title: Function generator

text: More advanced function generators are called arbitrary waveform generators (AWG). They use direct digital synthesis (DDS) techniques to generate any waveform that can be described by a table of amplitudes and time steps.


title: Function generator

text: A completely different approach to function generation is to use software instructions to generate a waveform, with provision for output. For example, a general-purpose digital computer can be used to generate the waveform; if frequency range and amplitude are acceptable, the sound card fitted to most computers can be used to output the generated wave.


title: Function generator

text: An electronic circuit element used for generating waveforms within other apparatus that can be used in communications and instrumentation circuits, and also in a function generator instrument. Examples are the Exar XR2206 and , which can generate sine, square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms at a voltage-controllable frequency.


title: Function generator

text: An electronic circuit element that provides an output proportional to some mathematical function (such as the square root) of its input; such devices are used in feedback control systems and in analog computers. Examples are the Raytheon QK329 square-law tube and the Intersil ICL8048 Log/Antilog Amplifier.


title: Function generator

text: Mechanical function generators are linkages, cam-follower mechanisms or non-circular gears, designed to reproduce different types of functions, either periodic (like sine or cosine functions), or single-shot (logarithm, parabolic, tangent functions etc.).


title: Function generator

text: Measurement instruments like pressure gauges, altimeters and barometers include linkage-type function generators as linearization means.


title: Function generator

text: Before the advent of digital computers, mechanical function generators were used in the construction of gun fire control systems, and mechanical calculators.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: "Minnie the Moocher" is a jazz-scat song first recorded in 1931 by Cab Calloway and His Orchestra, selling over a million copies. "Minnie the Moocher" is most famous for its nonsensical ad libbed ("scat") lyrics (for example, "Hi De Hi De Hi De Ho"). In performances, Calloway would have the audience and the band members participate by repeating each scat phrase in a form of call and response, until making it too fast and complicated for the audience to replicate it.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: Released by Brunswick Records, the song was the biggest chart-topper of 1931. Calloway publicized and then celebrated a "12th birthday" for the song on June 17, 1943, while performing at New York's Strand Theatre. He reported that he was then singing the song at both beginning and end of four performances daily, and then estimated his total performances to date: "she's kicked the gong around for me more than 40,000 times."


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: In 1978, Calloway recorded a disco version of "Minnie the Moocher" on RCA Records which reached No. 91 on the "Billboard" R&B chart.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: "Minnie the Moocher" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999, and in 2019 was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress. It has been argued that the record was the first jazz record to sell a million copies.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: The song is based lyrically on Frankie "Half-Pint" Jaxon's 1927 version of the early 1900s vaudeville song "Willie the Weeper" (Bette Davis sings this version in "The Cabin in the Cotton").


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: The lyrics are heavily laden with drug references. The character "Smokey" is described as "cokey", meaning a user of cocaine; the phrase "kick the gong around" was a slang reference to smoking opium. The "hi-de-ho" scat lyrics came about when Calloway forgot the lyrics to the song one night during a live radio concert.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: "Minnie the Moocher" has been covered or simply referenced by many other performers. Its refrain, particularly the call and response, is part of the language of American jazz. At the Cab Calloway School of the Arts, which is named for the singer, students perform "Minnie the Moocher" as a traditional part of talent showcases.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: In 1967, the song was covered again by an Australian band, The Cherokees. A version by the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra made number 35 in the UK Singles Chart late in 1988. Tupac Shakur and Chopmaster J made a hip hop version of the song in 1989. The song can be found on "" from 2007. A contemporary swing band, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, recorded a cover on their 1998 album, "Americana Deluxe". L.A.-based new wave/rock band Oingo Boingo has covered this song, as well as other Cab Calloway songs, during live performances throughout their career, dating back to their years as Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: On January 19, 2001, Wyclef Jean opened his "All Star Jam @ Carnegie Hall" concert with this number, walking to the stage from the back of the audience, dressed all in white. The song "The Mighty O" by Outkast is heavily inspired by the song.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: The English singer-songwriter Robbie Williams is famed (and often lightheartedly ridiculed) for his frequent tendency to engage in call and response with his audience. As a tongue in cheek retort to the criticism, he performed "Minnie the Moocher" on the Take the Crown Stadium Tour, albeit changing the lyrics to be about himself. He then released a studio recording of the song on his 10th studio album, "Robbie Williams Swings Both Ways".


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: In 1992, rapper Positive K made a song called "Minnie the Moocher" for his 1992 album, "The Skills Dat Pay da Bills".


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: During a performance on the first season of "American Idol", Tamyra Gray performed this song on "Big Band" night.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: Hugh Laurie, in a 2006 interview on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", stated that his charity cover band, Band from TV, has the most popular recording of "Minnie the Moocher" available on the iTunes Store. Laurie also performs a part of the song in the first episode of the British comedy television series "Jeeves and Wooster", playing the role of Bertie Wooster, duetting with Reginald Jeeves, played by Stephen Fry. The episode first aired in 1990. A recording was later released on the "Jeeves and Wooster" soundtrack.


title: Minnie the Moocher

text: Calloway performs the song in the 1980 comedy film "The Blues Brothers" in which he also plays a supporting role.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Sweet Tooth is an American comic book limited series written and drawn by Canadian Jeff Lemire and published by DC Comics' Vertigo imprint. Dubbed by some as "Mad Max meets Bambi", it takes place in a mostly rural post-apocalyptic setting where some creatures are human/animal hybrids. Following the conclusion of the original series in January 2013, a sequel, subtitled The Return, began publication in November 2020, while a television series adaptation was released on Netflix on June 4, 2021.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Gus, a young boy with deer-like features, lives a quiet life deep in the woods with his father. He learns many things, from medical care to religious prophecy. Though he loves his religious father, he yearns to escape as he learns that there is not fire past the trees but simply more land.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Sometime after Gus' father passes away from an illness, strange men come to capture him. They are slain by Jepperd, who then promises to take Gus to a sanctuary. Lonely, Gus goes with him. Along the way, they encounter many problems. Hybrid cultists almost kill Jepperd but Gus saves him. 'Sweet Tooth' then earns his nickname by eating all of Jepperd's candy and food stash, though he had gained more food while Jepperd recovered. The duo also rescued several women from a prostitution ring.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Ultimately, Jepperd betrays Gus to a horrible scientific facility in return for the remains of his wife. It turns out a mysterious plague has been wiping out humanity, and the leader of the facility, Abbot, along with scientist Dr. Singh, believe the half-animal half-human children hybrids have something to do with it. In flashback we learn Jepperd was a former hockey bruiser who protected his wife Louise in the post-apocalyptic world. Eventually though, Louise revealed she was pregnant and Jepperd relents when a militia, led by Abbot, offers protection. It was all a trick however, with Abbot and Singh experimenting on pregnant women and hybrid babies to try to find a cure for the plague. Jepperd is kept in a cage but is eventually freed by Abbot's brother Johnny, a guard in the facility. Johnny tells Jepperd his wife is dead, and Jepperd goes on a rampage through the facility. He is recaptured, and Abbot lets him out of the camp, telling him he can have his wife's remains if he brings Abbot a hybrid child. This was why Jepperd betrayed Gus, and he heads home to fulfill a promise to his wife that he would "bring her back home".


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Gus, despite the horrors, makes friends with the last of the animal children at the place, the pig girl Wendy, half feral groundhog boy Bobby, and the silent donkey boy Buddy. Gus is hypnotized by Dr Singh, who goes deep into his memory to find out the truth about his birth. He discovers that Gus's father was a lunatic, and may even have been responsible for the apocalypse. He insists Abbot take him to the woods. They discover a bible that was written by Gus's father, but no evidence of a mother in her grave, on the way back to the camp, Singh starts to believe the writings. Jepperd, overwhelmed with guilt and a directionless life, decides to re-rescue Gus. He recruits Becky and Lucy, the women he saved, and hundreds of hybrid cultists. With help from Johnny, the children escape, although Gus is forced to kill a lost alligator-child who had gone feral. While on the move, Jepperd and Gus share an identical dream about Alaska.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: A battle and the intervention of Johnny allow Jepperd and the women to escape with the children and Dr Singh, who insists on coming. Seemingly, Buddy is lost to the murderous attentions of the hybrid cultists, and at the same time, he seems to think Jepperd is his father. Despite the emotional turmoil, the group closes ranks to protect the children still with them. Buddy is taken by Abbot, who murders the head cultist to do so. Somehow, the headmaster is now friendly and sympathetic towards the injured, moaning boy. Gus, Jepperd, Becky, Lucy, Wendy, Bobby, Johnny, and Singh stumble across a mysterious dam.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Although the story is initially set in Nebraska, the landscape is inspired by Lemire's past home of Essex County, Ontario.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: "Sweet Tooth", as a post-apocalyptic parable, is rife with influences such as Tim Truman’s "Scout: War Shaman" and the "Winterworld" three issue mini-series. As well as art influence by Richard Corben's "A Boy and His Dog" written by Harlan Ellison and "," written by Garth Ennis.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: Twelve issues were slated for "Sweet Tooth"s first year (as part of Lemire's initial contract). Because the nature of monthly comics is dependent on sales, initially not even Jeff Lemire knew how many issues "Sweet Tooth" would run. Editor Brandon Montclare confirmed, ""Sweet Tooth" is taken down and rebuilt every issue—sometimes every page. And as far down the road as I can see, who knows where Gus’ journey ends. Not even Jeff knows yet, although it's in his head somewhere." The main plot points were planned out with loosely 40 issues for DC/Vertigo, and in an interview for "USA Today", Jeff Lemire was quoted: "right now, I have it planned out to be 20 to 30 issues, but it could go even further depending on the response it gets."


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: On May 7, 2012, Jeff Lemire announced that Sweet Tooth would be finishing with a double size special at #40.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: In January 2015, an 8-page Sweet Tooth short story titled "Sweet Tooth: Black" was published in "Vertigo Quarterly: CMYK #4 Black". In August 2020, a sequel series subtitled "The Return" was announced, set 300 years later and following a cloned Gus, beginning publication in November 2020.


title: Sweet Tooth (Vertigo)

text: On November 16, 2018, it was announced that streaming service Hulu had given a pilot order to a potential television series adaptation of the comic book series. The pilot is expected to be written and directed by Jim Mickle who is also set to executive produce alongside Robert Downey Jr., Susan Downey, Amanda Burrell, and Linda Moran. Production companies involved with the pilot are slated to consist of Team Downey and Warner Bros. Television. On April 9, 2020, it was announced that the series has been moved from Hulu to Netflix. On May 12, 2020, Netflix had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of eight episodes. "Sweet Tooth" premiered on June 4, 2021.


title: Kaveri (actress)

text: ) is an Indian actress and film producer who mostly appeared in Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada language films. She had a critically acclaimed performance in the 2002 Telugu film "Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!", that fetched her the Nandi Award for Best Actress.


title: Kaveri (actress)

text: Kaveri was born on 24 October 1979 into a Malayali family settled in Kavumbhagom, Thiruvalla, Kerala. Her father, Muralidharan, worked at Kerala State Road Transport Corporation.


title: Kaveri (actress)

text: She started her film career as a child artist in Malayalam films, appeared in several Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada language films. After playing lead and supporting roles in Malayalam, Tamil films, she enacted female lead roles in several Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu language films.


title: Kaveri (actress)

text: She has won the Kerala state television award for best actress in 2002 for "Anna" and Nandi Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru" (2002). She is perhaps best known for her appearances and critically acclaimed performances in films such as "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum", "Samudhiram", "Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru", "Kabaddi Kabaddi" and "Kasi".


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Aravind Adiga (born 23 October 1974) is an Indian writer and journalist. His debut novel, "The White Tiger", won the 2008 Man Booker Prize.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Aravind Adiga was born in Madras (now Chennai) on 23 October 1974 to Dr. K. Madhava Adiga and Usha Adiga from Mangalore. His paternal grandfather was K. Suryanarayana Adiga, former chairman of Karnataka Bank, and maternal great-grandfather, U. Rama Rao, was a popular medical practitioner and Congress politician from Madras.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Adiga grew up in Mangalore and studied at Canara High School and later at St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru, where he completed his SSLC in 1990.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: After emigrating to Sydney with his family, Aravind studied at James Ruse Agricultural High School. He later studied English literature at Columbia College of Columbia University, in New York City, under Simon Schama, and graduated as salutatorian in 1997. He also studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, where one of his tutors was Hermione Lee.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Aravind Adiga began his career as a financial journalist, interning at the "Financial Times". With pieces published in the "Financial Times" and "Money", he covered the stock market and investment. As a Times correspondent he interviewed US President Donald Trump. His review of previous Booker Prize winner Peter Carey's 1988 book, "Oscar and Lucinda", appeared in "The Second Circle", an online literary review.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Adiga was subsequently hired by "Time", where he remained a South Asia correspondent for three years before going freelance. He wrote "The White Tiger" during this period. He now lives in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Adiga's debut novel, "The White Tiger", won the 2008 Booker Prize and has been adapted into a Netflix original movie "The White Tiger". He is the fourth Indian-born author to win the prize, after Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, and Kiran Desai. V. S. Naipaul, another winner, is ethnically Indian but was born on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. (More recently, Geetanjali Shree won the prize for her novel Tomb of Sand ). The novel studies the contrast between India's rise as a modern global economy and the lead character, Balram, who comes from crushing rural poverty. Adiga explained that just as the "criticism by writers like Flaubert, Balzac and Dickens of the 19th century helped England and France become better societies, "his writing aimed at try[ing] to highlight the brutal injustices of society".


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Shortly after he won the prize, it was alleged that Adiga had, the previous year, sacked the agent who secured his contract with Atlantic Books at the 2007 London Book Fair. In April 2009, it was announced that the novel would be adapted into a feature film. Propelled mainly by the Booker Prize win, "The White Tiger"s Indian hardcover edition sold more than 200,000 copies.


title: Aravind Adiga

text: The novel is described as a first-person "Bildungsroman" and placed within the wider context of contemporary Indian writing in English, as a novel about "the Darkness" (which reminds us of Dickens's London) and a fascinating success story about the overnight rise of one character from rags to riches, but also about India’s development as a global market economy. Mendes (2010) notices in this a certain artificiality, cleverly masked by irony, and remarks the cardboard cut-out' title character equipped with an inauthentic voice that ultimately undermines issues of class politics" (p. 277). Pakistani blogger Sarmad Iqbal reviewed Adiga's "The White Tiger" for "International Policy Digest", saying: "This novel in multiple ways was an eye opener for me about the rising India as being a Pakistani I grew up listening to and learning nothing good about India. As I got acquainted with all the dark secrets of a rising India divulged by Adiga in this novel, I came across several astonishing similarities between what goes in the 'enemy state' I knew from my childhood and my own country Pakistan."


title: Aravind Adiga

text: Adiga's second book, "Between the Assassinations", was released in India in November 2008 and in the US and UK in mid-2009. His third book, "Last Man in Tower", was published in the UK in 2011. His next novel, "Selection Day", was published on 8 September 2016. "Amnesty" published in 2020 speaks of the pathetic condition of immigrants. It was shortlisted for the 2021 Miles Franklin Award.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Morgan Ailis Webb (born October 5, 1978) is a former co-host and senior segment producer of the G4 show "X-Play". She was previously the host of the podcast "WebbAlert" and a monthly columnist for the United States edition of "FHM", where she contributed a monthly video game column titled "Tips from the Gaming Goddess". She began working at independent game studio Bonfire Studios in March 2017 in a production role.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Raised in Los Angeles, Webb attended UC Berkeley from 1996 to 2000. She developed computer skills in her free time there, and after graduating from college worked for a dot-com company as a website administrator. After the company went under during the dot-com bubble burst of 2000, her friend Catherine Schwartz got her hired at TechTV in 2001, and Webb became employed as the associate producer and web researcher for "The Screen Savers". Throughout 2002 and 2003, she also regularly co-hosted TechTV's "Call for Help" with Chris Pirillo. In April 2003, Webb left "The Screen Savers" to co-host "X-Play" with Adam Sessler.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Webb is one of the six TechTV personalities to survive the massive layoffs resulting from the May 2004 merger of G4 and TechTV. Only Adam Sessler and Webb remained with the network after G4's change in format. After Sessler's employment was terminated in April 2012, Webb was the only original TechTV personality remaining on the network.


title: Morgan Webb

text: In August 2005, Webb became a contributing game columnist for "FHM", alongside her regular hosting duties on "X-Play". Her monthly column was titled "Tips from the Gaming Goddess". Readers were encouraged to email Webb their video-game-related inquiries; she would then answer one question each month. In February 2007, Webb wrote her final column for the magazine, which discontinued its U.S. publication in March. She also hosted the short-lived "Free Stuff" on G4.


title: Morgan Webb

text: From August 2, 2007, to January 25, 2009, Webb had a daily video blogging initiative called "WebbAlert". These videos were 5 to 6 minutes in length, and each consisted of a recap of popular technology news of the day. On occasion, Webb departed from the regular news format in favor of an episode on one particular topic of interest. Examples included a recap of the annual TED Conference, a viral video special showcasing "future 'Darwin Award' winners", and tech-centric "Holiday Buyer's Guides". In January 2009, Webb suspended "WebbAlert" indefinitely due to issues with maintaining it on a daily basis concurrently with her hosting duties on "X-Play".


title: Morgan Webb

text: On February 25, 2009, G4 announced that Webb would be the host of their new show "G4 Underground", a weekly series that profiles a wide range of people and topics that are of interest to the "internet generation". It premiered March 29, 2009.


title: Morgan Webb

text: From June 11, 2013, through June 13, 2013, Morgan co-anchored Microsoft's nightly "Xbox @ E3 Live" streaming event coverage on Xbox Live, reuniting her with former G4 personalities Kevin Pereira, Blair Herter, Jessica Chobot, Blair Butler and Tina Summerford.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Morgan worked as a consultant and creative advisor for Activision Blizzard, where she also produced and hosted Blizzard's now-defunct monthly World of Warcraft discussion program "WoW Source".


title: Morgan Webb

text: In September 2017, Morgan announced her employment at Bonfire Studios where she helps organize the community and other various functions.


title: Morgan Webb

text: As an infant and small child, Webb appeared in advertisements for Gerber baby food, Kenner Toys, and an ad for McDonald's, where she recited the ingredients of the Big Mac to a game of Pat-a-cake. Though Webb's parents refused to let her watch television, she made up for it by playing video games. She began with an Atari, primarily the game "Combat", but as technology progressed, "The Legend of Zelda" and "Phantasy Star" became two of her favorite games.


title: Morgan Webb

text: After Webb graduated from high school, she left home to attend UC Berkeley. There, she earned a bachelor's degree in rhetoric (with a minor in Italian) in 2000.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Webb has joined the web-series Acquisitions Incorporated in playing several Dungeons & Dragons games at live events like PAX West.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Throughout 2004 and beyond, Webb was featured in numerous issues of print publications. "Maxim" magazine spotlighted her in their July 2004 issue. "FHM" featured a five-page article in their November 2004 issue, and also had her listed in three consecutive years for their annual "The 100 Sexiest Women in the World" article: #73 in 2005, #62 in 2006, and #51 in 2007. Other magazines have featured her as well, voted "Hottest Woman of the Year" in RTD's 2006 Top 10 countdown and in an article in the fall 2006 edition of "Colleges.com U Magazine".


title: Morgan Webb

text: In April 2004, Webb was in "TechTV's Sexiest Techie" poll sponsored by "Playboy" magazine. TechTV viewers could vote for their favorite girl via the "Playboy" website. Webb won the poll and was offered a nude photo shoot, but she refused, despite being "very flattered", citing her own personal reasons and her parents' objection to the idea.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Webb appeared in the music video "Strange New Element" from the band Low Water. She makes her appearance near the end of the video alongside other fellow TechTV personalities, including Catherine Schwartz, Sarah Lane, Laura Swisher, Chi-Lan Lieu, and Sumi Das. In addition to appearing in Low Water's music video, Webb is featured in the artwork of the band's album "Hard Words in a Speakeasy". She additionally provided her own vocals for "X-Play: The Musical", which aired in February 2007. She is a frequent guest on various talk shows, including "The Tyra Banks Show" (in February 2008), "Chelsea Lately" (in early 2009), and "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" (on April 15, 2009). She was also a frequent co-host on G4's "Attack of the Show!". On June 17, 2009, Webb appeared on KCRW Radio, as part of the station's "Guest DJ Project".


title: Morgan Webb

text: On June 21, 2008, Webb along with her "X-Play" co-host Adam Sessler, participated in the 50th annual "Hollywood Stars Celebrity Softball" game at Dodger Stadium.


title: Morgan Webb

text: A YouTube video was posted on October 7, 2013, with Webb as the well-versed host of a "Patch 5.4 Developer Round Table" discussion with Blizzard Entertainment employees J. Allen Brack, Ion Hazzikostas, and Tom Chilton.


title: Morgan Webb

text: Webb played a minor role as Neely Lamm on the CBS TV Drama series Bull on an episode titled, "The Fall" which aired on February 7, 2017.


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: Jewel De'Nyle (born August 5, 1976) is an American former pornographic actress and director. She is a member of the NightMoves, AVN, and XRCO Halls of Fame. De'Nyle has directed over 80 films.


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: De'Nyle was introduced to the adult film industry by Selena Steele. New Sensations signed De'Nyle to an exclusive two-year contract within her first month in the industry. She did her first scene with Peter North. In 2000, she made her directorial debut with "XXXtreme Fantasies of Jewel De'Nyle" for New Sensations before parting ways with the studio. Later that year, she co-wrote and co-produced "Bound by Blood" for Extreme Associates and started a series for Jill Kelly Productions titled "Sluts of the Nyle".


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: Her mother was also a pornographic actress going by the name "De'Bella". She was involved in a dispute with her mother as to her proceedings on camera and using Jewel's name to gather fame in the industry. By the start of the 2008 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo they had reconciled their differences, with De'Nyle saying that the biggest part of their reconciliation came when De'Bella left Platinum X Pictures.


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: In January 2003, she became a founding part-owner of the porn studio Platinum X Pictures, located in the San Fernando Valley of California. De'Nyle left Platinum X in June 2006.


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: De'Nyle was born to Debbie Schwarz, who had her when she was 19. De'Nyle was later adopted by Larry Jack Schwarz, a former Republican Colorado state legislator. She was the co-owner of Platinum X Productions while her mother Debbie was the sales director.


title: Jewel De'Nyle

text: De'Nyle started a two-year long relationship with colleague Peter North in 1998, after entering the adult business. She married Michael Stefano in 2002 (since divorced). In September 2005, she was reported to be "newly married" in New York.


title: Tin Toy

text: Tin Toy is a 1988 American computer-animated short film produced by Pixar and directed by John Lasseter. The short film, which runs five minutes, stars Tinny, a tin one-man band toy, attempting to escape from Billy, an infant. The third short film produced by the company's small animation division, it was a risky investment: due to the low revenue produced by Pixar's main product, the Pixar Image Computer, the company was under financial constraints.


title: Tin Toy

text: Lasseter pitched the concept for "Tin Toy" by storyboard to Pixar owner Steve Jobs, who agreed to finance the short despite the company's struggles, which he kept alive with annual investment. The film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMan software and proved new challenges to the animation team, namely the difficult task of realistically animating Billy. "Tin Toy" later gained attention from Disney, who sealed an agreement to create "Toy Story" starring Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, which was primarily inspired by elements from "Tin Toy".


title: Tin Toy

text: The short film premiered in a partially completed edit at the SIGGRAPH convention in August 1988 to a standing ovation from scientists and engineers. The film went on to claim Pixar's first Oscar with the 1988 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, becoming the first CGI film to win an Oscar. With the award, "Tin Toy" went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit. In 2003, "Tin Toy" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Tin Toy

text: The film takes place in one room and stars the toy of the title, a mechanical one-man band player named Tinny, and an infant named Billy. At first, Tinny is delighted at the prospect of being played with by Billy until he sees how destructive the infant can be, including sucking on his Rock-a-Stack and thrashing his garland of beads. When Tinny tries to walk out of Billy's reach, the musical instruments on the former's back begin to play, attracting Billy's attention. Tinny begins to run, but is chased by Billy. Tinny soon finds cover under a couch, there finding a collection of toys in hiding, similarly terrified of Billy. Unaware of this, Billy falls down on the hardwood floor face first while searching for Tinny and begins to cry. Feeling sorry for the baby, and in disbelief at the other toys' lack of sympathy, Tinny leaves his couch sanctuary and begins to play near Billy to calm him down. Upon seeing this, Billy stops crying and picks up Tinny to play with, the latter fearing the worst. However, Billy soon lets go of the toy, more interested in his packaging, but ignores Tinny, and then plays with his box. This annoys Tinny, who again plays music, following around Billy in hopes of being noticed, but is still mad and ignored. Eventually, Billy, whose face is now covered in a shopping bag, leaves the room, followed by Tinny and the newly optimistic toys from underneath the couch are safe to come out.


title: Tin Toy

text: Pixar, purchased in 1986 by entrepreneur and former Apple Computer head Steve Jobs, received many accolades for films produced by its small animation division, headed by former Disney animator John Lasseter. Lasseter's primary role, as defended to Jobs by company founders Edwin Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith, was to produce short films to promote the company's own Pixar Image Computers. The department was never meant to generate any revenue as far as Jobs was concerned, but after the release of two shorts, "Luxo Jr." (1986) and "Red's Dream" (1987), some of the engineers working on the company's products wondered whether it made sense to keep the animation group going at all. Pixar was losing money every year and Jobs was supporting the cash-strapped company SO through a line of credit with his personal guarantee.


title: Tin Toy

text: The engineers felt they were working hard to make money for Pixar while Lasseter's group was only spending it. Their passion was for building computers and software, not entertainment. Eventually, they discerned, to their chagrin, the reason why the company was supporting the division: the real priority of Catmull and Smith was to make films. The engineers were not alone in wondering about the value of Lasseter's short films. On repeated occasions in the late 1980s, Catmull barely dissuaded Jobs from shutting down the animation division due to financial constraints. At this same time, Jobs was clashing with Alvy Ray Smith, which would eventually lead to his resignation from Pixar after a heated argument during a meeting. Things were by no means well at the company and Lasseter and his team of animators knew this, and were afraid to ask for money to finance another short, which they storyboarded as "Tin Toy".


title: Tin Toy

text: In the spring of 1988, cash was running so short that Jobs convened a meeting to decree deep spending cuts across the board. When it was over, Lasseter and his animation group were almost too afraid to ask Jobs about authorizing some extra money for another short. Finally, they broached the topic and Jobs sat silent, looking skeptical. "Tin Toy" would require close to $300,000 more out of his pocket. After a few minutes, he asked if there were any storyboards. Catmull took him down to the animation offices, and Lasseter started his show. With the storyboards pinned on his wall, Lasseter did the voices and acted out the shots—just as story men had done on the Disney lot for decades—and thereby showed his passion for the project. The stakes here were much higher than before, however. Ralph Guggenheim, manager of the animation unit, recalled, "We knew that he wasn't just pitching for the film, he was pitching for the survival of the group." Jobs warmed up to the project and agreed to provide the money. "I believed in what John was doing," Jobs later said. "It was art. He cared, and I cared. I always said yes." His only comment at the end of Lasseter's presentation was, "All I ask of you, John, is to make it great."


title: Tin Toy

text: That fall, after completion of "Red's Dream", most members of the company gathered at Stillwater Cove, near Fort Ross, to design new software that was designed completely for the work of an animator. From the meeting came Menv software ("modeling Environment"), the first program specifically designed to facilitate the workflow of an animator, separating the various phases of the animation (modeling, animation and lighting), later renamed "Puppets". To show the application of the new program, it was approved the production of a short. Inspired by the birth of his daughter Julia, William Reeves proposed the idea to create a human baby. Lasseter had an inspiration for the new opera based on the observation of his nephew, intent to put any toy in the mouth on the way. Lasseter said, "In terms of toys the child must have seemed a terrible monster!"


title: Tin Toy

text: The story was about Lasseter's love, classic toys, and was inspired by a visit made in 1987 at the Tin Toy Museum in Yokohama, Japan. It was told from the perspective of a toy one-man band named Tinny, who meets a baby that charms and terrorizes him. Escaping under the couch, Tinny finds other frightened toys, but when the baby hits his head and cries, Tinny goes back out to cheer him up. "Tin Toy" was inspired much like "Luxo Jr.", namely, Lasseter's observations of a friend's baby. This time, he opted for a more ambitious task, attempting to mimic a human baby in its appearance, the movement of its arms, and its fickle moods.


title: Tin Toy

text: The short film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMan software. This was the only Pixar short rendered on the RM-1, a RenderMan specific computer that was never sold to the public. As with "Luxo Jr." and "Red's Dream", it was also a chance for Lasseter to one-up his earlier efforts, taking his animation and storytelling to another level. The baby proved difficult to model and animate; "it just became an incredible burden," remembered Flip Phillips, a new member of the team at the time. In early attempts at a model of the baby's head, he appeared to have the face of a middle-aged man. The final version of the baby (known to the team as Billy) had a much-improved face with 40 separate facial muscles, but his skin had the look of plastic. When he moved, moreover, his body lacked the natural give of baby fat and his diaper had the solidity of cement—compromises made necessary by lack of time and the still-developing technology.


title: Tin Toy

text: Lasseter and his technical directors slept under their desks at times to get "Tin Toy" finished before SIGGRAPH in Atlanta in August 1988, but to no avail. What the SIGGRAPH audience saw was the first three-fifths or so of the film, ending a cliffhanger moment with Tinny running into his box and watching in horror through the box's cellophane as Billy advances towards him. "Even though it wasn't complete, people were wowed by it," producer Ralph Guggenheim remembered. The audience of scientists and engineers to which it was shown at SIGGRAPH greeted it with a standing ovation. These praises were joined over the years, positive assessments of public and critics, who praised the innovation and technology in it. Luke Bonanno called it "One of the best Pixar short films," while other critics wrote that the film was "A fascinating glimpse of a fledgling art form." and many praised the ability to move in just a few minutes and have been able to "encompass the full range of emotions you feel when a toy is used by a child." Some criticisms were leveled at the character of Billy, who was called "the most frightening and disturbing piece of animation in the history of this art form." Dario Floreano stated that the uncanny valley concept was taken seriously by the film industry because of negative audience reactions to Billy. It is unknown when this short was first released in its entirety.


title: Tin Toy

text: "Tin Toy" went on to take the Academy Award for Best Animated Short in 1989 at the 61st Academy Awards, it was the third CGI short film to get nominated for the Academy Award (Behind Hunger and Luxo Jr.) and was the first computer-generated animated short film to receive an Oscar. With the award, "Tin Toy" went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit. A member of the Academy's board of governors, animator William Littlejohn, saw in "Tin Toy" a window into the potential of the young medium. "There is a realism that's rather astonishing," he told "The New York Times". "It emulates photography, but with artistic staging." Robert Winquist, head of the character animation program at CalArts, went further, predicting that computer animation was "going to take over in a short time." He publicly advised animators, "Put down your pencil and your paintbrush and do it another way."


title: Tin Toy

text: The short film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 2003. "Tin Toy" garnered some home media releases via inclusion on "Tiny Toy Stories" in 1996, the VHS and DVD releases of "Toy Story" in 2000"," and the "Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1" (2007). "Tin Toy" is also available for streaming on Disney+.


title: Tin Toy

text:
1989 – Seattle International Film Festival – Best Short Film
1989 – World Animation Celebration – Best Computer-Assisted Animation
2003 – National Film Registry


title: Tin Toy

text: Apart from the home video editions of the short film, "Tin Toy" was not the subject of any type of merchandise, like all of the other short films that have been produced by the company. The only exception is the reproduction of vinyl Tinny, produced by MINDStyle in 2010. Pixar, in fact, sold the license to the manufacturer of "Tin Toy" MINDStyle objects, which created a maquette of the vinyl character Tinny inside of the line Art Toy Collectible limited Edition of 500 pieces, the price of ninety dollars. The box, which is a faithful reproduction of the packaging of the toy view in short, in addition to containing the model of Tinny, presents a certificate of authenticity printed on a card showing the storyboard in pencil of a scene from the short.


title: Tin Toy

text: The success of "Tin Toy" gained attention from Disney CEO Michael Eisner and Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, who approached Pixar to produce a computer-animated film. In the early 1990s, Pixar began to make arrangements with Disney to produce the first computer-animated film. The project went through, but considering the abrupt transition from shorts to feature a few minutes to an hour and a half, Pixar set out to create a special half-hour to see if they could manage a production that was similar to that of an actual film. Driven by the victory at the Oscars that year, a sequel to "Tin Toy" called "A Tin Toy Christmas," was originally planned as a half-hour-long television special to be used to convince film studios that Pixar was capable of producing a feature film. This idea was brought to the table at the initial talks with Disney for "Toy Story". The basic idea was that Tinny was part of a set of toy players who are not successful and remain unsold for years. Separated from other components, Tinny ends up by mistake in a toy shop of our age where he meets several characters, including a soft pink bear named Lotso.


title: Tin Toy

text: The project was abandoned because the television network that would have produced the film could not afford the fees required (according to director Pete Docter, the special would have required a sum of eighteen times higher than the allowed budget). Disney was uninterested in the concept and urged Pixar to produce a feature immediately, which became a critical and commercial success. The character of Lotso, however, was adapted for the third installment of the "Toy Story" series as the main villain.


title: Tin Toy

text: Tinny himself makes a cameo in "Toy Story 4", appearing when Woody and Bo Peep enter a pinball machine to meet Duke Caboom.


title: Śuddhodana

text: Śuddhodana (; Pali: "Suddhōdana"), meaning "he who grows pure rice," was the father of Siddhartha Gautama, better known as the Buddha. He was a leader of the Shakya, who lived in an oligarchic republic, with their capital at Kapilavastu.


title: Śuddhodana

text: In later renditions of the life of the Buddha, Śuddhodana was often referred to as a king, though that status cannot be established with confidence and is in fact disputed by modern scholars.


title: Śuddhodana

text: Sudhdhodhana king's earliest predecessor was King Maha Sammatha(or the first king of the Kalpa). Śuddhodana's father was Sihahanu and his mother was Kaccanā. Suddhodana's chief consort was Maha Maya, with whom he had Siddhartha Gautama (who later became known as Shakyamuni, the "Sage of the Shakyas", or the Buddha). Maya died shortly after Siddhartha was born. Suddhodana next elevated to chief consort Maya's sister Mahapajapati Gotami, with whom he had a second son Nanda and a daughter Sundarī Nandā. Both children became Buddhist monastics.


title: Śuddhodana

text: At the age of 16, Siddhartha married his cousin Yasodharā, the niece of Maha Maya and Mahapajapati. Yasodhara's father was traditionally said to be Suppabuddha, but by some accounts it was Dandapani.


title: Śuddhodana

text: Though frequently depicted and referenced as a king, most recent scholarship on the matter refutes the notion that Śuddhodana was a monarch. Many notable scholars state that the Shakya republic was not a monarchy but rather an oligarchy, ruled by an elite council of the warrior and ministerial class that chose its leader or "rājā". While the rājā may have held considerable authority in the Shakya homeland, he did not rule autocratically. Questions of consequence were debated in the governing council and decisions were made by consensus. Furthermore, by the time of Siddharta's birth, the Shakya republic had become a vassal state of the larger Kingdom of Kosala. The head of Shakya's oligarchic council, the rājā, would only assume and stay in office with the approval of the King of Kosala.


title: Śuddhodana

text: The earliest Buddhist texts available to us do not identify Śuddhodana or his family as royals. In later texts, there may have been a misinterpretation of the Pali word "rājā", which can mean alternatively a king, prince, ruler, or governor. Or as noted in the related article on Buddhism, "Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts."


title: Śuddhodana

text: Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini and raised in the Shakya capital of Kapilavastu. According to legend, Śuddhodana went to great lengths to prevent Siddhartha from becoming a śramaṇa. But at the age of 29, after experiencing the Four Sights, Siddhartha left his home in search of spiritual answers to the unsatisfactory nature of life, leaving behind his wife Yasodharā and infant son Rāhula. The story of Siddhartha's departure is traditionally called The Great Renunciation ("Mahābhiniṣkramaṇa").


title: Śuddhodana

text: Śuddhodana lamented his son's departure and spent considerable effort attempting to locate him. Seven years later, after word of his enlightenment reached Suddhodana, he sent nine emissaries to invite Siddhartha back to the Shakya land. The Buddha preached to the emissaries and their entourage, who joined the "Sangha".


title: Śuddhodana

text: Śuddhodana then sent a close friend of Siddhartha, Kaludayi, to invite him to return. Kaludayi also chose to become a monk, but kept his word to invite the Buddha back to his home. The Buddha accepted his father's invitation and returned to visit his home. During this visit, he preached the dharma to Suddhodana.


title: Śuddhodana

text: Four years later, when the Buddha heard of Suddhodana's impending death, he once again returned to his home and preached further to Śuddhodana at his deathbed. Finally he gained Arahantship.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: "Bingo" is the seventh episode of the first season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on March 16, 2015 on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy McGill and Mike Ehrmantraut return Abbasi's notebook, claiming they found it in the police station parking lot. Despite Abbasi's accusations, Sanders privately assures Mike he has little to fear. Jimmy finds Chuck McGill standing outside his home, claiming to be building up a tolerance to electromagnetism. He stores case files at Chuck's house, hoping to rekindle Chuck's interest in the law. He later brings Kim Wexler to an office suite he is considering renting and asks her to be his partner. She turns him down because of loyalty to Hamlin, Hamlin & McGill.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: Kim meets with Betsy and Craig Kettleman and proposes a plea deal that includes the return of the embezzled $1.6 million and 16 months in prison for Craig. Since losing a trial would mean 30 years in prison, she recommends Craig accept. Betsy refuses, maintaining Craig's innocence and denying there is any money to return. The Kettlemans fire Kim and hire Jimmy, who initially urges them to accept the plea bargain. Betsy blackmails Jimmy by pointing out that the "retainer" the Kettlemans paid him implicates him in their crime. While picking up records from HHM, Jimmy discovers Kim has been demoted as a result of losing the Kettlemans as clients.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy enlists Mike's help, and Mike sprays a fluorescent liquid on cash taken from Jimmy's bribe, which he plants outside the Kettleman house. The Kettlemans find it, assume it came from the embezzled money, and add it to the rest of the cash in their hiding place. Mike breaks in and uses a blacklight to trace the money to a false bottom in a bathroom cabinet. He leaves with the cash, and Jimmy has him deliver it to the district attorney. Mike tells Jimmy that completing this task satisfies the debt he owes for Jimmy's aid in stealing Abbasi's notebook.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: The next day, Jimmy visits the Kettlemans. When they discover the money missing, Betsy again threatens to reveal that Jimmy is also guilty. Jimmy replies that if she does, she will be guilty of a crime for bribing him. If Betsy and Craig are both convicted, the Kettleman children will grow up without parents. The Kettlemans agree to accept Kim's plea deal, deciding that only one parent going to prison is their best option. Knowing he is now unable to afford a new workspace, a frustrated Jimmy returns to his prospective office to vent his anger.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: This was the second episode written by supervising producer Gennifer Hutchison for the series. It was directed by Larysa Kondracki.


title: Bingo (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode received a generally positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews, it received a 92% approval rating with an average score of 7.69 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "A more low-key episode than the heart-wrenching one that came before, "Bingo" feels like a turning point in Jimmy's ongoing quest to be a better person." IGN gave the episode an 8.8 rating. "The Telegraph" rated the episode 4 out of 5 stars.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: Canadian singer Celine Dion has released 137 singles in both English and French discography as a lead artist (including promotional singles). According to Billboard, Dion is the "world's best-selling contemporary female artist of all time". As of 2021, Dion has reportedly sold over 250 million records worldwide. Widely recognized as the "Priestess of Pop", Dion has released a string of worldwide hits, with "My Heart Will Go On" (love theme from the blockbuster film "Titanic") being her career's biggest hit, with estimated physical sales of over 18 million worldwide, making it the 2nd best-selling physical single by a woman in history. It reached over 117 million radio impressions during its peak, becoming the most-played radio hit in history (at that time) and became the best-selling single of 1998 worldwide. "Because You Loved Me" is her biggest hit on "Billboard" Hot 100, spending six weeks atop the charts and sold six million copies in its first six months of availability worldwide. "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" (considered as her French signature hit) was the 4th biggest hit of the 1990s in France and has sold over four million copies worldwide.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: As of 2018", Billboard" ranks Dion as the 25th Greatest Hot 100 Female Artist of all time. She also ranks as the 43rd Greatest Adult Pop Songs Artist of all time and the 40th Greatest Pop Songs Artist of all time. "Because You Loved Me" is the 45th Greatest Hot 100 Song by women of all time in the United States. Dion also placed seven hits on "Billboard"'s list of Top Songs of the 90s including: "Because You Loved Me" (No. 27), "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (No. 66) and "The Power of Love" (No. 67). Dion is also recognized as the "Queen of Adult Contemporary". She has scored 11 number one hits on Adult Contemporary chart, the most for any female recording artists in history. Additionally, she has spent a staggering 87 weeks at the top position of the chart, the most for any artists ever.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: At age twelve, Dion collaborated with her mother and brother, Jacques to compose her first song, "Ce n'était qu'un rêve", which was released as a single in Quebec, Canada in 1981. During the 1980s, Dion topped the Quebec chart with six of her singles, including "D'amour ou d'amitié", "Mon ami m'a quittée", and four songs from the "Incognito" album. In 1985, "Une colombe" won two Félix Awards for Song of the Year and Best Selling Single of the Year. Both "D'amour ou d'amitié" and "Une colombe" were certified gold in Canada. Elsewhere, "Tellement j'ai d'amour pour toi" won the Best Song Award at the World Popular Song Festival in Japan in 1982, and in 1983, Dion became the first Canadian artist to receive a gold record in France for the single "D'amour ou d'amitié". Further success in Europe came when she represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi", which later won the contest.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: In 1990, Dion made her debut into the American market with "Unison". The album included "Where Does My Heart Beat Now", which became her first single to reach the top ten on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number four. In 1991, Dion sang with Peabo Bryson in the song "Beauty and the Beast". It became her second top ten "Billboard" Hot 100 single, first top ten entry in the United Kingdom, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Her following single from "Celine Dion", "If You Asked Me To" peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and topped the chart in Canada. Released in late 1993, "The Colour of My Love" spawned Dion's first US and Australian, and second Canadian number-one single, "The Power of Love". In the United States, the song was certified platinum and has sold 1.5 million copies. Another single from "The Colour of My Love", "Think Twice" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and has sold over 1.3 million copies there. It became only the fourth million-selling single ever in the UK by a female artist. "Think Twice" also topped the charts in other European countries, including Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: Keeping to her French roots, Dion continued to release French language recordings between each English album. After "Dion chante Plamondon" in 1991, "D'eux" was released in 1995 and amassed huge success with the single, "Pour que tu m'aimes encore". The song reached number one in France and stayed at the top position for twelve weeks. "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" topped the charts in Francophone countries and also peaked inside top ten in the UK, Ireland, Netherlands and Sweden. The next single, "Je sais pas" also reached number one in France and Belgium. In 1995, Dion released "To Love You More" in Japan, where it reached number one, selling 1.5 million copies. As a result, she became the first non-Japanese artist in twelve years to garner a number-one hit on the Oricon Singles Chart.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: Released in 1996, "Falling into You" featured the US, Canadian and Australian chart topping single "Because You Loved Me", which has sold over two million copies in the US alone and is Dion's biggest "Billboard" Hot 100 hit. Other successful singles from the album included "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" and "All by Myself", which both reached the top five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" became Dion's third platinum single in the US, with sales of 1.6 million copies. In 1997, she released the most-successful single of her career, "My Heart Will Go On". Serving as the love theme to the 1997 blockbuster motion picture, "Titanic" (also included on "Let's Talk About Love"), the single topped the charts across the world, and became Dion's signature song. "My Heart Will Go On" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and it gave Dion two additional Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and the most coveted Record of the Year. "My Heart Will Go On" was certified diamond, multi-platinum and gold around the world. It remains Dion's highest seller and one of the best-selling singles of all time, with global sales of over eighteen million, including two million in Germany, 1.8 million in the US, 1.5 million in the UK, and 1.2 million units in France. With "Think Twice" and "My Heart Will Go On", Dion became the first female artist with two million-selling singles in the UK. She is also one of the biggest selling female singles artists of all time in the UK.


title: Celine Dion singles discography

text: In 1998, Dion released another French-language album, "S'il suffisait d'aimer", and her first English-language holiday album, "These Are Special Times". The latter featured "I'm Your Angel", a duet with R. Kelly, which became Dion's fourth "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one and her fourth million-selling platinum single in the US. Released in 1999, "All the Way... A Decade of Song" included the successful lead single "That's the Way It Is", which reached number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100. After a two-year hiatus, Dion appeared on Garou's single, "Sous le vent". This duet reached number one in Francophone countries, and was certified diamond in France. In 2002, Dion released the album, "A New Day Has Come". The first single was the title track, which peaked at number twenty-two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and spent twenty-one consecutive weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, breaking the record for the longest span at the top. The previous record holder was Dion's own "Because You Loved Me", which lasted nineteen weeks at number one. Dion has logged 87 weeks atop the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, the most of any artist. She has also tallied the most AC number ones – eleven – by a female artist. In 2007, the single "Taking Chances" gave Dion ownership of the most top ten hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, with twenty-one during the last two decades. Dion also boasts the most AC entries (43) and most number ones among all artists since her arrival. Her last US AC chart entry to date include "Imperfections" from Dion's 2019 album, "Courage".


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: 2061: Odyssey Three is a science-fiction novel by the British writer Arthur C. Clarke, published in 1987. It is the third book in Clarke's "Space Odyssey" series. It returns to one of the lead characters of the previous novels, Heywood Floyd, and his adventures from the 2061 return of Halley's Comet to Jupiter's moon Europa.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: Clarke had originally intended to write the third book after NASA's "Galileo" mission to Jupiter had returned its findings in the late 1980s. The probe had been initially scheduled for launch in 1984 but this was delayed, first to 1985 and then to 1986. It was delayed further in wake of the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. Deciding not to wait, Clarke took inspiration for his sequel from the return of Halley's Comet. "Galileo" was eventually launched by on the STS-34 mission in October 1989. It arrived in Jovian orbit almost eight years after the publication of "2061: Odyssey Three".


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: "2061 "is set 60 years after the events of "" and 51 years after those of "". At the end of the second novel, the enigmatic aliens who built the Monolith had transformed the planet Jupiter into a mini-sun in order to aid the evolution of life on Jupiter's moon Europa. A message was sent to Earth referring to Jupiter's moons:


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: The opening chapters of "2061" gradually explain the events that have taken place in the interim years. The new sun, dubbed "Lucifer", has transformed the moons of the former Jupiter: Io has become a volcanic hellhole, Europa an ocean world shrouded by clouds, and Ganymede a temperate world that the human race is colonizing. Large-scale interplanetary travel is now commercially viable with muon-catalyzed fusion-powered spacecraft. Due to the prior message, humanity is wary of sending spacecraft close to Europa despite its fascinating mysteries, including the appearance of a large mountain, dubbed "Mount Zeus", on its surface. On Earth, a period of relative peace has evolved between the United States, Soviet Union and China, although a non-violent revolution has taken place in South Africa (now the United States of Southern Africa or USSA); the white population has fled, taking most of the country's wealth with them and leaving the black population to rebuild the economy, which they do in a matter of weeks thanks to the country's diamond mines.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: Dr. Heywood Floyd, the protagonist of "2010", has had an accident and become a permanent resident of an orbital space hospital. His estranged grandson, Chris II, works aboard the spacecraft "Galaxy". Now, at the age of 103, Floyd is chosen as one of six "celebrity guests" to travel aboard the privately owned spaceliner "Universe" for the first-ever human landing on the surface of Halley's Comet as it again nears Earth. The "Universe" lands on Halley, and the crew explores its surface and its caves.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: On Ganymede, Rolf van der Berg, a second-generation Afrikaner refugee, studies data on satellite surveys of Mount Zeus and forms an astonishing thesis about its nature. He communicates his discovery to his uncle Paul Kreuger, and van der Berg is also invited to join the crew of the spacecraft "Galaxy" for its flyby of Europa. As "Galaxy" nears Europa, Rosie, a stewardess, attempts to hijack the craft, forcing it to crash into Europa's ocean. Failing in her (unexplained) plan, she commits suicide, and the "Galaxy's" crew is stranded. Observing the burgeoning aquatic life forms of Europa, the crew pilots "Galaxy" to an island that they name Haven.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: "Universe" abandons its exploration of Halley to rescue "Galaxy". After siphoning water from Halley's vents to refuel, an idea conceived by "Universe"s navigation officer and advanced by Floyd, "Universe" heads directly for Europa. During the flight, the celebrity passengers discuss the mystery surrounding Dave Bowman and the monoliths, and whether they would be allowed to land on Europa to rescue "Galaxy"s crew. Floyd follows a suggestion that he simply try to call Bowman on the radio, and later has a strange dream in which he sees a small monolith floating at the foot of his bed.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: On Europa, Van der Berg and Chris Floyd take the shuttle "William Tsung" (nicknamed "Bill Tee") to study Mount Zeus. Near Mount Zeus, van der Berg relays the message "LUCY IS HERE" to his uncle Paul. It is revealed that Van der Berg's hypothesis, now proven true, was that Mount Zeus is one huge diamond, a remnant from the core of the exploded Jupiter. The revelation about Mount Zeus explains how Van der Berg got onto "Galaxy "and why Rosie tried to hijack it; the rulers of the USSA are concerned and the exiled Afrikaners are interested about what might happen to the world diamond market if a vast mountain of diamond were discovered.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: Travelling further, the two men find the wreck of the Chinese spacecraft "Tsien "(which had crashed on Europa in "2010"), which has been completely stripped of its metals, and then find the enormous, long monolith lying on its side at the border between the dayside and nightside, dubbed the "Great Wall". Beneath it is a town of igloo-like dwellings, but the inhabitants are not in sight. There, Chris sees an image of his grandfather, who appears to Chris in the same way that Bowman appeared to Floyd in "2010", and tells him that the "Universe" is coming.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: "Universe" rescues "Galaxy"s crew; they are brought to Ganymede, where they watch as Mount Zeus, which has been steadily sinking, finally disappears beneath the Europan surface. Kreuger writes a follow-up article for "Nature", stating that Mount Zeus was a mere fragment of Jupiter's diamond material, and that it is almost certain that many more such large pieces of diamond are currently in orbit around Lucifer. Krueger therefore proposes a scouting project to seek diamond in the Lucifer system, for eventual mining.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: Floyd, Chris, and van der Berg become close. In a later chapter, another Heywood Floyd, now a disembodied creature of pure consciousness, talks with Dave Bowman. It is revealed that the small monolith duplicated Floyd's consciousness; there are now two Heywood Floyds, one an immortal being who resides with Bowman and HAL inside the Great Wall, another who will live and die without knowing this. Bowman shows Floyd images of his experience of studying the life forms of Jupiter before they were killed in the creation of Lucifer, explaining that the monolith weighed the Jovians against the Europans and decided the latter held more promise. Bowman states that during the diamond meteor impact, the immensely powerful monolith tipped over on its side, and may be damaged. He and HAL believe that when Lucifer begins to fail, the monolith will weigh the Europans against humanity and they have only about a thousand years to prepare for that moment.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: In an epilogue, set in 3001, the original monolith discovered on the Moon in 1999 has been placed in the plaza of the ancient United Nations Building. Humans have found more quantities of diamond from the former Jupiter and have used it to create space elevators and an orbital ring connecting them, as suggested by Kreuger. (This idea will later be a central concept in "".) Suddenly, Lucifer's light begins to fade and the Monolith reawakens for the first time in a thousand years.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: Late in the novel (Chapter 56, "Perturbation Theory"), two real scientific articles are explicitly cited by Paul Krueger, van der Berg's uncle. A 1981 article in "Nature" lends plausibility to "2061's" basic premise that other solar system bodies may contain massive quantities of diamond material, and serves as the basis for "2061's" premise of a large diamond being discovered on Europa. A 1966 article in "Science" examines the feasibility of various materials for the theoretical construction of a space elevator, identifying diamond as the best available known material, and likewise serves as a basis for the space elevators (or towers) which extend from Earth's surface out into space.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: The elevators are major pieces of technology in the sequel novel "3001", and settings of much of the latter novel's action. The intervening implication is that over the next millennium, humanity finds other large sources of diamond in the Lucifer–Jupiter system, precipitate which resulted from the transformation of the latter into the former, and mines this diamond material, using it for (previously impossible) construction projects.


title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: In 2000, "Yahoo!" reported that MGM and actor/director Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding adapting both "2061: Odyssey Three" and "3001: The Final Odyssey" into movies, with Hanks reportedly to play Frank Poole in the "3001" film. An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.


title: Orbital inclination

text: Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object.


title: Orbital inclination

text: For a satellite orbiting the Earth directly above the Equator, the plane of the satellite's orbit is the same as the Earth's equatorial plane, and the satellite's orbital inclination is 0°. The general case for a circular orbit is that it is tilted, spending half an orbit over the northern hemisphere and half over the southern. If the orbit swung between 20° north latitude and 20° south latitude, then its orbital inclination would be 20°.


title: Orbital inclination

text: The inclination is one of the six orbital elements describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit. It is the angle between the orbital plane and the plane of reference, normally stated in degrees. For a satellite orbiting a planet, the plane of reference is usually the plane containing the planet's equator. For planets in the Solar System, the plane of reference is usually the ecliptic, the plane in which the Earth orbits the Sun. This reference plane is most practical for Earth-based observers. Therefore, Earth's inclination is, by definition, zero.


title: Orbital inclination

text: Inclination can instead be measured with respect to another plane, such as the Sun's equator or the invariable plane (the plane that represents the angular momentum of the Solar System, approximately the orbital plane of Jupiter).


title: Orbital inclination

text: The inclination of orbits of natural or artificial satellites is measured relative to the equatorial plane of the body they orbit, if they orbit sufficiently closely. The equatorial plane is the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the central body.


title: Orbital inclination

text: An inclination of 30° could also be described using an angle of 150°. The convention is that the normal orbit is prograde, an orbit in the same direction as the planet rotates. Inclinations greater than 90° describe retrograde orbits (backward). Thus:


title: Orbital inclination

text: For impact-generated moons of terrestrial planets not too far from their star, with a large planet–moon distance, the orbital planes of moons tend to be aligned with the planet's orbit around the star due to tides from the star, but if the planet–moon distance is small, it may be inclined. For gas giants, the orbits of moons tend to be aligned with the giant planet's equator, because these formed in circumplanetary disks. Strictly speaking, this applies only to regular satellites. Captured bodies on distant orbits vary widely in their inclinations, while captured bodies in relatively close orbits tend to have low inclinations owing to tidal effects and perturbations by large regular satellites.


title: Orbital inclination

text: The inclination of exoplanets or members of multiple stars is the angle of the plane of the orbit relative to the plane perpendicular to the line of sight from Earth to the object.


title: Orbital inclination

text: Since the word "inclination" is used in exoplanet studies for this line-of-sight inclination, the angle between the planet's orbit and its star's rotational axis is expressed using the term the "spin-orbit angle" or "spin-orbit alignment". In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown.


title: Orbital inclination

text: Because the radial-velocity method more easily finds planets with orbits closer to edge-on, most exoplanets found by this method have inclinations between 45° and 135°, although in most cases the inclination is not known. Consequently, most exoplanets found by radial velocity have true masses no more than 40% greater than their minimum masses. If the orbit is almost face-on, especially for superjovians detected by radial velocity, then those objects may actually be brown dwarfs or even red dwarfs. One particular example is HD 33636 B, which has true mass 142 M, corresponding to an M6V star, while its minimum mass was 9.28 M.


title: Orbital inclination

text: In astrodynamics, the inclination formula_1 can be computed from the orbital momentum vector formula_2 (or any vector perpendicular to the orbital plane) as


title: Orbital inclination

text: Mutual inclination of two orbits may be calculated from their inclinations to another plane using cosine rule for angles.


title: Orbital inclination

text: Most planetary orbits in the Solar System have relatively small inclinations, both in relation to each other and to the Sun's equator:


title: Orbital inclination

text: On the other hand, the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris have inclinations to the ecliptic of 17° and 44° respectively, and the large asteroid Pallas is inclined at 34°.


title: Orbital inclination

text: In 1966, Peter Goldreich published a classic paper on the evolution of the Moon's orbit and on the orbits of other moons in the Solar System. He showed that, for each planet, there is a distance such that moons closer to the planet than that distance maintain an almost constant orbital inclination with respect to the planet's equator (with an orbital precession mostly due to the tidal influence of the planet), whereas moons farther away maintain an almost constant orbital inclination with respect to the ecliptic (with precession due mostly to the tidal influence of the sun). The moons in the first category, with the exception of Neptune's moon Triton, orbit near the equatorial plane. He concluded that these moons formed from equatorial accretion disks. But he found that the Moon, although it was once inside the critical distance from the Earth, never had an equatorial orbit as would be expected from various scenarios for its origin. This is called the lunar inclination problem, to which various solutions have since been proposed.


title: Orbital inclination

text: For planets and other rotating celestial bodies, the angle of the equatorial plane relative to the orbital plane – such as the tilt of the Earth's poles toward or away from the Sun – is sometimes also called inclination, but less ambiguous terms are axial tilt or obliquity.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: Federal elections took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the 17th Bundestag (parliament) of Germany. Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as chancellor. Their main opponent, Frank-Walter Steinmeier's Social Democratic Party (SPD), conceded defeat. The Christian Democrats previously governed in coalition with the FDP in most of the 1949–1966 governments of Konrad Adenauer and Ludwig Erhard and the 1982–1998 governments of Helmut Kohl.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: Since the 2005 election, Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) had governed in a grand coalition with the SPD. However, it was her stated goal to win a majority for CDU/CSU and FDP (the CDU/CSU's traditional coalition partner) in 2009.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: Foreign minister and Vice-Chancellor Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) was formally nominated as his party's chancellor-candidate at a convention on 18 October 2008. He aimed to form a government in which the SPD was the strongest party, but which also excluded the left-socialist party The Left.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: The election campaign was considered exceptionally boring, which may be attributable to a perceived lack of charisma on the part of the leaders of the CDU and SPD. Another reason pointed to for the sedate campaign is that the CDU and SPD both defended the record of their grand coalition, and facing the possibility of having to continue the grand coalition in a friendly manner. Merkel was content with the low-key campaign style, which was largely seen as benefiting her party because of her high approval ratings.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: CDU candidate Vera Lengsfeld released a campaign poster featuring herself and Merkel in a way that emphasised their cleavage. The poster bore the slogan "We have more to offer" (German: "").


title: 2009 German federal election

text: The federal election was the final and most important election in what is called a (super election year) in Germany. In addition to the election of a new Bundestag, also scheduled for 2009 were the election to the European Parliament on 7 June, seven local elections on the same day, five state elections and an additional local election in August and September and the election of the president of Germany by the Federal Assembly on 23 May.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: The CDU/CSU and FDP, with an average vote share of around 50% in pre-election polling during the weeks before the election, were clearly ahead of the other traditional coalition partners in Germany, SPD and the Greens.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) were able to form a centre-right government, with Angela Merkel of the CDU continuing as the chancellor and the leader of the FDP, Guido Westerwelle, becoming foreign minister and vice-chancellor.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: The CDU/CSU received a slightly lower proportion than in the previous election, with the Bavarian CSU receiving its lowest vote share in decades. Overall, the CDU/CSU had their worst vote share in 60 years. In contrast, their preferred coalition partner, the liberal FDP, gained nearly 5% points to give it 14.6% of the vote, the best result of its history. The big loser of the election was the SPD, which received its worst result ever in a federal election, receiving only 23% of the total party vote and suffering the biggest percentage loss of any party in German federal election history in 60 years. The two other parties represented in the Bundestag, the Left and the Greens, both made large gains and received the highest vote share of their respective histories. For the first time, The Left won constituency seats outside its traditional stronghold of East Berlin. As a result of the losses by the SPD and the gains by the FDP, the alliance of the CDU/CSU and FDP received an outright majority of seats, ensuring that Angela Merkel would continue as chancellor.


title: 2009 German federal election

text: Had the CDU/CSU and FDP failed to win a majority of seats, possible alternative coalitions may have included a continuation of the grand coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD. A traffic light coalition (SPD–FDP–Greens) was specifically ruled out by FDP leader Guido Westerwelle.


title: Straight pride

text: Straight pride is a slogan that arose in the 1980s and early 1990s that has primarily been used by social conservatives as a political stance and strategy. The term is described as a response to "gay pride" adopted by various groups (later united under the moniker LGBT) in the early 1970s, or to the accommodations provided to gay pride initiative.


title: Straight pride

text: Straight pride backlash incidents have generated controversy and media attention. School policies and court decisions regarding freedom of expression have drawn particular attention, spotlighting individuals protesting school expressions against harassment of LGBTQ adolescents.


title: Straight pride

text: LGBTQ history traces back to ancient civilizations, but the term "gay pride" is usually associated with the modern LGBTQ rights movement that was sparked by the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Newspaper coverage of the events was minor, since, in the 1960s, huge marches and mass rioting had become commonplace and the Stonewall riots were relatively small. It was the commemorative march one year later that drew 5,000 marchers up New York City's Sixth Avenue, that got nationwide publicity and led to modern-day LGBTQ pride marches. A new period of liberalism in the late 1960s began a new era of more social acceptance for homosexuality which lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity of disco music and its culture in many ways made society more accepting of gays and lesbians.


title: Straight pride

text: Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Catholics and evangelical Protestants ushered in the conservatism politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States during the 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement. During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence.


title: Straight pride

text: The concept of LGBTQ pride originates as a movement which seeks to challenge the negative images of LGBTQ people by being openly identified with a culturally stigmatized group; as such, it creates a discomfort.


title: Straight pride

text: In this context, the terms "straight pride" and "heterosexual pride" have been used as an argument criticizing gay pride as unnecessary, stating by contrast with heterosexuality that heterosexuals "don't talk about straight pride", don't have "straight pride rallies", and would be seen as ridiculous if they were to "band together and have a heterosexual pride [...] parade".


title: Straight pride

text: This "appeal to ridicule" argument expresses the idea that showing pride for LGBTQ orientations is equally absurd. Analysts of LGBTQ rights state as a counter-argument that mainstream culture offers many approved social venues (weddings, baptism, family reunions and so on) for heterosexuals to express and celebrate their sexual orientation in public, while LGBTQ individuals feel more isolated and pride parades offer them support and an opportunity for socializing.


title: Straight pride

text: Heterosexual pride parades exist as a response to societal acceptance of LGBTQ visibility, and originated in campuses in the 1990s as a backlash tactic.


title: Straight pride

text: Incidents where the slogan or concept of "Straight pride" caused controversy have occurred since the late 1980s. In 1988, Vermont Republican John Burger asked the state's Governor to establish a "Straight Pride Day". In 1990, rallies in support of Straight Pride were held at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) organized by the group Young Americans for Freedom; and at nearby Mount Holyoke College. The UMass event was promoted as "Burn a Fag in Effigy" rally. Conservative organizations at UMass Amherst held another such event the next year, attended by about fifty people and protested by a crowd estimated to be ten times larger.


title: Straight pride

text: "Straight pride parades" or "straight pride days" have been organized in response to similar events organized by LGBTQ groups. Other events, typically occurring in United States high schools where First Amendment concerns arise, have revolved around people desiring to wear "straight pride" t-shirts.


title: Straight pride

text: At a 2010 Tea Party Express rally in Lansing, the state capital of Michigan, a vendor was selling t-shirts printed with the slogan "straight pride". Some state and national gay advocacy groups denounced the shirts, claiming that they echoed the use by racist groups of a "white pride" slogan. Some of the opposition arose from reports that the shirt seller was a sponsor of the event with a cut of sales funding the Tea Party Express, although those reports may not have been accurate.


title: Straight pride

text: Support for straight pride events is often based on religious objections to homosexuality. Groups such as the White Aryan Resistance and Ku Klux Klan have also tried to oppose "gay pride" by stressing straight pride.


title: Straight pride

text: In May 2005, the northern Canadian city of Yellowknife announced that it would mark both a gay and straight pride day. After the mayor proclaimed June 10, 2005, as Gay Pride Day, Councillor Alan Woytuik proposed that there be a Heterosexual Day. The mayor agreed and set it for June 9. Woytuik defended the proposal for Heterosexual Day by stating that "recognizing the contributions of heterosexuals is just as legitimate as recognizing the contributions of gay and lesbian communities." The group seeking the Gay Pride Day designation was dismayed, asking if Black History Month would be partnered with White Heritage Month and whether days marking heart disease and strokes should be paired with days celebrating good health. Woytuik's request for Heterosexual Day was widely reported on. Shocked by the attention, he withdrew his request for the proclamation and apologized. He referred to his request as a simple one seeking to treat everyone the same which was blown out of proportion. The city subsequently rescinded its proclamation of Heterosexual Day.


title: Straight pride

text: In 2010, a heterosexual pride march was held in Budapest. Following the route of an earlier gay pride parade, one hundred people participated including two politicians. The march's stated goal was to prevent future use of public spaces by homosexuals for gatherings.


title: Straight pride

text: In August 2011, the city council of São Paulo, Brazil, designated the third Sunday in December as (). Debate in Brazil over this decision was intense. Evangelical supporter Carlos Apolinário, who previously tried to ban São Paulo Gay Pride Parade, told reporters that his idea was "not anti-gay, but a protest against the privileges the gay community enjoys". The Brazilian Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Association criticized this claim, arguing "it could provoke homophobic violence."


title: Straight pride

text: In October 2018, Chipman, New Brunswick resident Glenn Bishop put up a straight pride flag, which was taken down a short while later by LGBTQ people. Hoisting the straight flag was likened to "putting up a swastika" by local Margaret Clark. The flag drew further protests.


title: Straight pride

text: Don Grundmann, a Bay Area chiropractor, founded the National Straight Pride Coalition (NSPC) in Spring of 2019 for "protecting traditional gender roles, Christianity, heterosexuality, Western Civilization, babies, and the contributions of whites to Western Civilization from the malevolence of the homosexual movement." Grundmann had previously founded Citizens Against Perversion and American Warrior Ministry. The NSPC's first event was planned to be at Modesto, California's Mancini Bowl, the Graceada Park amphitheater, but the permit was denied for safety and compatibility issues, and because their insurance was voided. After failing again to get the needed insurance for a public venue because of the nature of their event, they moved the rally to a private space but were shut down by the owners when they were alerted the event was live streaming and more counter-protesters would likely arrive. The owners were unaware of the nature of the event or group and have disavowed their involvement. After the rally was kicked out of the private venue, they moved to the parking lot of the area's Planned Parenthood, which was closed. "Grundmann had predicted some 500 attendees, but reports put the number closer to 20." Counter-protestors outnumbered participants ten-to-one.


title: Straight pride

text: The group Super Happy Fun America (SHFA) organized an August 31 "Straight Pride Parade" that attracted several hundred participants and thousands of protesters. Counter-protesters vastly outnumbered attendees of the parade. SHFA called the event "a response to the 'identity politics' of the left." Emerson College's president M. Lee Pelton warned about the event, as the parade route, starting at Copley Square and ending at Boston City Hall, borders the college campus. He said the event represents "fear and ignorance, humanity's most potent cocktail, masquerading as freedom of speech" in response to which SHFA organizer Samson Racioppi asked for a retraction and apology. The SHFA group was created in 2017 by Kyle Chapman, who founded the group Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights a week after the Charlottesville Unite the Right riot. Staff include president John Hugo, former Republican Congressional candidate; and vice president Mark Sahady, "a member of the right-wing group Resist Marxism, who has organized several right-wing demonstrations in the past." SHFA announced the event in June 2019. Racioppi, Sahady, and Hugo contacted the police in early July 2019 when envelopes filled with glitter were mailed to them. One of the event's attendees, Marky Hutt, previously founded a group for gay Trump supporters; he said the organizers of the Straight Pride event had invited him to attend, and he was present at the event with his same-gender fiancé.


title: Straight pride

text: In 2001, Woodbury High School in Woodbury, Minnesota, a suburb of Saint Paul, Minnesota, created homophobia-free areas called "safe zones" designated by an inverted pink triangle and intended for gay students. Student Elliot Chambers reacted by wearing a makeshift sweatshirt with the slogan "Straight Pride" and the image of male and female stick figures holding hands. In light of previous anti-gay incidents, the school's principal ordered Chambers to remove the shirt, and a court case ensued. A court upheld Chambers' complaint that his First Amendment rights had been violated, and that the principal's decision was unjustified. Although praising the principal's intentions, the judge explained that views of both sides of the debate should be allowed and that such issues should be resolved within the school's community, not within the court system. Under the Tinker case, the court stated that the substantial disruptions claimed by the school must be shown to have some connection to Chambers' sweatshirt message of "Straight Pride".


title: Straight pride

text: In 2010, in response to suicides amongst gay adolescents, an Ally Week was held at St. Charles North High School in St. Charles, Illinois. On the first day of this Ally Week, though, three students arrived wearing "Straight Pride" t-shirts. The back of these t-shirts displayed "", a verse stating that men who perform homosexual acts should be put to death. While the school did not force the students to remove their t-shirts, it did persuade them to remove the Bible quotation. The following day two different students arrived wearing "Straight Pride" t-shirts minus the Bible quotations and were consequently asked to remove their shirts.


title: Straight pride

text: In school environments, straight pride expressions and events have been reviewed within a framework of balancing freedom of expression with protection of other students. In some situations, schools take actions against students who are open about or encourage hiding homosexuality, or limit clothing that has references to sexual orientation. Such may prompt lawsuits. In the Minnesota Chambers v. Babbitt case, "The court noted that maintaining a school community of tolerance includes tolerance of such viewpoints as expressed by 'Straight Pride' as well as tolerance of homosexuality." Conversely, it is advocated that students (including openly gay students) who are valued and respected are "more likely to learn and achieve than students who are not", requiring a balance in the school's approach to straight pride expressions.


title: Fandango

text: Fandango is a lively partner dance originating from Portugal and Spain, usually in triple meter, traditionally accompanied by guitars, castanets, or hand-clapping. Fandango can both be sung and danced. Sung fandango is usually bipartite: it has an instrumental introduction followed by "variaciones". Sung fandango usually follows the structure of "cante" that consist of four or five octosyllabic verses (coplas) or musical phrases (tercios). Occasionally, the first copla is repeated.


title: Fandango

text: The meter of fandango is similar to that of the bolero and seguidilla. It was originally notated in time, of slow tempo, mostly in the minor, with a trio in the major; sometimes, however, the whole was in a major key. Later it took the 3-4 tempo, and the characteristic Spanish rhythm.


title: Fandango

text: The earliest fandango melody is found in the anonymous "Libro de diferentes cifras de guitarra" from 1705, and the earliest description of the dance itself is found in a 1712 letter by Martín Martí, a Spanish priest. The fandango's first sighting in a theatrical work was in Francisco de Leefadeal's "entremés" "El novio de la aldeana" staged in Seville, ca. 1720. By the late 18th century it had become fashionable among the aristocracy and was often included in tonadillas, zarzuelas, ballets and operas, not only in Spain, but also elsewhere in Europe.


title: Fandango

text: Widely varying claims have been made about the origin of fandango: its relation to the soleá, jabera and petenera; to the Andalusian malagueña, granadina, murciana and rondeña; to the canario and gitano; to the jota aragonesa.


title: Fandango

text: There is a curious piece of history said to be connected with this dance. Soon after its first introduction, in the 17th century, it was condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities in Spain as a "godless dance". Just as the Consistory were about to prohibit it, one of the judges remarked that it was not fair to condemn anyone unheard. Two celebrated dancers were accordingly introduced to perform the fandango before the Consistory. This they did with such effect, that, according to the old chronicler, "every one joined in, and the hall of the consistorium was turned into a dancing saloon". No more was heard of the condemnation of the fandango.


title: Fandango

text: The form of fandango has been used by many European composers, and often included in stage and instrumental works. Notable examples include J. P. Rameau's "Les trois mains" (in "Nouvelles suites de pièces de clavecin", ca. 1729–30); Fandango forms #19 in the part 2 of Gluck's ballet "Don Juan" (1761); in the third-act finale of Mozart's opera "The Marriage of Figaro" (1786); in the finale of Luigi Boccherini's String Quartet Op. 40 No. 2 (1798) and Guitar Quintet G.448; Antonio Soler's Fandango for harpsichord; and the finale of Rimsky-Korsakov's "Capriccio Espagnol". Luis de Freitas Branco's third movement of his "Suite Alentejana No. 1" is inspired on the fandango of the regions of Alentejo and Ribatejo of Portugal.


title: Fandango

text: Italian composer Domenico Scarlatti, who was influenced by Iberian folk music, had several passages reminiscents of fandango, such as in his keyboard sonata K. 492 (1756) which has been called "Fandango portugués". The piece "Fandango del Sigr. Escarlate" has been attributed to him, but some scholars dispute this claim and its similarity to fandangos.


title: Fandango

text: The current pattern of the fandango, its distinctive progression (i–iv–V) lyrics with octosyllabic verses and the use of castanets and guitars are well-documented from the 18th century. The "fandangos grandes" (big fandangos) are normally danced by couples, which start out slowly with gradually increasing tempo. Many varieties are derived from this one. The "fandanguillos" (little fandangos) are livelier, more festive derivations of fandangos. Some regions of Spain have developed their own style of fandangos, such as Huelva "(fandangos de Huelva)" and Málaga "(fandangos de Málaga", or "Verdiales)". Northern areas such as the Principality of Asturias, the Basque Country and Castile and León have preserved a more relaxed performance.


title: Fandango

text: Fandango is one of the main folk dances in Portugal. The choreography is quite simple: on its more frequent setting two male dancers face each other, dancing and tap-dancing one at a time, showing which has the most lightness and repertoire of feet changes in the tap-dancing. The dancers can be boy and girl, boy and boy (most frequent) or rarely, two girls. While one of the dancers dances, the other just "goes along". Afterwards, they "both drag their feet for a while" until the other one takes his turn. They stay there, disputing, seeing which one of them makes the feet transitions more eye-catching.


title: Fandango

text: The "fandango do Ribatejo" refers specifically the form of fandango practiced in Ribatejo, Portugal. The dance is usually performed by two Campinos.


title: Fandango

text: As a result of the extravagant features of the dance, the word "fandango" is used as a synonym for "a quarrel", "a big fuss", or "a brilliant exploit".


title: Fandango

text: In Veracruz, Mexico, a fandango is a party where people get together to dance, to play and to sing in a community setting. As local musicians perform the Son Jarocho music, people dance "zapateado" atop a large wooden platform known as a .


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: In the sport of cricket, a Player of the Match or Player of the series award is given to the outstanding player, almost always the one who makes the most impact, in a match or series and tournament, The term was originally used in cricket before being adopted by other sports. The award can go to a player from either team, but it is usually the winning team.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: In Test cricket, the man of the match award became a regular feature in the mid-1980s. It is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most important in winning the game, but there have been many instances of a player on the losing team receiving the award.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards, with 23 in 166 matches, followed by Muttiah Muralitharan with 19 awards.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: In ODI matches Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match awards, with 62 in 463 matches. Sanath Jayasuriya is second with 48.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: Occasionally in international cricket awards are shared, sometimes between two players of the same side or players of both sides. On these occasions, the commentators and other awarding authorities held on to share the awards, without giving the award to a player of the winning team. In Test cricket there have been rare instances when a joint award for man of the match or man of the series has been announced. However, in ODIs and Twenty20 internationals this is usually when a member of the losing team is the highest scorer, such as when Charles Coventry (194) and Tamim Iqbal (154) shared the award after Zimbabwe lost the match. In another interesting match held on 3 April 1996, the whole New Zealand team was awarded the Man of the Match award by adjudicator Basil Butcher who pronounced it a team performance. It was the first time that a whole team had been given the Man of the Match award.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: There have been only three occasions, one in test cricket and two in ODI cricket, when the whole team has been awarded the man of the match by considering the team performance rather than individual performances.


title: Player of the Match awards (cricket)

text: In Test cricket, South Africa has been awarded Team man of the match award, in the West Indies tour in 1998/99 season. The match was won by South Africa by 351 runs and whole 11 players awarded the man of the match award.