title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: Rate-induced tipping occurs when a change in the environment is faster than the force that restores the system to its stable state. In peatlands, for instance, after years of relative stability, rate-induced tipping can lead to an "explosive release of soil carbon from peatlands into the atmosphere" – sometimes known as "compost bomb instability". The AMOC may also show rate-induced tipping: if the rate of ice melt increases too fast, it may collapse, even before the ice melt reaches the critical value where the system would undergo a bifurcation.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: Crossing a threshold in one part of the climate system may trigger another tipping element to tip into a new state. Such sequences of thresholds are called cascading tipping points, an example of a domino effect. Ice loss in West Antarctica and Greenland will significantly alter ocean circulation. Sustained warming of the northern high latitudes as a result of this process could activate tipping elements in that region, such as permafrost degradation, and boreal forest dieback. Thawing permafrost is a threat multiplier because it holds roughly twice as much carbon as the amount currently circulating in the atmosphere. Loss of ice in Greenland likely destabilises the West Antarctic ice sheet via sea level rise, and vice-versa, especially if Greenland were to melt first as West Antarctica is particularly vulnerable to contact with warm sea water.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: A 2021 study with three million computer simulations of a climate model showed that nearly one-third of those simulations resulted in domino effects, even when temperature increases were limited to 2 °C – the upper limit set by the Paris Agreement in 2015. The authors of the study said that the science of tipping points is so complex that there is great uncertainty as to how they might unfold, but nevertheless, argued that the possibility of cascading tipping points represents "an existential threat to civilisation".


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: Tipping points can have very severe impacts. They can exacerbate current dangerous impacts of climate change, or give rise to new impacts. Some potential tipping points would take place abruptly, such as disruptions to the Indian monsoon, with severe impacts on food security for hundred of millions. Other impacts would likely take place over longer timescales, such as the melt of the ice caps. The 10 m of sea level rise from the combined melt of Greenland and West Antarctica would require moving many cities inland. A collapse of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation would alter Europe radically, and lead to a metre of sea level rise in the North Atlantic. These impacts could happen simultaneously in the case of cascading tipping points. A review of abrupt changes over the last 30,000 years showed that tipping points can lead to a large set of cascading impacts in climate, ecological and social systems. For instance, the abrupt termination of the African humid period cascaded, and desertification and regime shifts led to the retreat of pastoral societies in North Africa and a change of dynasty in Egypt.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: A 2021 meta analysis on the potential economic impact of tipping points found that they raise global risk; the medium estimate was that they increase the social cost of carbon by about 25%, with a 10% chance of tipping points more than doubling it. The social cost of carbon reflects the economic damage from carbon emissions. It included a detailed table of the estimated additional impact from each tipping point per every tonne of carbon under the "intermediate" Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 Since it was written before the publication of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report and the 2022 assessment of tipping points, it includes some tipping points they no longer consider plausible, like methane hydrates and the Indian summer monsoon, and excludes the more recently identified ones like the Labrador-Irminger circulation.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: In 2022, this assessment was severely criticized by a group of scientists including Steve Keen and Timothy Lenton, who considered those values, as well as the paper's suggestion that tipping points activated at 6 °C of global warming would reduce global per capita consumption by around 1.4%, to be an enormous underestimate. The authors of the assessment responded to this criticism by noting that their assessment should be treated as the starting point in economic assessment of tipping points rather than the final word, and since most of the literature included in their meta-analysis lacks the ability to estimate nonmarket climate damages, their numbers are likely to be underestimates. They have also noted that if climate change is assumed to impact the economic growth rate rather than the base level of economic activity (which they consider unlikely, but still a possibility) then the social cost of carbon becomes nearly 100 times larger, while the impact of tipping points becomes around 3 times larger.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: A runaway greenhouse effect is a tipping point so extreme that oceans evaporate and the water vapour escapes to space, an irreversible climate state that happened on Venus. A runaway greenhouse effect has virtually no chance of being caused by people.


title: Tipping points in the climate system

text: Venus-like conditions on the Earth require a large long-term forcing that is unlikely to occur until the sun brightens by a few tens of percents, which will take a few billion years.


title: Julia Baird

text: Julia Baird (née Dykins; born 5 March 1947) is a British retired teacher and author. She is the younger half-sister of English musician John Lennon, and is the eldest daughter of his mother Julia Lennon and John 'Bobby' Albert Dykins. She also has an older half-sister, Ingrid Pedersen. Her younger sister is Jacqueline 'Jackie' Dykins (born 26 October 1949).


title: Julia Baird

text: Lennon started visiting the Dykins' house in 1951. After the death of Julia Lennon in 1958, Harriet and Norman Birch were appointed guardians of Julia and Jackie, ignoring Dykins' parentage, as he had never legally married their mother. Lennon invited the Dykins sisters to visit after the success of the Beatles, when he was living in Kenwood, Weybridge, with his then-wife, Cynthia Lennon.


title: Julia Baird

text: Julia Dykins (Baird) married Allen Baird in 1968 and moved to Belfast. They had three children together but were divorced in 1981. Baird worked as a special needs teacher, and after Lennon's death she wrote "John Lennon, My Brother" (with Geoffrey Giuliano) and gave up working in 2004 to write "Imagine This – Growing up with my brother John Lennon". In 2009, the book was adapted into the film "Nowhere Boy". She is now a director of Cavern City Tours in Liverpool.


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird's mother, Julia Lennon, was the fourth of five children in the Stanley family: Mary, known as 'Mimi' (1906–1991), Elizabeth 'Mater' (1908–1976), Anne 'Nanny' (1911–1988), Julia 'Judy' (1914–1958), and Harriet 'Harrie' (1916–1973).


title: Julia Baird

text: John Lennon was Julia's first child by Alfred Lennon, although she later had a daughter called Victoria (renamed Ingrid) after an affair with a Welsh soldier while Alfred was at sea. Julia was forced to give up the child for adoption after intense pressure from her father and her sisters. Although they had known each other previously, Julia started dating Bobby Dykins while working in a café near Mosspits, which was Lennon's primary school. Dykins was said to be a good-looking, well-dressed man who was several years older than Julia and worked at the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool as a wine steward. Julia later moved into a small flat in Gateacre with Dykins, who had access to rationed goods like alcohol, chocolate, silks and cigarettes. The Stanley sisters called Dykins a "spiv", because of his pencil-thin moustache, margarine-coated hair, and pork-pie hat, but the young Lennon called him "Twitchy" because of a physical tic and nervous cough Dykins had. Although Julia never divorced Alfred Lennon, she was the common-law wife of Dykins, although Paul McCartney admitted to being sarcastic to Lennon about his mother living in sin while Julia was still married.


title: Julia Baird

text: Julia's sister, Mimi, called Julia and Dykins' home—at 1 Blomfield Road, Liverpool—"The House of Sin" and her own house (where Lennon lived) "The House of Correction". When Jackie was born prematurely on 26 October 1949, Julia went back to the hospital every day to see her, although she was often not allowed (by Mimi) to visit Lennon.


title: Julia Baird

text: Dykins later managed several bars in Liverpool, which allowed Julia to stay at home at Blomfield Road, to look after Baird, Jackie, a cat named "Elvis", and the 11-year-old Lennon, who had started to visit and occasionally stayed overnight. Baird would give up her bed to Lennon, and share Jackie's double bed. Dykins used to give Lennon weekly pocket money (one shilling) for doing odd jobs, such as collecting golf balls on the local course, on top of the five shillings that Lennon's Aunt Mimi gave him. During Lennon's visits, he would climb trees with Baird and Jackie, test Baird's spelling, and once gave Baird half-a-crown to leave him alone when he wanted to kiss his first girlfriend. Baird remembered that after Lennon had visited them, her mother would often play a record called, "My Son John, To Me You Are So Wonderful", "by some old crooner, and sit and listen to it". "My Son John"—sung by David Whitfield—was released in 1956. Although Mimi sent Lennon to his Aunt's croft in Sango Bay, Durness, Scotland, for his holidays, he later persuaded Mimi to let him take short holidays in North Wales with the Dykins family. Julia took Baird and Jackie to Rosebury Street, Liverpool, to watch Lennon play with The Quarrymen on the back of a flatbed coal truck on 22 June 1957. Baird was allowed to sit on the back, but as the music was too loud she asked to be taken off. The Quarrymen played twice that day as part of a celebration to mark the 750th anniversary of the granting of Liverpool's charter by King John. Lennon and McCartney would later rehearse in the bathroom of Blomfield Road because they said the acoustics "sounded like a recording studio".


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird's mother was struck and killed on 15 July 1958, just outside Mimi's home, by a Standard Vanguard car driven by an off-duty constable, PC Eric Clague, who was a learner-driver. Clague later said: "Mrs Lennon just ran straight out in front of me. I just couldn't avoid her. I was not speeding, I swear it. It was just one of those terrible things that happen." Baird and Jackie (aged eleven and eight respectively) were sent straightway to stay in Edinburgh at their Aunt Mater's, and were not allowed to attend the funeral. They were told two months later by their uncle, Norman Birch, that their mother had died. Birch and their maternal aunt, Harriet, were made legal guardians of the girls—ignoring Dykins' parentage, as he had never legally married Julia. Julia was buried in the Allerton Cemetery, in Liverpool. Her grave is unmarked, and over the years its location was forgotten until it was recently identified by Jackie as "CE (Church of England) 38-805".


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird and Jackie were taken to live with the Birches and their son at "The Dairy Cottage", which was owned by Mimi's husband, George Smith. At the age of 14 Baird was allowed to go into Liverpool city centre by herself, where she drank cappuccino coffee in the Kardomah Coffee House, although Baird and her friends called it "frothy coffee". At 16, Baird started to hitch-hike to London, although her aunt never knew, as she would never have allowed it. Baird talked about the trips to London, and how relatively safe they were: "Hitching was easy then. It was a way of life. Everything was becoming more free. We'd start chatting to people in the Tube station and get invited to parties. People always gave us a place to stay – we were never harmed."


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird and Jackie were asked to visit Lennon at Kenwood which was his home in Weybridge in 1964. Cynthia Lennon—Lennon's wife at the time—took them both out shopping in Knightsbridge, buying them expensive clothes. During the same visit, The Beatles played at the Finsbury Park Astoria, and the sisters asked to be allowed to stand near the front, but had to be pulled out of the audience by security guards because of the crush. In December 1965, Dykins was killed in a car crash at the bottom of Penny Lane. Lennon was not told about his death for months afterwards. Dykins had since married, but Baird acknowledges that she and Jackie had very little contact with his wife, and did not attend their father's funeral.


title: Julia Baird

text: In 1968, Lennon was told "The Dairy Cottage" was too cramped for them all, so he told Birch to buy a house, and he found a 4-bedroom house in Gateacre Park Drive, Liverpool. Lennon told Birch to furnish and decorate it, and to send all the bills to him. The Dykinses heard nothing from Lennon for years, until he phoned Baird in 1975, and asked for mementos of his childhood life, such as his school tie and photographs. He sent £3,000 to cover the cost of shipping and as a gift, but wrote, "Don't tell Mimi". Lennon continued to call Baird until 1976, when the calls stopped. Jackie worked as a shop assistant during the 1970s, but battled against a heroin addiction. In the 1980s, and fully recovered, Jackie gave birth to her son, John, later working as a hairstylist.


title: Julia Baird

text: After Lennon and Harriet died, Yoko Ono wanted to sell the house—as it was still in Lennon's name—but later gave it to the Salvation Army on 2 November 1993, even though Lennon had once written: "I always thought of the house he's in [Birch] as my contribution towards looking after Julia [Baird] and Jackie. I would prefer the girls to use it."


title: Julia Baird

text: Julia married Allen Baird in 1968, moving to Belfast and keeping her family history a secret. The Bairds had three children: Nicholas (b. 1971), Sara (b. 1972) and David (b. 1980), and were divorced in 1981. Baird went to university and gained an MA in philosophy of education, and during the course of her degree she spent a year off in France, hitch-hiked around Europe, and protested against the war in Vietnam in Paris alongside Simone de Beauvoir. Baird later taught French and English before working as a special needs teacher with teenagers in deprived areas of Chester, until she retired to write books and become a director of Cavern City Tours.


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird and Jackie met their half-sister Ingrid Pedersen for the first time on 7 December 2000 when they were present at the ceremony to place a Blue Heritage plaque on Mimi's house, commemorating the fact that Lennon had lived there. Baird and Jackie had only recently found out who Pedersen was, after being told by journalist Bill Smithies of the "Liverpool Echo". Baird was shocked that Pedersen did not look anything like the Stanley or the Lennon family, having pale blue eyes and fair hair.


title: Julia Baird

text: After releasing the book, "John Lennon, My Brother"—written with Giuliano, and a foreword by McCartney—Baird travelled to New York during 1989 to appear at a Beatlefest convention, and was asked if she could prove she was really Lennon's half-sister. Baird declined, saying she was not going to produce her passport, and the audience would just have to take her word for it. In 2000, Baird was present at the unveiling of six road signs, erected on major routes into Liverpool, saying, "Liverpool welcomes you – to the birthplace of THE BEATLES", and in October she planted a tree in Liverpool's Peace Garden to commemorate Lennon's birthday. Baird retired in 2004, and published a book called "Imagine This – Growing up with my brother John Lennon", in February 2007. Baird's book was adapted into the 2009 British film "Nowhere Boy".


title: Julia Baird

text: From 28 to 30 September 2007, Durness held the John Lennon Northern Lights Festival which was attended by Baird (who read from Lennon's writings and her own books) and Stanley Parkes (Lennon's Scottish cousin). Parkes said, "Me and Julia [Baird] are going to be going to the old family croft to tell stories". Musicians, painters and poets from across the UK performed at the festival. Baird now lives in Chester with her partner, Roger Keys.


title: Julia Baird

text: Baird claims she was never told that her mother was buried in the Allerton Cemetery, in Liverpool, although the graveyard's location is approximately 1.19 miles east of 1 Blomfield Road. The grave was unmarked, but was recently identified as "CE (Church of England) 38-805". The Stanley family finally put a headstone on her mother's grave. The headstone reads:


title: He's a Dragon

text: He's a Dragon or He is Dragon (), also in English territories titled as I Am Dragon, and in Germany Dragon: Love is a Scary Tale, is a 2015 Russian 3D romantic fantasy adventure film written and directed by Indar Dzhendubaev and produced by Timur Bekmambetov's company Bazelevs. The two main roles are played by Maria Poezzhaeva and Matvey Lykov. The film is loosely based on Marina and Sergey Dyachenko's 1996 fantasy novel "The Ritual".


title: He's a Dragon

text: The action takes place in a fictional fantasy world, which is a stylistic fusion of Medieval Russia with Scandinavian, Celtic and Eastern traditions. The plot is about Princess Miroslava (Poezzhaeva) being abducted by a dragon and carried away to its lair on a remote island, where she encounters a mysterious young man named Arman (Lykov), and an Aye-aye.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The film was theatrically released in Russia by Bazelevs Distribution on December 3, 2015 in RealD 3D, followed by streaming on Netflix.


title: He's a Dragon

text: In the Kievan Rus' of European epics, the people knew no happiness, only fear as a dreadful dragon has been terrorizing a local village and it’s people. In order to appease the dragon, the villagers use a ritual that sacrificed young maidens and they sing an ancient song to summon the dragon. The dragon abducts one of the maidens, but one brave knight traveled to an island where the dragon lived to rescue his love, but the time he got there, it was to late. The knight and dragon fought a fierce battle, but in the end, the knight emerged victorious and the dragon was defeated. The knight freed his people from fear, he became known as the dragon slayer for his reputation for killing the dragon and the dreaded ritual was transformed into a wedding ceremony.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Many years later, the young Princess Miroslava (Maria Poezzhaeva), Mira for short, is betrothed to Igor, who is the dragon slayers grandson. Her father and sister Yaroslava think she is immature because she still likes fairy tales and playing with toys. Mira is placed on a boat deck in her wedding finery to be sent across the water to her future husband, Igor, the same way they used for the ritual to appease the dragon years ago. As Igor pulls her boat toward him, his people sing the ancient ritual song at their wedding.


title: He's a Dragon

text: In the middle of the wedding, the dragon who was thought to have been dead captures Mira. She is held prisoner in a cave where Mira meets a strange creature and a young man who cannot remember his name. Mira believes he is another prisoner and calls him Arman (Matvey Lykov). Soon, she discovers that Arman is the dragon who abducted her. He lives in human form, holding back the inner beast, but sometimes turns into a dragon against his will. As a dragon, Arman is unable to control himself.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Arman shows Mira the island and a place for her to create a home. He tells her that male dragons had long lived on the island. He and his father have been living together as long as he remembered, as a dragon boy he had been allowed to choose whether to stay human or become a dragon. He chose to remain human until the dragon slayer killed his father. In his grief and rage, he became a dragon, gaining the knowledge of all dragons who had come before him. Realizing that dragons were truly monsters, Arman isolated himself on the island to prevent himself from killing humans. Sensing the uncontrollable transition to dragon form, he would go into the cave where the dragon could not escape and remain there until reverting to human form and almost had his dragon form under control. He abducted Mira because of the ritual song sung at her wedding by villagers believing dragons to be extinct. The song caught Arman off guard and he did not have time to hide in the cave before responding to the song's summons.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Arman wants to live as a man and crush his inner dragon because he is afraid of harming Mira. Mira talks with Arman and teaches him to live as a human. As they get to know one another, Arman and Mira fall in love although Mira is still afraid of the dragon.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The island is bewitched so that only those who are loved by someone on the island can find the way to it. Because Mira's feelings toward Igor change as she fell in love with Arman, Igor meanwhile, searches futilely in a fog.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Mira's fear of the dragon causes her to secretly prepare a boat in order to escape. Learning of her preparations, Arman despairs of ever being able to control the dragon and reveals to Mira the real reason why the dragons had brought maidens to the island. Dragons bring young girls to the island so they can burn them to death and from the ashes of each girl a new dragon was born, that is how Arman was born. Arman orders Mira to leave so that she will avoid this fate. But without Mira, Arman does not know how to continue living.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Mira returns home. While preparing again for her wedding with Igor, Mira realizes that she still loves Arman and cannot live without him. While on the boat, Mira sings the ritual song to call the dragon. Arman, meanwhile, is ending his life in order to make sure that there will be no more dragons and but changes into the dragon as he hears the song. He recaptures Mira and brings her to the island, intending to burn her. Mira does not show fear to the dragon and confesses her love for him. This allows Arman to finally control himself as a dragon.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Years later, Mira and Arman are living together on the island with their daughter. Mira flies on her dragon-husband, who is no longer dangerous to her, and they live happily ever after.


title: He's a Dragon

text: "He's a Dragon" was the feature film directorial debut of Indar Dzhendubaev. To the post of director he was invited by Timur Bekmambetov, who acted as the main producer of the film. Filming took place in the Black Sea.


title: He's a Dragon

text: According to the creators of the film, they have preserved much of the literary original, but at the same time brought new elements to the story.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The posters for the film were created at a 16-hour photo shoot by the photographer Uldus Bakhtiozina. During shooting, only film cameras were used, and the resulting pictures were not subjected to any additional processing, which is an absolute rarity for posters of modern films.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Principal photography took place at the beginning that August 2014 in Bulgaria is the main scenes were shot on the Black Sea coast and in the picturesque Prohodna cave.


title: He's a Dragon

text: Then the crew will go to the Black Sea coast, in the town of Sinemorets. The Bulgarian stage of filming will end on September 26, 2014, in December 2014 the remaining scenes will be shot in Moscow, Russia.


title: He's a Dragon

text: In the Moscow Pavilions, the initial scenes were completed: the abduction of the main character, flying a dragon, scenes in his den and the finale.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The score was composed by Simon Finley. Russian folk-rock band Melnitsa () recorded a song for the film titled "Rite" (whose title and lyrics reference the novel "The Ritual", on which the film is based). It was, however, not included in the final film. Singer-songwriter Jenia Lubich contributed to the soundtrack with her song "Колыбельная тишины (Lullaby of Silence)," which plays over the end credits. A music video was released on December 7, 2015, and has over 5 million views on YouTube. The song later appeared on her 2016 studio album "Снежно (Snowy)."


title: He's a Dragon

text: The film’s special effects were worked by professionals from the CGF () computer graphics studio, directed by Aleksandr Gorokhov, who had previously been involved in the production of such films.


title: He's a Dragon

text: On November 24, 2015 in Moscow hosted the magnificent premiere took place at the cinema "Karo 11 October".


title: He's a Dragon

text: The film was released in the Russian Federation by Bazelevs Distribution on December 3, 2015 and the world premiere of December 4, 2015. The film was released in the United States by 4Digital Media on 6 June 2017.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The film flopped at the Russian box office, collecting only $1.7 million (114 million rubles), and in view of rentals in other CIS countries – $1.8 million, which is significantly less than the film's budget of $18 million. It, however, had great success at the Chinese box office, grossing , making it the most successful film in China in the history of Russian cinema. It was the overall highest-grossing Russian film at the international box office in 2016.


title: He's a Dragon

text: The film was met with mixed reviews. Such publications as Film.ru, The Hollywood Reporter, Izvestia and Afisha, responded positively to the film. Boris Ivanov, film critic of Film.ru, stated: "From whatever angle you look at it, the Hollywood movie "Twilight" seems like an amateur performance in comparison to "I am Dragon". Even the computer effects in the Russian production are more convincing. From the point of view of the genre, this is an almost impeccable "feminine" romantic fantasy."


title: He's a Dragon

text: Dmitry Ostashevsky, Russian film critic of The Hollywood Reporter, stated: "The computer animation and 3D graphics are so good that you begin to regret that such a cool dragon (that is, by the way, recognised as the most technologically complex virtual character in the whole history of Russian cinema) was chosen for the genre of melodrama and not blockbuster."


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: Jeffrey Kim Schroeder (born February 4, 1974, Los Angeles, California) is an American musician who plays guitar in the alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins—initially replacing co-founder James Iha in 2007 and remaining in the band after Iha rejoined, in 2018. Aside from vocalist and guitarist Billy Corgan, Schroeder is the second longest-serving member of the Smashing Pumpkins.


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: Schroeder began taking formal guitar lessons from David Koval (Dakoda Motor Co. and Breakfast with Amy) at age twelve. When he was eighteen, he joined the band the Violet Burning, only to become a guitarist and one of the founding members of the shoegazing band the Lassie Foundation a few years later. The group described their style as "pink noise pop". Schroeder played guitar on three full-length albums and toured with the band from 1996 until they went on hiatus, in 2006.


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: He joined the Smashing Pumpkins' touring lineup in 2007 and also recorded for the new Lassie Foundation album in late 2007 and early 2008.


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: On April 6, 2007, rock rumor webzine "Buddyhead" reported that Schroeder was the new guitarist for the Smashing Pumpkins, replacing James Iha. Schroeder toured with the band throughout 2007 and 2008 and appeared in the music videos for "Tarantula", "That's the Way (My Love Is)", and "G.L.O.W."


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: Following the departure of Ginger Pooley in 2010, Schroeder remained the only member of the band besides Corgan still present from the 2007 revival show in Paris. On April 17, 2010, Schroeder played the first show with the newest lineup of the Smashing Pumpkins, which included Jimmy Chamberlin's replacement, Mike Byrne, on drums, and the Electric Prunes bassist Mark Tulin.


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: In 2018, after performing and recording with the Smashing Pumpkins for over eleven years, Schroeder remained within the band's core lineup, alongside returning founding members James Iha and Jimmy Chamberlin. Reflecting on the importance of this, Schroeder noted: "I personally had a pretty touchy moment for myself in that I was sitting there tuning my guitar [in the studio], and then I looked around and saw Billy, Jimmy, and James. And then I look through the window and see [producer] Rick Rubin, and I thought like, 'Wow. This is a really special moment.' To think that when I joined the band it was such a different scenario, that to even think twelve years later you'd be at this point, it was really unfathomable. So I really kind of took a second and took it in."


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: When performing live, Schroeder plays Gibson guitars, including the Les Paul, the Gibson SG, and the ES-335; and Fender models like the Stratocaster, the Telecaster, and the Jazzmaster. He also uses Washburn guitars live. Since 2010, he has used a Randall amp MTS system, with custom preamp modules by Salvation Mods.


title: Jeff Schroeder

text: In 2014, Schroeder was finishing his PhD in comparative literature at UCLA, where he specializes in Asian American literature, Francophone literature, and critical theory.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting (; born October 20, 1996) is an Indonesian badminton player. He first rose to prominence when he won the bronze medal at the 2018 Asian Games. At the 2020 Olympics, he won bronze in the men's singles event. He became the first Youth Olympic badminton medalist to win a medal at the Olympics, having also won bronze in 2014. Ginting was part of Indonesia winning team at the 2020 Thomas Cup.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: The badminton player who was born in Cimahi, of Karo descent, was introduced to badminton by his father when he was still in kindergarten. He is the fourth of five children. As a child, he joined PB SGS PLN in Bandung, West Java, a badminton club that fostered Indonesian badminton legend Taufik Hidayat. He started participating in tournaments around the age of 9 years old, two years after he was scouted.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Ginting participated at the Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold, Vietnam International Challenge, Maldives International Challenge, Malaysia International Challenge and Asia Junior Championships in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In 2014, Ginting joining the national training camp early year, he began to show his worth with stepping up to cruise into Asian Junior Championships quarterfinals in Taipei, Chinese Taipei on February. In the quarterfinals, he was halted with a 13–21, 15–21 loss to Kanta Tsuneyama of Japan. Ginting then participated at the World Junior Championships in Alor Setar, Malaysia where he won a boys' singles bronze medal after bowed out in the semifinal to Shi Yuqi of China for 19–21, 15–21. He also competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China and brought home a bronze medal after beating Aditya Joshi of India in the bronze-final match with a straight games 21–17, 21–16. In addition to competing in some international challenge tournaments, he also played in the BWF Grand Prix tournaments such as Chinese Taipei Open, Vietnam Open and Indonesian Masters.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Starting his journey as a rookie in the BWF Superseries event from the qualifying stage, Ginting moved into the quarterfinals after creating an upset with a rubber games 14–21, 22–20, 21–13 win over India's top shuttler and fourth seed Srikanth Kidambi in the second round of the Indonesia Open. His Indonesia Open campaign was eventually halted after losing to the eighth seed and 2012 BWF World Junior champion Kento Momota of Japan in quarterfinals with a rubber games 21–13, 16–21, 15–21.That was the beginning of his meeting with the Indonesia Open champion. At the Hong Kong Open, Ginting met again with Kento Momota in the second round and finally Ginting was able to get his revenge by defeating him 21-7, 21-15. Ginting was part of the Indonesian men's team that won a gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games in Singapore, after beating Thailand men's team 3–2 in the final.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Participating in the Chinese Taipei Open as an unheralded shuttler, Ginting reached the quarterfinals after defeating twelfth-seeded fellow Indonesian Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka with a straight sets 21–16, 21–14 in the third round of the tournament. In the first round, he surprisingly upset the eighth seed and 2009 BWF World Junior Champion Tian Houwei of China with a stunning 21–13, 21–14 victory. He then lost to the defending champion, former world No. 1 and two-time Olympic gold medalist Lin Dan of China with a straight games 7–21, 20–22 in the quarterfinals.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In 2016, Ginting with the Indonesian men's team participating in the Thomas Cup, the team managed to reach the final after beating South Korea 3–1 in the semi final and bringing the Indonesian men's team to the final. In the final, the team was challenged by Denmark. The Indonesian men's team was defeated by Denmark 3–2 on aggregate in the final. Ginting with the Indonesian men's team also succeeded in bringing the men's team trophy to the Asia Team Championships in Hyderabad, India. They beat Japan 3–2 on aggregate. At the Australian open event, Ginting managed to reach the semi-finals after defeating the 2016 Olympic champion Chen Long in the quarter final.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In 2017, Ginting won his first title in the Korea Open after beating compatriot Jonatan Christie through a rubber game 21–13, 19–21, 22–20. At the Sudirman Cup, Ginting helps the Indonesian team to score a point when defeating 2017 world champion Viktor Axelsen with a score of 13–21, 21–17, 21–14. Indonesia managed to beat Denmark 3–2 on aggregate, but placed in the bottom position of the standings, after lost to India 1–4 a day before.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Entering 2018, Ginting started his BWF world tour brilliantly, he managed to become the champion in his homeland of the Indonesia Masters, he managed to beat Kazumasa Sakai in the Final with a score of 21–13, 21–12. Ginting and the Indonesian men's team also managed to win again in these Asia Team Championships after beating China 3–1 in the final.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Ginting competed at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia. In the men's team event, he helped Indonesia team made it to the final against China. in the final, Ginting had to face Shi Yuqi, the first game was won by Ginting but Shi Yuqi was able to overtake and win the second game. In the decider, Ginting experienced cramps in his leg so he retired and had to lose the match with a score of 14–21, 23–21, 21–20. In the end, Indonesia had to recognize China's superiority by winning 3–1. Ginting then started his match again in individual event, he had to face 2018 World champion Kento Momota in the second round and 2016 Olympic champion Chen Long in the quarter-finals. Ginting managed to beat the two of them in straight games. In the semifinals he had to face Chou Tien-chen, the match was very exciting but Ginting had to admit Chou's superiority with a thin score of 21–16, 21–23, 17–21. Ginting had to be satisfied with the bronze medal.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Ginting then took a world tour by participating in the China Open tournament, in which Ginting had to fight difficult opponents, the World and Olympics champion Lin Dan, 2017 World champion Viktor Axelsen, World and Olympics champion Chen Long, and in the semifinals again had to faced off Asian Games finalist Chou Tien-chen. He managed to reach the final and had to face off the 2018 World champion Kento Momota. Ginting managed to prove he was worthy of being reckoned with by defeating many of the world's badminton champions, because of that he was named the giant killer in the tournament.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Ginting opened the 2019 season as a quarterfinalists in the Malaysia and Indonesia Masters in January. At the Europe tour in March, Ginting was stopped in the first round to Ng Ka Long in the All England Open, and then defeated by Shi Yuqi at the semi-finals of the Swiss Open. In April, Ginting reached the final of the Singapore Open, lost the match to Kento Momota. As a top seed in the New Zealand Open in May, Ginting was stopped in the quarterfinals with defeat to Lin Dan in rubber games. He then advanced to the final of the Australian Open, but was beaten by his compatriot Jonatan Christie, the head-to-head record between the players stood at 2–3.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In September, Ginting finished runner-up to Momota at the China Open. He has lost his last five matches against Momota since the China Open victory last year. Ginting is again reaching his fourth finals of the year in the Hong Kong Open in November. Unfortunately, he unable to win the title after fought in a close three matches against Lee Cheuk Yiu. Ginting competed in the men's team event at the Philippines Southeast Asian Games, and he managed to contribute one point, bringing Indonesia team won the gold medal against Malaysia 3–1. He has qualified to the year-end tournament Guangzhou World Tour Finals, and again lost the final match against Momota, worsening his head-to-head record against Momota to 4–11. His achievements in 2019, brought him to seventh place in the BWF World ranking.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Ginting kicked-off the 2020 season in Malaysia Masters as eight seed. Unfortunately, he was defeated by unseeded player Huang Yuxiang in the first round in straight games. A week later, in home soil Indonesia Masters tournament, he finally clinched his first title since the 2018 China Open. Ginting defeated the defending champion Anders Antonsen of Denmark in the final. In February, he helped the Indonesian men's team defend the Asia Team Championships title. Ginting reached a career high as world number 3 in the world ranking on 18 February 2020. In March, the fourth seed Ginting, fell in the early round of Super 1000 tournament All England Open to Rasmus Gemke of Denmark. This is for the fifth time, he has defeated in the early round of the historical tournament All England Open, since his debut in 2016.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In 2021, Ginting competed at the 2020 Asian Leg tournament held in Thailand as a fifth seed. At the Yonex Thailand Open, he lost to Viktor Axelsen of Denmark in the semi-finals, while at the Toyota Thailand Open he lost to Lee Cheuk Yiu of Hong Kong in the second round. Ranked as number 9 in the season-end ranking, Ginting then secured a spot to compete at the World Tour Finals. Ginting won his first Olympic medal when he beat Kevin Cordón in the bronze medal match at the 2020 Summer Olympics, becoming the first Indonesian Olympic medalist in the men's singles badminton event since Sony Dwi Kuncoro in the 2004 Summer Olympics. He has become the first badminton player to win medals at both the Youth Olympic Games and Olympic Games, following his bronze medal at the Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing in 2014.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: In September–October 2021, Ginting played alongside Indonesia team competed at the 2021 Sudirman Cup in Vantaa, Finland. He played three matches at that tournament, won a match against Ivan Sozonov of Russia, and lost 2 matches to Anders Antonsen of Denmark and Lee Zii Jia of Malaysia. The team finished as the quarter-finalists. In the next tournament, he helped the Indonesian team to win the World Men's Team Championships, the 2020 Thomas Cup. In October, he had to retired in the first round of the Denmark Open due to back pain he suffered during the Thomas Cup. He then suffered an early exit in his home tournament, the Indonesia Masters and Open.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Started the 2022 season by competing in Europe tour, Ginting still shows inconsistency. He had to accept defeat with a landslide score of 7–21, 9–21 to Lakshya Sen in the first round of the German Open and lost to Viktor Axelsen with a score of 4–21, 9–21 in the quarter-finals of the All England Open. He managed to return to form by reaching the semi-finals in the Swiss Open, but stopped by Prannoy H. S. in a close rubber games. Entered the Korea Open as a top seed, he was beaten in the first round by world number 67, Lucas Claerbout. Ginting ended his two-year title drought by winning the Singapore Open. He upset host player, the 2021 World Champions, Loh Kean Yew in the semi-finals, and Japan's youngster, Kodai Naraoka in the final. Ginting competed at the BWF World Championships in August, but lost to eventual champion Axelsen in the quarter-finals. This loss worsened their head-to-head record, which was Ginting never won a single match against Axelsen in 2022, and the head-to-head record between the players stood at 4–10. Ginting won his second title of the year in the Hylo Open in Saarbrücken, Germany, by defeating Chou Tien-chen in the final. Ginting ended the 2022 tour by competing at the World Tour Finals, and finished runner-up to Axelsen in straight game.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.


title: Anthony Sinisuka Ginting

text: Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi finalists, and Olympic quarter finalists. Accurate as of 6 November 2022.


title: Wiley Wiggins

text: Wiley Ram Wiggins is an American game designer and film actor. A native of Austin, Texas, he is the nephew of Lanny Wiggins, who was a member of Janis Joplin's early band, The Waller Creek Boys.


title: Wiley Wiggins

text: At the age of 16, Wiggins starred in Richard Linklater's film "Dazed and Confused". He later starred in Linklater's "Waking Life". He was involved in early 1990s cyberculture and wrote occasionally for such magazines as "FringeWare Review", "Mondo 2000", and "Boing Boing".


title: Chaya Singh

text: Chaya Singh is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil and Kannada films and television shows. She started her acting career in Kannada films and has worked in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Bengali and Bhojpuri films. She has a reputation of being very selective in her roles.


title: Chaya Singh

text: Singh belongs to a Rajput family. She grew up in Bangalore. She did her schooling at Lourdes School, Bangalore and studied for until twelfth there.


title: Chaya Singh

text: Her first film role was in "Munnudi". She went to do more films in Kannada including "Haseena" which was directed by Girish Kasaravalli, "Thuntata", which was a success, Dinesh Baboo's "Chitte" and Sai Prakash's "Rowdy Aliya".


title: Chaya Singh

text: After having few chances in the Kannada industry she migrated to Tamil movies. Chaya Singh's most famous movie is "Thiruda Thirudi" in Tamil which has the popular song "Manmadha Raasa". She also acted in its Kannada remake "Sakha Sakhi", which unlike the original was not successful. Chaya later acted in little known films "Kavithai" and "Jaisurya" and did item numbers in "Arul" and "Thirupaachi", though she stated that she dislikes doing them. She returned to Tamil with "Vallamai Tharayo" and then starred in the supernatural thriller "Anandhapurathu Veedu".


title: Chaya Singh

text: She has performed in "Akasha Gange" in Kannada which released in 2008. About her performance in the film, Rediff wrote, "The highlight of the film is Chaya Singh who has come out with an outstanding performance as a music teacher who comes to her lover's house to win over his family". Sify wrote, "This is Chaya Singh's yet another best performance. She speaks from her lovely eyes". She acted in the Kannada short film "Simply Kailawesome". The film made on playwright T. P. Kailasam revolves around conversations between Kailasam and female protagonists from four of his plays. Chaya Singh played all the four characters: Paatu from "Tollugatti", Eeke from "Gandaskathri", Venkamma from "Home Rule" and Sule from the play "Sule".


title: Chaya Singh

text: She has acted in two Malayalam films, too, "Mullavalliyum Thenmavum" and "Police", both directed by V. K. Prakash. In 2008 she was acting in two Bhojpuri films. Her first Bhojpuri release was "Mahamaayi". She has directed a Bengali film, too.


title: Chaya Singh

text: She has done supporting roles in Kannada TV shows such as E-TV's "Sarojini" and "Prema Kathegalu". She has acted in Tamil serial "Nagamma", airing on Sun TV. She was a judge in the show "Kuniyonu Bara" on a Kannada television channel. Since 2012, she acts in Telugu serial "Kanchna Ganga", airing on Maa TV. She has been doing a few Tamil films in the last few years.


title: Chaya Singh

text: Chaya Singh's parents are Gopal Singh and Chamanlata. She married Tamil actor Krishna of "Deivamagal" fame, in June 2012.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, a functional (as a noun) is a certain type of function. The exact definition of the term varies depending on the subfield (and sometimes even the author).


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: This article is mainly concerned with the second concept, which arose in the early 18th century as part of the calculus of variations. The first concept, which is more modern and abstract, is discussed in detail in a separate article, under the name linear form. The third concept is detailed in the computer science article on higher-order functions.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: In the case where the space formula_3 is a space of functions, the functional is a "function of a function", and some older authors actually define the term "functional" to mean "function of a function".


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: However, the fact that formula_3 is a space of functions is not mathematically essential, so this older definition is no longer prevalent.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: The term originates from the calculus of variations, where one searches for a function that minimizes (or maximizes) a given functional. A particularly important application in physics is search for a state of a system that minimizes (or maximizes) the action, or in other words the time integral of the Lagrangian.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: Provided that formula_12 is a linear function from a vector space to the underlying scalar field, the above linear maps are dual to each other, and in functional analysis both are called linear functionals.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: form a special class of functionals. They map a function formula_12 into a real number, provided that formula_15 is real-valued. Examples include


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: Given an inner product space formula_22 and a fixed vector formula_23 the map defined by formula_24 is a linear functional on formula_4 The set of vectors formula_26 such that formula_27 is zero is a vector subspace of formula_22 called the "null space" or "kernel" of the functional, or the orthogonal complement of formula_29 denoted formula_30


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: For example, taking the inner product with a fixed function formula_31 defines a (linear) functional on the Hilbert space formula_32 of square integrable functions on formula_33


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: If a functional's value can be computed for small segments of the input curve and then summed to find the total value, the functional is called local. Otherwise it is called non-local. For example:


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: is non-local. This occurs commonly when integrals occur separately in the numerator and denominator of an equation such as in calculations of center of mass.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: The traditional usage also applies when one talks about a functional equation, meaning an equation between functionals: an equation formula_37 between functionals can be read as an 'equation to solve', with solutions being themselves functions. In such equations there may be several sets of variable unknowns, like when it is said that an "additive" map formula_12 is one "satisfying Cauchy's functional equation":


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: Functional derivatives are used in Lagrangian mechanics. They are derivatives of functionals; that is, they carry information on how a functional changes when the input function changes by a small amount.


title: Functional (mathematics)

text: Richard Feynman used functional integrals as the central idea in his sum over the histories formulation of quantum mechanics. This usage implies an integral taken over some function space.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: Virginia's 7th congressional district is a United States congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The district is currently represented by Democrat Abigail Spanberger, first elected in 2018.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: The Virginia Legislature's 2012 redistricting of the adjacent 3rd district was found unconstitutional and replaced with a court-ordered redistricting on January 16, 2016 for the 2016 elections.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: The district spans across much of Central Virginia including all of Orange, Culpeper, Goochland, Louisa, Nottoway, Amelia, and Powhatan counties. The district also includes large portions of Chesterfield and Henrico counties in the suburbs of Richmond. However, Richmond is not currently in the 7th. Spotsylvania County also has a large portion in the 7th district just outside of Fredericksburg.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: Prior to 1993, the 7th District stretched from the fringes of the Washington, D.C. suburbs to Charlottesville. Until the 1970s, it included most of the Shenandoah Valley. After the 1973 census, it lost most of the Valley except for Winchester, while picking up Manassas and Fredericksburg. The district's current configuration dates from 1993, when Virginia was forced to create a majority-minority district by a Justice Department directive. At that time, most of Richmond, which had been entirely in the old 3rd District for over a century, was shifted to a newly created 3rd District. The remaining territory in the old 3rd was combined with some more rural areas to the north to form the new 7th District.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: From 2013 to 2017, the 7th District stretched from the west end of Richmond through the wealthier portions of Henrico and Chesterfield counties before taking in all of Goochland, Hanover, Louisa, New Kent, Orange, Culpeper, Page and Rappahannock counties and a portion of Spotsylvania County.


title: Virginia's 7th congressional district

text: According to the United States Census Bureau's 2017 data for Virginia's 7th Congressional District, the total population of the district is 790,084. Median age for the district is 39.7 years. 65.5% of the district is Non-Hispanic White, 18.4% Black, 5.1% Asian, 0.3% Native American or Alaskan, and 3.4% some other race with 7.3% Hispanic or Latino. Owner-occupied housing is 73.0% and renter-occupied housing is 27.0%. The median value of single-family owner-occupied homes is $266,500. 91.6% of the district population has at least a high school diploma, 40.4% at least a bachelor's degree or higher. 9.1% of the district are civilian veterans. 9.1% are foreign born and 11.9% speak a language other than English at home. 9.9% are of disability status. 68.2% of the district is in the labor force, which consists of those 16 years and older. Mean travel time to work is 29.3 minutes. Median household income is $77,533. Per capita income is $37,567. 5.3% of the population account for families living below the poverty level, and 7.7% of individuals live below the poverty level. 9.5% of Children live below the poverty line.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter College High School is a secondary school located in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is administered by Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY). Hunter is publicly funded, and there is no tuition fee. Enrollment is approximately 1200 students. According to the school, "students accepted to Hunter represent the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter has been ranked as the top public high school in the United States by both "The Wall Street Journal" and "Worth". "The New York Times" called Hunter "the prestigious Upper East Side school known for its Ivy League-bound students" and "the fast track to law, medicine and academia." Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has the highest average SAT score, the highest average ACT score and the highest percentage of National Merit Finalists of any high school in the United States, public or private.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter was established in 1869 as "The Female Normal and High School", a private school to prepare young women to become teachers. The original school was composed of an elementary and a high school. A kindergarten was added in 1887, and in 1888 the school was incorporated into a college. The high school was separated from what would become Hunter College in 1903. In 1914, both schools were named after the Female Normal School's first president, Thomas Hunter. The school was almost closed by Hunter College President Jacqueline Wexler in the early 1970s.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter was an all-girls school for its first 105 years, with the official name "Hunter College High School for Intellectually Gifted Young Ladies". The prototypical Hunter girl was the subject of the song "Sarah Maria Jones", who, the lyrics told, had "Hunter in her bones." In 1878, "Harper's Magazine" published an approving article about the then-new school:


title: Hunter College High School

text: The first thing to excite our wonder and admiration was the number – there were 1,542 pupils; the second thing was the earnestness of the discipline; and the third was the suggestiveness of so many girls at work in assembly, with their own education as the primary aim, and the education of countless thousands of others as the final aim, of their toil.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Girls all the way from fourteen to twenty years of age, from the farther edge of childhood to the farther limit of maidenhood; girls with every shade of complexion and degree of beauty; girls in such variety that it was amazing to contemplate the reduction of their individuality to the simple uniformity of their well-drilled movements.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The catholicity and toleration crystallized in the country's Constitution prevail in the college: about two hundred of the students are Jewesses, and a black face, framed in curly African hair, may occasionally be seen.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The aim of the entire course through which the Normal students pass is not so much to burden the mind with facts as it is to develop intellectual power, cultivate judgment, and enable the graduates to take trained ability into the world with them.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The school began admitting boys in 1974 as a result of a lawsuit by Hunter College Elementary School parents, a development which was described in the "New York Daily News" with the headline "Girlie High Gets 1st Freshboys." In January 1982, the school was featured in a "New York Magazine" article entitled "The Joyful Elite." Hunter was the subject of the 1992 book "Hunter College Campus Schools for the Gifted: The Challenge of Equity and Excellence" published by Teachers' College Press.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The high school has occupied a number of buildings throughout its history, including one at the East 68th Street campus of the college (1940–1970). For several years in the 1970s, it was housed on the 13th and 14th floors of an office building at 466 Lexington Avenue (at East 46th Street), the current location of what is now known as the Park Avenue Atrium. Since 1977, it has existed at the former site of the Madison Avenue Armory at East 94th Street between Park and Madison Avenues on the Upper East Side. Although most of the armory building was demolished, the armory's facade, including two empty towers, was left partly standing on Madison Avenue. The school building itself, which faces Park Avenue, was constructed to resemble the armory. Because of its unusual design, including many classrooms without windows and the rest with only narrow windows, Hunter is called "The Brick Prison." The building contains both the high school (grades 7–12) and the elementary school (K-6), which are collectively known as the Hunter College Campus Schools.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Tony Fisher is the principal of the high school. Dawn Roy is the principal of the elementary school, and Lisa Siegmann is the Director of the Campus Schools. Jacqueline Zenon is the assistant principal for grades 7–9, while Maysa Perez Antonio is the assistant principal for grades 10–12.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Admission to the high school is only granted in seventh grade, and is a two-step process. Students from the five boroughs of New York City who have high scores on standardized tests are eligible to take the Hunter College High School entrance exam in the January of their sixth grade school year. Eligible students must first meet Hunter's standards in reading and mathematical proficiency on fifth-grade standardized exams, namely public school students must score at the 90th percentile (statewide) or above on both the New York State reading and math tests, while private and parochial school students must score in the 90th percentile (of all of the private school students in the country) or above on both the reading and math tests administered by their schools. This results in an eligible pool of much less than 10% of New York City fifth graders for two reasons. The first is that much fewer than 10% of New York City public school students score above the statewide 90th percentile on either the math or reading test. The second reason is that a student must score in the top 10% on both reading and math tests (so for example, a student scoring in the 99% percentile in math and the 89% percentile in reading will not be eligible to sit for the test, even though their overall score is in the 95th percentile). Thus, of about 65,000 fifth-graders in New York City, only 2,500 will be eligible to take the test. Most of those, between 2,000 and 2,300, do sit for the test and of those, between 182 and 185 are offered admission. Thus, "students accepted to Hunter represent the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores." For example, in 2015, 182 (8.8%) of 2064 test takers were offered admission.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The other entrance to Hunter is through the elementary school. Prospective students must take an exam before kindergarten and pass in order to be eligible for HCES.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Approximately 45 students from Hunter College Elementary School also enter the 7th grade class each year. Beginning with incoming students in the 2010–2011 school year, elementary school students must make "satisfactory progress" by fifth grade in order to gain admission to the high school. Prior to this, students at Hunter College Elementary School were guaranteed admission into the high school.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In total, an entering 7th grade class contains approximately 225 students, known as "Hunterites," about 200 of whom will graduate from the school. Those who leave go to other magnet schools, private schools, local public schools or leave the city. Some of those who leave are expelled, usually for low grades. The total enrollment from grades 7 through 12 is approximately 1,200 students.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Author and alumnus Chris Hayes stated in "" that the school's sole reliance on the one test for admissions reproduces societal inequalities; that students whose families cannot afford intensive test prep courses are less likely to earn competitive scores on the entrance exam. In recent years underrepresentation of African-Americans among students admitted to the school, compared to their numbers in the public school system, has increased. Hayes quotes Hunter College High School's 2010 graduate Justin Hudson's commencement speech:


title: Hunter College High School

text: If you truly believe that the demographics of Hunter represent the distribution of intelligence in this city then you must believe that the Upper West Side, Bayside and Flushing are intrinsically more intelligent than the South Bronx, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Washington Heights, and I refuse to accept that.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Because of its relatively small size, and because the school is run by Hunter College rather than by the city's education department, Hunter has largely avoided being caught up in the debate over diversity at the specialized high schools in New York City. However, some alumni, students, and alumni expressed concern about the lack of diversity at the school where only 6.3 percent of the student body is Hispanic and 2.2 percent African-American (67% of NYC public school children are black or Hispanic). On the other hand, while Asians make up 16.2% of NYC public-school children, they make up 49.4% of the student body at the school, based on NYC department of education data.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In 2021, some elected officials in New York City urged Hunter College High School to suspend its entrance examination because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In light of Hunter's academic excellence, "The Wall Street Journal" ranked it as the top public school in the United States and noted that it is a feeder to Ivy League and other elite colleges. "Worth" likewise ranked Hunter as the top public school in the country. "The New York Times" called Hunter "the prestigious Upper East Side school known for its Ivy League-bound students" and "the fast track to law, medicine and academia." Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter offers "a wealth of opportunities for brilliant kids" according to the "New York Post". All Hunter students pursue a six-year program of study. Hunter is a college preparatory high school that provides a liberal arts education. The majority of subjects are accelerated such that high school study begins in the 8th grade and state educational requirements are completed in the 11th. During the 12th grade, students take electives, have the option to attend courses at Hunter College (for transferable credit), undertake independent academic studies, and participate in internships around the city.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Students in grades 7 and 8 are required to take courses in communications and theater (a curriculum that includes drama, storytelling, and theater). Students in grades 7–9 must take both art and music, each for half a year, and then choose one to take in tenth grade. One of the four available foreign language courses (French, Latin, Mandarin, or Spanish) must be taken each year in grades 7–10, and Advanced Placement (AP) language electives are offered through the 12th grade. A year each of biology, chemistry, and physics must be completed in addition to the introductory science classes of life science and physical science in the 7th and 8th grades, respectively. During 7th and 8th grades, students must also participate in the school's science fair; the fair is optional for older students. After the introductory 7th grade social studies course, 4 semesters of global studies (8th-9th grades) and 2 semesters (10th grade) are followed by 2 semesters of 20th century history (11th grade). A series of English and mathematics courses are taught from 7th through 11th grades. (The math curriculum is split into a track of "honors" and a track of "extended honors" classes for students of different strengths after 7th grade). If students pass a placement test, they are able to skip a grade and attend classes of a higher grade (for example, a student who passes the test in 7th grade and is currently in 8th grade can take 9th grade "extended honors" mathematics.) Two semesters of physical education are taught each year, including swimming in the 8th grade (held at Hunter College). In 9th grade, students are required to take a CPR course for one semester and a computer science course the other semester. Starting in their junior year, students are allowed to take a limited number of electives and AP courses. The senior year, however, is free of mandated courses except for a year of physical education electives and courses to fulfill leftover educational requirements.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter's English Department incorporates reading novels and writing analytical papers beginning in the 7th grade. Students have historically graduated with strong writing and reading comprehension skills, reflected by the school's high average SAT scores in critical reading and writing, and by the number of students who have earned recognition by the scholastic writing awards.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Upper-level electives and AP courses are offered by all six academic departments. AP courses include: AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB and BC, AP Microeconomics and AP Macroeconomics, AP Psychology, AP European History, AP Chemistry, AP Physics C, AP Biology, AP Statistics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Mandarin, and (Virgil). The English Department previously offered AP English and Literature but has since replaced it with the elective Advanced Essay Writing. Other electives include: Introduction to African-American Studies, "Race, Class, and Gender", International Relations, US Constitutional Law, Classical Mythology, Photography, Astrophysics, Advanced Art History I & II, Organic Chemistry, Creative Writing, Joyce's "Ulysses", Shakespeare's Comedies and Romance/Shakespeare's Tragedies and Histories, and Physiology. Hunter's AP offerings are currently being evaluated by the Faculty and Curriculum Committee. The class of 2013 took 366 AP tests (≈1.8 per student) with an average score of 4.5.


title: Hunter College High School

text: There were 87 faculty members in 2013. 89% had advanced degrees. Many teachers are scientists, writers, artists, and musicians. Many come to Hunter with university-level teaching experience. The student/faculty ratio is 13:1, much lower than the city's other selective public schools (e.g. Stuyvesant = 22:1).


title: Hunter College High School

text: Nearly 99% of Hunter's classes of 2002 through 2005 went directly to college, and about 25% of these students accepted admission into an Ivy League school. "Worth" reported that 9.4% of Hunter's classes of 1998 through 2001 attended Harvard, Yale or Princeton (the highest rate of any public school in the United States). In 2006–2007, 73 of the graduating seniors were accepted into at least one Ivy League school, constituting approximately 40% of the whole class.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the graduating class of 2015, out of about 190 students, Hunter received 89 total acceptances from the Ivy League, and ultimately, 56 students (≈30%) matriculated into one of the eight Ivy League schools. There are six guidance counselors serving the student population. Each junior and senior is assigned a college guidance counselor.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter students win many honors and awards during their high school careers, including numerous scholastic writing awards. Hunter wins approximately 23% of all New York State Scholastic Art and Writing Awards. 74 members of the Class of 2013 (38%) were National Merit or National Achievement Scholarship Semifinalists. Of particular fame are the winners of the Regeneron Science Talent Search (formerly Intel and Westinghouse STS), of which Hunter has had four: Amy Reichel in 1981, Adam Cohen ('97, now a professor in the Chemistry and Physics Departments at Harvard) in 1997, David L.V. Bauer ('05) in 2005, and Benjy Firester ('18) in 2018. In addition, two of New York State's four 2005 Presidential Scholars were Hunter College High School seniors. Sandra Fong ('08) represented the United States in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing. She competed in the rifle shooting competition.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive. For the graduating class of 2012, the average SAT score was a 2207. The class of 2013 averaged 2200 on the test and the class of 2016 averaged 2208. The class of 2013 scored an average of 32.6 on the ACT.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter offers many extra- and co-curricular offerings for a small school: 32 varsity teams, 14 co-curricular organizations, five music groups, four theater groups, student government, 22 publications and over 130 clubs. Clubs are diverse in their topics, and include politics, film, music, and knitting. Clubs and organizations at Hunter are all student-run, with faculty members as advisers. During club open house, members of the student body have the opportunity to spend their lunch time meeting representatives of clubs. The school publishes a list of clubs available in this footnote’s link.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The General Organization (G.O.) represents the student body. The executive board is composed of tenth through twelfth graders, elected by the student body, and includes a president, administrative vice president, activities vice president, treasurer, publicity secretary, and recording secretary. These officers organize school activities and communicate with the administration and faculty, frequently becoming involved in school policy. The G.O. organizes school-wide events such as Spirit Day, a school-wide outdoor recreation day usually held in October, and Carnival, held at the end of the school year.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Term Councils are grade governing bodies. They elect two senators for each grade who share their concerns with the G.O. They also plan grade-wide events such as dances and fundraisers, as well as the Semiformal and Prom.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Students can choose to further pursue their academic interests through school activities such as the National Economics Challenge, Hunter United Nations Society, Fed Challenge (economics), Mock Trial, Debate Team, Math Team, the Hunter Chess and Go Teams, Quiz Bowl, Science Bowl, History Bowl, FIRST Robotics, and the Washington Seminar. The Economics Challenge (run by the Council for Economic Education) team was formed in 2013 by two juniors and one sophomore, who subsequently led the Hunter team to become National Champions of the David Ricardo division in their inaugural year. The Hunter Chess Team has won numerous tournaments and championships. The Washington Seminar on Government in Action was introduced in the 1950s; students selected for this program research public policy issues throughout the year; arrange meetings with various public figures in Washington, D.C.; and then meet with them for questioning and discussion regarding their researched issue during a three-day trip in May. The Mock Trial team was the top team from New York City in 2015. The debate team is completely student run and is nationally recognized and attends various tournaments throughout the year including tournaments at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton. The Middle School debate team is a top-ranked team, that took the top three spots at the Middle School Public Debate Program's National Invitational Tournament at Claremont McKenna College in 2013. Hunter's Quiz Bowl team was started in 2006, and was nationally ranked in its inaugural year. The Quiz Bowl team went on to gain the title of national champions at the 2012 PACE National Scholastic Championship and was runner-up in 2020. Hunter won the 2016 and 2017 High School National Championship Tournaments and also placed second in 2022. The middle school team also won first place at the 2019 Middle School National Championship Tournaments. The History Bowl team were varsity national champions in the 2012 National History Bee and Bowl during its second year and won junior varsity championships in 2015 and 2019. The Robotics team, started in 2009, takes part in FIRST Robotics Competition won the Chesapeake regional in 2012. The Science Bowl Team placed 4th and 9th at the National Science Bowl championships in 2011 and 2012.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Students with substantial musical training can choose to enroll in the String Ensembles, Band, and/or Chorus groups. In 2002, the music groups toured in Spain, performing a number of collaborative pieces. They toured Greece in 2006 and Budapest in 2008.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The string ensembles are divided into "Strings" and "Chamber Orchestra", the latter being a much more selective group. They have performed a number of both contemporary and traditional pieces. The band is a woodwind-brass-percussion ensemble, and their focus is mainly on contemporary music, though they sometimes branch off into classical pieces such as Mozart's Horn Concerto in E Flat. Chorus is divided into the concert choir and the chamber choir. The concert choir is a larger group than the chamber choir, and consists of members from the tenth to twelfth grades. Students can audition for a jazz chorus, founded by former music teacher Campbell Austin, which focuses solely on jazz music. The Jazz Band is split into Junior Jazz (grades 7–9) and Senior Jazz (grades 10–12), and performs arrangements of jazz music during Art Festivals, which are biannual.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Students may also audition for Junior Orchestra (grades 7–8, except in special cases) or Senior Orchestra (grades 9–12, except in special cases), which perform in the two semi-annual concerts at Hunter, the Winter Concert and the Spring Concert. The concerts for the Junior Orchestra and Senior Orchestra are divided into two distinct concerts, the "Middle School Concert" and the "Winter (or Spring) concert", respectively.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter's sports teams are extremely competitive given the school's size; several, including both Girls' and Boys' Volleyball, Swimming, Wrestling, Fencing, Golf, Tennis, and Lacrosse are usually among the top 10 in the city. The number of varsity teams (32) that compete in the Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL) is also an exceptional number, given the school's size. These sports are cross-country (boys' and girls' varsity), soccer (boys' varsity, junior varsity and middle school and girls' varsity and middle school), swimming (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school), volleyball (boys' varsity and girls' varsity, junior varsity and middle school), golf (coed and girls' varsity), basketball (boys have two middle school teams, one junior varsity team, and one varsity team, while the girls' have one middle school and one varsity team), indoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school, and recently it was extended to the elementary school as well), outdoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school and elementary), baseball (boys' middle school and varsity), softball (girls' middle school and varsity), lacrosse (boys' and girls' varsity and junior varsity), tennis (boys' and girls' varsity), ultimate (boys' and girls' varsity), bowling (Co-Ed varsity), fencing (boys' and girls' varsity), badminton (boys' and girls' varsity), handball (coed varsity) and wrestling (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school).


title: Hunter College High School

text: Many teams are called "Hunter Hawks" because the school mascot is a hawk. Some exceptions, however, are the boys' volleyball team (Hunter Hitmen), the girls' volleyball team (Headhunters), the girls' swim team (Hunter Duckies), and the Ultimate Frisbee teams (Hunter Halcyons).


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the 1983–84 school year, the Hunter Heat, Hunter's bowling team, finished as the top team in Manhattan, Staten Island, and the Bronx, losing to Cardozo High School (number one team in Queens and Brooklyn) in the PSAL city championship. Benjamin Sobel ('12) bowled for Ohio State University after great success in the high school level, both in PSAL and nationally.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In 1984 the boys' cross country team, in its second year in existence, defeated George Washington High School for the Manhattan Championship. The boys' X-C team upset a George Washington squad that had not lost the Manhattan X-C championship in twelve years.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In 1988 and 1995, the boys' volleyball team won the New York City PSAL title. In 1992, 1993 and 1994 the girls volleyball team reached the New York City PSAL championships, clinching a win only in the autumn 1994 final. In more recent years, a few teams have made runs at the city championship. During the 1998–2001 era, an unusual concentration of athletic talent led the basketball team deep into the PSAL playoffs for 3 consecutive seasons. In 2005, the boys' volleyball team finished 4th in the city, the girls' soccer team reached the playoff semifinals, and co-ed fencing finished 3rd in the city. In 2008 the girls middle school soccer team were undefeated in the entire season and won the league. In the winter of 2005, co-ed fencing captured the city title. This was quickly followed, on November 22, 2005, with the Hunter Girls Varsity Volleyball team's defeat of JFK High School to become the New York City Champions.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Boys' and girls' swimming were also successful in 2005. The boys' swimming team defeated its rival, Bronx Science, breaking a 15-year dry spell against the school. The girls had the first ever tie in PSAL Playoff history against Brooklyn Technical High School (47–47). The win was later awarded to Hunter. In 2009 Hunter's girls swim team beat rival school Bronx Science for the first time in nine years by six points.


title: Hunter College High School

text: During the 2005–2006 school year, the girls' volleyball team won the PSAL city championship after many years of falling short of the championship, losing in the semifinals and finals.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The girls' and boys' tennis teams also did well in the 2006 season, with the girls' team ranked 4th in the city, and the boys' team ranked 7th. In 2008, the tennis team reached the A division finals but lost to top-seeded Beacon.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the winter of 2006 the boys' fencing team won the PSAL city championship for the second year in a row, beating rival school Stuyvesant in the finals. It has since captured the silver medal in winter 2008, losing to Stuyvesant in the final, and the bronze medal in winter 09, again losing to Stuyvesant, after beating them twice during an undefeated regular season to win the division championship. It proceeded win the city championship again in 2011, followed by bronze in 2012, and silver in 2013. Following another undefeated season, the team took first place in 2014, winning in a single-touch tie-breaker against rival Brooklyn Technical High School.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter's varsity baseball and basketball teams were relegated to the B Division at the beginning of the 2006–07 school year, and reacted well to these changes. Both teams made deep playoff runs, with basketball losing in the second round, and baseball upsetting the second seeded team and losing in the quarterfinals. In the spring of 2008, the baseball team lost in the second round of the playoffs to eventual finalist and top-seeded Bayard Rustin. In the 2008–2009 school year, the varsity basketball team rejoined the A division and achieved an impressive undefeated record.


title: Hunter College High School

text: At the beginning of the 2007–08 school year, Hunter's boys varsity soccer team also moved to the B Division of the PSAL, and finished the season with a 7–1 record, culminating in a heartbreaking playoff loss.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In 2010, Hunter's boys varsity soccer team, under the lead of returning Coach Asumana Randolph, defied all odds by winning their division, and winning the first round of playoffs in overtime, a game which in past seasons has been the last. They went on to win the quarter finals, playing the defending champion, Queens Vocational, and also to win semi-finals. Hunter continued their streak to the championship, where they played Monroe Campus and won in a shut out; 3–0, becoming the first Hunter Boys' soccer team to win the PSAL championship. A rough game, the championship was won at the cost of broken leg of Captain Emmett Kim, who was injured while scoring a goal. Standout Julian Ricardo also was injured, tearing his ACL, but continued to play on. Coach Asumana Randolph, ecstatic about the magnificent season, promised the team an African dinner; motivation which helped them push through each playoff round.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In 2011, both the Boys' and Girls' varsity lacrosse teams won the PSAL Bowl Division Championships. In 2013 Boys' Lacrosse won the City Championship against Tottenville. That season, prior to winning the City Championship, they were ranked third overall among all city schools, both public and private (after first-ranked Dalton and second-ranked Tottenville).


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the 2012 season, the Boys' Middle School Soccer Team were the Citywide PSAL Champions winning the finals against Salk.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the 2016 season, the Girls' varsity golf team won the citywide PSAL championship, defeating Bronx Science High School 5–0 in the finals. The team went on to win the city championship in the 2017 and 2018 seasons as well, capturing the title for three years in a row. In the 2021 season, the Girls' Varsity Golf team won the citywide PSAL Championship by defeating Staten Island Technical High School 3-2 in the final.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the 2019 season, the Boys' Middle School Soccer Team won the City Championships, and in the 2020 season, the Boys' Varsity Soccer Team reached the Manhattan Championships, but lost to Middle College High School in penalty kicks, 4–3. In the 2021 season, Hunter again lost to Middle College High School in the finals on penalty kicks, losing 5-4.


title: Hunter College High School

text: In the 2021 season, the Girls Varsity Soccer Team triumphed over Brooklyn Technical High School with a decisive 4-1 victory to finish an undefeated, division winning season.


title: Hunter College High School

text: The Athletic Association (AA) is an organization of varsity athletes that promotes school spirit and the interests of student athletes. The AA organizes intramural tournaments, sells Hunter apparel, and promotes sporting events. The AA coordinates and executes Sports Banquet and the annual Junior-Senior football games during Spirit Day as well.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Hunter has many student publications, including its official newspaper, "What's What". Student-produced magazines include "Coloring Book" (creative magazine for all grades), "Argus" (literature and art magazine for the 10th-12th grades), "The Hunter Economist" (political and economic commentary), "Chapter 11" (satire), "The Precipice" (climate justice),"Tapestry" (science fiction and fantasy), "Radicals" (math), "The Desk" (literature and art magazine for the 7th-9th grades), "Annals" (the school's yearbook), "The Idealist" (social justice), "The Observer" (unofficial newspaper), "The Leading Strand" (science), "F-Stop" (photography), "Noteworthy" (music), "Purple Politico" (politics), "Violet" (popular culture and fashion magazine), "Rewind Magazine" (movies and media), "Storyboard" (a comic/graphic novel compilation), "Artillery" (student art), "T.H.A.T. Theatre Review" (theater), "Eats" (recipes, restaurant reviews, and food-interest stories), "Grapevine" (popular culture), "Palette" (LGBTQ+ art and literature), and "Polyglot" (foreign language literature).


title: Hunter College High School

text: The Hunter theater program is an active one, often with a season of five main-stage productions and many other showcase productions. In a season of four main-stage productions, they normally fall into these categories: a Shakespeare play (often referred to as Shax); a Musical (Musical Repertoire, often referred to as REP); Hunter Classics, a middle school play for students in grades 7 through 9; and the Brick Prison Playhouse, commonly referred to simply as "Brick", showcasing several student-written plays. There are likewise two Theater Production Practicum (TPP) showcases (grades 9-10), with student-written, directed, and designed performances (through the class TPP), as well as a 7th grade play festival. In the 2016–17 school year, the theatre season consisted of Musical Rep, followed by a student directed straight play, followed by Classics, then Brick. Since the 2017–2018 school year, Black Box theater productions have been performed, with several notably being directed by students. Many cultural clubs also produce performances highlighting their culture, such as SAYA (South Asian Cultural Society), ACS (Asian Cultural Society), JCAC (Jewish Cultural Awareness Club), BSU (Black Student Union, formerly African American Cultural Society), MSA (Muslim Students Association), and more.


title: Hunter College High School

text: Students at Hunter often enjoy various social events that are sponsored by the school administration, faculty and the student-run General Organization (G.O.). These include:


title: Hunter College High School

text: Several classes and extracurricular groups hold annual trips outside of New York City. International trips include the bi-annual AP Art History trip, the Shakespeare Etc. club trip, Foreign Language cultural trips, and trips taken by various school-run musical groups (such as Jazz Band or Chorus).


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: "Honour thy father and thy mother" (Hebrew: כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ לְמַעַן יַאֲרִכוּן יָמֶיךָ) is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible. The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20:1–21 and in Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5:1–23. Catholics and Lutherans count this as the fourth.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: These commandments were enforced as law in many jurisdictions, and are still considered enforceable law by some. Exodus 20:1 describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by Yahweh, inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God, broken by Moses, and rewritten on replacement stones by the Lord.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: In the Torah, keeping this commandment was associated with individual benefit and with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them. Dishonouring parents by striking or cursing them was punishable by death and so the clause "so that you may live long" could be interpreted as "so that you are not put to death". In the Talmud, the commandment to honour one's human parents is compared to honoring God. According to the prophet Malachi, God makes the analogy himself:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The commandment to honour one's human parents is compared to honouring God, for one owes their existence to their father and their mother.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The Talmud says that since there are three partners in the creation of a person (God and two parents), honour showed to parents is the same as honour shown to God. It also compares a number of similarly constructed passages from the Torah and concludes that honour toward parents and honour toward God are intentionally equated:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: Because honouring parents is part of honouring God, the mitzvah does not depend on the worthiness of the parent: "Even if his father is wicked and a sinner, he must fear and revere him ... A convert to Judaism must not curse or despise his non-Jewish father." (Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143:13,25)


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: It also requires honour to one's stepparents or an older sibling who is raising one, and one's teachers, though one has a greater obligation to honor a parent than a grandparent.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: Keeping this commandment was associated by the Israelites with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them. According to the Torah, striking or cursing one's father or mother was punishable by immediate death. In Deuteronomy, a procedure is described for parents to bring a persistently disobedient son to the city elders for death by stoning.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: Honouring one's parents is also described in the Torah as an analogue to honouring God. According to the prophet Jeremiah, God refers to himself as Father to Israel, and according to the prophet Isaiah, God refers to Israel as his sons and daughters. According to the prophet Malachi, God calls for similar honour.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: According to Jeremiah, God blessed the descendants of Rechab for obeying their forefather's command to not drink wine and uses the family as a counterexample to Israel's failure to obey his command to not worship other gods:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: According to the Mishneh Torah, this commandment requires one to honour both of one's parents equally; there is no greater weight given to either the father or the mother. While in some parts of scripture, the father is stated first, in others, the mother comes first. This shows that the honour due to each is equal.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: While Jewish teaching holds that a married woman must honour her husband, there are also guidelines for how she may continue to honour her parents:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The commandment requires one to obey one's parents when the command given by a parent is reasonable and permissible under Jewish law. For example, if a parent asks a child to bring him/her water, he/she must obey. Because honouring God is above all mitzvot, if a parent asks a child to break a law of the Torah, he/she must refuse to obey.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: A child is not required to obey if a parent says that he/she must marry a particular person, or must not marry a person he/she wishes to marry, provided the marriage is permissible by Jewish law.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: A child who is travelling has an obligation to communicate with his/her parents to let them know he/she is safe in order to prevent them from worrying.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: A child must continue to honour his/her parent after their deaths. This can be done by reciting Kaddish for 11 months and on the yarzeit (anniversary of the parent's death), and by donating charity in the memory of the parent. The study of the Torah is also considered to be reverence toward a parent, for it shows that a parent raised a worthy child.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: A child must never put a parent to shame, or speak arrogantly to a parent. A person who is told to do something by his/her mother for which his father does not like the result is not permitted to tell his/her father that his/her mother said to do that. This is because this could lead to his/her father cursing his/her mother. A child is not permitted to interrupt or contradict a parent, or to disturb a parent's sleep.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: In the gospels, Jesus affirmed the importance of honouring one's father and mother (Matthew 15:1–9, Matthew 19:17–19, Mark 10:17–19, Luke 18:18–21) Paul quotes the commandment in his letter to the church in Ephesus:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: In his letters to the Romans and Timothy, Paul describes disobedience to parents as a serious sin (Romans 1:29–31, 2 Timothy 3:2).


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The words of Jesus and the teaching of Paul indicate that adult children remain obligated to honour their parents by providing for material needs. In the gospels, Jesus is portrayed as angry with some people who avoided materially providing for their parents by claiming the money they would have used was given to God (Matthew 15:3–8, Mark 7:9–12. In these passages, Jesus quotes Isaiah 29:13) According to the Gospel of John, when Jesus was on the cross, he provided for his mother, Mary, by giving the Apostle John the charge to care for her, which John accepted.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: According to the gospel of Matthew, the obligation to honour one's parents is bounded by one's obligation to God: "Whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me." (Matthew 10:37 ESV) Such boundaries, and the primacy of the first commandment itself, lead scholars to conclude that honouring one's parents does "not" include breaking God's law (i.e., committing a sin) at the behest of a parent.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: According to the teachings of the Catholic Church, the commandment to honour father and mother reveals God's desired order of charity – first God, then parents, then others. Keeping the commandment to honour father and mother brings both spiritual and temporal rewards of peace and prosperity, while failure to honour parents harms the individual as well as society. The pervasive societal effect of obedience or disobedience to this command is attributed to the status of the family as the fundamental building block of society:


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The Gospel of Luke notes that, as a child, Jesus was obedient to his earthly parents. For a child in the home, the commandment to honour parents is comprehensive, excluding immoral actions. Grown children, while not obligated to obedience in the same way, should continue to afford respect for parental wishes, advice and teaching. "Filial respect is shown by true docility and obedience. 'My son, keep your father's commandment, and forsake not your mother's teaching. ... When you walk, they will lead you; when you lie down, they will watch over you...'" (Proverbs 6:20–22)


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The Church teaches that adult children have a duty to honour their parents by providing "material and moral support in old age and in times of illness, loneliness, or distress". This honour should be based on the son or daughter's gratitude for the life, love and effort given by the parents and motivated by the desire to pay them back in some measure.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: The principle of the commandment is extended to the duty to honour others indirect authority, such as teachers, and employers. The commandment to honour father and mother also forms a basis for charity to others when each person is seen, ultimately, as "a son or daughter of the One who wants to be called 'our Father'." Thus, charitable actions are viewed as extensions of the honour owed to the heavenly Father.


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: Father Seraphim Stephens sees "Honor" defined as "Love and Respect", and notes that this commandment is positioned between those that address one's obligations to God and those that relate to how one treats others. "It clearly lays the foundation of our relationship to God and to all other people." Richard D. Andrews points out that, "Every time we do something good, just, pure, holy, we bring honour to our parents."


title: Honour thy father and thy mother

text: John Calvin describes the sacred origin of the role of the human father (which thus demands honour). The analogy between the honour of parents and the honour of God himself is further strengthened by this understanding that earthly fatherhood is derived from God's Fatherhood. Thus the duty to honour does not depend on whether the parent is particularly worthy. However, Calvin acknowledges that some fathers are outright wicked and emphasizes there is no excuse for sin in the name of honouring a parent, calling the notion "absurd".