Sam corrected the timeline, he leaped forward, but not all the way home; this time, he found himself assuming the identity of a minor-league professional baseball player named Tim Fox. For the rest of his life (an epilogue in the series finale tells us Sam never gets home, but in our terms, it was for the next four years/five seasons, the duration of the show) that Sam would continue to travel back and forth through time, swapping identities with various people and as a tagline for the show reiterated, "setting right what once went wrong."


title: Sam Beckett

text: Sam's theory of time travel, developed with Professor LoNigro, is based on an expanding, but finite, universe. A person's life is like a length of string; one end represents birth, the other represents death. If one were to tie the ends of the string together, their life becomes a loop. Next, by balling the loop together, the days in one's life would touch one another out of sequence. Therefore, jumping from one part of the string to another would allow someone to travel back and forth within his own lifetime, thus making a "quantum leap" between each time period. (How exactly these things are accomplished is never explained, but it has been suggested that this theory borrowed heavily from van Strickum's closed timelike curve.)


title: Sam Beckett

text: Keeping this principle in mind, Sam's leaps were generally limited to periods within his own lifetime; he could not leap to a date prior to his birth or into his own future. There were, however, a few exceptions. In "The Leap Back," Sam switched places with Al, who leaped back into 1945, and later in the episode was able to leap himself back into Al's place in the past. The explanation was that the simo-leap with Al had left Sam with enough of Al's genetic coding that he could leap back past his own lifetime (since it was still within Al's). In "The Leap Between the States," Sam was able to leap outside of his own lifetime and found himself in the American Civil War in the life of his great-grandfather; the explanation was that Sam's close genetic link with his ancestor allowed him to do this. This was also partly due to an "error" that was referenced and then corrected by Ziggy, implying that Sam would not be able to pull off a similar feat again and was once more limited to his own timeline.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Two early episodes, "Play It Again, Seymour" (which took place on April 14, 1953) and "The Americanization of Machiko" (which took place on August 4, 1953) had Sam leaping into dates prior to the date later given as his birthday, August 8, 1953. Although these would appear to be continuity errors on the part of the show, creator Donald P. Bellisario has proffered the explanation that Sam's life dates from his conception rather than his actual birth, and thus dates such as these which are less than nine months prior to August 8, 1953, would be valid leap dates. However, once Sam's proper birthday is established, there are no further leaps prior to that date aside from the exceptions mentioned above.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Al explains the string theory in the pilot episode, and Sam, recovering his memory of the theory, explains it to Donna in the second episode, "Star-Crossed." This theory is later revealed to have been relayed to by the leaped Sam Beckett to an actor and would-be time traveller Moe Stein in "Future Boy" (whose original theory was simply connect the beginning and end of one's life) who explains the full version on his television show in response to a viewer question from young Sam Beckett who, at that time, was still a child living in Indiana; only his own lack of resources prevented Moe from creating Project Quantum Leap decades before Sam.


title: Sam Beckett

text: Though explicitly forbidden by his own guidelines to alter the past for his own benefit, Sam did alter his own history and those of his loved ones on a number of occasions:


title: Sam Beckett

text: As stated above, in the final episode of the show Sam learned from a bartender named Al (played by Bruce McGill, who also appeared in the first episode as a different character) that Sam was in control of his leaps and could have returned home whenever he wanted. The bartender reminded Sam that he created Project Quantum Leap to help the world, and that in each leap he changed people and events for the better. Although Sam wanted to go home, he instead chose to return and inform Beth that Al was still alive. The final caption of the show tells the audience that, in the end, Sam never returned home; with the title card at the end somewhat unceremoniously announcing it, and also with his last name misspelled: "Dr. Sam Becket never returned home."


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College is a private, Catholic, liberal arts university in the Bronx, New York City. Originally established in 1853 by the Brothers of the Christian Schools (De La Salle Christian Brothers) as an academy for day students, it was later incorporated as an institution of higher education through a charter granted by the New York State Board of Regents. In 1922, it moved from Manhattan to the Riverdale section of the Bronx, roughly north of its original location on 131st Street in Manhattanville.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, health, engineering, and science. Graduate programs are offered for education, business, science, and engineering.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College was founded as the Academy of the Holy Infancy in 1853 by five French De La Salle Christian Brothers in a small building on Canal Street. When the need to expand forced them from Lower Manhattan, the college moved to 131st Street and Broadway, in the Manhattanville section of Harlem. The school's name was changed to Manhattan College when it received its state charter in 1863, and moved to its present location in the Riverdale section of the Bronx in 1922 as it outgrew its facilities in Manhattanville. This is often the cause of some confusion as the college is located outside of Manhattan but still within the city limits of New York City.


title: Manhattan College

text: Originally exclusive to men, Manhattan College established a cooperative program with the College of Mount Saint Vincent after the pair became coeducational in 1973 and 1974, respectively. This partnership lasted until 2008. Since then, Manhattan College and the College of Mount Saint Vincent have been completely separate.


title: Manhattan College

text: In 2018, Thomas O'Malley (Class of 1963) donated $25 million, the largest donation in the institution's history. The institution's business school has since been renamed the O'Malley School of Business.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College occupies a relatively compact campus divided into a north and south campus in the residential Riverdale section of the Bronx. The North campus overlooks Van Cortlandt Park, and has as its focal point "the Quad", which sits at the center of the campus's four main buildings. Memorial Hall is the main entry onto campus and houses the office of the president as well as most of the other administrative offices on campus. Miguel Hall and De La Salle Hall are the main academic halls that border each side of the Quad. Miguel hosts the arts department and classes, while De La Salle is primarily used by the business school. The fourth side of the Quad is bordered by the chapel building, which houses Smith Auditorium (used to host receptions, speakers, and performances) on the first floor and the Chapel of De La Salle and His Brothers on the second floor, which features a painting of De La Salle and Brothers behind the altar, a large performing area where musical events and concerts take place on the altar, a grand piano, and a pipe organ in the balcony.


title: Manhattan College

text: Thomas Hall, one of the institution's student life building, houses the offices of the Dean of Students, the student government, the musical ensembles, and others. Two of the institution's dining halls, Locke's Loft and Cafe 1853 are also located in Thomas Hall.


title: Manhattan College

text: The brand new Kelly Commons, named after notable alumnus Raymond Kelly, is another student life building that was completed in 2014. It holds a Starbucks, a Marketplace, multiple different dining options, a state-of-the-art gym for student and faculty use, the Multicultural Center, halls for lectures and events, the student bookstore and the office for the student-run newspaper, The Quadrangle.


title: Manhattan College

text: The O'Malley Library is a six-story structure that was joined with the previous library, the Cardinal Hayes Pavilion. Built on a hill, the new library was built directly next to and above the old one, essentially combining the two and creating more floors, while enhancing technology and adding group study spaces. The Office of Admissions is on the sixth floor of O'Malley.


title: Manhattan College

text: Hayden Hall is on the east side of campus and houses the sciences as well as the department of fine arts. The Kakos Center for Scientific Computing may also be found here, which contains a cluster of high performance workstations used for a wide variety of scientific and economic projects.


title: Manhattan College

text: On the South campus, across 240th street, is the Leo Engineering Building and the Research and Learning Center (RLC). The two are home to all of the engineering departments: electrical, computer, civil, chemical, mechanical, and environmental, along with the math and computer science departments and all communication classrooms, computer labs, and broadcasting studios. Laboratories and classes for these disciplines take place in both buildings. Both biology and chemistry laboratories are also located in Leo. This building once contained a working nuclear reactor, which was decommissioned and stripped of its nuclear fuel and power generating capabilities in 1999.


title: Manhattan College

text: In September 2021, the Leo Engineering Building was refurbished with a new 30,000 square foot building with 14 engineering and science labs. The new laboratory building is named the Higgins Engineering & Science Center, thanks to a $5 million gift from Cornelius Higgins (Class of 1962) and his wife, Patricia.


title: Manhattan College

text: There are currently four on-campus residence halls at Manhattan College. Jasper Hall and Chrysostom Hall are both traditional-style dorms, while Horan Hall and Lee Hall offer suite-style living. Overlook Manor is an off-campus residence hall that offers apartment style living.


title: Manhattan College

text: Draddy Gymnasium is the home of the basketball and volleyball teams, and also features the largest indoor track in New York City. Gaelic Park, on 240th Street, has recently been renovated with an artificial turf and is where soccer, lacrosse, and softball teams play. The institution also utilizes adjacent Van Cortlandt Park for outdoor track and field, golf, and cross country as well as intramural activities. Alumni Hall is the home of the institution's workout facilities as well as the athletic administration.


title: Manhattan College

text: The Broadway Garage is a five floor parking garage, approved in 2006 and completed soon afterward, located on Broadway. The garage offers parking to students and faculty, as well as visitors. The garage is also connected to Hayden hall via a pedestrian bridge that connects to one of Hayden's top floors, allowing pedestrians to bypass crossing Manhattan College Parkway.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College offers degrees in six undergraduate schools: the School of Liberal Arts, the O'Malley School of Business, the School of Education and Health, the School of Engineering, the School of Science, and the School of Continuing and Professional Studies. The School for Liberal Arts is the largest school overall at the college, however the School of Engineering is the college's most well-known program. Manhattan currently hosts over 60 programs.


title: Manhattan College

text: Students are required to take college-wide general education requirements (such as math, college writing, and religion) as well as core requirements in their respective school. For example, the School of Arts maintains a core curriculum called The Roots of Modern Learning which includes courses such as "Classical Origins of Western Culture."


title: Manhattan College

text: Classes operate on a semester schedule. The first semester begins in late August and runs to December. The second semester begins in mid-January and runs to mid-May. Winter intersession and summer courses are also offered, but not required.


title: Manhattan College

text: The institution offers a number of pre-professional programs such as pre-dental, pre-law, pre-medical, pre-physical therapy, and pre-veterinary; and graduate programs in mathematics, education, engineering and business. The graduate School of Engineering allows students studying engineering as an undergraduate the opportunity to continue on to get their master's degree without having to switch institutions, as is the case at colleges with a 3 + 2 engineering program. The B.S. Business / Masters of Business Administration Program offers students an option to complete a five-year multiple award program. The successful completion of the five-year program leads to two awards: a B.S. in business (in one of six majors) and an MBA.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College contains chapters of various honor societies as Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi and Tau Beta Pi, Pi Mu Epsilon, a national mathematics honor society. A newly established chapter of Lambda Pi Eta communication honorary has also been added, as well as Kappa Alpha Omicron an interdisciplinary environmental science and studies honorary. Manhattan participates in the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges and in the New York Cluster of seven colleges and universities supported by the Pew Charitable Trusts for undergraduate science education.


title: Manhattan College

text: In 2019, Money magazine ranked Manhattan as the top "transformative" school in the nation in a study that took into account earnings and graduation rates to determine which schools help students succeed professionally. Manhattan was ranked 78th out of 1,879 schools in return on investment according to PayScale's 2018 rankings. A 2015 Brookings Institution study ranked it as the ninth best school in the country when comparing expected versus actual mid-career earnings.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College fields 19 Division–I athletic teams for men and women, including basketball, golf, soccer, baseball and softball, lacrosse, volleyball, and rowing. The school's men's sports teams are called the Jaspers; women's teams are known as the Lady Jaspers. Historically track and field has been the school's strongest sport. Manhattan is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC).


title: Manhattan College

text: In the modern era, basketball is the most popular sport at the institution. The current coach is Steve Masiello who has been with Manhattan since 2011 as head coach. During the 2013–2014 season, the Jaspers beat Iona in the MAAC Conference Final and went on to play the University of Louisville in the first round of the NCAA tournament in a controversial game where Masiello was set up to face his old mentor Rick Pitino. During the 2014–2015 season, the Jaspers again defeated Iona in the MAAC Conference Final to earn their second straight trip to the NCAA tournament, where they lost to Hampton University in the play-in game, or first round.


title: Manhattan College

text: The Manhattan College Track and Field program is the richest athletic tradition at the institution, amassing a total of 31 out of a possible 32 MAAC Indoor/Outdoor Track titles. In 1973, Manhattan College won the Indoor NCAA Championship along with setting a new world record in the distance medley relay. Manhattan was also home to former American Record holder in the 5,000m Matthew Centrowitz Sr. The Program was run by legendary coach/runner Fred Dwyer who ran an astounding 4:00.8 mile while at his time at Villanova University. Manhattan still remains a power house on the east coast as one of the top programs around, under the direction of Dan Mecca.


title: Manhattan College

text: The college annually played the New York Giants in the late 1880s and into the 1890s at the Polo Grounds and Manhattan is credited by the Baseball Hall of Fame with the practice of the "seventh inning stretch" spreading from there into major league baseball. It is written in the Baseball Hall of Fame that "During one particularly warm and humid day when Manhattan College was playing a semi-pro baseball team called the Metropolitans, Brother Jasper noticed the Manhattan students were becoming restless and edgy as Manhattan came to bat in the seventh inning of a close game. To relieve the tension, Brother Jasper called time-out and told the students to stand up and stretch for a few minutes until the game resumed."


title: Manhattan College

text: Luis Castro, a Manhattan College alumnus, was the first Latin American-born player to play in Major League Baseball in the United States.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College had a football program from 1924 until 1942. The team posted an all-time record of 194 wins, 198 losses and 22 ties. The final coach for the football team was Herbert M. Kopf. After the 1942 season, the school suspended intercollegiate football competition for World War II and then did not reactivate the program after completion of the war. The team was invited to the first ever Miami Palm Festival Game, predecessor to the Orange Bowl, played on January 2, 1933, University of Miami defeated Manhattan College, 7–0. The team was revived in the 1965 in the form of a club team, and existed until 1987.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College's rowing program holds much history, as well. It is one of the original 8 founding members of the Aberdeen Dad Vail Regatta, the largest collegiate regatta in the United States. The race attracts over one hundred colleges and universities from the U.S. and Canada and thousands of student-athletes on the second Saturday of May. The team's coach, Allen Walz, along with the football coach at the time, Herbert M. Kopf, served as stewards to the regatta. In 1936 and 1938, Manhattan was one of two teams competing in the regatta, the other being Rutgers, on the Harlem River. Both the men's and women's teams still compete in the Dad Vail Regatta today, as well as in the MAAC Championships, N.Y. State Championships, and Knecht Cup. The women's team became Division I in 2015, while the men's team has remained at the club level. The women's team currently trains out of Overpeck County Park under Head Coach Alex Canale while the men's team has moved to Glen Island Park under Head Coach Karla Ward. The women's rowing team won the Fall Metropolitan Championship (hosted by Iona College) in the fall of 2018 and the Spring Metropolitan Championship in the spring of 2019, making it the first time in program history that the Jaspers have won either of those titles.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan's men's lacrosse program became Division I in 1997. They have qualified for the MAAC tournament 7 times (2000, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2008–2010). In 2002 the Jaspers went undefeated in the MAAC (9–0), and won the MAAC Championship. They finished with an 11–6 record. The Jaspers earned a bid to the NCAA Playoffs in 2002, playing Georgetown. They fell to Georgetown 12–7 in the first round of the NCAAs. They have produced many ALL-MAAC players throughout the 15 years of the program.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College Pipes & Drums was established in 1981 by Brother Kenneth Fitzgerald, FSC with the musical assistance of Captain Robert Hogan, of the New York City Police Department Emerald Society Pipes & Drums. The band's members are students, faculty, and alumni of the college.


title: Manhattan College

text: Also known as the JasperBand, the Manhattan College Pep Band provides musical inspiration to get the Jasper crowds going at Men's and Women's basketball games. The Pep Band travels with teams to important away games to provide support away from home as well. In addition to performances at sporting events, the band also performs in concerts and events such as the MAAC Band Jam prior to the MAAC Basketball tournament. The band performs a variety of music from an expansive repertoire, ranging from "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes and "You Can Call Me Al" by Paul Simon, to modern day hits such as "High Hopes" by Panic! at the Disco and "Mo Bamba" by Sheck Wes. In 2016, New York City drummer Jake Robinson was appointed the director of the band. Under Robinson' direction, the band's size and repertoire continues to grow.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan College has eight recognized performing arts groups. In addition to the aforementioned Manhattan College Pipes & Drums and Pep Band, they have a Jazz Band, a choir called Singers, a theater club called Players, an improv troupe called Scatterbomb, an Orchestra and an a cappella group called Manhattones.


title: Manhattan College

text: The institution is located between two major New York City highways: the Henry Hudson Parkway and the Major Deegan Expressway. The Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street station on the New York City Subway's is located nearby, while the Riverdale station on the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line is located farther west.


title: Manhattan College

text: Manhattan has approximately 50,000 living alumni worldwide. Manhattan alumni are distinguishing themselves in the fields of academics, arts, engineering, literature, business, entertainment, government, and law.


title: Technique (album)

text: Technique is the fifth studio album by English electronic rock band New Order. Released on 30 January 1989 by Factory Records, the album was partly recorded on the island of Ibiza, and incorporates Balearic beat and acid house influences into the group's dance-rock sound. The album was influenced by the then growing acid scene, and Sumner's experiences at Shoom in London. It was also New Order's final studio album to be released under Factory Records (though not their final Factory release, that being the following year's "World in Motion").


title: Technique (album)

text: "Technique" was the first New Order album to reach number one on the UK charts, and "Fine Time", the first single from the album, reached number 11. Remixed versions of "Round & Round" and "Run" were also released as singles.


title: Technique (album)

text: In the late 1980s, the band felt that they had to keep on playing with dance-electronic rhythms. Bernard Sumner reflected; "We were in this position of being known for this dance-electronic sound and it would have been daft to have just stopped doing it. That was the nature of the time. The way I saw it was we were still writing band music as well, so we'd reached a compromise." Peter Hook joked that the album was "an epic power struggle between the sequencers and me. I was resisting it valiantly, because I still wanted us to be a rock band."


title: Technique (album)

text: Sumner also wrote all of the lyrics. When recording on the island of Ibiza, the band was heavily influenced by the environment around them and became fascinated by Balearic club music. Gillian Gilbert recalled, "We had Mike (Johnson, engineer) with us, so there was always somebody doing something, but it was the beginning of us not being together in the studio when we were doing things. It was like, 'oh you do your drums today, and I'll do the vocals tonight...' The songs were sort of there but there were huge chunks missing. You'd leave blocks and say, 'will you fill that in? I'm off now.'" The band had chosen to record in Ibiza at Hook's urging after a series of records made in "dark and horrible" London studios. Stephen Morris described the sound of the Balearic beat clubs on the island they began to visit as "mad! They'd put an acid record on and then the next one would be a Queen one—it was schizophrenic, really. It'd be something really Spanish and then something really daft. It was a really odd mix but it all seemed to make sense when you were there. I don't know why that was. Maybe because we were all a bit out of our brains."


title: Technique (album)

text: Following four months spent in Ibiza (with the album "20% complete", according to Sumner), the band shifted to Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios to finish recording, which Sumner referred to as a "much more sober atmosphere".


title: Technique (album)

text: For Hook, ""Technique" sounds fantastic [...] considering it's not an Ibizan dance record. I think it catches a summer sound really brilliantly." Morris mentioned that the album had an "end of term, last day of school feel about it". To promote the album, music videos were produced for the three singles. An instrumental version of "Vanishing Point" was used at the time on the BBC series "Making Out".


title: Technique (album)

text: John Denver's publishing company later filed a lawsuit, alleging that the guitar break in "Run" too closely resembled Denver's "Leaving on a Jet Plane". The case was settled out of court.


title: Technique (album)

text: "Technique" received generally positive reviews from music critics upon its release. Chris Roberts of "Melody Maker" hailed the album as "a rare and ravishing triumph", while John Tague of "NME" wrote that the band had "fashioned an LP of unflinching honesty, free from the masks of false identities of their past." "The Village Voice"s Robert Christgau called New Order a "lot franker and happier (hence smarter) than Depeche Mode" and felt that the band had "lightened up". "Los Angeles Times" critic Craig Lee wrote that "with the exception of 'Fine Time,' there may be little new ground broken here, but when it comes to the sound of a broken psyche, New Order never misses a beat." Ira Robbins, in his review for "Rolling Stone", stated that "Technique" "delivers a solid blast of sonic presence with immaculate playing" and called it a "surprisingly inviting album from this generally reserved outfit".


title: Technique (album)

text: "Technique" has since garnered critical acclaim in retrospective reviews. John Bush of AllMusic referred to the album as "another classic record" by New Order and stated that their "instincts for blending rock and contemporary dance resulted in another confident, superb LP." "Spin" magazine's 1995 "Alternative Record Guide" cited "Technique" as New Order's best album because it represented the perfect synthesis of the band's abilities as a punk-influenced rock band and as synthpop pioneers. David Quantick of "Uncut" called it a "powerfully contradictory album: not only is it an Ibiza record that's New Order's least techno-ey, but it's a chirpy, upbeat album with mature lyrics". "The A.V. Club"s Josh Modell referred to "Technique" as New Order's "last truly great album", as did BBC Music's Ian Wade, who added that the album showed "a New Order ready for the next decade, adding to their already superb reputation." Keith Gwillim of "Stylus Magazine" contended that New Order "may have made better records, but none of them defines them, sounds so quintessentially like what they were always reaching for, quite as well as "Technique"."


title: Technique (album)

text: Tom Ewing of "Pitchfork" labelled "Technique" "magnificent" in 2008 and stated that the album "takes the easy interplay and full-band sound of "Brotherhood" and drenches it in good Ibiza vibes". However, he criticised the Collector's Edition bonus material as containing only "listless B-sides and instrumentals, and merely functional remixes".


title: Technique (album)

text: "Technique" has been listed by several publications as one of the best albums of the 1980s and of all time. In 2006, "Q" magazine placed the album at number 21 on its list of the "40 Best Albums of the '80s". "NME" ranked the album at number 122 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2013. The album is also included in Robert Dimery's book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: B.A.P (; an acronym for Best Absolute Perfect) was a South Korean boy band formed in 2012 under TS Entertainment.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: B.A.P made their musical debut with the single "Warrior" on January 26, 2012, followed by the release of their debut EP "Warrior" in February 2012.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: Group leader Yongguk was the first member to be introduced in 2011, featuring on labelmate Song Ji-eun's song "Going Crazy". He also made a solo debut on August 12 with the single "I Remember", featuring Beast's Yang Yo-seob. Himchan was the second member to be introduced to the public, as an MC for MTV Korea television program "The Show". On November 23, Zelo was introduced as the third member of the group through a collaboration with Yongguk as the group Bang&Zelo. The duo released the single "Never Give Up".


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In January 2012, the group starred in the reality program "Ta-Dah, It's B.A.P", which aired on SBS MTV. The show focused on how the six members play the role of aliens from a different planet who worked together to debut as B.A.P and invade Earth to help save their dying planet, Planet Mato. On January 25, the group's debut single "Warrior" was released, with MTV Korea describing it as "powerful and charismatic". Nancy Lee of Enews World noted that the group had set out to differentiate themselves from the "pretty-boy" male idol archetype prevalent in the K-pop music industry with their "tough, bad boy image". On February 3, 2012, the corresponding EP "Warrior" entered Billboard's World Albums Chart at #10. In South Korea, "Warrior" sold over 10,000 copies within just two days of release.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In March, the group released a follow-up single, "Secret Love", and in April they made a comeback with the single "Power" and EP of the same name. Upon its release, Power sold out its initial batch of 30,000 copies and entered at #10 on the Billboard World Albums Charts.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: B.A.P's third EP, "No Mercy", was released digitally on July 19 and physically on July 24. On August 30 the repackaged version of the EP, renamed "Crash", was released.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In February 2013, the group began releasing material from their fifth EP, "One Shot". On February 21, the EP ranked No.1 on Billboard's World Albums chart.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In May, King Records, the Japanese record label that once signed Rain, signed B.A.P. They released their first Japanese music video for "Warrior" on YouTube on September 13, and their album and single were officially released on October 9.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: The group's sixth EP, "Badman", was released on August 6 with the promotional singles "Coffee Shop", "Hurricane" and "Badman".


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On February 3, 2014, B.A.P released their first full-length studio album "First Sensibility", containing a total of thirteen tracks including the title track "1004 (Angel)". Upon its release, the album topped the Billboard World Albums Chart, proving the group's international popularity. In Korea, "First Sensibility" also topped the Hanteo and Gaon monthly charts for February. The group took their first music show win on "Show Champion" with "1004 (Angel)" and went on to take two more wins with the single.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On April 3, B.A.P released their third Japanese single, "No Mercy", and ranked at #2 on Oricon's daily and weekly singles charts.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: Following promotions of "1004 (Angel)", the group commenced the B.A.P Live On Earth 2014 Continent Tour with a two-day concert in Seoul, with an estimated audience of 20,000 attendees. This was their second solo concert in Korea. The group went on to hold a total of 23 concerts in cities throughout the United States, Asia, Australia, and Europe during the tour. Through the tour, they released the EP "B.A.P Unplugged 2014."


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On August 11, they released their fourth Japanese single, "Excuse Me". On October 27, TS Entertainment announced that they had cancelled the South American portion of the concert tour, in order to give the group members time to rest.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On November 27, it was reported that the group had filed a lawsuit against their label to nullify their contract, claiming unfair working conditions and profit distribution, including statements claiming that of the US$9 million the group had earned over the three years, each member had been paid a total of US$18,000. However, the following day, TS Entertainment issued a press release refuting the claims made, stating that there were "neither such maltreatment to the artists nor unfair clauses in the contract.” Their statements were challenged when B.A.P released another statement claiming lack of accountability and saying that they were considering filing for defamation of character.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On August 1, 2015, B.A.P. returned to TS Entertainment after both parties reached a settlement. They made their comeback with their eighth EP, "Matrix", and the title track "Young, Wild & Free". The free showcase "BAP 151115" was held on November 15 at Dongdaemun Design Plaza and the music video for "Young, Wild & Free" was released the following day. On November 27, 2015, exactly one year after the lawsuit, they received a music show win for the single on "Music Bank".


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In February, they released their fifth extended play, "Carnival", containing six songs. In March, they released their first Japanese studio album, "Best. Absolute. Perfect". The album contained thirteen songs. Three of them ("New World", "Kingdom", and "Back in Time") were original Japanese songs. Between April–July, B.A.P performed on their "Live On Earth 2016" tour, including dates in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Italy, Finland, Germany, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, the U.K., and Russia.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In August, they released the fifth single "Put 'Em Up". On October 25, 2016, TS Entertainment revealed that Yongguk will not be participating in the promotions for B.A.P's upcoming full-length album, "Noir", due to anxiety disorders.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In November, B.A.P returned with their second studio album, "Noir" along with the music video for title song "Skydive". With Noir, B.A.P reclaimed their title as the K-Pop act with the most No.1 Albums on Billboard's World Album chart. Noir included standout track "Confession", a duet by rappers Bang Yongguk and Zelo set to a symphonic chorus that directly addressed their feelings during the lawsuit and subsequent hiatus.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On November 18, the music video for their 6th Japanese single, "Fly High" was published on YouTube, while a physical release on December 7 included the song "Fire Flame" and a Japanese version of "With You".


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In March 2017, B.A.P released their sixth single album, "Rose". Yongguk returned from his four-month hiatus to join the rest of the group for promotions. The lead track, "Wake Me Up", was recognized by Billboard's Jeff Benjamin as the group's "most personal and accomplished single yet". The EP focused on social issues, with the "Wake Me Up" music video addressing mental health issues, whilst the first track "Dystopia" directly attacked the idea of living in any so-called utopias, disregarding them all as illusions.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On September 5, 2017, B.A.P released their seventh single album, "Blue", with "Honeymoon" serving as the title track.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: On December 13, 2017, B.A.P released their eighth single album, "Ego", with "Hands Up" serving as the title track.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: In 2018, members Yongguk and Zelo left the group after their contract with TS Entertainment expired on August 19 and December 2, respectively. On February 18, 2019, the remaining four members also left TS Entertainment. However, member Jongup confirmed the possibility of reunion in the future.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: During the group's debut, all of the members dyed their hair blonde. The group's members have played a role in their image and musical direction, and commentators have noted a distinction between their "tough, bad-boy" image and other K-pop boy groups.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: The group's leader Yongguk has previously made comments on the influence that African American musicians have had on him, citing 50 Cent, P. Diddy, Pharrell and other rappers as musical influences. He played a role in the production of all the tracks on B.A.P's debut EP "Warrior". In addition, group member Himchan is a multi-instrumentalist influenced by Korean traditional music. He plays a number of traditional instruments including daegeum, janggu, kkwaenggwari and jing in addition to more traditional instruments including guitar, piano, and violin. All of the group's members are influenced by R&B musicians; Jongup has cited hip hop and dance music as influences and said that Chris Brown is one of his idols, while Zelo has said he looks up to will.i.am and Kanye West. Daehyun cites Shin Yong-jae among his musical influences while Youngjae cites neo soul musicians as well as Musiq Soulchild and Jay Park.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: B.A.P has been named a "versatile group" by MTV Korea, with Yun Seong-yeol of Star News Korea lauding their charisma and on-stage performances, as well as Yongguk and Zelo's rapping and Daehyun and Youngjae's vocal abilities.


title: B.A.P (South Korean band)

text: B.A.P has won 29 awards out of 38 nominations, including three MTV Europe Music Awards, two Japan Gold Disc Awards, three Gaon Chart Music Awards, and eight So-Loved Awards.


title: Baron Vaughn

text: Baron Vaughn (born December 18, 1980) is an American comedian and actor, known for his portrayal of Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein on the Netflix television series "Grace and Frankie" and Tom Servo on the 2017 revival of "Mystery Science Theater 3000".


title: Baron Vaughn

text: Previously, Vaughn appeared on the USA Network television series "Fairly Legal", on which he played legal assistant Leonardo Prince.


title: Baron Vaughn

text: A classically trained actor, Vaughn has appeared in "Law & Order" and has played supporting roles in a number of feature films, including "Cloverfield" and "Black Dynamite". However, he is best known for his comedy work; credits include "The Awkward Comedy Show" with Hannibal Buress, and stand-up comedy featured on the talk shows "Lopez Tonight", "Conan", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" and "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson". He has appeared on Comedy Central during "Live at Gotham" and "Russell Simmons Presents "Live at the EL REY"", has starred in various CollegeHumor videos, and has performed stand-up comedy at Collegehumor live.


title: Baron Vaughn

text: Vaughn also has a philosophy podcast, "Deep S##! with Baron Vaughn". In November 2014, he started another podcast with Leonard Maltin called "Maltin on Movies" on the Wolfpop network, sister network of Earwolf.


title: Baron Vaughn

text: On November 23, 2015, "Mystery Science Theater 3000" creator Joel Hodgson announced that Vaughn would provide the voice of Tom Servo in the series' revival. a role previously played by Josh Weinstein and Kevin Murphy. The first revival season was released April 14, 2017.


title: Baron Vaughn

text: On October 10, 2019 he was featured in a 30-minute YouTube documentary created by SoulPancake in collaboration with Funny or Die wherein a variety of comedians discuss mental health called "Laughing Matters."


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: The Game is an American comedy drama television revival series based on The CW/BET 2006 series of the same name. The series premiered on Paramount+ on November 11, 2021.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: The series relocates from San Diego to Las Vegas and sees new players offer a modern-day examination of Black culture through the prism of American pro football. The team tackles issues like racism, sexism, classism and more as they fight for fame, fortune, respect and love – all while trying to maintain their souls as they each play The Game.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: In December 2019, it was announced that a revival of The Game was in the works at The CW. The new incarnation, to be written by original series creator Mara Brock Akil and Devon Greggory, would have had a new East Coast setting while allowing original cast members to return. Greggory would serve as showrunner and also executive produce the follow-up series with Akil's fellow original executive producers, Salim Akil and Kelsey Grammer, as well as Tom Russo. However, The CW announced in January 2020 that they would not be moving forward with the series.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: In September 2020, it was announced that CBS All Access would be developing a sequel series to "The Game" ahead of its relaunch as Paramount+ in 2021. The series was officially green-lit in May 2021, with Hosea Chanchez and Wendy Raquel Robinson to reprise their respective roles and the setting was relocated to Las Vegas.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: On February 1, 2022, Paramount+ renewed the series for a second season with a 10-episode ordered. Production of the second season began on August 8, 2022. The season season is set to premiere on December 15, 2022.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: In July 2021, it was reported that the new cast members would be Vaughn W. Hebron as Jamison Fields, an undrafted free agent, Adriyan Rae as Brittany Pitts, Jason and Kelly Pitts' daughter, (previous portrayed by Katlynn Simone), Analisa Velez as Raquel Navarro, Brittany's best friend, and Toby Sandeman who had been later cast as Garrett Evans, an American football player who was drafted from a St. Louis team to the Las Vegas Fury. Tia Mowry-Hardrict, who was cast in Netflix's "Family Reunion", made a TikTok video expressing that she will most likely not return to her 2 roles of "Sister, Sister" and "The Game". While being honored at the "Ebony 'Power 100"', she was interviewed by Entertainment Tonight saying: “You know what’s so funny? Never say never. I mean, as it stands for right now, we aren’t in any talks or communication about me coming back to the show...I know it seems kind of weird, because I’m like, the only one, but you know, Melanie, I loved playing that character, and if everything works out, and if everything works out the way that it should, then who knows? I might be on the show.”


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: The first two episodes were released on November 11, 2021, with subsequent episodes releasing weekly until January 6, 2022 on Paramount+. The second season premiered on December 15, 2022, with two new episodes available immediately and followed by a new episode on a weekly basis. The first episode aired on BET on February 16, 2022.


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: Joe Keller, a "'stream it or skip it"' critic of the review section Decider of the New York Post states "The return of "The Game" carries on what made the original series so popular: Well-written characters dealing with real issues". He continues, "If you’re expecting gut-busting laughs, then you didn’t watch the later seasons of the original series , which veered more towards drama than anything else. There’s enough that’s funny to generate some chuckles here and there, but the show then and now is character-driven, and Greggory and his writers have done a good job creating new compelling characters."


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: Stacey Yvonne, "Black Girl Nerds" wrote: ""The Game" has made all the right moves and delivers a set a of entertaining premiere episodes for old fans and new viewers...the setup is less sitcom-like and more comedic drama. Gone are the multicam shots with room for punchlines and laughs, instead we’re treated to hard hitting and heartfelt situations infused with the type of biting humor "The Game" is known for...Even though it is a sequel, it’s also an evolution." She continues, "This reboot is faithful, well thought out, and well produced, it's definitely worth tuning in."


title: The Game (2021 TV series)

text: The television news outlet TVLine listed Hosea Chanchez as an 'Honorable mention' in their "Performer of the Week" review in January 2022 citing: "Chanchez has been a "force" throughout the season, uncovering a more vulnerable side...The actor really drove it home in the season finale, which saw Malik experience an emotional breakdown after finally being honest with himself about what he was going through". They concluded, "We have to applaud Chanchez for breathing fresh new life into a character he’s played for more than a decade-plus an outstanding turn that made us love Malik even more than we already did." A poll was also taken from readers on their season finale recap article early January on how they would grade the finale. The poll was generally favored 65.53% with the grade "A" (excellent) with more than 270 votes out of 412 voting margin.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Camino de Santiago, also known as the Way of St. James, extends from different countries of Europe, and even North Africa, on its way to Santiago de Compostela and Finisterre. The local authorities try to restore many of the ancient routes, even those used in a limited period, in the interest of tourism.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Routes of Northern Spain and the French Way (Camino Francés) are the ones listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The French Way () is the most popular of the routes. It runs from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on the French side of the Pyrenees to Roncesvalles on the Spanish side before making its way through to Santiago de Compostela through the major cities of Pamplona, Logroño, Burgos and León.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Camino Primitivo splits off from the Norte south of Villaviciosa, near Oviedo, and spans 355 km (this includes roughly 40 km on the Camino Francés at the end). As the name suggests, this is one of the original Caminos.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Northern Way () (also known as the "Liébana Route") is an 817 km, five-week coastal route from Basque Country at Irún, near the French border, and follows the northern coastline of Spain to Galicia where it heads inland towards Santiago joining the "Camino Francés" at Arzúa. This route follows the old Roman road, the Via Agrippa, for some of its way and is part of the Coastal Route (). This route was used by Christian pilgrims when Muslim domination had extended northwards and was making travel along the Camino francés dangerous.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The route passes through San Sebastian, Guernica, Bilbao, and Oviedo. It is less populated, lesser known and generally more difficult hiking. Shelters are 20 to 35 kilometers apart, rather than there being hostels () or monasteries every four to ten kilometers as on the Camino Francés.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Tunnel Way is also known as the Tunnel Route, the Basque Inland Route and the San Adrian Route. In the Early Middle Ages, when the Northern (Coastal) Way was subject to the Vikings' skirmishes and Muslim presence and forays threatened pilgrims and trade routes in the borderlands, the Tunnel Way provided a safe road north of the frontier area, i.e. Gipuzkoa and Alava. This may be the oldest and most important stretch of the Way of St. James up to its heyday in the 13th century. From the starting point in Irún, the road heads south-west up the Oria valley (Villabona, Ordizia, Zegama), reaches its highest point at the San Adrian tunnel and runs through the Alavan plains (Zalduondo, Salvatierra/Agurain, Vitoria-Gasteiz and Miranda de Ebro). Yet previous to the latter, nowadays pilgrims usually take a detour south towards Haro and on to Santo Domingo de la Calzada on account of its better provision.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Portuguese Way (, ) begins at Lisbon or Porto in Portugal. From Porto, along the Douro River, pilgrims travel north crossing the Ave, Cávado, Lima and Minho rivers before entering Spain and then passing through Padron before arriving at Santiago. It is the second most popular way, after the French one. The route is 610 km long starting in Lisbon or 227 km long starting in Porto. From Lisbon, the starting point is Lisbon Cathedral, crossing the Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha (1485) and heading to the Alcobaça Monastery (1252), which was an "albergue" (hostel) for medieval pilgrims who could only stay there for a single night. Using Roman roads, pilgrims headed to Coimbra and had to reach Porto before night falls, as the gates of the city closed, once in the pilgrims headed to Church of São Martinho de Cedofeita (c. 1087).


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: There are two traditional routes from Porto, one inland (the Central Way) and the Coastal Way ("Caminho da Costa"). Rates is considered a central site of the Portuguese Way. The way has been used since the Middle Ages and the ancient monastery of Rates (rebuilt in 1100) gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates. The legend holds that Saint James ordained Peter as the first bishop of Braga in the year AD 44. Peter died as a martyr while attempting to convert local pagans. Rates is also the location of the first modern pilgrim hostel ("Albergue") in the Portuguese way. On the way to the Rates Monastery there is the medieval Dom Zameiro Bridge. It was (re)built in 1185 for an easy cross of the Ave river by medieval pilgrims. It is part of Roman Via Veteris and known in the Middle Ages as "Karraria Antiqua" (the old way), as such the bridge has Roman origin. After leaving the monastery, the crossing of Cávado River was made using barges landing in Barca do Lago, which literally means "Lake's barge". The Brotherhood of Barca do Lago stated in 1635: "this passage is very popular and it is for more than 400 years in our peaceful possession". The Portuguese King Sancho II made the crossing there during a pilgrimage in 1244 and centuries later King Manuel I did the same in 1502. Currently, the crossing which replaces the barges in both the Coastal and the Coastal derivation of the central way is made through Ponte de Fão, built in 1892, heading to the , currently lost, the Neiva was a Castro culture hillfort and early medieval castle. For pilgrims preferring the inland route, the crossing is made through the Medieval Bridge of Barcelos, constructed between 1325 and 1328.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The crossing of the Lima River is made through the Eiffel bridge (1878) in the Coastal way, originally via barges. The bridge and the town of Viana do Castelo are signed by the sighting of the Monument-Temple of Santa Luzia (1904) over a hilltop. The Lantern tower of the sanctuary is where the pilgrim can see most of one's route in one of the most iconic views of Northern Portugal. Pilgrims were treated in the Old Hospital of Viana do Castelo, an hostel for pilgrims from early 15th century. For the inland route, Ponte de Lima's bridge is used. The later bridge possibly dates to the 1st century and was rebuilt in 1125. One of the most tiring parts of the Portuguese inland Way is in the Labruja hills in Ponte de Lima, which are hard to cross. In Classical antiquity, the Lima was said to have properties of memory loss due to events in an ancient battle there between the Turduli and the Celts. Strabo compared it to the mythological Lethe, the river of unmindfulness. Two ancient canoes found in Lanheses (Viana do Castelo) and the itinerary of the "Loca Maritima" Roman way suggest that to be the site where the Roman soldiers were fearful of the crossing during the conquest of the region in 136 BC.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Coastal Way gained prominence in the 15th century due to the growing importance of the coastal towns in the advent of the Age of Discovery. After leaving Porto, the route splits from the central way in the countryside of Vila do Conde. The town is still today crowned by the Monastery of Santa Clara (1318). The town is noted for the austere Gothic and lavish Late Gothic architecture, with the Matriz Church of Vila do Conde being built by king Manuel I of Portugal while in pilgrimage. The rising importance of Póvoa de Varzim imposed this new direction, In Póvoa de Varzim, the small Saint James Chapel (1582) in Praça da República holds a 15th century icon of Saint James found at the beach, the way follows west to the beach, heading to Esposende, Viana do Castelo and Caminha before reaching the Spanish border.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: A contemporary version of the Coastal Way, pushed by German pilgrims, goes through Northern Portugal continuously along the sea, using beach walkways. This version of the Coastal Way, also referred to as the Senda Litoral, is gaining importance, as the traditional route is increasingly urbanized and the new version is considered by some pilgrims to be more pleasant. Just before the crossover into Spain, there is also a 2-3 day detour from the Coastal Way called the Spiritual Detour ("variante espiritual") known for solitude and beauty.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Camino winds its way inland until it reaches the Spanish border at the Minho river through Valença, heading for a 108 km walk to Santiago, passing through Tui.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: A less-travelled Portuguese route, the "Caminho Português Interior", begins at either the village of Farminhão or the adjacent city of Viseu, and continues along the Douro river valley via Lamego, Chaves, and Verín before connecting with the Via de la Plata at Ourense. Waymarking along this route, some 420 km in total, is intermittent until the Spanish border.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Aragonese Way () comes down from the Somport pass in the Pyrenees and makes its way down through the old kingdom of Aragon. It follows the River Aragón passing through towns such as Jaca. It then crosses into the province of Navarre to Puente La Reina where it joins the "Camino Francés".


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The English Way () is traditionally for pilgrims who traveled to Spain by sea and disembarked in Ferrol or A Coruña. These pilgrims then made their way to Santiago overland. It is so called because most of these pilgrims were English though some came from all points in northern Europe.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: Sometimes incorrectly known in English as the Silver Route or Way - "Plata" is a corruption of the Arabic word "balath", meaning paved road.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Via de La Plata" (once a Roman causeway joining Italica and Asturica Augusta) starts in Seville from where it goes north to Zamora via Zafra, Cáceres and Salamanca. It is much less frequented than the French Way or even the Northern Way - in 2013, of the 215,000 pilgrims being granted the compostela in Santiago, 4.2% traveled on the "Via de la Plata", compared to 70.3% on the "Camino Francés". After Zamora there are three options. The first route, or "Camino Sanabrés" heads west and reaches Santiago via Ourense. Another route continues north to Astorga, from where pilgrims can continue west along the "Camino Francés" to Santiago. A third, seldom traveled route, crosses into Portugal and passes through Bragança, rejoining the "Camino Sanabrés" near Ourense.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino Mozárabe" route, from Almeria, Granada or Málaga, passes through Córdoba and later joins up with the "Via de La Plata" at Mérida.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino de Madrid" goes northwards from Madrid, through Segovia and near Valladoid, joining the "Camino Francés" at Sahagún.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino del Ebro" starts in Catalonia at Sant Jaume d'Enveja near Deltebre, where Saint James is traditionally supposed to have left Spain on his way home to martyrdom in Palestine, and follows the River Ebro past Tortosa and Zaragoza, joining the "Camino Francés" at Logroño.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: Sometimes known as the "Camino Castellano-Aragonés", this camino leaves the "Camino del Ebro" at Gallur and goes past Soria to Santo Domingo de Silos, where it joins the "Camino de la Lana".


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino de la Lana" (sometimes "Ruta de la Lana"), or wool road, leaves Alicante and heads mainly northwards for 670 km, joining the "Camino Francés" at Burgos.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino de Levante" starts at Valencia and crosses Castille-La Mancha, passing through towns and cities including Toledo, El Toboso, Ávila and Medina del Campo, joining the "Via de la Plata" at Zamora.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino del Sureste" starts at Alicante and follows a broadly similar route as the "Camino del Levante" from Albacete until Medina del Campo, where the routes bifurcate, with the Sureste heading northwards to Tordesillas, joining the "Via de la Plata" at Benavente, while the Levante goes westwards to Toro and Zamora.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino de Torres" starts in Salamanca, goes past Ciudad Rodrigo, crosses the Portuguese border near Almeida, continues past Braga and joins the Camino Portugués at Ponte de Lima.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: 275 km long, this route leaves the French Way at Ponferrada and bypasses O Cebreiro, instead routing through Quiroga, Monforte de Lemos and Lalín before joining the Vía de la Plata at A Laxe. Traditionally, pilgrims used this way to avoid the snows of O Cebreiro in wintertime, from which its name derives. It was officially recognised as one of the valid routes for obtaining the Compostela in 2016. This route is unique, as it passes through all four provinces of Galicia: Ourense, Lugo, Pontevedra, and A Coruña.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Way of St. James is said to have originated in France, where it is called "Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle". This is the reason that the Spanish themselves refer to the Way of St. James as "the French road", since most of the pilgrims they saw were French. The origin of the pilgrimage is most often cited as the Codex Calixtinus, which is decidedly a French document. Though in the Codex everyone was called upon to join the pilgrimage, there were


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: four main starting points in the Cathedral cities of Tours, Vézelay, Le Puy-en-Velay and Arles. They are today all routes of the Grande Randonnée network.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Paris and Tours route () used to be the pilgrimage of choice for inhabitants of the Low Countries and those of northern and western France. As other routes are becoming overcrowded, that route is gaining favor, owing to the religious and touristic aspects of the monuments on the way.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: One starting point is at the Tour St Jacques in Paris and then on to Orléans-Tours or Chartres-Tours. From Tours, the route passes through Poitiers and Bordeaux, the forest at Les Landes before connecting to the Camino Francés, the national trail GR 65, near Ostabat, shortly before Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or to the Camino de la Costa in Irún.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Le Puy route (, ) is traveled by pilgrims starting in or passing through Le Puy-en-Velay. It passes through Conques, Cahors and Moissac before coming to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. It is part of GR 65.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Arles Way ( or "Chemin d'Arles") in southern France, named after that principal cathedral city goes through Montpellier, Toulouse and Oloron-Sainte-Marie before reaching the Spanish border at Col de Somport in the high Pyrenees. It is also called the "Via Tolosana", a name that follows the Latin convention of the other French routes, because it passes through Toulouse, a notable pilgrimage destination in its own right. After passing the Pyrenees it is referred to as the Aragonese Way. It is the only French route not to connect to the Camino Francés at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. After taking its Aragonese name, it joins the Camino Francés at Puente la Reina.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Way of St. James in the Netherlands is said to have started after St. Boniface brought Christendom to Friesland and the worship of his reliquaries near Dokkum gained popularity from 800 onwards. The route did not become popular however until the 15th century, well after the "Santiago Matamoros" legend. There are several Cathedral towns considered official starting routes by the Dutch confraternity of St. James. Haarlem, a centuries-old starting point, has been the starting point of a modern cycling route to Santiago de Compostela since 1983, when an international workgroup of scholars researched the old route and one of them developed a set of maps. Since that time there have been other cycling routes to Santiago de Compostela published from other Dutch cities, most notably Maastricht. The Dutch and northern (Flemish) Belgians call the route the "Jacobsroute". In Wallonia (southern Belgium) it is called "Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle".


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: Another Dutch long distance path, the "" (Pilgrims' Path), leads from Amsterdam to Visé in Belgium (about 100 km from Namur), and may have been a route for St. James pilgrims departing from Amsterdam connecting to one of the main routes at Vézelay. Another ancient route can be traced through Ghent (note the scallop on the Pilgrims hat in bottom right panel of the Ghent Altarpiece) and Amiens to connect to Paris and the Via Turonensis, one of the four main French routes.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: It is a mistake to assume that medieval pilgrims were only focussed on one goal. Most St. James pilgrims through the centuries stopped to visit other famous reliquaries, and many of the most popular ones in France and northern Spain are listed in the Codex. Many had both a scallop shell and a palm frond in their possession, indicating that they had been or were on their way to both Rome and Santiago de Compostela.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The paths in Germany are collectively named ""Wege der Jakobspilger"". Other names that can be seen on trail markings are ""Jakobsweg"" and ""Jakobspilgerweg"".The German Way of St. James routes are maintained by numerous non-profit organizations. Their aim is, among others, to make the pilgrimage experience qualitative and authentic.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: One section of the Way of St. James runs through the German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Hesse following the course of the historic trade route, the "Via Regia" from Görlitz via Bautzen, Kamenz, Großenhain, Wurzen, Leipzig, Merseburg, Naumburg (Saale), Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach and Vacha to Fulda. It has a length of 500 km. On 6 July 2003 the first section to Erfurt was opened in Königsbrück. The opening of the second section followed on 11 October 2003 in Vacha. The section along the historic "Via Regia" is also called the Ecumenical Pilgrims' Way ("Ökumenischer Pilgerweg").


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: Providing the link to Franconia, the Saxon Way of St. James on the Franconian Road ("Sächsische Jakobsweg an der Frankenstraße") runs from Königsbrück via Wilsdruff to Grumbach (old roadbed until the 15th century) and from Bautzen via Bischofswerda, Dresden, Kesselsdorf, Grumbach, through the Tharandt Forest to Freiberg and on to Chemnitz and Zwickau, in order to join the "Via Imperii" coming from Leipzig, before continuing via Plauen, Hof and Bayreuth to Nuremberg. The signage was carried out in 2009-13. Between Wilsdruff and Grillenburg in the Tharandt Forest it runs in the same ancient route corridor as the "Holy Way" from Bohemia to Meißen, which is also being revived.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Lahn-Rhine-Camino can be followed since 2001 and is maintained by the non-profit organization St. Jakobus-Gesellschaft Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland e.V. since 2005. The route starts in the central part of Germany, coming from the north-east, and continues in a south-western direction. Numerous artefacts along the path provide information about earlier pilgrimages. The trail consists of two sections, the Lahn-Camino, which was updated in 2018/19 and re-signposted along the way, and the Rhine-Camino. With a total length of 190 kilometres, the trail crosses the federal state of Hesse, where it originates, and ends in Rhineland-Palatinate. Starting in Wetzlar, the route first passes through Hessian towns and villages to Weilburg. From Weilburg, the route leads via Villmar to Diez. Once in Diez, the following stages are Obernhof and then Bad Ems. The Lahn-Camino meets the Rhine-Camino in Lahnstein, from where the route follows the Rhine to Kamp-Bornhofen. From there, another 15 kilometres have to be overcome to Sankt Goarshausen, until one finishes the Rhine-Camino by arriving in Korb. Here, one has the option to continue their way towards Trier or Worms, two of the oldest cities in Germany.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Way of St. James is also known as "Jakobsweg" in Switzerland and the route in Switzerland is the Via Jacobi. Many routes originating in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe and even Italy/South Tyrol led to Switzerland and from there to France. Beginning in the early Middle Ages (9-10th century), pilgrims coming from northern and eastern Europe crossed into Switzerland at the Lake of Constance and journeyed across the country to Geneva at the French border. As they wandered through the countryside, the pilgrims passed by three traditional pilgrimage places, Einsiedeln Abbey, Flüeli Ranft and the Caves of Saint Beatus. They also traveled through historic cities and villages, including St. Gall, Lucerne, Schwyz, Interlaken, Thun, Fribourg, and Lausanne. Today the original paths have been restored and the Via Jacobi is an integral part of the European Way of St. James.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: St. James's Gate in Dublin was traditionally a principal starting point for Irish pilgrims to begin their journey on the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James). The pilgrims' "passports" were stamped here before setting sail, usually for A Coruña, north of Santiago. It is still possible for Irish pilgrims to get these traditional documents stamped at St James' Church, and many do, while on their way to Santiago de Compostella.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: Slovak section of the Way of Saint James is called ""Svätojakubská cesta"" (official name: ""Svätojakubská cesta na Slovensku""). Other name that can sometimes be seen on trail markings is also ""Jakubská cesta"".


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The main route in Slovakia begins in Košice in front of St Elisabeth Cathedral and ends in Bratislava on SNP Square (Bratislava). The whole route spans over 620 km and can be finished in approximately 30 days.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: In 1602, Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt provided instructions of safe passage (a "credencial") to Don Juan Benegas from St. Paul’s Grotto, Rabat, to visit holy places in Europe including Saint James In Galicia (as noted in a In a "Liber Bullarum" entry of the early 17th century).


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The "Camino Maltés" route is around 3,600 km long, and connects Malta to Sicily (through "Il Cammino di San Giacomo in Sicilia"), Sardinia (through the "Cammino di Santu Jacu"), Barcelona ("Camino Catalán") and eventually Santiago de Compostela.


title: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions)

text: The Maltese segment of the Camino Maltés route is approximately 35 km long. It begins at Saint Paul's Grotto, the place where Maltese tradition says that Saint Paul spent his three-month stay on the island after his shipwreck on the Maltese coast. In Malta, the Camino Maltés meets another ancient pilgrim route, now known as the Universal Peace Walk (between Mdina and Żejtun), and concludes in Valletta, where pilgrims catch the ferry to Sicily.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Ronny Deila (born 21 September 1975) is a Norwegian football manager and former player, who is the head coach of Standard Liège.


title: Ronny Deila

text: He spent most of his playing career at Odd before becoming head coach at Strømsgodset, winning the Norwegian Cup in 2010 and the Norwegian League title in 2013. In two seasons managing Celtic, 2014–15 and 2015–16, he won the Scottish Premiership twice and the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15. Deila won the MLS Cup 2021 with New York City.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Deila began his playing career with lower league club, Urædd. He then joined Odd, where he became a mainstay in their defence. In 2000, he played in the side that defeated Viking 2–1 in the Norwegian Cup Final, his only major honour as a player. He joined Viking in 2004, before moving on to join Strømsgodset as player/assistant coach in 2006.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Although by 2009 he was coaching Strømsgodset, he combined these duties for a couple of years with playing part-time at lower league Sparta Bragerøen until 2011.


title: Ronny Deila

text: He was capped nine times for the Norwegian under-17 side and then made two appearances for the under-21s in 1996. Deila never represented his country at senior level.


title: Ronny Deila

text: After leaving Viking, Deila coached Norwegian fourth-tier club Brodd briefly in 2005. He then joined Strømsgodset in 2006 as player/assistant coach, working under head coach Dag-Eilev Fagermo until the end of the 2007 season, when Fagermo decided to move to Odd.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Sporting director Jostein Flo then promoted Deila to head coach of Strømsgodset. At this time, Deila retired as a player.


title: Ronny Deila

text: His first two seasons as head coach saw the club struggle against relegation, but his attacking philosophy began to bear fruit as Strømsgodset started to record higher finishes in the Norwegian league. In 2010, he won the Norwegian Cup, and in 2013 he won Tippeligaen with Strømsgodset, their first title in 43 years. The same year, Deila was also awarded the Kniksen Award for Coach of the Year.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Deila showed a keenness to take on board coaching ideas at foreign clubs. Having previously visited Manchester City, Barcelona and Ajax to acquire further knowledge, he then after the end of the season in 2013 travelled to Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool to study their coaching and training methods.


title: Ronny Deila

text: In the 2014 season, Deila's Strømsgodset were second in the league by the end of May after eleven games. The club had continued their impressive home record under Deila, having gone 44 league games unbeaten at their Marienlyst Stadium since June 2011; just one short of the all-time Norwegian record held by Rosenborg. However, Deila was beginning to attract foreign attention, and Strømsgodset had given him a new contract to run until 2016 in order to head off interest from Swedish champions Malmö who had unsuccessfully attempted to poach him in January. Despite this new contract, various media reports surfaced in the first week of June linking Deila to the vacant managerial post at Scottish champions Celtic.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Deila was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic on 6 June 2014. He signed a 12-month rolling contract with the club, describing his appointment as a "magnificent honour" before stating his desire to deliver "attacking, exciting and entertaining football." Eleven days later, former Celtic and Scotland midfielder John Collins was appointed assistant manager. Deila described Collins as a "first-class coach" and stated that he "has ideas on football which are very similar to mine so I am sure he will be a great addition to my team."


title: Ronny Deila

text: After going unbeaten on a pre-season tour in Austria, Deila's first competitive match as manager of Celtic, a Champions League qualifying tie away against KR Reykjavik on 15 July 2014, ended in a 1–0 win for the Scottish club. The second leg of the tie ended in a 4–0 win for Celtic, securing a 5–0 aggregate win. The following qualifying round saw Celtic lose 6–1 on aggregate to Legia Warsaw. Despite this, Celtic were given a reprieve when it was discovered that Legia had fielded an ineligible player in the second leg. UEFA punished the Polish club by awarding the game 3–0 to Celtic, levelling the aggregate score at 4–4 and seeing the Scottish champions progress on away goals. Celtic went on to face Maribor in the next qualifying round. After an 1–1 draw away in the first leg, Celtic lost 1–0 in the return match at Celtic Park and went out on aggregate; dropping down to the Europa League.


title: Ronny Deila

text: On 13 August, Ronny Deila won his opening Scottish Premiership game, beating St Johnstone 3–0. Deila's second league match, and his first game at Parkhead, saw Celtic defeat Dundee United 6–1 in a performance that BBC Sport described as being "full of drive, skill, belief and... goals." Generally though, Celtic were unconvincing in the early stages of the league, but improved as the season progressed and also qualified from their Europa League group. These improved performances saw Deila win the Manager of the Month award for November 2014. By February 2015, Celtic had won 15 of their last 17 domestic games and defeated Rangers 2–0 in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup. Celtic played Inter Milan in the last 32 stage of the Europa League, rallying to draw 3–3 at Parkhead from an early 0-2 deficit, then losing 1–0 in Milan to go out on aggregate 3–4. In the league, Celtic beat second placed Aberdeen 4–0 on 1 March to go six points clear with a game in hand and a vastly superior goal difference. It was Celtic's eighth consecutive win in the league, and the turn around in form saw previous critics of Deila review their opinion of him. Former Celtic striker John Hartson had branded Deila as "clueless" in October, but stated four months later that Deila had "turned it round", praising his Celtic side for playing "brilliant football."


title: Ronny Deila

text: Deila won his first trophy at Celtic on 15 March; Celtic defeating Dundee United 2–0 in the League Cup Final. Kris Commons and James Forrest were Celtic's goalscorers, whilst Stefan Johansen won the Man of the Match award.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Deila's Celtic team won the Scottish Premiership on 2 May 2015, with three games to spare, following their rivals Aberdeen's loss to Dundee United. Celtic finished the season in style, as Ronny's Celtic side beat Inverness 5–0 on 24 May 2015.


title: Ronny Deila

text: In August 2015, Celtic failed to progress from the UEFA Champions League playoffs, having failed to overcome Malmö, and were consigned to playing in the Europa League that season. In November, Celtic exited the Europa league, having finished bottom of their group.


title: Ronny Deila

text: On 17 April 2016 Celtic played Rangers, in a Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden. The match went to extra time before Celtic lost the match on penalties. The way in which Celtic lost the match was also subject to criticism from the media and the Celtic support as Rangers dominated large portions of the game. Three days after the defeat and following intense speculation, Deila announced that he would step down at the end of the season. Celtic clinched the Scottish Premiership title following a win over nearest challengers Aberdeen on Sunday 8 May.


title: Ronny Deila

text: On 13 July 2016, Deila signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga, starting 1 January 2017. Vålerenga spent most of Deila's first season struggling just above the relegation places in the league. His predecessor, Kjetil Rekdal, described the team's season as a "failure" and expressed concern they may be relegated. Football analyst and former player Bernt Hulsker described the team as being "exceptionally weak". The side eventually finished mid-table, in eighth place, still far below Deila's expressed aim at the start of the season of a top-three place.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Vålerenga continued to perform poorly into Deila's second season, and a run of only one win in seven games saw them languishing in eighth place at the end of October 2018. Deila admitted to considering his position at the club, stating "I am going to take time and reflect on this. Something has gone very wrong". A 2–1 win over Ranheim on the last day of the season saw Vålerenga finish in sixth place.


title: Ronny Deila

text: On 6 January 2020, Deila was appointed head coach of New York City FC of Major League Soccer on a three-year deal. He made his debut on 21 February in the last 16 first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League away to A.D. San Carlos in Costa Rica, a 5–3 win. The team finished the season by qualifying for the MLS Cup Playoffs, and lost on penalties in the first round at Orlando City SC.


title: Ronny Deila

text: Under Deila's guidance, NYCFC won MLS Cup 2021, as they defeated Portland Timbers in the final match with a 4–2 win on penalties, after a 1–1 scoreline in extra time.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: Sanfrecce Hiroshima () is a Japanese professional football club based in Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima. The club plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: The club name is a portmanteau of the Japanese word for three, "San" and the Italian word "frecce", which means 'arrows'. This is based on the story of the feudal lord Mōri Motonari who told his three sons that while a single arrow might be easily snapped, three arrows held together would not be broken and urged them to work for the good of the clan and its retainers.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: The club's home town is Hiroshima and the side plays at Hiroshima Big Arch and Hiroshima Prefectural Stadium. It holds training sessions at Yoshida Soccer Park in Akitakata, Hiroshima and Hiroshima 1st Ball Park.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: The club was a former company team of in 1938 and played in the semi-professional Japan Soccer League.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: The club was an original founder (""Original Eight"") of the now-disbanded Japan Soccer League (JSL) in 1965. They dominated the JSL's early years, winning the title 4 times in a row – a feat that was later equaled by Yomiuri SC/Verdy Kawasaki. The name change was made at in 1981. When JSL disbanded and became the J.League in 1992, it dropped the company name and became "Sanfrecce Hiroshima". Alongside JEF United Ichihara Chiba and Urawa Red Diamonds they co-founded both leagues (""Original Ten"").


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: During the 1969 season they participated in the Asian Club Cup, forerunner to today's AFC Champions League; at the time, the tournament was done in a single locale (in that year it was Bangkok, Thailand), and they ended up in third place, the first participation of a Japanese club in the continental tournament. This also cost them the league title to Mitsubishi/Urawa, and although they won another title in 1970, since then the club has been out of the running for the title, with exceptional seasons such as 1994 when they won runner-up.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: The Toyo Industries that became the first JSL champions also completed the first double by taking the Emperor's Cup. They were also the first of three "Invincibles", undefeated champion clubs in Japan (the others were Mitsubishi in 1969 and Yamaha in 1987–88), although only Toyo completed a double.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: Matsumoto, Ogi, and Yasuyuki Kuwahara went on to win the 1968 Olympic bronze medal for the national team.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: In 2002, Sanfrecce became the first former stage winner (first stage, 1994) to be relegated to the lower division, J2. But it only spent a year there, finishing second the very next season to regain promotion back to J1. The club finished 16th in the 2007 season and were relegated to J.League Division 2 after they were beaten by Kyoto Sanga in the promotion/relegation play-off. In 2008 they nevertheless won the J2 title at the first attempt, having 84 points (a difference of 25 points with the runner-up clubs) with six matches left.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: By virtue of earning fourth place in the 2009 season and Gamba Osaka retaining the Emperor's Cup, Sanfrecce qualified for the Asian Champions League, where they were knocked out in the group phase.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: On 24 November 2012, Sanfrecce defeated Cerezo Osaka 4–1 to seal their first ever J.League Division 1 title.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: On 7 December 2013, Sanfrecce defeated Kashima Antlers 2–0, securing their second J.League Division 1 title following a thrilling finish to the season which saw first-place Yokohama F. Marinos losing their final league game, handing Sanfrecce the title. With their second consecutive title win, Sanfrecce became the second club to successfully defend their crown since Kashima Antlers in 2009.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: 2015 proved to be a great year for Sanfrecce, finishing 1st in the 2nd half of the season, then finishing 1st overall, just 2 points above Urawa Red Diamonds, to qualify and represent Japan in that year's FIFA Club World Cup. They would finish 3rd, after winning, 2–1, against Chinese side Guanzhou Evergrande in the 3rd place match.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

text: In 2018, Sanfrecce seemed like they were going to win the J1 title, having lead the standings after Round 5, but fell down to 2nd to Kawasaki Frontale, made worse by losing 4 of their last 5 games. 2nd was where they would stay for the rest of the season, giving up the J1 title to defending champion Kawasaki Frontale.


title: The Blue Angel

text: The Blue Angel () is a 1930 German musical comedy-drama film directed by Josef von Sternberg, and starring Marlene Dietrich, Emil Jannings and Kurt Gerron. Written by Carl Zuckmayer, Karl Vollmöller and Robert Liebmann – with uncredited contributions by Sternberg – it is based on Heinrich Mann's 1905 novel "Professor Unrat" ("Professor Filth") and set in an unspecified northern German port city. "The Blue Angel" presents the tragic transformation of a respectable professor to a cabaret clown and his descent into madness. The film is the first feature-length German full-talkie and brought Dietrich international fame. In addition, it introduced her signature song, Friedrich Hollaender and Robert Liebmann's "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)". It is considered to be a classic of German cinema.


title: The Blue Angel

text: The film was shot simultaneously in German- and English-language versions, although the latter version was thought lost for many years. The German version is considered to be "obviously superior"; it is longer and not marred by actors struggling with their English pronunciation.


title: The Blue Angel

text: Immanuel Rath (Emil Jannings) is an educator at the local "Gymnasium" (high school for students expected to go to university) in Weimar Germany. The boys disrespect him and play pranks on him. Rath punishes several of his students for circulating photographs of the beautiful Lola Lola (Marlene Dietrich), the headliner for the local cabaret, "The Blue Angel". Hoping to catch the boys at the club, Rath goes there later that evening. He does find some students there, but while chasing them, he also finds Lola backstage and sees her partially disrobing. When he returns to the cabaret the following evening to return a pair of panties that were smuggled into his coat by one of his students, he ends up staying the night with her. The next morning, reeling from his night of passion, Rath arrives late to school to find his classroom in chaos; the principal is furious and threatens to fire Rath.


title: The Blue Angel

text: Rath gives up his position at the school to marry Lola. Their happiness is short-lived, however, as Rath becomes humiliatingly dependent on Lola. Over several years, he sinks lower and lower, first selling dirty postcards, and then becoming a clown in Lola's troupe to pay the bills. His growing insecurities about Lola's profession as a "shared woman" eventually consume him with lust and jealousy.


title: The Blue Angel

text: The troupe returns to his hometown and The Blue Angel, where everyone turns out to see the professor they knew play a clown. Once onstage, Rath is humiliated, not only by a magician who breaks eggs on his head but also by seeing Lola embrace and kiss the strongman Mazeppa. He is enraged to the point of insanity. He attempts to strangle Lola, but the strongman and others subdue him and lock him in a straitjacket.


title: The Blue Angel

text: Later that night, Rath is released. He leaves and goes to his old classroom. Rejected, humiliated, and destitute, he dies clutching the desk at which he once taught.


title: The Blue Angel

text: The film also features the famous carillon of the Garrison Church at Potsdam, playing "" (Always Be True and Faithful), as well as an orchestral version of the tune. The original melody was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for Papageno's aria, , in "The Magic Flute". In the German Reich and subsequently the Weimar Republic, the lyrics of "" (Use always fidelity and honesty / Up to your cold grave; / And stray not one inch / From the ways of the Lord) symbolized the very embodiment of Prussian virtues.


title: The Blue Angel

text: By 1929, Sternberg had completed a number of films for Paramount, none of which were box office successes. Fortunately for Sternberg, Paramount's sister studio in Germany, UFA, offered him the opportunity to direct Emil Jannings in his first sound film. Jannings was the Oscar-winning star of Sternberg's 1928 movie "The Last Command", and had specially requested Sternberg's participation, despite an "early clash of temperaments" on the set.


title: The Blue Angel

text: Though "The Blue Angel" and "Morocco", both from 1930, are often cited as his first sound films, Sternberg had already directed "a startling experiment" in asynchronous sound techniques with his 1929 "Thunderbolt".


title: The Blue Angel

text: Singer Lucie Mannheim was favored by UFA producer Erich Pommer for the part of Lola, with support from leading man Emil Jannings, but Sternberg vetoed her as insufficiently glamorous for a major production. Sternberg also turned down author Mann's actress-girlfriend Trude Hesterberg. Brigitte Helm, seriously considered by Sternberg, was not available for the part. Sternberg and Pommer settled on stage and film actress Käthe Haack for the amount of 25,000 Reichsmarks.


title: The Blue Angel

text: Biographer Herman G. Weinberg, citing Sternberg's memoirs (1966) reports that the director had his first look at the 29-year-old Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich at a music revue named the "Zwei Krawatten" (Two Neckties), produced by dramatist Georg Kaiser.