title: Hoarse voice

text: Medical and surgical treatments have been recommended to treat organic dysphonias. An effective treatment for spasmodic dysphonia (hoarseness resulting from periodic breaks in phonation due to hyperadduction of the vocal folds) is botulinum toxin injection. The toxin acts by blocking acetylcholine release at the thyro-arytenoid muscle. Although the use of botulinum toxin injections is considered relatively safe, patients' responses to treatment differ in the initial stages; some have reported experiencing swallowing problems and breathy voice quality as a side-effect to the injections. Breathiness may last for a longer period of time for males than females.


title: Hoarse voice

text: Surgeries involve myoectomies of the laryngeal muscles to reduce voice breaks, and laryngoplasties, in which laryngeal cartilage is altered to reduce tension.


title: Hoarse voice

text: Dysphonia is a general term for voice impairment that is sometimes used synonymously with the perceptual voice quality of hoarseness. It is the reason for 1% of all visits to primary care providers. The lifetime risk of hoarse voice complaints among primary care patients is 30%. Since hoarseness is a general symptom, it is associated with a number of laryngeal diagnoses.


title: Hoarse voice

text: There is an interplay of sex and age differences associated with dysphonia. The point prevalence of dysphonia in adults under the age of 65 is 6.6%. Dysphonia is more common in adult females than males, possibly due to sex-related anatomical differences of the vocal mechanism. In childhood, however, dysphonia is more often found in boys than girls. As there are no anatomical differences in larynges of boys and girls prior to puberty, it has been proposed that the higher rate of voice impairment found in boys arises from louder social activities, personality factors, or more frequent inappropriate vocal use. The most common laryngeal diagnosis among children is vocal fold nodules, a condition known to be associated with vocally damaging behaviours. However, a causal relationship has not yet been definitively proven. The overall prevalence of dysphonia in children ranges from 3.9% - 23.4%, most commonly affecting children between the ages of 8 - 14. Among the elderly, dysphonia is associated with both naturally occurring anatomical and physiological changes as well as higher rates of pathological conditions. The point prevalence of dysphonia among the elderly is 29%. Findings regarding the prevalence of geriatric dysphonia in the general population are very variable, ranging from 4 - 29.1%. This variability is likely due to different methodology used in obtaining information from participants. The most common laryngeal diagnoses among the elderly are polyps, laryngopharyngeal reflux, muscle tension dysphonia, vocal fold paresis or paralysis, vocal fold mass, glottic insufficiency, malignant lesions, and neurologic conditions affecting the larynx.


title: Philip Bosco

text: Philip Michael Bosco (September 26, 1930 – December 3, 2018) was an American actor. He was known for his Tony Award-winning performance as Saunders in the 1989 Broadway production of "Lend Me a Tenor", and for his starring role in the 2007 film "The Savages". He won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1988.


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, the son of Margaret Raymond (née Thek), a policewoman, and Philip Lupo Bosco, a carnival worker. His father was of Italian descent and his mother, German. Bosco attended St. Peter's Preparatory School in Jersey City, and later studied drama at Catholic University of America, where he had notable success in the title role of William Shakespeare’s "Richard III".


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco married a fellow Catholic University student, Nancy Ann Dunkle, on January 2, 1957. They had seven children and 15 grandchildren. Bosco and his wife resided in Haworth, New Jersey.


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco died at his home of complications from dementia on December 3, 2018 at the age of 88. His funeral mass was held at Mount Carmel Church in Tenafly, New Jersey, followed by his interment at Brookside Cemetery in Englewood, New Jersey.


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco began his career in Broadway theatre. He received a Tony Award nomination for his debut in "The Rape of the Belt" in 1960 and spent the next three decades supporting major stars in classic revivals like "Cyrano de Bergerac", "King Lear," and "Twelfth Night".


title: Philip Bosco

text: He appeared in revivals of plays by George Bernard Shaw, including "Man and Superman", "Saint Joan", "Mrs. Warren's Profession", "Major Barbara", "Heartbreak House" (opposite Rex Harrison), and "You Never Can Tell", winning Tony nominations for the last three. He also appeared with Shirley Knight in the Roundabout Theatre Company revival of "Come Back, Little Sheba".


title: Philip Bosco

text: Following his Tony-winning performance in the farce "Lend Me a Tenor" in 1990, Bosco appeared on Broadway in "An Inspector Calls" (1994), "The Heiress" (1995), "Twelfth Night" (1998), "Copenhagen" (2000), and "Twelve Angry Men" (2004).


title: Philip Bosco

text: He played Grandpa Potts in the 2005 Broadway production of "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang", and played the aged Captain Shotover in a Broadway revival of "Heartbreak House" in 2006. He retired from the stage in 2009 after appearing in the City Center Encores production of "Finian's Rainbow", although he lent his voice to Douglas Carter Beane's 2010 play "Mr. and Mrs. Fitch".


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco appeared regularly in the "Law & Order" television franchise, in roles ranging from judges to lawyers to villains. His motion picture credits include "Trading Places", "Working Girl", "Children of a Lesser God", "Suspect", "Walls of Glass", "Straight Talk", "Nobody's Fool", "Wonder Boys", "The Money Pit", "Three Men and a Baby", "Milk Money", "Quick Change", "Angie", "The First Wives Club", and "The Savages".


title: Philip Bosco

text: Bosco narrated Ric Burns' 1991 documentary film "Coney Island", and voiced a number of characters for Ken Burns' documentaries for PBS. He portrayed Vincenzo the butler in the 1995 comedy "It Takes Two"; and Walter Wallace, father of the bride-to-be, in the 1997 romantic comedy "My Best Friend's Wedding", co-starring Julia Roberts, Cameron Diaz and Dermot Mulroney.


title: Philip Bosco

text: In 1988, Bosco won a Daytime Emmy Award for his appearance in the "ABC Afterschool Special" "Read Between The Lines". He was a series regular on the FX original series "Damages". He narrated "Desert Giant: The World of the Saguaro Cactus" by Barbara Bash on the PBS series "Reading Rainbow" in its sixty-second episode on March 27, 1990.


title: Luxair

text: Luxair, legally "Luxair S.A., Société Luxembourgeoise de Navigation Aérienne", is the flag carrier airline of Luxembourg with its headquarters and hub at Luxembourg Airport. It operates scheduled services to destinations in Europe, North Africa, the Mediterranean and Middle East with additional charter and seasonal services. It is Luxembourg's only passenger-carrying airline offering regular, non-charter service.


title: Luxair

text: Descended from Luxembourg Airlines, founded in 1948, Luxair was starting to be set up in 1961 to meet the growing demand for air links between Luxembourg and other European cities. In 1962, Luxembourg Airlines became Luxair and began flights by launching a Luxembourg–Paris route with a Fokker F27 Friendship.


title: Luxair

text: From 1964 to 1969, Luxair operated three Lockheed L-1649A Starliner aircraft in a co-operative agreement with Trek Airways, from Luxembourg to Johannesburg. The Starliners were painted in Luxair livery and were registered in Luxembourg. By 1967, Luxair's fleet consisted of three Fokker F27 Friendships and one Vickers Viscount. The latter was written off in a non-fatal accident in 1969 and replaced the following year by the airline's first jet airliner, a Sud Aviation Caravelle. By 1976, Luxair was operating a Boeing 707 with a Boeing 737-200 then joining the fleet in 1977.


title: Luxair

text: Over the years, Luxair gradually introduced further jet aircraft: Boeing 737-400s and Boeing 737-500s; as well as Fokker 50 turboprops and Embraer ERJ-135 and ERJ-145 regional jets. In the 1980s, Boeing 747SPs owned by South African Trek Airways and operated by LUXAVIA were painted in Luxair colours, flying routes between South Africa and Europe, as well as holiday charters from Luxembourg.


title: Luxair

text: LUXAVIA was a joint venture between Trek Airways and Luxair, enabling Trek Airways to avoid the repercussions of widespread anti-Apartheid boycotts.


title: Luxair

text: In March 2003, Luxair ordered two new Boeing 737-700s to replace its older Boeing aircraft. The first of the new aircraft was delivered on 18 February 2004. A third aircraft was ordered in August 2003 and delivered in January 2005.


title: Luxair

text: Luxair launched a new logo on 21 December 2003 - a flying boomerang to symbolize a new visual identity, which confined the previous logo of 42 years to history.


title: Luxair

text: In an effort to move to an all-jet fleet, the last Fokker 50 aircraft was withdrawn from service in April 2005. The rising cost of oil made operating regional jets increasingly difficult. To lessen its exposure, Luxair decided to reintroduce turboprop aircraft, and in June 2006 it signed a firm order with Bombardier Aerospace for three Dash 8-Q400s, plus three options. The last of the three aircraft was delivered in September 2007. Two additional Q400s were ordered later.


title: Luxair

text: In October 2008, Luxair decided to place an order for its first Boeing 737-800. This aircraft replaced the last Boeing 737-500 in Luxair's fleet and facilitated Luxair's offer on its holiday destinations. In 2009, the airline was awarded as the most punctual scheduled operator at London City Airport during 2008 by Flight on Time, based on CAA statistics. In 2011 Luxair carried 1,302,771 passengers.


title: Luxair

text: In 2013 and 2014, two new Boeing 737-800s fitted with the brand new "Boeing Sky Interior" became part of the fleet, which enabled Luxair to retire the last Boeing 737-500 from service.


title: Luxair

text: In July 2015, Luxair's minority shareholder Lufthansa announced it would sell its 13 percent stake in the airline that it had held since 1993. The government of Luxembourg was named as the preferred buyer. In November 2015, the sale was finalized when Lufthansa sold its entire stake to the state of Luxembourg. Luxair also announced it would stop flying its route to Frankfurt Airport previously operated on a codeshare with Lufthansa as the latter started the same route itself. Luxair is still part of the Lufthansa frequent flyer program "Miles & More".


title: Luxair

text: After the bankruptcy of Air Berlin, Luxair announced they would begin flying from Saarbrücken Airport to Berlin Tegel Airport utilising a Bombardier CRJ700 which Luxair leased from Adria Airways based in Saarbrücken.


title: Luxair

text: As of November 2015, after Lufthansa sold its shares, the airline is owned by the State of Luxembourg (52.04%), Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (21.81%), Banque Internationale à Luxembourg (13.14%), the Luxair Group and others (13.11%). In total, the State of Luxembourg owns 74.98% of the company through various state-owned corporations and through its holding of 10% of Banque Internationale à Luxembourg.


title: Luxair

text: The key trends for the Luxair Group over recent years are shown below (as at year ending 31 December):


title: Luxair

text: Starting from 2020 Luxair released some special liveries for some of its aircraft. On July 25, 2021, the company introduced the SUMO Artwork Luxair's Boeing 737/800. The livery was realised by the popular local street artist Christian "SUMO" Pearson. The special livery was meant to spread a positive message at the moment of the restart of operations after the first CoVid 19 Lockdown and was the main action of the company's broader "FlyingIsAnArt" project:


title: Luxair

text: On the 25th of November 2020, the company released a De Haviland Q400 with an orange logo to raise awareness obout the fight versus violence on women.


title: Luxair

text: In July 2022, Luxair was the world first airline to paint a livery of one of its aircraft in rainbow, to support the Luxembourg Pride Month. This project inspired the German carrier Lufthansa, which one year later decided to do the same on one of its aircraft.


title: Luxair

text: In October 2022, Luxair painted one of its aircraft with a pink artwork by the local artist Lisa Junius and in partnership with Think Pink Lux, with the goal to contribute to the Pink October worldwide campaign.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: The MG 151 (MG 151/15) was a German 15 mm aircraft-mounted autocannon produced by Waffenfabrik Mauser during World War II. Its 20mm variant, the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, was widely used on German Luftwaffe fighters, night fighters, fighter-bombers, bombers and ground-attack aircraft. Salvaged guns saw post-war use by other nations.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: The pre-war German doctrine for arming single-engine fighter aircraft mirrored that of the French. This doctrine favoured a powerful autocannon mounted between the cylinder banks of a V engine and firing through the propeller hub, known as a "moteur-canon" in French (from its first use with the Hispano-Suiza HS.8C engine in World War I, on the SPAD S.XII) and by the cognate "Motorkanone" in German by the 1930s. The weapon preferred by the French in this role was the most powerful 20mm Oerlikon of the time, namely the FFS model, but this proved too big for German engines. Mauser was given the task of developing a gun that would fit, with a minimum sacrifice in performance. (As a stop-gap measure, the MG FF cannon was developed and put in widespread use, but its performance was lackluster.)


title: MG 151 cannon

text: Production of the MG 151 in its original 15 mm calibre format began in 1940. After combat evaluation of the 15 mm cartridge as the main armament of early Messerschmitt Bf 109F-2 fighters, the cannon was redesigned as the 20 mm MG 151/20 in 1941 to fire a 20 mm cartridge. Combat experience showed that a more powerful explosive shell was preferable to a higher projectile velocity. The MG 151/20 cartridge was created by expanding the neck of the cartridge to hold the larger explosive shell used in the MG FF cannon, and shortening the length of the cartridge case holding the longer 20 mm shell to match the overall length of the original 15 mm cartridge. These measures simplified conversion of the 15 mm to the 20 mm MG 151/20, requiring only a change of barrel and other small modifications. A disadvantage of the simplified conversion was reduction of projectile muzzle velocity from for the 15 mm shell to for the larger and heavier 20 mm shell. With an AP projectile the new 20 mm cartridge could penetrate only around 10–12 mm of armor at 300 m and at 60 degrees, compared to 18 mm penetration for its 15 mm predecessor in the same conditions but this was not seen as a significant limitation. The 20 mm version thus became the standard inboard cannon from the Bf 109F-4 series. The 20 mm MG 151/20 offered more predictable trajectory, longer range and higher impact velocity than the cartridge of the earlier MG FF cannon. The MG FF was retained for flexible, wing and upward firing "Schräge Musik" mounts to the end of the war.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: The German preference for explosion rather than armor penetration was taken further with the development of the mine shell, first introduced for the MG FF (in the Bf 109 E-4) and later introduced for the MG 151/20. Even this improvement in explosive power turned out to be unsatisfactory against the four-engine bombers that German fighters were up against in the second part of the war. By German calculations, it took about 15–20 hits with the MG 151/20 to down a heavy bomber but this was reduced to just 3–4 hits for a 30 mm shell, from the shattering effects of the hexogen explosive in the shells used for both the long-barreled MK 103 and shorter barreled MK 108 cannon. Only 4–5 hits with 20 mm calibre cannon were needed for frontal attacks on four-engined bombers but such attacks were difficult to execute. The 30 mm MK 108 cannon thus replaced the MG 151/20 as the standard, engine-mount "Motorkanone" centre-line armament starting with the Bf 109 K-4 and was also retrofitted to some of the G-series.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: Eight hundred MG 151/20 exported to Japan aboard the Italian submarine in August 1943 were used to equip 388 Japanese Kawasaki Ki-61-I Hei fighters. The 20 mm MG 151/20 was also fitted on the Macchi C.205, the Fiat G.55 and Reggiane Re.2005 of the Regia Aeronautica and IAR 81B and 81C of the Romanian Royal Air Force.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: An unknown number of cannons were converted for usage in the ground use role in early 1945, predominantly within Volkssturm units serving in the Posen area. Its effectiveness in this role are unknown but is photographed on parade in Posen November 1944 with the Wartheland Volkssturm units.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: After World War II, numbers of ex-Luftwaffe MG 151/20 cannon were removed from inventory and from scrapped aircraft and used by various nations in their own aircraft. The French Air Force (AdA) and French Army aviation arm (ALAT) used MG 151/20 cannon as fixed and flexible armament in various aircraft, including helicopters. The AdA and ALAT jointly developed a rubber-insulated flexible mount for the MG 151/20 for use as a door gun, which was later used in combat in Algeria aboard several FAF/ALAT H-21C assault transport helicopters and on Sikorsky HSS-1 Pirate gunship helicopters. French Matra MG 151 20mm cannons were used by Portugal and Rhodesia fitted to their Alouette III helicopters, while Denel designed its own variant for the South African Air Force.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: Two versions of the 20 mm MG 151 were built. Early guns used a percussion priming system, and later E-models used electrical priming. Some rounds were available with a timer self-destruct and/or tracer (or glowtracer). There were also different types of high-explosive shell fillings with either standard Pentrit A (PETN + Aluminium), a mixture called HA 41 (RDX + Aluminium powder)(the latter had a 40 percent increased high explosive and incendiary effect), and a compressed version where more explosives (HA 41) were compressed into same space using large pressures (MX).


title: MG 151 cannon

text: During World War II the US Army produced the .60-caliber T17, a reverse-engineered copy of the German MG151 chambered for an experimental anti-tank rifle round. A speculative order of 5,000 T17 guns was placed but only around 300 of them were built. However none saw service despite the availability of 6 million rounds of .60 caliber ammunition. Almost one million rounds were fired during the T17 testing program. The main US version produced, the T17E3, was made by Frigidaire; it weighed and had a rate of fire of only 600 rounds per minute. Further refinements led to the T39 and T51 versions, but these also did not enter service.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: A cartridge originally based on an armor-piercing round designed in 1939 for use with the experimental T1 and T1E1 anti-tank rifles. It was cancelled in 1944 when it became clear that modern tanks had armor too thick to penetrate with a heavy rifle cartridge. Developments showed that shaped-charged rifle grenades and rocket launchers were the future of infantry anti-tank weapons and the anti-tank rifle concept was abandoned.


title: MG 151 cannon

text: Much like the British attempts to turn their stocks of obsolete .55 Boys anti-tank cartridges into a native-designed heavy machinegun cartridge, the .60-caliber cartridge was repurposed as an auto-cannon cartridge to succeed the older .50 Browning. The ammunition and the T17 cannon were produced from 1942 to 1946 but never proved a substantial improvement over the .50 Browning and the M2HB and M3 heavy machineguns. The cartridge was later shortened and necked-up to produce the 20x102mm Vulcan autocannon round.


title: Masnavi

text: The Masnavi, or Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi (), also written Mathnawi, or Mathnavi, is an extensive poem written in Persian by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Rumi. The "Masnavi" is one of the most influential works of Sufism, ascribed to be like a "Quran in Persian". It has been viewed by many commentators as the greatest mystical poem in world literature. The "Masnavi" is a series of six books of poetry that together amount to around 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines. It is a spiritual text that teaches Sufis how to reach their goal of being truly in love with God.


title: Masnavi

text: The title "Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi" () means "The Spiritual Couplets". The Masnavi is a poetic collection of anecdotes and stories derived from the Quran, hadith sources, and everyday tales. Stories are told to illustrate a point and each moral is discussed in detail. It incorporates a variety of Islamic wisdom but primarily focuses on emphasizing inward personal Sufi interpretation. In contrast to Rumi's Diwan, the Masnavi is a relatively "sober" text. It explains the various dimensions of spiritual life and practice to Sufi disciples and anyone who wishes to ponder the meaning of life.


title: Masnavi

text: The "Masnavi" was started by the Rumi during the final years of his life. He began dictating the first book around the age of 54 around the year 1258 and continued composing verses until his death in 1273. The sixth and final book would remain incomplete.


title: Masnavi

text: It is documented that Rumi began dictating the verses of the "Masnavi" at the request of his favourite disciple, Husam al-Din Chalabi, who observed that many of Rumi's followers dutifully read the works of Sana'i and 'Attar. Thus, Rumi began creating a work in the didactic style of Sana'i and 'Attar to complement his other poetry. These men are said to have met regularly in meetings where Rumi would deliver the verses and Chalabi would write them down and recite them back to him.


title: Masnavi

text: Each book consists of about 4,000 verses and contains its own prose introduction and prologue. The inconclusive ending of the sixth volume has given rise to suggestions that the work was not complete at the time of Rumi's death and claims about existence of another volume.


title: Masnavi

text: The six books of the Masnavi can be divided into three groups of two because each pair is linked by a common theme:


title: Masnavi

text: In addition to the recurring themes presented in each book, Rumi includes multiple points of view or voices inviting the reader to fall into "imaginative enchantment." There are seven principal voices that Rumi uses in his writing:


title: Masnavi

text: The Masnavi has no framed plot and includes a variety of scenes, from popular stories and scenes of the local bazaar to fables and tales from Rumi's time. It also includes quotations from the Qur'an and from hadith, accounts from the time of Mohammed.


title: Masnavi

text: Although there is no constant frame, style, or plot, Rumi generally follows a certain writing pattern that flows in the following order:


title: Siege of Melos

text: The siege of Melos occurred in 416 BC during the Peloponnesian War, which was a war fought between Athens and Sparta. Melos is an island in the Aegean Sea roughly east of mainland Greece. Though the Melians had ancestral ties to Sparta, they were neutral in the war. Athens invaded Melos in the summer of 416 BC and demanded that the Melians surrender and pay tribute to Athens or face annihilation. The Melians refused, so the Athenians laid siege to their city. Melos surrendered in the winter, and the Athenians executed the men of Melos and enslaved the women and children.


title: Siege of Melos

text: This siege is best remembered for the Melian Dialogue, a dramatization of the negotiations between the Athenians and the Melians before the siege, written by the classical Athenian historian Thucydides. In the negotiations, the Athenians offered no moral justification for their invasion, but instead bluntly told the Melians that Athens needed Melos for its own ends and that the only thing Melians stood to gain in submitting without a fight was self-preservation. It is taught as a classic case study in political realism to illustrate that selfish and pragmatic concerns motivate a country at war.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 to 404 BC. The war was fought between the Peloponnesian League, an alliance of Greek cities led by Sparta, and the Delian League, an alliance led by Athens. Athens had the superior navy and controlled nearly all the islands in the Aegean Sea. Melos was the only significant island in the Aegean Sea that Athens did not control. The people of Melos were Dorians, the same ethnic group as the Spartans, but they were independent of the Spartan empire; the Athenians were Ionians. In general, the Melians sought to remain neutral in the war, although there is archaeological evidence that sometime between 428 and 425 BC, the Melians donated at least twenty minas of silver (about 12½ kg) to the Spartan war effort.


title: Siege of Melos

text: In 426 BC, Athens sent an army of 2,000 men to raid the Melian countryside, but the Melians would not be bullied into submission. In 425 or 424 BC, Athens demanded of Melos a tribute of fifteen talents of silver (roughly 390 kg). This sum could have paid the wages of a trireme crew for 15 months, or bought 540 metric tons of wheat, enough to feed 2,160 men for a year. Given the relative size of Melos, this suggests that it was a prosperous island. Melos refused to pay.


title: Siege of Melos

text: In the summer of 416 BC, during a truce with Sparta, Athens sent an army of at least 3,400 men to conquer Melos: 1,600 heavy infantry, 300 archers, and 20 mounted archers all from Athens, plus 1,500 heavy infantry from other Delian League cities. The fleet that transported this army had 38 ships: 30 from Athens, 6 from Chios, and 2 from Lesbos. This expedition was led by the generals Cleomedes and Tisias. After setting up camp on the island, the Athenians sent emissaries to negotiate with the rulers of Melos. The emissaries demanded that Melos join the Delian League and pay tribute to Athens or face destruction. The Melians rejected the ultimatum. The Athenians laid siege to the city and withdrew most of their troops from the island to fight elsewhere. The Melians made a number of sorties, at one point capturing part of the Athenian line, but failed to break the siege. In response, Athens sent reinforcements under the command of Philocrates. The Athenians also had help from traitors within Melos. Melos surrendered in the winter.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Athenians executed the adult men and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on the island.


title: Siege of Melos

text: In 405 BC, by which time Athens was losing the war, the Spartan general Lysander expelled the Athenian colonists from Melos and restored the survivors of the siege to the island. The once-independent Melos became a Spartan territory, which would mean that it had a Spartan garrison and a military governor (a "harmost").


title: Siege of Melos

text: In "History of the Peloponnesian War" (Book 5, Chapters 84–116), the contemporary Athenian historian Thucydides included a dramatization of the negotiations between the Athenian emissaries and the rulers of Melos. Thucydides did not witness the negotiations and in fact had been in exile at the time, so this dialogue paraphrases what he believed was discussed.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Athenians offer the Melians an ultimatum: surrender and pay tribute to Athens, or be destroyed. The Athenians do not wish to waste time arguing over the morality of the situation, because in practice might makes right—or, in their own words, "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must".


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that they are a neutral city and not an enemy, so Athens has no need to conquer them. The Athenians counter that if they accept Melos' neutrality and independence, they would look weak: Their subjects would think that they left Melos alone because they were not strong enough to conquer it.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that an invasion will alarm the other neutral Greek states, who will become hostile to Athens for fear of being invaded themselves. The Athenians counter that the other Greek states on the mainland are unlikely to act this way, because they are free and independent and thus loath to take up arms against Athens. What worries Athens is potential rebellions in its empire from disgruntled peoples they have already conquered, including islands that would threaten its dominance of the seas. Conquering Melos will demonstrate Athens' strength and discourage rebellions.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that it would be shameful and cowardly of them to submit without a fight. The Athenians counter that the Melians are not facing a fair fight, and if the Melians lose, they will suffer not mere shame but annihilation.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that though the Athenians are far stronger, there is still a chance that the Melians could win, and they will regret not trying their luck. The Athenians counter that the Melians should not indulge in hope when their odds of winning are so evidently faint, and the consequences of defeat so terrible. If the Melians resist, they will likely lose and come to bitterly regret their irrational optimism.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that they will have the assistance of the gods because their position is morally just. The Athenians counter that the gods will not intervene because it is the natural order of things for the strong to dominate the weak.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Melians argue that their Spartan kin will come to their defense. The Athenians counter that the Spartans don't have enough at stake in Melos to risk an intervention, noting that Athens has the stronger navy.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Athenians express their shock at the Melians' lack of realism. They reiterate that there is no shame in submitting to an overwhelmingly stronger enemy, especially one who is offering reasonable terms. The Melians do not change their minds and politely dismiss the envoys.


title: Siege of Melos

text: Thucydides explained that the purpose of conquering Melos was to demonstrate the strength and sternness of Athens so as to discourage its island territories from rebelling. Whether it was effective at discouraging rebellion is uncertain. Just a few years after the conquest of Melos, Athens suffered a devastating defeat in a military expedition to Sicily, after which rebellions happened throughout the empire. Whatever benefit the conquest of Melos produced was wiped away by the disaster that happened in Sicily.


title: Siege of Melos

text: Whether Melos was truly neutral is sometimes debated by scholars. Thucydides wrote that after the raid by Nicias in 426 BC, the Melians assumed "an attitude of open hostility", but neither Thucydides nor any other writer of the era mentioned any specific offence that Melos committed against Athens. There is archaeological evidence that Melos once donated some money to Sparta (at least 12½ kg silver), but it's uncertain whether this donation happened before or after the raid by Nicias. Melos is typically regarded by scholars to have been an innocent victim of Athenian imperialism.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The islands of the Aegean Sea provided valuable tax revenue for Athens, but what was probably more vital was naval access to their ports. Warships of the era (triremes) could carry little in the way of supplies and had no sleeping space for the crew, and thus needed to stop in port on a daily basis to buy supplies, cook meals, and camp for the night. Triremes were also not particularly seaworthy and thus needed harbors to shelter from rough weather. A trireme could normally travel around in a day whereas a trip from Athens to Asia Minor is roughly . Thus, in order to control the Aegean, Athens needed to secure exclusive access to the islands' ports for its navy. If Melos was neutral, enemy ships could resupply there, so capturing it denied that to Athens' enemies.


title: Siege of Melos

text: The Athenians had shown mercy to their defeated enemies in the earlier years of the Peloponnesian War, and in preceding wars. For instance, after putting down the rebellious city of Potidaea in 429 BC, the Athenians spared the surviving Potidaeans and allowed them to leave the city. As the war dragged on, the Athenians came to feel that leniency made them look weak and encouraged revolts. The rising brutality of the Athenians was also a response to Spartan brutality, which had been extreme from the beginning. In particular, it was after the massacre committed by the Spartans at Plataea in 429 BC that the Athenians habitually massacred their own prisoners.


title: Siege of Melos

text: Even so, the massacre of the Melians shocked the Greek world, even in Athens. The Athenian rhetorician Isocrates, in his apologia for Athens' conquests, mentioned the massacre at Melos as a major point of criticism against Athens, but he argued that it had been necessary and that the other warring states were just as brutal. The Athenian historian Xenophon wrote that in 405 BC, with the Spartan army closing in on Athens, the citizens of Athens worried that the Spartans would treat them with the same cruelty that the Athenian army had shown the Melians.


title: Siege of Melos

text: There is circumstantial evidence that suggests that the Melians surrendered only after enduring extreme starvation: the expression "Melian famine" entered the Greek language as a metaphor for extreme starvation. The first known appearance of this phrase is in Aristophanes' play "The Birds" (414 BC), and its usage seems to have lasted well into the Byzantine era as it is mentioned in the "Suda", a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia.


title: Siege of Melos

text: In March 415 BC, the Athenian playwright Euripides premiered a play called "The Trojan Women", which explores the suffering of the inhabitants of a conquered city. Although Melos isn't explicitly mentioned (the setting is the Trojan War), many scholars regard it as a commentary on the massacre at Melos, but this is unlikely. Euripides was probably developing his play before the siege of Melos even began, and he had only a month or two after its fall to make revisions. It's also unlikely that Euripides would have dared to offend his Athenian audiences given how expensive the production was.


title: Siege of Melos

text: It is uncertain whether the fate of Melos was decided by the government of Athens or the Athenian generals on Melos. A historical speech falsely attributed to the Athenian orator Andocides claims that the statesman Alcibiades advocated the enslavement of the Melian survivors before the government of Athens. This account gives no date for the decree, so it could have been passed to justify the atrocities after the fact. Thucydides made no mention of any such decree in his own account.


The 2008 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 34 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


title: 2008 United States presidential election in Texas

text: Texas was won by Republican nominee John McCain by an 11.8% margin of victory despite "failing to deliver written certification of their nominations" on time to appear on the ballot. Barack Obama, the Democratic nominee and eventual President, made a similar error. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state McCain would win, or otherwise a red state. Although the state is very diverse and has a huge Latino population, Latinos in Texas, despite being fairly Democratic, make up only 20% of the electorate. Polling throughout the state showed McCain consistently and substantially leading Obama. On Election Day, McCain won the state, although his margin was significantly less than that of George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004. This was the first election since 1996 in which the margin of victory was less than one million votes. Regardless, with its 34 electoral votes, Texas was the largest prize for McCain in 2008. This was the first time since 1924 that Texas gave a majority of the vote to a losing candidate.


text: , this is the last time the Democratic candidate won Brewster County and the last in which Kenedy County voted for the winning candidate.


text: There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:


text: Obama and his interest groups spent $9,917,565. McCain and his interest groups spent $33,983. Both campaigns visited the state twice.


text: Texas, split between the south and southwest regions of the United States, has become a consistently Republican state at all levels and is the home state of then President George W. Bush. Economically and racially diverse, Texas includes a huge swath of the Bible Belt where many voters, especially those in rural areas, identify as born-again or evangelical Christians and therefore tend to vote Republican due to the party's opposition to abortion and gay marriage. Although once part of the Solid South, the last time Texas voted for a Democratic presidential nominee was Jimmy Carter in 1976.


text: McCain did well throughout the state, winning the vast majority of counties by double digits. He took practically every county in Eastern Texas - large regions of which once voted Democratic. All the suburbs of the major cities voted Republican by large margins. He also dominated the Texas Panhandle (including Amarillo), the Permian Basin (including Midland and Odessa) and the South Plains (including Lubbock), three of the most conservative regions in the country. He won these three regions by margins of three-to-one—his largest margin of victory in the entire country. These areas had been among the first in Texas where the old-line conservative Democrats started splitting their tickets and voting Republican nationally; some counties in this region haven't supported a Democrat since Harry S. Truman in 1948. King County, a thinly populated county in the Panhandle, gave McCain 92.64% of the vote to Obama's 4.91%--McCain's biggest margin in any county in the nation.


text: Despite the expected loss, Obama improved substantially upon John Kerry's performance in 2004, narrowing the margin of victory from 22.83% down to 11.77%. He was able to flip major urban counties such as Dallas, Bexar and Harris counties—home to the cities of Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston respectively. Dallas and Harris had been among the first areas of the state to turn Republican, largely due to an influx of Northern expatriates in the 1940s and 1950s. Neither county had supported a Democrat for president since 1964. Bexar had last gone Democratic in 1996. Liberal whites and Hispanic voters in Dallas combined with heavy turnout of African Americans in Houston, and Hispanic turnout in San Antonio helped give Obama the edge and carry these three counties. Obama also performed strongly in Travis County, which contains the state capital of Austin. Obama also carried El Paso County, which contains the city of El Paso, due in large part to heavy support by Hispanics. Obama also carried many of the Latino-majority counties in the Rio Grande Valley along the border with Mexico, which have strongly supported Democrats for decades. Although Obama lost the rural Tarrant county, he did well in the southern and eastern parts of Fort Worth and the eastern part of Arlington.


text: During the same election, incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Cornyn was reelected with 54.82% and defeated Democrat Rick Noriega who took in 42.84%. Libertarian Yvonne Adams Schick received the remaining 2.34%. Republicans also knocked off a Democratic incumbent from Texas in the U.S. House of Representatives. At the state level, however, Democrats picked up three seats in the Texas House of Representatives and one seat in the Texas Senate.


text: John McCain carried 21 of the state's 32 congressional districts, including one district held by a Democrat.


text: Technically the voters of Texas cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Texas is allocated 34 electors because it has 32 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 34 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 34 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.


text: The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.


text: The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 34 were pledged to John McCain and Sarah Palin:


title: Honor No More

text: Honor No More was a villainous professional wrestling stable appeared in the American promotion Impact Wrestling. The group was led by Eddie Edwards and was composed of former Ring of Honor (ROH) wrestlers.


title: Honor No More

text: On October 27, 2021, Ring of Honor announced that it would go on a hiatus after Final Battle in December of that year. All personnel would be released from their contracts as part of plans to "reimagine" the company as a "fan-focused product". At Hard To Kill on January 8, 2022, an event that featured appearances by notable ROH personnel, Honor No More would make their first appearance by attacking Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, and Heath and Rhino. After further attacks over the next several weeks, Maria Kanellis-Bennett would formally announce the name of their group at the end of the January 20 episode of "Impact!". Kenny King returned to Impact Wrestling on the February 3 episode of "Impact!" to join the faction.


title: Honor No More

text: On February 19 at No Surrender, Eddie Edwards would join the group after costing Team Impact a 10-man tag team match against Honor No More, where the latter team would have had to leave Impact Wrestling if they had lost. At the end of the February 24 episode of "Impact!", Kanellis would introduce Edwards as "the man who opened the door for Honor No More" before the latter would explain his actions. After Kenny Omega won the Impact World Championship in a cross-promotional match at Rebellion in 2021, Edwards waited to be chosen by Impact management to challenge for the title and "restore honor" to the company. Instead, it was Moose and Sami Callihan who both challenged and failed to beat Omega over the Summer. Josh Alexander would ultimately win the Impact World title at Bound for Glory (only for Moose to invoke his Call Your Shot Gauntlet championship match privilege which he won earlier that night) to immediately challenge, and defeat, Alexander for the title). Feeling betrayed by Impact Wrestling (as well as by Ring of Honor, a company Edwards once wrestled for, going on a hiatus and releasing members of Honor No More from their contracts), Edwards cost Team Impact the match at No Surrender.


title: Honor No More

text: On March 5 at Sacrifice, Matt Taven and Mike Bennett lost to Rich Swann and Willie Mack in the pre-show, Eddie Edwards defeated Rhino, and PCO lost to Jonah. On April 1 at Multiverse of Matches, Vincent failed to capture the X Division Championship in an Ultimate X match, Edwards lost to New Japan Pro-Wrestling talent Tomohiro Ishii, and PCO teamed with Impact World Champion Moose to face Jonah and Josh Alexander in a losing effort. On April 23 at Rebellion, Kenny King lost to Crazzy Steve in a dark match taped for an Impact Digital Exclusive, Edwards lost to Chris Bey in the pre-show, and Taven and Bennett failed to win the Impact World Tag Team Championship in an Eight-Team Elimination Challenge. On May 7 at Under Siege, Honor No More defeated Bullet Club (Jay White, Chris Bey, Doc Gallows, El Phantasmo, and Karl Anderson) in a 10-man tag team match. On June 19 at Slammiversary, King failed to capture the X Division Championship in an Ultimate X match, and the rest of Honor No More lost a 10-man tag team match against the Impact Originals (Alex Shelley, Chris Sabin, Frankie Kazarian, Nick Aldis, and Davey Richards). On July 1 at Against All Odds, Honor No More lost another 10-man tag team match against Heath, America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm), and The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson).


title: Honor No More

text: On the July 28 episode of "Impact!", after Eddie Edwards defeated Ace Austin, he and the rest of Honor No More attacked the production truck and caused technical difficulties with the broadcast. Impact Executive Vice President Scott D'Amore confronted the group and put them in a 10-man tag team match against Bullet Club at Emergence; if Honor No More won, they would get a shot at the Impact World Tag Team Championship, but if Bullet Club won, Honor No More must permanently disband. At the event, Honor No More won the match. On the August 18 episode of "Impact!", Edwards won a six-way elimination match to become the number one contender to Josh Alexander's Impact World Championship at Bound for Glory. On August 26 (which aired on tape delay on September 1), Matt Taven and Mike Bennett defeated The Good Brothers to win the Impact World Tag Team Championship for the first time. On September 23 at Victory Road, PCO and Vincent lost to The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin), King failed to win the number one contendership for the X-Division Championship in an Intergender Triple Threat Revolver, and Edwards, Taven and Bennett defeated Heath, Alexander and Swann in a six-man tag team match. On October 7 at Bound for Glory, Taven and Bennett successfully defended the tag team titles against the Motor City Machine Guns, PCO failed to win the Call Your Shot Gauntlet, and Edwards was unsuccessful in capturing the Impact World Championship from Alexander.


title: Honor No More

text: On October 8 (which aired on tape delay on October 20), after Taven and Bennett dropped the Impact World Tag Team Championship to Heath and Rhino, it was announced that they along with Kanellis and Vincent had left Impact Wrestling. That same date, PCO also left the stable after attacking his partners.


title: Brick Mansions

text: Brick Mansions is a 2014 action film starring Paul Walker, David Belle, RZA, also starring Goûchy Boy, Catalina Denis and Carlo Rota. The film was directed by Camille Delamarre and written by Luc Besson, Robert Mark Kamen and Bibi Naceri. It is a remake of the 2004 French film "District 13", in which Belle had also starred.


title: Brick Mansions

text: "Brick Mansions" was released on April 25, 2014, five months after Walker's death on November 30, 2013 and has a dedication to him at the start of the credits. This was Walker's penultimate film, followed by his final film appearance in "Furious 7".


title: Brick Mansions

text: In 2018, in a crime-ridden dystopian Detroit, a particularly notorious neighborhood has grown so dangerous that law enforcement is overwhelmed. Unable to control the crime, city officials build a colossal, -tall containment wall around this area, known as Brick Mansions, "the projects", or the "no-go zone", to cut it off from the rest of the city. Police monitor all movement in and out of Brick Mansions, and schools and hospitals within it have been shut down. For undercover cop Damien Collier (Paul Walker), every day is a battle against corruption after the death of his father. For French-Caribbean ex-convict Lino Duppre (David Belle), every day is a fight to live an honest life.


title: Brick Mansions

text: Lino is hunted by drug kingpin Tremaine Alexander for stealing a massive amount of heroin and emptying it down a bathtub. Lino evades capture and so Tremaine has his men capture Lino's girlfriend, Lola. Lino attempts to free her and together they manage to escape and capture Tremaine in the Projects, turning him in to police at the border wall. However, Lino is shocked when the police free Tremaine and arrest him instead; it turns out that the police have long been in Tremaine's pay. While arrested, Lino kills a police officer in a failed attempt to escape.


title: Brick Mansions

text: In the meantime, city officials have discovered that Tremaine has gained hold of a nuclear explosive and a small missile, which he plans to launch into downtown Detroit unless he obtains a ransom. Damien is sent undercover as a prisoner in order to free Lino so that the two can destroy the bomb together. Together, the two manage to escape from a police van. In the beginning they fight each other, both verbally and physically, but they eventually decide to work together - though not before Lino deduces that Damien is actually an undercover cop. Together the two face off against Tremaine and his gang in order to free Lola and defuse the bomb.


title: Brick Mansions

text: As they are set to defuse the missile, Damien discovers that Tremaine was bluffing and never planned to actually launch it - and that Damien was sent not to defuse the missile but to unknowingly launch it, not into downtown Detroit but into Brick Mansions itself, in order to kill its inhabitants and clear the entire area for upscale development. Damien also finds out from Tremaine that his father was not killed by criminals but by his fellow officers, and that the mayor of Detroit was behind both plots. Damien, Lino and Tremaine confront the mayor at his office and get him to admit his plan - then reveal that they have been secretly recording his statements. The mayor is then arrested.


title: Brick Mansions

text: Brick Mansions is welcomed back into the city, with Damien and Lino continuing their friendship. Tremaine runs for Mayor of Detroit, promoting the idea of equality and freedom.


title: Brick Mansions

text: Principal photography began on April 30, 2013, and the film was released in 2014 by EuropaCorp. Relativity Media distributed the film. Following Walker's death, the North American release was scheduled for February and French release for April 23. On February 6, 2014, Relativity and EuropaCorp announced a move to April 25, 2014 as a release date for the film, along with paying the cost of the film's world premiere and distribution.


title: Brick Mansions

text: The first official trailer was released on February 13, 2014, featuring the DJ Snake and Lil Jon song "Turn Down for What". The second full trailer was released on March 20, 2014.


title: Brick Mansions

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 25% based on 95 reviews, with an average rating of 4.43/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Choppily edited and largely bereft of plot, "Brick Mansions" wastes a likable cast on a pointless remake of the far more entertaining "District B13"." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.


title: Brick Mansions

text: Critic Jennifer Rodman, considered the film a "watered-down American version, similar in many forms...a huge disappointment". Andrew Pulver wrote in "The Guardian", "to be honest, Brick Mansions is not a great film — it kind of skimps on the parkour, the main reason why anyone went to see District 13." "Variety"s Justin Chang called the film "propulsively entertaining" but was critical of the "aggressive cutting technique" which fails to allow audiences to fully appreciate the stuntwork and movements of the actors. Mick Lasalle of "The San Francisco Chronicle" wrote, "The movie itself makes that impossible to forget. There are cars all over the movie - car chases, car crashes, crazy driving, a scene of Walker hanging from a speeding car, and even a scene of Walker and another guy going 80 miles an hour when the brakes and the steering give out. Apart from that, there's just the awkwardness of looking at someone on screen and knowing more about him than he knows about himself." Lasalle concluded, "Things start off silly and end up laughable and ridiculous." A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" wrote, "this movie, a remake of the 2004 French franchise-starter "District B13", can be enjoyably crazy in its hectic, cartoonish way" but that it is also "brawny, dumb and preposterous."


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: "Walk Like a Man" is the 82nd episode of the HBO television series "The Sopranos", the fifth episode of the second half of the show's sixth season, and the 17th episode of the season overall. Written and directed by executive producer Terence Winter in his directorial debut, it originally aired on May 6, 2007, and was watched by 7.16 million viewers upon its premiere.


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: A.J. struggles with depression after his breakup with Blanca. He quits his job at the pizzeria, sulks around the house, and makes comments suggesting thoughts of suicide. Attempting to help him, Tony has A.J. attend a party at the Bada Bing with "the two Jasons" – Jason Gervasi and Jason Parisi. As he accompanies them from one party to another, he begins to associate with a profitable sports betting business they are running at school. At one frat party, they use A.J.'s SUV to take a kid who owes them money into the woods. They pour sulfuric acid on his toes while A.J. helps hold him down. Tony tells Dr. Melfi he was going to permanently quit therapy but has decided against it in light of A.J.'s problems, and laments that A.J. has inherited "my rotten fucking putrid genes."


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: Tony speaks to FBI Agents Harris and Goddard about Ahmed and Muhammad, who have stopped visiting the Bada Bing, and gives them the cellphone number one of them had used.


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: Christopher and Paulie are selling stolen power tools through a hardware store belonging to Christopher's father-in-law, and dividing the take. However, Christopher is seeing the others in the crew less than before. At a barbecue that he and Kelli host, Tony tells him that his absence from Soprano family gatherings could be seen as a lack of commitment; Christopher reminds him that he is avoiding such meetings to keep his sobriety, as there is always alcohol around. He tells Tony that his father, Dickie Moltisanti, wasn't much more than "a fucking junkie."


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: Paulie sends Little Paulie and Jason Molinaro to break into the hardware store and steal some items, which they sell to Paulie's Cuban contacts in Miami. Christopher confronts Paulie and demands compensation; Paulie crudely rebuffs him. Tony brushes off Christopher's complaints. Christopher finds himself increasingly sidelined in the family, with Bobby apparently taking his position in Tony's inner circle. When Little Paulie steals again from the hardware store, Christopher tracks him down and throws him out of a third-floor window. He survives, but with six broken vertebrae. Paulie vandalizes Christopher's landscaped front garden with his Cadillac CTS.


title: Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)

text: Tony makes peace between Christopher and Paulie, and the money situation is worked out. The two reconcile their differences at the Bing, where Christopher drinks with Paulie to mark the occasion. Christopher gets drunk and rambles about his daughter, causing Paulie to make some off-color jokes. Christopher thinks everyone is laughing at him, Tony most of all, and abruptly leaves. He goes straight to J.T.'s apartment, but J.T. cannot help him much as he is no longer Christopher's sponsor, he has work to do, and it is dangerous for him to hear the things Christopher starts to tell him. Rebuffing him, he says, "You're in the Mafia." After a few seconds, Christopher quietly says, "Fine", and begins to walk away, then he turns around and kills J.T. with a shot to the head.


title: Robertians

text: The Robertians (sometimes called the Robertines in modern scholarship) are the proposed Frankish family which was ancestral to the Capetian dynasty, and thus to the royal families of France and of many other countries. The Capetians appear first in the records as powerful nobles serving under the Carolingian dynasty of Charlemagne in West Francia, which later became France. As their power increased, they came into conflict with the older royal family and attained the crown several times before the eventual start of the continuous rule of the descendants of Hugh Capet (ruled 987–996).


title: Robertians

text: Hugh's paternal ancestral family, the Robertians, appear in documents that can trace them back to his great-grandfather Robert the Strong (d. 866). His origins remain unclear, but medieval records hint at an origin in East Francia, in present-day Germany, an area then still also ruled by the Carolingians. In particular, Regino of Prüm (died 915 CE) states that Robert the Strong's son Odo was said to be a relative ("nepos") of a Count Meingaud, count of an area near Worms, who died in 892, and there are indications that Maingaud's family used the names Robert and Odo.


title: Robertians

text: Modern proposals about their ancestry further back are based on the idea that there was one family which frequently named its sons Robert, including Robert III of Worms (800–834), Robert the Strong (d. 866), and Robert I of France (866–923). For example, one proposed ancestor is Robert of Hesbaye (c. 800), about whom there are almost no records.


title: Robertians

text: The Robertian family figured prominently amongst the Carolingian nobility and married into this royal family. Eventually, the Robertians themselves produced Frankish kings such as the brothers Odo (reigned 888–898) and Robert I (r. 922–923), then Hugh Capet (r. 987–996), who ruled from his seat in Paris as the first Capetian king of France.


title: Robertians

text: Although Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223) was officially the last monarch of France with the title "King of the Franks" ("rex Francorum") and the first to style himself "King of France" ("roi de France"), in (systematic application of) historiography, Hugh Capet holds this distinction. He founded the Capetians, the royal dynasty that ruled France until the revolution of the Second French Republic in 1848save during the interregnum of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Members of the family still reign in Europe today; both King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg descend from this family through the Bourbon cadet branch of the dynasty.


title: Robertians

text: The oldest known Robertians probably originated in the county of Hesbaye, around Tongeren in modern-day Belgium. The first certain ancestor is Robert the Strong count of Paris, probably the son of Robert III of Worms, grandson of Robert of Hesbaye, and nephew of Ermengarde of Hesbaye, who was the daughter of Ingram, and wife of Louis the Pious. Other related family includes Cancor, founder of the Lorsch Abbey, his sister Landrada and her son Saint Chrodogang, archbishop of Metz.


title: Robertians

text: The sons of Robert the Strong were Odo and Robert, who were both king of Western Francia and ruled during the Carolingian era. His daughter Richildis married a count of Troyes. The family became Counts of Paris under Odo and "Dukes of the Franks" under Robert, possessing large parts of the ancient Neustria. Although quarrels continued between Robert's son Hugh the Great and Louis IV of France, they were mended upon the ascension of Lothair I of France (954–986). Lothair greatly expanded the Robertian dominions when he granted Hugh Aquitaine as well as much of Burgundy, both rich and influential territories, arguably two of the richest in France.


title: Robertians

text: The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of Louis V (d. 987). After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet was chosen as king of the Franks, nominally the last ruler of West Francia. Given the resurgence of the Holy Roman Empire title and dignities in the West Francian kingdom, Europe was later believed to have entered a new age, so Hugh came to be known in historiography as the first king of France, as western civilization was perceived to have entered the High Middle Ages period. Hugh was crowned at Noyon on July 3, 987 with the full support of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III. With Hugh's coronation, a new era began for France, and his descendants came to be named, after him, the Capetians. They ruled France as the Capetians, Valois, and Bourbons until the French Revolution. They returned after 1815 and ruled until Louis Philippe was deposed in 1848.


title: Robertians

text: However, they have continued to rule Spain, with two republican interruptions, through the Bourbon Dynasty right down to the current king Felipe VI.


title: Twa

text: The Twa (also Cwa, or Batwa plural and Mutwa singular) are a group of indigenous African Pygmy (Central African foragers) tribes.


title: Twa

text: It is often supposed that the Pygmies were the aboriginal inhabitants of the forest before the advent of agriculture. Vansina argues that the original meaning of the (Proto-Bantu) word "*twa" was "hunter-gatherer, bushpeople", alongside "yaka" used for the western (Mbuti) pygmies ("Bayaka"). As the Twa developed into full-time hunter-gatherers, the words were conflated, and the ritual role of the absorbed aboriginal peoples was transferred to the Twa. "Batwa" and "Abatwa" are Bantu plural forms, translating to "Twa people".


title: Twa

text: All Pygmy and Twa populations live near or in agricultural villages. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so.


title: Twa

text: Roger Blench has proposed that Twa (Pygmies) originated as a caste like they are today, much like the "Numu" blacksmith castes of West Africa, economically specialized groups which became endogamous and consequently developed into separate ethnic groups, sometimes, as with the Ligbi, also their own languages. A mismatch in language between patron and client could later occur from population displacements. The short stature of the "forest people" could have developed in the millennia since the Bantu expansion, as happened also with Bantu domestic animals in the rainforest. Perhaps there was additional selective pressure from farmers taking the tallest women back to their villages as wives. However, that is incidental to the social identity of the Pygmy/Twa.


title: Twa

text: Twa live scattered throughout the Congo. In addition to the Great Lakes Twa of the dense forests under the Ruwenzoris, there are notable populations in the swamp forest around Lake Tumba in the west (about 14,000 Twa, more than the Great Lakes Twa in all countries), in the forest–savanna swamps of Kasai in the south-center, and in the savanna swamps scattered throughout Katanga in the south-east, as in the Upemba Depression with its floating islands, and around Kiambi on the Luvua River.


title: Twa

text: The island of Idwji has a native population of approx 7000 BaTwa. And according to UNHRW more than 10000 BaTwa are displaced from Virunga Park in the Northern Kivu province's refugee camps such as Mugunga and Mubambiro because of decades of war.


title: Twa

text: The term Batwa is used to cover a number of different cultural groups, while many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves Bambuti.


title: Twa

text: Arab and colonial accounts speak of Twa on either side of the Lomami River southwest of Kisangani, and on the Tshuapa River and its tributary the "Bussera".


title: Twa

text: Among the Mongo, on the rare occasions of caste mixing, the child is raised as Twa. If this is a common pattern with Twa groups, it may explain why the Twa are less physically distinct from their patrons than the Mbenga and Mbuti, where village men take Pygmy women out of the forest as wives. The Congolese variant of the name, at least in Mongo, Kasai, and Katanga, is "Cwa".


title: Twa

text: The Batwa of Uganda were forest dwellers who lived by gathering and hunting as their main source of food. They are believed to have lived in the Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga National parks that border the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda living mainly in areas bordering other Bantu Tribes.


title: Twa

text: In 1992 the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest became a national park and a World Heritage Site to protect the 350 endangered mountain gorillas within its boundaries. As a result the Batwa were evicted from the park. Since they had no title to the land, they were given no compensation. The Batwa became conservation refugees in an unforested environment unfamiliar to them. Poverty, drugs and alcohol abuse were rampant, as well as a lack of education facilities, HIV as well as gender-based violence and discrimination were higher among Batwa communities than among the neighboring Bantu communities.


title: Twa

text: Southern Angola through central Namibia had Twa populations when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century. Estermann writes,


title: Twa

text: The Twa of these countries live in swampy areas, such as the Twa fishermen of the Bangweulu Swamps, Lukanga Swamp, and Kafue Flats of Zambia; only the Twa fish in Southern Province, where the swampy terrain means that large-scale crops cannot be planted near the best fishing grounds.


title: Twa

text: The geneticist Cavalli-Sforza also shows Twa near Lake Mweru on the Zambia–Congo border. There are two obvious possibilities: the Luapula Swamps, and the swamps of Lake Mweru Wantipa. The latter is Taabwa territory, and the Twa are reported to live among the Taabwa. The former is reported to be the territory of Bemba-speaking Twa.


title: Ha Do-kwon

text: Ha Do-kwon (born Kim Yong-goo on March 3, 1977) is a South Korean actor. He is mainly known for his roles in "Hot Stove League" and "".


title: Ha Do-kwon

text: On an episode of "" aired on March 24, 2020, Ha revealed that he has been married to Yeo Min-jeong for 16 years.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Andre O’Neal Harrell (September 26, 1960 – May 7, 2020) was an American music executive and multimedia producer. In 1986, recently a rapper, he formed Uptown Records, soon a leader in R&B, rap, and their fusion, "hip hop soul" and "new jack swing." He gave Sean "Diddy" Combs his 1990 start in the industry, and later was Motown Records' CEO.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell was born in New York City borough the Bronx on September 26, 1960. His father, Bernie, worked at a produce market in the Bronx's Hunts Point section; his mother, Hattie, was a nurse's aide.


title: Andre Harrell

text: While a teenager, Harrell formed with Alonzo Brown, a friend from high school, a rap duo, Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde—Harrell as Jeckyll, Brown as Hyde—and reportedly achieved minor hit songs, "Genius Rap" in 1981 and "AM/PM" in 1984.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell graduated from Charles Evans Hughes High School in 1978. He attended Baruch College, transferred to Lehman College, and, aiming to be a newscaster, majored in communications and business management. Third-year, he withdrew and took work at a local radio station.


title: Andre Harrell

text: In 1983, Harrell met Russell Simmons, a co-founder of Def Jam Recordings. He went to work for Def Jam and within two years became vice-president and general manager. After a few years working at Def Jam, Harrell left and founded his own label called Uptown Records.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell is credited with having discovered and signed Sean "Puffy" Combs. In 1988, Mary J. Blige recorded an impromptu cover of Anita Baker's "Caught Up in the Rapture" at a recording booth in a local mall. Her mother's boyfriend at the time later played the cassette for Jeff Redd, a recording artist and A&R runner for Uptown Records. Redd sent it to Harrell, who met with Blige. In 1989, she was signed to the label and became the company's youngest and first female solo artist.


title: Andre Harrell

text: In 1988, Harrell was offered a label deal MCA Music Entertainment Group. After he had multiple successful releases, in 1992, MCA offered Harrell a multimedia deal, which involved film and television productions. They developed the feature film "Strictly Business" and FOX's hit police drama series, "New York Undercover," which aired from 1994 until 1998.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell renamed Uptown Records as Uptown Enterprises, and its records were featured in productions for Universal Pictures and Universal Television. In 1994, Harrell had a son with Wendy Credle, a music attorney. They named him Gianni Credle-Harrell.


title: Andre Harrell

text: In 1995, Harrell was appointed CEO of Motown Records and remained there until 1997. He also hosted "Champagne & Bubbles" on Sunday nights from 6 to 9pm on Emmis Urban AC WRKS (98.7 Kiss FM)/New York. Harrell was the CEO of Harrell Records, which is distributed through Atlantic Records. He partnered with budding Atlanta-based production company L7 Entertainment for the release of their new artists Hamilton Park and Netta Brielle.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell was the Vice Chairman of Revolt, Diddy's multi-platform music network. On October 17, 2014, he was instrumental in launching the Revolt Music Conference in Miami, Florida, at the Fountainbleau Hotel. The event was attended by such entertainment figures as Guy Oseary, Russell Simmons, and L.A. Reid.


title: Andre Harrell

text: Harrell died on May 7, 2020, at his home in West Hollywood, California. He was 59, and news of his death was first announced on Instagram by D-Nice. According to Wendy Credle, Harrell's ex-wife, he had been suffering from heart problems in the time leading up to his death. At his funeral, held on May 23, among notable attendees were singers Mary J. Blige, Mariah Carey and record producer L.A. Reid.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Tierra Helena Whack (born August 11, 1995) is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. She originally performed as "Dizzle Dizz" as a teenager, but later on reverted to her birth name in 2017. Her debut studio album, "Whack World", was released in May 2018 and received widespread critical acclaim.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack was born in 1995 and raised by her mother in North Philadelphia. She has two younger siblings. In a 2018 interview with "The Fader", Whack mentioned that she and her father are estranged. Whack was an introverted kid growing up; she would write to help herself deal with her insecurities. As a child, Whack loved the author Dr. Seuss so much that she would rhyme together each of her sentences for her homework assignments.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack pinpointed the exact moment when her love for rhyming began; she was to rhyme for a homework assignment for class, and after receiving positive feedback, she continued with it. She later asked her mother for composition books to fill with rhymes and lyrics before she would eventually start recording herself.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack attended The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush for three years before finishing high school in Atlanta, Georgia. At Benjamin Rush, she was a vocal major, and was one of few black students in a predominately white graduating class. With some difficulty, she and her friends persuaded their principal to let them perform the finale number from "" for the school vocal showcase, and Whack performed a rap verse. Later in Whack's career, she toured with Lauryn Hill, who starred in the 1993 film.


title: Tierra Whack

text: At around the age of fifteen, Whack who went by the moniker "Dizzle Dizz" appeared in a 2011 freestyle video produced by Philadelphia's underground music collective We Run the Streets. Her mother drove past the group of men freestyling and encouraged her to join. She released several tracks as Dizzle Dizz, including "Dizzy Rascvls", but struggled with depression in the months following. Despite still being a teenager, Whack gained notoriety in the streets of Philadelphia as "Dizzle Dizz." Despite her growing fame, Whack grew bored. There was no way to make money in freestyling and no way to creatively grow. She claimed there was little experimentation and growth beyond battle rapping if she were to stay in Philadelphia.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Her mother elected to move them both out of Philadelphia, so Whack could finish school. After moving to Atlanta, Whack began working at a Mister Car Wash, which allowed her to save up for a Mac laptop and start recording her music. She was often the only woman working on the line at the car wash, and her former manager said she was a memorable person with an impressive drive, which Whack credits to her mother.


title: Tierra Whack

text: In Atlanta, Whack kept a low profile, having felt the fame back home. She wanted to keep to herself to have a chance to focus solely on her music. By the time she returned to Philadelphia, she had a laptop full of two years' worth of music; which she never ended up sharing with anyone.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack eventually returned to Philadelphia, leaving her family behind in Atlanta. It was during this time, however, that she was actually homeless for three months. She hopped around friends' homes but refused to return to Atlanta. She believed staying in Philadelphia would be the best for her music career.


title: Tierra Whack

text: By 2015, Whack had moved back to Philadelphia, and she reconnected with Kenete Simms, a sound engineer and music producer whom she knew from her teenage years. Whack credits Simms as her collaborator. It was during this time in which she reconnected with Simms that she learned how to properly mix her own music. Simms helped her learn how to use the equipment in order to help her make music more easily. In 2017, she signed with Interscope Records. Johnny Montina is her manager.


title: Tierra Whack

text: In March 2017, Whack made her debut as Tierra Whack with 3 tracks, including "Toe Jam" and "Shit Happens".


title: Tierra Whack

text: In October 2017, Whack released "Mumbo Jumbo", a hip-hop single and accompanying music video that featured the young rapper performing while wearing a mouth prop. Most of the lyrics to the track are purposefully unintelligible. She also toured with Flying Lotus in 2017.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack's debut fifteen track album, "Whack World", was released on May 30, 2018, and received a "Best New Music" accolade from "Pitchfork". Critics praised the unusual format of the album — each song lasting about 1 minute each. Whack released each short track on Instagram, each accompanied by a short film directed by Thibaut Duverneix and Mathieu Léger. The multimedia project received widespread critical acclaim. Robert Christgau gave the album an A-minus and reported in "Vice" that his wife, fellow critic Carola Dibbell, loved the video, saying "it gave me reason for living". Often referred to as the 'Missy Elliott' of this generation, Whack has gained a great amount of applaud for the creativity and eccentricity of her music videos. The track "Mumbo Jumbo" received a nomination for Best Music Video for the 2019 Grammy Awards. In October 2018, Whack travelled to Tokyo, Japan for a long-term artistic sabbatical. In an episode of Genius's "The Cosign" series on YouTube in which current artists who have been in the industry have the opportunity to watch videos of newer artists, rapper Remy Ma chose to cosign Whack. Despite the fact that she mentioned seeing potential in each of the artists, Remy said, "I pick her because I feel like she brought the entire package as far as the song, the delivery, the vocals, and the actual visual. I feel like she did something that was super out of the ordinary, and I enjoyed it. And I wanna watch it again." In the episode of The Cosign, Whack's music video for her single "Unemployed" was put in a group with music videos from other female MCs including Kash Doll, CupcakKe, Mulatto, Tay Money, and That Girl Lay Lay. She has recorded as-yet-unreleased music with Meek Mill and Childish Gambino. In 2018, she toured with 6lack on his world tour, From East Atlanta with Love. Briana Younger, the writer for "The Fader", wrote that "popular and mainstream rap hasn't championed a darker-skinned woman since Missy Elliot...and Whack seems poised to be the one." Whack acknowledged that women in the music industry often aren't afforded the privilege to make art for art's sake, but she refuses to let that inhibit her.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Starting February 19, 2019, Whack released one single per week for five weeks in a series she called "#whackhistorymonth." These singles included "Only Child", "Clones", "Gloria", "Wasteland", and "Unemployed". Whether these tracks will be released under a full-length album has not yet been revealed. Whack has stated that she is not thinking about a timeline for a new album, saying “I’m not gonna drive myself crazy. I’m having fun creating what I’m creating.”


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack also collaborated with Flying Lotus on the song "Yellow Belly" for his 2019 album "Flamagra" and she was later named as one of the members of "XXL's" "2019 Freshman Class" on June 20, 2019. She appeared at many festivals in the 2019 festival season including Coachella, Primavera Sound, Lollapalooza, Outside Lands, Camp Flog Gnaw, Osheaga, and Austin City Limits. Her song "Unemployed" is featured in the football game FIFA 20.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack co-wrote and was featured in Melanie Martinez's single "Copy Cat”, which was released on February 10, 2020. This marks the first time that Whack has worked in a professional capacity with Melanie Martinez. In May 2020, Whack would appear alongside American rapper Lil Yachty on the song "T.D" which features rappers ASAP Rocky and Tyler, the Creator. The song would peak at #84 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Whack's first entry on the chart. Whack would feature on the song "Me x 7" by Alicia Keys, taken from her seventh studio album, "Alicia", in September 2020.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Her 2017 single, "Mumbo Jumbo", had an accompanying music video that garnered a Best Music Video nomination for the 2019 Grammy Awards.


title: Tierra Whack

text: In October 2020, Whack released her first solo single of the year titled "Dora". In November 2020, Whack appeared in the 2020 Apple holiday commercial "The Magic of Mini" which featured the new singles, "Peppers and Onions" and "feel good" which were released coinciding the commercial.


title: Tierra Whack

text: In April 2021, Whack released a single titled "Link". The music video, created in partnership with the LEGO Group, had Tierra Whack sit down with a group of schoolchildren as part of Lego's “Rebuild the World” campaign, using their ideas as inspiration for the video.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack's beginnings in rap started out in battle rapping, and it is something she looks upon fondly. While she appreciates the foundation that it gave her for her music, she wanted to aim higher than just rap battles. Seeing artists such as Lauryn Hill, Andre 3000, and Eminem had inspired her to become a true artist. In doing so, she would be seen as something more serious than just a battle rapper.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack claims there are many different things that inspire and motivate her and she wants to be able to portray those to her fans in her music. She even credits things such as Sesame Street or No! David as some of her influences; these are clearly seen through her visuals from her album's music video. Her inspirations come from everything around her; from her relationships to people to inanimate objects. Her single, "Only Child", for example, was created after dating a man whose behavior she aligned with that of someone who grew up an only child.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack's mother is often credited as one of, if not the, biggest inspirations for her music. She recalls the days her mother would play gangster rap during car rides. For her single, "Unemployed", her mother had actually helped her create the hook for the song.


title: Tierra Whack

text: Whack has written poetry since she was a child. Writing was a way for her to deal with her shyness and insecurities. She is also an accomplished spoken word performer.


title: Tierra Whack

text: She currently lives in Philadelphia with her mother and two siblings. She is still “Philly-based,” saying that Philadelphia is her home and where she feels grounded. She owns a cat, whom she named Starkey after a Whole Foods brand of sparkling water. She does not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes. She is severely allergic to insects, a condition she satirizes in the music video for her 2018 track, "Bugs Life".


title: PL-21

text: The PL-21 or PL-XX is an active radar-guided long range beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of China. It is considered comparable to the American AIM-260 JATM, DARPA's Triple Threat Terminator (T3), and the Russian R-37 (missile).


title: PL-21

text: In 2016, China successfully test fired a very long range air-to-air missile, which was believed to be the PL-21. PL-21 is estimated to have a range of over 300 kilometers and powered by a ramjet engine.


title: CJ ENM

text: CJ ENM (, CJ Entertainment aNd Merchandising) is a South Korean entertainment and retail company founded in 2018.


title: CJ ENM

text: CJ ENM was established as a result of the merger of two CJ Group subsidiaries, CJ E&M and CJ O Shopping respectively, in July 2018.


title: CJ ENM

text: In early December 2021, CJ ENM has partnered with ViacomCBS (now Paramount) for bringing Paramount+ into TVING along with co-production in future projects.


title: CJ ENM

text: In January 2022, CJ ENM brought the majority stake of Endeavor Content and changed the name in September 2022 as Fifth Season.


title: All Out (2019)

text: The 2019 All Out was the inaugural All Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It took place during Labor Day weekend on August 31, 2019, at the Sears Centre Arena in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The event is considered the spiritual sequel to the independently produced All In PPV held in September 2018 at the same venue, which was the catalyst to the formation of AEW. The event aired through traditional PPV outlets, as well as on B/R Live in North America and FITE TV internationally.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Ten matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show. In the main event, Chris Jericho defeated Adam Page to become the inaugural AEW World Champion. In other prominent matches, the Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Rey Fénix) defeated The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in a ladder match to retain the AAA World Tag Team Championship, Cody defeated Shawn Spears, and Pac defeated Kenny Omega by referee stoppage. The AEW Women's World Championship belt was also unveiled with Nyla Rose and Riho winning their respective matches to face each other for the inaugural championship on the premiere episode of "Dynamite" on October 2, 2019.


title: All Out (2019)

text: The event garnered positive reviews from critics, with the most praise being lavished on the ladder match.


title: All Out (2019)

text: During All Elite Wrestling's (AEW) inaugural event, Double or Nothing, All Out was scheduled as a spiritual sequel to the independently produced All In pay-per-view (PPV) and would be held during Labor Day weekend on August 31, 2019, the day before the first anniversary of All In, as well as in the same venue, the Sears Centre Arena in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. It was accompanied by Starrcast III occurring on the same weekend. Tickets for the event sold out within 15 minutes. On August 12, it was announced that the event would be available for purchase in the United Kingdom on ITV Box Office and the one hour "Buy In" pre-show would air live on ITV4. On August 27, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store was announced as the title sponsor for one of the event's matches.


title: All Out (2019)

text: As revealed in a web video posted by AEW Chief Brand Officer Brandi Rhodes on June 19, 2019, the AEW Women's World Championship belt would be unveiled at All Out. Rhodes did not reveal any details of when or how the first champion would be determined. On August 30, the day before All Out, TNT aired a one-hour television special called "Countdown to All Out". There were 390,000 views for this television show, which promoted viewing All Out via B/R Live.


title: All Out (2019)

text: All Out comprised ten professional wrestling matches, including two on the pre-show. The matches involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on The Young Bucks' YouTube series "Being The Elite" and AEW's YouTube series "The Road to All Out".


title: All Out (2019)

text: In the lead up to Double or Nothing on AEW's YouTube channel, it was revealed that the winner of the Casino Battle Royale, held during the event's Buy In pre-show, would face the winner of Double or Nothing's main event at a future date to determine the inaugural AEW World Champion. The battle royal was won by Adam Page, while Chris Jericho defeated Kenny Omega in the main event, setting up the inaugural championship match, which was scheduled for All Out. Following Page's match at Fight for the Fallen, Jericho attacked Page. Later that night, Page returned and attacked Jericho during the latter's in-ring promo.


title: All Out (2019)

text: At the conclusion of Double or Nothing, Jon Moxley appeared from the crowd, confirming he had signed with AEW, and attacked both Chris Jericho and Kenny Omega. The latter fought back and brawled on the entrance stage where Moxley put Omega through the stage with a standing fireman's carry takeover. Later, a match between Omega and Moxley was scheduled for All Out. At Fyter Fest, Omega attacked Moxley following the latter's match, with Omega standing tall. On August 23, however, Moxley announced that he would be unable to compete at All Out due to an elbow injury. It was then confirmed that Pac would replace Moxley after AEW and Dragon Gate settled their creative differences, which kept Pac from competing at Double or Nothing and subsequent events, making All Out Pac's debut match for AEW.


title: All Out (2019)

text: During the Fyter Fest pre-show, Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent Beretta) defeated SoCal Uncensored (represented by Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) and Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen) in a three-way tag team match, while at Fight for the Fallen, The Dark Order (Evil Uno and Stu Grayson) made their AEW in-ring debut and defeated Angélico and Jack Evans and Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus, also in a three-way tag team match. With their respective wins, Best Friends and The Dark Order advanced to All Out for an opportunity at a first-round bye in the AEW World Tag Team Championship tournament.


title: All Out (2019)

text: On March 16 at AAA's Rey de Reyes, The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) defeated the Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Rey Fénix) to win the AAA World Tag Team Championship and retained them in a rematch at Double or Nothing. In June, the Lucha Brothers regained the titles at AAA's Verano de Escándalo. Following the Lucha Brothers' match at Fight for the Fallen, they challenged The Young Bucks to a ladder match at All Out with their titles on the line and the Bucks accepted. The match would later be dubbed "Escalera De La Muerte" (Spanish for "Ladder of Death").


title: All Out (2019)

text: After Cody and Darby Allin's match came to a time limit draw at Fyter Fest, Shawn Spears appeared and delivered a chair shot to Cody's head, resulting in Cody receiving 12 surgical staples. In a sit-down interview with Jim Ross, Spears explained that he thought Cody was his friend until Cody had called him a "good hand", feeling that Cody had disrespected him, and that was why he attacked him. He said that Cody was a leech, dating back to when they both started in Ohio Valley Wrestling in 2006. He then made a challenge for All Out, which was made official.


title: All Out (2019)

text: At Fight for the Fallen, the team of Jimmy Havoc, Darby Allin, and Joey Janela lost to the team of Shawn Spears, MJF, and Sammy Guevara. The three blamed each other for their loss and brawled backstage. A three-way match was later scheduled for All Out.


title: All Out (2019)

text: On "The Road to All Out" on August 7, it was announced that the All Out pre-show would feature a female version of the Casino Battle Royale with the winner receiving a match for the inaugural AEW Women's World Championship, scheduled for the October 2 debut broadcast of AEW's television show, later revealed to be "Dynamite". Nyla Rose, Britt Baker, Allie, Brandi Rhodes, Teal Piper, Ivelisse, and Jazz were confirmed for the 21-woman battle royal. On August 20, it was announced that Big Swole and Sadie Gibbs would also be entrants. On August 26, Awesome Kong confirmed she would compete in the battle royale in an interview with the "New York Post". On August 29, Shazza McKenzie was announced as an entrant. On August 30, Allie was announced as an entrant.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Two matches occurred during the Buy In pre-show. The first was the women's Casino Battle Royale, in which the winner received a match against either Riho or Hikaru Shida for the inaugural AEW Women's World Championship, scheduled for "Dynamite" on October 2. Nyla Rose won by last eliminating Britt Baker.


title: All Out (2019)

text: In the second, Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen) faced Angélico and Jack Evans. Private Party performed Gin and Juice on Evans to win the match. After the match, Angélico and Evans attacked Private Party.


title: All Out (2019)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with SoCal Uncensored (Christopher Daniels, Frankie Kazarian, and Scorpio Sky) facing Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy, Luchasaurus, and Marko Stunt). In the climax, Daniels and Kazarian performed the Best Meltzer Ever on Jungle Boy and Stunt to win the match.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Next, Kenny Omega faced Pac. In the end, Pac forced Omega to pass out to the Brutalizer to win the match.


title: All Out (2019)

text: After that, Joey Janela, Darby Allin, and Jimmy Havoc competed in a three-way hardcore match sponsored by Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, dubbed the "Cracker Barrel Clash". Early in the match, Janela and Allin duct-taped Havoc to a chair, put thumbtacks in his mouth and taped it shut. Later, Allin attempted a suicide fall with the sponsor's barrel positioned on top of Havoc, who was lying on steel steps, but Havoc moved, causing Allin to crush through the barrel on top of the steel steps. In the end, Havoc performed an Acid Rainmaker through a barrel on Janela to win the match.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Later, The Dark Order (Evil Uno and Stu Grayson) faced Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent Beretta) for a first round bye in the AEW World Tag Team Championship tournament. Uno and Grayson performed a Fatality on Beretta to win the match. After the match, The Dark Order attacked Best Friends. The lights then went out and Orange Cassidy appeared in the ring to help the Best Friends.


title: All Out (2019)

text: In the fifth match, Riho faced Hikaru Shida, in which the winner would face Nyla Rose for the inaugural AEW Women's World Championship on October 2 on "Dynamite". The climax saw Riho pin Shida with a roll up to win the match. After the match, Nyla Rose came down to the ring and had a staredown with Riho.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Next, Cody (accompanied by his wife Brandi Rhodes, Diamond Dallas Page, the Rhodes' dog Pharaoh, and MJF, who stayed at ringside) faced Shawn Spears (accompanied by Tully Blanchard). During the match, Blanchard attempted to interfere several times. Eventually, Arn Anderson came out, and with the referee distracted, Anderson performed a spine buster on Spears. In the end, Cody performed Cross Rhodes on Spears to win the match.


title: All Out (2019)

text: In the penultimate match, the Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Rey Fénix) defended the AAA World Tag Team Championship against The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in an Escalera De La Muerte (ladder match). In the end, Pentagon and Fenix performed a Fear Factor/Springboard Double Foot Stomp combination on a bridged ladder on Matt and then retrieved the belts to retain the title. After the match, Santana and Ortiz appeared (formerly part of The Latin American Xchange in Impact Wrestling), making their AEW debut, and attacked the Lucha Brothers and Nick Jackson.


title: All Out (2019)

text: In the main event, Chris Jericho faced Adam Page for the inaugural AEW World Championship. Page attempted a shooting star press on Jericho off the ring apron, who countered into a Codebreaker. Page attempted a Buckshot Lariat, but Jericho countered into a Codebreaker for a near-fall. Page performed a Dead Eye on Jericho for a near-fall. Page performed a second Buckshot Lariat on Jericho, but Jericho performed the Judas Effect on Page to win the title and become the inaugural AEW World Champion.


title: All Out (2019)

text: All Out, which had a sold out 10,500 attendance in the Sears Center, shockingly sold out faster than any other professional wrestling event held in North America. According to journalist Dave Meltzer, the initial number of American television pay-per-view buys for All Out is roughly 28,000. Compared to Double or Nothing, All Out had fewer television pay-per-view buys, more B/R Live pay-per view buys, and more ITV pay-per-view buys in the United Kingdom. Meltzer estimated that in total, around 100,000 paid to watch the show, which "does show staying power", and is a better number than any American wrestling company historically other than WWE/WWF and WCW, stating that several other companies did worse despite having prominent television shows promoting their product, unlike AEW.


title: All Out (2019)

text: "All Out" received near-critical acclaim. Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" reviewed All Out as "great": the "atmosphere was tremendous", and there was "the feeling of history" about this show, which outstripped All In and Double or Nothing. According to Meltzer, AEW was "loaded with talent" (including underrated ones such as Jack Evans and Scorpio Sky) and the "action and layout in every match was strong". Meltzer felt that the show may have had the best ladder match ever, rating The Young Bucks versus Lucha Brothers match 5.25 stars, exceeding the typically 5 star scale. That match featured "a series of car crashes". The other standout match on the show for Meltzer was Omega-Pac at 4.25 stars. However, Meltzer felt that the match order could have been improved, as the quality of the ladder match and Omega-Pac meant that the matches following them (including the "great" Jericho-Page main event) were "hurt": "usual ring psychology and reverses into Boston crabs are going to have a difficult time." Additionally, Meltzer noted that Luchasaurus was particularly popular among the live audience for his acrobatics, which were discouraged by his previous company WWE.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Anthony Sulla-Heffinger of "Yahoo Sports" wrote that he had "five takeaways from the event". First, "AEW women's division starts to come into focus" by setting up the inaugural AEW women's championship match between match winners Nyla Rose and Riho. The Casino Battle Royale successfully featured every woman in the match, while Sulla-Heffinger felt that Riho's performances render her as "arguably the best" wrestler AEW has. Second, Pac "shines" despite being a substitute for Jon Moxley, with his match with Kenny Omega having "excellent ring psychology" and exceeding expectations "from a narrative standpoint" with Pac wanting Omega's respect. Third, the match between Cody and Shawn Spears featured "a story rich in professional wrestling lore". Fourth, the ladder match of "pure carnage" may be the best match of the year. Fifth, Jericho had the "résumé and reputation" to be AEW's first champion.


title: All Out (2019)

text: Justin Barasso of "Sports Illustrated" wrote that with All Out, "AEW accomplished its mission to provide an engaging alternative" to WWE. Barasso felt that Jericho being chosen as the AEW champion garners "interest and anticipation for the TNT debut on October 2 in ways that Page simply cannot". Barasso criticized Omega's loss to Pac as a "peculiar way to introduce one of the biggest stars in wrestling", given Omega's earlier AEW loss to Jericho, and Barasso predicting that Omega would later lose to Moxley in AEW. Cody garnered "redemption" in Barasso's eyes, however Barasso did not yet understand why Anderson attacked Spears or why Blanchard walked out on Spears. The women's division was starting to show "clarity", with Barasso feeling "Riho would be a good building block for the division as the inaugural champ." The ladder match's "athleticism, adjustments and offense" were highlighted as "spectacular".