title: Steady state

text: In biochemistry, the study of biochemical pathways is an important topic. Such pathways will often display steady-state behavior where the chemical species are unchanging, but there is a continuous dissipation of flux through the pathway. Many, but not all, biochemical pathways evolve to stable, steady states. As a result, the steady state represents an important reference state to study. This is also related to the concept of homeostasis, however, in biochemistry, a steady state can be stable or unstable such as in the case of sustained oscillations or bistable behavior.


title: Steady state

text: Homeostasis (from Greek ὅμοιος, "hómoios", "similar" and στάσις, "stásis", "standing still") is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition. Typically used to refer to a living organism, the concept came from that of milieu interieur that was created by Claude Bernard and published in 1865. Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustment and regulation mechanisms make homeostasis possible.


title: Steady state

text: In Pharmacy, steady state is a dynamic equilibrium in the body where drug concentrations consistently stay within a therapeutic limit over time.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Dato' Mohd Mokhtar bin Dahari (13 November 1953 – 11 July 1991) was a Malaysian football player from Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, he played for F.A. Selangor for most of his life. He is considered a legendary footballer in Malaysian football history, especially with F.A. Selangor. A prolific forward, he was nicknamed Supermokh due to his playing skills and strength.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: He scored 89 goals in 142 full international matches for Malaysia, and helped the team reach its highest ever Elo ranking of 61 in 1977. Mokhtar is the all-time top scorer for the Malaysian national team.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: On 29 June 2021, FIFA acknowledged Dahari as the third top scorer of all time at international level, with a total of 89 goals. As of September 2022, his international tally is behind only Cristiano Ronaldo, Ali Daei and Lionel Messi.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Born on 13 November 1953 at Setapak, Selangor (present-day in Kuala Lumpur). Mokhtar is the first born son of couple Aminah Sharikan and Dahari Abeng. His father, Dahari, worked as a lorry driver but did not earn very much to support his family. His family moved to Kampung Pandan in Kuala Lumpur when Mokthar was 11 years old. Upon moving, he attended secondary school at Victoria Institution in the city and began to show interest and talent in playing football at an early age. He played for his school and later for his home state, the F.A. Selangor.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Mokhtar first played for F.A. Selangor in the Burnley Cup, which they won. He was later asked to play for the club regularly where he became the top scorer in his first season playing for F.A. Selangor. He helped the club win many tournaments, mainly the Malaysia Cup with 10 titles and scoring 177 goals altogether. He also played for Kelab Sultan Sulaiman, PKNS, Talasco and Kwok Yik Bank in the FAM Cup and Selangor League. In proving his loyalty for the team, he was quoted as saying: "I live and die for Selangor". Later, he was selected to play for the national team of Malaysia. He was only 19 years old when he first played for the national team in an international game, with his first game against the Sri Lanka national football team in 1972. He helped Malaysia to win bronze in the 1974 Asian Games and two gold medals in the Southeast Asian Games in 1977 and 1979 respectively. He even scored a double winning goals for 2–0 Malaysia Selection against Arsenal F.C. in a friendly game in 1975 that led to rumours of the English top clubs' interest in him. After the game, he had an offer from one of the European giants, the Real Madrid C.F. but declined to join because of his patriotism to his country and native club of Selangor. Known for his speed and accuracy, Mokhtar was named Best Asian Striker by World Soccer magazine when he was 23 years old.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Mokhtar was famous for his speed and roars of Supermokh from the crowds were common, with many of the younger generation idolizing him with some trying to imitate his moves on the field. Mokhtar once scored a goal for Malaysia from the half way line beating Joe Corrigan with an incredible shot in a 1–1 draw against England B in 1978, dribbling past half of the opposing team coached by Bobby Robson. Also memorable was when Gordon Hill praised Mokhtar as "Hero Dahari" in Shoot! magazine in his column after the England B tour in 1978.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: After Mokhtar started having injury problems, he became a local coach to help the younger generation become better footballers.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: One of his trainees was a young Roshan Thiran, future Co-founder and CEO of Leaderonomics, who regularly speaks on his experiences playing under Mokhtar. Mokhtar asked his former F.A. Selangor partner, Reduan Abdullah to write a book about his life and his career. Mokhtar also coached for F.A. Selangor at times. After his retirement, he became a player-coach for Kwong Yik Bank after his career.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Mokhtar Dahari retired in May 1986 after winning the Malaysia Cup for F.A. Selangor. After the award giving ceremony, Mokhtar went to the club's president and proceeded to give him his number 10 jersey, telling the president to let the club keep the jersey for him. He came out of retirement in January 1987 to play one more season for F.A. Selangor.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Before becoming a professional footballer, he played other sports such as badminton, sepak takraw, and hockey. Mokhtar worked for PKNS in the afternoon and played football in the evening. He earned little during his time with PKNS. He later quit PKNS and worked for Kwong Yik Bank to gain better prospects for himself and his family. Mokhtar met Tengku Zarina Tengku Ibrahim through friends. After knowing her for 10 years, they finally got married on 24 February 1979. He then became the father of three children: Nur Azera (the eldest daughter), Mohd Reza (the eldest son) and Nur Arina (the youngest daughter).


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: Mokhtar began having throat problems and went to the hospital to find out what the problem was. Doctors diagnosed him as having motor neurone disease (MND) with the discovery only being told to him and his wife. He then went to London with his wife in an attempt to cure his condition. After three years battling the disease and his condition worsening, Mokhtar died at the Subang Jaya Medical Centre (SJMC) on 11 July 1991. The press reported Mokhtar's suffering from muscular dystrophy as the cause of his death. His body was laid to rest at Taman Keramat Permai Muslim Cemetery in Taman Keramat, Ampang, Selangor. His life journey and the real cause of death was only revealed for the first time in a documentary called ""The Untold Truth About Supermokh"" in the National Geographic Channel on 30 August 2010, about 19 years after his death.


title: Mokhtar Dahari

text: During his international career, Mokhtar scored a total of 125 goals in 167 appearances for Malaysia (including matches played against club sides, national 'B' teams and selection teams). Against other nations' national 'A' teams, he scored 89 goals in 142 appearances. This made him once the world's top scorer for men's national teams.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Winston Churchill's Conservative Party lost the July 1945 general election, forcing him to step down as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. For six years he served as the Leader of the Opposition. During these years he continued to influence world affairs. In 1946 he gave his "Iron Curtain" speech which spoke of the expansionist policies of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Eastern Bloc; Churchill also argued strongly for British independence from the European Coal and Steel Community; he saw this as a Franco-German project and Britain still had an empire. In the General Election of 1951, Labour was defeated.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill became Prime Minister for a second time. He continued to lead Britain but was to suffer increasingly from health problems. Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally, he resigned in April 1955. He continued to sit as MP for Woodford until he retired from politics in 1964. Churchill died on 24 January 1965 and was granted the honour of a state funeral. He was buried in his family plot in St Martin's Church, Bladon, near to where he was born at Blenheim Palace.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: In 1946, Churchill was in America for nearly three months from early January to late March. It was on this trip that he gave his "Iron Curtain" speech about the USSR and its creation of the Eastern Bloc. Speaking on 5 March 1946 in the company of President Truman at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill declared:


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: The essence of Churchill's view was that the Soviet Union did not want war with the western Allies but that its entrenched position in Eastern Europe had made it impossible for the three great powers to provide the world with a "triangular leadership". Churchill's desire was much closer collaboration between Britain and America, but he emphasised the need for co-operation within the framework of the United Nations Charter. Within the same speech, he called for "a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States".


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: In 1947, according to a memorandum from the FBI's archives, Churchill allegedly urged the US to conduct a pre-emptive nuclear strike against the Soviet Union in order to win the Cold War while they had the chance. He reportedly spoke to right-wing Republican senator Styles Bridges, asking him to persuade Truman to launch a strike against Moscow to destroy the Kremlin and make it easy to handle the directionless Russia. The memorandum claims Churchill "stated that the only salvation for the civilization of the world would be if the President of the United States would declare Russia to be imperiling world peace and attack Russia". Russia would have been defenseless against a nuclear strike at the time of the Churchill's proposal, since the Soviets did not obtain the atomic bomb until 1949. Churchill's personal physician, Lord Moran, recalled that he had already advocated a nuclear strike against the Soviets during a conversation in 1946. Later, Churchill was instrumental in giving France a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, providing another European power to counter-balance the Soviet Union's permanent seat.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill was an early supporter of pan-Europeanism as, in the summer of 1930, he had written an article calling for a "United States of Europe", although it included the qualification that Britain must be "with Europe but not of it". In a speech at the University of Zurich in 1946, he repeated this call and proposed creation of the Council of Europe. This would be centred around a Franco-German partnership, with Britain and the Commonwealth, and perhaps the United States of America, as "friends and sponsors of the new Europe". Churchill expressed similar sentiments during a meeting of the Primrose League at the Royal Albert Hall on 18 May 1947. He declared: "Let Europe arise", but he was "absolutely clear" that "we shall allow no wedge to be driven between Britain and the United States". In 1948, he participated in the Hague Congress, discussing the future structure and role of the Council, which was finally founded as the first pan-European institution through the Treaty of London on 5 May 1949.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: In June 1950, Churchill was strongly critical of the Attlee government's failure to send British representatives to Paris to discuss the Schuman Plan for setting up the European Coal and Steel Community, saying that: ""les absents ont toujours tort"" ("the absent are always wrong"). However, he still did not want Britain to actually join any federal grouping; nevertheless, he is listed today as one of the "Founding fathers of the European Union". After returning as Prime Minister, Churchill issued a note for the Cabinet on 29 November 1951 in which he listed Britain's foreign policy priorities as Commonwealth unity and consolidation, "fraternal association" of the English-speaking world (i.e., the Commonwealth and the US), and a "United Europe, to which we are a closely and specially-related ally and friend... (it is) only when plans for uniting Europe take a federal form that we cannot take part, because we cannot subordinate ourselves or the control of British policy to federal authorities".


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill continued to oppose the release of India from British control. In a speech to the House of Commons in early March 1947, he warned against handing power to an India government too soon because he believed the political parties in India did not truly represent the people, and that in a few years no trace of the new government would remain.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: It was during his opposition years that Churchill twice expounded his views on Ireland to successive Irish ambassadors in London. In November 1946, he met John W. Dulanty and told him: "I said a few words in parliament the other day about your country because I still hope for a united Ireland. You must get those fellows in the north in, though; you can't do it by force. There is not, and never was, any bitterness in my heart towards your country". In May 1951, he met Dulanty's successor Frederick Boland and said: "You know I have had many invitations to visit Ulster but I have refused them all. I don't want to go there at all, I would much rather go to southern Ireland. Maybe I'll buy another horse with an entry in the Irish Derby". Churchill had happy childhood memories of Ireland from his father's time there as private secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland from 1876 to 1880.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: In the late 1940s, Churchill wrote and published six volumes of World War II memoirs. The series is entitled "The Second World War" and added his personal thoughts, beliefs and experiences to the historical record as he interpreted it. Churchill traded the literary rights to his books in return for double the salary he made as Prime Minister. Major points in Churchill's books included his disgust in the handling of Hitler prior to the outbreak of war, primarily with the policy of appeasement which the British and French governments pursued until 1939.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: The Conservatives won the general election in October 1951 with an overall majority of 17 seats and Churchill again became prime minister, remaining in office until his resignation on 5 April 1955. As in his wartime administration, he appointed himself as Minister of Defence, but only on a temporary basis. On 1 March 1952, he handed over to the reluctant Field Marshal Alexander, who had been serving as Governor General of Canada since 1946. Eden was restored to Foreign Affairs and Rab Butler became Chancellor.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: A significant appointment was Harold Macmillan as Minister of Housing and Local Government with a manifesto commitment to build 300,000 new houses per annum. Macmillan achieved his target and, in October 1954, was promoted to replace Alexander at Defence. Housing was Churchill's only real domestic concern as he was preoccupied with foreign affairs. His government introduced some reforms including the Housing Repairs and Rents Act 1954 which "inter alia" addressed the issue of slums, and the Mines and Quarries Act 1954, which in some respects was a precursor to health and safety legislation. Churchill was, however, greatly concerned about immigration from the West Indies and Ian Gilmour records him saying in 1955: "I think it is the most important subject facing this country, but I cannot get any of my ministers to take any notice".


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill was just short of his 77th birthday when he became prime minister again and he was not in good health. The main worry was that he had had a number of minor strokes and he was not heeding their warnings. In December 1951, George VI had become concerned about Churchill's decline and resolved to broach the subject in the new year by asking Churchill to stand down in favour of Eden, but the King had his own serious health issues and died on 6 February without making the request.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Because of Churchill's health and his evident inability to focus on paperwork, he was not expected to remain in office for more than a year or so, but he constantly delayed resignation until finally his health necessitated it. One of the main reasons for the delay was that his designated successor Eden also suffered a serious long-term health issue, following a botched abdominal operation in April 1953. George VI was succeeded by Elizabeth II, with whom Churchill developed a close friendship. Some of Churchill's colleagues hoped that he might retire after her Coronation in June 1953 but, in response to Eden's illness, Churchill decided to increase his own responsibilities by taking over at the Foreign Office. Eden was incapacitated until the end of the year and was never completely well again.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Possibly because of the extra strain, Churchill suffered a serious stroke on the evening of 23 June 1953. Despite being partially paralysed down one side, he presided over a cabinet meeting the next morning without anybody noticing his incapacity. Thereafter his condition deteriorated, and it was thought that he might not survive the weekend. Had Eden been fit, Churchill's premiership would most likely have been over. News of his illness was kept from the public and from Parliament, who were told that Churchill was suffering from exhaustion. He went home to Chartwell to recuperate and it was not until November that he was fully recovered. Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally, he retired as prime minister in April 1955 and was succeeded by Eden.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Apart from his determination to remain in office for as long as possible, Churchill's main preoccupation throughout his second premiership was with foreign affairs and especially Anglo-American relations. The catalyst for his concern was the H-bomb as he feared a global conflagration and he believed that the only way to preserve peace and freedom was to build on a solid foundation of friendship and co-operation (the "special relationship") between Britain and America. Churchill made four official transatlantic visits from January 1952 to July 1954.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: The decline of the British Empire had been accelerated by the Second World War and the post-war Labour government pursued a policy of decolonisation. Churchill and his supporters believed that maintenance of Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence. A key location was the Suez Canal which gave Britain a pre-eminent position in the Middle East, despite the loss of India in 1947. Churchill was, however, obliged to recognise Colonel Nasser's revolutionary government of Egypt, which took power in 1952. Much to Churchill's private dismay, agreement was reached in October 1954 on the phased evacuation of British troops from their Suez base. In addition, Britain agreed to terminate her rule in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by 1956, though this was in return for Nasser's abandonment of Egyptian claims over the region. Elsewhere, the Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla war fought by pro-independence fighters against Commonwealth forces, had begun in 1948 and continued past Malayan independence (1957) until 1960. Churchill's government maintained the military response to the crisis and adopted a similar strategy for the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952–1960).


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill and Eden visited Washington in January 1952. The Truman Administration was supporting the plans for a European Defence Community (EDC), hoping that this would allow controlled West German rearmament and enable American troop reductions. Churchill affected to believe that the proposed EDC would not work, scoffing at the supposed difficulties of language. Churchill asked in vain for a US military commitment to support Britain's position in Egypt and the Middle East (where the Truman Administration had recently pressured Attlee not to intervene against Mossadeq in Iran); this did not meet with American approval—the US expected British support to fight communism in Korea, but saw any US commitment to the Middle East as supporting British imperialism, and were unpersuaded that this would help prevent pro-Soviet regimes from coming to power.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill had enjoyed a good political relationship with Truman but was uneasy about the election of Eisenhower in November 1952 and told Colville soon afterwards that he feared war had just become more probable. By July 1953, he was deeply regretting that the Democrats had not been returned and told Colville that Eisenhower as president was "both weak and stupid". The main problem, in Churchill's eyes, was John Foster Dulles, the new Secretary of State, whom he distrusted. Churchill believed that Eisenhower did not fully comprehend the danger posed by the H-bomb: Churchill saw it in terms of horror, Eisenhower as merely the latest improvement in military firepower.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: After Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Churchill proposed a summit meeting with the Soviets but Eisenhower refused out of fear that the Soviets would use it for propaganda. Churchill persisted with his view before and after his stroke, but Eisenhower and Dulles continued to discourage him. One explanation for their cool response was that this was the McCarthy era in the US and Dulles took a Manichean view of the Cold War, but this just added to Churchill's frustration. Churchill met Eisenhower to no avail at the Bermuda Conference in December 1953 and in June/July 1954 at the White House. At the latter, Churchill became annoyed about friction between Eden and Dulles over US actions in Guatemala. By the autumn of 1954, Churchill was threatening, but also postponing, his resignation. In the end it was the Soviets who proposed a four-power summit, but it didn't meet until 18 July 1955, three months after Churchill had retired.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: After his stroke, Churchill carried on through 1954 until, aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally, he retired as prime minister in April 1955 and was succeeded by Eden. Elizabeth II offered to create Churchill Duke of London, but this was declined as a result of the objections of his son Randolph, who would have inherited the title on his father's death. He did, however, accept the Order of the Garter to become Sir Winston. Although publicly supportive, Churchill was privately scathing about Eden's handling of the Suez Crisis and Clementine believed that many of his visits to the United States in the following years were attempts to help repair Anglo-American relations. Churchill reportedly said about Suez: "I would never have done it without squaring the Americans, and once I'd started I'd never have dared stop".


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: After leaving the premiership, Churchill never again spoke in the Commons, though he remained an MP and occasionally voted in parliamentary divisions. By the time of the 1959 general election, he seldom attended at all. Despite the Conservative landslide under Macmillan's leadership in 1959, Churchill's own majority in Woodford fell by more than a thousand. After that election, he became "Father of the House", the MP with the longest continuous service: he had already gained the distinction of being the only MP to be elected under both Queen Victoria and Elizabeth II. He spent most of his retirement at Chartwell or at his London home in Hyde Park Gate, and became a habitué of high society at La Pausa on the French Riviera. He stood down as an MP before the 1964 general election.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: In June 1962, when he was 87, Churchill had a fall in Monte Carlo and broke his hip. He was flown home to a London hospital where he remained for three weeks. Jenkins says that Churchill was never the same after this accident and his last two years were something of a twilight period. In 1963, US President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorisation granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed him an Honorary Citizen of the United States, but he was unable to attend the White House ceremony. There has been speculation that he became very depressed in his final years but this has been emphatically denied by his personal secretary Anthony Montague Browne, who was with him for his last ten years. Montague Browne wrote that he never heard Churchill refer to depression and certainly did not suffer from it.


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: On 27 July 1964, Churchill was present in the House of Commons for the last time, and one day later, on 28 July, a deputation headed by the Prime Minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, presented Churchill with a Resolution which had been carried unanimously by the House of Commons. The ceremony was held in Churchill's London home at 28 Hyde Park Gate, and was witnessed by Clementine and his children and grandchildren:


title: Later life of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill suffered his final stroke on 10 January 1965. He died nearly two weeks later on the 24th, which was the seventieth anniversary of his father's death. He was given a state funeral six days later on Saturday, 30 January, 1965, the first for a non-royal person since W. E. Gladstone in 1898. Planning for his funeral had begun in 1953 under the code-name of "Operation Hope Not" and a detailed plan had been produced by 1958. His coffin lay in state at Westminster Hall for three days and the funeral ceremony was at St Paul's Cathedral. Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and from there by a special train to the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near his birthplace at Blenheim Palace. On 9 February 1965, Churchill's estate was probated at £304,044 (equivalent to £ in ) of which £194,951 (equivalent to £ in ) was left following payment of death duties.


title: Athos (character)

text: Athos, Count de la Fère, is a fictional character in the novels "The Three Musketeers" (1844), "Twenty Years After" (1845) and "The Vicomte de Bragelonne" (1847–1850) by Alexandre Dumas, père. He is a highly fictionalised version of the historical musketeer Armand d'Athos (1615–1644).


title: Athos (character)

text: In "The Three Musketeers", Athos and the other two musketeers, Porthos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. Athos has a mysterious past connecting him with the villain of the novel, Milady de Winter. The oldest of the group by some years, Athos is described as noble and handsome but also taciturn and melancholy, drowning his secret sorrows in drink. He is very protective of d'Artagnan, the youngest, whom he eventually treats as his brother. By the end of the novel, it is revealed that he is the Count de la Fère. He was once married to Milady de Winter and attempted to kill her after discovering that she was a criminal on the run, an event which left him bitter and disillusioned. However, during the course of this novel, he is able to get his revenge on Milady.


title: Athos (character)

text: In the second novel, "Twenty Years After", he has retired from the Musketeers and abandoned his nom-de-guerre of Athos. He has fathered an illegitimate son, Raoul, with Marie de Rohan (Aramis's former mistress) and then adopted the boy, making him the vicomte de Bragelonne. Fatherhood makes Athos a much happier man, but after launching Raoul into a military career, Athos looks for new causes to occupy his life. He embraces the Fronde and then a doomed mission to rescue Charles I of England. He is uncharacteristically terrified by the appearance of Mordaunt, Milady's son, who is attempting to avenge the death of his mother. Athos, despite his reluctance to engage with the son of his ex-wife, ends up forced to slay him in an underwater fight in the English Channel.


title: Athos (character)

text: In the third novel, "The Vicomte de Bragelonne", Athos takes a major behind-the-scenes part in historical events, first helping with the restoration of Charles II to the throne of England and then being entrusted with the diplomatic task of arranging the wedding of Henrietta of England and Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. Athos eventually falls out with King Louis XIV of France, who has seduced his son Raoul's fiancée and is briefly thrown into the Bastille for voicing his contempt. After being pardoned at d'Artagnan's instigation, Athos withdraws to his home, where he dies of sorrow after Raoul is killed at war.


title: Athos (character)

text: Athos's first name is never told in the novels. However, in Dumas's play "The Youth of the Musketeers," the young Milady, then named Charlotte, calls him "Olivier."


title: Athos (character)

text: The fictional Athos is named after the historical musketeer Armand, Seigneur de Sillègue, d'Athos, et d'Autevielle ("Lord of Sillègue, Athos, and Autevielle"), better known as Armand d'Athos, though they have little in common beyond the name. His birthplace is the commune of Athos-Aspis in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. The name also resembles Mount Athos; in chapter 13 of "The Three Musketeers", a Bastille guard says, "But that is not a man's name; that is the name of a mountain." His title, Count de la Fère, while invented, is tied to the domains of La Fère which were once owned by Anne of Austria, Queen of France in these novels and in the historical period in which they are set.


title: Athos (character)

text: The South-East Asian stone loach "Schistura athos" is named after the character of Athos and there are two more species in the genus "Schistura" which are each named after one of the Three Musketeers, "S. aramis" and "S. porthos".


title: Spanish Town

text: Spanish Town () is the capital and the largest town in the parish of St. Catherine in the historic county of Middlesex, Jamaica. It was the Spanish and British capital of Jamaica from 1534 until 1872. The town is home to numerous memorials, the national archives, and one of the oldest Anglican churches outside England (the others are in Virginia, Maryland, and Bermuda).


title: Spanish Town

text: The Spanish settlement of Villa de la Vega was founded by the Spanish in 1534 as the capital of the colony. Later, it was also called Santiago de la Vega or St. Jago de la Vega. Indigenous Taino had been living in the area for approximately a millennium before this, but this was the first European habitation on the south of the island.


title: Spanish Town

text: When the English conquered Jamaica in 1655, they renamed the settlement as Spanish Town in honour to the original Spanish root of this town. Since the town was badly damaged during the conquest, Port Royal took on many administrative roles and functioned as an unofficial capital during the beginning of English rule. By the time Port Royal was devastated by an earthquake in 1692, Spanish Town had been rebuilt and was again functioning as the capital. Spanish Town remained the capital until 1872, when the seat of the colony was moved to Kingston.


title: Spanish Town

text: Kingston had been founded in the aftermath of the 1692 earthquake. By 1755, serious rivalry from lobbyists caused increasing speculation about the continued suitability of Spanish Town as the capital. In 1836, Governor Lionel Smith observed that "the capital was in ruins, with no commercial, manufacturing and agricultural concern in operation." To worsen the situation, following the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, Sir John Peter Grant ordered the removal of the capital in 1872 to Kingston. As a larger port, it had come to be considered the natural capital of the island. After the seat of government was relocated, Spanish Town lost much of its economic and cultural vitality.


title: Spanish Town

text: Built on the west bank of the Rio Cobre, the town lies thirteen miles from Kingston on the main road. Its history was shaped by two significant colonial periods: Spanish rule from 1534 to 1655 and the English from 1655 to 1872. After that the capital was relocated to Kingston. The Anglican Church took over the 16th century cathedral.


title: Spanish Town

text: The historic architecture and street names mark the colonial history, such as Red Church and White Church streets, symbolic of the Spanish chapels of the red and white cross, as well as Monk Street, in reference to the monastery that once stood nearby. Nugent and Manchester streets were named for the British Colonial Governors, George Nugent and William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester. King Street runs past the King's House, the governor's residence, and Constitution Street, near to the Square, refers to the island's former administrative centre. Regency buildings in the town centre include the Rodney Memorial flanked by two guns from the French ship Ville de Paris (1764), and the façade of the Old King's House, which was the residence of the governor until 1872.


title: Spanish Town

text: Spanish Town is the site of an early cast-iron bridge, designed by Thomas Wilson and manufactured by Walker and Company of Rotherham, England. Spanning the Rio Cobre, the bridge was erected in 1801 at a cost of £4,000. Its four arched ribs are supported on massive masonry abutments. After the abutments deteriorated, endangering the structure, it was listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.


title: Spanish Town

text: A restoration project began in 2004, with funding provided by American Express through World Monuments Fund. Progress was slow until 2008, when a renewed restoration effort was made. A first phase of restoration was completed in April 2010, when the repair of the abutments allowed the bridge to be reopened for the public. More recently, violence in the area has prevented the bridge from achieving the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Spanish Town

text: In 2009 the population of Spanish Town was estimated to be about 160,000. The population of Spanish Town, like the rest of the St. Catherine, has been growing rapidly.


title: Spanish Town

text: It is sometimes referred to colloquially as "Spain" or "Prison Oval" within Jamaica. The latter nickname is a reference to the cricket pitch or oval located just outside the St. Catherine District Prison, where some inmates can get a limited view of the sport through their cell windows. Association football is also played at the Prison Oval; Rivoli United F.C. is the major team.


title: Spanish Town

text: The town had one of the first Spanish cathedrals to be built in the New World, constructed around 1525. Many Christian denominations have churches or meeting halls in the town, including a Roman Catholic church and Wesleyan, Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist chapels. There is also a mosque.


title: Spanish Town

text: Standing untouched in character is a historic alms-house, public hospital, and a penal institution built in the eighteenth century. The town contains a factory that manufactures dyes from logwood, a salt factory, and a rice processing plant. In the neighbourhood are five large sugar estates, a milk condensary, and a large textile mill.


title: Spanish Town

text: The Rio Cobre Juvenile Correctional Centre of the Department of Correctional Services, Jamaica is located in Spanish Town.


title: Spanish Town

text: Spanish Town is on the main A1 (Kingston to Lucea) and A2 (Spanish Town to Savanna-la-Mar) roads. It is well served by buses, mini buses and taxis, which operate from the Spanish Town Transport Hub.


title: Spanish Town

text: The station opened in 1845 and closed in October 1992 when all passenger traffic on Jamaica's railways abruptly ceased.


title: Spanish Town

text: The band The Spanishtonians, also known as The Spanish Town Skabeats, best known for their hit song "Stop That Train", are named after the city.


title: Spanish Town

text: The location has also been referenced by Charlotte Brontë in her 1847 novel "Jane Eyre", in which Mr Rochester's mentally ill wife, Bertha Mason had originated from Spanish Town. This location and the characterisation of Bertha was further explored by Jean Rhys in her 1966 prequel to"Jane Eyre", "Wide Sargasso Sea".


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Katharine Moana Birbalsingh (born 16 September 1973) is a British teacher and education reformer who is the founder and head teacher of Michaela Community School, a free school established in 2014 in Wembley Park, London. Ideologically, she identifies as a small-c conservative.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: The daughter of an Indo-Guyanese academic, Birbalsingh was born in New Zealand and raised in Canada until she was 15 when her father began lecturing at the University of Warwick. She cultivated an interest in education when reading French and philosophy at New College, Oxford and, after graduating, went into teaching at state schools in south London. She began hosting a blog, "To Miss with Love", in 2007 under the moniker "Miss Snuffy" and later offered her support to the education policies of the Conservative Party and the reforms made by Michael Gove during his tenure as Education Secretary.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh is the author of two books, "Singleholic" (2009) and "To Miss with Love" (2011), and editor of "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Teachers: The Michaela Way" (2016) and "Michaela: The Power of Culture" (2020). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours. In October 2021, Birbalsingh was appointed chair of the Social Mobility Commission.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh was born in 1973 in Auckland, New Zealand, the elder of two daughters of Frank Birbalsingh, an academic of Indo-Guyanese origin, and his wife, Norma, a nurse from Jamaica.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh grew up mostly in Toronto and was educated at Victoria Park Collegiate Institute, with brief periods in Nigeria and France, She graduated from the University of Oxford after reading French and philosophy at New College, Oxford. At university she was a member of the Socialist Workers Party and read "Living Marxism".


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: While at Oxford, Birbalsingh had visited inner-city schools as part of a scheme the university runs to encourage state-school pupils to apply, and after graduation she decided to teach in state schools herself. From 2007 she wrote an anonymous blog, "To Miss With Love", in which—as Miss Snuffy—she described her experiences teaching at an inner-city secondary school. In 2010 she was the assistant head of Dunraven School, Streatham, south London, and that year she joined St Michael and All Angels Academy in Camberwell, also south London, as vice-principal. In 2014, she established Michaela Community School, a free school in Wembley Park, London.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh is a supporter of the traditional teaching methods described in E. D. Hirsch's "The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them" (1999). She writes that the book "opened [her] eyes" to what was wrong in schools, and argues that education should be about teaching children knowledge, not learning skills. Responding to the removal of Michael Gove as education secretary in 2014—Gove was also a supporter of Hirsch—she said it was a tragedy that his work would not be completed.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh came to national prominence in October 2010 after criticising the British education system at that year's Conservative Party conference, and speaking in support of the party's education policies. Referring to a "culture of excuses, of low standards ... a sea of bureaucracy ... [and] the chaos of our classrooms", Birbalsingh told the conference: "My experience of teaching for over a decade in five different schools has convinced me beyond a shadow of a doubt that the system is broken, because it keeps poor children poor." Following this, she says she became the target of racist and sexist abuse on social media. After the speech Birbalsingh was asked not to attend the school at which she taught while the governors "discuss[ed] her position". She subsequently resigned "after being asked to comply with conditions that she did not feel able to comply with", according to "The Sunday Telegraph". The school, St Michael and All Angels in Camberwell, London, was closed shortly thereafter and reopened with new staff and a new name. In February 2019 Alan Johnson, a former Labour minister of education, read his history of the school from its foundation in the 1880s to its closure in 2011 on BBC Radio 4.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh's first publication was a novel, "Singleholic" (2009), published under the pseudonym "Katherine Bing". Her second book, "To Miss with Love" (2011), was based on her blog. It was chosen as "Book of the Week" and serialised on BBC Radio 4. She is also the editor of "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Teachers: The Michaela Way" (2016) and "Michaela: The Power of Culture" (2020), which describe the education philosophy of Michaela Community School.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: In October 2021 Birbalsingh was appointed Chair of the Social Mobility Commission in succession to Martina Milburn. She will retain her position at Michaela. Liz Truss, Minister for Women and Equalities, stated that "By expecting high standards and not indulging the soft bigotry of low expectations she is producing amazing results at Michaela school and giving children the best chance in life. She will bring that same attitude to the Commission and be a loud champion of equality of opportunity." Birbalsingh was criticised for comments she made in April 2022 regarding young women not pursuing physics, stating that girls "dislike hard maths". Birbalsingh responded to some of these comments in an article in the Daily Telegraph.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh describes her views as being small-c conservative and argues such traditional values "which would once have been completely normal have completely disappeared." She maintains that misguided progressive politics in schools have held ethnic minority and working-class children back from academic success and that the political left seek to address problems within education by pouring more money into schools rather than fixing deeper issues, stating "there is a lot of power in ideas, and if the ideas are wrong, then the education system will not deliver." In an interview with Nick Robinson, Birbalsingh said that she previously identified as being on the political left at university but formed many of her current views through teaching in inner-city state schools and seeing the contrast between state school pupils and the educational opportunities of her fellow students at Oxford. She argued that her experiences working as a teacher in deprived areas led her to believe that the state education sector encouraged a "culture of excuses and low standards" with regard to discipline and quality.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh maintains that children of black and ethnic minority backgrounds are not sufficiently taught about British culture or Britishness in schools which has left them feeling "culturally excluded". She argues that such cultural exclusion happens due to teachers placing more emphasis on the ethnicity of children than on promoting British national identity, stating, "Teachers would tell them all the time they weren't part of the country—they say what country are you really from? Let's do a cultural thing where we all bring in our flags. The people who are doing this think they're being nice. They think they're being respectful" but that children "didn't get taught about Shakespeare and Dickens—or that they were part of their country."


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh has argued that teenagers should be prevented from having mobile phones in school as their brains are not developed enough for them to exercise proper self-control. She has likewise advocated "digital drop-off" schemes, where children and parents were encouraged to bring in electronic devices to be locked in a school safe for the holidays.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh has said that children used the "race card" when in disputes with teachers, and warned parents to take their children's claims of "racism" with a pinch of salt when disciplined at school. She also claimed that young black students were being held back from success in school by teachers who "are scared of being called racist" if they discipline them.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh has advocated the singing of patriotic songs such as "I Vow To Thee My Country" or "Jerusalem" in school assemblies, saying that they make teenagers feel proud to be British.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: In response to the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in the United Kingdom following the murder of George Floyd, Birbalsingh stated that education and instilling a sense of belonging is the way to make a real difference for black families. She has argued that the killing of Floyd was unjustified and that white Britons have avoided serious conversations about racism, and that this in turn has drawn people to BLM. However, she is strongly critical of the tactics of the Black Lives Matter movement itself, arguing that it undermines the teaching of children to take personal responsibility, encourages violence and exacerbates racism by making debates harder and encouraging black teenagers to focus on identity politics or victimhood. She has also rejected BLM's claims that British schools do not teach about slavery and black history, stating that poor teaching and lack of discipline in classrooms has meant that lessons on these subjects are improperly communicated and not committed to memory, and that the BLM movement narrows slavery down to the transatlantic slave trade and not other examples of slavery from history.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh is opposed to teaching children about white privilege in schools and subjecting staff or pupils to unconscious bias training, arguing that such measures encourage racial segregation over constructively solving racism and distract from the true meaning of education. She has also maintained that using the term "white privilege" is unhelpful to ethnic minority students as it creates an exaggerated perception that they are perpetually oppressed by the political establishment and diminishes incentives to work hard. Birbalsingh instead maintains that factors such as the quality of schools, discipline, teaching and parental support at home are more likely to shape the outcome of a pupil's success over race, and that emphasis on race or culture wars distracts politicians from these issues. In a 2021 debate hosted by the Henry Jackson Society, Birbalsingh also asserted her opposition to what she described as the growth of "woke culture" in education, arguing that it is more concerned with "making children into revolutionaries" and inserting political bias into classes over instilling values such as kindness, tolerance and hard work.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: In 2017, Birbalsingh was included by Anthony Seldon in his list of the 20 most influential figures in British education, and in 2019 she was awarded the Contrarian Prize. She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to education.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Birbalsingh's father and grandfather were both educators. Her paternal grandfather, Ezrom S. Birbalsingh, was head of the Canadian Mission School in Better Hope, Demerara, British Guiana. Her father (born 1938 in Berbice in what was then British Guiana) obtained his MA in English in London in 1966, specialising in Commonwealth literature, and worked as a supply teacher in Birmingham and London.


title: Katharine Birbalsingh

text: Frank Birbalsingh moved to Toronto, Canada, in 1967, where he worked again as a supply teacher, joined the faculty at York University in Toronto in 1970, and obtained his PhD in Canadian literature in 1972. He held several other positions over the years, including a fellowship at the University of Delhi, India, and a postdoctoral research fellowship at the University of Auckland, New Zealand (1973–1974), where Birbalsingh was born. Her family moved to the UK at age 15 when her father was a visiting fellow at the Centre for Caribbean Studies, University of Warwick (1989–1990). In 1996 he was promoted to professor at York and in 2003 became professor emeritus. When the family returned to Canada, Birbalsingh decided to stay in the UK.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: George Mark Paul Stroumboulopoulos (; Greek: Γεώργιος Μάρκος Παύλος Στρουμπουλόπουλος; born August 16, 1972) is a Canadian media personality. He is one of Canada's most popular broadcasters and best known as formerly being a VJ for the Canadian music television channel MuchMusic. He was also the host and co-executive producer of the CBC Television talk show "George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight" (formerly "The Hour") from 2005 to 2014. From 2014 to 2016, Stroumboulopoulos worked for Rogers Media, anchoring "Hockey Night in Canada" and the "NHL on Rogers". , he is a radio host on CBC Music. Most recently, he joined Apple Music Radio as host of a Monday to Thursday live show.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos was born in Malton, Ontario, a neighbourhood in Mississauga, Ontario, to a Greek father from Egypt and a Ukrainian mother. He was raised in Toronto, primarily by his mother and a close-knit extended family. After graduating from Ascension of Our Lord Secondary School, he briefly studied radio broadcasting at Toronto’s Humber College.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: In spring 1993, Stroumboulopoulos worked at rock radio in Kelowna, British Columbia for a few months before getting a job offer at the Toronto radio station Fan 590 AM, working in talk radio. He then moved to CFNY-FM to host various shows including "Live in Toronto".


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: From 2000 to 2004, Stroumboulopoulos worked at MuchMusic as producer and host of "The Punk Show", then host of "The NewMusic", "MuchLOUD" and "MuchNews".


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: In 2004, Stroumboulopoulos was featured on CBC television's "The Greatest Canadian" series as the advocate for Tommy Douglas. More than 1.2 million votes were cast over six weeks, as each of 10 advocates made their case for the top 10 nominees. George made a personal and passionate case for Tommy Douglas, Canada's "father of medicare", and Douglas was named the winner of the contest.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos has hosted a long-running Sunday night talk radio show, "The Strombo Show" since 2005, on CBC Radio 2. Originally aired as a talk show on CFRB in Toronto and CJAD in Montreal, the show moved to the Corus network in November 2007 and the format changed to one of mainly music. "The Strombo Show" broadcast from 102.1 The Edge's Toronto studio and on other radio stations in the Corus Entertainment network, including CFOX-FM in Vancouver, Power 97 in Winnipeg, FM96 in London and Y108 in Hamilton.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: The show moved to CBC Radio 2 on November 8, 2009 and continues as a music-oriented freeform radio talk show.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: On January 17, 2005, the first episode of "The Hour" went to air. In the show's seventh season, in 2010, the show's name changed to "George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight", and it was shortened from one hour to half an hour. "George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight" was a hybrid of news and celebrity and covered everything from politics, pop culture, the environment, human rights, entertainment, sports and more. It won eight Gemini Awards. There are a range of guests on the show from world leaders to celebrities and politicians. The show concluded at the end of the 2013-2014 season as Stroumboulopoulos moved to Rogers Communications.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: In July 2006, Stroumboulopoulos hosted the American reality television talent show, "The One: Making a Music Star" that aired on ABC in the United States, and CBC Television in Canada. It was advertised as a similar show to "American Idol" and "Rock Star" but with the twist that contestants would "live together in a fully functioning music academy", with their actions documented similar to the "Big Brother" format.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: The show was reportedly the most expensive summer series in the history of the ABC network. Its first episode, on July 18, 2006, scored a low audience of 3.08 million viewers, and subsequent episodes had even fewer viewers. The series was cancelled after just two weeks (four episodes) with the final results undecided on July 27, 2006 with no plans for any further episodes.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos’ hour-long talk series for CNN, "Stroumboulopoulos", aired during the late spring and the summer of 2013. It was taped before a live audience in Los Angeles, and featured interviews in a format similar to his CBC show. Sometimes, episodes did not air as scheduled. After airing seven episodes from June 14, 2013 to August 16, 2013, CNN did not renew the show.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: On March 10, 2014, Rogers Media, which had acquired exclusive national media rights to the National Hockey League, officially announced that Stroumboulopoulos would serve as the main host of "Hockey Night in Canada", beginning in October 2014, replacing Ron MacLean. Concurrently, CBC announced the cancellation of "George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight" after a 10-year run.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Strombo's role on "Hockey Night", which was part of an effort to appeal to younger viewers, received mixed reception. Viewers surveyed upon his introduction felt that he was not a "credible" successor to Ron MacLean, In a move which the "Toronto Star" speculated was meant to help re-gain viewership lost over the first two seasons of the contract (which was also credited to the poor performance of Canadian teams in the 2015-16 season), Sportsnet announced on June 27, 2016 that Stroumboulopoulos had been let go from Rogers, and that Ron MacLean would be reinstated.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Starting on August 18, 2020, George Stroumboulopoulos became the host for his new show called STROMBO on the newly created Apple Music Hits radio station on Apple Music's live radio. The shows airs Monday to Friday every week at 6:00pm (PST).


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos has also hosted a highly regarded documentary series of CBC, "Love, Hate & Propaganda" which was based on examining how propaganda affected and lead to shape crucial events that occur in the 20th century. The documentary included War on Terror, Second World War, and the Cold War.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Over the course of his career, George has interviewed multiple sports stars, entertainment icons, and world leaders.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos and "The Hour" sponsored the 'One Million Acts of Green' Internet Website challenge, calling on Canadians to register environmental acts they've done. The campaign registered over 1.6 million acts on the website. George and his family have been devoted to this cause also supported by Dr. David Suzuki.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos is a strong advocate of social issues and has been actively part-taking in many global initiatives and involved with numerous charitable initiatives, such as hosting the 'HipHop4Africa' Mandela Children's Fund Canada and CapAids February 2006 Toronto benefit. He has traveled to the Arctic for a special on literacy, youth culture and the loss of Inuit identity. He has been to Sudan with War Child Canada, and Zambia for a World AIDS Day special documentary. He also supports Make Poverty History. He joined other prominent Canadians in sharing views on global issues in the March 2010 issue of "Upstream Journal" magazine.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: He was executive producer and co-host of "Canada for Haiti" television with Cheryl Hickey and Ben Mulroney to help the humanitarian crisis in Haiti after a devastating earthquake. He managed to raise over $27 million for the victims of Haitian earthquake.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: He also presented at Vancouver's EPIC Expo in May 2011 where he showed support for Fair Trade and the work of Fair Trade Vancouver.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: Stroumboulopoulos was selected by the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) as an official ambassador in March, 2011, thus being named the first Canadian National Ambassador Against Hunger.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: George Stroumboulopoulos follows a vegan and straight edge lifestyle. He is a fan of the Montreal Canadiens hockey team.


title: George Stroumboulopoulos

text: He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Supporting Performance in a Web Program or Series at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards for his role in the comedy web series "The Communist's Daughter".


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: In the "Jujutsu Kaisen" anime adaptation, he is voiced by Yuma Uchida in Japanese and Robbie Daymond in English. Praise for the character was focused on his dynamic with Yuji and the animation of his fight scenes in the anime.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: According to Akutami, Megumi was designed to be a foil to Itadori and Nobara Kugisaki. He was written to a more insightful character than either due to his greater acclivity towards negative thinking and lack of trust towards others. Akutami also stated that he is a more "rather depressing" character than Itadori, and that he was created to care less about strangers' fates like Itadori and more when animals die. Akutami was careful to make sure that Megumi's character design was differentiated from Itadori's, as they are largely familiar.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: His first name, Megumi, is typically a female name meaning "blessing" or "grace", used to represent Megumi as "strong" despite his "strange disposition" despite the fact that he largely goes by his last name. He was written to be a more gloomy contrast to other characters in the series, and his deranged laugh while fighting a finger-bearing curse was meant to exemplify his lack of outward joy. Japanese voice actor Yuma Uchida said Megumi was "oppressive but cool when he fights."


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: From American voice actor Robbie Daymond, "he is trying so hard to be the 'straight man' your interpretation of it is that it’s an act or a front. Yes, that’s who he is, but only a part of it. There is some other part of him that wants to come forward", adding that "when he does sort of get twisted up with Yuji and Gojo and they affect him emotionally, he expresses those things underneath a veneer of sullenness, and it’s a fun challenge." Daymond felt that "I still love those straight on the nose, heart on the sleeve shonen characters that I get to play; but I think the more complicated ones are more enjoyable in sessions."


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: Prior to the events of the present-day story, Megumi was born into the Zenin clan and left orphaned by his parents, to be looked after by his step-sister Tsumiki, who he sees as an inspiration. He was then tutored under Satoru Gojo in the first grade, as the sorcerer was left impressed by his immense power having also killed his father Toji years prior.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: Megumi first appears in "Jujutsu Kaisen" alongside Yuji after he discovers Yuji has found one of Sukuna's fingers. After Yuji eats Sukuna's fingers, Yuji and Megumi become partners at Jujutsu High under the tutelage of Gojo. He is present when Nobara Kugisaki arrives in Tokyo, and strikes up a reluctant friendship with her and Yuji. During an altercation with a "curse womb" at a detention facility, Megumi witnesses Yuji seem to die after his heart is ripped out by Sukuna, who becomes interested in Megumi for his power and will while fighting Sukuna.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: During an exchange event between the Tokyo and Kyoto jujutsu schools, Megumi is involved heavily in the fighting and is eventually taken out of the picture due to injuries sustained at the hands of the enemy cursed spirits. During a mission with Nobara and Yuji investigating "Cursed Womb": Death Paintings with curse and human blood, Megumi fights a cursed spirit bearing one of Sukuna's fingers and triumphs in the battle after giving into his emotions, falling asleep shortly afterwards.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: He, along with many other jujutsu sorcerers, are sent to Shibuya when Mahito and the cursed spirits prepare to attack Japan. A curse user named Ogami summons Toji from the dead, while Megumi and Yuji defeat curse user Jiro Awasaka. He meets Toji, his father, after aiding him in defeat a powerful cursed spirit named Dagon, but does not realize who he is talking to before Toji commits suicide. During the battle, Sukuna saves him from Mahoraga, the most powerful shikigami. During the battle, Tsumiki, his sister, awakens from her coma that was inflicted by a cursed spirit and forced to participate in the Culling Game between the curse users of Japan.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: He inadvertently becomes the head of the Zenin clan after the clan's previous head was killed in battle. Entering the game with Yuji, they are split up as soon as the game begins, fighting enemy curse users and forming alliances in order to win in the games and defeat Kenjaku, the powerful curse user who started the destruction.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: Megumi is proficient in hand-to-hand combat, defaulting to weaponry and Cursed Techniques in battle. His primary ability is the Ten Shadows Technique, inherited from the Zenin family, allowing him to "summon friendly Cursed Spirits that will fight against whomever or whatever may be a threat to his wellbeing." His cursed spirit allies, called "shikigami", are a variety of animals used in fighting including Divine Dogs which have a heightened sense of smell attuned to curses, Nue (an electric bird-like creature), a Toad, a Max Elephant, and a Great serpent. His Domain Expansion, a powerful technique creating an area around them amplifying a personalized curse technique, is called Chimera Shadow Garden, covering the ground in a shadowy liquid form allowing him to call up shikigami with ease and summon multiple at the same time, using their skills to overwhelm enemy attackers.


title: Megumi Fushiguro

text: Rebecca Silverman "Anime News Network" said Megumi was the least interesting protagonist from the manga's first chapters. Megumi's fight with the Special Grade Curse was listed as the third best anime fight from 2021 by Crunchyroll. In a review for episode 23 of the anime, “The Origin Of Blind Obedience Part 2”, Charles Hartford praised the depth and exploration of Megumi's character. He stated: "As he gets pushed to his limit, we see him dig deeper into his powers than has previously been shown" and that "the result of which is a display of power that serves to elevate Megumi in the pantheon of Jujutsu sorcerers and give MAPPA an excellent opportunity to work some of their trademark visual magic." Olive St. Sauver compared his and Yuji's friendship to "Black Clover‘"s Asta and Yuno because of how they "care for each other and are excited to see the other succeed...the desire to surpass the other comes from healthy competition rather than envy." David Eckstein-Schoemann of "The Spinnaker", in a review for the anime, stated how he "[liked] seeing Yuuji work off of Megumi ...every character here has a distinct design, a distinct way of fighting, and a unique personality that leaves an impact whenever you see them." In May 2022, manga author Kenta Shinohara did his own tribute to the character of Megumi alongside Yuji and Yuta.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Zachary Scott (February 21, 1914 – October 3, 1965) was an American actor who was known for his roles as villains and "mystery men".


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott was born in Austin, Texas, the son of Sallie Lee (Masterson) and Zachary Thomson Scott, a doctor.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott intended to follow his father into medicine, but after attending the University of Texas at Austin he dropped out at age 19 and worked as a seaman on an England-bound freighter. There he appeared in almost two dozen repertory theatre productions in 18 months. When he returned to Texas, he began to act in local theater productions.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne met Scott and his wife Elaine Anderson in Austin, Texas, where Scott was completing his degree, and then wrote to Lawrence Langer about summer jobs for both at the Westport [CT] Playhouse, which led to Scott's engagements in New York. He made his debut in a revival of "Ah, Wilderness!" in 1941 with a small role as a bartender. He was also in "The Damask Cheek" (1942), "The Rock" (1943), and "Those Endearing Young Charms" (1943).


title: Zachary Scott

text: Jack L. Warner saw Scott perform in "Those Endearing Young Charms" and signed him to his first film contract, which led to his screen debut in "The Mask of Dimitrios" (1944).


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott was one of the many Warners stars who had small roles in "Hollywood Canteen" (1944). He was loaned out to United Artists to play the lead in "The Southerner" (1945) directed by Jean Renoir.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Back at Warners, Scott was cast in "Mildred Pierce" (1945) and received much acclaim for his duplicitous performance as the lover of both Joan Crawford and her daughter; his mysterious murder forms the basis of the plot.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott co-starred with Faye Emerson in "Danger Signal" (1945) and was with Janis Paige and Dane Clark in "Her Kind of Man" (1946). In 1946 exhibitors voted Scott the third most promising "star of tomorrow".


title: Zachary Scott

text: During this period, Scott and his first wife Elaine socialized regularly with Angela Lansbury and her first husband, Richard Cromwell. Elaine Scott had met Zachary Scott back in Austin and she made a name for herself behind the scenes on Broadway as stage manager for the original production of "Oklahoma!". The Scotts had one child together, Waverly Scott.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott supported Ann Sheridan in "The Unfaithful" (1947) and Ronald Reagan and Alexis Smith in "Stallion Road" (1947). MGM borrowed him to support Lana Turner and Spencer Tracy in "Cass Timberlane" (1947).


title: Zachary Scott

text: He had the lead in a noir for Eagle Lion, "Ruthless" (1948), then returned to Warners for "Whiplash" (1948) with Clark. He supported Virginia Mayo in "Flaxy Martin" (1949) and Joel McCrea in the independent "South of St. Louis" (1949). He was reunited with Crawford in "Flamingo Road" (1949).


title: Zachary Scott

text: Warners tried Scott in a comedy with Alexis Smith, "One Last Fling" (1949). He starred in some films outside the studio, "Guilty Bystander" (1950) and "Shadow on the Wall" (1950). At Warners he supported Randolph Scott in "Colt .45" (1950). He did "Born to Be Bad" (1950) for Nicholas Ray and "Pretty Baby" (1950) for Warners.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott appeared on a variety of television series such as "Armstrong Circle Theatre" (1950) and "Pulitzer Prize Playhouse" (1951). He did "Lightning Strikes Twice" (1951) for King Vidor and "The Secret of Convict Lake" (1951).


title: Zachary Scott

text: In 1950, Scott was involved in a rafting accident. Also during that year, he and Elaine divorced; she later married writer John Steinbeck. Possibly as a result of these developments or due to a box-office slump, Scott succumbed to depression, which affected his acting for Warner Bros. The studio stopped promoting his films, so he turned back to the stage and began accepting television roles.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott's first film after he left Warners was "Stronghold" (1951) with Veronica Lake. He followed it with "Let's Make It Legal" (1951). He was on TV in "Tales of Tomorrow" (1951) and "Betty Crocker Star Matinee" (1952) and went to England to make "Wings of Danger" (1952).


title: Zachary Scott

text: In Hollywood he was in "Studio One in Hollywood" (1953), and "Medallion Theatre" (1953) on TV, and "Appointment in Honduras" (1953), directed by Jacques Tourneur. He was in "The Revlon Mirror Theater" (1953), "Chevron Theatre" (1953), "Suspense" (1954), "Schlitz Playhouse" (1954), "The Motorola Television Hour" (1954), "Campbell Summer Soundstage" (1954), "The United States Steel Hour" (1954), "Omnibus" (1954), "Climax!" (1955), "General Electric Theater" (1955), "Robert Montgomery Presents" (1956, playing Philip Marlowe in a version of "The Big Sleep"), "Science Fiction Theatre" (1955), "The Star and the Story" (1956), "Celebrity Playhouse" (1956), "Theatre Night" (1957) and "Pursuit" (1958).


title: Zachary Scott

text: He made the occasional film such as "Treasure of Ruby Hills" (1955), "Shotgun" (1955), "Flame of the Islands" (1956), "The Counterfeit Plan" (1957), and "Man in the Shadow" (1957).


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott was in "The Young One" (1960) directed by Luis Buñuel. He guest starred on "The Chevy Mystery Show" (1960), "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960) and "" (1960). In 1961, he portrayed White Eyes, a Native American Chief, in the "Rawhide" episode "Incident Before Black Pass".


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott married his second wife, actress Ruth Ford. They had a child together, and he also adopted her daughter from a previous marriage.


title: Zachary Scott

text: He was in the film "Natchez Trace" (1960) and had roles in "The DuPont Show of the Month" (1961), "Play of the Week" (1961), "The New Breed" (1961), "The Defenders" (1961) and "The DuPont Show of the Week" (1962).


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott's last roles included "It's Only Money" (1962) with Jerry Lewis, the TV movie "The Expendables" (1962), and episodes of "The Doctors and the Nurses" (1962) and "The Rogues" (1965). He returned to Broadway for "A Rainy Day in Newark "(1963) by Howard Teichmann. He then moved back to Austin.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott died on October 3, 1965 from a malignant brain tumor at the home of his mother in Austin, Texas, at the age of 51.


title: Zachary Scott

text: Scott has a star at 6349 Hollywood Boulevard in the Motion Pictures section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It was dedicated on February 8, 1960.


title: Zachary Scott

text: In 1968, Austin renamed its civic center Zachary Scott Theatre Center in memory of the city's native son. Two streets in the Austin area are named in his memory: at the old airport Mueller Redevelopment, and in unincorporated southeast Travis County.


title: Homeland (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the American television drama series "Homeland" premiered on October 4, 2015, and concluded on December 20, 2015, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes. The series started as a loosely based variation of the two-season run of the Israeli television series "Hatufim" (English: "Prisoners of War") created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa. The fifth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 10, 2017.


title: Homeland (season 5)

text: Set two years after the previous season, Season 5 finds Carrie no longer working for the CIA but for a philanthropic foundation in Berlin, the Düring Foundation, but co-operating with her former colleagues to stop a terror attack on Berlin as well as locate a CIA mole. The season includes several real world subjects in its storylines, including ISIS, Vladimir Putin, Bashar al-Assad, the Charlie Hebdo shooting, Edward Snowden and the European migrant crisis.


title: Homeland (season 5)

text: The series was renewed for a 12-episode fifth season on November 10, 2014. In April 2015, it was confirmed the entire season would be filmed in Potsdam, Germany, at Studio Babelsberg (with the exception of on-location shooting), making it the first American TV series to film an entire season there. In June 2015, four new series regular roles were announced, including Sebastian Koch, Miranda Otto, Alexander Fehling and Sarah Sokolovic. Production began in Berlin on June 2, 2015. Executive producers for the fifth season are Alex Gansa, Howard Gordon, Gideon Raff, Alexander Cary, Chip Johannessen, Meredith Stiehm, Patrick Harbinson, Lesli Linka Glatter, Avi Nir, and Ran Telem.


title: Homeland (season 5)

text: The fifth season received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 76 out of 100 based on 17 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the season received an 88% rating based on 27 reviews with an average rating of 7.99/10. The critical consensus reads ""Homeland" re-energizes itself in season five by setting up a twisty Berlin-set spy thriller that spotlights Carrie's questionable ethics more than ever." Verne Gay of "Newsday" gave it an "A" grade and wrote that it's "Smart, taut, engaging and propulsive. The fifth looks terrific." Ben Travers of Indiewire gave it an "A−" grade and wrote that "If last season was the redux, then Season 5 is peak "Homeland"."


title: Homeland (season 5)

text: For the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast was nominated for Best Drama Ensemble, Claire Danes was nominated for Best Drama Actress, and the series was nominated for Best Stunt Team. For the 42nd People's Choice Awards, "Homeland" won for Favorite Premium Cable Show. The American Film Institute named it on their list of the best television programs of 2015. For the 68th Directors Guild of America Awards, Lesli Linka Glatter was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series for "The Tradition of Hospitality". For the 20th Satellite Awards, Claire Danes won for Best Actress in a Drama Series. For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received four nominations: Outstanding Drama Series, Claire Danes for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, Lesli Linka Glatter for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for "The Tradition of Hospitality", and David Klein for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series for "The Tradition of Hospitality".


title: The Weather Man

text: The Weather Man is a 2005 American dark comedy-drama film directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Steve Conrad, and starring Nicolas Cage in the lead role, Michael Caine and Hope Davis. It tells the story of a weatherman in the midst of a mid-life crisis.


title: The Weather Man

text: A successful weatherman at a Chicago news program, David Spritz (Nicolas Cage) is well paid but garners little respect from people in the area who throw fast food at him, David suspects, because they're resentful of how easy his high-paying job is. Dave also feels overshadowed by his father, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Spritzel (Michael Caine), who is disappointed in Dave's apparent inability to grow up and deal with his two children. The situation worsens when Robert is diagnosed with lymphoma and given only a few months to live. As he becomes more and more depressed, Dave takes up archery, finding the activity a way to build his focus and calm his nerves.


title: The Weather Man

text: David later remembers a conversation between himself and his father, where his father explains to him that "the harder thing to do and the right thing to do are often the same thing" and that "nothing that has meaning is easy". David appreciates this advice but struggles to implement it.


title: The Weather Man

text: To prove himself to his father and possibly reconcile with Noreen (Hope Davis), his estranged wife, Dave pursues a weatherman position with a national talk show called "Hello America". The job would nearly quadruple his salary, but means relocating to New York City. When "Hello America" invites him to New York, he takes his daughter, Shelly (Gemmenne de la Peña), with him and bonds with her by helping her shop for a more suitable wardrobe. While away, Dave learns that his son Mike (Nicholas Hoult) attacked his counselor, Don Bowden (Gil Bellows), claiming that the man wanted to perform oral sex on him. Despite this stress and an all-night drinking binge, Dave impresses the "Hello America" interviewers and is eventually offered the job.


title: The Weather Man

text: When he returns, Dave slaps Russ (Michael Rispoli), Noreen's boyfriend, when he finds him dealing with his son's predicament. Dave later confronts the counselor at his home, beating him up and warning him that he is in store for worse.


title: The Weather Man

text: The family holds a living funeral for Robert organised by Dave's mother, Lauren (Judith McConnell), in which Dave asks Noreen to reconcile and move to New York, but she has decided to marry Russ. Dave and Robert have one final talk, in which Dave breaks down in tears, unsure of his life's choices. Robert consoles him, telling him that he has time to "chuck" the garbage of his life. Robert dies soon after.


title: The Weather Man

text: The film ends several months later, after Dave has accepted the job and moved to New York. People have ceased throwing things at him though, he muses, this may be a pleasant side-effect of his archery hobby, for which he carries a bow.


title: The Weather Man

text: The film also includes cameos from news presenters, such as Bryant Gumbel, Ed McMahon, Cristina Ferrare, and Wolfgang Puck.


title: The Weather Man

text: "The Weather Man" received an overall score of 59% on Rotten Tomatoes and has an average rating of 6.1/10 based on 136 reviews. The site's consensus states: "With fine performances and a dark, dry sense of humor, "The Weather Man" is mostly cloudy with occasional rays of sunshine." It has a 61 out of 100 score on Metacritic, sampled from 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Weather Man

text: The film was released in North America on October 28, 2005, and ran for nearly eight weeks (precisely 54 days). It grossed $12.5 million in the US and $6.6 million internationally, for a total of $19 million.


title: Patriation

text: Patriation is the political process that led to full Canadian sovereignty, culminating with the Constitution Act, 1982. The process was necessary because under the Statute of Westminster 1931, with Canada's agreement at the time, the British parliament had retained the power to amend Canada's Constitution Acts (Statute of Westminster sec. 7(1)), and to enact more generally for Canada at the request and with the consent of the Dominion (sec. 4). That authority was removed from the UK by the enactment of the Canada Act 1982 on March 29, 1982, by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as requested by the Parliament of Canada.


title: Patriation

text: Patriation was subsequently confirmed by the Constitution Act, 1982, part of the Canada Act 1982. A proclamation bringing the Constitution Act, 1982 into effect was signed by Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien on April 17, 1982, on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa. The monarch's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the act. Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country; however, the UK monarch's role as monarch of Canada is distinct from their role as the UK monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms.


title: Patriation

text: The patriation process saw the provinces granted influence in constitutional matters and resulted in the constitution being amendable by Canada only and according to its amending formula, with no role for the United Kingdom. Hence, patriation is associated with the establishment of full sovereignty.


title: Patriation

text: The word "patriation" was coined in Canada as a back-formation from "repatriation" (returning to one's country). Prior to 1982, power to amend the Canadian constitution was held by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (subject in some respects to request and consent from Canada); hence some have felt that the term patriation was more suitable than the term repatriation (returning something). The term was first used in 1966 by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in response to a question in parliament: "We intend to do everything we can to have the constitution of Canada repatriated, or patriated."


title: Patriation

text: From 1867, the Constitution of Canada was primarily contained in the British North America Act, 1867, and other British North America Acts, which were passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Several Canadian prime ministers, starting with William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1927, had made attempts to domesticize the amending formula, but could not obtain agreement with the provincial governments as to how such a formula would work. Thus, even after the Statute of Westminster granted Canada and other Commonwealth nations full legislative independence in 1931, Canada requested that the British North America Act, 1867, be excluded from the laws that were now within Canada's complete control to amend; until 1949, the constitution could only be changed by a further act at Westminster. The British North America (No.2) Act, 1949, granted the Parliament of Canada limited power to amend the constitution in many areas of its own jurisdiction, without involvement of the United Kingdom. The constitution was amended in this manner five times: in 1952, 1965, 1974, and twice in 1975.


title: Patriation

text: Negotiations continued sporadically between federal and provincial governments on the development of a new amending formula in which the United Kingdom would have no part. In the 1960s, efforts by the governments of Prime Ministers John Diefenbaker and Lester Pearson, including the Confederation of Tomorrow conference in Canada's centennial year, culminated in the Fulton–Favreau formula, but without Quebec's endorsement, the patriation attempt failed.


title: Patriation

text: In 1968, Pearson was succeeded by Pierre Trudeau, who also advocated patriation. He made several attempts, including the Victoria Charter in 1971 and more proposed amendments in 1978. At the 1978–1979 conference, Trudeau prepared for the first time to provide some federal concessions with regard to the division of powers, including family law, fisheries, and resources. However, the other premiers balked, which led to speculation they were waiting to see if the more province-friendly Progressive Conservatives would win the coming federal election. In that campaign, the Liberals ran on constitutional change, including a speech at Maple Leaf Gardens in which Trudeau promised unilateral action if the premiers did not agree to patriation.


title: Patriation

text: Patriation was given a new impetus after the 1980 referendum on Quebec independence, before which Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement if the majority of Quebecers voted "No". After a number of days of negotiation and the leak of the Kirby Memo which antagonized Quebec, by an "internal federal source", after provincial premiers consulted at the Chateau Laurier, drafted a list of 10 powers to be devolved to the provinces in exchange for consent to patriation. Trudeau, when presented with the document, refused to accept it and reiterated his threat that he would seek the House of Commons' approval to proceed with a unilateral amendment. Faced with Premier of Manitoba Sterling Lyon's charge that it would "tear the country apart", Trudeau responded that, if Canada could not have control of its own constitution and a charter when most provinces had their own, the country would deserve to be torn apart.


title: Patriation

text: Trudeau announced his belief that the premiers were dealing in bad faith and met with his caucus to propose a new course. After offering a wide range of options and proposing full reform, a Quebec MP shouted "" (translated by Trudeau to mean "let's go first class ... be liberal to the end ... not to temper our convictions with political expediency"). Taking the proposal to Cabinet, some ministers suggested using the manoeuvre to increase federal power over the economy, but Trudeau demurred, replying "we shouldn't upset the balance". On October 2, 1980, he announced on national television his intention to proceed with unilateral patriation in what he termed the "people's package". The proposal would request patriation from the UK parliament, as well as the entrenchment of a charter of rights, and would call for a referendum to be held within two years on the amending formula for the new constitution, which would be a choice between the Victoria Charter veto formula and any joint proposal by the provinces that could be approved by provinces totalling 80% of the population.


title: Patriation

text: Trudeau found new allies in Premiers Bill Davis (Ontario) and Richard Hatfield (New Brunswick) and the federal New Democratic Party, under Ed Broadbent, announced its support after persuading Trudeau to devolve some resource powers to the provinces. The Prime Minister's proposal in the House of Commons, which would be tabled as the Canada Bill, invited Aboriginal, feminist, and other groups to Ottawa for their input on the charter of rights in legislative committees. However, there was disagreement over the charter, which the premiers of six provinces (Lyon, René Lévesque of Quebec, Bill Bennett of British Columbia, Angus MacLean of Prince Edward Island, Peter Lougheed of Alberta, and Brian Peckford of Newfoundland) opposed as encroachments on their power; the press dubbed this the "Gang of Six". Manitoba, Newfoundland, and Quebec launched references to their respective Courts of Appeal asking if the Canada Bill was constitutional. Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan remained neutral.


title: Patriation

text: At the insistence of British Columbia, the premiers who opposed unilateral patriation drafted an alternative proposal to showcase the disagreement between the sides and to counter the federal government's charges of obstructionism if the document were to proceed to Westminster. The idea was for patriation to take place with no charter of rights and the amending formula would permit amendment with the approval of seven provinces consisting of 50% of the population, referred to as the "Vancouver Formula". The premiers' innovation was a clause allowing for dissenting provinces to "opt out" of new amendments that superseded provincial jurisdiction and receive equivalent funding to run a substitute programme if two-thirds of the members of the provincial legislature acquiesced. Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan approved of this, prompting the press to now call the opposition premiers the "Gang of Eight".


title: Patriation

text: Trudeau rejected the proposed document out of hand and again threatened to take the case for patriation straight to the British parliament "[without] bothering to ask one premier." The federal Cabinet and Crown counsel took the position that if the British Crown—in council, parliament, and on the bench—was to exercise its residual sovereignty over Canada, it did so at the request of the federal ministers of the Crown only. Further, officials in the United Kingdom indicated that the British parliament was under no obligation to fulfill any request for legal changes made by Trudeau, particularly if Canadian convention was not being followed.


title: Patriation

text: The Courts of Appeal in Newfoundland, Quebec and Manitoba delivered their opinions on the reference questions in the second quarter of 1981. The Manitoba and Quebec Courts of Appeal answered the questions posed by their provincial governments in favour of the federal government, ruling that there was no constitutional objection to the federal government proceeding unilaterally. The Court of Appeal of Newfoundland, however, ruled in favour of the provincial government. It held that both as a matter of constitutional law and constitutional convention, the federal government could not request the proposed amendments from the British Parliament without the consent of the provinces. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. The governments of Manitoba and Quebec appealed from the decisions of the Courts of Appeal in those provinces, and the federal government appealed from the decision of the Newfoundland Court of Appeal.


title: Patriation

text: On September 28, 1981, the court ruled (on live television, for the first time) that the federal government had the right, by letter of the law, to proceed with the unilateral patriation of the constitution (the decision was seven to two in favour). However, by a different six-to-three majority, the court said that the constitution was made up as much of convention as written law and ruled that a unilateral patriation was not in accordance with constitutional convention. Although the courts enforce laws, not constitutional conventions, the court's decision stated that agreement by a "substantial" number of premiers would be required to abide by the convention. This number was not defined and commentators later criticized the court's failure to rule that the approval of all provinces was required. The decision was controversial and a loss for the premiers. Lévesque would later remark: "In other words, Trudeau's goals might be unconstitutional, illegitimate, and even 'go against the principles of federalism,' but they were legal!" Trudeau, in his memoirs, paraphrased the court as saying "that patriation was legal, but not nice."


title: Patriation

text: Both the United Kingdom and Canada undertook contingency preparations: Margaret Thatcher's British cabinet explored simply unilaterally patriating the constitution to Canada with an amending formula requiring unanimous approval of the provinces. Trudeau began to plan for a referendum proposing a unilateral declaration of independence in the event of a United Kingdom refusal.


title: Patriation

text: The decision set the stage for a meeting amongst all premiers and Trudeau in Ottawa, on November 2, 1981. The conference opened with Trudeau announcing an openness to a new amending formula, Davis postulating that his cabinet could accept an agreement without an Ontario veto, and Hatfield proposing deferral of some elements of a charter. This was seen as a general opening toward the provincial proposal, though Trudeau declared the charter was non-negotiable.


title: Patriation

text: A compromise put to Trudeau involving amending the Group of Eight's proposal with a limited charter was met with a blunt refusal, with federal officials declining a "gutted charter", while Lévesque and Trudeau argued on the language provisions of the charter. On November 3, the premiers' breakfast meeting saw two new proposals floated: The Premier of Saskatchewan, Allan Blakeney, would accept a charter without language rights and constitutional amendment by any seven provinces, regardless of population and the removal of financial compensation, while Bennett would allow Trudeau his language rights provisions in exchange for other considerations. Lyon and Lévesque were angered and refused to go along, with Lougheed successfully suggesting the ideas be proposed to test Trudeau's negotiating position. In return, Trudeau launched a new federal initiative to the premiers: patriate the constitution as it was, but continue debates for two years and, if deadlock resulted, hold a national referendum on the amending formula and charter. Lévesque, fearing the alliance was crumbling and facing mocking remarks by Trudeau that as a "great democrat" (especially after the recent referendum he initiated on Quebec's independence), but confident he could ensure any referendum on a charter would fail, agreed in principle. Trudeau promptly announced a "Canada-Quebec alliance" on the issue to the press, stating "the cat is among the pigeons."


title: Patriation

text: The other seven opposition premiers were startled: Campaigning against the protection of rights was generally seen as political suicide, and a national referendum could be seen as "conventionalizing" the charter without the need for provincial approval. Further, Canadians nationwide were mostly in agreement with Trudeau on the issue and were tired of the constant constitutional talks; The draft text of the Federal proposal was later revealed to involve the approval of Trudeau's reforms, with referendums being only if provinces representing 80% of the population demanded them within the two years. This prompted Lévesque to back away from the referendum proposal, saying it looked as though it was "written in Chinese." The conference descended again into acrimony, with Trudeau and Lévesque angrily clashing over language rights. Trudeau announced that he would attend one final meeting at 9am the following day and head to Westminster if agreement was not reached. Peckford announced that Newfoundland would forward a proposal the next day. Lévesque and the Quebec delegation went to sleep in Hull, Quebec, for the night.


title: Patriation

text: That night—November 4, 1981—the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien, met with Attorney General of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow and Attorney General of Ontario Roy McMurtry in the kitchen of Ottawa's Government Conference Centre. The attorneys general discussed a scenario in which the provinces would agree to the charter and disallowing opting-out with compensation, while Chrétien agreed to the Vancouver amending formula and reluctantly offered to include the Notwithstanding Clause in the constitution. Chrétien, who had been deeply involved in supporting the "no" side of the Quebec referendum and abhorred the possibility of another one, recommended the compromise to Trudeau, but the Prime Minister felt, given the previous chaos, it would still be impossible to obtain the agreement of his provincial counterparts and demurred. Hatfield and Davis, however, agreed in principle to the compromise and told Trudeau that he should do so as well, informing him they would not be on his side if he proceeded unilaterally at that point. Trudeau, who knew that his position in London was growing tenuous, even with the support he had, accepted. Thus, working with the draft proposal created by the Newfoundland delegation, the nine groups worked through the night to prepare the compromise proposal. This period would be called the "Kitchen Accord"; the men at the table that night became known as the "Kitchen Cabinet". In exchange for agreeing to the inclusion of the notwithstanding clause, Trudeau declined to remove the federal powers of disallowance and reservation from the draft Constitution.


title: Patriation

text: At the end of this period of negotiations, René Lévesque left to sleep at Hull, a city located on the other side of the Ottawa river, before leaving he asked the other premiers (who were all lodged at the same hotel in Ottawa) to call him if anything happened.


title: Patriation

text: Lévesque and his people, all in Quebec, remained ignorant of the agreement until Lévesque walked into the premiers' breakfast and was told the agreement had been reached. Lévesque refused to give his support to the deal and left the meeting; the government of Quebec subsequently announced on November 25, 1981, that it would veto the decision. However, both the Quebec Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court, which issued its ruling on the matter on December 6, 1982, stated that Quebec had never held such veto powers.


title: Patriation

text: The events were divisive. Quebec nationalists saw the deal as the English-speaking premiers betraying Quebec, which prompted use of the term "", or "Night of the Long Knives". In English Canada, Lévesque was seen as having tried to do the same to the English-speaking premiers by accepting the referendum. Among those was Brian Mulroney, who said that by "accepting Mr. Trudeau's referendum idea, Mr. Levesque [sic] himself abandoned, without notice, his colleagues of the common front." Chrétien's role in the negotiations made him reviled among sovereigntists. Until the Quebec Liberals came to power in 1985, every law passed in Quebec used the notwithstanding clause.


title: Patriation

text: Further, Peckford rebuked in an article in "The Globe and Mail" claims the events that night resembled anything akin to the Kitchen Accord or Night of the Long Knives. According to Peckford, four premiers—from Newfoundland, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia—and senior representatives from Alberta and British Columbia, worked from a proposal brought to the meeting by the Newfoundland delegation. Efforts were made to reach the other provinces, including Quebec, but to no avail. Peckford further asserted that Chrétien was not contacted and he had no knowledge of the "so-called kitchen meetings". The proposal agreed upon that night was essentially the same as the Newfoundland delegation's, except for minor alterations to wording and the addition of a new section, and the final draft was to go to all the provinces for approval the following morning.


title: Patriation

text: Peckford's assertions have, in turn, been challenged by Howard Leeson, who was then the Saskatchewan Deputy Minister for Intergovernmental Affairs and present during all of the negotiations that night. He claimed that, while the officials did work from Newfoundland's draft, it was only because it was largely similar to the Kitchen Accord, which had already been developed and agreed to by the governments of Ontario and Saskatchewan and was known to the federal government. Further, Peckford played only a minor role that evening, entering later, with the majority of the negotiating being done by Blakeney and Davis. Leeson concluded that Davis and Lougheed were the most important players in securing an agreement. In his opinion, the presence in the National Archives of Canada of the Kitchen Accord leaves no doubt about its existence and it was one of several crucial linkages in the patriation negotiations.