title: Politeness theory

text: An article written by Akio Yabuuchi argues a case for a new trichotomous politeness system to replace politeness theory's dichotomous politeness system; hierarchy politeness The proposed system is made up of fellowship politeness (similar to Brown and Levinson's positive politeness), autonomy politeness (similar to Brown and Levinson's negative politeness), and hierarchy politeness. Hierarchy politeness recognizes ingratiation as a way to communicate within power dynamics.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: The third season of "" premiered on Paramount+ on May 11, 2022. The season features twenty-five past cast members from the main series competing for $500,000.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: From episode 5, the Authority would be reduced to only the first-place male and female of each challenge and the format changed. The Authority had to collectively select one male and one female to compete in the Arena. At the Arena, the selected players must then call-out an opponent of the same gender to compete against them. The winners remain in the game while the losers are eliminated.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: Day One of the Final Challenge consists of two alternating portions: legs (racing from one checkpoint to the next) and checkpoints (competing in a head-to-head challenge against an opponent). During each leg, players race to the next checkpoint in male-female pairs. The first pair to reach each checkpoint receives 4 points each; second receives 3 points; third receives 2 points; fourth receives 1 point. At checkpoints, pairs are disbanded and players must select an opponent of the same gender to compete in the checkpoint against. The winner of each matchup receives 5 points while the loser receives none. The first, second, third and fourth-place players of each gender from the checkpoint are paired with the respective player of the opposite gender for the following leg.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: Before commencing, it was announced that the players with the most Stars, Jonna and Nehemiah (5 stars each), would start the Final Challenge with 5 bonus points.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: The following morning, it was announced that only six players would continue Day Two of the Final Challenge. The two players of each gender with the most points from Day One would automatically advance while the remaining two players would compete against each other in an Instant Elimination for the final spot.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: Players competed to earn points during Day One of the Final Challenge to determine who would automatically progress to Day Two. The points system was discontinued for Day Two.


title: The Challenge: All Stars (season 3)

text: From episodes 1-6, the winners of daily challenges are awarded with the "Sabotage" which allows them to penalize another player (or themselves) with a disadvantage for the next episode's challenge.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Seraphim Rose (born Eugene Dennis Rose; August 13, 1934 – September 2, 1982), also known as Seraphim of Platina, was an American hieromonk of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia who co-founded the Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery in Platina, California. He translated Eastern Orthodox Christian texts and authored several works (some of them considered polemical). His writings have been credited with helping to spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity throughout the West; his popularity equally extended to Russia itself, where his works were secretly reproduced and distributed by "samizdat" during the Communist era, remaining popular today.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Rose's opposition to Eastern Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement and his advocacy of the contentious "toll house teaching", led him into conflict with some notable figures in 20th-century Orthodoxy and he remains controversial in some quarters even after his sudden death from an undiagnosed intestinal disorder in 1982. Though he has not yet been formally canonized by any Orthodox synod, many Orthodox Christians hold him in high esteem, venerating him in iconography, liturgy and prayer.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Rose's monastery is currently affiliated with the Serbian Orthodox Church and continues to carry on his work of publishing and Orthodox missionary activity.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Eugene Rose was born on August 13, 1934, in San Diego, California. His father, Frank Rose, was a World War I veteran who operated the city's first "Karmel Korn Shop" together with his wife Esther Rose, Eugene's mother. His ancestors had come to the United States from France, Norway and the Netherlands.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: In addition to being a businesswoman, Esther was a California artist who specialized in impressionist renderings of Pacific coast scenes. Raised in San Diego, Eugene would remain a Californian the rest of his life. His older sister was Eileen Rose Busby, an author, Mensa member, and antiques expert; his older brother was Frank Rose, a local businessman.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Though Rose was described by one biographer as a "natural athlete" in his youth, he did not engage seriously in sport. Baptized in a Methodist church when he was 14 years old, Rose later rejected Christianity for atheism. After graduating from San Diego High School, he attended Pomona College, where he studied Chinese philosophy and graduated magna cum laude in 1956. While at Pomona, he was a reader for Ved Mehta, a blind student who would go on to become a well known author. Mehta referred to Rose in two books, one of which was a book of memoirs called "Stolen Light": “I felt very lucky to have found Gene as a reader. ... He read with such clarity that I almost had the illusion that he was explaining things.” Afterward, Rose studied under Alan Watts at the American Academy of Asian Studies before entering the master's degree program in Oriental languages at the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated in 1961 with a thesis entitled "'Emptiness' and 'Fullness' in the Lao Tzu".


title: Seraphim Rose

text: In addition to a gift for languages, Rose was known for possessing an acute sense of humor and wit. He enjoyed opera, concerts, art, literature, and the other cultural opportunities richly available in San Francisco, where he settled after his graduation and explored Buddhism and other Asian philosophies.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: While studying at Watts' Asian institute, Rose read the writings of French metaphysicist René Guénon and also met a Chinese Taoist scholar, Gi-ming Shien. Shien emphasized the ancient Chinese approach to learning, valuing traditional viewpoints and texts over more modern interpretations. Inspired by Shien, Rose took up the study of ancient Chinese so that he could read early Tao texts in their original tongue. Through his experiences with Shien and the writings of Guénon, Rose sought out an authentic and grounded spiritual tradition of his own.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: At age 22 in 1956 and while he was still at Pomona College, Rose came out as gay. During a romantic relationship with Jon Gregerson, Rose was exposed to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. While the relationship lasted a significant period, Gregerson lost interest in Orthodoxy despite Rose's growing interest. Rose ultimately terminated the relationship and later commented on the period prior to his conversion, saying "I was in hell. I know what hell is." Rose is reported to have not externally expressed his sexuality following his conversion. Rose's sexuality was a topic of controversy among some Eastern Orthodox faithful after it was publicized in Cathy Scott's 2000 biography "Seraphim Rose".


title: Seraphim Rose

text: In 1962, Rose was received into the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in San Francisco. He quickly distinguished himself to the bishop of San Francisco, St. John Maximovitch, as a serious and studious convert. In 1963, Archbishop John blessed Rose and his new friend, Gleb Podmoshensky, a Russian Orthodox seminarian, to form a community of Orthodox booksellers and publishers, the St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. In March 1964, Rose opened an Orthodox bookstore next to the Holy Virgin Cathedral on Geary Boulevard in San Francisco, which was under construction at the time. In 1965 the brotherhood founded the St. Herman Press publishing house, which still exists.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Increasingly drawn to a more reclusive lifestyle, Rose's community ultimately decided to leave the city for the northern California wilderness, where Rose and Podmoshensky became monks in 1968 and transformed the Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood into a full-fledged monastic community. Rose's parents provided the down payment for a mountaintop near the isolated hamlet of Platina, where Rose and some friends built a monastery named for St. Herman of Alaska. At his tonsure, in October 1970, Rose took the name "Seraphim" after St. Seraphim of Sarov. He wrote, translated and studied for the priesthood in his cell, a one-roomed cabin with neither running water nor electricity, where he would spend the rest of his days. He was ordained in 1977 by Bishop Nektary of Seattle, spiritual son of St. Nectarius of Optina, the last of the great Optina "startsy".


title: Seraphim Rose

text: In his ministry, Rose spoke frequently of an "Orthodoxy of the Heart", which he saw as increasingly absent in American ecclesiastical life. He also spoke of the need for warmth and kindness of the spirit, especially when dealing with those with whom one disagreed, an increasing problem in Eastern Orthodoxy in America, and its conflict between so-called "traditionalists" and "modernists". One can be firm, Rose insisted, without having to compromise basic Christian teachings on lovingkindness, longsuffering, and mercy toward others.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Using a hand-cranked printing press at his Geary Boulevard bookstore, Rose founded the bimonthly magazine "The Orthodox Word" in January 1965; this periodical is still published (on modern presses) today. He also composed and published dozens of other titles, including "God's Revelation to the Human Heart", "Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future", and "The Soul After Death"; all remain in print. He translated and printed Fr. Michael Pomazansky's "Orthodox Dogmatic Theology", which remains a text for clerical students and laymen alike. Rose translated his books into Russian, and they were circulated widely as samizdat within the Soviet Union, although they were not formally published until after the fall of the Communist regime. He was also one of the first American Eastern Orthodox Christians to translate major works of several church fathers into English.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Although most of Rose's works were widely received within the Orthodox community, a few raised controversy. The most notable of these was "The Soul After Death", which describes certain "aerial toll houses" described by various Church Fathers and saints. According to this teaching, every human soul must pass through a series of these stations after death as part of their initial judgment by God, where they will be accused of specific sins and possibly condemned to hell.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Some modern Orthodox theologians, including Archbishop Lazar Puhalo, Stanley Harakas and Alexandros Kalomiros among others, have claimed that certain ideas in Rose's book are heretical, and that many of the Church Fathers have been misinterpreted or misquoted to support it. Puhalo claimed that the "toll-house theory" is specifically Gnostic in origin. These accusations were later declared to be wrong by the Holy Synod of the Russian Church Abroad, which emphasized that little has been revealed to the Church on this subject, and hence all controversy concerning it should cease. A similar position was adopted by Fr. Michael Azkoul in his 1998 book, Aerial Toll-House Myth: The Neo-Gnosticism of Fr Seraphim Rose. A recent publication called, The Departure of the Soul, published by St. Anthony's Monastery in Arizona, presents a collection of writings by Church Fathers in favor of the Toll Houses.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: He endeavored to answer his detractors in his "Answer to a Critic", published as an appendix to "The Soul After Death".


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Though continuing to vehemently oppose Rose's teaching on this subject, Puhalo indicated that he considered Rose to be a "true ascetic", and that he respected the sincerity of Seraphim's monastic life and intentions. In one of his vlogs, Archbishop Lazar said of Fr. Rose: “Father Seraphim Rose was an astonishing ascetic. He had a great ascetic life. He had enormous struggles, enormous inner struggles, and he struggled with them in really great asceticism. So I don’t want anybody to denigrate or think anyone is denigrating Father Seraphim Rose’s ascetic struggle. It really was a great ascetic struggle, and there should be a reverence and a respect for that. … Again, I want people to have a reverence for Father Seraphim Rose’s ascetic struggle, and to acknowledge that, and see that there was a special spark there, in that he had enormous internal struggles, and that he saw those through to the end of his life. And that is a great virtue and a great reason to have a certain reverence for Father Seraphim.”


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Rose also waded into the ongoing debate between Biblical creationism and evolution, asserting in "Genesis, Creation and Early Man" that Orthodox patristics exclusively supported the creationist viewpoint. This idea was vehemently attacked by other Orthodox theologians, who asserted that while man's existence is not accidental by any means, there is no official church doctrine as to the precise process God used in creation, nor the length of time that it might have required. In the 2011 edition of Rose's "Genesis, Creation and Early Man", his spiritual child and editor, Hieromonk Damascene, alleges to have demonstrated that Rose's teaching is in accord with the great saints and elders of the 19th and 20th centuries who have spoken on the issue, such as St. Theophan the Recluse, St. John of Kronstadt, St. Justin Popovich, St. Paisios, and Elder Sophrony. However, in his response to Kalomiros's article "The Eternal Will" ("The Christian Activist", Volume 11, Fall/Winter 1997), Rose stated that: "I should state an elementary truth: modern science, when it deals with scientific facts, does indeed usually know more than the holy Fathers, and the holy Fathers can easily make mistakes of scientific facts; it is not scientific facts which we look for in the holy Fathers, but true theology and the true philosophy which is based on theology."


title: Seraphim Rose

text: After feeling acute pains for several days while working in his cell in August 1982, a reluctant Rose was taken by fellow monks to Mercy Medical Center in Redding for treatment. When he arrived at the hospital, he was declared to be in critical condition and fell into semi-consciousness. After exploratory surgery was completed, it was discovered that a blood clot had blocked a vein supplying blood to his intestines, which had become a mass of dead tissue. He slipped into a coma after a second surgery, never regaining consciousness. Hundreds of people visited the hospital and celebrated the Divine Liturgy regularly in its chapel, praying for a miracle to save Rose's life. Prayers were offered for the ailing hieromonk from places as far away as Mount Athos, Greece, the spiritual heart of Orthodox monasticism. Rose died on September 2, 1982.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Rose's body lay in repose for several days in a simple wooden coffin at his wilderness monastery. Visitors claimed that Rose's body did not succumb to decay and rigor mortis, remaining supple and even allegedly smelling of roses.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Some Orthodox Christians anticipate Rose's canonization. At the 40th anniversary of Rose's death, Metropolitan Nikoloz of Akhalkalaki, from the Orthodox Church of Georgia, called for the canonization of Seraphim Rose. Before returning to Georgia, Metropolitan Nikoloz brought the question of canonization to Bishop Maxim of the Serbian Orthodox Church's Eparchy of Western America. A few days later, on September 6th, 2022, Metropolitan Neophytos of Morphou, of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus gave a sermon calling Fr. Seraphim Rose a saint.


title: Seraphim Rose

text: Several reputed miraculous events, healings and apparitions of Rose have been reported around the world, commencing soon after his death. In one such instance, a nun named Zvezdana at Prohor Pčinjski Monastery in Serbia informed her abbess that she had repeatedly felt the presence of Fr. Seraphim, and that he appeared to her on one occasion. She continued to pray, telling Seraphim that it was beautiful in his monastery. He replied, saying “It’s beautiful here Prohor Pčinjski Monastery also—beautified by the relics of Fr. Prohor.”


title: Seraphim Rose

text: The St. Herman of Alaska Monastery in Platina is now a part of the Western America diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church. While all of the brothers are currently American, many speak Russian. Their primary emphasis continues to be the printing of books, which has been the major activity of the brotherhood since its inception. In addition, the monastery has assisted with the guardianship and education of local youths with behavioral or learning problems, which has earned Rose's brotherhood significant respect among the locals. Visitors come to the monastery year-round but especially on September 2, the anniversary of Rose's death.


title: Kim Won-hae

text: Kim Won-hae (born April 6, 1969) is a South Korean actor. He is best known as a former cast member of "SNL Korea" (season 1–4).


title: Kim Won-hae

text: In August 2020, it was reported that Kim tested positive for COVID-19 and was receiving treatment. He had recovered since September 2020.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: The Chilean Primera División (English: First Division) is the top-tier league of the Chilean football league system. It is organized by the "ANFP". The league is known as the Campeonato AFP PlanVital for sponsorship reasons.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: As of the 2018 season, 16 teams compete in the league, playing against each other two times, home and away.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: Currently, the two teams with the worst scores in the season, are relegated to Primera B, and replaced by the Champions and Runners-up of this Division.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: The champions of the Campeonato are immediately qualified to the Copa Libertadores for the next year, as well as the second and third place. The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh place are qualified to the Copa Sudamericana for the next year.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: In 1933, eight big clubs at that time, namely, Unión Española, Badminton, Colo-Colo, Audax Italiano, Green Cross, Morning Star, Magallanes and Santiago National F.C., founded the "Liga Profesional de Football de Santiago" (LPF) on May 31, 1933. The newly formed body was recognized by the Football Federation of Chile on June 2, 1933.


title: Chilean Primera División

text: The first edition of professional competition was contested by the eight founding teams and was won by Magallanes after defeating Colo-Colo in a decisive match. In the following year, according to the disposition of Federación de Fútbol de Chile, Liga Profesional returned to integrate with the AFS. As part of the negotiations for reunification, four teams from AFS, namely, Club Deportivo Ferroviarios, Carlos Walker, Deportivo Alemán, and Santiago F.C., would join the 1934 professional competition. Moreover, it was also decided that the last six teams in the 1934 competition would be eliminated to form the new second division in 1935. The title of the expanded 1934 edition was again clinched by Magallanes, which won 10 out of the 11 matches that year.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: Ruth's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses across the United States, Canada and Mexico. On May 22, 2008, the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell's Fish Market. The group's headquarters are in Winter Park, Florida.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: Chris Steak House was founded on February 27, 1927 by New Orleans entrepreneur Chris Matulich. It was located at 1100 North Broad Street near the Fair Grounds Race Course, seated 60 people, and had no parking lot. During Matulich's 38-year management, the business was sold six times, failing each time, and enabling him to buy the restaurant back cheaply from the purchasers. The building has recently been the focus of a historic preservation dispute under its new owner, who demolished the iconic wraparound terracotta-tile awning in April 2022 without the proper permits.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: Ruth Fertel was a divorced single mother who needed money to send her teenage sons to college. Ignoring the advice of her banker, lawyer, and friends, Ruth purchased the restaurant in 1965. She used her brother's restaurant, Sig's Antique Restaurant in Port Sulphur, Louisiana, along with family recipes to lay the foundation for her restaurant. She initially planned to raise just $18,000 to cover the purchase price, until it was pointed out to her that she would need an additional $4,000 to cover the cost of renovations and food. On her first day, May 24, 1965, she sold 35 steaks at $5 each.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: Fertel personally took a hand in every part of the business; for many years, Chris Steak House was the only upscale restaurant in New Orleans with an all-female wait staff.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In early 1976, shortly after Fertel signed a new ten-year lease on the restaurant, a fire destroyed the building. Fertel had recently acquired a second property nearby to rent out as a party space. Within seven days, she had relocated the restaurant to its new location a few blocks away at 711 North Broad Street and re-opened it, expanding to 160 seats in the process. The sales agreement with Matulich prevented her from using the original name at any other address, so she named the new restaurant "Ruth's Chris Steak House" in order to keep some continuity with the previous location. She admitted later to "Fortune Magazine" that "I've always hated the name, but we've always managed to work around it."


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: The first franchised restaurant was opened in 1977 by a loyal customer, Thomas J. "T. J." Moran (c. 1931–2015), in Baton Rouge, who went on to open several more franchised Ruth's Chris locations, TJ Ribs, and Ruffino's restaurants through his company T.J. Moran Associates. Fertel noted, "All our franchisees were people who had eaten at one time or another in one of our restaurants. We never looked for franchisees. They came to us". The chain expanded rapidly over the next two decades, with 66 locations in the U.S. and overseas by mid-1998, and achieving over $200 million in annual revenues.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In 1999, Fertel, then 72, developed lung cancer. She sold a 79.3 percent interest in the chain in August 1999 to investment company Madison Dearborn Partners of Chicago, remaining as a shareholder until her death in 2002.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In that period, the chain expanded to 86 restaurants, including 10 overseas locations. Revenues fell to $167.8 million in 2003, before rising again to $192.2 million in 2004.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: On August 9, 2005, under President & CEO Craig Miller, Ruth's Chris Steak House became a public company following a successful IPO valuing the company at $235 million and an increase of 15 percent in first-day trading.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In late August 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastated Greater New Orleans (see: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans), and the chain moved its corporate headquarters to Heathrow, Florida. Like most businesses in the city, two of the chain's locations in the New Orleans area were forced to close because of the storm. The Metairie location has since reopened. Members of the Fertel family, particularly Ruth's son Randy, were bitterly opposed to the move. Amid much criticism by local officials and media, and on the heels of the announcement by Morton's that it would reopen its own New Orleans branch, the corporate offices announced that, due to extensive damage, the old flagship location on Broad Street would be permanently closed and donated to charity. Tulane University was the recipient of the gift, remodeling and reopening the site in 2012 as the Ruth U. Fertel/Tulane Community Health Center. In May 2008, Ruth's Chris reopened in New Orleans and is centrally located downtown in Harrah's Hotel at 525 Fulton Street.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In February 2008, the company purchased the Mitchell's Fish Restaurant and Columbus Fish Market brands from Cameron Mitchell Restaurants for $92 million. As the recession began to bite, the acquisition was not initially successful. The stock price fell from $22 in 2006 to under $5 and company debts rose to $185 million. CFO Tom Pennison resigned, and CEO Craig Miller was ousted by the board to be replaced by Mike O'Donnell. O'Donnell restructured and rebranded the company, creating Ruth's Hospitality Group (RHGI) as the parent entity in May 2008, allowing each of the individual restaurant brands to have their own identity within the group. The current President and COO is Kevin Toomy, formerly owner and president of the award-winning Goldcoast Seafood Grill in South Florida.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In February 2013, RHGI reported that fourth quarter sales at Ruth's Chris restaurants were up by 7.0 percent on the previous year, representing the 11th consecutive quarterly increase in sales.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: Ruth's Chris continues to add new restaurants, most recently in Harrah's casino in Las Vegas in January 2013, after the previous Las Vegas location on Flamingo closed in 2009. a new restaurant in Denver, Colorado, and four or five new franchised locations. In 2015, it was announced that the restaurant was expanding into Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 2016, Ruth's Chris opened its restaurant in Odenton, Maryland. In 2018, Ruth's Chris opened its newest restaurant at the Silver Legacy in Reno, Nevada which replaced Sterling's Seafood Steakhouse that had been in business from 1995 to 2018.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: During the coronavirus pandemic, Ruth's Hospitality Group received $20 million in forgivable loans intended for small businesses from the Paycheck Protection Program, leading to widespread backlash. The funds were distributed as part of the government's $2.2 trillion CARES Act, which set limits of $10 million per entity. On April 17, 2020, two of the company's subsidiaries each received $10 million. These loans were meant for companies with 500 or fewer employees while Ruth's Chris employs more than 5,700. On April 24, 2020, it was reported that the loans would be repaid to the Treasury Department following the public controversy.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: On multiple occasions and in several jurisdictions, Ruth's Chris has been the target of legal action for its treatment of staff, employees, and customers. In 2011, class action status was granted to female employees in a complaint that charged the company with pay discrimination, fewer promotions, and maintaining a "sexually-charged" environment.


title: Ruth's Chris Steak House

text: In 2017, the company was accused of denying service to Black customers, as part of a class action lawsuit. The charges stemmed from a Houston customer who was seated in a different dining area.


title: Joey Wong

text: Joey Wong Cho-Yee (AKA Joey Wang, Wang Tsu Hsien, or Joey Ong Jyo Han/Hen) (, born 31 January 1967) is a Hong Kong based Taiwanese actress and singer. Along with Maggie Cheung, Rosamund Kwan and Cherie Chung, she is widely regarded as one of the ‘Four Flowers’ of Hong Kong cinema.


title: Joey Wong

text: Wong was born on 31 January 1967 and raised in Taipei, where she completed her secondary school. She has an older brother, a younger brother and a sister.


title: Joey Wong

text: Her father was a basketball player and encouraged her to become a professional basketball player when she was fourteen. Shortly thereafter she shot a TV commercial for sport shoes which drew the attention of a film producer who made her the leading lady of film "It'll Be Very Cold by the Lakeside This Year". Her appearance in the film attracted the attention of producer Mona Fong of Shaw Brothers who invited Wong to come to Hong Kong. In 1985, Wong then appeared in the Hong Kong film "Let's Make Laugh II", opposite Derek Yee Tung Sing.


title: Joey Wong

text: In 1987, she portrayed a beautiful ghost in "A Chinese Ghost Story." Her portrayal led to her becoming a film idol in Japan and South Korea. In the following years, Wong continued to star in a dozen more movies playing similar characters, such as a ghost or a vixen.


title: Joey Wong

text: In 1989, she starred in the Japanese TV series "A Woman From Hong Kong," later also starring in commercials and publishing photo albums.


title: Joey Wong

text: In 1992, she made her singing debut with the Japanese and Mandarin CD single, "Hold You In My Arms Forever". In 1993, she appeared as the White Snake in Tsui Hark's "Green Snake", a revision of the Madame White Snake legend told from the perspective of the younger Green Snake.


title: Joey Wong

text: In 1994, Wong expressed a desire to retire from film making, staying away from the limelight until 1997 when she returned to the silver screen in the Japanese movie "Peking Genjin" ("Peking Man") and released the companion CD single "Who Are You?".


title: Joey Wong

text: In 1998, she released the extended Japanese CD "Angelus" and her first and only full CD, in Mandarin, "Isolation" a.k.a. "Isolated From The World".


title: Joey Wong

text: She returned to semi-retirement after the release of "Isolation", but returned once again to films in 2001 with "Peony Pavilion", then once again announced her retirement in 2002 after leaving Chyi Chin.


title: Joey Wong

text: In 2004, she appeared in "Shanghai Story" and reportedly appeared in a Taiwanese TV series with on again, off again beau Chyi Chin. It was reported that she enjoyed her return to films and reportedly signed a multi-film contract. However, the unexpected suicide of her friend and former movie co-star Leslie Cheung caused her to withdraw once again from the limelight.


title: Joey Wong

text: In September 2005, coinciding with the worldwide release of "Shanghai Story", she once again announced her formal retirement. She currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is studying English.


title: Joey Wong

text: Joey Wong was also very well known for her relationship with Chyi Chin, a Taiwanese singer. Their relationship lasted about 16 years, from 1987 to 1991 and 1993 to 2002.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: The Wheel is a British television game show hosted by Michael McIntyre, broadcast on Saturday evenings on BBC One, with the exception of the 2020 Christmas specials which was broadcast on Friday and the upcoming 2022 Christmas special which it will be broadcast on Sunday. The show was recommissioned for a second series which began broadcasting in July 2021, and a third series of twelve episodes, which began broadcasting in October 2022.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: McIntyre explained that he first thought of ideas for "The Wheel" while taking a bath, envisioning the idea of a "human roulette wheel". He pondered that there had been "so many talent shows" on British television, but not many "brand new" game shows.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: Seeking formats that could be easily produced under COVID-19 safety protocols such as social distancing (eased by design due to its large studio set at Bovingdon Airfield in Hertfordshire), the BBC picked up "The Wheel" as a "de facto" substitute for McIntyre's variety show series "Michael McIntyre's Big Show" (which was not feasible to produce due to its heavy reliance on live audience participation).


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: Seven celebrities, each designated as an expert in a different subject, sit in chairs mounted on the outer edge of a wide wheel on the main stage. They face in toward the centre, below which is a secondary stage where three contestants sit in chairs on a smaller wheel. This wheel is spun to choose a contestant at random, who is lifted up in their chair to the main stage.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: In each round, the contestant chooses a subject, the seat of whose expert lights up gold, and also an expert to "shut down" – the one they believe is least likely to know about it, whose seat lights up red. The wheel is then spun to choose an expert at random; if it does not stop on the "shut-down" one, the host asks a question with four multiple-choice answers. The contestant may discuss it with the expert before answering; a correct response adds £10,000 to the bank if the subject expert was spun, or £3,000 otherwise. If the contestant misses a question or spins an expert who has been shut down, their turn ends and they are lowered back onto the smaller wheel, which is spun to choose a new contestant. Since the selection is random and all three contestants are always eligible to be chosen, it is possible for the same contestant to return to the game immediately after being dismissed. Each subject remains in play until a contestant correctly answers a question in it. If the experts answers incorrectly to a question in their own category, they are “shut-down” for the next question and if the contestant shuts down another expert next to the one that incorrectly answered the question in their own category, it would be known by Michael as "The Danger Zone" and the song of the same name would be played during the spinning of The Wheel.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: The other six experts also answer the question, using keypads to lock in their answers. If an expert misses a question in their own subject, whether or not they were spun for it, they are automatically shut down for the next round in addition to the expert chosen by the contestant. If all seven experts answer correctly, the Wheel turns Gold and is known as a Perfect Wheel and a bonus of £5,000 is added to the bank. When only one subject remains, the seats of all other experts who are not currently shut down and who have not been spun during the game turn silver, setting the question value at £6,000 if the wheel stops on any of them.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: After all seven subjects have been used, the current contestant moves on to the final and has the first chance to win the bank.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: Introduced in the second series, this round is played after the third question as a way to increase the bank. The host asks a question with at least seven answers (e.g. signs of the zodiac that contain the letter A), and the wheel begins to turn slowly through one complete rotation. Each expert must give an answer as they move past the pointer; the bank increases by £1,000 for each correct answer. A further £3,000 is added if all seven respond correctly, for a potential total increase of £10,000. If any expert gives an incorrect answer or fails to respond, the round ends immediately. The host announces the subject for the question at the start of this round, and the contestant decides which expert will answer first.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: The experts are ranked by how many questions they have answered correctly during the game. The contestant may choose the best, fourth-best, or worst performer to assist them; these choices respectively set the prize at 50%, 100%, or 200% of the banked total.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: The wheel is spun to choose one of four new subjects at random (Reduced to three subjects from series 3), after which the host asks a question. The contestant may discuss it with the chosen expert for 30 seconds before locking in a response. A correct answer awards the money at stake to the contestant and ends the game. If the contestant misses, they are returned to the smaller wheel and a new contestant is chosen. The expert for the missed question and the prize associated with them are both removed from play, and the subject for that question is replaced with a new one on the wheel (In series 3, there are no replacement categories). If the contestants miss questions with all three experts, all of them leave with nothing.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: The maximum potential winnings total in series 1 is £210,000, achievable by correctly answering a question in all seven subjects with the help of the respective experts, having all the other experts answer these questions correctly, and giving a correct answer in the final with the worst performer. Beginning with series 2, the maximum is £230,000, requiring a correct answer from every expert in the Moneyspinner as well. In series 3, the final is referred to by Michael McIntyre as The Cash-out.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: NBC announced in February 2021 that an American version with a ten-episode run had been ordered. It is produced by Warner Bros. Unscripted Television and Hungry McBear Media. In May 2021, it was announced that the show would premiere in the 2021–22 television season. In August 2021, it was stated that the show would premiere in 2022, with McIntyre as host. By May 2022 however, NBC indicated a 2023 premiere, either midseason or summer. The show premiered on December 19, 2022.


title: The Wheel (game show)

text: In November 2021, Finnish network MTV3 announced their local version to premiere next year, with auditions being held as well, in 2022.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit is a city in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The city is located on a ridge in northern-central New Jersey, within the Raritan Valley and Rahway Valley regions in the New York metropolitan area. At the 2010 United States census, the city's population was 21,457, reflecting an increase of 326 (+1.5%) from the 21,131 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,374 (+7.0%) from the 19,757 counted in the 1990 Census.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Originally incorporated as Summit Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 23, 1869, from portions of New Providence Township (now Berkeley Heights) and Springfield Township, Summit was reincorporated as a city on March 8, 1899.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Possible derivations of Summit's name include its location atop the Second Watchung Mountain; the Summit Lodge, the house to which jurist James Kent moved in 1837 and which stands today at 50 Kent Place Boulevard; and to a local sawmill owner who granted passage to the Morris and Essex Railroad for a route to "the summit of the Short Hills".


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit had the 16th-highest per capita income in the state as of the 2000 Census. According to Bloomberg, Summit ranked as the 70th highest-income place in the United States in 2017, 72nd in 2018 (with an average household income of $220,971), and 65th in 2019.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The region in which Summit is located was purchased from Native Americans on October 28, 1664. Summit's earliest European settlers came to the area around the year 1710. The original name of Summit was "Turkey Hill" to distinguish it from the area then known as "Turkey" (New Providence's original name until 1759). During the American Revolutionary War, Summit was known as "Beacon Hill", because bonfire beacons were lit on an eastern ridge in Summit to warn the New Jersey militiamen of approaching British troops.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit was called the "Heights over Springfield" during the late 18th century and most of the 19th century, and was considered a part of New Providence. During this period, Summit was part of Springfield Township, which eventually broke up into separate municipalities. Eventually, only Summit and New Providence remained joined.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Lord Chancellor James Kent, a Chancellor of New York State and author of "Commentaries on American Law", retired to this area in 1837 in a house he called "Summit Lodge" (perhaps a namesake of the town) on what is now called Kent Place Boulevard. He lived there until 1847. Today, the lodge is part of a large mansion, at 50 Kent Place Boulevard, opposite Kent Place School.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 1837, the Morris and Essex Railroad, which became the Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad and is now NJ Transit's Morris and Essex Lines, was built over what was then called "The Summit" hill, a name later shortened to Summit. The railroad allowed Summit to outgrow neighboring New Providence, which didn't have a train station. In 1868, a hotel named "The Summit House" burned beside the railroad. In 1869, Summit and New Providence separated and the Summit area was incorporated as the "Township of Summit". In the late 19th century, the area began shifting from farmland to wealthy estates; in 1892, renowned architect C. Abbott French cleared away a crest of a "summit ridge", removing "an impenetrable tangle of wild vines ... and myriads of rattlesnakes," to build a house with a view of New York City, The Times Building, and the Brooklyn Bridge. The present-day incarnation of Summit, known formally as the City of Summit, was incorporated on April 11, 1899.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: During this time, Summit was the home of America's "antivice crusader", Anthony Comstock, who moved there about 1880 and built a house in 1892 at 35 Beekman Road, where he died in 1915.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In the 19th century, Summit served as a nearby getaway spot for wealthy residents of New York City in search of fresh air. Weekenders or summer vacationers would reach Summit by train and relax at large hotels and smaller inns and guest houses. Calvary Episcopal Church was built in 1894–1895; the New York Times called it a "handsome new house of worship".


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Silk weaving, which had thrived as an industry in the late 19th century, declined in the early decades of the 20th. In 1915, there was a strike at the Summit Silk Company on Weaver Street. In the early 20th century, there was much building; in 1909, one report suggested at least 40 residences were being built (some with stables) with costs varying from $4,500 to $45,000, making it "one of the greatest periods of building activity this place, the "Hill City", has known."


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: A new railway was constructed from what was then-called "New Orange". The Rahway Valley Railroad connected Summit with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W). In the early 20th century, both freight and passenger service were offered by this line. (Although in 2009, Union County was exploring the possibility of reactivating the long-dormant line for freight traffic.) A trolley line called the Morris County Traction Company, once ran a passenger trolley through Summit to/from Newark and Morris County, in the early part of the 20th century. Broad Street in Summit was designed and built for the trolley, which is why it is wider and straighter than most streets in the city. Portions of the rails could still be seen on it as late as the 1980s.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Relations between city authorities and businesses have not always been smooth; in 1898, city authorities and the New York and New Jersey Telephone Company had disputes about wires and telephone poles; the city acted and "wires and cables of the company were cut from the poles." There were disputes between Summit's commuters and the Lackawanna railroad about walkways; in one incident in 1905, "a number of passengers seeking to board the 6:35 train found their way barred. They made a united rush, and when the dust cleared away, the door wasn't there. It is said the company will put the door back. The commuters say they will remove it as often as it is replaced."


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Following World War II, the city experienced a building boom, as living outside New York City and commuting to work became more common and the population of New Jersey grew. At this point, Summit took on its suburban character of tree lined streets and architect-designed houses that it is known for today.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 1974 there was a lawsuit to split "East Summit" off as its own municipality. Until 1973 the city had been divided into two wards, east and west, by the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad tracks. Right before the 1973 municipal election new ward districts where determined that overrode the preexisting geographic boundaries in order to make the two wards roughly equal in population. Following a sweeping Republican victory in the election, the citizens of the eastern portion of the city claimed they had been gerrymandered by the city's Republican leadership in mayor Elmer J. Bennett and council president Frank Lehr. The eastern half of the city was more ethnically diverse and with a predominately Democratic voter base. As such Joseph R. Angelo was proclaimed the "Mayor of East Summit" and citizens sued the municipal government. The lawsuit to split the city in half, Mosely v. Kates, got as far as the Supreme Court of New Jersey which ultimately ruled in favor of the defendants and the city was kept whole.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In the late 1970s, Summit had a mini-bus system, with three long circular routes through most parts of Summit that were primarily designed to bring commuters to the railroad station downtown. The Velvet Underground played their first paid concert at a Summit High School prom.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: More than a dozen Summit residents died in the September 11 terrorist attacks. Many worked in the World Trade Center, and commuted by rail to Hoboken. A few days after the attacks, townspeople assembled on the town green while a minister "called out the names of a dozen residents still unaccounted for after Tuesday's attack on the World Trade Center. Others in the crowd of nearly 2,000 called out names he had left out." A few World Trade Center firms moved to Summit.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit has consistently ranked high in NJMonthly's biennial Top 100 Towns. In 2019, Summit was ranked the second best place to live.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 2005, star baseball athlete Willie Wilson and former Summit graduate returned to Summit High School. Wilson said: "To me, Summit is a special place ... It's where it all began and I have great memories. This is where I want to help kids and youth baseball, and I want my own son and daughter to come and help me create something here." During the economic downturn of 2008–2009, Summit was listed as #6 on a list of American communities "likely to be pummeled by the economic crisis." Crime is generally not bad in the city; the summer 2010 assault of Abelino Mazariego-Torres during a robbery attempt gone awry shocked residents in what one person described as a "very small and very peaceful town." Several youths were charged in the murder.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 6.05 square miles (15.66 km), including 5.99 square miles (15.52 km) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km) of water (0.84%). It is about west of Manhattan.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Brantwood Park and Tall Oaks.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: It is bordered to the northeast by Millburn in Essex County, to the northwest by Chatham and Chatham Township, both in Morris County, to the west by New Providence, to the southwest by Berkeley Heights, to the south by Mountainside and to the southeast by Springfield Township.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The city has long been popular with traders, investment bankers, and money managers, with nearly 20% of Summit's residents working in finance and real estate. One report said that Manhattan's financial elite prefers living in Summit because of large houses, great schools, and NJ Transit's rail link to Manhattan's financial district.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $109,602 and the median family income was $145,083. Males had a median income of $109,608 (+/− $15,245) versus $61,368 (+/− $8,854) for females. The per capita income for the city was $70,574. About 4.4% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: At the 2000 United States Census there were 21,131 people, 7,897 households and 5,606 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,490.7 per square mile (1,348.5/km). There were 8,146 housing units at an average density of 1,345.7 per square mile (519.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.77% White, 4.33% African American, 0.09% Native American, 4.45% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.70% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.17% of the population.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: There were 7,897 households, of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.18.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Age distribution was 27.0% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The median income for a household in the city was $92,964, and the median income for a family was $117,053. Males had a median income of $85,625 versus $46,811 for females. The per capita income for the city was $62,598. About 2.5% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The Summit Opera House was built in the 1890s by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as meeting place and dry entertainment hall. It currently houses Winberie's restaurant on the ground floor, and a church, office space, and apartments on the upper floors. It is located at Springfield Avenue and Kent Place Boulevard in downtown Summit.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The Visual Arts Center of New Jersey, on Elm Street diagonally across from the Summit Middle School, is a professionally recognized regional art center with an art school and an exhibition program.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Horseback riding is available at the Watchung stables, located in the Watchung Reservation since the 1930s.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The city supports a program of public art organized by Summit Public Art, a volunteer-based city organization founded in 2002, whose mission is to bring art to public spaces throughout Summit. In 2019, the city was encouraging artists, including singer-songwriters, to perform at local venues in the downtown area, as part of its "Summit Street Sounds" program.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 2019 the city finished the renovations of the expanded Summit Community Center. The renovated facility includes two gymnasiums, which allows indoor basketball for youth, a senior citizens lounge, a meeting room, administrative offices, a game room, and a small kitchen. There are two parking lots.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: As of 2022, construction is underway on the Summit Park Line, a 1.2-mile pedestrian linear park that will run from Morris Avenue by the Overlook Medical Center to Briant Park, mostly along a segment of the abandoned Rahway Valley Railroad (RVRR). The park will connect the central business district, another public park, walkways, and nature areas while offering a view of the Manhattan skyline. Approved in December 2020, the park's creation is fully funded by foundation grants and individual and corporate donations. Its creation is guided by the non-profit Summit Park Line Foundation. A footbridge over Morris Avenue in Summit was installed in October 2022.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Beyond its Summit portion, area residents have pushed for the full abandoned RVRR Main Line to become a rail trail. Doing so would create a 7.3-mile pedestrian linear park along the RVRR main line from Summit to the southwest edge of Roselle Park and provide a protected greenway to connect several county parks akin to the High Line. The rail trail would run eastbound from the Overlook Medical Center on the edge of downtown Summit as the Summit Park Line and then head south along the old railbed through Springfield, Union, and Kenilworth and ending at the southwest edge of Roselle Park at the Cranford border.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 2022, as the Summit Park Line proceeds, advocates have also been pushing for immediate development of the RVRR Main Line portion south of Route 22, running southbound past the Galloping Hill Golf Course through Kenilworth and Roselle Park. The New Jersey Department of Transportation, which owns the railbed, has been working to clear its southern end for possible use as a trail. Were the rail trail to expand even farther, beyond the 7.3 mile RVRR Main Line railbed, it could conceivably connect in the Cranford area with the unused Staten Island Rapid Transit line, eventually connecting to a bridge over the Arthur Kill in Linden.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit operates under the city form of municipal government; one of 15 (of the 564) municipalities statewide that use this form. On April 11, 1899, Summit voters adopted as the Charter of the City of Summit the Statute of 1899 applicable to cities of less than 12,000 population. On December 15, 1987, the New Jersey Legislature enacted a law that repealed the original charter, retaining those sections not covered by general law that were specific to Summit. The charter now specifies that "1: The council may, by referendum, change the term of the councilman at large from a two year term to a four year term. 2: Resolutions adopted by the council do not have to be approved by the mayor. 3: The council pro tempore shall be the acting mayor in the mayor's absence due to sickness or other cause. 4: The municipality may appoint an administrator in accordance with the provisions of N.J.S. 40A:9-136. 5: The municipality may adopt an administrative code."


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The mayor is elected by the city for a four-year term and is the city's official spokesman and chief elected official. The mayor can appoint various officials, including the chief of police and the board of education. The mayor serves as the chairman of the Board of School Estimate and on various committees, and has the right to speak at common council meetings, but can only vote to break ties in the council. This bully pulpit role is considered the mayor's strongest power.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The common council has the chief policy making and administrative oversight role in city government. The council approves all laws and adopts the city budget. The council also oversees the work of city department heads. The council is comprised of three members from Ward I and three members from Ward II plus one member elected at-large. The at-large member serves a two-year term of office, while the six ward members serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with one seat in each ward up for election each year. The council elects from its membership a president and a president pro tem, each serving a one-year term. The president presides at all council meetings, and the president pro tem presides in the president's absence. The president pro tem also serves as acting mayor in the absence of the mayor.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: , the mayor of Summit is Democrat Nora G. Radest, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the common council are Council President Marjorie Fox (D, 2023; Second Ward), President Pro Tem Gregory S. Vartan III (D, 2024; Second Ward), Lisa K. Allen (R, 2022, elected to serve an unexpired term; Second Ward), Susan D. Hairston (D, 2023; First Ward), Beth Little (D, 2023; At Large), Andy Minegar (D, 2024; First Ward) and Danny O'Sullivan (D, 2022; First Ward).


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In February 2021, the common council selected Lisa K. Allen from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the Second Ward seat expiring in December 2022 that had been held by Stephen Bowman until he resigned from office. Allen served on an interim basis until the November 2021 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit had been a stronghold of the Republican Party for years. From 1921 to 2001, no Democrats served in elected office and very few ran for office. The real elections occurred in the Republican primary. In 2001, two Democratic candidates were elected to council: Michel Bitritto won in Ward I and Jordan Glatt won the at-large seat. Summit had never elected a Democrat as mayor until 2003, when Jordan Glatt was elected.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In November 2011, Republicans swept all the open seats, with Ellen Dickson elected mayor and Gregory Drummond, Patrick Hurley and Robert Rubino sweeping the three council seats, giving full control of city government back to the Republican party.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Democrats began making inroads in the ensuing years, with the election of Nora Radest, a Democrat, for mayor in 2015, along with two Democratic council members (David Naidu and Richard Sun, who was the youngest-ever elected city official at the age of 24). In November 2018, for the first time in Summit's history, Democrats were elected to hold the majority of seats on council.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In November 2019, Susan Hairston was sworn in to the First Ward seat expiring in December 2020 that became vacant following the death of Matthew Gould. In 2020, she was elected to the same seat, becoming the first African-American council member in city history.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Michael F. Rogers is the city administrator of Summit. In this role, he directs day-to-day operations of city government and the city departments.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The Department of Community Services is responsible for engineering, public works, and code administration. The engineering division manages city infrastructure such as roads, curbs, sewers, and provide support to the planning and zoning boards. Public works maintains streets, trees, traffic signs, public parks, traffic islands, playgrounds, public buildings, support vehicles, equipment, and has other responsibilities. The city runs a municipal disposal area / solid waste transfer station where recyclables are collected, including bulky trash; residents must have a town-generated sticker on their cars to use this facility. Certain trees require government permission in the form of a permit before being removed. Summit provides for snow plowing of roads, covering all city streets, except for county roads. The city has embarked on a program of "Bringing Art to Public Spaces in Summit"; this program, established in 2002, has placed sculptures at different venues around the town and is supported in part by private donations. The Summit Chamber of Commerce advertises the town on cable television.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In 2018, the city had an average property tax bill of $17,919, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 21st state legislative district.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Union County is governed by a Board of County Commissioners, whose nine members are elected at-large to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis with three seats coming up for election each year, with an appointed County Manager overseeing the day-to-day operations of the county. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the beginning of January, the board selects a Chair and Vice Chair from among its members. , Union County's County Commissioners are


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Vice Chair Christopher Hudak (D, Linden, term as commissioner ends 2023; term as vice chair ends 2022),


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: As of March 21, 2021, there were a total of 16,171 registered voters in Summit, of which 6,048 (37.4% vs. 49.6% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 4,014 (24.8% vs. 15.8%) were registered as Republicans and 6,109 (37.7% vs. 34.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. Among the city's 2020 Census population, 68.6% (vs. 58.9% in Union County) were registered to vote, including 94.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 77% countywide).


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In the 2020 Presidential election, Democrat Joe Biden received 8,500 votes (67.2% vs. 62.8% countywide) ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 3,846 votes (30.4% vs. 35.5% countywide). In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 5,776 votes (60.3% vs. 65.9% countywide) ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 3,210 votes (33.5% vs.30.5% countywide) and other candidates with 421 votes (4.4% vs. 3.6% countywide). In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 4,895 votes (49.4% vs. 66.0% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 4,859 votes (49.1% vs. 32.3%) and other candidates with 109 votes (1.1% vs. 0.8%), among the 9,899 ballots cast by the city's 14,330 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.1% (vs. 68.8% in Union County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 5,820 votes (54.5% vs. 63.1% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 4,700 votes (44.0% vs. 35.2%) and other candidates with 88 votes (0.8% vs. 0.9%), among the 10,677 ballots cast by the city's 13,690 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.0% (vs. 74.7% in Union County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 5,183 votes (50.0% vs. 40.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 5,068 votes (48.9% vs. 58.3%) and other candidates with 75 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 10,360 ballots cast by the city's 13,159 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.7% (vs. 72.3% in the whole county).


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In the 2017 gubernatorial election, Democrat Phil Murphy received 57.2% of the vote (3,495 votes) ahead of Republican Kim Guadagno with 41.2% (2,520 votes) and other candidates with 1.6% (99 votes) among the 6,114 total votes cast by the city's 15,131 registered voters for a turnout of 40.4%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.1% of the vote (3,971 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 30.6% (1,785 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (76 votes), among the 5,928 ballots cast by the city's 14,076 registered voters (96 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine was defeated in his hometown when Republican Chris Christie received 3,682 votes (50.3% vs. 41.7% countywide), ahead his 3,014 votes (41.2% vs. 50.6%), Independent Chris Daggett with 543 votes (7.4% vs. 5.9%) and other candidates with 43 votes (0.6% vs. 0.8%), among the 7,323 ballots cast by the city's 13,435 registered voters, yielding a 54.5% turnout (vs. 46.5% in the county).


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are educated by the Summit Public Schools. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 3,961 students and 349.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: The district's board of education is comprised of seven members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type I school district, the board's trustees are appointed by the Mayor to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three members up for reappointment each year. Of the more than 600 school districts statewide, Summit is one of 15 districts with appointed school districts. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit has sports programs for youth including basketball, baseball, soccer, and football leagues through the Recreation Center. In addition, the YMCA organizes sports clinics and teams including the Summit Area YMCA "Seals" Swim Team. At age eight, children can try out for a traveling soccer program called the Summit Soccer Club, a nonprofit dedicated to the development of youth soccer in the city. Travel soccer runs for both the fall and spring seasons.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Lacrosse is a popular sport with high school teams achieving distinction at state and national levels. Summit holds the third most NJSIAA Boys Group Titles. Since the Tournament of Champions (TOC) began in 2004, Summit has made the tournament 11 times. Summit has the fourth-most championship titles (2) and has finished runner-up four times. Prior to the new championship format, Summit was crowned champion twice with one runner-up finish.Summit High School boys' team won the state's Tournament of Champions in 2010 and 2009 and lost by one goal in the 2011 final. Summit holds the New Jersey state (and possibly national) high school record with 68 consecutive victories during 2009 to 2011. The 2012 team was ranked second in New Jersey in May 2012 and in the top 20 nationally. Beginning in first grade, boys and girls can learn to play lacrosse in clinics and teams organized by the Summit Lacrosse Club. Many Division 1 lacrosse players have come from Summit, either through Summit High School, or via private schools.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit residential real estate is among the most expensive in the state. The 2018 median home price was $987,583. Real estate taxes vary; an $800,000 four-bedroom, 2-full-bath, 2-partial-bath single-family home built in 1939 had taxes of $16,000 in 2009. As of 2018, the average property tax bill in the city of Summit was $17,930, the 14th highest in the state.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit, along with many suburban communities in the United States, adopted a policy of zoning ordinances requiring a single-family house on a large lot and could thereby "exclude any undesirable influences that might erode property values", a requirement that effectively excluded apartment buildings and multi-family dwellings, and tended to raise the price of houses. One study found that since 1945, the single-family house on a large lot zoning mechanism "has been increasingly used in suburban and rural areas to safeguard particular vested interests." A reporter from "The New York Times" who is a Summit resident criticized the city for being an "economically, racially and ideologically homogenized populace" with "a growing divide between Summit's haves and have-nots." He elaborated in 2006: "there's an ever-diminishing corner of the city akin to the so-called slums of Beverly Hills, where middle-income homeowners like me can take advantage of the schools and services of Summit without the million-dollar price tags so ubiquitous on the other side of the Midtown Direct tracks." But he preferred the city as a place to raise and educate his children. One developer sued the city in 2005 to comply with New Jersey's Fair Housing Act to provide more affordable housing units. The city is working on a "housing master plan" to avoid future lawsuits from developers. In 2011, volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, in conjunction with church groups including St. Teresa of Avila and the Unitarian Church led by Vanessa Southern, constructed affordable housing on Morris Avenue.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Union County, which includes Summit, had the 10th highest property taxes in the nation as of 2010, based on data gathered by the National Taxpayers Union.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Union County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Route 24 and Route 124 run along the eastern boundary of Summit, and Interstate 78 runs along the southern boundary. County Routes 512, 527 and 649 also pass through the city.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Parking is an ongoing issue. There are several free two-hour-limit parking lots for shoppers, as well as metered parking on main streets. The city council has conducted studies to explore further parking options.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit's Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch merge at Summit station, providing frequent passenger service to New York's Penn Station and Hoboken Terminal. The train ride from Summit to New York is about 50 minutes (local) or 35 minutes (express). One reporter wrote: "The train line dominates Summit, bisecting its handsome commercial district from the town green on a sunken track, like a Dutch canal."


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit offers bus service to and from Newark on the 70 route with local Wheels service on the 986 route.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Lakeland Bus Lines (Route 78) provides direct service to and from Manhattan during peak commuting hours.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark / Elizabeth is about 15 minutes away via Interstate 78.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Daily newspapers serving the community are "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", and "The Star-Ledger".


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Locally, Summit is served by the "Summit Herald-Dispatch" and the "Independent Press", the latter of which is based in New Providence and serves the City of Summit and several surrounding communities. Both newspapers are published on a weekly basis. Summit is also served by the online news source, "The Alternative Press"


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: Summit is home to HomeTowne Television (HTTV), a cable television station providing public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV programming. HTTV's signal reaches municipalities in Union, Essex and Morris counties via Verizon channel 33 and Comcast channel 36. The station produces original content weekly and provides live streaming from hometownetv.org. The station is run by station manager, Amanda Olsen.


title: Summit, New Jersey

text: In "Mr. Monk and the End", the series finale of the cable TV show "Monk", the fictional character of Randy Disher reveals he is leaving San Francisco because he has been offered the job as the chief of police of Summit, New Jersey. He is also going there to marry his longtime crush, Sharona Fleming. Following this up, in the 2012 novel "Mr. Monk on Patrol", Randy has to bring Monk in after a corruption scandal sweeps the Summit government, leading to Randy becoming acting mayor.


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle ( , ; ; ) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany. It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our.


title: Moselle

text: Its lower course "twists and turns its way between Trier and Koblenz along one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys." In this section the land to the north is the Eifel which stretches into Belgium; to the south lies the Hunsrück. The river flows through a region that was cultivated by the Romans. Today, its hillsides are covered by terraced vineyards where "some of the best Rieslings grow". Many castle ruins sit on the hilltops above wine villages and towns along the slopes. Traben-Trarbach with its art nouveau architecture and Bernkastel-Kues with its traditional market square are two of the many tourist attractions on the Moselle river.


title: Moselle

text: The name Moselle is derived from the Celtic name form, "Mosela", via the Latin "Mosella", a diminutive form of "Mosa", the Latin description of the Meuse, which used to flow parallel to the Moselle. So the "Mosella" was the "Little Meuse".


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle is first recorded by Tacitus in Book 13 of his "Annals" and in Book 4 of his "Histories".


title: Moselle

text: The Roman poet Ausonius made it a literary theme as early as the 4th century. In his poem dated 371, called "Mosella", which was published in 483 hexameters, this poet of the Late Antiquity and teacher at the Trier Imperial Court ("Kaiserhof") described a journey from Bingen over the Hunsrück hills to the Moselle and then following its course to Trier on the road named after him, the Via Ausonius. Ausonius describes flourishing and rich landscapes along the river and in the valley of the Moselle, thanks to the policies of their Roman rulers.


title: Moselle

text: The river subsequently gave its name to two French republican départements: Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle.


title: Moselle

text: The source of the Moselle is at above sea level on the Col de Bussang on the western slopes of the Ballon d'Alsace in the Vosges. After it discharges into the Rhine at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz at a height of above NHN sea level. The length of the river in France is , for it forms the border between Germany and Luxembourg, and is solely within Germany.


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle flows through the Lorraine region, west of the Vosges. Further downstream, in Germany, the Moselle valley forms the division between the Eifel and Hunsrück mountain regions.


title: Moselle

text: The average flow rate of the Moselle at its mouth is , making it the second largest tributary of the Rhine by volume after the Aare () and bigger than the Main and Neckar.


title: Moselle

text: The section of the Moselle from the France–Germany–Luxembourg tripoint near Schengen to its confluence with the Saar near Konz shortly before Trier is in Germany known (geographically incorrectly) as the Upper Moselle. The section from Trier to Pünderich is the Middle Moselle, the section between Pünderich and its mouth in Koblenz as the Lower Moselle or Terraced Moselle ("Terrassenmosel"). Characteristic of the Middle and Lower Moselle are its wide meanders cut deeply into the highlands of the Rhenish Massif, the most striking of which is the "Cochemer Krampen" between Bremm and Cochem. Also typical are its vineyard terraces.


title: Moselle

text: The catchment area of the Moselle is in area. The French part covers , about 54 percent of the entire catchment. The German state of Rhineland-Palatinate has , the Saarland , Luxembourg , Wallonia in Belgium and North Rhine-Westphalia, .


title: Moselle

text: The three largest tributaries of the Moselle are, in alphabetical order, the Meurthe, the Saar and the Sauer. The Meurthe was the old upper course of the Moselle, until the latter captured the former upper reaches of the Meuse and took it over. However, the Meuse only delivered a little more water than the Meurthe at its confluence. The Saar is the biggest of all the tributaries () as well as the longest (). The Sauer is the largest left-hand tributary and drains the region on either side of the German-Luxembourg border. The largest tributary relative to the Moselle at its confluence is the Moselotte, which is about 40% greater by volumetric flow and thus represents the main branch of the Moselle system. At its mouth, the Moselle delivers of water into the Rhine after flowing for .


title: Moselle

text: From Trier downstream the Moselle separates the two Central Upland ranges of the Eifel (to the northwest) and the Hunsrück (to the southeast).


title: Moselle

text: The Vosges, the present source region of the Moselle, were formed about 50 million years ago. In the Miocene and Pliocene epochs the ancient Moselle ("Urmosel") was already a tributary of the ancient Rhine ("Ur-Rhein"). When, in the Quaternary period, the Rhenish Massif slowly rose, the meanders of the Moselle were formed between the Trier Valley and the Neuwied Basin.


title: Moselle

text: The highest navigable water level (HSW) is and normal level (NSt) is at the Trier Gauge ("Pegel Trier").


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle was known to the Romans by the name of "Flumen Musalla" (in the "Tabula Peutingeriana"), and the river was romanticised by the poet Ausonius around 371. From 1815, the Moselle formed the border between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Prussia (German Empire in 1871).


title: Moselle

text: In the act of 10 April 1952 ratifying the treaty instituted by the ECSC, Article 2 charged the French Government "to initiate, before the establishment of the Common Market, negotiations with the governments concerned in order to achieve a rapid implementation of the canalisation of the Moselle between Thionville and Koblenz.


title: Moselle

text: The River was canalised between Metz and Thionville, via a canal opened in 1964 by the Grand Duchess, Charlotte of Luxembourg, the Federal Chancellor of Germany, Konrad Adenauer and their host, Charles de Gaulle, President of France.


title: Moselle

text: It is on the Moselle, at the site of the France–Germany–Luxembourg tripoint, that the Schengen Agreement was signed in 1992, establishing the free movement of goods and people in the European Community.


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle valley between Metz and Thionville is an industrial area, with coal mining and steel manufacturers.


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle valley is famous for its scenery and wine. Most well-known is the German Mosel wine region, while the Luxembourg winegrowing region is called "Moselle Luxembourgeoise" and the French region is called "AOC Moselle". Most notable among the wines produced here are Riesling, Elbling, Müller-Thurgau, Kerner, and Auxerrois. The German part of the Moselle is a tourist destination.


title: Moselle

text: After the Second World War, France pressed to be able to ply the Moselle with larger ships in order to be able to link the industrial regions of Lorraine. When, in 1955, the population on the Saar voted to belong to West Germany, France demanded as "compensation" an upgrade of the Moselle. On 27 October 1956 they concluded the Moselle Treaty with Germany and Luxembourg for a canalisation of the Moselle and conceded to Germany in return the extension of the Grand Canal d'Alsace on the Upper Rhine instead of an extension of the canal via Breisach. In 1958 work began and by 26 May 1964 the Moselle could be officially opened from Metz to Koblenz as a major waterway for shipping with 14 locks. France extended it by 1979 as far as Neuves-Maisons. With that, of the Moselle have been upgraded with a total of 28 locks. In the years 1992 to 1999 the navigable channel was deepened from to , which enables 1,500-tonne freighters to use the river, a 20% increase in capacity. The channel has a width of , more on the bends. The Moselle Commission, founded in 1962 with its head office in Trier, is responsible for navigation. The Moselle Shipping Police Act which it has produced is valid in all three participant states from Metz to Koblenz.


title: Moselle

text: In 1921 the Moselle (Mo) became a Reich waterway, today it is a federal waterway ("Bundeswasserstraße") from Apach at the tripoint to its mouth on the Rhine at kilometre point 592.29 in Koblenz. The waterway is long and managed by the Trier and Koblenz Water and Shipping Offices ("Wasser- und Schifffahrtsämtern Trier und Koblenz"). It is categorized as a European waterway of Class Vb. Its kilometrage begins at its mouth at kilometre point 0 and runs upstream. Since 1816 it has formed a long condominium from Apach, a common Germany–Luxembourg sovereign area with a division of responsibilities set out in a 1976 agreement. The International Moselle Company, initially set up in 1957 to finance the construction of the river's upgrade, manages the shipping charges and the operation and maintenance of the waterway which they are used to fund.


title: Moselle

text: Today the Moselle is navigable for large cargo ships up to long from the Rhine in Koblenz up to Neuves-Maisons, south of Nancy. For smaller ships it is connected to other parts of France through the Canal de la Meuse and the Canal de la Marne au Rhin. There are locks in Koblenz, Lehmen, Müden, Fankel, Sankt Aldegund, Enkirch, Zeltingen, Wintrich, Detzem, Trier, Grevenmacher, Palzem, Apach, Kœnigsmacker, Thionville, Richemont, Talange, Metz, Ars-sur-Moselle, Pagny-sur-Moselle, Blénod-lès-Pont-à-Mousson, Custines, Pompey, Aingeray, Fontenoy-sur-Moselle, Toul, Villey-le-Sec, and Neuves-Maisons.


title: Moselle

text: By 1970 more than 10 million tonnes of goods were being transported on the Moselle, the majority on towed barges. Upstream freight mainly comprised fuel and ores; downstream the main goods were steel products, gravel and rocks. There is an inland port at Trier, a transshipment site in Zell (Mosel); and there are other ports in Mertert, Thionville, Metz and Frouard. In addition to freighters there are also pleasure boats for tourists between the very busy wine villages and small towns of the Middle and Lower Moselle.


title: Moselle

text: There are also yachting or sports marinas in the following places: Koblenz, Winningen, Brodenbach, Burgen, Löf, Hatzenport, Senheim, Treis, Traben-Trarbach, Kues, Neumagen, Pölich, Schweich, Trier and Konz. The Moselle is linked near Toul via the Canal de la Marne au Rhin with "inter alia" the Meuse, the Saône and the Rhône. Other canals link the river to the North Sea and even the Mediterranean.


title: Moselle

text: With the exception of Detzem, all the structures at each change in level are laid out side by side; the lock is by one riverbank, the weir in the middle and the hydropower plant on the other bank. Between the lock and weir are a boat slipway and channel and boat lock, while between the weir and the power station is the fish ladder. The structures have been blended into the landscape through their low-level design; this was achieved by the choice of sector gates for the weir, vertically lowering upper gates and mitred lower lock gates. The water levels and hydropower works are controlled by the Fankel Central Control Station ("Zentralwarte Fankel") of the RWE Power Company at Fankel.


title: Moselle

text: Through the Moselle valley run the Moselle Wine Route and the Moselle Cycleway, which may be cycled from Metz in France via Trier to Koblenz on the River Rhine, a distance of . Between Koblenz and Trier, large sections run on the trackbed of the old Moselle Valley Railway, far from the noise and fumes of motor vehicles. Every year on the Sunday after Pentecost, the of road between Schweich and Cochem is also car-free as part of Happy Moselle Day.


title: Moselle

text: A number of notable castles and ruins adorn the heights above the Moselle valley and many are visible on a boat trip on the Moselle.


title: Moselle

text: In 1910, a hiking trail, the Moselle Ridgeway, was established which runs for on the Eifel side and on the Hunsrück side. Another unusual trail runs from Ediger-Eller via the Calmont Trail to Bremm through the steepest vineyard in Europe.


title: Moselle

text: Before the construction of barrages the Moselle was a popular route for folding kayaks which is why many of the weirs have boat channels. The river is still used today by canoeists, especially during the annual week-long lock closures when no commercial shipping is permitted.


title: Moselle

text: In April 2014 the Moselle Trail was opened, a path running for from Perl on the Upper Moselle to Koblenz. Numerous Moselle Trail "partner trails", the so-called side branches ("Seitensprünge") and "dream paths" ("Traumpfade") enhance the hiking network in the Moselle Valley.


title: Moselle

text: The ADAC's Rallye Deutschland has taken place since 2000 in the vineyards along the Moselle at Veldenz, Dhron, Piesport, Minheim, Kesten, Trittenheim, Fell, Ruwertal and Trier.


title: Moselle

text: At Koblenz Locks the Mosellum offers exhibitions about the migration of fish in the Moselle as well as water ecology, navigation and power generation. With the construction of the visitor and information centre the most modern fish ladder along the Moselle was opened.


title: Moselle

text: The Moselle winegrowing region lies along the Moselle with a cultivated area of about . The largest part, currently just under , is on German soil in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland; the Luxembourg part has an area of about (see Wine in Luxembourg). Upstream on the Moselle the vineyards extend into France as far as Seille in the region of Côtes de Moselle with an area of and to the region around Toul (Côtes de Toul) covering .


title: Moselle

text: The German Moselle wine region, including its tributaries, bears the growing and manufacturing name of "Mosel". For marketing reasons the agricultural authorities of the region have divided it into six winegrowing areas. The wine literature and specialist press, by contrast, divide the region into four areas based on geomorphological, micro-climatic and also historical reasons:


title: Moselle

text: The wine industry on the German Moselle has been declining for decades. In 2005, statistics showed there were of vineyard; by 2012 this had fallen to just . The vineyards that have fallen fallow are mostly those on extremely steep hillsides. There has been a major decline in the number of so-called "Nebenerwerbswinzer" (vintners for whom it is a secondary occupation), and the small, family farming operations that, until the end of the 1960s formed the majority of wine businesses. Comparative figures by the Chamber of Agriculture for Rhineland-Palatinate for several wine villages on the Lower Moselle show that there were still 797 wine businesses in the early 1960s, but by the early 2000s there were only just under 100.


title: Moselle

text: There has been the opposite trend amongst the established traditional wine estates and more recent vintners with a sound education in oenology and business management, who have increased their business through the reclamation of once renowned, but long forgotten sites. The end of the 20th century saw the rediscovery of the use of special terroir in order to improve quality and value, which has led to a more nuanced view of Moselle wine that, a few years before, had been characterised by overproduction, label scandals and cheap offers.


title: Moselle

text: On 10 November 2006 in Burg, the Moselle Regional Initiative was founded. The introduction of the Moselle as an umbrella brand was based on that of the Eifel region and covers products and services from the areas of agriculture, forestry, tourism, handicrafts and nature.


title: Moselle

text: Moselle slate ("Moselschiefer") is a manufacturing and trade description for slate from the municipalities of Mayen, Polch, Müllenbach, Trier and its surrounding area. Today only products from the roofing slate mines of in Mayen and Margareta in Polch bear the name Moselle Slate. The name is derived from the historical transport route for this slate along the Moselle to the Lower Rhine.


title: Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission

text: This transmission is part of a joint-venture between Ford Motor Company and General Motors to design and engineer two transmissions, a longitudinal 10-speed transmission and a transverse 9-speed trans-axle. Each company will manufacture its own unique version of the transmissions in their own factories. The 10-speed transmission was designed by Ford, while GM designed the 9-speed transmission which is used in transverse applications.


title: Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission

text: A unique triple-clutch assembly on a dedicated intermediate shaft, placed in the middle of the architecture, replaces two ordinary clutches and is the key for packaging the 10-speed unit into the same space as previous transmissions. The transmission provides small steps between each gear ratio, improving performance and maximizing engine power during acceleration. A wide gear ratio spread and a lower numerical top gear ratio reduces engine speed at vehicle highway speeds, resulting in improved efficiency.


title: Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission

text: The 10R80 was first produced at the Ford Livonia Transmission Plant in Livonia, Michigan, and the Hydra-Matic 10L80 is made at the General Motors Romulus Powertrain Plant, in Romulus, Michigan. GM's Silao, Mexico transmission plant started 10L80 production in 2018. Ford's Sharonville Transmission plant started 10R80 production in 2018.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Marshall Howard Crenshaw (born November 11, 1953) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and guitarist best known for hit songs such as "Someday, Someway," a US top 40 hit in 1982, "Cynical Girl," and "Whenever You're on My Mind." He is also the co-author of one of the biggest radio hits of the ‘90s, the Gin Blossoms, "Til I Hear It from You." His music has roots in classic soul music and Buddy Holly, to whom Crenshaw was often compared in the early days of his career, and whom he portrayed in the 1987 film "La Bamba".


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Born in Michigan, Crenshaw performed in the musical "Beatlemania" before releasing his self-titled album in 1982. Crenshaw could not replicate the commercial success of "Marshall Crenshaw" and follow-up "Field Day" (1983) with later albums. Crenshaw has also contributed songs to other artists, writing singles for Kirsty MacColl and the Gin Blossoms. A quote from Trouser Press summed up Marshall Crenshaw's early career: "Although he was seen as a latter-day Buddy Holly at the outset, he soon proved too talented and original to be anyone but himself."


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Born in Detroit, Michigan, he grew up in the northern suburb of Berkley. His brother, Robert, would join Crenshaw's touring band during the 1980s. He graduated from Berkley High School in June 1971.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: He began playing guitar at age ten. During and after high school he led the band Astigfa (an acronym for "a splendid time is guaranteed for all", a lyric from The Beatles' "Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite"). He got his first break in 1978, playing John Lennon in the musical "Beatlemania", first as an understudy in New York, then in the West Coast company, then in a national touring company. He left the show in February 1980.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: After launching a trio in New York with brother Robert on drums and Chris Donato on bass, Crenshaw recorded his debut single, "Something's Gonna Happen," for Alan Betrock's Shake Records in 1981. He then signed to Warner Bros. Records, crediting its welcoming environment as instrumental in his decision.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw's eponymous first album reached number 50 on the American album charts in 1982 and included his signature US hit, "Someday, Someway". Neo-rockabilly musician Robert Gordon had covered the song in 1981, reaching number 76; Crenshaw's own version made number 36 the next year, becoming his only solo "Billboard" top 40 hit; the single would also reach number 31 on the "Cashbox" charts and number 25 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart. Other songs from the album, including "There She Goes Again," "Cynical Girl," and "Mary Anne," have since become fan favorites. Crenshaw himself later expressed a dislike for the album's production, though the album saw critical acclaim and was ranked by "Rolling Stone" as one of the top 100 albums of the 1980s.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: His second album, "Field Day", was released in June 1983 with a bigger production courtesy of producer Steve Lillywhite that divided opinion at the time. Despite positive critical reception, the album was a commercial disappointment, charting lower than his debut at number 52. Despite Crenshaw's enthusiasm for the song, lead single "Whenever You're on My Mind" failed to reach the Hot 100, peaking third on the Bubbling Under charts. Crenshaw later defended the album's production, criticizing the UK-released "U.S. Remix" EP of watered-down alternate mixes of the album tracks "Our Town", "For Her Love" (in standard and extended versions) and "Monday Morning Rock."


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Due to the commercial decline of "Field Day", Crenshaw's relationship with Warner Bros. began to deteriorate and he sought to change his sound on his third album. 1985's "Downtown" featured a rootsier sound and was stewarded by producer T Bone Burnett (except for "Blues Is King", produced by Mitch Easter). The album reached number 110 on the Billboard chart.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: In 1986, Crenshaw and his band made a feature appearance playing in the high school reunion scenes in Francis Ford Coppola's film "Peggy Sue Got Married", and contributed "You Belong to Me" to the soundtrack album. Crenshaw also portrayed Buddy Holly in the 1987 Ritchie Valens biopic "La Bamba", performing his cover of Holly's "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" on screen and on the soundtrack album. The album reached number one on Billboard and was certified double platinum. Also in 1986, Owen Paul's recording of "You're My Favorite Waste of Time" reached number three in the UK and was awarded a Silver Disc. Crenshaw had written the song in 1979 backstage at the Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh, while appearing there with “Beatlemania”.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: In 1987, Crenshaw released his fourth album, "Mary Jean & 9 Others", produced by Don Dixon and featuring Joe Jackson Band bassist Graham Maby on bass. His final album for Warner Bros. in 1989, "Good Evening", included several cover songs, a decision Crenshaw attributed to his lack of faith in the album and his label. "Good Evening" featured the first released version of Diane Warren's "Some Hearts", later covered by Carrie Underwood.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: In 1989, he compiled a collection of Capitol Records country performers of the 1950s and 1960s called "Hillbilly Music...Thank God, Vol. 1". In 1993, he made an appearance in the TV show "The Adventures of Pete and Pete" as a guitar-playing meter reader, and in 1994, he published a book as editor and contributor, "Hollywood Rock: A Guide to Rock 'n' Roll in the Movies". In 1995, he appeared in the music video for Yo La Tengo's single Tom Courtenay.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw released two more studio albums during this period, "Life's Too Short" (1991) on MCA Records and the self-produced and largely self-performed "Miracle of Science" (1996) on the independent label Razor & Tie. "Life's Too Short" featured "Better Back Off", which reached number 17 on Billboard's Alternative Songs Chart. Crenshaw also released the concert album "Live …My Truck Is My Home" on Razor & Tie in 1994.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: In 1995, Crenshaw co-wrote "Til I Hear It from You" with Jesse Valenzuela and Robin Wilson of the Gin Blossoms. As the band's soundtrack contribution to the cult film "Empire Records", the song played over the closing credits and became a hit single in the US, reaching number 9. Crenshaw was among those who received a Gold record for the film's soundtrack album.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw has released three more studio albums since 1997: "#447" (1999), "What's in the Bag?" (2003), and "Jaggedland" (2009). In 2015, he released "#", a collection of EPs he had released between 2013 and 2015. In 2004 he played guitar as a special guest with the reunited members of the MC5.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw penned the title track from the 2007 film "Walk Hard" starring John C. Reilly; the song, as sung by Reilly, was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and a Grammy. From 2011 until a hiatus in 2017, Crenshaw hosted a radio show called "The Bottomless Pit" on WFUV in New York, featuring his vast collection of recorded music. The show went on a hiatus in 2017 while Crenshaw works on a documentary about producer Tom Wilson.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: In 2013, Marshall joined his young friend Viktor Huganet in France, recorded in studio few songs and played in Paris.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw continues to perform about 40-50 concerts a year, most of them within driving distance of his family home. Crenshaw himself has dubbed these shows part of "the NPR singer-songwriter circuit". Crenshaw has also performed as a guest vocalist for the Smithereens since the 2017 death of their lead singer Pat DiNizio. Crenshaw alternates touring duties with Robin Wilson of the Gin Blossoms and other guest lead vocalists.


title: Marshall Crenshaw

text: Crenshaw has been lauded by critics as one of the key musicians of the new wave and power pop genres, though he has expressed a dislike for the latter connection, stating, "Some of the stuff I've done you could call power pop, but the term does have sort of a dodgy connotation." Crenshaw has named 1950s and 60s-era top 40 music as his greatest influence, stating, "I hold that music and that kind of pop approach in really high regard. I have those records in my head. They really won't go away." Crenshaw has frequented comparisons to Buddy Holly. Crenshaw said of Holly: