title: Robert Sirico

text: Shortly after the institute's founding Pope John Paul II published his encyclical "Centesimus annus". Some, such as Greg Burke, have claimed that John Paul II gave support to Sirico's economic and moral vision by taking what Sirico calls a "preferential option for liberty," and asserting that economic freedom is essential for a moral society, and makes aid for the poor more effective.


title: Robert Sirico

text: As noted in a 2017 essay in "The Wall Street Journal": "When the Acton Institute was founded in 1990, America was in a heyday of harmonious thinking about capitalism and Christian values. Catholic intellectuals such as Michael Novak, Richard John Neuhaus, and George Weigel gained renown for defending economic freedom. Novak described the ideal Christian economic creed as "ordered liberty": a system that acknowledges the risks of consumerism and competition and mitigates them with a moral culture rather than state regulation."


title: Robert Sirico

text: In 2012, Sirico published "Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy". Reviewing the book in "The Washington Times", Claire Cousino wrote: "Despite its title, "Defending the Free Market" is anything but a Randian manifesto. Father Sirico argues that a stable, limited government plays an essential role in allowing human enterprise to flourish by aiding in the enforcement of just laws and the protection of its citizens' basic rights, including the right to private property."<ref name="http://www.washingtontimes.com"></ref> She continued: "One of the book's highlights is its discussion of the role of free enterprise in alleviating global poverty. Drawing on a series of interviews with leaders and entrepreneurs in developing nations on the economic challenges they face — from unpredictable or unjust legal systems to the way in which Western aid often undermines local businesses and sustains corrupt governments — he argues that Western nations need to reject neocolonial assumptions in favor of solutions that "call on the capacities of the poor.'"


title: Robert Sirico

text: In a review of "Defending the Free Market" written for The Libertarian Christian Institute, Laurence Vance noted: "Sirico courageously defends 'sweatshops' for "boosting the incomes of many poor people and putting their families on the first rung of the ladder of economic progress.' He does point out, though, that 'the force that has created many of the most brutal sweatshops isn't economic freedom but a mongrel cross of capitalism and government meddling.'"


title: Robert Sirico

text: The following year, 2013, Sirico collaborated on the book "The Field Guide for the Hero's Journey" with Jeff Sandefer. According to Stephen Herreid, reviewing the book for the "Intercollegiate Review", ""The "Field Guide" is as good a guide for young and old alike as humankind could offer, and draws its treasures mostly from the wisdom of the ages. The reader will learn from teachers like Shakespeare, Bunyan, Tolstoy, Hawthorne, Hugo, and Longfellow, not to mention classics like Beowulf, Aesop's fables and the King James Bible, and heroic examples like Winston Churchill, Teddy Roosevelt and the Reverend Martin Luther King." Herreid singles out Sirico's candid observations of his political and religious evolution: "Father Sirico is not afraid to recall his failures, and has humility enough to tell of how he's learned from his mistakes. An author-priest and public figure now, he learned some lessons the hard way in the '70s, when he spent his time picketing for Leftist causes with 'jean-clad, Birkenstocked, and patchouli-oil scented comrades.'"


title: Robert Sirico

text: According to "The Wall Street Journal": "For Father Sirico, maintaining a local focus has offered an ideal opportunity to put Acton's values to work. In 2013, he embarked on a mission to revitalize the then-dwindling Sacred Heart Academy, the school at the Grand Rapids parish where he serves as pastor. He instituted a classical curriculum and boosted the amount of regular prayer while weaning the school off all government support. The reforms have driven a fourfold increase in enrollment in as many years, a small but solid victory for the mixture of faith and unencumbered industry Father Sirico preaches at Acton."


title: Robert Sirico

text: Sirico's writings have appeared in "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", the "Financial Times", "Forbes", "National Review", "The Washington Times", "First Things", the "National Catholic Register," the "National Catholic Reporter," "Crisis" magazine, and the "Journal of Markets & Morality". In his writing, he addresses such topics as the ethics of political and social freedom and the history of civil rights, international trade and finance, business ethics, and bioethics.


title: Robert Sirico

text: Sirico lectures around the world on economics and morality—in North and South America, Central and Eastern Europe, and elsewhere. He is also a frequent radio and television guest.


title: Robert Sirico

text: In November 2009, Sirico signed the "," an ecumenical statement issued by Christian leaders in defense of the sanctity of life, traditional marriage, and religious liberty. The following year, in an interview with the National Catholic Reporter, Sirico stated the "Manhattan Declaration and its section on marriage reasonably expresses my view of the matter today and as well as outlining what I see as a needed and balanced concern that emerges from my own past my experience of having advocated positions opposed to those of the Church when I was outside her fold. In particular, I see the current "impulse to redefine marriage in order to recognize same-sex and multiple partner relationships [a]s a symptom, rather than the cause, of the erosion of the marriage culture." In this regard, I believe the 'gay marriage' question arises today because as a culture we no longer fully understand what marriage itself is in its biblical and theological meaning. To abandon the Church's view of marriage will erode the marriage culture itself, with wide and deleterious repercussions. It would, as the Manhattan Declaration states, "lock into place the false and destructive belief that marriage is all about romance and other adult satisfactions, and not, in any intrinsic way, about procreation and the unique character and value of acts and relationships whose meaning is shaped by their aptness for the generation, promotion and protection of life.""


title: Robert Sirico

text: In 2012, Sirico posted a blog essay that outlined his views on unionization after the Michigan legislature passed a right-to-work law in the state. Agreeing with the legislation, Sirico wrote: "Historically, the Catholic Church has looked favorably on unions – with exceptions, of course. The Church sees unions as one way to look after the well-being of workers and their families. However, this favorable bias does not mean that workers are obligated to join a union, nor that management is obligated to accept the terms of a union. The right to join a union, in Church social teaching, is rooted in the natural right of association, which of course also means that people have the right "not" to associate. Which is exactly what this legislation addresses; it protects workers from being coerced to association with and paying fees to a group with whom they would rather not join." Contrary views were expressed by other Catholic clergy in Michigan while the Michigan Catholic Conference did not testify.


title: Robert Sirico

text: In May 2018, Sirico addressed education issues in the United States in a "Detroit News" opinion piece. In the essay, he champions the Roman Catholic principle of subsidiarity, which he briefly defines "that needs are best met at the local level." According to Sirico, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ignored the subsidiarity principle when it advocated for a federal tax credit for parents who send their children to parochial schools. "Simply put," he wrote, "Simply put: what works in one state may not work in another. An 'opt-in' approach is more desirable to top-heavy federal mandates and is more manageable at the local level. States, and for that matter municipalities, would have flexibility to provide education freedom to families who know better than federal planners." He prefaces these comments by writing:


title: Robert Sirico

text: "In my work as a pastor of an inner-city Catholic parish that also boasts K–12 and preschool programs, I witness daily the sacrifices parents and guardians willingly make to provide their children with the classical culture and education that permeates our curricula. Public schools mired in administrative and bureaucratic growth are perpetually stuck in neutral when it comes to adequately preparing many if not most students as they pursue their passions."


title: Robert Sirico

text: In 1990, Sirico was inducted into the Mont Pelerin Society. He served on the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1994 to 1998. The Franciscan University of Steubenville awarded Sirico an honorary doctoral degree in Christian Ethics in 1999. The Universidad Francisco Marroquín in 2001 granted him an honorary doctorate in social sciences.


title: Robert Sirico

text: He also serves on the board of advisers for Instituto Fe y Libertad, in Guatemala the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow and the Civic Institute in Prague.


title: The Fury (film)

text: The Fury is a 1978 American supernatural thriller film directed by Brian De Palma and starring Kirk Douglas, John Cassavetes, Amy Irving, Carrie Snodgress, Charles Durning, and Andrew Stevens. The screenplay by John Farris was based on his 1976 novel of the same name.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Produced by Frank Yablans and released by 20th Century Fox on March 10, 1978, the film was both critically and commercially successful, grossing $24 million from a $7.5 million budget. Film critic Pauline Kael highly lauded the music, composed and conducted by John Williams, calling it "as apt and delicately varied a score as any horror movie has ever had".


title: The Fury (film)

text: In Israel, ex-CIA agent Peter Sandza and his psychic son Robin meet Ben Childress, Peter's old agency colleague. Sandza plans to leave his old life and return to the United States with his son, but Childress objects and subsequently stages a terrorist attack to cover up kidnapping Robin for his “protection”. Peter narrowly survives, maiming Childress in the attempt and escaping while heavily injured, but is unable to protect Robin.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Months later in Chicago, high-school student Gillian Bellaver discovers her psychic powers, including telekinesis and extra-sensory perception, during an in-class demonstration. The uncontrolled manifestations of these powers harm people who physically touch or provoke her. She volunteers to attend the Paragon Institute, a live-in research facility studying psychic powers in adolescents.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Meanwhile, Peter has tracked his son to Chicago. After evading Childress's agents, Peter meets with his girlfriend Hester, a Paragon nurse, who tells him about Gillian. Peter tells Gillian that Paragon's director is cooperating with PSI, a covert agency led by Childress that kidnaps psychic children to weaponize their powers for the American government, managing and controlling the psychics by brainwashing them and eliminating their families.


title: The Fury (film)

text: As Gillian's psychic prowess grows, she begins experiencing visions of the Institute abusing Robin, who has unsuccessfully attempted escape, and eventually connects to him telepathically. Knowing that she knows too much and that her powers are growing, Childress orders that Gillian be transported to PSI headquarters where Robin is being kept. Hester overhears Childress's conversation and informs Peter, who plans a rescue, hoping she can lead him to Robin.


title: The Fury (film)

text: The rescue is successful, but Hester is killed in the process. Gillian uses her powers to assist Peter in tracking Robin down to a remote mansion in the countryside, where Childress and his handler Susan have spent the last several months grooming and experimenting on him. Though Robin's abilities have grown to unprecedented levels, he gradually becomes increasingly unstable from the psychological strain of his superiors' machinations, culminating in a mass murder inside Old Chicago, an indoor amusement park.


title: The Fury (film)

text: As Peter and Gillian infiltrate the mansion, Robin senses her presence. Believing that PSI intends to kill him and replace him with another psychic, he finally snaps, telekinetically torturing and killing Susan. Peter confronts his son, but Robin, a now-schizoid, furiously attacks him. Robin is thrown out of the window and scratches Peter when he tries to save him from falling. When Robin plunges to the ground, a distraught Peter flings himself after his son, thus killing himself.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Robin lingers a bit before finally dying, and seems to make some form of psychic contact with Gillian; he transfers his refined powers to her, implying that she will save herself from Childress and avenge his death. The next morning, Childress approaches Gillian and starts manipulating her to get her to connect with him. Understanding his long-term intentions, she embraces her psychic abilities and avenges the deaths of Robin and Peter by causing Childress's body to explode.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Parts of this film used the grounds at Old Chicago of Bolingbrook, Illinois, a now-defunct amusement park. The scene at the hotel when Kirk Douglas escapes the agents took place in a room at the now-defunct Plymouth Hotel, the same room and hotel used in the 1980 film "The Blues Brothers". Other filming locations included the Water Tower Place, Lincoln Park, and Navy Pier. The PSI headquarters was a Georgian-style mansion in Lake Forest. The opening sequence was shot in Caesarea, Israel. The interiors were filmed at Stage 5 of 20th Century Fox studios in Century City.


title: The Fury (film)

text: In an interview with The Talks, De Palma said that he had 8 or 9 high-speed cameras to film Cassavetes exploding in the film's conclusion: "The first time we did it, it didn't work. The body parts didn't go towards the right cameras and this whole set was covered with blood. And it took us almost a week to get back to do take two".


title: The Fury (film)

text: Originally, the "psychic powers" effect was depicted through golden-yellow "glowing eye" effect. During post-production, the effect's color was changed from yellow to blue. The original effect can still be seen in some trailers and promotional material. The "throbbing vein" effect on the actors forehead was originally in the shooting script for "Carrie", but was cut due to time and budgetary constraints.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Dennis Franz makes his film debut as Bob Eggleston, a cop driving a car that Peter hijacks, while Daryl Hannah and Laura Innes make their film debuts as Pam and Jody, students at the school that Gillian attends. Jim Belushi appears as an uncredited background extra. Film director Mark Romanek worked on the film as a production assistant, which was his first job in the film industry.


title: The Fury (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four and called it "a stylish entertainment, fast-paced, and acted with great energy. I'm not quite sure it makes a lot of sense, but that's the sort of criticism you only make after it's over. During the movie, too much else is happening". Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" stated that "the film plays very well to an undemanding escapist audience", but "those who have to write about the film are confronted with a gaping hole in the script: Apart from a few throwaway references to government agencies and psychic phenomena, there is never, anywhere, a coherent exposition of what all the running and jumping is about. The more one analyzes the picture, the less substantive its story becomes. Better not to think too much about this one". Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote: "'The Fury' is bigger than "Carrie", more elaborate, much more expensive and far sillier ... It's also, in fits and starts, the kind of mindless fun that only a horror movie that so seriously pretends to be about the mind can be. Mr. De Palma seems to have been less interested in the overall movie than in pulling off a couple of spectacular set-pieces, which he does". Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four and described it as "one of those thrillers where you sit around and wait for the big scenes. And the key word in that sentence is 'wait' because there is little in "The Fury" to hold your attention in between its three big scenes of extreme violence. That's because the film develops only one character. Its story also makes little sense, and for a movie ostensibly about psychic powers, "The Fury" contains precious little magic". Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "at any moment "The Fury" could lapse into the ludicrous, but De Palma's control is so taut and filled with bravura that he makes plausible the most bizarre—and bloody—psychic manifestations, not to mention much physical derring-do. Without indulging in the gratuitous, lingering displays that lead to morbidity, De Palma keeps you at seat's edge. He seems to be able to get away with everything". Judith Martin of "The Washington Post" called it a "very slick movie" and "a film for people who like to see blood — lots of blood, blood pouring from unpleasantly unlikely places, such as eyeballs — and not for anyone who doesn't". Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" wrote that "De Palma is one of the few directors in the sound era to make a horror film that is so visually compelling that a viewer seems to have entered a mythic night world. Inside that world, transfixed, we can hear the faint, distant sound of De Palma cackling with pleasure". The music, composed and conducted by John Williams and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra for the LP re-recording, was also highly praised by Kael, who wrote that it "may be as apt and delicately varied a score as any horror movie has ever had".


title: The Fury (film)

text: As of August 2021, the film holds a 77% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 30 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Brian De Palma reins in his stylistic flamboyance to eerie effect in "The Fury", a telekinetic slow burn that rewards patient viewers with its startling set-pieces".


title: The Fury (film)

text: The film opened in 484 theatres in the United States and Canada and grossed $1,917,075. The following weekend it expanded to 518 theatres and


title: The Fury (film)

text: In October 2013, UK video label Arrow Films released "The Fury" onto Blu-ray with a brand-new transfer and exclusive extras.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Jeffrey L. Smith (January 22, 1939 – July 7, 2004) was the author of several cookbooks and the host of "The Frugal Gourmet", a popular American cooking show. The show began in Tacoma, Washington, as "Cooking Fish Creatively" on local PBS station KTPS (now KBTC), where it aired from 1973 to 1977. It then moved to WTTW in Chicago, and finally to KQED in San Francisco where it aired from 1984 to 1997. From 1972 to 1983, Smith was the owner and operator of the Chaplain's Pantry Restaurant and Gourmet Shop.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Smith was born in Tacoma, Washington on January 22, 1939. He graduated from the University of Puget Sound (UPS) in 1962. In 1965, he graduated from Drew University in New Jersey, which ordained him a minister in the United Methodist Church. In 1965, he became a chaplain at the University of Puget Sound. In 1966, Smith married his wife Patricia "Patty" Smith, and had two sons named Channing and Jason. Patricia is credited with originating the nickname "Frugal Gourmet". Smith served as a chaplain at UPS from 1966 to 1972. In 1972, he left the university to open and run the Chaplain's Pantry Restaurant and Gourmet Shop, a deli and kitchen supply store in Tacoma, where Smith and his students also offered cooking classes to the public.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Smith began his television career in 1973 at KTPS in Tacoma with a show called "Cooking Fish Creatively", which ran from 1973 to 1977, and was then renamed "The Frugal Gourmet". In 1983, Smith moved to WTTW in Chicago, which took "The Frugal Gourmet" nationally in 1984. In 1991, Smith moved "The Frugal Gourmet" to PBS station KQED in San Francisco. The show aired for 11 seasons, with a total of 261 episodes produced.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Over the course of his career, Smith published numerous cookbooks, such as "Recipes from the Frugal Gourmet" (1977), "The Frugal Gourmet" (1984), "The Frugal Gourmet Cooks With Wine" (1986), "The Frugal Gourmet Cooks American" (1987), "The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Three Ancient Cuisines" (1989), "The Frugal Gourmet on Our Immigrant Ancestors" (1990), "The Frugal Gourmet Celebrates Christmas" (1991), "The Frugal Gourmet's Culinary Handbook" (1991), "The Frugal Gourmet Whole Family Cookbook" (1992), "The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Italian" (1993), and "The Frugal Gourmet Keeps the Feast" (1995).


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Smith was regarded as a "genius" by some and as a "tyrant" by others. Kathy Casey, a "Seattle Times" food columnist and longtime friend of Smith's, described him as a knowledgeable and generous man who "...knew more about food and culture than anybody I know in the food world." She said he donated both money and time to charitable causes and helped individuals get started in the food industry, even after his retirement.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Smith also had his share of detractors. Irena Chalmers, a faculty member at the Culinary Institute of America and president of the International Association of Culinary Professionals, once described him as "the Frugal Gourmet, who is neither". "Chicago Tribune" food and wine columnist William Rice wrote, "I've tried to cook his stuff, and let's say it was hit or miss. Some things worked and others didn't." "Newsweek" writer Laura Shapiro criticized him as "a prime example of prominent cooks who may compromise their integrity by being paid to recommend food products and kitchen ware." She cited "The Frugal Gourmet Whole Family Cookbook" as "...especially shocking ... the cookbook as infomercial". In a 1992 "Harper's Magazine" article, Barbara Grizzuti Harrison ridiculed him as "...a purveyor of patronizing poppycock ... conveyed with the kind of mock anger that is always a mask for real anger." Smith brushed aside such criticism: "Not many people read "Harper's"," he said. "That's a very small audience." He continued, "People criticize me for enjoying good food when I use the word frugal. Frugal doesn't mean cheap. It means you don't waste your money. They haven't read my books. They don't know the meaning of the word."


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: In 1997, seven men filed a civil lawsuit against Smith, charging him with sexual abuse. 12 people alleged that they were molested as teenagers in the 1970s while working at the Chaplain's Pantry in Tacoma; the seventh claimed that he was assaulted in 1992, at age 14, after Smith picked him up as a hitchhiker. Smith denied the allegations, and no criminal charges were filed, but he and his insurers settled the cases for an undisclosed amount in 1998. The litigation ended his television career, though he continued his writing and charitable work.


title: Jeff Smith (chef)

text: Smith died in his sleep of heart disease on July 10, 2004 at the age of 65. He was survived by his wife Patricia "Patty" Smith, and sons Channing and Jason, as well as daughters-in-law Yuki and Lisa.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Jerry Charles Miculek Jr. ( ; born September 7, 1954) is an American professional speed and competition shooter. Miculek has emptied a five-shot revolver in 0.57 seconds in a group the size of a playing card, thus being dubbed "The Greatest Shooter of all Time". Miculek holds five officially sanctioned world records in revolver shooting and over 15 unsanctioned records with firearms ranging from rapid firing pistols to the Barrett M107 .50 BMG rifle. Additional accomplishments include six shots in .98 seconds with a Barrett M107 .50 BMG rifle and a 1000-yard shot off hand with his 9mm Smith & Wesson revolver.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Miculek is also a gunsmith who tunes and adjusts his own firearms for optimum function. In addition to a channels on YouTube, he has a reality show, "Shootout Lane" on the Outdoor Channel.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Miculek worked as a millwright at Freeport Chemical for 15 years before becoming a professional shooter in 1989. He is married to Kay Clark-Miculek, herself a shooter with national and world titles. His daughter, Lena Miculek-Afentul, is also a shooter with IPSC world titles.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Miculek is endorsed by Smith & Wesson, who named the S&W Model 625JM model for him. In 2014, Smith & Wesson released the Miculek series Smith & Wesson Model 929 9mm revolver, designed in part by Miculek. Mossberg offers Miculek signature series shotguns and a rifle compensator of his design.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Born in Freeport, Texas, Jerry was a Texan for three days before moving with his family to southern Louisiana where he lived for the next thirty-seven years. Although he was the third born of five boys, Jerry Charles Miculek Jr. was named after his father after being born on his birthday.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Jerry worked as a millwright at Freeport Chemical for fifteen years before becoming a professional shooter in 1989.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: At age 37, Jerry met his future wife, Kay Clark Miculek, the daughter of gunsmith, Jim Clark Sr., and a competitive shooter since age six.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Jerry estimates that in his lifetime he has shot over 2 million rounds of ammunition, which equals approximately 30 tons of lead.


title: Jerry Miculek

text: Miculek also demonstrated the ability to fire five shots from a revolver on target with a S&W Model 64 ported barrel revolver in 0.57 seconds on September 25, 2003. This is slower than the record held by Ed McGivern of 0.45 seconds (first shot on 9/13/1932, reproduced 4 times on 12/8/1932). Originally recorded as "two-fifths of a second", the resolution of the timing equipment in 1932 was only 0.20 of a second, so the actual figure could have been anywhere between 0.40 and 0.45 seconds.


title: Muni He

text: Muni "Lily" He (born 17 June 1999) is a Chinese professional golfer who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour.


title: Muni He

text: Muni He was born in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Her father, a hotelier and restaurateur, introduced her to golf at a young age and by age 5, she was already playing competitively. Her family moved to Vancouver and later, San Diego. She studied at Torrey Pines High School in San Diego. In the United States, she was able to play golf more regularly and she joined San Diego and Southern California junior golf tournaments, alongside U.S. Kids' Golf and American Junior Golf Association events. Before turning pro, she spent one year at the University of Southern California, majoring in communications.


title: Muni He

text: As an amateur, she won the 2015 Polo Junior Classic and the 2017 Minnesota Invitational. She had four starts on the LPGA Tour and made the cut at the 2015 U.S. Women's Open where she tied for 53rd place. She turned professional in December 2017 and claimed her first Symetra Tour win in July 2018 at the inaugural Prasco Charity Championship in Maineville, Ohio. In November 2019, she won the eight-round LPGA Q-Series to secure her 2020 LPGA Tour membership. She has signed endorsement deals with Nike and WeChat.


title: Ford Power-Up Version History

text: The version history of the Ford Power-Up updates for the Ford SYNC Version 4 and 4a hardware developed by Ford Motor Company began with the release of the 2021 Mustang Mach-E in December 2020. This was simply referred to as over-the-air updates until May 2021 when Ford adopted the "Ford Power-Up" name.


title: Ford Power-Up Version History

text: The Ford Power-Up updates have the ability to upgrade the user interface as well as reprogram module firmware within the vehicle. Ford expects to produce 33 million vehicles with Power-Up capability by 2028. Not all vehicles have the same software layout due to the differences in the user interfaces. SYNC 4 comes with an 8 or 12 inch horizontally oriented main display while SYNC 4a comes with a 12 or 15.5 inch vertically oriented main display.


title: Ford Power-Up Version History

text: Ford has publicly discussed enhancements for future Power-Up updates. The precise timing and grouping of these updates has not been announced. These features may be released across several versions, and some or all of these features may not be released for certain vehicles, model years, or at all.


title: Ford Power-Up Version History

text: The following table summarizes the release history for the Ford SYNC Version 4 and 4a Power-Up software updates.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The Forsyte Saga is a British drama television serial that chronicles the lives of three generations of an upper-middle-class family from the 1870s to 1920s. It was based on the books of John Galsworthy's trilogy "The Forsyte Saga", which were adapted by Granada Television for the ITV network in 2002 (Series I) and 2003 (Series II). Additional funding was provided by American PBS station WGBH, as the 1967 BBC version had been a success on PBS in the early 1970s.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The author Malcolm Bradbury wrote that the prospect of the new series "brings a tear to the eye and a smile to the lips"; a tear because time had passed the culturally-significant original by, but smile because investment in a classic project is good.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The makers of the 2002 version felt that any new production would be compared with the 1967 version, which set the standards for period drama for the next 25 years. The idea came initially from David Liddiment, ITV's director of channels, who seized on the Forsyte novels not only as a great achievement in English literature, but also for their iconic status in British television. Granada were thinking big from the outset of the project – this was clearly something that couldn't be dashed off as a two-parter. The initial plan was for two series, the first an adaptation of "The Forsyte Saga" and the second continuing with "A Modern Comedy."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Sita Williams attached herself to the project in late 1999 and by the start of 2000 was talking to writers and working on the adaptations. Casting began in 2001, first casting the leading roles of Soames, Irene and Bosinney (Williams had seen Damian Lewis in "Band of Brothers").


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: This plot summary covers in eight sections the six episodes of the first series only. Series One portrays the first two books and the first interlude of John Galsworthy's trilogy "The Forsyte Saga".


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: It is 1874. The Forsytes gather to celebrate Winifred Forsyte's (Amanda Root) engagement to Montague Dartie, a penniless but charming man. Her cousin Young Jolyon (Rupert Graves) is absent from the party. We find he is at home with his daughter, June, and her French governess, Hélène. Jolyon and Hélène are involved in a minor flirtation, but their true feelings for each other are realized when his wife, Frances, falsely accuses him of an indiscretion and Jolyon is ordered to dismiss the governess. They acknowledge their feelings for each other only after this accusation, and he then decides to leave Frances. Young Jolyon finds himself cut off from the Forsyte fortune and family.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Nine years later, Young Jolyon has a son with Hélène and a daughter on the way. He tries to claim some of the capital of his inheritance from his grandfather Forsyte, rather than just existing on his allowance, so he and Hélène can purchase a larger house. His uncle James, the only remaining trustee, is heavily influenced by James' son Soames (Damian Lewis) and refuses him.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: A prosperous partner in the family law firm, Soames becomes interested in the beautiful but poor Irene Heron (Gina McKee) while on business in the seaside town of Bournemouth, where she lives with her widowed stepmother. Though at first, with youthful enthusiasm, she considers his advances flattering, he ultimately does not appeal to her because of his awkward manner and desire to own things. For example, while at an art gallery, she sees the beauty of a painting, but he sees it as a possession, something to be owned and hung in his hallway. When he proposes, she refuses him despite encouragement from her stepmother because of their impoverished state as a result of Irene's father's death, leaving them only £50 a year to live on. She and her stepmother are invited to visit his family, and she behaves contrary to social expectations when she dances with Winifred when she is supposed to be in mourning. Intrigued by her beauty and danger, Soames forgoes the rules and asks her to dance.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Some months later, Winifred gives birth to a child, Imogen. Montague ("Monty") gives her a string of pearls as a gift. She wonders how he could have afforded them considering that her father did not settle money or a house on Winifred when they married, and Monty is not a wealthy man. At a dance in Bournemouth, Soames attempts to show his continued passion for Irene, but ends up vulgarly kissing her arm in public. She is mortified, and her stepmother is disappointed when Irene refuses him again.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Under pressure from her stepmother, Irene accepts Soames' proposal under the condition that if she should not be happy, he should let her go. They share an awkward, rigid kiss in the street.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Young Jolyon and Hélène are now living in a modest house in St John's Wood with their two small children and read in the paper that his wife, Frances, has died. He proposes to Hélène and she happily accepts.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Two years later, Irene is trapped in a loveless marriage. Soames is obsessed with his seemingly perfect wife. She secretly takes steps to avoid getting pregnant as the idea of having his child is despicable to her. She finds friendship in Young Jolyon's abandoned daughter, June (Gillian Kearney), who has been raised by her grandfather, Old Jolyon (Corin Redgrave). The 17-year-old June is engaged to a 26-year-old, penniless architect, Philip Bosinney (Ioan Gruffudd). Old Jolyon, who has become like a father to June, will not allow her to marry until Bosinney earns £400 a year.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Unbeknown to June and Soames, Bosinney and Irene are instantly attracted to each other. Irene asks that she have her own bedroom under the guise of not being able to sleep well. Soames is not keen on the idea, but she moves out of the room anyway. Hearing of her unhappy life through the gossiping June, Bosinney is further drawn toward Irene. Simultaneously, he grows cold toward June.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soames does not like June's influence over his wife and aims to take Irene away from the city. He hopes that she might then concentrate on being a better wife toward him and to produce the heir so desperately wanted by himself and, more importantly, his father. He hires Bosinney to build a house at Robin Hill near Richmond and employs Bosinney as the architect (in the series the house is modelled visibly after Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House). The income will allow Bosinney to earn £350, not quite enough to allow a marriage but enough for Old Jolyon to allow an engagement between Bosinney and June. Robin Hill will serve as Irene's countryside prison. Meanwhile, Old Jolyon realising that June will soon be lost to him as a companion wishes to renew his relationship with Young Jolyon. He pays his son and Hélène a visit.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, the Darties seem to be living a luxurious and happy life. (They now have another child, a son, Val.) Unbeknown to Winifred, Dartie frequently squanders her money on gambling and failed business ventures. She catches him eyeing the pearls he once gave her. Some time later, bailiffs come to their house and repossess items to fulfill Dartie's debt of 100 guineas. Her father, James Forsyte, is thoroughly embarrassed by the situation, especially as their house is rented in his name.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soames and Irene discuss the country house. She does not wish to live there, but he insists that she would be happy there eventually, especially when they have children. When she walks away, upset with the idea of children, he waits for her in her bedroom. He persuades her to come back to his bedroom, though she does so reluctantly.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Old Jolyon, obviously missing company since June's engagement to Bosinney, seeks out his son at his club. They return to Old Jolyon's house and, while sharing a drink, he tries to make up for their estrangement by handing Young Jolyon a cheque for £10,000. Jolyon does not accept it but asks him to invest it for his children.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Bosinney and June are planning their wedding, although he appears to be less enthusiastic about it than she. He goes to Soames's house to discuss Robin Hill, but finds Irene in the drawing room before Soames has come downstairs. They share a kiss. Bosinney and Soames discuss the plans for the house, which is very modern. When Irene shows interest in the architectural style being, as she puts it, with a sense of 'beauty and proportion,' her husband agrees to fund the project for £500 more than he first agreed to spend. Soames congratulates himself for having found such an innovative architect for the job.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Old Jolyon finds his son living a bohemian lifestyle with his wife and two children, Jolly (who is also named Jolyon) and Holly. Hélène is suspicious of her father-in-law's sudden interest in their lives, and thanks God for her husband's source of income, his paintings. Young Jolyon tells her that he has discovered that his father has secretly been buying his watercolors as a way of supporting him through the years. Old Jolyon expresses his loneliness to his son.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: June grows afraid that her wedding will never take place as Bosinney seems always to be working on Robin Hill. She becomes angry at Irene's platitude that the hard times will pass, calls her old friend trite, and leaves in a huff. At Robin Hill, the building continues, but there are misunderstandings in budgeting, as he has gone over the agreed price by £700+. However, Soames relents because he wants the work done. Meanwhile, Irene and Bosinney's flirtations become more and more dangerous and they have a number of close calls. Irene takes a buggy ride with Soames' Uncle Swithin and suggests that they drive to Robin Hill, obviously in the hope of meeting with Bosinney. Later, pretending to be asleep on the patio, Swithin sees the two lovers heading into the woods where Bosinney confesses his love for Irene and the two share a passionate embrace.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Rumours begin about Irene and Bosinney and Old Jolyon asks his son to speak with June's fiancé, in an attempt to convince Bosinney to be faithful to June. He refuses because he feels it would be hypocritical, considering his past. Meanwhile, Soames' mother has a talk with Irene. She suggests that perhaps things would be better once they have children. Irene confesses to her, "I do not love him. I cannot love him. I don't want to love him." In the midst of his growing love for Irene, Bosinney snubs June in the street, driving her into a fit of depression.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The entire Forsyte family is alerted of Irene and Bosinney's affair with the exception of Soames and June. However, during a ball, they are caught talking outside by Monty Dartie and later flaunt their love for each other by dancing passionately in front of the entire family. June runs off in tears, her grandfather running after her. Irene asks Soames to let her go, but he refuses. He threatens to beat her, but then immediately apologizes. When they get home she runs into her room and locks the door to an enraged Soames. Determined to ruin Bosinney for stealing his wife's love, he sues Bosinney for breach of contract for increasing their agreed price for Robin Hill by another £350. While visiting the aunts, Monty gossips and spreads the news of Irene's indiscretion.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Irene and Bosinney consummate their relationship and have confidence that they can be together after the trial. However, as the court case nears, he is unable to secure future clients. Without work, he will be bankrupt at the end of the trial. She offers him her father's watch to fund his legal costs telling him that the watch might be for sale, but her father's memory is not.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: When Irene stays at Bosinney's for longer than she intended, Soames grows suspicious. June returns from a holiday in Switzerland and discovers the lawsuit. Despite his infidelity, she still supports him against Soames. Walking in the park, Irene and Bosinney run into Young Jolyon Forsyte painting a watercolor. She lies about why they are together, though Jolyon knows the truth.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Old Jolyon goes to his brother James to withdraw his will and place it with another solicitor. He then goes to his son's house and expresses his desire to "be a family again." He expects them to feel relief and gratitude at the offer, but he is told that one could be happy despite poverty. Hélène and Jolyon discuss if they should take his offer.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Irene asks for a divorce, but Soames refuses. She is late once again coming home from Bosinney's dwelling. Later that night, Soames comes into Irene's room unannounced and rapes her. The maid hears her screaming, but can do nothing. Irene meets with Bosinney the next day and he discovers the truth. In a rage, Bosinney goes to confront Soames, but as he runs through the foggy streets, he is run over by a cab and killed.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: When Bosinney does not appear at his own court hearing (which he loses anyway) and he does not meet Irene at a hotel (to run away together), June and Irene go to his apartment. They have words against each other where Irene compares June to Soames, and June calls Irene a leech. Finally, Irene slaps June to stop her tirade. Old Jolyon asks June what she would think of living with her father and his family. She suggests living at Robin Hill.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: When Soames comes home from court, the maid tells him Irene has left with two suitcases. Old Jolyon goes to Soames and asks to buy Robin Hill from him. However, they are interrupted when a policeman asks Soames to identify Bosinney's body. Old Jolyon has to break the terrible news to June. Last to learn is Irene, who has gone to Bosinney's club in search of him. Jolyon, also a member there, breaks the news to her. Irene is obviously devastated, and Young Jolyon offers to have her stay with his family rather than return to Soames but Irene refuses, not wishing to upset June any further. He reluctantly takes her back to Soames. He is haunted by the expression on her face and regrets delivering her to Soames. Soames tries to convince her that Bosinney's death was a sign that they should be together. She goes up to her room in shock.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The next day, Irene leaves again, this time for good, but with only the clothes on her back. She leaves her wedding ring behind. Young Jolyon meets the male members of his family again at the club, but he and his father are repulsed by Dartie's talk of Irene's situation. In the meantime, Soames is deluded into thinking that she will return, asking his housekeeper Bilson to continue changing the flowers in her room.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: June and her father reunite, but he feels like it is not his place to console her when she cries to her grandfather about Bosinney's funeral arrangements. The father and daughter embark on a newfound friendship, discussing Bosinney and her half-siblings. During the funeral, June berates Soames for his part in her fiancé's death. Despite her falling out with Irene, she still defends her in the context of her marriage to him. She also reveals that she knew that Irene prevented the conception of any of his children. He retorts that their friendship was a sham, and she replies, "Yes she stole the love of my life, my future. I should hate her, but the alternative was you. I cannot hate her. I can only wonder why she didn't do it sooner."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soames' mother comes to visit her despondent son, who has taken to his bed. In the presence of his sister Winifred, he cannot speak, only cry over Irene. His mother is affectionate toward him, but she wonders if she raised a child incapable of loving another being. She mentions that when he was a boy she gave him a kitten which he smothered with his love. "I should have taught you not to love like that ... You feel things too much, you always have." Soames finally gets up the next morning and appears to be fully recovered. He tells Bilson not to bother cleaning Mrs. Forsyte's room. He begins to move on with his life.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Old Jolyon makes an offer on Robin Hill. He defends Irene to Soames' parents. "If you talk about Irene, you do so with respect. Your son loved her once, with very good cause." The brothers settle that Jolyon will pay full price for the house. June gets along well with her father's family as they unpack their belongings at Robin Hill. She discovers a bundle of paintings of her father's; among them is a painting of her father she did as a child. The family toasts to "new beginnings."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Five years have passed and Hélène has died. Old Jolyon is once again taking care of a granddaughter, this time young Holly, while the rest of the family is traveling abroad. One evening, Old Jolyon notices Irene at the opera, and a few days later on the grounds of Robin Hill. They renew their acquaintance and he invites her to give young Holly piano lessons. Irene reveals that on the night she left Soames she was on the brink of disaster when a "lady of the night" took her in and cared for her. She has since made a living teaching piano while giving what food and comfort she could to other such women. With June and Young Jolyon abroad, Irene and Old Jolyon see each other often. He and Irene grow close, and in his own way he falls in love with her. However, his health soon fails and he dies shortly after.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Jolyon and June return home and discover that Irene had visited before their arrival. Young Jolyon is the executor of his father's will. To the shock of the Forsytes, Old Jolyon had made a codicil to his will that leaves Irene £15,000. The whole Forsyte clan attend the funeral at Robin Hill and there is gossip and speculation as to why he would bequeath money to Irene and some astonishment that he would be buried outside the family crypt. Jolyon and June discuss what has come to pass and she states that all the people she ever loved "all gravitate to her [Irene] in the end."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Being the executor, Jolyon visits Irene to discuss the money his father left her. He becomes her trustee, and during that time, he finds himself admiring her. She comforts him as he cries about his father's death.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Twelve years pass and everyone gathers for Soames' surprise 50th birthday party, with the exception of Jolyon's family. Winifred's children Val and Imogen are grown. Though still married to Irene, Soames has met a beautiful young French woman, Annette Lamotte. She is the waitress in a restaurant that Soames owns. Her mother is the manager. He invites them to visit his new country estate, Mapledurham. He shows off his art gallery, a collection of beautiful paintings which he seeks to own, but does not understand.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the meanwhile, Dartie and his cousin-in-law George spend their time gambling and cavorting with prostitutes. He has given Winifred's pearl necklace to one of them. He embarrasses his son, Val, at the casino by stumbling about and falling down drunk. Dartie comes home after his son runs off, and his wife says that her pearls are missing. At her accusation, he reacts frantically and puts a gun to his head shouting, "I'm lower than the servants in this house and I'm tired of it." However, when he pulls the trigger he finds that it was not loaded. He admits that he gave her necklace away. "I gave them to a Spanish beauty, neck like a swan." After spending the night on the sofa, and in the haze of the following morning Monty decides to leave his family and go to Buenos Aires. Soames tries to convince Winifred to begin divorce proceedings, and he expresses his desire to "start again" as well. Winifred states that she would not like a divorce, which would humiliate her and her children. Soames visits his ill father who tells him to have a son.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Jolyon is preparing for an exhibition of his watercolors at Robin Hill. Soames comes to visit, along with Val, asking if Jolyon knew if Irene "had any men" as grounds for divorce. Jolyon agrees to see her if and when she returns to London. Jolyon goes to her flat and asks her if she could provide what Soames needs for a divorce, but she admits there has been no one since Bosinney; Soames should have taken his chance then, but now she cannot help him.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the meantime, Val and Holly are forming an attachment and falling in love. They are unaware of the Forsyte history.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: While he forces Winifred's hand in her own divorce, once Soames believes that he must be with Irene, he does not follow his own advice to divorce and move on.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Despite his feelings for Annette, Soames' feelings for Irene are easily rekindled. His obsession with her returns when he sees her again, even after 12 years. He pays her an unexpected visit and wants to resume his marriage to her since she won't grant a divorce. He follows her and asks her to bear him a son. A group of "women of the night" save her from him, and she escapes. She consults with Young Jolyon, and they conclude that he will not rest until she grants him a divorce or gives him an heir. Irene visits Robin Hill and reveals to Jolyon that Soames had once forced himself on her. She quickly leaves for Paris to escape Soames' harassment. During their talk, Jolly overheard his father shout, "Damn Soames Forsyte!" Discovering his sister's romance with Val Dartie, Jolly forbids that they see each other again, prejudiced by what he overheard his father say. He tries to blackmail her into giving Val up by threatening to tell their father of the relationship.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Winifred is humiliated in court, but quickly realizes that Soames had no intention of divorcing Irene. Soames hires a private detective to find and follow Irene, saying that he is representing a client called Heron (Irene is using her maiden name). Jolyon meets Irene in France to visit and bring her money he has collected as rent for her flat in Chelsea. There they spend time together and begin to fall in love.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Val and Holly are secretly engaged but are discovered by Jolly. Jolly forces Val to prove his love for Holly by going with him to enlist in the Boer War.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Holly and June become nurses, and ship out to South Africa, where Jolly is ill with typhoid fever. Jolly dies, an event that hits Young Jolyon very hard. Soames discovers Irene and Young Jolyon together at Robin Hill just after they have learned of Jolly's death and accuses them of adultery. They are not yet lovers, but they know that without admitting guilt, Irene will never be free of Soames. Irene and Soames divorce while she and Jolyon go away together as a couple.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Val comes home from the war along with Holly. He has been discharged after a stray bullet hit his ankle. He announces to his family that he and Holly are married and that they are moving to South Africa. Soames and Annette go to her mother's restaurant and he sees Irene is pregnant with Jolyon's child.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soon afterward, Soames and Annette are married and having a family party at Mapledurham at which Annette announces that she is pregnant. Soames relishes the prospect of producing an heir at last, as does his father who tells her, "A boy, you hear me? A boy." Meanwhile, George reads the paper aloud, which announces that Jolyon and Irene Forsyte have had a son, Jon. At Robin Hill, June and Irene are reconciled.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Annette has a difficult delivery, and the doctor tells Soames to choose between saving his wife or his baby; either way, she will never bear another child. Soames believes that Annette would be devastated by the loss of the child if she were to survive, and tells the doctor to do what he can to save the child at all costs. Annette survives and they have a baby girl. He is disappointed and leaves his wife's side and go to his father, who is dying. He lies to his father and says he has had a baby boy. Soames returns home in the morning. He falls in love with his daughter immediately. Holding her in his arms, he names her Fleur.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: This plot summary covers the four episodes of the second series, which relate to Jon and Fleur in later life. Series Two was titled "The Forsyte Saga: To Let" and portrays the last book of "The Forsyte Saga", "To Let".


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Nine years have passed since the events of the first series. June Forsyte (Gillian Kearney ) takes her half brother Jon on an impromptu visit to her Aunt Hester's (Ann Bell). She discovers that it is Hester's birthday and a party is being held with other members of the Forsyte family, including Soames and his daughter Fleur. The children are encouraged to play outside, and playing by a pond Fleur soils her dress with mud. Soames shouts at Jon for encouraging bad behaviour. Back at Robin Hill, Irene Forsyte is angry when Jon talks about the "nasty man" that yelled at him, and is disappointed that June should have exposed him to that side of the family. She hopes that he will forget the encounter quickly.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Eleven years later in 1920, June is running a fashionable gallery in London and has a new exhibition. Soames and Fleur visit the gallery, not knowing it is June's, and encounter Irene and Jon there. Irene is instantly made ill at ease with the presence of Soames, but Jon and Fleur seem to be intrigued with one another, especially upon discovering that they are, as Soames puts it, "distant" cousins. Irene is disturbed by the meeting and tells her husband Jolyon that Jon appeared to be "entranced’ by Fleur. He tells her not to worry, that boys of his age are fickle, and that the interest will pass.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur knows that Holly Dartie (Amanda Ryan) is Jon's half-sister (and that he is currently staying at Val (Julian Ovenden) and Holly's farm). At her 18th birthday party, she invites herself to stay with them in order to meet Jon again. At the farm, when Jon is introduced to Fleur, she pretends they have not met before. She sneaks off early one morning to find Jon, who is working at the nearby farm of Mr Maple. The two connect immediately, and both wonder what secrets in their family's past have created the feud between their families. They agree to keep their friendship a secret. However, Holly is becoming aware that something is between them, and confides in her father Jolyon and stepmother Irene, who are worried.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Soames has met returned serviceman Michael Mont (Oliver Milburn) at an art auction, where the two bid for a copy of a painting by Degas of a girl who Soames believes shares a resemblance with his daughter. Soames invites the young man to his home to see the rest of his art collection.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Montague Dartie (Ben Miles), his son Val, cousin George (Alistair Petrie) and Jon Forsyte meet with Prosper Profond (Michael Maloney), a wealthy French Armenian who shares their interest in horse racing. Prosper starts a seemingly harmless flirtation with Monty's wife Winifred (Amanda Root). One evening, Prosper claims to have to work and cancels an evening at the opera with Winifred. Later that evening however, Monty sees Prosper leaving the opera with Soames's wife Annette.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Jolyon Forsyte visits his doctor and is told that he has a weak heart and that he should not exert himself. Despite this, Jolyon confronts Soames, telling him to use his influence over his daughter to put an end to their children's friendship before it goes any further. Soames thinks Jolyon a hypocrite, considering that he has always taken pride in following his heart.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: After a week Fleur and Jon leave Holly and Val's farm by train, and Jon becomes jealous when he sees Michael Mont collecting Fleur by boat to take her home to Mapledurham and Irene takes Jon on holiday to Paris in order to try to prevent his and Fleur's relationship from blossoming.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soames and his wife, Annette (Beatriz Batarda), host a country weekend to encourage a match between Fleur and Michael; however, Fleur is pining for the loss of Jon and does not warm to Michael's advances. While the guests are being farewelled, Fleur and her friend Cherry (Olivia Lumley) see Annette and Prosper in each other's arms in the garden and Fleur is outraged at her betrayal of Soames.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: While Irene and Jon are away, missing Jon, Fleur goes to Robin Hill. Jolyon does not know her true identity and invites her in for lemonade and bemoans the fact that he is missing Irene and Jon. Jolyon tells June he is ill, and Irene and Jon return home, their attempt at having him forget about Fleur having failed. He is missing her more every day and, as soon as they arrive home, the pair reunite, Fleur confessing to Jon that she visited Robin Hill in his absence.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur has discovered a photograph of Irene in a frame behind one of her mother and assumes that Jolyon stole Irene from Soames, and this is the reason for the family feud.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: After his usual run of bad luck Monty Dartie gets onto a winning streak only to be killed in a car accident on his way home with his winnings. At his funeral Prosper tells Fleur that her father and Jon's mother were in fact married and divorced.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Immediately after the funeral, Fleur goes to Robin Hill to tell Jon her discovery and is forced to have tea with Irene and Jolyon, who is obviously furious at having been deceived by her when his wife and son were abroad. After an argument with his parents, Jon leaves Robin Hill and heads to one of Farmer Maple's cottages.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur arrives at the cottage and, though they sleep in separate beds, their love increases with Jon's estrangement from his family. While Jon is out working one day Jolyon arrives and implores Fleur to give up Jon, telling her he is ill and he needs Jon by his side more than ever. She does not tell Jon of their conversation and, despite her assurances to Jolyon, she and Jon plan to elope to Scotland in three weeks time, where they do not need parental consent to marry.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: An anonymous letter arrives at Mapledurham telling Soames of his wife's affair with Prosper; however she laughs it off as gossip and falsehood and continues her liaison. Soon after, however, Prosper advises that he has tired of England and is going abroad. Soames is pleased but sees how much it has hurt Annette and tries to comfort her as best he can.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Michael Mont asks Soames to become a formal suitor for Fleur's hand and, two weeks later, the pair are invited, along with Fleur's parents, to join Winifred in her tent at the Eton-Harrow cricket match. While there, Soames is upset at the sight of Jolyon and Irene, obviously still very much in love, and Jon and Fleur manage a rendezvous that is seen by Jolyon. Prosper arrives at the cricket match and manages to woo back Annette, and Soames angrily resigns himself to the fact that he has an unfaithful wife for a second time.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: After the cricket match Jolyon confesses to Irene that he is unwell, and they agree to tell Jon the truth about the past and Soames's obsession with his mother. After this painful confession Jolyon suffers a massive heart attack and dies in the arms of his wife and son.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: After his family have spread his ashes on the grave of Jolyon's father, Fleur, being stood up at the train station for their elopement, arrives at Robin Hill to see Jon. Grief-stricken and emotional, Jon gives in to temptation and he and Fleur make love. The couple are caught by June who berates Jon for being so stupid and unfeeling on that day of all days.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur returns home and insists that nothing can prevent her and Jon from being together and convinces Soames to speak with Irene on her behalf. The pair travel to Robin Hill but because of his parents' revelations about the past and also because he witnesses Soames's obsessive behaviour toward his mother; Jon turns Soames from the house and refuses to see Fleur who calls to Jon desperately from the garden.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Finally Jon and Irene go out to her and she accuses Irene of trying to keep Jon "all to herself" claiming "he's mine!" It is then that Jon realises that she is like her father, and thinks of people as being possessions. Fleur, exhausted, reluctantly goes home with her father.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur, like her father when Irene left him, takes to her bed and refuses to see her father whom she blames for her disappointment, but over time is again wooed by Michael Mont and, thinking all hope lost for her and Jon, eventually agrees to an engagement.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Prosper Profond visits Robin Hill with Holly to offer Jon some work and tells him of Fleur's romance with Michael. Jon is incensed that she should so quickly take up with someone else and Prosper facilitates a meeting between them. Jon tries to convince Fleur not to marry Michael, even though he cannot bring himself to hurt his family by being with her. She accuses him of being the one to treat her like a possession and says "If you won't have me then I'll do it my own way – and I'll forget about you Jon Forsyte – I swear I will!"


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Fleur's feud with her father continues until the day of her wedding when Soames confesses to his abuse of Irene all those years ago and laments that every time they meet Irene thinks only of that moment. Fleur softens toward him at this revelation, convinced that it is better to be in a loveless marriage than to be exposed to heartbreak as her father was with Irene, and Michael and Fleur marry.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Soames arrives at Robin Hill and there is a "to let" sign on the front gate. He has come to give the Degas copy that resembles Fleur to Jon. Both he and Irene question whether parting the young lovers was the right thing to do and admit that they miss the company of their children – Jon is abroad and Fleur on her honeymoon. They part with a handshake. When Parfit, the butler, asks what the visitor wanted Irene responds with surprise "He didn't want anything."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The broadcast serialisation of "The Forsyte Saga" and "To Let" differs from Galsworthy's novels chiefly in timing and in treatment of characters, principally in the pivotal character of Irene.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The timing of the events in the series and in the novels differs considerably. The novel begins in 1886 and the series begins in 1874. The writers of the series understood how difficult it would be to present the series in the order that events take place in the novel. Producer Sita Williams stated that, "The novels actually start with the engagement of June to Bosinney, in the middle of the story. You learn about Soames' wooing of Irene and about Young Jolyon's affair with the governess, Hélène, through the gossip and memories of the other characters. It's great for a novel, but not for TV. This isn't like adapting Dickens, who wrote perfect, straightforward, linear narratives. Galsworthy is more complicated than that. So we had to look at the back story and tease out the important things and put them on screen."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, the character of Irene is rather mysterious. She has no voice within the narrative and is described only by her effect on the characters around her. In the series, the character of Irene is far more complex and the viewer is able to form a more personal relationship with the character and more readily sympathise with her. In the novel, Irene is described more than once as having fair hair and dark eyes, this physical appearance being key to her particular brand of her attractiveness to nearly all the men in the novels. Actress Gina McKee, who portrayed Irene in the series, did not. This mattered little to director Christopher Menaul, who said, "The hardest part of casting was the search for Irene. She's an elusive character – even Galsworthy admitted that he'd drawn her in shadows, that she presented a different facade to every character in the book."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The early novels put more emphasis on the older generations of Forsytes. All 10 of the older Forsyte siblings feature in the novels, which include several chapters devoted to Timothy ("Afternoon at Timothy's", "Timothy Prophecies") who shares his house on the Bayswater Road with his sisters Ann, Hester and Mrs. Small (Aunt Juley). Roger (George Forsyte's father) features in the novel, as do the other Forsyte siblings, Nicholas and Susan, none of whom appear in the television series. Much of the dialogue of the older generation and their Victorian sensibilities are an ironic counterbalance to the new, younger generation of Forsytes and the sometimes scandalous and dramatic events in their lives. Many other characters such as George Forsyte's siblings Francie and Eustace, and Nicholas's children Young Nicholas and Euphemia, are also not featured in the television series. Imogen Dartie features briefly in the early television episodes and is not seen again in the later series. Her presence is much greater in the novels.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Writer Jan McVerry explained that there were tough decisions to be made and that many of the secondary characters had to be omitted from the series. "We were concentrating on the strongest stories," she said "We went through the novels and decided which episodes were going into the script and which weren't. You have to do that with any adaptation: you can't represent every incidental character or you'd go on for thousands of hours and bore everyone to death. This is drama and you have to pare it down a bit."


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The interlude "Indian Summer of a Forsyte," which takes place in the summer of 1892, describes the rekindling of Old Jolyon and Irene's relationship (parts of which are featured in Episode Four of the 2002 television series). In the novel Hélène is abroad with Young Jolyon and June at that time and dies in 1894; in the series she has already died.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Bosinney's death is the background of the novel but vividly displayed onscreen. More contact with his Aunt Baines, including a trip to Wales to visit her during his engagement to June, appears in the novels.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Similarly, Soames's rape of Irene in the fourth episode of the series is mentioned in the novels only at the opening of "Voyage into the Inferno", the fourth chapter of "The Man of Property": "The morning after a certain night on which Soames last asserted his rights and acted like a man, he breakfasted alone." This event, for present-day readers merely a subtle allusion in Galsworthy's writing, is clearly displayed in the adaptation to television as a major influence on the futures of several chief characters.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, Jolly and Val meet while both are at Oxford, and it is Young Jolyon's and Holly's visit there that begins Holly's and Val's relationship. In the series, Holly and Val's meeting takes place at Robin Hill just as Jolly has left for the university, and it is combined with Soames's first approach to Jolyon, as Irene's trustee, to find out if there is evidence for him to undertake divorce proceedings.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, Irene does not visit Robin Hill to tell Young Jolyon of Soames's approaching her to resume their marriage, nor does Soames attempt to approach her in the street while she is assisting "ladies of the night" as depicted in the series; rather, Young Jolyon visits Irene several times and meets Soames in the street when he has been at Irene's flat in Chelsea and his discovery is made there.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The character of Montague Dartie continues into the second "To Let" series but does not appear in the novels. In the novels, Monty dies in 1913, seven years earlier than the events in "To Let".


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, Irene and June resume their friendship prior to Young Jolyon's and Irene's becoming romantically involved. Their reunion is delayed in the televised series until after the birth of the Forsytes' son Jon, at the end of the last episode.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In "To Let," Michael Mont meets Soames at June Forsyte's Cork Street Gallery, not at an auction, and just moments before Fleur and Jon first see each other. The broadcast shows Jon and Fleur meeting at the home of June's aunts on Hester's birthday when both are about nine years old, but this is not mentioned in the novel.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The series shows Fleur going incognito to Robin Hill and making the acquaintance of Young Jolyon under a false name, thereby providing an excuse for Young Jolyon to behave angrily toward her later and to provide evidence to his son that she is not to be trusted. This does not occur in the novels.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The copy of Degas's painting of a girl in a hat is not mentioned in the novels. A painting by Goya is mentioned several times, but no painting is described in Irene's and Soames's later meeting in the novels.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novel "To Let," a letter from his father provides Jon Forsyte the information regarding his mother's past relationship with and final violation by Soames. In the broadcast series, Jon's father reveals this information in speaking to his son face-to-face, together with Irene. The information is not revealed immediately before Young Jolyon's death in the novels (though it comes soon after); and it is Jon, not Irene, who first learns of Young Jolyon's illness.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, Jon and Fleur do not have a sexual encounter during their initial romance. In a later Galsworthy novel, "Swan Song", Fleur wishes she had trapped Jon into marriage by sleeping with him and being "compromised," and later Jon and Fleur do have a one-night stand, while both married to other people, many years after events of "To Let" take place.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: In the novels, Aunt Hester dies in 1907. In the televised series, she is still alive thirteen years later.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The conversation between Soames and Fleur on her wedding day that includes his confession about his grand passion for Irene and his lingering regret at what happened between them does not occur in the novels.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: The character of Prosper Profond is rather shadowy in the novels, of lesser importance to events depicted. By contrast, in the broadcast series he is quite prominent, often behaving rather clownishly affecting the lives of several major characters.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: At the end of the novels, Jon Forsyte goes to work in British Columbia, rather than in New York as the series suggests. In Galsworthy's writing, his mother Irene joins him; but this is not made clear in the series.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Finally, the handshake between Irene and Soames at Robin Hill, in the last scene of the television series, does not take place in the novel. Instead, Soames refuses Irene's hand at the gallery, not at Robin Hill, and at a later time than the series shows.


title: The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)

text: Critical response was positive overall. "Maclean's" gave the series a glowing review. "TIME" magazine gave the production a tepid review, calling it "lush, well acted – and stale". "People" magazine proclaimed it the "Show of the Week," and called Lewis's performance "a constant marvel".


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The 2022–23 Liga MX season (known as the Liga BBVA MX for sponsorship reasons) is the 76th professional season of the top-flight football league in Mexico. The season will be divided into two championships—the Apertura 2022 and the Clausura 2023—each in an identical format and each contested by the same eighteen teams.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: With the 2022 FIFA World Cup commencing on 20 November, the Apertura 2022 second leg final will be on 30 October.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The Estadio Azteca will be closed from 2023 to 2025 due to renovations for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Although the project was anticipated to begin in the winter of 2023, the renovations were postponed for the summer of 2023.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The Apertura 2022 was the first tournament of the season. The tournament began on 1 July. The defending champions were Atlas.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The Clausura tournament will begin on 6 January and end on 28 May 2023. The defending champions are Pachuca.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: As of the 2020–21 season, the promotion and relegation between Liga MX and Liga de Expansión MX (formerly known as Ascenso MX) was suspended, however, the coefficient table will be used to establish the payment of fines that will be used for the development of the clubs of the silver circuit.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: Per Article 24 of the competition regulations, the payment of $MXN160 million will be distributed among the last three positioned in the coefficient table as follows: 80 million in the last place; 47 million the penultimate; and 33 million will be paid by the sixteenth team in the table, as of the 2021–22 season the remaining $MXN80 million will be paid through the financial remnants generated by the Liga MX itself. The team that finishes last on the table will start the following season with a coefficient of zero. If the last ranked team, which was Juárez, repeats as the last ranked team in the 2022–23 season coefficient table, they will be fined an additional $MXN20 million.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The league champion with more points at the end of the Apertura 2022 and Clausura 2023 seasons will qualify directly to the 2024 CONCACAF Champions League round of 16. The league champion with less points at the end of the season will qualify for the 2024 CONCACAF Champions League first round. The Apertura runner-up, Clausura runner-up, and the next two best ranked teams will also qualify for the 2024 CONCACAF Champions League first round.


title: 2022–23 Liga MX season

text: The league champion with the highest aggregate points accumulated across the Clausura 2022 and Apertura 2022 seasons will qualify directly to the 2023 Leagues Cup round of 32. Liga MX clubs ranked 2 to 16 in the aggregate table will be in the second position in each group, opposite the MLS Supporter's Shield table (for example, the best remaining team in the Supporter's Shield table is drawn against the 15th best team remaining in the Liga MX 2022 aggregate table). The remaining 13 MLS clubs, along with the two remaining Liga MX clubs, will be drawn into groups and divided geographically.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The book of Obadiah is a book of the Bible whose authorship is attributed to Obadiah, a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period. Obadiah is one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the final section of Nevi'im, the second main division of the Hebrew Bible. The text consists of a single chapter, divided into 21 verses, making it the shortest book in the Hebrew Bible. The book concerns the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The Book of Obadiah is based on a prophetic vision concerning the fall of Edom, a mountain-dwelling nation whose founding father was Esau. Obadiah describes an encounter with Yahweh, who addresses Edom's arrogance and charges them for their "violence against your brother Jacob".


title: Book of Obadiah

text: Throughout most of the history of Judah, Edom was controlled absolutely from Jerusalem as a vassal state. Obadiah said that the high elevation of their dwelling place in the mountains of Seir had gone to their head, and they had puffed themselves up in pride. "'Though you soar like the eagle and make your nest among the stars, from there I will bring you down,' declares the Lord".


title: Book of Obadiah

text: In the Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC), Nebuchadnezzar II sacked Jerusalem, carted away the King of Judah, and installed a puppet ruler. The Edomites helped the Babylonians loot the city. Obadiah, writing this prophecy around 590 BCE, suggests the Edomites should have remembered that blood was thicker than water. "On the day you stood aloof while strangers carried off his wealth and foreigners entered his gates and cast lots for Jerusalem, you were like one of them... You should not march through the gates of my people in the day of their disaster, nor gloat over them in their calamity in the day of their disaster, nor seize their wealth in the day of their disaster."


title: Book of Obadiah

text: Obadiah said in judgment Yahweh would wipe out the house of Esau forever, and not even a remnant would remain. The Edomites' land would be possessed by Egypt and they would cease to exist as a people. The Day of the Lord was at hand for all nations, and someday the children of Israel would return from their exile and possess the land of Edom.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The date of composition is disputed and is difficult to determine due to the lack of personal information about Obadiah, his family, and his historical milieu. The date of composition must therefore be determined based on the prophecy itself. Edom is to be destroyed due to its lack of defense for its brother nation, Israel, when it was under attack. There are two major historical contexts within which the Edomites could have committed such an act. These are during 853 – 841 BCE when Jerusalem was invaded by Philistines and Arabs during the reign of Jehoram of Judah (recorded in 2 Kings and 2 Chronicles in the Christian Old Testament) and 607 – 586 BCE when Jerusalem was attacked by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon, which led to the Babylonian exile of Israel (recorded in Psalm 137). The earlier period would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Elijah.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The later date would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Jeremiah. A sixth-century date for Obadiah is a "near consensus" position among scholars. contains parallels to the Book of Jeremiah . The passage in the Book of Jeremiah dates from the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim (604 BCE), and therefore seems to refer to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II (586 BCE). It is more likely that Obadiah and the Book of Jeremiah together were drawing on a common source presently unknown to us rather than Jeremiah drawing on previous writings of Obadiah as his source. There is also much material found in which Jeremiah does not quote, and which, had he had it laid out before him, would have suited his purpose admirably.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The exact expression "the Day of the Lord", from , has been used by other authors throughout the Old and New Testaments, as follows:


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), also known commonly as the Pacific ridley sea turtle, is a species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae. The species is the second-smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world. "L. olivacea" is found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but also in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: This turtle and the related Kemp's ridley turtle are best known for their unique synchronised mass nestings called "arribadas", where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The olive ridley sea turtle may have been first described as "Testudo mydas minor" by Georg Adolf Suckow in 1798. It was later described and named "Chelonia multiscutata" by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820. Still later, it was described and named "Chelonia olivacea" by Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz in 1829. The species was placed in the subgenus "Lepidochelys" by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843. After "Lepidochelys" was elevated to full genus status, the species was called "Lepidochelys olivacea" by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858. Because Eschscholtz was the first to propose the specific epithet "olivacea", he is credited as the binomial authority or taxon author in the valid name "Lepidochelys olivacea" (Eschscholtz, 1829). The parentheses indicate that the species was


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The generic name, "Lepidochelys", is derived from the Greek words "lepidos", meaning scale, and "chelys", which translates to turtle. This could possibly be a reference to the supernumerary costal scutes characteristic of this genus. The etymology of the English vernacular name "olive" is somewhat easier to resolve, as its carapace is olive green in color. However, the origin of "ridley" is still somewhat unclear, perhaps derived from "riddle". "Lepidochelys" is the only genus of sea turtles containing more than one extant species: "L. olivacea" and the closely related "L. kempii" (Kemp's ridley).


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Growing to about 61 cm (2 ft) in carapace length (measured along the curve), the olive ridley sea turtle gets its common name from its olive-colored carapace, which is heart-shaped and rounded. Males and females grow to the same size, but females have a slightly more rounded carapace as compared to males. The heart-shaped carapace is characterized by four pairs of pore-bearing inframarginal scutes on the bridge, two pairs of prefrontals, and up to nine lateral scutes per side. "L. olivacea" is unique in that it can have variable and asymmetrical lateral scute counts, ranging from five to nine plates on each side, with six to eight being most commonly observed. Each side of the carapace has 12–14 marginal scutes.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The carapace is flattened dorsally and highest anterior to the bridge. it has a medium-sized, broad head that appears triangular from above. The head's concave sides are most obvious on the upper part of the short snout. It has paddle-like fore limbs, each having two anterior claws. The upper parts are grayish-green to olive in color, but sometimes appear reddish due to algae growing on the carapace. The bridge and hingeless plastron of an adult vary from greenish white in younger individuals to a creamy yellow in older specimens (maximum age is up to 50 years).


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Hatchlings are dark gray with a pale yolk scar, but appear all black when wet. Carapace length of hatchlings ranges from . A thin, white line borders the carapace, as well as the trailing edge of the fore and hind flippers. Both hatchlings and juveniles have serrated posterior marginal scutes, which become smooth with age. Juveniles also have three dorsal keels; the central longitudinal keel gives younger turtles a serrated profile, which remains until sexual maturity is reached.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The olive ridley sea turtle rarely weighs over 50 kg (110 lb). Adults studied in Oaxaca, Mexico, ranged from ; adult females weighed an average of (n=58), while adult males weighed significantly less, averaging (n=17). Hatchlings usually weigh between .


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Adults are sexually dimorphic. The mature male has a longer and thicker tail, which is used for copulation, and the presence of enlarged and hooked claws on the male's front flippers allows him to grasp the female's carapace during copulation. The male also has a longer, more tapered carapace than the female, which has a rounded, dome-like carapace. The male also has a more concave plastron, believed to be another adaptation for mating. The plastron of the male may also be softer than that of the female.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The olive ridley turtle has a circumtropical distribution, living in tropical and warm waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans from India, Arabia, Japan, and Micronesia south to southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been observed off the western coast of Africa and the coasts of northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Additionally, the olive ridley has been recorded in the Caribbean Sea as far north as Puerto Rico. A female was found alive on an Irish Sea beach on the Isle of Anglesey, Wales, in November 2016, giving this species its northernmost appearance. It was taken in by the nearby Anglesey Sea Zoo, while its health was assessed. A juvenile female was found off the coast of Sussex in 2020. The olive ridley is also found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Galápagos Islands and Chile north to the Gulf of California, and along the Pacific coast to at least Oregon. Migratory movements have been studied less intensely in olive ridleys than other species of marine turtles, but they are believed to use the coastal waters of over 80 countries. Historically, this species has been widely regarded as the most abundant sea turtle in the world. More than one million olive ridleys were commercially harvested off the coasts of Mexico in 1968 alone.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The population of Pacific Mexico was estimated to be at least 10 million prior to the era of mass exploitation. More recently, the global population of annual nesting females has been reduced to about two million by 2004, and was further reduced to 852,550 by 2008. This indicated a dramatic decrease of 28 to 32% in the global population within only one generation (i.e., 20 years).


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Olive ridley sea turtles are considered the most abundant, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels. These turtles are considered endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico, to Chile. Pacific olive ridleys nest around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the US on July 28, 1978.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Olive ridley turtles exhibit two different nesting behaviours, the most prevalent solitary nesting, but also the behaviour they are best known for, the synchronized mass nesting, termed "arribadas". Females return to the same beach from where they hatched, to lay their eggs. They lay their eggs in conical nests about 1.5 ft deep, which they laboriously dig with their hind flippers. In the Indian Ocean, the majority of olive ridleys nest in two or three large assemblies near Gahirmatha in Odisha. The coast of Odisha in India is one of the largest mass nesting sites for the olive ridley, along with the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica. In 1991, over 600,000 turtles nested along the coast of Odisha in one week. Solitary nesting also occurs along the Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka, but in scattered locations. However, olive ridleys are considered a rarity in most areas of the Indian Ocean.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: They are also rare in the western and central Pacific, with known "arribadas" occurring only within the tropical eastern Pacific, in Central America and Mexico. In Costa Rica, they occur at Nancite and Ostional beach, and a third "arribada" beach seems to be emerging at Corozalito. Two active "arribada" beaches are located in Nicaragua, Chacocente and La Flor, with a smaller "arribada" beach of unknown status on the Pacific coast of Panama. Historically, "arribadas" happened at several beaches in Mexico, but in the present "arribadas" are only observed at Playa Escobilla and Morro Ayuda in Oaxaca, and Ixtapilla in Michoacan.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Although olive ridleys are famed for their "arribadas", most of the known nesting beaches are only frequented by solitarily nesting females and support a relatively small quantity of nests (100 to 3,000 nests). The overall contribution and importance of solitary nesting females for the population may be underestimated by the scientific community as the hatching success rate of nests at arribada beaches is generally low, but high at solitary nesting beaches.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Some of the olive ridley's foraging grounds near Southern California are contaminated due to sewage, agricultural runoff, pesticides, solvents, and industrial discharges. These contaminants have been shown to decrease the productivity of the benthic community, which negatively affects these turtles, which feed from these communities. The increasing demand to build marinas and docks near Baja California and Southern California are also negatively affecting the olive ridleys in these areas, where more oil and gasoline will be released into these sensitive habitats. Another threat to these turtles is power plants, which have documented juvenile and subadult turtles becoming entrained and entrapped within the saltwater cooling intake systems.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Mating is often assumed to occur in the vicinity of nesting beaches, but copulating pairs have been reported over 1,000 km from the nearest beach. Research from Costa Rica revealed the number of copulating pairs observed near the beach could not be responsible for the fertilization of the tens of thousands of gravid females, so a significant amount of mating is believed to have occurred elsewhere at other times of the year.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The Gahirmatha Beach in Kendrapara district of Odisha (India), which is now a part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, is the largest breeding ground for these turtles. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002. It is the world's largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtles. Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other mass nesting beaches have been located, which are on the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi. The spectacular site of mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Olive ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from the beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Orissa. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between 100,000 and 500,000 each year. A decline in the population of these turtles has occurred in the recent past due to mass mortality. The olive ridley sea turtle has been listed on Schedule – I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). The species is listed as vulnerable under IUCN. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna (CITES). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The homing characteristics of the ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to the natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for them. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Olive ridleys generally begin to aggregate near nesting beaches about two months before nesting season, although this may vary throughout their range. In the eastern Pacific, nesting occurs throughout the year, with peak nesting events ("arribadas") occurring between September and December. Nesting beaches can be characterized as relatively flat, midbeach zone, and free of debris. Beach fidelity is common, but not absolute. Nesting events are usually nocturnal, but diurnal nesting has been reported, especially during large "arribadas". Exact age of sexual maturity is unknown, but this can be somewhat inferred from data on minimum breeding size. For example, the average carapace length of nesting females (n = 251) at Playa Nancite, Costa Rica, was determined to be 63.3 cm, with the smallest recorded at 54.0 cm. Females can lay up to three clutches per season, but most only lay one or two clutches. The female remains near shore for the internesting period, which is about one month. Mean clutch size varies throughout its range and decreases with each nesting attempt.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: A mean clutch size of 116 (30–168 eggs) was observed in Suriname, while nesting females from the eastern Pacific were found to have an average of 105 (74–126 eggs). The incubation period is usually between 45 and 51 days under natural conditions, but may extend to 70 days in poor weather conditions. Eggs incubated at temperatures of 31 to 32 °C produce only females; eggs incubated at 28 °C or less produce solely males; and incubation temperatures of 29 to 30 °C produce a mixed-sex clutch. Hatching success can vary by beach and year, due to changing environmental conditions and rates of nest predation.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: Most observations are typically within 15 km of mainland shores in protected, relatively shallow marine waters (22–55 m deep). Olive ridleys are occasionally found in open waters. The multiple habitats and geographical localities used by this species vary throughout its lifecycle.


title: Olive ridley sea turtle

text: The olive ridley is predominantly carnivorous, especially in immature stages of its lifecycle. Animal prey consists of protochordates or invertebrates, which can be caught in shallow marine waters or estuarine habitats. Common prey items include jellyfish, tunicates, salps, sea urchins, bryozoans, bivalves, snails, shrimp, crabs, rock lobsters, and sipunculid worms. Additionally, consumption of jellyfish and both adult fish (e.g. "Sphoeroides") and fish eggs may be indicative of pelagic (open ocean) feeding. The olive ridley is also known to feed on filamentous algae in areas devoid of other food sources. Captive studies have indicated some level of cannibalistic behavior in this species.