title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: At the same election in 2012 Conservative mayoral candidate Boris Johnson won the largest share of Hillingdon's votes in becoming elected Mayor of London for a second term.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: From 2001 to 2011 the borough's population grew by 11.5% (4.4% above the England and Wales mean of 7.1%). By comparison Merton and Bromley grew by 4.5% and Tower Hamlets grew by 26.4%. The number of households increased from 2001 to 2011 by 3.3%, and the average number of people per household was 2.7.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: 52.2% of the borough's population identified themselves as White British in the 2011 census. In the south-east of the borough, in particular Hayes there is a high population of South Asian residents.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Whites as a whole form 60.6% of the borough, Asian residents 25.3%, and Black residents 7.3%. In addition, the most common language, English (81.2%), is followed by Punjabi (3.4%), Polish (1.5%), Tamil (1.4%) and Urdu (1.3%).


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough maintains over 200 green spaces, totalling around . As much of the area is within the Metropolitan Green Belt it was, in 2008, one of the least densely populated of all the London boroughs; open spaces range in size from the Colne Valley Regional Park by the River Colne in the north of the borough, to smaller gardens and parks such as the Norman Leddy Memorial Gardens and Lake Farm Country Park in the south of the borough.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Council leader Raymond Puddifoot had given a promise that green-belt land in Hillingdon would be safe on his watch: 'I can give a categoric assurance that under this administration we will never see a threat to the green belt.' In August 2012, however, Mr Puddifoot announced plans to build on green-belt (and longtime common land) site Lake Farm in the south of the borough. Dismissing the discontent of residents in the south of the borough, the Conservative majority of the council's planning committee peremptorily rubber-stamped the plans in March 2013.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Harmondsworth Moor, a park owned by the borough, is administered by British Airways on behalf of the borough. After British Airways planned to create a new headquarters in 1992, the airline agreed to convert a former landfill site into Harmondsworth Moor.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The Grand Union Canal passes through Hayes, Yiewsley, Cowley and Uxbridge in the Borough. Ruislip Lido was built as a feeder reservoir for the canal, but was eventually disconnected and changed to become a recreational lido. Two Sites of Special Scientific Interest next to the canal, Frays Farm Meadows and Denham Lock Wood, are managed by the London Wildlife Trust.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough also operates children's centres, recreational areas for children of under five years of age and their families. The centres include: Barra Hall, Belmore, Cherry Lane, Colham Manor, Cornerstone, Cowley St. Laurence, Harefield, Hillside, McMillan Early Childhood Centre, Nestles Avenue, Oak Farm, and Uxbridge College (Hayes Campus).


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough owns four theatres: the Beck Theatre in Hayes (which is operated on behalf of the borough by HQ Theatres Limited), the Compass Theatre in Ickenham, the Winston Churchill Theatre and Hall (part of the Manor Farm site) and the Open Air Theatre, Barra Hall Park in Hayes.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough is also home to Hillingdon Outdoor Activity Centre (HOAC), a water sports and activity centre. The center is home to a number of independently run sports clubs:


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The south's former strong connection with industry has diminished since the 1980s to be replaced by a preponderantly residential suburban population; the north has remained a consistently residential suburban area, although with significant swathes of rural land. The borough's residential areas expanded with the extension of the Metropolitan Railway from Harrow on the Hill to Uxbridge in the early 20th century and the gradual establishment of stops along the line, becoming known as "Metro-land".


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Hillingdon has a large economy by national standards, ranked 14th out of 408 local area districts in Britain, and ranked fifth out of the London boroughs.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: British Airways is headquartered in Waterside, Harmondsworth, in Hillingdon. The building officially opened in 1998. Prior to the opening of Waterside, the airline's head office was the Speedbird House at London Heathrow Airport. An office of American Airlines is located at the Orient House (HAA3) within Waterside.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: In 2007 Cadbury Schweppes announced it would be moving to Uxbridge from Mayfair to cut costs. The company later split and Cadbury plc moved to its new head office in Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in June 2008.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Guoman Hotel Management (UK) Limited has its head office in the Thistle London Heathrow in West Drayton.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: British Midland International had its training centre in Stockley Close, West Drayton. Hellenic Imperial Airways had its United Kingdom offices in the Axis House in Harlington in the London Borough of Hillingdon. China Airlines had its UK office in the Hyde Park Hayes 3 (HPH3) in Hayes in the borough.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: One of the predecessor organisations of British Airways, British Overseas Airways Corporation had its head office in the Speedbird House. The other predecessor, British European Airways had its headquarters in South Ruislip, as did BEA Helicopters. During its existence the airline British Eagle had its head office on the grounds of Heathrow Airport.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: A 2017 study by Trust for London and New Policy Institute found that there is a 22% poverty rate in Hillingdon, slightly below the London-wide figure of 27%. It also found that 24% of Hillingdon's local employees are low-paid, narrowly above the London average of 21%.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: London Heathrow airport is located in this borough and is one of the busiest airports in the world. It was originally used by the Royal Air Force.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The British Government's UK Visas and Immigration has two immigration removal centres: Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre and Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre in Harmondsworth.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough includes RAF Northolt and the former sites of RAF Eastcote, RAF South Ruislip, RAF West Drayton, RAF Ruislip 4MU, RAF West Ruislip and RAF Uxbridge.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough maintains seventeen libraries: Charville, Eastcote, Harefield, Harlington, Hayes End, Hayes, Ickenham, Manor Farm, Northwood Hills, Northwood, Oak Farm, Ruislip Manor, South Ruislip, Uxbridge, West Drayton, Yeading, and Yiewsley.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Hillingdon has undertaken the largest school expansion programme in London, ensuring that all children within the Borough can go to a school close to where they live.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: In May 2011, Hillingdon Council received the Library Innovation of the Year award at the 2011 Bookseller Industry Awards.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 34.5% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 7.9%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.9%; on foot, 4.6%; train, 2.8%; work mainly at or from home, 2.6%; passenger in a car or van, 2.0%.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The council announced in June 2011 that it would be lobbying Transport for London to have the Central line extended from West Ruislip station to Uxbridge station. Such a project would require a business case approved by TfL and the completion of signal upgrade work on the Metropolitan line.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The Royal Air Force station, RAF Northolt, is situated in South Ruislip near the A40 and the tube station. Most early RAF airfields were named after the nearest railway station; in this case Northolt Junction, the original name of South Ruislip station. The station has been redeveloped in recent years to house a number of additional military capabilities besides the RAF operations, and is popular with business people and politicians for private flights.


title: London Borough of Hillingdon

text: The borough has been twinned with the French town of Mantes-la-Jolie and the German town of Schleswig since the Hayes & Harlington Urban District created the link in 1958. The twinning programme was reviewed in 2011 and it was suggested that the link with Schleswig be ended owing to a lack of contact between the towns. In December 2011, the borough decided instead to end the link with a second German town, Emden, citing administrative problems.


title: Lada Vesta

text: The Lada Vesta is a subcompact car produced by the Russian car company AvtoVAZ since 2015. It was presented in August 2014 during the Moscow International Automobile Salon and went into mass production on 25 September 2015 in Izhevsk.


title: Lada Vesta

text: Bo Andersson, President and CEO of AvtoVAZ, was responsible for improving overall operations and quality at AvtoVAZ, enabling the Lada Vesta – AvtoVAZ' first completely new platform in several years – to launch on-time and with the highest crash safety rating in its class.


title: Lada Vesta

text: Within days after the Lada Vesta went on sale in November, it became one of the best-selling cars in the Russian market. In 2018, Lada Vesta became the Best Selling Car in Russia.


title: Lada Vesta

text: Lada introduced a station wagon and a "Cross" version of the station wagon, with higher ground clearance, in September 2017. A "Cross" version of the sedan, with more ground clearance than a Toyota RAV4, arrived in the first half of 2018.


title: Lada Vesta

text: In September 2022, the president of Lada, Maxim Sokolov, announced the creation of two new Lada models, one of them to be a crossover on the Vesta built on the Lada B/C platform of Renault conception, and the other a separate Lada family of B-segment cars "on a global platform". The new Vesta would the first new model to be launched after the transition of Vesta production from Izhevsk to Togliatti.


title: Lada Vesta

text: As standard, the car has an airbag, anti-lock braking system with brake assist, electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), electronic stability control, traction control system, hill start assistant, ERA-GLONASS emergency system, tilt/telescoping adjustable steering column, remote controlled car central locking system with folding key, trip computer, car alarm, 15 or 16-inch wheels and full-size spare tyre, making it one of the most equipped models in the entry-level segment in Russia. The Lada Vesta gets side airbags in 2016.


title: Lada Vesta

text: Production of the Vesta started on 25 September 2015 at AvtoVAZ's Izhevsk manufacturing site. The first mass production Lada Vesta was a car of the Comfort trim-level, equipped with a 1.6-litre engine and a manual transmission. Sales started on 25 November 2015. The car is one of the carmaker's flagship models.


title: Lada Vesta

text: The Lada Vesta is sold on Russian, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstani markets. AvtoVAZ also commenced Vesta exports to the European Union, to countries such as Germany, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia in early 2017. The sale of the SW and Cross versions started a year later. The EU-spec Lada Vesta meets Euro 6 emissions standards and offers additional safety equipment. Only the 1.6-litre engine was sold in the EU. Exports to the European Union ended after Russia's invasion of Ukraine.


title: Lada Vesta

text: The Vesta was formerly available in three basic complete sets - base Classic, average Comfort and top Luxe. In all trim levels, there are options. For the complete set of Classic - Start, for Comfort - Multimedia and Image, for Luxe - Multimedia.


title: Lada Vesta

text: Lada's newest Prestige option, which includes the Multimedia package and 5 additional items of equipment that increase the comfort of the driver and passengers. These include a folding rear armrest with cup holders. To recharge the gadgets the passengers will be helped by a power USB socket in the central armrest, which is located between the front seats. On the same armrest are the controls for heating the rear seats and tinted rear windows. Also, the Prestige package provides atmospheric illumination of the interior: several LEDs are located in the niches of the feet of the front passengers, on the console and on the upholstery of the doors. Integral equipment LADA Vesta in the maximum configuration with the package Prestige - multimedia system with navigation (7-inch color display with Touchscreen, FM / AM with RDS, USB, SD card, AUX, Bluetooth, Hands free, 6 speakers), on the screen which displays the image from the rear view camera. The Prestige package is available for LADA Vesta sedans in the Luxe package with the following power units: 1.6-liter manual transmission (from 746,900 rubles), 1.8-liter manual transmission (from 781,900 rubles) and 1.8-liter automated manual transmission (AMT) (806,900 rubles).


title: Lada Vesta

text: The Vesta raced for Lada Sport in the FIA World Touring Car Championship between 2015 and 2016, and later with privateer RC Motorsport in 2017.


title: Lada Vesta

text: In March 2015, Lada grabbed the pole position for Race 2 of the Argentina WTCC, with a Rosneft Vesta TC1. During its time in the championship the Vesta claimed four race victories with Gabriele Tarquini, Nick Catsburg and Yann Ehrlacher driving.


title: Lada Vesta

text: The car scored 14.1 points out of 16 in a frontal crash test conducted by the Russian ARCAP safety assessment program in 2016, and was awarded four stars out of four.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: Killzone is a first-person shooter, developed by Guerrilla Games and released on 2 November 2004 in North America and 26 November 2004 in Europe. The game was remastered in HD by Supermassive Games and re-released within the "Killzone Trilogy" for PlayStation 3 as well as a standalone PSN title in 2012.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: "Killzone" takes place in the middle of the 24th century and chronicles the war between two human factions; the Vektans, and the Helghast. The game is played from a first-person view and follows Jan Templar, a high-ranking officer within the Interplanetary Strategic Alliance, as he battles invading Helghast forces on his homeworld of Vekta.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: Prior to its release "Killzone" was heavily anticipated with several publications considering it to be Sony's ""Halo" killer" title. Upon release, however, the game was met with mixed responses, with critics praising the visuals, sound, and music, but criticizing the gameplay, AI, and technical issues. Despite mixed reactions, "Killzone" spawned numerous sequels, beginning with a direct sequel, "Killzone 2".


title: Killzone (video game)

text: "Killzone" takes place in a fictional world set in the year 2357. After nuclear war rendered much of the Earth uninhabitable in 2055, world governments formed an international order known as the United Colonial Nations. Partnering with private firms, the UCN moved to establish human colonies in Alpha Centauri, a system occupied by two planets: Vekta, a rich Earth-like world (named after the CEO of the mining conglomerate Helghan, Philip Vekta), and Helghan, a barren wasteland named after the same company. The Helghan Corporation sought to buy ownership of Vekta as well, but when the UCN imposed sanctions against its unfair business practices, a war broke out (known as the First Extrasolar War), which led to the ISA, the military arm of the UCN, driving the company out of Vekta. In response, the exiled colonists established their own civilization on Helghan, built on the principles of militarism and authoritarianism. The harsh environment and atmosphere killed many Helghans, forcing the survivors to use respirators and air tanks just to breathe. Eventually, the population, now known as the Helghast, mutated into pale-skinned hairless humanoids with increased strength, stamina, and intelligence. Violently xenophobic and convinced of their superiority, the Helghan consider humans to be beneath them, and dream of one day reconquering Vekta and expanding their empire to Earth and the neighboring star systems.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: Scolar Visari, emperor of Helghan, sends the Helghast Third Army to launch a secret invasion of Vekta. Alerted to the attack, the ISA attempt to prevent it with their SD (Solar Defense) network, but are unable to activate it in time to stop the invaders. With the element of surprise on their side, the Helghast quickly overwhelm the unprepared ISA ground forces and capture several strategic locations, including ISA Central Command.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: While taking part in an offensive to slow the Helghast assault, Captain Jan Templar, a veteran ISA officer, is summoned to a meeting by his mentor and close friend, General Bradley Vaughton. Vaughton discloses that the ISA has requested assistance from the UCN and are working to restore the defense network. He also reveals that Colonel Gregor Hakha, a half-Helghan intelligence officer, had, on his orders, infiltrated the inner circle of Third Army commander General Joseph Lente, only to vanish while traveling to an extraction point in Vekta's slums. As Hakha is the only individual with knowledge of how the invasion bypassed SD, he assigns Jan to locate him. After fighting his way through the Helghast occupying the exterior of Central Command, Jan runs into Luger, a former comrade who is now working with an elite ISA division known as the Shadow Marshals. He also recruits the services of Ricardo Velasquez, an ISA gunner seeking revenge for the massacre of his entire platoon.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: After rescuing Hakha, the team discovers that General Stuart Adams, the overseer for SD, is secretly working for Lente. He murders Vaughton and takes control of the system, planning to use it to destroy the relief fleet headed to Vekta. Under Jan's leadership, the team destroys several Helghast bases and infrastructure projects, eventually intercepting and killing Lente when he tries to deal with them personally. Adams retreats to the SD control center and tries to reason with the group, explaining that the Helghast will stop at nothing to reclaim Vekta, regardless of how many lives they lose. Nevertheless, the team disables the station and escapes just as the fleet destroys it, killing Adams. Jan and Luger speculate about what the future holds, realizing that the real war is far from over.


title: Killzone (video game)

text: "Killzone" received "mixed or average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Reviewers cited technical problems with "Killzone", including inconsistent AI, occasional bugs, frame-rate issues, distracting graphical glitches, repetition of the same voices, short draw distance, and an awkward control system. Critics also complained about the gameplay, with IGN labeling it "underwhelming and mediocre".


title: Killzone (video game)

text: Reviewers such as GameSpy claimed that "Killzone" partly suffered due to the incredible publicity it received before release, raising expectations only for them to go unfulfilled. Despite this, "Killzone" was admired for its sound effects, its soundtrack, and its presentation of a gritty war zone; it was also credited for its unique hard sci-fi art design. In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Sega on October 27, 2005, "Famitsu" gave it a score of one seven, one nine, one eight, and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: Main Khiladi Tu Anari () is a 1994 Indian action comedy film directed by Sameer Malkan. The screenplay is written by Sachin Bhowmick. Starring Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan, Shilpa Shetty and Raageshwari in main lead roles, it also included Shakti Kapoor, Johnny Lever and Kader Khan in supporting roles. The film went on to become one of the top 5 highest-grossing movies of the year and was declared a box office success at the end of its theatrical run. The film is partly inspired by the 1991 movie "The Hard Way".


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: The massive success of this film catapulted Akshay Kumar and Saif Ali Khan to the top rung of Bollywood's leading men and cemented their status as bankable stars, and as a successful pair following "Yeh Dillagi" (1994). Kumar in particular, who also had 1994 hits like "Mohra", "Suhaag", and "Elaan", gained a considerable fan following, especially among the youth. He became renowned for his thrilling action scenes featuring martial arts and hand-to-hand combat; his daring stunts; his athletic dance moves and his rugged, macho good looks.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: Khan's performance in the film earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 40th Filmfare Awards.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: One of the most respected inspectors, Arjun Joglekar (Mukesh Khanna), is killed by drug dealer and gangster Goli (Shakti Kapoor). Mona (Shilpa Shetty), a cabaret singer and Goli's mistress, agrees to testify against Goli and is placed into witness protection by Inspector Karan (Akshay Kumar), Arjun's younger brother, who aims to fight any injustice and avenge his brother's murder. When Goli finds out about Mona's forthcoming testimony which would expose his real identity, he tracks her down and kills her and Karan, despite being present at the scene, is unable to do anything. Karan approaches the DCP (Kader Khan) for a warrant to arrest Goli but, the DCP refuses, saying it will be futile since Goli is an influential person.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: Deepak Kumar (Saif Ali Khan), who is the most romantic actor around, is frustrated with his roles and for being type-cast as a romantic hero. He would like to do something different and bring some change and excitement to his dull and boring existence. To change his monotonous life, he gets drunk and drives around. He is arrested by the police and brought to his rowdy producer. Karan also arrives at the place to confront the producer for molesting a girl who had come to him earlier for a job. When the producer refuses to comply and calls goons to threaten Karan, the latter thrashes them all, impressing Deepak, who would like to study his behaviour so that he can use this as a background for his next movie.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: Karan meets Basanti, who looks identical to Mona. He tells Deepak that the latter can hang around him if Deepak can get Basanti to act as Mona. Deepak trains Basanti and presents the new "Mona" to Karan. Karan places Basanti at the Moonlight Hotel as an amnesiac Mona, where she can report on Goli's criminal activities. While Karan and Basanti fall in love with each other, Deepak falls in love with Karan's sister, Shivangi (Rageshwari), which makes Karan mad and he tries to get rid of Deepak and almost succeeds in doing so. However Deepak finds out and angrily confronts Karan, and leaves the house. Karan's sister is heartbroken; his sister-in-law makes him realize his wrongdoing. A remorseful Karan goes to Deepak and apologizes to him; Deepak forgives him and the two make up.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: In the meanwhile, Goli has started seeing Karan as a thorn in his illegal activities and decides to have him killed. However, constable Ramlal (also Kader Khan), who is loyal to Karan, spots the assassin and takes the bullet. Karan is unable to save Ramlal, who dies in his arms making Karan even more determined to get Goli. Goli finds out the truth about Basanti, who tells him that Karan has already found some incriminating evidence against him and will be presenting it in the court. Goli calls Karan and tells him to hand over the evidence to him in exchange for Basanti's life. Deepak meets Goli to give him some films supposedly containing the evidence Goli wanted and tells him to hand over Basanti before Karan comes with the police to arrest him. However, Goli reveals to have also kidnapped Karan's sister and sister-in-law, much to Deepak's shock and dismay. Karan, who has been hiding with a gun some distance away, starts shooting at Goli and succeeds in gunning down many of his henchmen, while Deepak tries to escape with the three ladies in a car. But unfortunately for them, the car breaks down and Karan's location in also revealed, resulting in all of them getting captured. Goli holds Deepak, Basanti, Karan's sister and sister-in-law hostage and tortures Karan for the evidence. Karan pretends to faint and gets into a brutal fight with one of Goli's henchmen (the same one who killed his brother) and ultimately kills him. He then opens Deepak's bonds and a huge fight ensues between the duo and Goli and his cronies, which ends with Goli's death at Karan's hands.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: In the end, everyone goes to watch Deepak's new movie. Halfway through the movie, Karan realizes that Deepak's dialogue resembles the same things he once himself had said to Deepak and walks away in a huff. Outside the hall, he meets Deepak and the two share a smoke with Deepak accidentally setting fire to his own pants but douses it immediately. The two friends share a laugh as the film ends and credits roll in.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: The music of the film was scored by Anu Malik. Singers Asha Bhosle, Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Udit Narayan, Pankaj Udhas, Alka Yagnik, Anu Malik and Alisha Chinai rendered their voices in this album. The lyrics were penned by Rani Malik, Rahat Indori, Hasrat Jaipuri, Maya Govind, Zameer Kazmi and Anwar Sagar. "Churake Dil Mera" and "Zara Zara" were the most popular songs from the soundtrack. "Zuban Khamosh Hoti Hai" was picturised, but not included in the final version of the film. The song "Chura Ke Dil Mera" was recreated for "Hungama 2".


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: It became one of the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack albums of 1994, selling between 3.2million and 3.5million units.


title: Main Khiladi Tu Anari

text: It was the first Bollywood action film to be reviewed by martial arts film critic Albert Valentin on the now defunct Kung Fu Cinema site. He rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars. He notes that, while the plot is largely borrowed from "The Hard Way", "Main Khiladi Tu Anari" "kicks it up a notch due to the presence of one of India's biggest action stars, martial artist Akshay Kumar", comparing his martial arts skills to Jean-Claude Van Damme and praising his stuntwork, and concluding that it "is a fun action-comedy" film.


title: Atomic spies

text: Atomic spies or atom spies were people in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada who are known to have illicitly given information about nuclear weapons production or design to the Soviet Union during World War II and the early Cold War. Exactly what was given, and whether everyone on the list gave it, are still matters of some scholarly dispute. In some cases, some of the arrested suspects or government witnesses had given strong testimonies or confessions which they recanted later or said were fabricated. Their work constitutes the most publicly well-known and well-documented case of nuclear espionage in the history of nuclear weapons. At the same time, numerous nuclear scientists wanted to share the information with the world scientific community, but this proposal was firmly quashed by the United States government.


title: Atomic spies

text: Confirmation about espionage work came from the Venona project, which intercepted and decrypted Soviet intelligence reports sent during and after World War II. In 1995, the U.S. declassified its Venona Files which consisted of deciphered 1949 Soviet intelligence communications. These provided clues to the identity of several spies at Los Alamos and elsewhere, some of whom have never been identified. These decrypts prompted the arrest of naturalized British citizen Klaus Fuchs in 1950. Fuchs’ confession led to the discovery of spy Harry Gold who served as his Soviet courier. Gold identified spy David Greenglass, a Los Alamos Army-machinist. Greenglass identified his brother-in-law, spy Julius Rosenberg, as his control. The Venona Files corroborated their espionage activities and also revealed others in the network of Soviet spies, including physicist Theodore Hall who also worked at Los Alamos. Some of this information was available to the government during the 1950s trials, but it was not usable in court as it was highly classified. Additionally, historians have found that records from Soviet archives, which were briefly opened to researchers after the fall of the Soviet Union, included more information about  some spies.


title: Atomic spies

text: Transcription of declassified Soviet KGB documents by ex-KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev provides additional details about Soviet espionage from 1930 to 1950, including the greater extent of Fuchs, Hall, and Greenglass’s contributions. In 2007, spy George Koval, who worked at both Oak Ridge and Los Alamos, was revealed. According to Vassiliev’s notebooks, Fuchs provided the Soviet Union the first information on electromagnetic separation of uranium and the primary explosion needed to start the chain reaction, as well a complete and detailed technical report with the specifications for both fission bombs. Hall provided a report on Los Alamos principle bomb designs and manufacturing, the plutonium implosion model, and identified other scientists working on the bomb. Greenglass supplied information on the preparation of the uranium bomb, calculations pertaining to structural issues with it, and material on producing Uranium-235. Fuchs’ information corroborated Hall and Greenglass. Koval had access to critical information on dealing with the reactor-produced plutonium’s fizzle problem, and how using manufactured polonium corrected the problem. With all the stolen information, Soviet nuclear ability was advanced by several years at least.


title: Atomic spies

text: Before World War II, the theoretical possibility of nuclear fission resulted in intense discussion among leading physicists world-wide. Scientists from the Soviet Union were later recognized for their contributions to the understanding of a nuclear reality, and won several Nobel Prizes. Soviet scientists such as Igor Kurchatov, L. D. Landau, and Kirill Sinelnikov helped establish the idea of, and prove the existence of, a splittable atom. Dwarfed by the Manhattan Project conducted by the US during the war, the significance of the Soviet contributions has been rarely understood or credited outside the field of physics. According to several sources, it was understood on a theoretical level that the atom provided for extremely powerful and novel releases of energy, and could possibly be used in the future for military purposes.


title: Atomic spies

text: In recorded comments, physicists lamented their inability to achieve any kind of practical application from the discoveries. They thought that creation of an atomic weapon was unattainable. According to a United States Congressional joint committee, although the scientists could conceivably have been first to generate a man-made fission reaction, they lacked the ambition, funding, engineering capability, leadership, and ultimately, the capability to do so. The undertaking would be of an unimaginable scale, and the resources required to engineer for such use as a nuclear bomb, and nuclear power were deemed too great to pursue.


title: Atomic spies

text: At the urging of Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard in their letter of August 2, 1939, the United States — in collaboration with Britain and Canada — recognized the potential significance of an atomic bomb. They embarked in 1942 upon work to achieve a usable device. Estimates suggest that during the quest to create the atomic bomb, an investment of $2 billion, temporary use of 13,000 tons of silver, and 24,000 skilled workers drove the research and development phase of the project. Those skilled workers included the people to maintain and operate the machinery necessary for research. The largest Western facility had five hundred scientists working on the project, as well as a team of fifty to derive the equations for the cascade of neutrons required to drive the reaction. The fledgling equivalent Soviet program was quite different: The program consisted of fifty scientists, and two mathematicians trying to work out the equations for the particle cascade. The research and development of techniques to produce sufficiently enriched uranium and plutonium were beyond the scope and efforts of the Soviet group. The knowledge of techniques and strategies that the Allied programs employed, and which Soviet espionage obtained, may have played a role in the rapid development of the Soviet bomb after the war.


title: Atomic spies

text: The research and development of methods suitable for doping and separating the highly reactive isotopes needed to create the payload for a nuclear warhead took years, and consumed a vast amount of resources. The United States and Great Britain dedicated their best scientists to this cause and constructed three plants, each with a different isotope-extraction method. The Allied program decided to use gas-phase extraction to obtain the pure uranium necessary for an atomic detonation. Using this method took large quantities of uranium ore and other rare materials, such as graphite, to successfully purify the U-235 isotope. The quantities required for the development were beyond the scope and purview of the Soviet program.


title: Atomic spies

text: The Soviet Union did not have natural uranium-ore mines at the start of the nuclear arms race but in early 1943 it began to acquire uranium metal, uranium oxide, and uranium nitrate beginning in early 1943 through the Lend-Lease Agreement with the U.S. By February 1943, Laboratory No. 2 was established by decree of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, with Igor V. Kurchatov as its head. Kurchatov recruited Khariton to work with him. A lack of materials made it very difficult for them to conduct novel research or to map out a clear pathway to achieving the fuel they needed. The Soviet scientists became frustrated with the difficulties of producing uranium fuel cheaply, and they found their industrial techniques for refinement lacking. The use of information stolen from the Manhattan Project eventually rectified the problem. Without such information, the problems of the Soviet atomic team would have taken many years to correct, affecting the production of a Soviet atomic weapon significantly.


title: Atomic spies

text: Some historians believe that the Soviet Union achieved its great leaps in its atomic program by the espionage information and technical data that Moscow succeeded in obtaining from the Manhattan Project. Once the Soviets had learned of the American plans to develop an atomic bomb during the 1940s, Moscow began recruiting agents to get information. Moscow sought very specific information from its intelligence cells in America, and demanded updates on the progress of the Allied project. Moscow was also greatly concerned with the procedures being used for U-235 separation, what method of detonation was being used, and what industrial equipment was being used for these techniques.


title: Atomic spies

text: The Soviet Union needed spies who had security clearance high enough to have access to classified information at the Manhattan Project and who could understand and interpret what they were stealing. Moscow also needed reliable spies who believed in the communist cause and would provide accurate information. Theodore Hall was a spy who had worked on the development of the plutonium bomb the US dropped in Japan. Hall provided the specifications of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki. This information allowed the Soviet scientists a first-hand look at the set up of a successful atomic weapon built by the Manhattan Project.


title: Atomic spies

text: The most influential of the atomic spies was Klaus Fuchs. Fuchs, a German-born British physicist, went to the United States to work on the atomic project and became one of its lead scientists. Fuchs had become a member of the Communist Party in 1932 while still a student in Germany. At the onset of the Third Reich in 1933, Fuchs fled to Great Britain. He eventually became one of the lead nuclear physicists in the British program. In 1943 he moved to the United States to collaborate on the Manhattan Project. Due to Fuchs's position in the atomic program, he had access to most, if not all, of the material Moscow desired. Fuchs was also able to interpret and understand the information he was stealing, which made him an invaluable resource. Fuchs provided the Soviets with detailed information on the gas-phase separation process. He also provided specifications for the payload, calculations and relationships for setting of the fission reaction, and schematics for labs producing weapons-grade isotopes. He reported on the existence of America’s plutonium bomb plans including its plutonium production plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Fuchs revealed that a plutonium bomb needed an implosion method of detonation rather than the gun method utilized in a uranium bomb. Ultimately, he provided the design of the plutonium bomb that was used for the Trinity test, a description of its initiator, that it had solid not hollow plutonium core, and other details about its design specification, the size of the explosion it would generate, and when and where it would be tested. This information helped the smaller under-manned and under-supplied Soviet group move toward the successful detonation of a nuclear weapon. Fuchs also had a significant role in advancing Soviet production of the fusion hydrogen bomb. He had attended Los Alamos’ meetings in 1946 on “Super” and worked on its dual implosion/ignition reaction, information about which he shared with Moscow through 1948. His contributions are reflected in the fact that within a year of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb test in 1952, the USSR successfully tested its hydrogen bomb in 1953.


title: Atomic spies

text: The Soviet nuclear program would have eventually been able to develop a nuclear weapon without the aid of espionage. It did not develop a basic understanding of the usefulness of an atomic weapon, the sheer resources required, and the talent until much later. Espionage helped the Soviet scientists identify which methods worked and prevented their wasting valuable resources on techniques which the development of the American bomb had proven ineffective. The speed at which the Soviet nuclear program achieved a working bomb, with so few resources, depended on the amount of information acquired through espionage. During the Cold War trials, the United States emphasized the significance of that espionage.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: Daddy Day Camp (also known as Daddy Day Care 2) is a 2007 American comedy film starring Cuba Gooding Jr., and directed by Fred Savage in his feature film directorial debut. It is the second installment in the "Daddy Day Care" film series.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: The film was produced by Revolution Studios and released by TriStar Pictures, unlike its predecessor, which was distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film was theatrically released in the United States on August 8, 2007. The film was panned by film critics. It has a 1% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and is considered to be one of the worst sequels ever produced, but the film was a modest box office success, grossing $18.2 million against a $6 million budget, although it was a ninth of what the first film grossed.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: Four years after starting their daycare and putting Harridan out of business, Charlie and Phil take their kids, Max and Ben, to Camp Driftwood for the summer, a camp they attended as kids back in 1977. But once there, they discover that Driftwood is now completely falling to ruins and also no longer the kindhearted campsite of their time. To save the run-down site, Charlie and Phil buy a partnership from the younger man who ran it when they were children, after the older partner and the original counselor run off on vacation save for bus driver Dale, after spending 30 years running the camp without a vacation.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: They run into misadventures along the way when Lance Warner, Charlie's childhood rival, who now runs the luxurious rival camp Canola and has a son named Bobby J (although he denies it), is eager to buy Driftwood just so that he can tear it down. He challenges Driftwood to the upcoming Camp Olympiad, but Charlie refuses, saying he wants nothing more to do with it after losing to Lance when they were kids. The first day of camp turns out to be a disaster involving a skunk caused by Max and a bathroom explosion when Phil dropped a match in the bathroom while doing his business when the light in the bathroom went out.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: As a result, most of the parents pull their kids from the camp and request refunds, but Charlie and Phil have already spent all the money on repairs, leaving Driftwood with only 7 campers instead of the original 35, and in need of help to improve their financial situation. Initially reluctant, Charlie eventually calls his military father, Colonel Buck Hinton, for help to whip the kids into shape since they have problems following orders. The next day, Driftwood is raided by Canola, which has been joined by the 28 campers who left Driftwood, and they steal the Driftwood flag. Buck arrives and starts training the campers easily until Canola raids them once again and teases Buck: that's when Buck chooses to get back on Lance and help Driftwood get the flag back, which they do and succeed.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: Lance shows up and taunts Charlie over his teaching style when he remembers him from the Olympiad they competed in when they were kids and Charlie responds by accepting the challenge to the Camp Olympiad, so the kids start training for it. As they train, the kids admire Buck because of his military ways and support, but Charlie disapproves as he recounts that he doesn't want the kids to become like Buck because Charlie believes that Buck has always only cared about toughness and that Charlie was a disappointment to him. Charlie starts to regret his decision to call Buck when his son runs off to the woods after Lance and some of his fellow campmates tease him about his father's over-protectiveness because his grandpa Buck told him that he became 'tough' when he ran off to the woods. They manage to find Ben, but then when Charlie complains to Phil about Buck, Buck overhears their conversation and leaves camp.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: On the day of the Olympiad, the others find out that Buck has left. Seeing all the kids discouraged, Charlie goes to find Buck and bring him back, resolving all his problems with his dad in the process. When they return, the kids report that they found out that Camp Canola has cheated in the Olympiad; this is especially possible when it's revealed that Lance won the 1977 Olympiad. Buck formulates a plan to win against Canola by outsmarting them. After outmatching the Canola dweebs through to the finals, Driftwood is all set for the baton relay: with Mullet Head doing the climbing course and Max doing the sprint - against Bobby J. of Canola. However, Mullet Head injures his ankle from falling in the three-legged race (or so it appears) so Charlie lets Ben do the climbing course instead, as Ben also knows how to climb by instinct, but he falls. However, his campmates encourage him to keep going and Becca even shows everyone that Lance greased the wall, corroborating the truth that Lance cheated in every game in the Olympiad to everyone including Charlie, and had in fact been doing so for years. Therefore, Ben uses the tree next to the wall with enough time left to hit the bell, thus finally giving Driftwood the win for a change and proving himself to his father.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: Lance reprimands his son for costing their camp the entire competition; insulted and fed up with Lance constantly denying being his father, Bobby J turns against Lance by talking back and angrily kicking him, making Lance stumble backward into the wall's supports and causing the wall to collapse on top of a trophy case, smashing them instantly and subsequently causing Lance to break down crying. With Driftwood's victory in the bag, all of the parents who pulled their kids from Driftwood and even those who sent their kids to Canola originally, tell Charlie and Phil that Driftwood might set the best example for their kids after all and request permission to send their kids there, thus saving it from foreclosure. The movie ends with Buck and Charlie reconciling after all these years apart and the current Driftwood campers heading to get the trophy for their first Olympiad.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: In August 2003, soon after the release of "Daddy Day Care", Murphy was lured into making a sequel movie, although he hadn't signed up for the film.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: This film was originally produced as a direct-to-DVD release (which is why this had a much lower budget than its predecessor). Sony changed their minds, and the film was given a theatrical release because test screenings for the film went extremely well.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: "Daddy Day Camp" grossed $13.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $4.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $18.2 million.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: On opening day "Daddy Day Camp" grossed $773,706, and grossed $3,402,678 on opening weekend on over 2,000 screens, coming in 9th place. It went on to gross $18.2 million worldwide making it a modest box office success.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 1% based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 2.28/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A mirthless, fairly desperate family film, "Daddy Day Camp" relies too heavily on bodily functions for comedic effect, resulting in plenty of cheap gags, but no laughs." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 13 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club gave the film a rare "F" grade.


title: Daddy Day Camp

text: "Daddy Day Camp" was released on DVD in Region 1 in the United States on January 29, 2008, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 18 February 2008, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Charley Grapewin

text: Charles Ellsworth Grapewin (December 20, 1869 – February 2, 1956) was an American vaudeville and circus performer, a writer, and a stage and film actor. He worked in over 100 motion pictures during the silent and sound eras, most notably portraying Uncle Henry in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's "The Wizard of Oz" (1939), "Grandpa" William James Joad in "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), Jeeter Lester in "Tobacco Road" (1941), and California Joe in "They Died With Their Boots On" (1941).


title: Charley Grapewin

text: Born in Xenia, Ohio, Charles Grapewin ran away from home to be a circus acrobat which led him to work as an aerialist and trapeze artist in a traveling circus before turning to acting. He traveled all over the world with the famous P. T. Barnum circus. Grapewin also appeared in the original 1903 Broadway production of "The Wizard of Oz", 36 years before he would be featured in the famous Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film version.


title: Charley Grapewin

text: After this he continued in theatre, on and offstage, for the next thirty years, starting with various stock companies, and wrote stage plays as a vehicle for himself. His sole Broadway theatre credit was the short-lived play "It's Up to You John Henry" in 1905.


title: Charley Grapewin

text: Grapewin began in silent films at the turn of the twentieth century. His very first films were two "moving image shorts" made by Frederick S. Armitage and released in November 1900; "Chimmie Hicks at the Races" (also known as "Above the Limit") and "Chimmie Hicks and the Rum Omelet", both shot in September and October 1900 and released in November of that year. During his long career, Grapewin appeared in more than one hundred films, including "The Good Earth", "The Petrified Forest", "The Grapes of Wrath", "Tobacco Road", and in what is probably his best-remembered role: Uncle Henry in "The Wizard of Oz". Prior to being cast in that film, Grapewin performed in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's "Broadway Melody of 1938" with Judy Garland (Dorothy in "Oz") and Buddy Ebsen (the original Tin Man in "Oz"). He also performed with Garland in "Listen, Darling." Later, in the early 1940s, he had a recurring role as Inspector Queen in the Ellery Queen film series.


title: Charley Grapewin

text: Grapewin married actress Anna Chance in 1896, and they remained together until her death in 1943. Two years later, on January 10, 1945, he married Loretta McGowan Becker.


title: Charley Grapewin

text: Grapewin died on February 2, 1956, at his home in Corona, California at the age of 86. His ashes are interred with his wife's in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California, at the Great Mausoleum's Columbarium of Inspiration.


title: 16 Wishes

text: 16 Wishes is a 2010 teen fantasy-comedy television film directed by Peter DeLuise and written by Annie DeYoung, starring Debby Ryan and Jean-Luc Bilodeau. It premiered on June 25, 2010, on Disney Channel in the United States and on July 16, 2010, on Family Channel in Canada. The film was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel. In addition, "16 Wishes" introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audiences since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34). The film was the second most watched program on cable during the week of its premiere.


title: 16 Wishes

text: It was the second film to be released on Disney Channel in 2010 that was not promoted as a "Disney Channel Original Movie" (after "") and is a co-production between Disney Channel, Family Channel, Unity Pictures of Vancouver and MarVista Entertainment in Los Angeles. In other countries, it was advertised as a Disney Channel Original Movie. It was planned to have its UK premiere on November 19, 2010, on Disney Channel UK, but was replaced with "Starstruck", which had already been shown in May; it was later shown in December 2010 in the UK.


title: 16 Wishes

text: Abby Jensen has been planning her sweet sixteen since she was a little girl. She keeps a list of wishes that she wants to come true. When the big day finally arrives, she excitedly adds her sixteenth and final wish to the list: a photo of Logan, her crush. Her parents and her brother Mike surprise her, but she rudely rejects them. Then begins the first of many unusual occurrences, each involving visits from a peculiar woman, Celeste. She first appears as an exterminator when the Jensens' house gets overrun by wasps from a nest that had been building up for 16 years. Celeste saves Abby's wish list, but the family is unable to go back inside their house until the wasps are exterminated.


title: 16 Wishes

text: Abby's best friend, Jay Kepler, appears and offers Abby his jacket. When Abby reaches into a pocket, she finds a birthday present for her—a necklace with a half of a heart saying "BFF." Jay uses the other half as a charm on his key ring. A delivery truck pulls up, and Celeste comes out dressed as a mail woman and gives a package with 16 candles and a matchbox to Abby. Abby lights the first candle, her first wish, meeting celebrity Joey Lockhart, is fulfilled. Abby then realizes that the candles correspond to the wishes on her wish list. Abby lights up the eighth candle and her wish for a red car is fulfilled. Out of the car comes Celeste. Abby realizes Celeste is a magical being and her wishes come true each time a candle is lit, and Celeste appears whenever a wish is granted.


title: 16 Wishes

text: Abby unsuccessfully tries to make a third wish. Celeste explains that Abby must wait to make new wishes within new hours, and that, at midnight, Abby's candles expire and the wishes she made will be permanent. Abby makes more wishes, causing her to beat her nemesis, Krista Cook, who has the same birthday as her, in a volleyball match, and become student body president. Abby remembers that she needs a dress for her birthday party and decides buy it with Jay, who agrees to pay for it. They are followed by Krista, who takes Jay's wallet when he drops it. She convinces the store clerk that the two are not actually going to buy anything; the clerk kicks them out. Abby uses the 9th candle to make a wish to be treated like an adult, which adds consequences of adulthood that she did not think of. Abby is suddenly not allowed to attend high school anymore, and no one at school remembers her, not even Jay. Her parents buy her a new apartment and leave her to live on her own.


title: 16 Wishes

text: Regretting her wish, Abby unsuccessfully tries to make new wishes and change some. Abby makes a wish for her parents to understand her; her parents do understand her, but under the impression that she is an adult. Abby walks by Krista's Sweet 16 and spots Jay. She restores Jay's memories that they are best friends by showing him the necklace he gave her. However, Jay is unable to help her. Abby talks to Krista, and realizes that she is on good terms with her in adulthood. She also realizes that Jay wanted to be student body president all along. Desperate, Abby returns to her apartment where Celeste appears. Abby talks with Celeste as she tells her how selfish she was for thinking about herself over her friends and family because she didn't realize what she already had. Abby eventually found a loophole through the rules of magic because her last wish was glued on with gum, acting as a "barrier" between the picture and the rules. She switches the picture for a picture of her taken that morning and wishes she could go back to that morning right before midnight strikes.


title: 16 Wishes

text: Abby's life then goes back to normal. Abby throws her wish list away and gives her money to Mike for a guitar. Abby finds Krista carrying posters saying 'Vote For Krista.' She and Krista reconcile after Krista tells Abby that she dislikes her because she took Jay away from her as a friend. Abby and Krista stop competing and work together to make Jay student body president, fulfilling his dream. Abby and Krista have a joint birthday party. Krista and Logan become a couple, and Mike's talent is recognized. Abby tells Jay that she has no more wishes, and they kiss. Celeste then turns into a fairy and flies away. The couples—Abby and Jay and Krista and Logan—then dance together at the party.


title: 16 Wishes

text: "16 Wishes" is the soundtrack album for the film of the same name, released on June 15, 2010, by MarVista Entertainment.


title: 16 Wishes

text: The movie garnered over 5.6 million viewers in its first showing. The film went on to become the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on Disney Channel. The Sunday airing of the film received over 4.0 million viewers.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: Kalanchoe daigremontiana, formerly known as Bryophyllum daigremontianum and commonly called mother of thousands, alligator plant, Devil's backbone, crown of thorns, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of "Bryophyllum" (now included in the genus "Kalanchoe"), it can propagate vegetatively from plantlets that develop on its leaf margins, as well as through upshoots from lateral roots, and seeds. All parts of this species contain a very toxic steroid known as daigremontianin.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: It is often confused with "K. laetivirens", "K. delagoensis" and "K. × houghtonii". The leaves of "K. laetivirens" are completely green, while "K. daigremontiana" has bands or spots on the back of leaves. The leaves of "K. delagoensis" are linear, while "K. daigremontiana" has lanceolate, oblong, ovate or triangular leaves. "K. × houghtonii" is a hybrid between "K. daigremontiana" and "K. delagoensis", therefore has characteristics in between; its leaves are narrower than those of "K. daigremontiana", and its leaf base is attenuate, cuneate to weakly cordate or auriculate, while "K. daigremontiana" has strongly cordate to auriculate or even peltate leaves.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: Plants grow up to tall and have opposite and whorled, fleshy oblong-lanceolate leaves which grow up to long and wide. They are green above and blotched with purple underneath. Leaf margins have spoon-shaped bulbiliferous spurs which bear plantlets which may form roots while still attached to leaves.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: A plant may also develop lateral roots on its main stalk, as high up as above the ground. A plant's upper leaves may grow large, causing its main stalk to bend downward. Then the lateral roots may enter soil and new vertical shoots may grow from the original shoot. "Kalanchoe daigremontiana" can spread by both seeds and by plantlets dropped from its leaves.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: "Kalanchoe daigremontiana" has an umbrella-like terminal inflorescence (a compound cyme) of small bell-shaped, grayish pink (or sometimes orange) flowers. Flowering is, however, not an annual event and occurs sporadically if at all on some shoots. Particularly in climates with distinct seasonal temperature differences, flowering is most frequently observed at the beginning of a warm season. Indoor plants, as well as balcony plants which have been moved inside to survive the cold season, begin flowering in early winter.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: As a succulent plant, "K. daigremontiana" can survive prolonged periods of drought with little or no water. During growth periods with higher temperatures and increased water supply, this species requires proper nutrition, without which leaves show deficiency symptoms such as crippled growth and pustule-like lesions. The plant is not frost-hardy and typically dies in places where temperatures are below freezing.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: Plants of the genus "Kalanchoe" as well as many other plants growing in arid regions photosynthesize via Crassulacean acid metabolism.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: "Kalanchoe daigremontiana" is native to the Fiherenana River valley and Androhibolava mountains in southwest Madagascar. It has been introduced to numerous tropical and subtropical regions, such as Florida, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and parts of southern Europe.


title: Kalanchoe daigremontiana

text: It can become an invasive plant and threaten natural ecosystems, especially in arid and semi-arid environments (South Africa and regions of South America for example), where it can inhibit native-plant recruitment.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Per Jimmie Åkesson (; born 17 May 1979) is a Swedish politician and author, serving as leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. He has been a member of the Riksdag (SD) for Jönköping County since 2010. He previously served as leader of the Sweden Democratic Youth from 2000 until 2005.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Jimmie Åkesson was born in Ivetofta in Skåne County, but grew up in Sölvesborg in Blekinge County. His father Stefan is a businessman who ran a floor laying business and his mother Britt Marie was a care provider in a nursing home. Åkesson's parents divorced when he was young and he was raised primarily by his mother.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Åkesson studied political science, law, economics, human geography and philosophy at Lund University and has stated that he became interested in politics around this time. Prior to working full-time in politics, Åkesson worked as a web designer at the company "BMJ Aktiv," which he co-founded with Björn Söder, the former party secretary of the Sweden Democrats.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Åkesson was a member of the Moderate Youth League, the youth wing of the Moderate Party, but left the Moderates to join the old Sweden Democratic Youth Association (the youth wing of the Sweden Democrats) in 1995, although some sources state 1994. In interviews, Åkesson has claimed that he joined the SD after many of the party's original and more hardline members had left. In 1995, he also co-founded a local chapter of the Sweden Democratic Youth Association. In 1997, he was elected as a deputy member of the party board. The SD's policies that he claims he was most attracted to at first were its view on the European Union, and its policy on immigration.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: In the 1998 Swedish general election, at the age of 19, Åkesson was elected to public office as a councilman in Sölvesborg Municipality. The same year, he also became deputy chairman of the newly established Sweden Democratic Youth "(Sverigedemokratisk Ungdom)", and later, from 2000 to 2005, was chairman of the organisation.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: In 2005, he defeated party leader Mikael Jansson in a party election to become the party leader of the Sweden Democrats (SD). During his chairmanship of the youth league and as party leader, Åkesson has been described and has presented himself as part of a driving force to moderate the SD's policies and image.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: In the 2010 Swedish general election, the SD for the first time crossed the election threshold and entered the Riksdag, with 5.70% of the votes, gaining 20 seats. Åkesson, who was placed first on the party's national ballot, was elected as a Member of the Riksdag (MP) along with 19 of his fellow party members.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: In September 2014, Sveriges Radio (SR) reported that Åkesson had spent upwards of 500,000 kronor ($70,000) in 2014 alone on online betting. The sum is more than the politician would have earned all year, after tax, reported SR. The revelation caused an uproar, both among people who view Åkesson as unreliable and those who opposed SR's decision to publish the information. Among the latter were former Green Party Spokesperson Maria Wetterstrand and Foreign Minister Carl Bildt. Åkesson himself called SR's actions an attempt at character assassination.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Following the 2010 Swedish general election, Åkesson announced he would be on sick leave due to burnout. In early 2015, Åkesson was named Sweden's most important opinion leader for the calendar year 2014 by the Swedish magazine "DSM" in their annual rankings.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: On 27 March 2015, Åkesson publicly announced that he would return to his duties as party leader for the SD, albeit initially in a somewhat reduced role, on the SVT program "Skavlan", as well as in an open letter on his Facebook page.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: In the 2018 Swedish general election, the SD got 17.6% of the votes (+4.7 pp), after the Swedish Social Democratic Party (28.4%, -2.6 pp) and the Moderate Party (19.8%, -3.5 pp). SD had 62 of 349 seats in the next Riksdag.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: The SD saw a greater rise in support during the 2022 Swedish general election under Åkesson's leadership with the party overtaking the Moderates to become the second largest in the Riksdag.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Åkesson was engaged to Louise Erixon, a former parliamentary aid to Björn Söder and the daughter of former Sweden Democrats MP Margareta Gunsdotter. Erixon is currently the mayor of Sölvesborg, and one of the first Sweden Democrats to hold a local mayorship. They have a son, born in 2013.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: On 24 April 2020, Erixon announced on her Facebook page that the couple had separated some time previously.


title: Jimmie Åkesson

text: Outside of politics, Åkesson is also a musician and plays keyboard for the rock group "Bedårande Barn" alongside Peter London. Åkesson currently resides in Sölvesborg. According to his personal profile, his main interests are playing golf and watching football. He is a supporter of Mjällby AIF.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi, officially the Islamic City of Marawi (Maranao: "Inged a Marawi"; ), is a 4th class component city and capital of the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 207,010 people.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi is located upon the shores of Lake Lanao. It is primarily inhabited by the Maranao people. The city is also called the "summer capital of the south" due to its higher elevation and cooler climate, a nickname it shares with Malaybalay.


title: Marawi

text: On May 23, 2017, the city suffered extensive damage during the Battle of Marawi as militants affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant invaded the city and engaged in a massive urban gunfight. The ensuing battle lasted until October 23, 2017, when Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana announced the ending of the battle. Major damage of the city was mostly caused by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force in an attempt to eliminate the militants.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi was founded as Dansalan in October 1639 by the Spaniards led by conquistador Francisco Atienza who came from Iligan and were attempting to conquer the entire Lake Lanao area. However, it was abandoned later the same year when thousands of Maranao warriors invested the then-fortifying settlement, pressing the Spaniards hard and thus they returned to Iligan, having failed in their quest. The Spaniards only returned to the area when they began the conquest of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in the late 19th century, only to be abandoned once again when the Americans came there in 1900. It served as the capital of the undivided Lanao province from 1907 to 1940. "Dansalan" in Meranaw is a place where ships berth – a port of entry.


title: Marawi

text: A tribal leader of Marawi before Spanish colonization was "Datu Buadi Sa Kayo". He collected taxes in his era.


title: Marawi

text: Dansalan became a charted city in 1940. Later, in 1956, Republic Act No. 1552 amended the charter and changed the official name of the city from Dansalan to Marawi.


title: Marawi

text: The renaming of the city as the "Islamic City of Marawi" was proposed by Parliamentary Bill No. 261 in the defunct Batasang Pambansa, the former parliament of the Philippines during the Marcos regime, reportedly to attract funds from the Middle East.


title: Marawi

text: On May 23, 2017, a pro–Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group called the Maute group attacked the city. The battle of Marawi—also known as the Marawi siege, the Marawi clash, and the Marawi crisis—started on May 23. CNN Philippines reported that the militants had over 500 men. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law on the island of Mindanao, where the fighting was taking place, initially until December 31, 2017, but was later extended to the end of 2018 and then again to the end of 2019. The city was liberated from militant control on October 17 and battle operations officially ended on October 23.


title: Marawi

text: On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a 10-hectare military base will be established in the city to prevent the reentry of terrorists.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi has a total land area of . It is located on the northernmost shores of Lake Lanao and straddles the area where the Agus River starts. It is bounded to the north by the municipalities of Kapai and Saguiaran; to the south by Lake Lanao; to the east by the municipalities of Bubong and Ditsaan-Ramain; and to the west by the municipalities of Marantao and Saguiaran. The Bagang beach is situated from the city's commercial center.


title: Marawi

text: The Islamic city also hosts a national park, the Sacred Mountain National Park, which spans the barangays of Guimba and Papandayan covering an area of . The protected area was established on August 5, 1965, by Republic Act no. 4190. The park is dominated by Mount Mupo, a tall extinct volcanic cone. The park is ideal for birdwatching and mountain climbing to the summit that features a small pond.


title: Marawi

text: Mountains, rolling hills, valleys, and a large placid lake dominate the city's landscape. Angoyao Hills (Barangay Sogod) served as natural viewpoint over the water of the Lake Lanao. Signal Hill (Barangay Matampay), Arumpac Hill (Barangay Saduc), and Mt. Mupo (Barangay Guimba) are considered beautiful but mysterious. Mt. Mupo, located within the Sacred Mountain National Park, is known for its untouched trees and beautiful, perfect cone.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi's weather is warm and wet throughout the year. With the elevation along Lake Lanao at around , this raised altitude together frequent heavy showers at all seasons, ensures that hot conditions are seldom observed.


title: Marawi

text: Maranao or "Meranaw" is widely spoken in Marawi; however, local inhabitants can also speak Maguindanao, Iranun, English and Tagalog.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi is predominantly a Muslim city, with Muslims accounting for 99.6% of the population. Sharia criminal law exists but without stoning, amputations, flagellations, or other punishments typically associated with Sharia as they are against the law of the Philippines. The distribution of alcoholic products and gambling is forbidden and women must cover their heads, though non-Muslims are exempted from this rule. Other than sharia law in personal matters, these laws are not applicable elsewhere in Lanao del Sur.


title: Marawi

text: The economy of Marawi is largely based on agriculture, trading, and exporting. Most industries in the city are agriculture-oriented. They include rice and corn farming, hollow blocks manufacturing, goldsmithing, and saw milling. Small and cottage-size enterprises are engaged in garment making, mat and malong weaving, wood carving, brassware making, web development, and blacksmithing.


title: Marawi

text: Apart from that, Marawi is home to NPC – Agus 1 Hydro Electric Power Plant and the first of the six cascading Agus Hydro Power Plants.


title: Marawi

text: A new wind and solar energy plant and a new diesel-generated power plant are set to be developed in Saguiaran, Lanao del Sur, by two private firms to provide electricity to Marawi and adjoining areas. The project will cost PHP 2 billion and will generate 10 to 30 megawatts of electricity.


title: Marawi

text: The feeling of the unique natural setting of the Maranaos in Marawi is manifested by the presence of many large "Torogans", an antique royal high-roofed houses with carvings designed by the Meranau, and the Sambitory Old Building in Barrio Naga in front of Tuaka Laput, Marawi.


title: Marawi

text: Marawi is home to the main campus of Mindanao State University, the biggest state university in Philippines. Other institutions and colleges are well established in the city and are as follows:


title: Marawi

text: Within the Mindanao State University is the Aga Khan Museum of Islamic Arts which is named in honor of Sultan Aga Khan who contributed to the realization of the museum. Historical development of the country is bank on the large space upon the conservation of cultural materials. It has huge, collection of indigenous art, displayed ethnic music tape recorded, the native folk dances from different regions of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, the native tools and weapons used by the Muslims and different artistic designs of houses are the main attractions of museum. Indigenous art and cultural material are being displayed.


title: Jane Darwell

text: Jane Darwell (born Patti Woodard; October 15, 1879 – August 13, 1967) was an American actress of stage, film, and television. With appearances in more than 100 major movies spanning half a century, Darwell is perhaps best remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath", for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Jane Darwell

text: Born to William Robert Woodard, president of the Louisville Southern Railroad, and Ellen Booth Woodard in Palmyra, Missouri, Darwell originally intended to become a circus rider, then later an opera singer. Her father, however, objected to those career plans, so she compromised by becoming an actress, changing her name to Darwell to avoid sullying the family name.


title: Jane Darwell

text: Some sources give Darwell's birth name as Patti Woodward. They include "Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia", "Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965", "Missouri Biographical Dictionary", "Screen World 1968", "The New Biographical Dictionary of Film", and "Dictionary of Missouri Biography".


title: Jane Darwell

text: Darwell studied voice culture and the piano, followed by dramatics. At one point, she decided to enter a convent, then changed her mind and became an actress. She began acting in theater productions in Chicago and made her first film appearance in 1913. She appeared in almost 20 films over the next two years, then returned to the stage. After a 15-year absence from films, she appeared in "Tom Sawyer" (1930), and her career as a Hollywood character actress began. Short, stout and plain, she was quickly cast in a succession of films, usually as the mother of one of the main characters. She also appeared in five Shirley Temple films, usually as the housekeeper or grandmother.


title: Jane Darwell

text: She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as Ma Joad in "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), a role she was given at the insistence of Henry Fonda, the film's star. A contract player with 20th Century Fox, Darwell was memorably cast in "The Ox-Bow Incident", and occasionally starred in B movies and played featured parts in scores of major films.


title: Jane Darwell

text: Darwell had noted appearances on the stage as well; in 1944, she was popular in the stage comedy "Suds in Your Eye", in which she played an Irishwoman who had inherited a junkyard.


title: Jane Darwell

text: By the end of her career, she had appeared in more than 170 films, including "Huckleberry Finn" (1931), "Jesse James" (1939), "Gone with the Wind" (1939), "The Devil and Daniel Webster" (1941), "The Ox-Bow Incident" (1943), and "My Darling Clementine" (1946).


title: Jane Darwell

text: On the television front, Darwell was among the guest stars on an episode of "Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town", a variety series that aired on CBS from 1951 to 1952 in which hostess Faye Emerson visits a different city each week to accent the local music. In 1954, Darwell appeared with Andy Clyde in the episode "Santa's Old Suit" of the series "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse". This same episode was re-run the following Christmas 1955 on "Studio 57". In 1959, she appeared with child actor Roger Mobley in the episode "Mr. Rush's Secretary" on "Buckskin", starring Tom Nolan and Sally Brophy. That same year she appeared in the TV Western series "Wagon Train" as “Mrs. Anderson” in the S2E23 episode “The Vivian Carter Story”. She guest starred on John Bromfield's crime drama "Sheriff of Cochise".


title: Jane Darwell

text: On July 27, 1961, Darwell appeared as Grandmother McCoy in an episode of the sitcom "The Real McCoys". In the story, the series characters played by Walter Brennan, Richard Crenna, and Kathleen Nolan return to fictitious Smokey Corners, West Virginia for Grandmother McCoy's 100th birthday gathering. Darwell was 15 years older than "son" Walter Brennan. Pat Buttram and Henry Jones appeared in this episode as Cousin Carl and Jed McCoy, respectively.


title: Jane Darwell

text: On February 8, 1960, Darwell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion-picture industry; it is located at 6735 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Jane Darwell

text: In her mid-eighties, Darwell was semi-retired from acting, other than a rare television guest appearance. She had recently moved into the Motion Picture Country Home because of her advanced age and feebleness. When Disney offered her the role of the Bird Woman in "Mary Poppins" (1964), Darwell declined the role. Walt Disney, still insistent, personally drove to the retirement home to plead with her and she agreed to take the part. It was her last acting role. In this pivotal scene in the movie, the Bird Woman at the steps of St Paul's Cathedral Square sells bags of bread crumbs to passers-by to feed the pigeons. The "poignant" song "Feed the Birds" was sung by Julie Andrews, as a hymn-like lullaby.


title: Jane Darwell

text: During her last years, Darwell was in poor health. She died August 13, 1967, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital from a myocardial infarction at the age of 87 and her body was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.


title: Europop

text: Europop (also spelled Euro pop) is a style of pop music that originated in Europe during the mid-to-late 1960s and developed to today's form throughout the late 1970s. Europop topped the charts throughout the 1980s and 1990s, with revivals and moderate degrees of appreciation also in the 2000s and the 2010s.


title: Europop

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, such groups were primarily popular in continental countries, with the exception of ABBA (1972–1983). The Swedish four-person band achieved great success in the UK, where they scored twenty top 10 singles and nine chart-topping albums, and in North America and Australia.


title: Europop

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s Europop became very popular. Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Italian dance group Eiffel 65 were highly active in this genre. In the 2000s, one of the most popular representatives of Europop music was Swedish pop group Alcazar. In the 1990s, pop groups like the Spice Girls, Aqua, Steps, Right Said Fred, Modern Talking, Backstreet Boys and singer DJ BoBo were strongly influenced by Europop. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Roxette and Ace of Base led Europop in American mainstream audiences.


title: Europop

text: One of the main differences between American and European pop is that Europop is generally more dance and trance oriented. In central Europe, Italo disco (also known as 1980s Euro disco) and Euro house were the predominant attempts by young musicians to have a hit record in and beyond the borders of their own country.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: On the evening of February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Though air traffic was not heavy at LAX, as Flight 1493 was on final approach, the local controller was distracted by a series of abnormalities, including a misplaced flight progress strip and an aircraft that had inadvertently switched off the tower frequency. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Upon landing, the 737 collided with the twin-engined turboprop, continued down the runway with the turboprop crushed beneath it, exited the runway, and caught fire. All 12 people aboard the smaller plane were killed, as well as an eventual total of 23 of the 89 occupants of the Boeing 737. Rescue workers were on the scene of the fire within minutes and began the evacuation of the plane. Because of the intense fire, three of the 737's six exits could not be used. Neither of the front exits was usable, which caused the front passengers to try to use the overwing exits. However, only one of the overwing exits was usable, which caused a backlog to form. Most of those who died aboard the 737 succumbed to asphyxiation in the post-crash fire.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that the probable cause of the accident was the procedures in use at the LAX control tower, which provided inadequate redundancy, leading to a loss of situational awareness by the local controller, and inadequate oversight by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for failing to supervise the control tower managers. The crash led directly to the NTSB's recommendation of using different runways for takeoffs and landings at LAX.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: USAir Flight 1493 was a scheduled service from Syracuse, New York, making stops at Washington, DC, Columbus, Ohio, and LAX, before continuing to San Francisco. On February 1, 1991, Flight 1493 was operated using a Boeing 737-300 (registration ); after a crew change in Washington, DC, it was under the command of Captain Colin Shaw (48), a highly experienced pilot with around 16,300 total flight hours (including more than 4,300 hours on the Boeing 737), and First Officer David Kelly (32), who had about 4,300 total flight hours, with 982 hours on the Boeing 737. Flying into LAX, the aircraft had 89 people on board (83 passengers, four flight attendants, and the two pilots).


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: On February 1, 1991, SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569 was operated using a twin-engined Fairchild Metroliner (registration ). The flight was scheduled to depart LAX on the final leg of a multicity schedule, and was bound for Palmdale, California, with 10 passengers and two pilots aboard. The aircraft did not carry a cockpit voice recorder (CVR) or a flight data recorder (FDR), as it was not required to do so at the time. Both of Flight 5569's pilots had significant experience; Captain Andrew Lucas (32), had roughly 8,800 flight hours (with 2,101 of them on the Metroliner), and First Officer Frank Prentice (45), had over 8,000 flight hours, including 1,363 hours on the Metroliner.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: LAX has four parallel runways, with the two runways and associated taxiways north of the terminal called the North Complex. Aircraft that landed on the outer runway – 24R – would cross the inner runway – 24L – in order to reach the terminal.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The air traffic controller (ATC) in charge of takeoffs and landings in the LAX tower (the local controller) was Robin Lee Wascher. She had been working in the role since 1982, and began working at LAX in 1989. The clearance delivery controller in charge of taxiing aircraft was Francita Vandiver, who had previously served as an ATC in the US Navy. She had been working at LAX since 1988.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Skywest 5569 was cleared by ATC Wascher in the LAX tower to taxi to Runway 24L, moving from gate 32 to the runway via taxiways Kilo, 48, Tango, and 45. The plane was briefly not visible from the tower on taxiway 48 between Kilo and Tango in the area known as "no man's land".


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Immediately prior to SkyWest 5569 reaching runway 24L, a Wings West aircraft had landed on 24R and was awaiting permission to cross 24L and taxi to the terminal. The local controller attempted to contact the Wings West aircraft, but the crew had changed frequencies and did not answer, distracting Wascher as she attempted to reestablish communications. Shortly after 6 PM local time, as USAir 1493 was on final approach to LAX, the Metroliner was cleared by the local controller to taxi into its takeoff position on 24L at the intersection of taxiway 45, some up from the runway threshold. After four attempts by the local controller, the Wings West aircraft finally responded to the tower and apologized for switching frequencies. Wascher then cleared the USAir flight to land on 24L, even though the SkyWest Metroliner was still holding in takeoff position on the runway:


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: With this activity ongoing, another Wings West aircraft, a Metroliner similar to SkyWest 5569, called the tower reporting they were ready for takeoff. Wascher queried this aircraft about their position, and they told her they were holding on a taxiway short of 24L. The flight progress strip for this flight had not yet been given to Wascher by controller Vandiver (another distraction), and Wascher mistakenly thought this Metroliner was SkyWest 5569, thus the runway was clear of aircraft. The first officer of the USAir flight recalled hearing this conversation, but did not remember anyone being cleared to hold on the runway.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The USAir plane touched down near the runway threshold. Just as the nose was being lowered, the first officer noticed SkyWest 5569 on the runway and applied maximum braking, but it was too late. The following was recorded on the CVR:


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The USAir plane slammed into the Metroliner, crushing it beneath its fuselage. The 737 proceeded to skid down the runway, then veered off the left side and came to rest on the far side of the taxiway against a closed fire station building, where it eventually caught fire. Large debris from the Metroliner – including its tail, wings, and right engine – were found on the runway and between the runway and the abandoned fire station.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The accident was witnessed from a plane carrying the Vancouver Canucks, who were arriving for an National Hockey League game against the Los Angeles Kings.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The captain of that charter aircraft, having just landed, powered up the engines to get away from the fireball of the accident. The team was unsure if the USAir 737 was going to stop before it collided with their plane. The Canucks were shaken by the experience and lost to the Kings by a score of 9–1, their worst loss of the 1990–91 season.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The 35 dead included all 12 people (10 passengers and both crew members) on SkyWest 5569, and 23 of the 89 aboard the USAir 1493 (21 passengers, Captain Shaw, and one flight attendant). Two of the USAir fatalities were passengers who initially survived the crash, but died from burn injuries three and 31 days after the crash.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Captain Shaw was killed when the nose of the aircraft struck the abandoned fire station, crushing the section of the cockpit where his seat was located. Of the remaining passengers and crew aboard USAir 1493, two crew members and 10 passengers sustained serious injuries, 2 crew members and 15 passengers sustained minor injuries, and 37 passengers received no injuries. Billionaire businessman David H. Koch was among the survivors.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The majority of fatalities aboard USAir 1493 occurred to those seated in the front of the plane, where the postcrash fire originated in the forward cargo hold, fed by a combination of fuel from the wreckage of SkyWest 5569 and gaseous oxygen from the 737's damaged crew oxygen system. Everyone seated in row 6 or forward was either killed or sustained major injuries, while everyone aft of row 17 escaped, some with minor injuries. Only two passengers and one crew member managed to escape from the forward service (R1) door, while the main cabin (L1) door was inoperable due to damage. Only two passengers used the left over-wing exit before the fire became too intense outside the aircraft. The majority of the survivors exited via the right over-wing exit, with the rest of the surviving cabin occupants escaping through the rear service (R2) door. The rear passenger (L2) door was briefly opened during the course of the accident, but was quickly closed due to the spreading fire on that side of the aircraft. Multiple issues slowed the evacuation from the right over-wing door, including a passenger seated in the exit row who could not open the door, a brief scuffle between two men at the exit, and the seatback of the exit window seat being folded forward, partially obstructing the exit.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: From the location of the bodies, only two victims on USAir 1493 were found in their seats, while authorities believe that 17 had unbuckled their seat belts and died from smoke inhalation while making their way to the exits. According to James Burnett, who headed the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation team, "I can't think of a recent accident where this many people have been up and out of their seats and didn't make it out." The captain was one of the few people who died of blunt force trauma, a blow to the head when the bulkhead collapsed as the aircraft collided with the firehouse. The first officer was rescued through the cockpit windows by some of the first firefighters to arrive on the accident scene.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Shaw was found to have traces of phenobarbital in his blood. The Federal Aviation Administration prohibits use of the sedative before flying. The drug was prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome by Shaw's physicians, who said they had warned him not to use the medication while flying.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: First Officer David Kelly, who was flying the USAir 1493 during the accident leg, reported that he did not see SkyWest 5569 until he lowered the nose of his aircraft onto the runway after landing. Kelly also said that he applied the brakes, but did not have enough time for evasive action. Statements made by passengers who survived the crash were consistent with this testimony.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Local controller Wascher, who cleared both aircraft to use the same runway, testified before the NTSB and accepted blame for causing the crash. She said she originally thought the landing USAir plane had been hit by a bomb, then "realized something went wrong... I went to the supervisor and I said, 'I think this (the SkyWest plane) is what USAir hit.'" She testified that rooftop lights in her line of sight caused glare in the tower, making seeing small planes difficult at the intersection where the SkyWest plane was positioned. Just before the accident, she confused the SkyWest plane with another commuter airliner that was on a taxiway near the end of the runway. Making matters more difficult, the ground radar at LAX was not working on the day of the accident.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The NTSB's investigation of the crash revealed that the cockpit crew of the landing USAir jet could not see the commuter plane, which blended in with other airport lights. The NTSB cited LAX's procedures which placed much of the responsibility for runways on the local controllers, which directly led to the loss of situational awareness by the local controller. The NTSB also noted that during the previous performance review, a supervisor had noted four deficiencies in the local controller who ultimately worked the accident aircraft. These deficiencies were not addressed prior to the accident, and two of the deficiencies were apparent in the accident sequence—her loss of situational awareness and aircraft misidentification.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The NTSB's investigation of the crash revealed a failing system in the air- and ground-traffic control facilities at LAX: the ground radar system worked intermittently, and was not functioning at the time of the incident; the blind spot, from the control tower, when looking at the spot where SkyWest 5569 was waiting on the runway; the system for ground controllers in the tower to pass flight progress strips to the local controller did not support the local controller's workload; aircraft on runways were not required to turn on all their external lights until rolling for takeoff. All these issues were rectified at LAX following this incident.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: At the time of the accident, ATCs at LAX used all four runways (North Complex runways 24L and 24R, South Complex runways 25L and 25R) for mixed takeoffs and landings. One of the NTSB recommendations was that the runways be segregated with only landings or departures taking place on an individual runway. This recommendation was implemented, but not until after another incident, when on August 19, 2004, a Boeing 747 landing on 24L passed only above a 737 holding on the same runway.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: LAX now prioritizes the use of the outboard runways (24R and 25L) for landings and the inboard runways (24L and 25R) for takeoffs, though mixed operations may occur in certain situations. Additionally, a new control tower was built at LAX, in a more central location, significantly taller and with a better vantage point, allowing visibility of all runways and critical taxiways at the airport.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: Before this accident, the FAA issued a ruling that required airlines to upgrade the flammability standards of materials on board, but the USAir plane had been built before the effective date of those requirements and had not yet been modernized. It was scheduled to be upgraded within the next year. By 2009, all aircraft operating in the United States were compliant.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: The story of the disaster was featured in a 9th-season episode of the Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic series "Mayday". The episode, titled "Cleared for Disaster", explores the events surrounding the crash and its investigation, including interviews with NTSB investigators, first responders, survivors, and witnesses.


title: Los Angeles runway disaster

text: It is featured in season 1, episode 3, of the TV show "Why Planes Crash", in an episode called "Human Error".


title: Poojai

text: Poojai () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Hari, and produced by Vishal, who also played the lead role alongside an ensemble cast featuring Shruti Haasan, Sathyaraj, Raadhika, Mukesh Tiwari, and Soori. Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the soundtrack and score for the film, while cinematography and editing were handled by Priyan and V. T. Vijayan, respectively.


title: Poojai

text: The film was officially launched on 28 March 2014 with a first look release, and principal photography began on 18 April 2014. The film released on 22 October 2014 on the occasion of Diwali. where it received mixed reviews from critics praising the cast performances, humor, action sequences and entertainment value but criticized the writing and predictability. It completed 50 days at the box office and was remade in Kannada as "Anjani Putra" starring Puneeth Rajkumar.


title: Poojai

text: Vasudevan "Vasu" is a Coimbatore-based moneylender and the heir to the Kovai Group, a cloth manufacturing company, until he was disowned by his mother and matriarch of his joint family Rajalakshmi due to some misunderstanding. He meets a rich girl named Divya at a mall and become friends. However, Divya rejects his proposal due to status-issues, but later falls for his humble nature. One day, Vasu saves the ASP of Coimbatore District Sivakkozhundhu and his wife from a group of thugs who work for Anna Thandavam, a Pollachi-based businessman and hitman who frequently hires the North Indian killers to kill anyone to acquire their land and money.


title: Poojai

text: As Sivakkozhundhu was transferred to Coimbatore from Tirunelveli to investigate Anna Thandavam's client case, The latter had planned to kill him. Anna Thandavam also plans to illegally grab land sold to a village temple by Vasu's late father Rathnaswamy. When the land is formally sold to the temple, an irate Anna Thandavam's orders his henchman to assault Vasu's uncle Ramaswamy, following which Vasu (having reconciled with his family) beats the henchman in retaliation and breaks his hand and also fights Anna Thandavam where he thrashes him in full view of the public.


title: Poojai

text: Assisted by Sivakkozhundhu and Divya, Vasu subdues Anna Thandavam's henchmen Sundaram and thwarts the attempts by Anna Thandavam to destroy his family. Vasu manages to arrest the North Indian killers leading to Anna Thandavam's arrest warrant being issued. However, Anna Thandavam's second wife kills Rajalakshmi during the temple festival with a venomous knife. Vasu, learning of Rajalakshmi's death, rushes to Patna, where Anna Thandavam is hiding and kills Anna Thandavam's friend and contract killer Rai Bahadur, along with his henchman and fights with Anna Thandavam, where Vasu brutally kills him, avenging Rajalakshmi's death and arrives back home to mourn Rajalakshmi's death with his family.


title: Poojai

text: In December 2013, Vishal stated that he would produce and feature in a film which would be directed by Hari and that the pair would collaborate again after the success of their previous venture, "Thaamirabharani" (2007). Hari had described the film as a "triangular action story" which starts in Coimbatore and ends in Patna, while revealing Yuvan Shankar Raja had already completed composing the film's songs before production began. The film was officially launched on 28 March 2014, with a press release naming the film's cast and crew. Yuvan Shankar Raja was selected to compose the music for the film, while Priyan and V. T. Vijayan were confirmed to be the cinematographer and the editor of the film respectively. Shruti hassan herself was selected to do the costume designing .