title: Stadium MK

text: According to press reports, Tottenham proposed to play most home matches in MK and a small number at Wembley Stadium. The idea of playing home matches in Milton Keynes, even temporarily, was largely unpopular with Spurs fans. The Tottenham Hotspur Supporters Trust stated in September 2014 that it would have "serious issues" with such an arrangement. In a "London Evening Standard" poll of 206 Tottenham fans two months later, 71 (34%) said they would attend home matches at Stadium mk if the club played there temporarily, while 135 (66%) said they would not.


title: Stadium MK

text: The Premier League chief executive at the time Richard Scudamore stated in July 2015 that the Premier League would have no objection to Tottenham groundsharing temporarily—either with MK Dons or with Chelsea at Wembley—but to defend "the integrity of the competition" would not allow Tottenham to play home matches at more than one location in the same season. Two months later, the FA chief executive Martin Glenn indicated that he supported the idea of clubs playing temporarily at Wembley while their grounds were redeveloped. Spurs eventually ended up playing a game at Stadium MK against Watford in front of 23,650 people a fixture supported by former MK Dons player and Milton Keynes local Dele Alli.


title: Stadium MK

text: As of the 2018–19 season, MK Dons women's team share Stadium MK as their home stadium with their male counterparts, Milton Keynes Dons – one of the first clubs in the country to share a stadium between both men's and women's teams of the same club.


title: Stadium MK

text: Stadium MK was selected as one of several venues for the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 tournament. The stadium hosted Group B fixtures Spain v. Finland (8 July 2022), Denmark v. Finland (12 July 2022) and Finland v. Germany (16 July 2022). On 28 July 2022, a 27,445 attendance saw Germany defeat France 21 in the second semi-final.


title: Stadium MK

text: Saracens were the first club to host a Premiership rugby match at Stadium mk when Bristol Rugby visited on 10 May 2008, away from their regular Vicarage Road ground, due to Watford F.C. playing at home in the 2008 Championship play-off semi-final. It provided a grand stage for Rugby World Cup 2003 winner Richard Hill's 288th and last appearance for the men in black. A last-minute try from Kameli Ratuvou ensured Hill's 15-year club career finished on a winning note.


title: Stadium MK

text: On 30 December 2012, Saracens hosted Northampton Saints for a regular season match at Stadium MK, while their new stadium at Barnet Copthall was still being built. The Saints hosted Saracens in April 2015 before a record 27,411 crowd, as a Premiership game and additionally as a preparation exercise for the stadium's hosting of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Northampton hosting games at Stadium MK became a regular occurrence and Saints hosted one game a season at the stadium between the 2014–15 and 2016–17 seasons.


title: Stadium MK

text: On 24 January 2011, the Northampton Saints Rugby union club announced that their 2010–11 Heineken Cup quarter final match against Ulster would take place in the stadium, because their Franklin's Gardens ground is too small to meet the minimum 15,000 seats demanded by the organisers.


title: Stadium MK

text: The Saints had previously indicated that they might play future major games at Stadium MK as their proposal to expand Franklin's Gardens using an enabling (ASDA supermarket) development had encountered planning difficulties.


title: Stadium MK

text: Accordingly, their quarter-final match was played at the stadium on Sunday 10 April 2011 in front of a (then) stadium record crowd of 21,309 supporters who witnessed the Saints (the 'home' side for the day) beat Ulster 23–13. This secured for the Saints a place in the semi-final of the Heineken Cup where they went on to beat USA Perpignan, again at Stadium MK.


title: Stadium MK

text: On 21 January 2012, Northampton Saints played their final 2011–12 Heineken Cup pool match at Stadium MK against Munster. Saints were defeated 36–51 but the game set a new stadium record attendance of 22,220.


title: Stadium MK

text: On 8 October 2012, the organisers of the 2015 Rugby World Cup announced that the stadium was one of 17 to be short-listed for detailed appraisal, leading to the final choice of 12 stadiums to be announced in March 2013 It was officially announced as a venue for the 2015 Rugby World Cup on 2 May, and with the venue capacity to expand to 32,000, it hosted three fixtures. The first was a Pool D match between France and Canada on 1 October 2015 with France winning 41–18 with 28,145 in attendance. The second was a Pool B match between Samoa and Japan two days later with Japan winning 26–5 with 29,019 in attendance. The third and final was a Pool A match between Fiji and Uruguay three days later with Fiji winning 47–15 with new stadium attendance record, with 30,048 in attendance.


title: Stadium MK

text: The stadium was used as a centre-point for the 40th birthday celebrations of Milton Keynes which took place during 2007.


title: Stadium MK

text: The South stand of Stadium MK is known as the Cowshed by Dons fans, as Milton Keynes is known for its Concrete Cows. This nickname was also used for the home end at the Dons' previous ground in Milton Keynes, the National Hockey Stadium, now demolished.


title: Stadium MK

text: The North stand is unofficially known as "The Boycott End", after the AFC Wimbledon fans announcing a boycott of the first fixture between the two teams in 2012 but then changed their mind and sold out the away ticket allocation by bringing more than 3,000 fans to the game.


title: Stadium MK

text: The stadium is in south central Milton Keynes, in Denbigh, a part of the Bletchley and Fenny Stratford civil parish, near the junction of the A5 and the A421 spur.


title: Stadium MK

text: Local facilities include a 'Double Tree' hotel and a shopping complex with Next, Primark, and Marks and Spencer stores, restaurants including Nando's, TGI Fridays, Prezzo, and Bella Italia, and a 16-screen ODEON cinema. There is an ASDA hypermarket and a large IKEA store in the wider local area.


title: Stadium MK

text: The nearest railway stations are Bletchley and Fenny Stratford. Both of these are about away from the stadium. Milton Keynes Central station, about away, has more intercity services. Milton Keynes Central and Bletchley are on the busy West Coast Main Line to London, the West Midlands and the North-West; Fenny Stratford is on the low-frequency Marston Vale Line between Bletchley and . There are shuttle bus connections from the Central and Bletchley stations. Car parking beside the stadium is limited and expensive: time limits on parking outside the nearby shops are strictly enforced on match days. On special occasions, the National Bowl is used for overflow parking.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Etuale Manusamoa Tuilagi (born 18 May 1991), known as Manu Tuilagi, is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks. He has played internationally for and the British & Irish Lions.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Born in Fogapoa, Samoa, Tuilagi has five elder brothers who played for Samoa. He qualified for England through residency, having moved there at the age of 12, and in 2014 became a British citizen.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: He has won 43 caps between 2011 and 2020, including playing in the 2011 Rugby World Cup and starting in the 2019 Rugby World Cup Final. He played for the Lions on their 2013 tour to Australia, winning one cap. His usual position is centre.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi was born on 18 May 1991 in Fogapoa, Samoa. He is the younger brother of Freddie, Henry, Alesana, Anitelea and Sanele Vavae Tuilagi, all of whom are Samoan internationals and also played for Leicester. He has another sibling, Julie, who is fa'afafine. He was named Manusamoa, after the name of the Samoan national team, Manu Samoa, because his brother Freddie was selected for Samoa at the World Cup in 1991, the year Manu was born.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: He moved to the UK to join his brothers, and began playing youth rugby in 2004 with Rumney RFC while living in Cardiff, when his brother Freddie was playing for the Cardiff Blues. Aged 15, he moved back to Leicester, joining the Leicester Tigers academy.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In June 2010, Tuilagi faced possible deportation from the UK after it became known that he had entered the country on a holiday visa six years earlier and had stayed on illegally. After an appeal, he was later granted indefinite leave to remain. He and his brother Alesana are both Catholic.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: On 6 November 2009, Tuilagi played for Leicester Tigers against at Welford Road. Leicester won 22–17.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: He began his first season, 2010–11, with the senior Tigers side. Tigers Director of Rugby Richard Cockerill said that he expected Tuilagi to be a first-team regular and to play for before long. During this season he started the majority of games for Tigers and was called up for England Saxons duty. In Leicester's Premiership semi-final against Northampton Saints on 14 May 2011, Tuilagi received a yellow card for punching Chris Ashton. Tuilagi was later cited for this offence and given a 10-week ban, later reduced to five weeks.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi started the 2013 Premiership final and scored a try as Leicester defeated Northampton Saints.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: After injuring his hamstring in late 2014, Manu did not play for the Tigers again until January 2016, making his comeback off the bench in the 30–27 East Midlands derby win over Northampton Saints. He played for the rest of the 2015/16 season. However, his injury problems continued and he was sidelined for most of the 2016/17 season with knee problems, making his comeback in the first game of the 2017/18, only to suffer a new injury to his other knee. In a bid to cure his injury problems Tuilagi visited a Samoan witch doctor in November 2017, the witch doctor claimed to have found three spirits had married Tuilagi and were causing the injuries, and massaged Tuilagi for two hours a day for four days to block the spirits. On 10 July 2020, Tuilagi left Leicester Tigers after failing to agree a reduced wage package, amid the financial challenges caused to the club by the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: On 13 July 2020, Tuilagi agreed to join Sale Sharks on a one-year deal until the end of the 2020-21 season. He has since extended his contract for a further two seasons.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi said he would prefer to play internationally for , where he had grown up and played all of his rugby. He was selected to start the England Saxons game against Italy 'A' in January 2011, scoring a second-half try in a match which England won 45–17. In June 2011 he was named in England's training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In addition, Tuilagi has been involved with the England Sevens squad. In May 2010 he played for an England seven which won the London Floodlit Sevens, playing under the name 'Dig Deep England'.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: On 6 August 2011, he made his England début in the World Cup warm-up match against Wales at Twickenham. As one of the starting XV, he scored a try in the 44th minute underneath the posts after an inside pass from Jonny Wilkinson. He then played in the third warm-up game, a victory over Ireland, and scored again. He was a regular starter during the World Cup. One of his strongest international performances came in the final match of the 2012 Autumn internationals, against the World Cup winners New Zealand at Twickenham. England won 38–21 – their largest ever winning margin over the All Blacks. Tuilagi featured in all three of England's tries.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi was named in the Lions squad for their 2013 tour to Australia. He played against Western Force, Queensland Reds and Melbourne Rebels, and also played in the third test against the Wallabies, when he came on as a substitute in the 69th minute.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi returned to the England squad in March 2016 for the 2016 Six Nations Championship after not playing for the national side due to injury and disciplinary reasons since June 2014. He was ruled out of England's tour of Australia due to an injury suffered in a Premiership semifinal loss against Saracens.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi returned to the England team in 2018 and came off the bench in a 37–18 win against to win his 28th cap.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: After a string of strong performances for club team Leicester Tigers, Tuilagi was included in the England squad for the 2019 Six Nations that ultimately finished in 2nd place, runners up to Grand Slam winners Wales.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: Tuilagi has been involved in a number of incidents that have affected his playing career. In 2011, he was banned for five weeks for repeatedly punching Chris Ashton in the Premiership semi-final between Leicester and Northampton.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: During the 2011 World Cup, he was fined £4,800 after wearing a sponsored mouthguard, breaking the tournament's rules. In the aftermath of England's exit from the World Cup after losing to France, he was arrested by New Zealand police for jumping into Auckland harbour from a ferry, and was subsequently fined £3,000 by the RFU.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In September 2013, he issued an apology to Prime Minister David Cameron after making a "bunny ears" sign behind his back during a visit by the Lions squad to Downing Street.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In May 2015, Tuilagi was convicted of assaulting two female police officers and a taxi driver, and fined £6,205. England coach Stuart Lancaster subsequently announced that Tuilagi would not be considered for selection until January 2016, thus missing the 2015 World Cup.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In August 2017, after rejoining the England squad after a series of injuries, he returned to the team hotel drunk with teammate Denny Solomona, and they were sent home by coach Eddie Jones. Tuilagi was not selected in England's initial squad for the 2018 Six Nations.


title: Manu Tuilagi

text: In March 2020, Tuilagi was sent off in a Six Nations Championship match against Wales at Twickenham, which England won 33-30, after it was deemed by the Referee, Ben O'Keefe of New Zealand, that he had committed a no-arms tackle on the Welsh winger, George North. A disciplinary panel subsequently banned Tuilagi from playing for four weeks, but he did not subsequently miss any games, owing to the coronavirus lockdown.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (February 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was the Commander of the Panamanian National Guard and military leader of Panama from 1968 to his death in 1981. Torrijos was never officially the president of Panama, but instead held titles including "Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution". Torrijos took power in a "coup d'état" and instituted a number of social reforms.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos is best known for negotiating the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties that eventually gave Panama full sovereignty over the Panama Canal. The two treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903. On December 31, 1999, the final phase of the treaty, the US relinquished control of the Panama Canal and all areas in what had been the Panama Canal Zone.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos was born in Santiago in the province of Veraguas, the sixth of eleven children. His father, José Maria Torrijos, was originally from Colombia, and was employed as a teacher. He was educated at the local Juan Demóstenes Arosemena School and, at eighteen, won a scholarship to the military academy in San Salvador. He graduated with a commission as a second lieutenant. He joined the Panamanian army, the National Guard (Guardia Nacional), in 1952. He was promoted to captain in 1956 then to major in 1960. He took a cadet course at the School of the Americas in 1965. He became the Executive Secretary of the National Guard in 1966.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: He had reached the rank of lieutenant colonel by 1966. Due to accusations of his involvement in election frauds, Torrijos was ordered to El Salvador in 1968 as a military attaché. It was during this year however that his close friend in the Guardia, Major Boris Martínez and Colonel Jose Humberto Ramos (godfather of his son Omar) initiated a meditated and successful coup d'état against the recently elected president of Panama, Arnulfo Arias, after almost eleven days in office. Having received news of the coup while in the Canal Zone, Torrijos and a few officers including Demetrio Lakas sought to re-establish some form of civilian rule, even attempting to install Arnulfo's vice-president, Raul Arango as the new president, much to Martínez's dismay. Although a two-man junta was appointed, Martinez and Torrijos were the true leaders from the beginning. Soon after the coup, Torrijos was promoted to full colonel and named commandant of the National Guard. They barred all political activity and shut down the legislature. They also seized control of three newspapers owned by Arias' brother, Harmodio and blackmailed the owners of the country's oldest newspaper, "La Estrella de Panamá", into becoming a government mouthpiece. With enough opposition against Martinez including from the United States, Torrijos ousted and exiled Martinez and Jose H. Ramos to Miami on February 23, 1969, nearly four months after the initial coup.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: For him, the overthrown government "was a marriage between the armed forces, the oligarchy and the bad priests; the soldier carried his rifle to silence the people and forbid "the scoundrel" to disrespect the ruling class. "Explaining that his revolution acts "for the poor, not for the owners", he had a new Constitution, an agrarian reform, and a Labour Code adopted and recognized the workers' and peasants' unions.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos introduced a populist policy, with the inauguration of schools and the creation of jobs, the redistribution of agricultural land (which was his government's most popular measure). The reforms were accompanied by a major public works programme. He also faced North American multinationals, redistributing 180,000 hectares of uncultivated land. In February 1974, following OPEC's model for oil, He attempted to form the Union of Banana Exporting Countries with other Central American States to respond to the influence of these multinationals, but did not obtain their support. Its policy promoted the emergence of a middle class and the representation of indigenous communities.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: In 1972, the regime held a controlled election of an Assembly of Community Representatives, with a single opposition member. The new assembly approved a new Constitution and elected Demetrio Lakas as president. However, the new document made Torrijos the actual head of government, with near-absolute powers for six years.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos was regarded by his supporters as the first Panamanian leader to represent the majority population of Panama, which is poor, Spanish-speaking, and of mixed heritage– as opposed to the stereotypically white-skinned social elite, often referred to as "rabiblancos" ("white-tails", or more recently, "yeyé(s)"), who had long (and still do, to a lesser extent) dominated the commerce and political life of Panama. He opened many schools and created new job opportunities for those less fortunate. Some say he even spent his weekends giving a thousand dollars to random people and charities. Torrijos instituted a range of social and economic reforms to improve the land lots of the poor, redistributed agricultural land and prosecuted the richest and most powerful families in the country, as well as independent student and labor leaders. The reforms were accompanied by an ambitious public works program, financed by foreign banks.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: In international politics, Torrijos supported Chilean President Salvador Allende and welcomed refugees after the 1973 coup d'état. He helped the Sandinista guerrillas in Nicaragua and other rebel forces in El Salvador, Guatemala, and renewed diplomatic relations with Cuba.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: In 1978, he stepped down as head of the government but remained "de facto" ruler of the country while another one of his followers, Aristides Royo, was a figurehead president. He also restored some civil liberties; U.S. President Jimmy Carter had told him that the Senate would never approve the Canal treaties unless Torrijos made some effort to liberalize his rule.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: An admirer of Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito and inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal, he embarked on a fight against the United States to gain Panama's sovereignty. In 1973, in the absence of progress in negotiations with the United States, he tried to involve the UN: "We have never been, are not and will never be an associated state, colony or protectorate, and we do not intend to add a star to the United States flag". The US vetoed the adopted resolution.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos negotiated the Torrijos-Carter Treaties over the Panama Canal, signed on September 7, 1977. These treaties passed United States sovereignty over the canal zone to Panama, with a gradual increase in Panamanian control over it, leading to complete control on December 31, 1999. The United States, however, retained the permanent right to protect what it called the 'neutrality' of the canal, allowing U.S. administration of the canal as well as military intervention through the now-legalized U.S. bases in Panama. These aspects of the treaty fell short of nationalistic goals and the ratification ceremony at Fort Clayton was somewhat of an embarrassment for Torrijos. He was noticeably drunk during the ceremony; his speech was badly slurred and he had to brace himself against the podium to keep from falling.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: With pressure from the Carter administration as well as from economic depression, Torrijos sought to appease public distress and defuse opposition from labor unions as well as influential oligarchs. He reintroduced the traditional parties by modifying the 1972 constitution and set elections for 1984. During this time, in 1979, Torrijos organized the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) which loosely linked to Socialist International ideals and represented a melange of social classes, namely the internationally affiliated bourgeoisie. Due to the incoherent nature of this organization, Torrijos was the pivotal figure in maintaining a stable vision between the left and right tendencies within it. His death in 1981, before the transition could be completed, caused a political crisis in the country which led to Manuel Noriega coming to power as military ruler.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Omar Torrijos has been generally regarded as a personable man though varying accounts appear contradictory. He married Raquel Pauzner in 1954 and had three children. Having spent most of his time with campesinos during the weekends, he had little time to spare for his children. He had three primary residences: a beach house at Farallón, a house at Coclesito, and a house on Fiftieth Street in Panama City, the last of which his family lived a few blocks from. According to first-hand accounts by Torrijos's friend and guest, Graham Greene, Torrijos had a mistress who was studying sociology in the U.S.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos has been described as a heavy drinker who enjoyed Havana cigars and beautiful women. During a meeting with Ambassador Brandon Grove in December 1969, Torrijos challenged him to a game of pinball and later said, “I’m not an intellectual but a man of horse sense, like a farmer”. Torrijos relished in the opinions others had of his colleagues and acquaintances especially if they coincided with his own. He has been described as humble and respectful as he listened to the plights of middle and lower-class people.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos died at the age of 52 when his aircraft, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter of the Panamanian Air Force, crashed at Cerro Marta, in Coclesito, near Penonomé, Panama on July 31, 1981. The aircraft disappeared from radar during light weather, but due to the limited nature of Panama's radar coverage at the time, the plane was not reported missing for nearly a day. The crash site was located several days later, and the body of Torrijos was recovered by a Special Forces team in the first few days of August. Four aides and two pilots also died in the crash. His death caused national mourning around the country, especially in poor areas. Following a large state funeral, Torrijos's body was briefly buried in a cemetery in Casco Viejo (the Old City of Panama), before being moved to a mausoleum in the former Canal Zone on Fort Amador near Panama City. He was succeeded as commander of the National Guard and "de facto" leader of Panama by Florencio Flores ("de jure" was a military leader; however, "de facto" never exercised power as one,) who later gave way to Rubén Darío Paredes. The crash site is now a national park and his house in Coclesito is now a museum.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Torrijos' death generated charges and speculation that he was the victim of an assassination plot. For instance, in pre-trial hearings in Miami in May 1991, Manuel Noriega's attorney, Frank Rubino, was quoted as saying "General Noriega has in his possession documents showing attempts to assassinate General Noriega and Mr. Torrijos by agencies of the United States." In 1981, Soviet news agency TASS also claimed that the U.S. had caused Torrijos's death.


title: Omar Torrijos

text: Former Noriega chief of staff Colonel Roberto Diaz, a cousin of Torrijos, as recently as 2013 has several times accused the United States and Noriega of involvement in Torrijos's death and called for investigations.


title: 5K run

text: The 5K run is a long-distance road running competition over a distance of . Also referred to as the 5K road race, 5 km, or simply 5K, it is the shortest of the most common road running distances. It is usually distinguished from the 5000 metres track running event by stating the distance in kilometres, rather than metres.


title: 5K run

text: Among road running events, the 5K distance is mostly popular with novice or infrequent runners or joggers, as it is comparatively easier to complete the distance without endurance training. The 5K distance also makes the distance suitable for people looking to improve or maintain their general physical fitness, rather than develop long-distance running abilities. The brevity of the distance means that less time is required to take part in the activity and that people from a wide range of ages and abilities may participate. From a physiological perspective, five kilometres is towards the low end of endurance running.


title: 5K run

text: The combination of the activity's simplicity, its low cost, and medium exercise intensity mean that it is often recommended by medical organisations and healthcare professionals. Like all physical activity, regular 5K runs can improve cardiovascular function and reduce body fat, as well as having mental health benefits (see runner's high).


title: 5K run

text: Similar to other road running events, many organised 5K running events incorporate an element of charity running. Runners may elect to raise money for a chosen charity on the condition of their completion of the race. Raising money for charity is typically optional, with other participants running for pleasure. The 5K distance is particularly popular among women and a number of annual women-only races are organised over the 5K distance. Running USA's 2012 analysis of participation in American road races showed that 58% of participants in 5K races were women. The race participation contrasts with women's participation in sport in general and in longer distance races particularly, where the same report showed the gender bias was reversed.


title: 5K run

text: The Hot Chocolate 5K in Chicago and the Mercedes-Benz Corporate Run in Miami are the largest organised 5K runs in the United States, having attracted over 20,000 and over 16,000 runners, respectively, in 2012. The number of runners ranked the Hot Chocolate 5K as the 20th largest road running event of any distance in the United States that year. There are several prominent 5K race series, including The Color Run, an international, mass participation, city-based series involving coloured water showers, and the parkrun series, which is a worldwide network of free-to-enter, volunteer-led races occurring each weekend, originating in the United Kingdom.


title: 5K run

text: Unlike longer road races, such as the 10K run and marathon, the 5K distance is not commonly contested by elite distance runners. The Carlsbad 5000 is one of the few races that attract competitive elite fields and has seen several world bests for the distance (prior to the IAAF's 2018 decision to begin recognising world records for the 5K). The IAAF, now World Athletics did not go back to recognise the world best performances set at Carlsbad, which left a dilemma of known superior performances at Carlsbad and inferior world records that will last until the performances at Carlsbad are recognised or surpassed.


title: 5K run

text: Another annual American race, Freihofer's Run for Women, also regularly has elite women competing in the road distance, as does the BOClassic in Italy. Elite racing almost exclusively takes place on the track for this distance.


title: 5K run

text: There is no official world championship event organised for the 5 km road distance. Championships over 5 km are held nationally in some areas, including the United States and England. An annual North American 5K Championships was created in 2002, but the competition ceased after 2005.


title: 5K run

text: The 5 km road distance was introduced by IAAF as a world record event in November 2017, with the inaugural record to be recognised after 1 January 2018 if the performances were equal to or better than 13:10 for men and 14:45 for women. Other statistical organisations, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, record best times for the event. Records for the 5K are often noted in national records in athletics.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Charlie's Angels is an American action crime drama television series developed by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. The series is a remake based on the 1976–1981 series of the same name created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts and the second series in the "Charlie's Angels" franchise.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: "Charlie's Angels" premiered on ABC on September 22, 2011. On October 14, 2011, the day after the fourth episode, low ratings led ABC to cancel the series. Three more episodes aired, with the eighth episode left unaired in the United States.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: A remake of the original series had been announced since late 2009, when screenwriter Josh Friedman was hired to write a pilot script. Friedman's script was ultimately rejected, and ABC hired "Smallville" creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar to pen a new version.<ref name="gough/millar"></ref> In an interview, Alfred Gough expressed his desire to avoid doing anything "campy or retro." He later stated, "The characters are real and emotionally grounded, but they still like to have fun, wear great clothes, solve crime, and kick some serious ass...we hope to surprise people and bring a whole new generation to "Charlie's Angels"."


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Robert Wagner was set to star as Charlie, but due to scheduling conflicts, had to exit the project. After an exhaustive search, Victor Garber was finally cast as the new voice of Charlie.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Veteran television director Marcos Siega directed the pilot. Filming began in Miami on March 8, 2011. On May 13, 2011, ABC picked the project up to series. ABC later announced that the show would air Thursdays at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central, starting at the beginning of the 2011–12 United States network television season.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Thirteen episodes of the series were ordered. However, after the fourth episode aired, ABC announced on October 14, 2011 that it had decided to cancel the series because of the low ratings. The eighth and final episode of the show was never aired on ABC, but was aired by AXN in Poland in late December 2011 and by Cinemax Latinoamerica and by E4 in the UK in January 2012.


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Shortly before the show ended, Minka Kelly made a post of her thoughts on Twitter about the cancellation of the show with her fans. "I've had a wonderful time working with this incredible crew and amazing cast. I've made friends 4 life! A beautiful experience. #CharliesAngels." ABC president Paul Lee stated also after the cancellation of the show, “I don't think we breathed life into that franchise but I think it was a strong attempt.”


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: The show received mostly negative reviews. Many reviewers criticized the acting, confusing plot, and useless action scenes. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 0% of critics have given the series a positive review based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 2.63/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "A thoroughly mediocre reboot of a fondly remembered series, this new "Charlie Angels" lacks even the camp value needed to make it a guilty pleasure." Metacritic gives the show a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" gave the show a "C" grade commenting "The underwhelming cast brings nothing to the boilerplate action. Kelly is miscast as a biker chick, and making Bosley a hunk with computer skills fails to add life." IGN's Matt Fowler named the pilot the worst pilot of the fall, pointing out the bad acting and writing, saying that he didn't "believe that these ladies could change a flat tire, much less take down a notorious human trafficker" and that the series should have gone dark like "Nikita" or copied the tone of "Burn Notice".


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: On December 26, 2011 Hitfix.com's Alan Sepinwall listed the reboot on his "Lumps of coal: The worst TV I watched in 2011", stating "it just chose horribly wrong, with a grim, ultra-serious take that robbed whatever campy/cheesey fun you might have expected from the brand name, and with a collection of terrible performances and bad writing that undercut any attempt to give the Angels some dramatic heft."


title: Charlie's Angels (2011 TV series)

text: The pilot episode drew only a 2.1/6 among the 18–49 demos with 8.76 million viewers in Thursday slot on ABC.


title: Standing army

text: A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers who may be either career soldiers or conscripts. It differs from army reserves, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during wars or natural disasters, and temporary armies, which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war and disbanded once the war or threat is over. Standing armies tend to be better equipped, better trained, and better prepared for emergencies, defensive deterrence, and particularly, wars. The term dates from approximately 1600 CE, although the phenomenon it describes is much older.


title: Standing army

text: Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, is believed to have formed the first standing professional army. Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria (ruled 745–727 BC) created the first Assyria's standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III disbanded militias and instead paid professional soldiers for their services. His army was composed largely of Assyrian soldiers, but was supplemented with foreign mercenaries and vassal states. The standing army he created was the most sophisticated administrative and economic institution of its time, and was the engine of Assyrian economy which capitalized on warfare.


title: Standing army

text: In ancient Greece, the city-states ("poleis") armies were essentially drafted citizen militias. The exception was in ancient Sparta, which had a standing army that trained year-round (and not only in summertime). Through the 5th century, they comprised the only professional soldiers in ancient Greece, aside from hired mercenaries. However, the Spartan army commonly consisted of helots (serfs), who considerably outnumbered the Spartiates, as well as numerous allies of Sparta.


title: Standing army

text: Philip II of Macedon instituted the first true professional Hellenic army, with soldiers and cavalrymen paid for their service year-round, rather than a militia of men who mostly farmed the land for subsistence and occasionally mustered for campaigns.


title: Standing army

text: The Western Zhou maintained a standing army, enabling them to effectively control other city states and spread their influence. Unlike the Western Zhou, the Eastern Zhou initially did not have a standing army. Instead they drafted militias from around 150 city states. While the Eastern Zhao did not initially maintain a standing army, the state of Jin became the first to do so in 678 BCE. The first professional army in China was established by the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, which ushered Imperial China. Under the Qin dynasty, wars were fought by trained vocational soldiers instead of relying on temporary soldiers.


title: Standing army

text: In Ancient India, warfare was first attested during the Vedic period. However, warfare was primarily waged between various clans and kingdoms solely by the kshatriya class during times of conflict. True standing armies in India developed under the Mahajanapadas, which relied on paid professional soldiers year round. The most prominent of the Mahajanapadas was the Kingdom of Magadha. It is accepted that the first standing army of India was created in Maghada by the ruler Bimbisara.


title: Standing army

text: Under the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, a standing professional army of the Roman Empire was gradually instituted, with regularized pay. This professional force of legionaries was expensive to maintain, but supported the authority of the empire, not only as combat troops but also as provincial police forces, engineers, and guards. Legionaries were citizen volunteers entitled to a discharge bounty upon 25 years of honorable service; supplementing the legions were the auxilia, auxiliary forces composed of non-citizens in the provinces who typically earned citizenship as a reward for service.


title: Standing army

text: The first modern standing armies on European soil during the Middle Ages were the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire, which were formed in the 14th century under sultan Murad I.


title: Standing army

text: The first Christian standing army since the fall of the Western Roman Empire to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established by King Charles VII of France in the 1430s while the Hundred Years' War was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These "compagnies d'ordonnance" formed the core of the French gendarmes that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed. Provisions were also made for franc-archers and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but those units were disbanded at the end of the Hundred Years' War.


title: Standing army

text: The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in the 1480s, Swiss instructors were recruited and some of the 'bandes' (militia) were combined to form temporary 'legions' of up to 9,000 men. The men would be paid and contracted and would receive training.


title: Standing army

text: Henry II further regularised the French army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the militia structure. The first, the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne, were called "Les Vieux Corps" (The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over to save costs. The "Vieux Corps" and the King's own Household Troops (the Maison militaire du roi de France) were the only survivors.


title: Standing army

text: The Black Army, established in 1462 by Hungarian King, Matthias Hunyadi was the first Central/Eastern European standing army. However, while the Black Army was certainly the first standing field army in that part of Europe, Hungary in fact had maintained a permanent army in the form of garrisons of border fortresses since the 1420s.


title: Standing army

text: The Spanish Empire tercios were the first Spanish standing units composed of professional soldiers. Their pike and shot composition assured predominance in the European battlefields from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century. Although other powers adopted the tercio formation, their armies fell short of the fearsome reputation of the Spanish, whose core of professional soldiers gave them an edge that was hard for other states to match.


title: Standing army

text: In West Africa, the Songhai Empire under the Askia Mohammad I (1493–1528) possessed a full-time corps of warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the Tarikh al-Sudan, compared Askia Mohammad I's army to that of his predecessor; "he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali [1464–92] when everyone was a soldier." Askia Mohammad I is said to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his, notably in reference to the neighboring kingdoms in the land of Borgu.


title: Standing army

text: Prior to the influence of Oliver Cromwell, England lacked a standing army, instead relying on militia organized by local officials, private forces mobilized by the nobility and hired mercenaries from Europe. This changed during the English Civil War, when Cromwell formed his New Model Army of 50,000 men. This professional body of soldiers proved more effective than untrained militia, and enabled him to exert control over the country. The army was disbanded by Parliament following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, and the Cromwellian model was initially considered a failure due to various logistical and political problems with the force.


title: Standing army

text: The Militia Act of 1661 prohibited local authorities from assembling militia without the approval of the king, to prevent such a force being used to oppress local opponents. This weakened the incentive for local officials to draw up their own fighting forces, and King Charles II subsequently assembled four regiments of infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122,000 paid out of his regular budget. This became the foundation of the permanent British Army. By 1685 it had grown to 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. The Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 provided James II with a pretext to increase the size of the force to 20,000 men, and there were 37,000 in 1688, when England played a role in the closing stage of the Franco-Dutch War. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000, and then to 94,000 in 1694.


title: Standing army

text: Nervous at the power such a large force afforded the king whilst under his personal command, Parliament reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were "de facto" merged with the English force. The Bill of Rights 1689 officially reserved authority over a standing army to Parliament, not the king.


title: Standing army

text: In his influential work "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), economist Adam Smith comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society, as modern warfare requires the increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies.


title: Standing army

text: In the British Thirteen Colonies in America, there was a strong distrust of a standing army not under civilian control. The U.S. Constitution in () limits federal appropriations to two years, and reserves financial control to Congress, instead of to the President. The President, however, retains "command" of the armed forces when they are raised, as commander-in-chief. The Framers' suspicion of a standing army is reflected in the constitutional requirement that the appointment and promotion of high-ranking military officers (like civil officers) be confirmed by the Senate. At the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Elbridge Gerry argued against a large standing army, comparing it, mischievously, to a standing penis: "An excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure." After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814, during the War of 1812, in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President James Madison commented, "I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day."


title: Moral nihilism

text: Moral nihilism (also known as ethical nihilism) is the meta-ethical view that nothing is morally right or wrong.


title: Moral nihilism

text: Moral nihilism is distinct from moral relativism, which allows for actions to be wrong relative to a particular culture or individual. It is also distinct from expressivism, according to which when we make moral claims, "We are not making an effort to describe the way the world is ... we are venting our emotions, commanding others to act in certain ways, or revealing a plan of action".


title: Moral nihilism

text: Moral nihilism today broadly tends to take the form of an Error Theory: The view developed originally by J.L. Mackie in his 1977 book "Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong". Error theory and nihilism broadly take the form of a "negative claim" about the existence of objective values or properties. Under traditional views there are moral properties or methods which hold objectively in some sense beyond our contingent interests which morally obligate us to act. For Mackie and the Error Theorists, such properties do not exist in the world, and therefore morality conceived of by reference to objective facts must also not exist. Therefore, morality in the traditional sense does not exist.


title: Moral nihilism

text: However, holding nihilism does not necessarily imply that we should give up using moral or ethical language; some nihilists contend that it remains a useful tool. In fact Mackie and other contemporary defenders of Error Theory, such as Richard Joyce, defend the use of moral or ethical talk and action even in knowledge of their fundamental falsity. The legitimacy of this activity however is questionable and is a subject of great debate in philosophy at the moment.


title: Moral nihilism

text: Moral nihilists agree that all claims such as 'murder is morally wrong' are not true. But different nihilistic views differ in two ways.


title: Moral nihilism

text: Nihilists differ in the "scope" of their theories. Error theorists typically claim that it is only distinctively moral claims which are false; practical nihilists claim that there are no reasons for action of any kind; some nihilists extend this claim to include reasons for belief.


title: Moral nihilism

text: J. L. Mackie argues that moral assertions are only true if there are moral properties, but because there are none, all such claims are false. Under such a view moral propositions which express beliefs are then systematically in error. For under Mackie's view, if there are to be moral properties, they must be "objective" and therefore not amenable to differences in subjective desires and preferences. Moreover any claims that these moral properties, if they did exist would need to be "intrinsically" motivating by being in some primitive relation to our consciousness. They must be able of guiding us morally just by the fact of being in some clear awareness of their truth. But this is not the case, and such ideas in his views are plainly "queer".


title: Moral nihilism

text: Other versions of the theory claim that moral assertions are not true because they are neither true nor false. This form of moral nihilism claims that moral beliefs and assertions "presuppose" the existence of moral facts that do not exist. Consider, for example, the claim that the present king of France is bald. Some argue that this claim is neither true nor false because it presupposes that there is currently a king of France, but there is not. The claim suffers from "presupposition failure". Richard Joyce argues for this form of moral nihilism under the name "fictionalism".


title: Moral nihilism

text: Thus, we always lapse into error when thinking in moral terms. We are trying to state the truth when we make moral judgments. But since there is no moral truth, all of our moral claims are mistaken. Hence the error. These three principles lead to the conclusion that there is no moral knowledge. Knowledge requires truth. If there is no moral truth, there can be no moral knowledge. Thus moral values are purely chimerical.


title: Moral nihilism

text: J. L. Mackie argues that there are no objective ethical values, by arguing that they would be queer (strange):If there were objective values, then they would be entities or qualities or relations of a very strange sort, utterly different from anything else in the universe.


title: Moral nihilism

text: For all those who also find such entities queer ("prima facie" implausible), there is reason to doubt the existence of objective values.


title: Moral nihilism

text: In his book "Morality without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism" (1999), Mark Timmons provides a reconstruction of Mackie's views in the form of the two related arguments. These are based on the rejection of properties, facts, and relationships that do not fit within the worldview of philosophical naturalism, the idea "that everything—including any particular events, facts, properties, and so on—is part of the natural physical world that science investigates" (1999, p. 12). Timmons adds, "The undeniable attraction of this outlook in contemporary philosophy no doubt stems from the rise of modern science and the belief that science is our best avenue for discovering the nature of reality".


title: Moral nihilism

text: Other criticisms of the argument include noting that the very fact that such entities would have to be something fundamentally different from what we normally experience, therefore assumably outside our sphere of experience, we cannot "prima facie" have reason to either doubt or affirm their existence. Therefore if one had independent grounds for supposing such things to exist (such as a "reductio ad absurdum" of the contrary) the argument from queerness cannot give one any particular reason to think otherwise. An argument along these lines has been provided by e.g. Akeel Bilgrami.


title: Moral nihilism

text: Gilbert Harman argued that we do not need to posit the existence of objective values in order to explain our 'moral observations'.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Eduardo Verchez Garcia (; May 2, 1929 – June 20, 2019), known colloquially as Manoy, was a Filipino actor, television personality, film director and producer. With almost 600 film and television roles and a career spanning seven decades, he is widely regarded as the "greatest Filipino actor of all time". He had the highest number of appearances in Philippine films, portraying a variety of roles which include gay, antihero, and villain roles.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia's best regarded works as an actor include "Beast of the Yellow Night" (1971), "The Woman Hunt" (1972), "Deathrow" (2000), "The Debut" (2001), "Abakada... Ina" (2001), "Bwakaw" (2012), and "Rainbow's Sunset" (2018), which marked his last film appearance in his lifetime. Later in his career, he starred in television programs including "Little Nanay" (2015–2016) and "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" (2016–2019).


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia received numerous awards throughout his career, garnering a total of 43 wins and 38 nominations from notable award-giving bodies. He is the only individual to be inducted in three categories in the FAMAS Hall of Fame: for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Director. Garcia is the only Filipino to receive the Asian Film Award for Best Actor.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Eddie Garcia was born as Eduardo Verchez Garcia on May 2, 1929, in Juban, Sorsogon to Antonio Garcia and Vicenta Verchez. He grew up in a farm in Naga with his four siblings named Mila, Efren, Menchu, and Santiago, raised by his grandparents. Garcia's family was among the descendants of Spanish settlers. Garcia's grandfather, who was a captain in the Spanish army when he came to the Philippines in 1870, married a lady from Pampanga and decided to settle in Naga.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: He spent his elementary days at Sorsogon Elementary School and transferred to Manila, he finished high school at San Beda College and took A.B. Psychology at college in the same campus for three years.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia served with the Philippine Scouts right after World War II and was stationed as a military policeman in Okinawa, Japan. After returning, he was asked by his commanding officer to come back and enlist for another duty overseas but he met a friend who persuaded him to join show business.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia first tried out his luck auditioning for the late great director Manuel Conde and got accepted for his first role in the feature film "Siete Infantes de Lara" in 1949 starting out his acting career. After his first acting stint, he appeared in the film "Kahit ang Mundo'y Magunaw" in the same year. Among his films during his first two years in the industry were "Huling Patak ng Dugo" and "Kilabot ng Langit" shown both in 1950.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: At first, due to his Hispanic features and bearing, he was typecast into playing villain roles. He did the film "Contravida" in 1955, directed by Olive La Torre. He was so effective as a villain that he won his first FAMAS awards for Best Supporting Actor for three straight years from 1957 to 1959 for the movies "Taga sa Bato" (1957), "Condenado" (1958) and "Tanikalang Apoy" (1959), respectively. He is the only individual to garner a three-straight victory in any award from that certain institution


title: Eddie Garcia

text: He directed his first movie "Karugtong ng Kahapon" in 1961, and also directed another notable film "Historia un Amor" in 1963. In 1969, Garcia directed "Pinagbuklod ng Langit", a biopic about then President Ferdinand Marcos which won him his first Best Director award from FAMAS.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: During the 1970s to the early 1980s, Garcia was an integral part of the film movement from the period of what is commonly called the "Second Golden Age of Philippine Cinema". He was in National Artist & director Lino Brocka's "Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang" (1974), "Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon" (1976) and "Miguelito: Ang Batang Rebelde" (1985), among other films. He went back to directing and produced "Atsay" in 1978 which won Best Picture at the Metro Manila Film Festival, starring Nora Aunor.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia directed "Magdusa Ka" in 1986 and bagged back-to-back Luna Awards for Best Director for another film he directed a year after entitled "Saan Nagtatago and Pag-ibig" in 1987. He also acted opposite Fernando Poe, Jr. in "Kapag Puno na ang Salop" (1987) and its sequel, "Ako ang Huhusga" (1989) which Poe also directed. The Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Director was conferred to him for the film "Imortal" in 1989. He became a FAMAS Hall of Famer as a director in 1991., and was named "All Time Favorite Actor of RP Movies" at the Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Scholarship Foundation on March 21, 1992. Garcia did the film "Boyong Mañalac: Hoodlum Terminator" as the lead actor in 1991 and won the FAMAS Best Actor plum for the film a year after, winning multiple times and non-consecutively in the next coming years of the decade for different movies including "Sambahin Ang Ngalan Mo" (1998), "Bakit May Kahapon Pa?" (1996) and "Mariano Mison... NBI" (1997).


title: Eddie Garcia

text: In 1998, he earned the Film Academy of the Philippines (FAP) Lifetime Achievement Award. He starred in Raymond Red's "Anino" (Shadow, 2000) which won the grand prize in the short film category at the Cannes Film Festival in 2000. Garcia played an aged convict who shielded a young prisoner from harsh prison life and was bestowed the Best Actor award for the movie "Death Row" in 2000.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia directed "Abakada... Ina" in 2001 and won another Luna Award as Best Director. He was awarded the "Best Actor" for the movie "Mano Po" in 2002. He earned his first "Best Actor in a Drama Series" award at the 2002 Star Awards for portraying the role of Leandro Montemayor, the fictional Philippine President in the television drama series Kung Mawawala Ka from GMA 7. He earned the "Urian Award" for "Pangunahing Aktor" (Best Actor) for the movie "Death Row" in 2000. In 2005, he played the lead role (a senior citizen coming to terms with his mortality) in Rica Arevalo's "ICU Bed #7"—an entry in the first Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival—for which he won best actor. The "Natatanging Gawad Urian" award was bestowed upon him in 2006.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: In 2010, Mark Hartley's documentary film "Machete Maidens Unleashed!" premiered. Garcia is interviewed in the documentary that explores exploitation films made in the Philippines in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia did the independent venture titled "Bwakaw" in 2012, directed by Jun Robles Lana, a young Palanca award winner and director, gave Garcia the script, and was worried that a big star like him would decline the role as the crew feared they could not afford him. The director admitted his concern to Garcia, who already read the script. To the director's surprise, Garcia nonchalantly asked, "So when do we start shooting?" Garcia earned his first international film award at the 55th Asia-Pacific Film Festival as the lead actor for the movie on December 15, 2012, garnering the Asian Film Award for Best Actor, the only Filipino so far to win the award.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Early in 2013, Garcia was awarded the first Dolphy Lifetime Achievement Award – "Ulirang Alagad ng Sining" during the Entertainment Press Society's "Golden Screen TV Awards". Also that year, Garcia was interviewed in the documentary "The Search for Weng Weng."


title: Eddie Garcia

text: In August 2014, Garcia was included in two lists: "Inside Showbiz" magazine's list of five best of the living Filipino actors, and the Philippines' "Yes! Magazine"'s list of "2014's 100 Most Beautiful Stars".


title: Eddie Garcia

text: In 2015, he appeared in the television series program "Little Nanay". He transferred to ABS-CBN and portrayed Don Emilio on the longest-running action television show in the history of Philippine television entitled "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" with Coco Martin from 2016 until 2019. Garcia returned to GMA Network and did "Rosang Agimat" until the accident leading to his coma and eventual death occurred during the shooting of this show.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia continued to actively appear on films when he reached the age of 89 in 2018 and emphasized that "retirement was never in my vocabulary." Garcia's last notable works were "ML", an entry of 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival which he portrayed as Colonel dela Cruz, a retired METROCOM colonel suffering from Alzheimer's disease, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship, with his performance on his movie won Gawad Urian's Best Actor in the following year during the time Garcia went comatose after his accident, and "Hintayan ng Langit", an entry of 2018 QCinema International Film Festival starring opposite Gina Pareño, as Manolo who was reunited with his ex-girlfriend in Purgatory. The said movie was also available on Netflix in the following year during also the time Garcia went comatose after the accident. Garcia also portrayed on his last movie appearance during his lifetime, "Rainbow's Sunset" as Ramon, an entry in the 2018 Metro Manila Film Festival directed by Joel Lamangan, as a gay senator who only came out when he reached elder age. Garcia was also nominated for as Best Actor but lost to Dennis Trillo. Garcia had a special participation role in the comedy film Sanggano, Sanggago't Sanggwapo released on September 4, 2019, three months after his death. Garcia didn't get to finish shooting his required scenes in the movie due to the accident and it marked his last appearance in a movie.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia kept most of his life private, viewing his acting profession and personal life as separate. He lived a relatively simple life without any luxury cars and expensive equipment. Throughout his career, he had been known for his professionalism, and evaded intrigues and controversies linking him to any of his fellow co-stars. Marichu Maceda, a film producer, described Garcia as "a disciplined and independent person, carrying things on his own without needing assistants or managers despite being popular".


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia was in a domestic partnership with Lilibeth Romero for 33 years. Before Romero, Garcia was married to Lucilla Scharnberg, who died of cancer in 1995. He and Scharnberg produced three children: Eduardo "Eddieboy" Jr. (1951–1973), Erwin (March 13, 1956–March 13, 2021), and Elizabeth (nicknamed Lisa). Eduardo "Eddieboy" Jr died in a motorcycle accident at the age of 22; Garcia called it "the biggest tragedy of his life", feeling quite guilty as the motorcycle his son had ridden was his gift to him. Elizabeth died of a heart attack in 1996. His other daughter lives in San Diego, California.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia said that he originally had aspirations to be a soldier or a lawyer, "Acting is just a job. It's an honest way to make a living." Beyond acting, he was also passionate about target shooting as a sport. He was a skilled marksman, having once been a trained soldier. Garcia also campaigned for the Ako Bicol's party-list representation in the House of Representatives in the 2019 elections as the regional group's primary endorser.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia maintained a healthy lifestyle through exercise, vitamin supplements, and healthy diet, stressing he preferred fish and vegetables more than meat. While still being active as an actor and director when he turned 90, he shared that he still had an active sex life and went to the gym to remain healthy. He described his lifestyle as "everything in moderation: food, work, even fitness, and workout".


title: Eddie Garcia

text: On June 8, 2019, Garcia was rushed to Mary Johnston Hospital in Tondo, Manila, after tripping on a cable wire and hitting his head on the pavement during a shoot for "Rosang Agimat", an upcoming television series produced by GMA Network. Unconscious, he was later transferred to the ICU at the Makati Medical Center the following day. The actual incident was captured on video. Initial reports stated that Garcia allegedly suffered a heart attack on set according to his family, but was later found to have suffered a neck and cervical fracture due to the fall, contrary to earlier reports.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia's family released a statement contradicting a report that said that Garcia suffered a heart attack. Garcia's family called the initial report "fake news" and said that the actor tripped on a cable wire instead during the shooting and was healthy and fit prior to the incident. A CT scan showed that his brain was in a normal state, ruling out the possibility that he suffered a stroke. The fracture left him in a coma, and on June 15, his family agreed to place him on "do-not-resuscitate" status. On June 19, he had minimal signs of brain activity while remaining dependent on a ventilator. A day later, he was pronounced dead at 4:55 pm (GMT+8) (June 20, 2019), at the age of 90. In accordance with his last wishes, Garcia's remains were cremated and placed inside an olive green urn immediately after his death. His wake was held at the Heritage Memorial Park in Taguig.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia's accident and eventual death became an issue as there was no standby medical team or ambulance at the set of "Rosang Agimat". The unconscious Garcia was lifted from the pavement by non-medical personnel, carrying him to a passing taxicab. Several people, including his wife Lilibeth, stressed that the accident could have been prevented if only the GMA management took safety precautions. The Directors' Guild of the Philippines Inc. (DGPI) referred to Garcia's death as "a sad and urgent reminder to the film and television industries that safety protocols at work and on set are of paramount importance". The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) started an investigation regarding the circumstances of Garcia's accident which led to his death. The OSHC found some OSH-related violations on the part of GMA Network based on the uploaded online video of Garcia's accident, such as lack of first-aid, medical supplies, and a stretcher. They also observed how Garcia was "carried by personnel using bare hands". On September 4, the DOLE added that GMA Network failed to submit an incident report within 24 hours after the accident. On December 23, the DOLE fined GMA Network an amount of because of the incident. The network submitted an appeal in response to the ruling.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia is best known for portraying villain roles. Being a critically acclaimed villain portraying characters that are usually loathed or feared, Garcia said in an interview that he had been attacked by a fan at one point in his career, hurting him with an umbrella because his character raped Gloria Romero's character in a role he portrayed for a Sampaguita Pictures production. He did not lash out at the fan, however, believing that "he did a good job in portraying it". He is also known for his trademark humorous lines mostly in action films or comedy films. He also earned the title "The Sean Connery of the Philippines".


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia gained a reputation as one of the Philippine film industry's most reliable, versatile and competent actors and has influenced a lot of prominent actors like Coco Martin, whom he worked with for three years at one of the longest-running television shows in the history of Philippine television. Television presenter Julius Babao refers him as "a true icon of the Philippine movie industry". Journalist Ruel Mendoza dubbed him as the "Ama ng Pelikulang Pilipino" ().


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia appeared in a total of 670 films and television shows as an actor, and directed a total of 37 films in his whole career. He had the highest number of appearances on films & television shows by a Filipino actor.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia won multiple awards for films he directed. Miguel Escobar from "Esquire" called Garcia, "a legendary actor-director". Korina Sanchez called Garcia "above and beyond the quota in his contributions to pop culture and the Philippine film industry".


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia collected a huge number of awards throughout his career, but he said he did not make movies aiming for awards. He is the only Filipino to receive the Asian Film Award for Best Actor, he also racked up awards from other film festivals, receiving Luna Awards, as well as the Metro Manila Film Festival Awards. Garcia was the most awarded and nominated person in the long history of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS) Awards. He garnered a total of 43 wins and 38 nominations (13 for Best Supporting Actor, 12 for Best Actor and 11 for Best Director). Out of these, he got six Best Supporting Actor wins, five Best Actor wins, five Best Director wins, three Hall of Fame Awards, one Lifetime Achievement Award and the Fernando Poe Jr. Memorial Award. He was awarded his first FAMAS Award in 1957 and his last FAMAS, a Hall of Fame for Best Actor, in 2003.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: Garcia's stepson, House representative Michael Romero, said he would propose an "Eddie Garcia Law", in honor of Garcia, which seeks to "safeguard the welfare and well being of all actors working in the television and/or in the movie industries" by compelling production outfits to grant mandatory insurance, providing for working hours in TV and movie production, and establishing medical and safety protocols and emergency procedures.


title: Eddie Garcia

text: In June 2019, the Partylist Coalition Foundation Inc. announced that it intends to nominate Garcia for posthumous conferment of the Order of National Artists.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: Benjamin Anthony DiNucci (born November 24, 1996), is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Sea Dragons of the XFL. He played college football at James Madison and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) in the seventh round of the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: DiNucci attended Pine-Richland High School in Gibsonia, Pennsylvania, where he played high school football. As a sophomore, he became a starter at quarterback.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: As a senior, he threw for a WPIAL-record 4,269 yards becoming the first player in Pennsylvania history to throw for over 4,000 yards in a season with 46 touchdowns and 9 interceptions. He led his team to a 15–1 record, and a state AAAA championship game appearance. He received 2014–2015 Gatorade Player of the Year for the state of Pennsylvania, second-team USA TODAY All-American, Pennsylvania Sports Writers Class AAAA Player of the Year, Pennsylvania Football News Class AAAA Offensive Player of the Year honors.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: DiNucci finished his high school career with 548 of 809 completions for 7,619 yards, and 72 touchdowns.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: Although he originally intended to enroll at the University of Pennsylvania, DiNucci decomitted and accepted a football scholarship from the University of Pittsburgh, after Pat Narduzzi was hired as the new head coach.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: As a redshirt freshman, he was a backup quarterback behind Nathan Peterman. His first game experience came in the final offensive series against Duke University. In the 2016 Pinstripe Bowl, he relieved an injured Peterman late in the third quarter, posting three of nine completions for 16 yards, one touchdown, two interceptions and two carries for 18 yards in a 31–24 loss against Northwestern University.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: As a sophomore, he was named the starting quarterback before the seventh game against North Carolina State University, after senior Max Browne suffered a season-ending right shoulder injury. He was platooned during the year and eventually lost the starting position to true freshman Kenny Pickett, for the season finale 24–14 victory against the previously undefeated No. 2 University of Miami. He finished with 88 of 158 completions for 1,091 yards, five touchdowns and five interceptions. In December, he announced his decision to transfer to James Madison University.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: As a junior at James Madison, he started all 13 games at quarterback, posting 211 of 309 completions for 2,275 yards, 16 passing touchdowns, 12 interceptions, 433 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns (leading the team). He received third-team All-CAA honors. He had a career-high 316 passing yards against Elon University. He passed for a career-best four touchdowns against the University of Rhode Island. He rushed for career highs of 104 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns at Towson University.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: As a senior, he started all 16 games at quarterback, passing for 3,441 yards, 29 passing touchdowns, completed nearly 71% of his throws, had 122 carries for 569 yards and seven rushing touchdowns. He earned All-CAA, CAA Offensive Player of the Year and AFCA first-team All-American honors. He led the Dukes to the FCS Championship Game, where the team lost to North Dakota State University. In the title game, DiNucci completed 22 of 33 passes for 204 yards, two touchdowns and one interception.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: He finished his career at James Madison ranked third in completions (479), fourth in passing touchdowns (45) and passing yards (5,716) and seventh in total offense (6,718).


title: Ben DiNucci

text: DiNucci was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the seventh round with the 231st overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft, after it became apparent that he was considering signing with either the Cleveland Browns or the Chicago Bears if he were to become an undrafted free agent. On October 19, 2020, DiNucci made his NFL debut in relief of Andy Dalton against the Arizona Cardinals. On October 25, 2020, against the Washington Football Team, DiNucci came into the game after Dalton left the game with a concussion. DiNucci threw his first completed pass, for 32 yards, to Amari Cooper. The Cowboys lost 25–3.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: On October 31, 2020, the Cowboys announced that DiNucci would make his first career start on "Sunday Night Football" against the Philadelphia Eagles due to Dalton being in concussion protocol. In the game, DiNucci completed 21-of-40 passes for 180 yards, lost two fumbles and was sacked 4 times, as the Cowboys lost 23–9. Dinucci was passed on the depth chart by Garrett Gilbert for the backup job in the following games.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: On August 31, 2021, DiNucci was waived by the Cowboys and added to practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Cowboys on January 18, 2022.


title: Ben DiNucci

text: DiNucci is slated to be allocated in the opening phase of the 2023 XFL Draft. Outside of A.J. McCarron, DiNucci is the only quarterback in the draft pool to have had NFL regular season experience.


title: Mark Steel

text: Mark Steel (born 4 July 1960) is an English author, broadcaster, stand-up comedian and newspaper columnist. He has made many appearances on radio and television shows as a guest panellist, and has written regular columns in "The Guardian", "The Independent" and "Daily Mirror". He presents "The Mark Steel Lectures", "The Mark Steel Solution", "Mark Steel's in Town" and the podcast "What the fuck is going on?".


title: Mark Steel

text: Steel was adopted 10 days after he was born. His adoptive father worked in insurance and his mother was a housewife who supplemented the family's income through factory work and working as a lollipop lady. He had a close relationship with his adoptive parents. Steel told "The Guardian"':


title: Mark Steel

text: He grew up in Swanley, Kent, and claims he was expelled from school for attending a cricket course without permission: "I thought, fantastic! The punishment for not coming in is that I'm not allowed to come in." He traced his biological mother later in life but she said that she did not want to know him, and died soon after. He learned that she was from a Scottish working-class family with an active involvement in left-wing politics; she had married an Italian and lived in Rimini. She had met his biological father Joe Dwek at a party in London. Dwek was an Egyptian Sephardic Jew whose family left Egypt after Gamal Abdel Nasser became president in the 1950s. Dwek had subsequently become a multi-millionaire trader on Wall Street, as well as a professional backgammon player winning the 1976 World Backgammon Championship. After writing and emailing, Steel met Dwek only once, in a London restaurant sometime around 2006. In 2015, Steel told "The Guardian":


title: Mark Steel

text: In the late 1970s his adoptive father suffered a mental breakdown and was placed into care at Stone House Hospital. Steel says that his first encounter with social injustice was when he saw how mentally ill patients were being treated in that hospital. The shabby conditions reinforced Steel's political beliefs.


title: Mark Steel

text: Steel had various early jobs including a stint as a milkman. He became bored with answering how he started in comedy and took to saying the first thing that came into his head. He worked the comedy circuit for several years, and acknowledges Alexei Sayle as an influence. In 1992 Steel presented the satirical radio show "The Mark Steel Solution" on BBC Radio 5, consisting of half-hour monologues offering solutions to social problems. It ran to four series. A comic autobiography, "It's Not a Runner Bean", was published in 1996 which led to a column in "The Guardian" between 1996 and 1999. He says he was sacked because the newspaper wanted to "realign towards Tony Blair", though "The Guardian" denies this. In 2000 he started writing the Thursday Opinion Column for "The Independent".


title: Mark Steel

text: He has appeared frequently on Have I Got News For You, Room 101, Mock the Week, the Graham Norton Show, and has made several appearances on Question Time. "Mark Steel's in Town" has won a Sony Award, Writers' Guild Award, Chortle Awards and British Comedy Guide Awards. In 2014 he won the British Press Award for Broadsheet Columnist for his column in "The Independent".


title: Mark Steel

text: He has written and performed several radio and television series for the BBC, and written several books including "Reasons to Be Cheerful", "Vive la Révolution" – an account of the French Revolution, and "It's Not a Runner Bean".


title: Mark Steel

text: In 2015 he toured a show "Who Do I Think I Am", about his adoption and tracing his biological parents. It was broadcast as a show on Radio 4.


title: Mark Steel

text: Steel is a supporter of Crystal Palace F.C. and Kent County Cricket Club. During the South Africa series in 2008 he was interviewed by Jonathan Agnew on "Test Match Special" about his love of cricket.


title: Mark Steel

text: He has a son, Elliot Steel, who is also a stand-up comedian, and a daughter from a relationship that ended in 2006. He was married to Natasha Steel until 2016. Steel is currently in a relationship with fellow comedian Shaparak Khorsandi.


title: Mark Steel

text: During the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, when he was in his 20s, Steel vented his objections to society's injustices via political protests, punk rock, and poetry.


title: Mark Steel

text: Viewing the Soviet Union as "shit", and as a state capitalist system rather than truly socialist, Steel joined the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). He was present in Southall during the riot in which Blair Peach was killed.


title: Mark Steel

text: In 2000, Steel took part in the London Assembly elections on behalf of the London Socialist Alliance (part of the Socialist Alliance) in the Croydon and Sutton constituency; he received 1,823 votes (1.5% of the vote).


title: Mark Steel

text: In February 2013, Steel was among those who supported the People's Assembly in a letter published in "The Guardian". He spoke at a press conference to launch the People's Assembly Against Austerity on 26 March 2013, and at regional public meetings in the lead up to a national meeting at Westminster Central Hall on 22 June 2013. He also gave a speech at the People's Assembly Conference in Westminster.


title: Mark Steel

text: Prior to the 2015 UK general election, he endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The flag of Sardinia (, , ), called the flag of the Four Moors or simply the Four Moors (; and "Is cuatru morus"), represents and symbolizes the island of Sardinia (Italy) and its people. It was also the historical flag and coat of arms of the Aragonese, then Spanish, and later Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia. It was first officially adopted by the autonomous region in 1950 with a revision in 1999, describing it as a "white field with a red cross and a bandaged Moor's head facing away from the hoist (the edge close to the mast) in each quarter" (Regional Law 15 April 1999, n. 10, Art. 1).


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The flag is composed of the St George's Cross and four heads of Moors, which in the past may not have been forehead bandaged but blindfolded and turned towards the hoist. But already well-preserved pictures from the 16th century clearly show a forehead bandage (see gallery below). The most accepted hypothesis is that the heads represented the heads of Moorish princes defeated by the Aragonese, as for the first time they appeared in the 13th-century seals of the Crown of Aragon – although with a beard and no bandage, contrary to the Moors of the Sardinian flag, which appeared for the first time in a manuscript of the second half of the 14th century.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The oldest certified heraldic symbol of the cross of Saint George with four Moors in each quarter, known as the Cross of Alcoraz, dates back to 1281 and was used by the Royal Chancellery of Peter III of Aragon as the king's coat of arms upon seals. In the 13th century the Moors' heads had no head bandages and were bearded; the coat of arms of Sardinia never appeared in such a way.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The Four Moors begin to be used consistently as a symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia during the time of the Catholic Monarchs, and especially from the time of the Emperor Charles V. In Sardinia, the first safe attestation of the coat of arms is on the cover of the Acts of the military arm of the Sardinian Parliament, the "Capitols de Cort del Stament Militar de Serdenya" printed in Cagliari in 1591. Throughout the period of the Iberian monarchies, the original design of the bandages on his forehead was respected.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The design with blindfolded Moors facing the left first appeared in 1800, after Sardinia passed to the House of Savoy. It was either due to a mistake of a copyist or, similarly to the flag of Corsica during the earlier period of French rule, a deliberate protest against the mainland rulers. It became the official flag of the region under a decree of 5 July 1952. In 1999, a special regional law changed the flag from the version adopted under Savoy rule to the original one.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: There are separate Spanish and Sardinian traditions to explain the origin of the flag and there is no consensus among scholars as to which is correct. According to the Spanish tradition, it was a creation of King Peter I of Aragon, celebrating his victory at the Battle of Alcoraz in 1096. It was said that St. George miraculously appeared on the field of battle and that there were four severed heads of Saracen kings at the end; thus the red cross and white background of the St George's Cross and the heads of four Moors. The Sardinian-Pisan tradition attributes the arms to a banner given by Pope Benedict VIII to the Pisans in aid of the Sardinians in a conflict with the Saracens of Musetto who were trying to conquer the Italian peninsula and Sardinia. This flag, however, has inverted colours and no heads on it.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as archons ( in Greek) or judges ( in Latin, "" in Sardinian, in Italian). The island was organized into one from the 9th century on (see List of monarchs of Sardinia). After the Muslim conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, the Byzantines, who previously ruled Sardinia, couldn't manage to defend their far west province. Probably, a local noble family acceded to power, still identifying themselves as vassal of the Byzantines, but independent "de facto", as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. At the beginnings of the 11th century, an attempt to conquer the island was made by Spanish Muslims. We have very little record of that war, only by Pisa and Genoa chronicles. Christians won, but after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was totally undermined and divided into four more little judicati: Cagliari, Arborea, Gallura, and Torres or Logudoro; each one developed its own coat of arms. When, with the appointment of the King of Aragon as King of Sardinia, the island again became one united kingdom, only the Judicatus of Arborea survived, and fought for a century against the Kingdom of Sardinia for supremacy.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: According to some, the flag derives from Alcoraz victory of 1096, is linked to the Crown of Aragon, and represents the Spanish Reconquista against the Moors who occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula. It is composed of the cross of St. George, also a symbol of the Crusaders fighting in the same time in the Holy Land, and the four severed heads, representing four major victories in Spain by the Aragonese: the reconquest of Zaragoza, Valencia, Murcia, and the Balearic Islands. According to others (Mario Valdes y Cocom), the Moors represent the Egyptian Saint Maurice, martyred under Diocletian, and are shown in this manner, with the heads bandaged, in countless coats of arms in the Franco-German area. Even Saint Victor of Marseilles, who was from the same Theban Legion commanded by Maurice and escaped the decimation, is represented by a blackamoor with a bandage on his forehead, as in the High Altar of St. Nicholas' Church of Tallinn, now in the Art Museum of Estonia, Tallinn. The common tradition which links the stories of the two saints suggests that the symbol was designed between the St. Maurice Abbey Canton of Valais (Switzerland) and the Abbey of St. Victor in Marseilles; each was built in the place of martyrdom of the respective saint. Between 1112 and 1166 the County of Provence was under the direct control of the kings of Aragon, and until 1245 ruled by descendants of the same dynasty. The abbey of St. Victor of Marseilles had extensive property and political influence in Sardinia, especially in the Judicatus (kingdom) of Cagliari, from the 11th to the 13th century. There are hagiographies of many "Saint Victors" related to the Theban Legion, such as Viktor of Xanten or Victor of Solothurn and to the persecutions of Diocletian and Maximinus II as Victor Maurus of Milan, Victor of Puigcerdà, Spain, probably inspired by the same martyr.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The four Moors became the symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia at its foundation, with the Corsican flag dating back to the same era, and became in time the flag of the island and its people. In any case, the meaning of the symbols, either two holy warriors or Moor heads cut off, makes it an emblem of warring Christianity, "crusader" in the broad sense of the term, originated in a historical period of bitter conflict between Islam and Christianity, in which Sardinia was fully involved.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The symbol was adopted as the regional coat of arms already in 1950, with decree of the President of the Republic.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: The four moors appear more frequently in prints, paintings, artifacts both in Sardinia and in all publications heraldic vintage.


title: Flag of Sardinia

text: As the title of King of Sardinia was the only one who gave the ruling dynasty the coveted title, the coat of arms is enhanced and developed and overlaid with emblems of the other states ruled by the Savoy House


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston is a city and the county seat of Nez Perce County, Idaho, United States, in the state's north central region. It is the second-largest city in the northern Idaho region, behind Coeur d'Alene, and ninth-largest in the state. Lewiston is the principal city of the Lewiston, ID-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Nez Perce County and Asotin County, Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population of Lewiston was 34,203 up from 31,894 in 2010.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston is located at the confluence of the Snake River and Clearwater River, upstream and southeast of the Lower Granite Dam. dams (and their locks) on the Snake and Columbia River, Lewiston is reachable by some ocean-going vessels. of Lewiston (Idaho's only seaport) has the distinction of being the farthest inland port east of the West Coast. The Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport serves the city by air.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston was founded in 1861 in the wake of a gold rush which began the previous year near Pierce, northeast of Lewiston. The city was incorporated by the Washington Territorial Legislature in January 1863. In March 1863, Lewiston became the first capital of the newly created Idaho Territory. Its stint as seat of the new territory's government was short-lived, as a resolution to have the capital moved south to Boise was passed by the Idaho Territorial Legislature on December 7, 1864.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston's main industries are agriculture, paper, and timber products, and light manufacturing. Ammunition manufacturing maintains a very important and growing presence in Lewiston, being the headquarters of ammunition makers CCI and Speer Bullet. The city is the primary regional transportation, retail, health care, and entertainment center of the surrounding area and serves as a recreation destination for the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston is home to Lewis–Clark State College, a public undergraduate college. Community activities in Lewiston include the Dogwood Festival, Hot August Nights, and the Lewiston Roundup.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: The first people of European ancestry to visit the Lewiston area were members of the David Thompson expedition of 1803. Thompson was looking to establish fur trading posts for the Hudson's Bay Company of British North America (now Canada). Thompson established the first white settlement in Idaho, MacKenzie's Post. But it soon failed as the local Nez Perce tribe's men considered beaver trapping to be women's work, the tribe was migratory and apparently women thought they already had enough to do. This was followed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in October 1805. At the future townsite, they encountered settlements of the native Nez Perce, and they returned to the valley on their eastward trip from the Pacific in the spring of 1806.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: The town is believed to have been named after Meriwether Lewis and after Victor Trevitt's hometown of Lewiston, Maine, but people do not know that was the reason Trevitt shouted the idea out. He simply stated the "Journal of Lewis and Clark" talked about being in the valley. The town was founded in 1861, in the wake of a gold rush which began the previous year near Pierce, northeast of Lewiston leading to the Nez Perce War and the removal of Nez Perce. The first newspaper in present-day Idaho, "The Golden Age", began publication in the city of Lewiston, Washington Territory in 1862, and was joined by the present (and only) newspaper, the "Lewiston Morning Tribune" in September 1892. In March 1863 Lewiston became the capital of the newly created Idaho Territory. Thomas J. Beall, one of the first three white settlers in Lewiston, wrote many of the "Lewiston Tribune"s first articles, and continued to do so until his death at the age of 89.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: The city's stint as a seat of the new territory's government was short-lived. As the gold rush quieted in northern Idaho, it heated up in a new mineral rush in southwestern Idaho, centered in Idaho City, which became the largest city in the Northwest in the mid-1860s. A resolution in late 1864 to have the capital moved from Lewiston to Boise was passed by the Idaho Territorial Legislature on December 7, six weeks before the territorial legislature's session legally began, and after litigation, on a split decision decided by one vote on the territorial supreme court on geographic lines.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Boise became the capital in 1866; the move was very unpopular in northern Idaho and in violation of a court order. So, the territorial governor, Caleb Lyon and the territorial secretary, secretly took the territorial seal, archives, and treasury, and fled from Lewiston. Lyon went down river to Portland, Oregon, a trip marked by the alleged theft of the treasury from his steamship cabin. The territorial secretary departed southward for Boise to avoid the public outrage that was sure to erupt.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: North Idahoans were somewhat placated in 1889 when the University of Idaho was awarded to nearby Moscow, north, and began instruction in 1892. Lewiston State Normal School, now Lewis-Clark State College, was established in 1893, as was another normal school or teacher education college, now defunct, in the south at Albion. These were the state's first three institutions of higher education. Lewiston was the site of the first public school in Idaho, in 1862. In December 1880, the district was the first to be chartered by the Legislature and thus carries the designation of Lewiston Independent School District #1. (Boise was second, opening school doors in 1865.)


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston is located at the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers. Immediately west of Lewiston is the smaller twin city of Clarkston, Washington. The north-flowing Snake River departs Hells Canyon and forms the state boundary with Washington, while west-flowing Clearwater River defines the northern border of the city. At their confluence at the city's northwest corner, the lower Snake River turns west into Washington, and after passing four dams, empties into the Columbia River at Burbank.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: northwest of the city is the Lower Granite Dam, the last and upper-most of the four dams on the lower Snake River, the largest tributary of the Columbia River. It was completed in 1975, and raised the river level back to Lewiston, effectively making it the eastern end of the new reservoir, Lower Granite Lake. Because of these dams (and their locks), Lewiston is navigable by some ocean-going vessels. At upstream of the Pacific Ocean (at the mouth of the Columbia River, adjacent to Astoria, Oregon), the Port of Lewiston has the distinction of being the most inland seaport east of the and Idaho's only seaport. Barges of timber products, grain, and other goods are shipped via the Snake-Columbia system to the Pacific. The first barge went to Portland; it was loaded with wheat and departed Lewiston on August 9, 1975.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston's main industries are agriculture, the paper and timber products from the mill owned and operated by the Clearwater Paper Corporation (until December 2008, a part of the Potlatch Corporation), and light manufacturing.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Along much of the Snake River is a system of levees to protect against flooding; most are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Downtown Lewiston, at elevations between and , is only slightly higher in elevation than the river, about , which was lower prior to the completion of the Lower Granite Dam. Away from downtown the terrain gains elevation quickly, as the steep riverbank highway of U.S. 95 north of Lewiston ascends to .


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: The lowest point in the state of Idaho is located on the Snake River in Lewiston, where it meets the Clearwater and flows west into Washington. The populated areas in Idaho with the lowest elevations are along (or near) the Clearwater River, from Lowell at to Lewiston.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: The heavily residential southern half of the city is referred to as "The Orchards". This area is much higher in elevation than downtown, at about , and is named for the fruit orchards that previously covered the area. Formerly unincorporated, it was annexed which nearly doubled the city's population and doubled the area of the city. There is little sign of any orchards today, although there is a wide proliferation of fruit trees in the backyards of many residences in this area of town. The Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport is located on the western edge of the Orchards plateau at above sea level, with Bryden Canyon Road providing westbound access via the Southway Bridge into Clarkston.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: Lewiston experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") with occasionally cold, but short, winters, mostly influenced by mild Pacific air, and hot, dry summers. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from in December to in July; the temperature reaches on 7.7 afternoons, on 42 afternoons, and does not rise above freezing on 14 afternoons annually. Precipitation averages annually, including an average seasonal snowfall of .


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: At 195 days, the growing season is relatively long, with the average window for freezing temperatures being October 23 thru April 10. The plant hardiness zone are 7 and 8 with temperatures below being rare. Extreme temperatures range from on December 13, 1919 to on July 27, 1939. Tornadoes are very rare with only three tornadoes being reported in Nez Perce County since 1950, and the only significant tornado was an F2 in Lapwai on May 8, 1962.


title: Lewiston, Idaho

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 31,894 people, 13,324 households, and 8,201 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 14,057 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.9% White, 0.3% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.