title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: The Easy-Bake Oven was introduced in 1963 by Kenner Products, a Cincinnati, Ohio-based toy company. The original Kenner Easy-Bake Oven was heated by two 100-watt incandescent light bulbs, came in a pale yellow or turquoise, and was designed to resemble a conventional oven. The design changed many times over the years. An updated "Premier" model, available in avocado green or red, was released in 1969, followed by a "Mod" model in yellow or light green in 1971. A more recent model resembled a microwave oven.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: A one-of-a-kind model was presented to the winner of the 5,000,000th Easy-Bake Oven Sweepstakes in 1972.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: Kenner licensed the Easy-Bake Oven to international markets. Japan represented a significant opportunity for Kenner. The toy oven was licensed to Nakajima Corporation, which sold its version as Margaret's Cooking Oven.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 1962, Kenner created the Gooney Bird as part of its marketing efforts. The new corporate mascot was primarily used as part of the company logo, appearing on most product packaging along with the company slogan, “It’s Kenner, It’s Fun!” The bird was also used in trade publications and advertisements with the tagline, “This bird means business!”


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 1968, Kenner approached Muppet creator Jim Henson to create a Muppet version of the Gooney Bird. The bird appeared in Easy-Bake Oven commercials with child actress Barbara Price. The Gooney Bird became so popular that Henson refurbished the character as Little Bird, Big Bird's smaller counterpart, in early seasons of "Sesame Street."


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: Easy bake ovens are marketed to young girls. In 2012 an eighth grader petitioned Hasbro to market the toys for boys.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: After Kenner became a division of Hasbro, which then closed it down, Hasbro continued to produce the oven. The Easy-Bake Oven and Snack Center was introduced in 1993.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: A decade after the Easy-Bake Oven and Snack Center was introduced, the Real Meal Oven was released. This oven was different from the others in being able to cook larger portions, and two of them at once, using two pans at the same time. It won the 2003 Best Toy "Parenting" magazine Toy of the Year Award. The neutral colors were more accepted across gender lines, and were favored by parents, particularly in the midst of queries and complaints over versions not being offered for male children. The Real Meal pans were larger than the Easy Bake ones, and it could bake both desserts and main courses. Also, this model featured a heating element and did not require a light bulb.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 2002, Hasbro released the Queasy Bake Cookerator, a variant on the Easy-Bake targeted at young boys.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 2006, a different version of the Easy-Bake was released, featuring a stove-top warmer and a heating element. But like Hasbro's first version, it had smaller pans, and it could only bake one pan at a time. But the new front-loading Hasbro design, a substantial departure from the traditional push-through arrangement, was ill-conceived, as all (approx. 985,000) such units were recalled over safety concerns and reported injuries.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 2011, the last version to use a 100-watt incandescent light bulb was replaced by a new version with a dedicated heating element, titled Easy-Bake Ultimate Oven"." The replacement was due to the availability of better alternatives to the incandescent light bulbs that heated previous versions of the Easy-Bake Oven. It was feared that newer lamp requirements would render all models that used light bulbs as their heating elements obsolete because lamps would no longer be available. (The company never provided initial or replacement bulbs.)


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: In 2012, Hasbro announced the premiere of a version of the Easy-Bake Oven in black and silver after executives met with McKenna Pope, a girl from Garfield, New Jersey who had started a Change.org petition asking the toy maker to offer the product in gender-neutral packaging. The prototype Easy-Bake Oven was also made available in blue. The redesigned product was slated to be unveiled in February 2013, at the New York Toy Fair.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: After a release of a new model in May 2006, Hasbro received reports of 29 children getting their hands or fingers caught in the front-loading door, including 5 reports of burns. In February 2007, Hasbro and the Consumer Product Safety Commission issued a voluntary recall of the oven and advised parents to stop using the oven with children under the age of 8 and contact the company for a free retrofit kit. The kit was approved by the CPSC and consisted of a plastic grate that fit over the existing oven door. The grate allowed the oven to function as designed, but it now provided an additional barrier to keep small fingers out.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: Despite the retrofit program, the problems persisted. According to data from the CPSC, an additional 249 reported incidents included 77 burns, 16 of which were second- or third-degree in nature. On July 19, 2007, Hasbro re-issued its voluntary recall of the Easy-Bake after learning that part of a five-year-old girl's finger had to be amputated because of a severe burn. The recall affected 985,000 ovens that had been sold between May 2006 and July 2007. Ovens sold prior to May 2006 were not part of the recall, leaving more than 25 million side-entry/light bulb models in circulation unaffected.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: The Easy Bake Oven was invented by Norman Shapiro, a salesman at Kenner Products Company. He got the idea for the oven from the pretzel machines in the NYC Subway which used lightbulbs to heat the pretzels. Upon his retirement he was presented with the prototype of the Easy Bake Oven.


title: Easy-Bake Oven

text: National Easy-Bake Oven Day is observed annually on November 4, the day in which the toy oven was originally released in 1963. The National Day was established in 2017 by author and toy historian Todd Coopee as a way for individuals to reflect on their affection for the iconic toy oven and its role in popular culture.


title: Season of the Witch (song)

text: "Season of the Witch" is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan released in August 1966 on his third studio album, "Sunshine Superman". The song is credited to Donovan, although sometime collaborator Shawn Phillips has also claimed authorship. Because of a dispute with Donovan's record company, a UK edition with the song was not released until June 1967.


title: Season of the Witch (song)

text: "Season of the Witch" was recorded at the CBS studios in Hollywood, California, where most of "Sunshine Superman" was recorded. According to Donovan, he and Phillips wanted a "rock-combo sound" for the song and chose some local musicians from the local clubs. They included Lenny Matlin on keyboards, Don Brown on lead electric guitar, Bobby Ray on bass and "Fast" Eddie Hoh on drums. Donovan played the second guitar part, as he explained in his autobiography:


title: Season of the Witch (song)

text: Donovan does not mention the involvement of Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones. At the time, the two future Led Zeppelin members were popular London session musicians and played on other Donovan sessions, including in 1968 for "Hurdy Gurdy Man". However, their exact contributions, if any, to "Season of the Witch" are unknown.


title: Season of the Witch (song)

text: In a retrospective song review for AllMusic, Lindsay Planer commented: "Few songs so perfectly reflect the dawn of the psychedelic pop era as aptly as Donovan's 'Season of the Witch'... Both lyrically as well as musically, the languid and trippy contents project a dark foreboding atmosphere [and] a sort of sinister tale of paranoia and the paranormal". John Bush called the song "easily [one of the two] the highlights of the album... a chugging eve-of-destruction tale".


title: Season of the Witch (song)

text: Several artists have recorded their own renditions, including Julie Driscoll with Brian Auger and the Trinity (1967, Open); Mike Bloomfield , Al Kooper and Steve Stills (1968, "Super Session"); Terry Reid (1968, "Bang Bang You're Terry Reid"); Vanilla Fudge (1968, "Renaissance")(#52 Canada); Lou Rawls (1969, "Your Good Thing"); Luna (1996, I Shot Andy Warhol Soundtrack); Hole (1997, "My Body, the Hand Grenade"); Dr. John with the Blues Brothers Band (1998, "Blues Brothers 2000" soundtrack); Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (2004; "Naked") and Lana Del Rey (2019, "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark" soundtrack).


title: Causes of poverty

text: The causes of poverty may vary with respect to nation, region, and in comparison with other countries at the global level. Yet, there is a commonality amongst these causes. Philosophical perspectives, and especially historical perspectives, including some factors at a micro and macro level can be considered in understanding these causes.


title: Causes of poverty

text: There are behavioral, structural and political theories on the causes of poverty: "Behavioral theories concentrate on individual behaviors as driven by incentives and culture. Structural theories emphasize the demographic and labor market context, which causes both behavior and poverty. Political theories contend that power and institutions cause policy, which causes poverty and moderates the relationship between behavior and poverty."


title: Causes of poverty

text: The socialist perspective attributes poverty to the ill-distribution of capital, wealth and resources that favor the interests of the "wealthy elite" or the "financial aristocracy" versus the community at large. The socialist tradition calls for the re-distribution of wealth as the solution to poverty. In essence, the" major levers of the economy" must be de-privatized and allocated to the working community-class that will adequately represent "the interests of ordinary people, rather than [those of] the wealthy elite."


title: Causes of poverty

text: According to the Marxist theory, inequality (inherent in a class system) fosters poverty; both entities are generated from a "capitalist mode of production" with capitalism contributing to "inegalitarian social structures." Marxists believe the structural nature of society (which is the cause of poverty) has to be changed to remedy poverty in society. Conversely, critics to this perspective, like Milton Friedman postulated that under the socialist perspective, the suppression of individual rights and that of a free market economy can result in political absolutism and authoritarianism.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The neoliberal perspective attributes poverty to centralization of free markets, sole government ownership of business enterprise and de-capitalization - a system in which capital, wealth and resources are at the sole discretion of government versus the individual. The perspective is dedicated to the idea that creating conditions for profitable private investment is the solution to poverty—since the private sector is better than government in running business and creating profit.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Neoliberal think tanks have received extensive funding. According to the IMF, the measures of privatization, public spending cuts, and deregulation (the themes of Neoliberal ideology) have "increased inequality" and crippled economic prosperity in some regions of the world, especially in highly indebted countries.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The International Food Study Institute had a brief on a collection of extensive studies that analyzed the causes of poverty, with analysis of household data and review of empirical findings in 20 countries. Some of the major causes of poverty, with historical perspective, were noted as follows:


title: Causes of poverty

text: Economists Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson maintain that poverty is associated with colonialism. Likewise, economic anthropologist Jason Hickel and Dylan Sullivan posit that it was the expansion of colonialism and the bulldozing of regions into the emerging capitalist world system starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that created "periods of severe social and economic dislocation" which resulted in wages crashing to subsistence levels, rising mortality rates and the proliferation of famines. The effects of colonialism left behind institutions that were new, alien and unsustainable. The lack of continuity in these foreign institutions, left entirely in the untrained hands of the prior colonized populace, tended to generate poverty in the communities.


title: Causes of poverty

text: According to an article by Giovetti and McConville, climate change may cause poverty via the following, especially in highly indebted countries:


title: Causes of poverty

text: The World Bank affirms that, without much needed intervention, climate change could cause more than "100 million people", world-wide, to plunge into poverty by 2030. By 2050, regional areas like Latin America, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa could trigger migratory patterns potentially impacting over "143 million people".


title: Causes of poverty

text: While richer economies suffer less than poorer economies, richer economies are affected as well—through an increased burden of responsibility.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Bangladesh has made some strides in eradicating poverty through poverty reduction strategies (PRS). As a result of those strategies, some critical markers, indicative of poverty, show promise, viz. child mortality has decreased, gender parity is being promoted, micro-credit is practiced and a vibrant non-governmental sector is in place.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Notwithstanding, some notable causes of poverty Bangladesh is fighting against are: remnants of inequality, burdened healthcare costs, poor governance at multiple levels, inadequate sanitation and limited access to safe drinking water.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Statistics Canada reported in 2013 that high-risk groups for poverty in Canada include "people with activity limitations (physical or mental disability), singles (unattached individuals), persons in lone-parent families, people with less than a high school education and minorities who are immigrants."


title: Causes of poverty

text: Activist group Canada Without Poverty, referencing Statistics Canada, identifies that 1 in 7 individuals or 4.9 million persons in the nation are experiencing poverty.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Though China is the second largest economy in the world and regarded as an upper-middle-income country, with a delineated poverty line of US$5.50 a day, about 373 million Chinese are believed to live below that stipulated poverty line.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The effects of pollution (with China being the biggest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions) contributes to global poverty through climate change and environmental degradation, especially in poorer economies. With the COVID-19 pandemic causing economic slowing of China's economy, anticipated redress appears to be futuristic for now.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Haiti, regarded as "the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere," has a GDP (per capita) of about US$797, as reported in 2019. Greater than 6 million Haitians reportedly live on less than US$2.41 per day, and more than 2.5 million on US$1.12 per day.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The causes of poverty in Haiti have been rooted in "institutional and political instability" that chronically suffocate the growth of its social and economic sectors.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Apart from the 2021 COVID-19 pandemic that has affected it (both politically and economically), particularly the poor and most vulnerable, Haiti has other natural elements such as hurricanes and earthquakes that have rendered some damage to its fragile infrastructure and limited economic resources. Deforestation has also exacerbated the effects of storms, floods and hurricanes.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Despite this depiction, the World Bank has committed financial resources (in the tune of over US$834.41 million—in October 2020) to resuscitate Haiti's economy. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has also rendered support in re-vitalizing Haiti's economy in the areas of "energy, beverage [production], garment manufacturing, financial markets, and hospitality." Other resources from donors include over US$40 million for economic remedy in the aftermath of the COVID -19 pandemic.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Thus, overall, promising results are being observed in the sectors of education, health, better access to safe drinking water, energy production, agriculture and transport.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Once part of the USSR, Moldova is regarded as the poorest country in Europe, with a reported "GDP per capita of $2,289." Despite that designation, Moldova has taken strides in reversing that designation. Between 2006 and 2015, the percentage of its people living below the national poverty line fell from over 30% to less than 10%.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Nigeria is the most populated African nation with 42.54% of the population falling within the age group of 0 -14. Despite the population growth and its status as an OPEC member, Nigeria has 51% of the population living in extreme poverty, with some people living on as little as $1.90 a day.


title: Causes of poverty

text: From 1621 to 1901, food prices increased due to a change in the policies of commodity pricing which—in turn—increased the poverty rate. From 1960 to 2009, slow economic growth has contributed to the persistence of poverty and has also contributed to the non-poor becoming poor. Although poverty has been reduced overall, the inequality of poverty has increased, according to the Asian Development Bank.


title: Causes of poverty

text: According to Russia's State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Russia's poverty statistics equaled 14.3%, or 20.9 million people versus 13.9%, or 20.4 million people, in the first three months of 2018.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The causes of poverty in Russia are complex: a shrinking economy, inflation, falling oil prices (due to Western sanctions) and in a rise in "consumer prices." High transportation costs, including the cost of logistics, and the perception of inequality have hindered growth in investments, which, in turn, has generated a cycle of poverty.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Despite South Africa being ranked 38th in the "ranking of the richest countries with net financial assets per capita of $8,385 (R140,200)," the causes of poverty in South Africa are multi-faceted. Major causes of poverty, precipitated by a history of apartheid, involve disparities in the distribution of resources, coupled with poor educational opportunities. Non-whites have also had poor access to job opportunities and health care—known catalysts in the generation and cycle of poverty. In response to these challenges, South Africa initiated the so-called Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) to participate in job creation and promoting equitable policies in employment practices. The government has also endeavored to improve schools, provide health care for the poor, children (ages 6 and below) and pregnant women.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The United States economy, complex and highly developed, is the largest global economy with the sixth highest per capita GDP (PPP) and about 20% of the total global output. The economy comprises dominant production sectors such as technology, financial services, healthcare, and retail. More than 20% of companies on the Fortune Global 500 originate from the United States.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The poverty rate in the United States, in 2019, was 10.5 percent, the reported lowest reported since 1959. The poverty rate varies across racial lines and was reported to have reached “historic lows in 2019.” For black Americans, the rate was about 18.8%; for white Americans (non-Hispanic), the rate was 7.3% and for Hispanics, it was 15.7%. For Asians, the rate was 7.3%, "the lowest on record."


title: Causes of poverty

text: Specifically, the poverty rate, in 2019, was most notable in the younger age category of 18 to 24 years old, of which 17.1% were males versus 21.35% females. Children were, as a group, most affected by poverty between the period, 1990 and 2018. Between 2000 and 2010, the poverty rate increased. A dip of 14.4% was later noted in 2019. People of ages 65 to 74 had the lowest poverty rate.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The number of people living in relative poverty, across the country, tends to vary from state to state, e.g. in California (in 2018), 4.66 million people lived in poverty versus in Minnesota with about 456,000 people that lived in poverty.


title: Causes of poverty

text: According to the World Bank, in 2015, approximately 734 million people, equating to 10 percent of the world's population, survived on less than $1.90 a day—versus 1.9 billion people in 1990 (equating to about 36 percent of the world's population).


title: Causes of poverty

text: The aforementioned progress made will be (and has been) reversed by the current global COVID-19 pandemic crisis, which is significantly affecting national, regional and global economies through unemployment, layoffs, poor delivery of essential goods and services as well as disruptions in the education and health sectors. One fact is clear: the effects of COVID-19 will impact the poor and poor economies to a disproportionately high degree, and causing more people to become poor.


title: Causes of poverty

text: In retrospect, countries, all over the world, injected vast monetary resources into social programs to mitigate the financial woes associated with the pandemic.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Advanced economies utilized almost 28 percent of their GDP to keep their communities and others beyond them afloat. Similarly, middle income economies spent 7% of their GDP while developing economies spent 2% of their GDP for the upkeep of their own communities. These measures, ultimately, protected many families and communities from plunging into poverty.


title: Causes of poverty

text: The full impact of COVID-19 on poverty, in countries world-wide, is expected to be fully discerned in a period of 12 to 24 months, from 2021.


title: Causes of poverty

text: Projections reveal that the long-term effects of COVID-19 will likely expand poverty in countries with the following defining parameters:


title: Causes of poverty

text: It is projected that by 2030, nine countries with an expanded segment of the "extreme poor" will be in Africa, with Burundi and North Korea tied together in tenth place. A number of middle-income economies will likely see an increased incidence of poverty in their nations as well. Notwithstanding, these projected trends are reversible with the creation of social programs that can be utilized to protect the most vulnerable in each community nation.


title: Caveat (film)

text: Caveat is a 2020 Irish horror film written, directed and edited by Damian Mc Carthy in his feature directorial debut. It stars Jonathan French as Isaac, a drifter suffering from partial memory loss who accepts a job to look after a psychologically disturbed woman in a house on a secluded island. The film premiered at the IndieCork Film Festival in Ireland on 4 October 2020.


title: Caveat (film)

text: Amnesiac drifter Isaac is hired by his acquaintance and landlord Moe Barrett to look after his niece Olga, who will occasionally go catatonic with little to no warning, putting her at risk as she lives on a remote island. The job requires that Isaac be chained in a harness that restricts him to certain portions of the house. He learns from Moe that Olga's mother went missing after locking her husband in the basement. Olga's father went insane due to extreme claustrophobia and killed himself. At the house, Isaac finds that, when lucid, Olga roams around with a crossbow and an eerie toy rabbit with human-like glass eyes.


title: Caveat (film)

text: After experiencing supernatural phenomena, Isaac discovers Olga's mother's corpse hidden behind a wall in the basement using the rabbit doll as a dowsing rod, since it drums whenever anything hidden in the house is close by. Olga warns Isaac that Moe will not let him leave, revealing what Moe told her: Moe and her father were the ones who killed her mother, who enjoyed toying with her husband's claustrophobia. Moe also planned to kill his brother, but could not go through with it. He then hired Isaac, who lured Olga's father into the basement and locked him there. Isaac has Olga call Moe, who confirms the story.


title: Caveat (film)

text: Isaac frees himself from the harness by taking the key from Olga's mother's corpse. Olga shuts off the power then tries to kill Isaac, but goes catatonic. Taking advantage of her catatonic state in an opportunity to escape, he locks Olga in the harness but she manages to shoot his leg with the crossbow. Isaac regains his memory, which reveals that he was not responsible for her father's death, as he had second thoughts and had tried to warn him via a note that Moe discovered. Moe pushed Isaac off a balcony, but he survived with amnesia.


title: Caveat (film)

text: Isaac tries to escape through a crawl space and is stalked by Olga's mother. The passage leads to the part of the basement wall where he discovered her corpse, which he finds is still there. As he attempts to saw through the thin wall to get out, he notices that the corpse's head has slightly changed position. Moe arrives and sees Isaac through the hole on the basement wall. Olga shoots Moe with the crossbow, walks back upstairs, and locks the basement door. Suddenly, Moe hears Isaac through the intercom, announcing he is already out of the house by escaping through another crawl space. Olga's mother saws through the wall and stalks Moe in the dark.


title: Caveat (film)

text: Filming took place in West Cork, County Cork, Ireland. According to director Damian Mc Carthy: "My friend Sam White's family owns Bantry House where we filmed. Actually, the house was way too nice—it's so beautiful, for what we wanted for this film, so a lot of it is sets built outside."


title: Caveat (film)

text: The toy rabbit featured in the film was acquired via eBay by Mc Carthy, who "always had an interest in wind-up toys". It was stripped of its fur and sent to costume and prop builder Lisa Zagone, who finalised its design.


title: Caveat (film)

text: "Caveat" premiered on 4 October 2020 at the IndieCork film festival, where it was the opening film. It went to screen at several other film festivals, most related to the horror genre, before releasing on Shudder on June 3, 2021.


title: Caveat (film)

text: The film was invited at 25th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival held in July, 2021 to compete in Bucheon Choice Features section.


title: Caveat (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics' consensus reads: "An effective spine-tingler despite clear budget constraints, "Caveat" suggests a deliciously dark filmmaking future for writer-director Damian Mc Carthy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on seven critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Caveat (film)

text: Sheila O'Malley of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film a score of three out of four stars, calling it "an impressive and often terrifying film [...] and a reminder of how much can be done on a low budget if one is inventive enough". Noel Murray, in his review of the film for the "Los Angeles Times", complimented Mc Carthy's perceived confidence as a director, and compared the film to "a gothic horror tone poem, with pungent notes of decay." Guy Lodge, writing for "Variety", called the film "more intriguing than it is rewarding," but wrote that "there's enough tingly, tightly-budgeted atmosphere and witty genre gumption [...] to make one wonder what Mc Carthy could do on a looser, more expensive leash." Leslie Felperin of "The Guardian" gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: " plays a fancy cinematic game of hide the lady, swishing the narrative cards around adeptly and finding fresh ways to imbue the material with an incrementally increasing sense of unease."


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: Divine Intervention is the sixth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on September 27, 1994 by American Recordings. The album's production posed a challenge to the label, as its marketing situation drew arguments over its explicitness; to give them time to decide over its style, the band released the live album "Decade of Aggression". Since it was released nearly four years after its predecessor "Seasons in the Abyss" (1990), vocalist Tom Araya said there was more time spent on its production compared to the band's previous albums.


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: "Divine Intervention" was the band's first album to feature Paul Bostaph, replacing original drummer Dave Lombardo. Its songs' origins came not only from television shows, but were also inspired by various other subjects including Rush Limbaugh, Holocaust architect Reinhard Heydrich, and serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Its cover artwork was painted and designed by Wes Benscoter as a re-imaging of the band's early "Slayergram" graphic. Although so much time was spent on its production, Kerry King has expressed his disapproval over the album's final mix, saying it should have had more attention.


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, "Divine Intervention" peaked at number eight on the US "Billboard" 200 and number 15 on the UK Albums Chart, selling over 93,000 copies in its first week of sales. It was later certified gold in the United States and Canada, and was followed by the EP "Serenity in Murder".


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: Tom Araya said that "when we did "Divine Intervention", this was the last conference we ever had with a record label where they sat us down and sold us the idea of how they wanted to do "Divine", and how they were going to do this with the cover... and all these different ideas for the album. Then one guy looked at us and said, 'But we need a hit song.' And we said, 'But you've got eleven songs, and if you can't find a hit in one of them then you're shit out of luck because that's what we're giving you.' So we're like saying to them, 'Right, you write the fucking hit song and we'll record it.' That shut the guy up and that was the last time we had any kind of meetings like that!"


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: Araya described "For this one, I just kind of got inspired by watching TV. That gave me a whole lot of ideas. The whole idea about the dude with Slayer in his arms was brought about because reality is scarier than anything you can make up." The production of the album posed as a challenge to the record company, "how to market a group whose gore-soaked, extreme music is anathema to radio programmers." It is the company's first attempt to "hit the thrash band's core-audience of rabid enthusiasts with a fan-orientated marketing assault." Araya related: "We decided to take more time to bring this one together. We actually went into the studio with more written material than the past. We completed three out of seven songs outside the studio. We all sort of felt it was important to do it slowly. After the last tour, we had the intention to take the break."


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: The "College Music Journal" said that "the band deals almost exclusively with realism" in the album, and noted that it "shocks and splatters like a severed artery, painting crimson pictures of murders, necrophiliacs, and the ravaged, chaotic world they inhabit". Both the mixing and mastering were criticized, with guitarist Kerry King saying that the band should have "paid more attention to the mix", and Araya saying that it "is the one (if any) that he would not mind re-mastering".


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: Neil Strauss from "The New York Times" explained many of the album's origins. "213" was described as a "love song" by Araya, which was something they had never done before. The song was named after serial killer and sex offender Jeffrey Dahmer's old apartment number. "Dittohead" begins by criticizing the legal system for "being too lenient on killers". The song "ended up not denouncing the system but advocating its permissiveness". "Sex, Murder, Art" was said by TheState.com to feature "roars about a maddening relationship and his 'pleasure in inflicting pain.'"


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: King said that the album contained origins relating to "war stories" and "explorations of madness". It is Paul Bostaph's first studio album with Slayer, resulting in Alex Henderson of AllMusic saying that it is a "positive, energizing influence on Slayer, which sounds better than ever on such dark triumphs as 'Killing Fields,' 'Serenity in Murder,' and 'Circle of Beliefs.'" Henderson also said that they "focus[ed] on the violently repressive nature of governments and the lengths to which they will go to wield power".


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: The album was issued in a clear jewel box with a die-cut cardboard O-card. It included sixteen pages, which fold out to be a poster, which displays the cover art. Both the disc and the disc tray feature — as described by Chris Morris — an "image reflective of the mania displayed by the group's fans, and exemplary of American frequently deployed shock tactics: a kid carving the band's name into his arms with a scalpel." Mike Bone from American Recordings said that "we captured this not only by photography, but with video — him actually doing it." The front cover was painted and designed by Wes Benscoter, an American artist who would later paint the covers for the other Slayer releases "Undisputed Attitude" and "Live Intrusion". The album sleeve features for the second time the backronym Satan Laughs As You Eternally Rot. This phrase was first used on the vinyl edition of the album "Show No Mercy" where it was carved into the runout groove of the record.


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: AllMusic said that "instead of doing something calculated like emulating Nirvana or Pearl Jam—or for that matter, Nine Inch Nails or Ministry—Slayer wisely refused to sound like anyone but Slayer. Tom Araya and co. responded to the new environment simply by striving to be the heaviest metal band they possibly could." By the album's release date, vocalist Tom Araya considered it to be their best album.


title: Divine Intervention (Slayer album)

text: "Divine Intervention" sold 93,000 copies in its first week, and by 2009, it sold over 496,000 copies in the US . It was reported that in the same year of its release, Kevin Kirk from the Heavy Metal Shop "ordered 1,000 copies of Slayer's "Divine Intervention" and sold every last album in a matter of weeks". Although it is less accessible than its predecessor "Seasons in the Abyss", "Rolling Stone" considered it to be their most successful album as of 2001.


title: Preeti Ganguly

text: Preeti Ganguly (; 17 May 1953 – 2 December 2012) was an Indian actress who played several comic roles in Bollywood in the 1970s and 1980s. She was the daughter of veteran Indian actor Ashok Kumar, and part of the Ganguly family. She is best known for her comic role as Freni Sethna, the die-hard Amitabh Bachchan fan in Basu Chatterjee's "Khatta Meetha" (1978).


title: Preeti Ganguly

text: After she lost some 50 kg, her film roles dwindled and later in 1993, she started an acting school named after her father, 'Ashok Kumar's Academy of Dramatic Arts' in Mumbai, where she also took film appreciation classes. Years later, she appeared in Emraan Hashmi starrer, "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" (2005).


title: Preeti Ganguly

text: Actor Deven Verma is married to her elder sister Rupa Ganguly. Her brother, Aroop Kumar, appeared in only one film, Bezuban, released in 1962. Kishore Kumar, and actor Anoop Kumar are her paternal uncles and her paternal aunt is Sati Devi, married to Sashadhar Mukherjee (brother of Subodh Mukherjee) of the Mukherjee-Samarth family.


title: Sudhanshu Pandey

text: Sudhanshu Pandey is an Indian singer, film and television actor best known for portraying Vanraj Shah in "Anupamaa" and "".


title: Sudhanshu Pandey

text: Sudhanshu Pandey was first reported in the media for being a part of India’s first boy band, A Band of Boys, in the early 2000s. A few years later, the group disbanded and Sudhanshu ventured into acting.


title: Sudhanshu Pandey

text: Pandey also regularly appeared in Tamil cinema throughout the 2010s, and first portrayed the main villain in "Billa II" (2012) starring Ajith Kumar. He later followed it up with roles in "Meaghamann" (2014), "Indrajith" (2017) and "2.0" (2018), the most expensive Indian film at the time of its release.


title: Sudhanshu Pandey

text: Since 2020, he is portraying the main antagonist Vanraj Shah in "Anupamaa" which help him gain widespread popularity among Hindi-speaking audience.


title: Sudhanshu Pandey

text: In 2022, he reprised his role of Vanraj Shah in "Anupamaa's" eleven-episodic prequel web series "" which streams on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Woodcock

text: The woodcocks are a group of seven or eight very similar living species of wading birds in the genus Scolopax. The genus name is Latin for a snipe or woodcock, and until around 1800 was used to refer to a variety of waders. The English name its first recorded in about 1050. According to the Harleian Miscellany, a group of woodcocks is called a "fall".


title: Woodcock

text: The genus "Scolopax" was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". The genus name is Latin for a snipe or woodcock. The type species is the Eurasian woodcock ("Scolopax rusticola").


title: Woodcock

text: Only two woodcocks are widespread, the others being localized island endemics. Most are found in the Northern Hemisphere but a few range into the Greater Sundas, Wallacea and New Guinea. Their closest relatives are the typical snipes of the genus "Gallinago". As with many other sandpiper genera, the lineages that led to "Gallinago" and "Scolopax" likely diverged around the Eocene, some 55.8–33.9 million years ago, although the genus "Scolopax" is only known from the late Pliocene onwards.


title: Woodcock

text: Woodcock species are known to undergo rapid speciation in island chains, with the extant examples being the Amami woodcock in the Ryukyu Islands and the several species of woodcock in the Indonesian islands, the Philippines, and New Guinea. Subfossil evidence indicates the presence of another radiation of woodcock species in the Greater Antilles; these Caribbean woodcocks may have been more closely related to the Old World woodcock species than the New World ones, and were likely wiped out by human incursion into the region.


title: Woodcock

text: Woodcocks have stocky bodies, cryptic brown and blackish plumage, and long slender bills. Their eyes are located on the sides of their heads, which gives them 360° vision. Unlike in most birds, the tip of the bill's upper mandible is flexible.


title: Woodcock

text: As their common name implies, the woodcocks are woodland birds. They feed at night or in the evenings, searching for invertebrates in soft ground with their long bills. This habit and their unobtrusive plumage makes it difficult to see them when they are resting in the day. Most have distinctive displays known as "roding", usually given at dawn or dusk.


title: Woodcock

text: The range of breeding habits of the Eurasian woodcock extends from the west of Ireland eastwards across Europe and Asia preferring mostly boreal forest regions engulfing northern Japan, and also from the northern limits of the tree zone in Norway. Continuing south to the Pyrenees and the northern limits of Spain. Nests have been found in Corsica and there are three isolated Atlantic breeding stations in Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. In Asia the sites can be seen as far south as Kashmir and the Himalayas.


title: Woodcock

text: Some woodcocks have become popular gamebirds. The island-endemic species are often quite rare due to overhunting. The pin feathers (coverts of the leading primary feather of the wing) of the Eurasian woodcock are sometimes used as brushtips by artists, by whom they are used for fine painting work.


title: Woodcock

text: The cocker spaniel dog breed is named after the bird: the dogs were originally bred to hunt the woodcock.


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a prominent member of the Black Order, a team of aliens who work for Thanos.


title: Ebony Maw

text: The character has made several appearances in media, such as animated television series, the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "" and "" voiced by Tom Vaughan-Lawlor, and video games. Lawlor also voiced alternate timeline versions in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" (2021).


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw first appears in a one-panel cameo in "New Avengers" #8 (Sept. 2013) and was created by Jonathan Hickman and Jerome Opeña. His second one-panel appearance came later that month in "Infinity" #1 (Oct. 2013).


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw was a member of Thanos' Black Order. He is not a fighter, but a dangerous thinker of the Black Order. When Thanos targeted Earth as the next planet he would raze during the "Infinity" storyline, Ebony Maw was dispatched to deal with Doctor Strange.


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw used his abilities to control Doctor Strange and force him to summon Shuma-Gorath. Then Ebony Maw used his abilities to have Doctor Strange serve as a double-agent for him when he reunited with the Illuminati. When the Illuminati headed to numerous locations around the world to find Thanos' son Thane, Doctor Strange found the boy in a hidden Inhuman city of Orollan (which is located in Greenland). Ebony remained there and forced Doctor Strange to forget about the discovery and to leave, freeing himself from Maw's control.


title: Ebony Maw

text: When Black Bolt detonated a Terrigen Bomb which unleashed the Terrigen Mists upon the entire face of Earth, Thanos' son Thane underwent Terrigenesis. The manifestation of his powers annihilated the entire town. Posing as an ally following the incident, Ebony Maw offered Thane a suit to control his powers, but also captured him in a containment field followed by Ebony Maw alerting Thanos to the location of his son. When the Avengers arrived in Orollan in order to defeat Thanos, Ebony Maw tested Thane by freeing him. Thane could escape or could fight Thanos and become what he had avoided his entire life. Thane agreed and embraced his true nature as the son of Thanos by fighting his father. Using the power of his right hand, Thane trapped Thanos and his ally Proxima Midnight in an amber construct which left them in a state of "living death." Upon the defeat of Thanos, Ebony Maw started disciplining Thane into becoming something greater than Thanos and greater than any one would.


title: Ebony Maw

text: During the "No Surrender" arc, Ebony Maw appears as a member of Challenger's Black Order where he pits them in a contest against Grandmaster's Lethal Legion.


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw has genius-level intellect. He mostly demonstrates his intelligence with his highly skilled abilities of manipulation being described as a "black tongue that spreads mischief and evil wherever he goes." Ebony Maw's skills at manipulation are a result of his superhumanly persuasive voice which allows him to control even the strongest minds such as Doctor Strange. Maw's other abilities includes the ability to use telekinesis and pyrokinesis.


title: Ebony Maw

text: Ebony Maw appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, voiced and motion-captured by Tom Vaughan-Lawlor. This version has telekinetic abilities and serves as Thanos' herald, perversely evangelizing to the inhabitants of worlds that Thanos attacks that they are actually being saved and the ones who are dead or dying should "rejoice" in their deaths bringing balance to the universe.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: Brian Burns (born April 23, 1998) is an American football defensive end for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Panthers in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: Burns attended American Heritage School, where he played high school football. Over his junior and senior seasons, he had 135 tackles and 28 sacks combined and helped his team win state titles. Burns played in the 2016 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. He committed to Florida State University to play college football.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: As a freshman at Florida State in 2016, Burns played in all 13 games and led all freshman in the country with 8.5 sacks. As a sophomore in 2017, he started all 13 games and had 48 tackles and 4.5 sacks. As a junior in 2018, Burns started all 12 games, recording 52 tackles and 10 sacks. After the season, Burns decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: In Week 5 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Burns recorded a sack and returned a forced fumble for a touchdown in the 34-27 win.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: In Week 3 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Burns recorded his first sack of the season, a strip sack that was recovered by the Panthers, during the 21–16 win.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: In Week 7 against the New Orleans Saints, Burns recorded a strip sack that was recovered by the Panthers during the 27–24 loss. In Week 11 against the Detroit Lions, Burns recorded two sacks during a shutout win and was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: The Panthers picked up the fifth-year option on Burns' contract on April 26, 2022. In Week 12 against the Denver Broncos, Burns had 2 sacks, 1 forced fumble and 1 pass deflection, earning him NFC Defensive Player of The Week.


title: Brian Burns (American football)

text: Burns' older brother, Stanley McClover, was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft. His nickname is Spidey. It is the same nickname as his favorite Marvel character Spider-Man. He also named his sack celebration after the nickname. On December 27, 2021, Burns was placed on the Panthers COVID-19 reserve list along with three other players.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method for estimating body composition, in particular body fat and muscle mass, where a weak electric current flows through the body and the voltage is measured in order to calculate impedance (resistance) of the body. Most body water is stored in muscle. Therefore, if a person is more muscular there is a high chance that the person will also have more body water, which leads to lower impedance. Since the advent of the first commercially available devices in the mid-1980s the method has become popular owing to its ease of use and portability of the equipment. It is familiar in the consumer market as a simple instrument for estimating body fat. BIA actually determines the electrical impedance, or opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues which can then be used to estimate total body water (TBW), which can be used to estimate fat-free body mass and, by difference with body weight, body fat.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Many of the early research studies showed that BIA was quite variable and it was not regarded by many as providing an accurate measure of body composition. In recent years technological improvements have made BIA much more reliable and therefore more acceptable way of measuring body composition. Nevertheless, it is DEXA and MRI – and not BIA – that are regarded as the reference method in body composition analysis.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Although the instruments are straightforward to use, careful attention to the method of use (as described by the manufacturer) should be given.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Simple devices to estimate body fat, often using BIA, are available to consumers as body fat meters. These instruments are generally regarded as being less accurate than those used clinically or in nutritional and medical practice. They tend to under-read body fat percentage by approximately 5 kg (±7 kg LoA) on average, despite showing a linear correlation with MRI-based measurements of 0.75 and 0.81 for females and males, respectively.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Dehydration is a recognized factor affecting BIA measurements as it causes an increase in the body's electrical resistance, so has been measured to cause a 5 kg underestimation of fat-free mass i.e. an overestimation of body fat.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Body fat measurements are lower when measurements are taken shortly after consumption of a meal, causing a variation between highest and lowest readings of body fat percentage taken throughout the day of up to 4.2% of body fat.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Moderate exercise before BIA measurements lead to an overestimation of fat-free mass and an underestimation of body fat percentage due to reduced impedance. For example, moderate intensity exercise for 90–120 minutes before BIA measurements causes nearly a 12 kg overestimation of fat-free mass, i.e. body fat is significantly underestimated. Therefore, it is recommended not to perform BIA for several hours after moderate or high intensity exercise.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: BIA is considered reasonably accurate for measuring groups, of limited accuracy for tracking body composition in an individual over a period of time, but is not considered sufficiently accurate for recording of single measurements of individuals.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Consumer grade devices for measuring BIA have not been found to be sufficiently accurate for single measurement use, and are better suited for use to measure changes in body composition over time for individuals. Two-electrode foot-to-foot measurement is less accurate than 4-electrode (feet, hands) and eight-electrode measurement. Results for some four- and eight-electrode instruments tested found poor limits of agreement and in some cases systematic bias in estimation of visceral fat percentage, but good accuracy in the prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) when compared with more accurate whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: The use of multiple frequencies in specific BIA devices that utilize eight electrodes has been found to have a 94% correlation method with DEXA when measuring body fat percentage. The correlation with DEXA is as high as 99% when measuring Lean Mass, if strict guidelines are adhered to.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: The electrical properties of tissues have been described since 1872. These properties were further described for a wider range of frequencies on a larger range of tissues, including those that were damaged or undergoing change after death.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 1962, Thomasset conducted the original studies using electrical impedance measurements as an index of total body water (TBW), using two subcutaneously inserted needles.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 1969, Hoffer concluded that a whole-body impedance measurement could predict total body water. The equation (the squared value of height divided by impedance measurements of the right half of the body) showed a correlation coefficient of 0.92 with total body water. This equation, Hoffer proved, is known as the impedance index used in BIA.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: By the 1970s the foundations of BIA were established, including those that underpinned the relationships between the impedance and the body water content of the body. A variety of single-frequency BIA analyzers then became commercially available, such as RJL Systems and its first commercialized impedance meter.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In the 1980s, Lukaski, Segal, and other researchers discovered that the use of a single frequency (50 kHz) in BIA assumed the human body to be a single cylinder, which created many technical limitations in BIA. The use of a single frequency was inaccurate for populations that did not have the standard body type. To improve the accuracy of BIA, researchers created empirical equations using empirical data (gender, age, ethnicity) to predict a user's body composition.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 1986, Lukaski published empirical equations using the impedance index, body weight, and reactance.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 1986, Kushner and Scholler published empirical equations using the impedance index, body weight, and gender.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: However, empirical equations were only useful in predicting the average population's body composition and was inaccurate for medical purposes for populations with diseases. In 1992, Kushner proposed the use of multiple frequencies to increase the accuracy of BIA devices to measure the human body as 5 different cylinders (right arm, left arm, torso, right leg, left leg) instead of one. The use of multiple frequencies would also distinguish intracellular and extracellular water.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: By the 1990s, the market included several multi-frequency analyzers. The use of BIA as a bedside method has increased because the equipment is portable and safe, the procedure is simple and noninvasive, and the results are reproducible and rapidly obtained. More recently, segmental BIA has been developed to overcome inconsistencies between resistance (R) and the body mass of the trunk.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 1996, an eight-polar BIA device that did not utilize empirical equations was created and was found to "offer accurate estimates of TBW and ECW in women without the need of population-specific formulas."


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In 2020 BIA became available for Apple Watch users with the accessory AURA Strap with built-in sensors.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: The impedance of cellular tissue can be modeled as a resistor (representing the extracellular path) in parallel with a resistor and capacitor in series (representing the intracellular path). This results in a change in impedance versus the frequency used in the measurement. The impedance measurement is generally measured from the wrist to the contralateral ankle and uses either two or four electrodes. A small current on the order of 1-10 μA is passed between two electrodes, and the voltage is measured between the same (for a two electrode configuration) or between the other two electrodes.


title: Bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: In bioelectrical impedance analysis in humans, an estimate of the phase angle can be obtained and is based on changes in resistance and reactance as alternating current passes through tissues, which causes a phase shift. The measured phase angle therefore depends on several biological factors. Phase angle is greater in men than women, and decreases with increasing age.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Lightheadedness is a common and typically unpleasant sensation of dizziness or a feeling that one may faint. The sensation of lightheadedness can be short-lived, prolonged, or, rarely, recurring. In addition to dizziness, the individual may feel as though their head is weightless. The individual may also feel as though the room is "spinning" or moving (vertigo). Most causes of lightheadedness are not serious and either cure themselves quickly, or are easily treated.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Keeping a sense of balance requires the brain to process a variety of information received from the eyes, the nervous system, and the inner ears. If the brain is unable to process these signals, such as when the messages are contradictory, or if the sensory systems are improperly functioning, an individual may experience lightheadedness or dizziness.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Lightheadedness is very similar to pre-syncope. Pre-syncope is the immediate stage before syncope (fainting), particularly in cases of temporary visual field loss (i.e. vision getting "dark" or "closing in").


title: Lightheadedness

text: Lightheadedness can be simply (and most commonly) an indication of a temporary shortage of blood or oxygen to the brain due to a drop in blood pressure, rapid dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. Other causes are: altitude sickness, low blood sugar, hyperventilation, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, panic attacks, and anemia. It can also be a symptom of many other conditions, some of them serious, such as heart problems (including abnormal heart rhythm or heart attack), respiratory problems such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary embolism, and also stroke, bleeding, and shock. If any of these serious disorders is present, the individual will usually have additional symptoms such as chest pain, a feeling of a racing heart, loss of speech or change in vision.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Many people, especially as they age, experience lightheadedness if they arise too quickly from a lying or seated position. Lightheadedness often accompanies the flu, hypoglycaemia, common cold, or allergies.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Dizziness could be provoked by the use of antihistamine drugs, like levocetirizine, or by some antibiotics or SSRIs. Nicotine or tobacco products can cause lightheadedness for inexperienced users. Narcotic drugs, such as codeine, can also cause lightheadedness.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Treatment for lightheadedness depends on the cause or underlying problem. Treatment may include drinking plenty of water or other fluids (unless the lightheadedness is the result of water intoxication in which case drinking water is quite dangerous). If a patient is unable to keep fluids down from nausea or vomiting, they may need intravenous fluids such as Ringer's Lactate. They should try eating something sugary and lying down or sitting and reducing the elevation of the head relative to the body (for example, by positioning the head between the knees).


title: Lightheadedness

text: Other simple remedies include avoiding sudden changes in posture when sitting or lying and avoiding bright lights.


title: Lightheadedness

text: Several essential electrolytes are excreted when the body perspires. When people experience unusual or extreme heat for a long time, sweating excessively can cause a lack of some electrolytes, which in turn can cause lightheadedness.


title: Sagas of Icelanders

text: The sagas of Icelanders (, ), also known as family sagas, are one genre of Icelandic sagas. They are prose narratives mostly based on historical events that mostly took place in Iceland in the ninth, tenth, and early eleventh centuries, during the so-called Saga Age. They were written in Old Icelandic, a western dialect of Old Norse. They are the best-known specimens of Icelandic literature.


title: Sagas of Icelanders

text: They are focused on history, especially genealogical and family history. They reflect the struggle and conflict that arose within the societies of the early generations of Icelandic settlers. The Icelandic sagas are valuable and unique historical sources about medieval Scandinavian societies and kingdoms, in particular in regards to pre-Christian religion and culture.


title: Sagas of Icelanders

text: Eventually many of these Icelandic sagas were recorded, mostly in the 13th and 14th centuries. The 'authors', or rather recorders of these sagas are largely unknown. One saga, "Egil's Saga", is believed by some scholars to have been written by Snorri Sturluson, a descendant of the saga's hero, but this remains uncertain. The standard modern edition of Icelandic sagas is produced by Hið íslenzka fornritafélag ('The Old Icelandic Text Society'), or Íslenzk fornrit for short.


title: Sagas of Icelanders

text: Among the several literary reviews of the sagas is the "Sagalitteraturen" by Sigurður Nordal, which divides the sagas into five chronological groups (depending on when they were written not their subject matters) distinguished by the state of literary development:


title: Sagas of Icelanders

text: It is thought that a small number of sagas are now lost, including the supposed "Gauks saga Trandilssonar" – The saga of Gaukur á Stöng.


title: Irpin

text: Irpin (, ) is a Hero City of Ukraine located on the Irpin River in Bucha Raion, Kyiv Oblast (province) right next to the city of Kyiv in northern Ukraine. Irpin hosts the administration of Irpin urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city has a population of 65,167


title: Irpin

text: In the 17th century on the site of Irpin were the villages of Romanivka and khutir Lyubka. In the 19th century Severynivka village, and khutirs Rudnya and Stoyanka appeared.


title: Irpin

text: Irpin was formed in 1899 as a passing loop, during construction of the Kyiv–Kovel railway line. Railway workers founded the town near the railway road along with other localities such as Bucha and Vorzel. The city's name (along with the city of Vorzel) was chosen due to its location on the Irpin River.


title: Irpin

text: From 26 July 1941, right after the Battle of Kyiv, it was occupied by the Wehrmacht until November 1943, when Kyiv was recaptured. Most of its Jewish population were murdered in either Babi Yar or other massacres by the Nazis.


title: Irpin

text: In 1956, Irpin's status was changed to that of a "city of raion (district) subordination," subordinate to the Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion (district).


title: Irpin

text: On 30 December 1962, the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR issued a decree changing the status of Irpin to that of a "city of oblast subordination," thus being directly subordinate to the oblast authorities rather than the city administration housed within the city. Also mentioned within the decree were the inclusion of the urban-type settlements of Bucha (a city of oblast significance since 2007), Vorzel, Hostomel, and Kotsiubynske within the city limits.


title: Irpin

text: Until 18 July 2020, Irpin was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Irpin Municipality, which also included the urban-type settlement of Hostomel, Kotsiubynske, and Vorzel. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven, Irpin Municipality was merged into Bucha Raion.


title: Irpin

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Irpin became the site of a battlefield engagement during the Kyiv offensive. Russian forces took the Hostomel Airport in the north of the city to facilitate an advance southwards, around Kyiv. The city was shelled by Russian artillery while the Ukrainians were able to repel and destroy multiple forces attempting to move into the town. According to Human Rights Watch, on March 6, 2022, Russian forces bombarded an intersection on a road of Irpin which was used by civilians to flee. As of 24 March 2022, 80% of the city was recaptured from Russian occupants by Ukrainian Armed Forces. On 28 March, Mayor Oleksandr Markushyn announced that all of Irpin was fully recovered by the Ukrainian forces. On March 30, the mayor of Irpin said that the Russian military had killed more than 300 civilians and 50 servicemen in the city.


title: Irpin

text: On 31 August 2022, the Declaration on Cooperation was signed in Irpin by the National Republican Army and Russian Volunteer Corps in an aim to overthrow the regime of Vladimir Putin.


title: Irpin

text: There are 22 industrial manufacturers operating in the Irpin region. The city has close to one thousand enterprises of various forms of ownership. The most notable are Peremoha Industrial Complex of Irpin (bricks, reinforced concrete components, heat insulation and sound proofing materials), Irpinmash (gears for agricultural industry), Perun Trading Firm (books), KATECH-electro Private Commercial and Manufacturing Company (cabling and wiring products), Irpintorfmash factory (construction materials), and a furniture factory, just to name some.


title: Irpin

text: The agricultural sector of Irpin provides the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv, with potatoes and other vegetables.


title: Irpin

text: The city has a well developed sports infrastructure. At some point it used to host several professional football clubs, among which are Dynamo Irpin (later known as FC Ros Bila Tserkva), Nafkom-Akademiya (later known as FC Nafkom Brovary), and others.


title: Irpin

text: There is also a sports school, a football academy, and several other sports organizations such as a rugby club. A number of sports events are conducted regularly at the city's stadium.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Cannabis tea (also known as weed tea, pot tea, ganja tea or a cannabis decoction) is a cannabis-infused drink prepared by steeping various parts of the cannabis plant in hot or cold water. Cannabis tea is commonly recognized as an alternative form of preparation and consumption of the cannabis plant, more popularly known as marijuana, pot, or weed. This plant has long been recognized as an herbal medicine employed by health professionals worldwide to ease symptoms of disease, as well as a psychoactive drug used recreationally and in spiritual traditions. Though less commonly practiced than popular methods like smoking or consuming edibles, drinking cannabis tea can produce comparable physical and mental therapeutic effects. Such effects are largely attributed to the THC and CBD content of the tea, levels of which are drastically dependent on individual preparation techniques involving volume, amount of cannabis, and boiling time. Also in common with these administration forms of cannabis is the heating component performed before usage. Due to the rather uncommon nature of this particular practice of cannabis consumption in modern times (in contrast to historical use), the research available on the composition of cannabis tea is limited and based broadly around what is known of cannabis as it exists botanically.


title: Cannabis tea

text: According to a 2007 study published in the "Journal of Ethnopharmacology", the composition of cannabis tea is affected by criteria including, but not limited to, the duration of time over which the cannabis is steeped, the volume of tea prepared, and the period of time for which the tea is stored before consumption. The study mentions the ways in which levels of THC and THCA impact variability of composition by changing the bioactivity of the beverage. Therefore, cannabis teas that include less bioactive cannabinoids, "based on HPLC peak area" will demonstrate varying compositions.


title: Cannabis tea

text: According to a recent study on cannabinoid concentration and stability in preparations of cannabis oil and tea, a boiling period of fifteen minutes was found to be sufficient in order to reach the highest concentrations of cannabinoids in tea solutions. However, preparation of cannabis oil in the study was found to ensure a higher stability of cannabinoids than that which was found in preparation of cannabis tea.


title: Cannabis tea

text: To produce psychoactive effects, cannabis used in tea must first be decarboxylated. As with regular tea, spices are often added. Typically, the tea is allowed to simmer for 5-10 minutes.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Cannabis tea was used for centuries in folk medicine as it was thought to be a treatment for rheumatism, cystitis, and various urinary diseases.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Cannabis tea is controlled as a derivative of cannabis in most countries as is required of countries whose governments are party to the United Nations' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. However, similar to the regulation surrounding alcohol content of kombucha, there are some forms of cannabis tea with cannabis levels considered to be highly undetectable. These variations of the drink do not contain the psychoactive cannabinoid known as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and, instead, contain the non-psychoactive cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabinol (CBN)—both of which tend to go undetected in cannabis use/intoxication drug tests. As such, the legal status of cannabis tea is largely dependent on its composition and preparation.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Cannabis tea is scheduled at the federal level in the United States by nature of being a derivative of "Cannabis sativa", and it is therefore illegal to possess, buy, and sell. Due to variances in statewide laws, and the reluctance of the federal government to overrule the states, however, the federal legislation has little impact on nationwide use, and is "generally applied only against persons who possess, cultivate, or distribute large quantities of cannabis". As such, regulation of recreational and/or medicinal growth and use on an individual level is not the responsibility of the federal government.


title: Cannabis tea

text: In Colorado, for medical purposes, cannabis tea is a "Medical Marijuana Infused Product" which is "a product infused with medical marijuana that is intended for use or consumption other than by smoking, including edible products, ointments, and tinctures. These products, when manufactured or sold by a licensed medical marijuana center or a medical marijuana-infused product manufacturer, shall not be considered a food or drug for the purposes of the "Colorado Food and Drug Act", part 4 of article 5 of title 25, C.R.S." Colorado currently stands as one of 33 states that have laws legalizing marijuana as of 2018.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Although not as widely published as the beneficial, therapeutic effects of cannabis tea, adverse effects of consumption have been found to exist, in addition to known adverse effects of cannabis use in general. Based upon the findings of select studies, it appears as though such effects occur mainly as a result of unconventional methods or dosage used when interacting with the decoction.


title: Cannabis tea

text: Possible adverse effects of cannabis tea via intravenous injection have been published via a 1977 study by Dr. Robert B. Mims and Joel H. Lee. The administered solution was one prepared using cannabis seeds (as opposed to the more commonly used female flower head) boiled in tap water with no further filtration. The effects on the four Caucasian youths were said to be immediate and included "nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, [and] chills" among others.


title: Cannabis tea

text: According to a short communication published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, based on the research of Zias et al. regarding cannabis use in ancient childbirth, cannabis is said to have been used to form a decoction with other specific medicinal herbs to terminate a pregnancy in its second to third month. The following is a list of plants used the specific decoction for the termination mentioned by the midwives interviewed for the study: ""C. sativa" L./Cannabaceae; "Atropa baetica Wilk"./Solanaceae; "Nerium oleander" L./Apocynaceae; "Ruta montana" L./Rutaceae; "Peganum harmala" L./Zygophyllaceae; "Agave americana" L./Amaryllidaceae and "Urginea maritima" L./Liliaceae)".


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Jonathan "Jack" Stanley Hodgins IV, Ph.D. is a character in the American television series, "Bones". He is portrayed by T. J. Thyne. Hodgins is introduced to the series primarily as a forensic entomologist, as well as a botanist, mineralogist, a forensic palynologist, and a forensic chemist; his hobby is discussing conspiracy theories. During an investigation, he is primarily responsible for estimating time of death and examining trace evidence and particulates.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins comes from an especially wealthy family and is the sole heir to the fictional private corporation known as the Cantilever Group, although he hid his wealth from his coworkers for a long time.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Son of the late Jonathan and Anne Hodgins ("The Heiress in the Hill", season 9), Jack Hodgins is thought to have been an only child until he discovers in Season 9 that he has an older brother named Jeffrey, institutionalized with schizoaffective disorder. In "The Blonde in the Game", his uncle Preston is introduced. Hodgins' grandfather served as a "code-breaker" under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz during World War II. His family is the single largest donor to the Jeffersonian. In season 8, after serial killer Christopher Pelant hacks into Hodgins' savings and drains his bank accounts and the accounts of the entire Cantilever Group, he and Angela are forced to scrimp; yet, in season 9, he tells Dr. Sweets that he is content as he still has his work at the Jeffersonian and family—the two things which he values the most.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins, like Zack, was bullied in school: in elementary and middle school for being a "rich boy" and in high school for his small physical stature and diminished social skills. He "managed to stand up for himself" on the last day of senior year, which Sweets believes to have given him closure.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins owns an original Mini, which Booth jokingly calls a "toy car", although in later seasons he is seen driving a Toyota Prius as well. He is an experienced cave diver.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Although a noted conspiracy theorist, Hodgins temporarily abandons his paranoid thoughts and beliefs after it is revealed that his best friend, Zack Addy, has become the most recent apprentice to a cannibalistic serial killer known as "Gormogon". Devastated by his best friend's poor judgment, as well as his recent break-up with Angela, Hodgins finds his beliefs and feelings of paranoia turning into misanthropy. After being repeatedly confronted by Sweets about his behavior in the lab, Hodgins explains during a therapy session that he "hates everybody". Sweets determines that Hodgins' misanthropy is a way to cope with the overwhelming stresses in his life, and assures him that it will turn into something more pleasant in time.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: In "Aliens in the Spaceship", in season 2, Hodgins advances the notion of a "King of the Lab". Hodgins and Zack, and, later, other interns, compete sporadically and informally for this informal title by trying to come up with particularly crucial items of evidence in various investigations.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Later in season 8, Hodgins loses his money due to the machinations of killer and hacker Christopher Pelant, who hacks Hodgins' accounts while using the same computer system to target a military drone at a school in Afghanistan, forcing Hodgins to sacrifice his money by allowing the computer to keep running so that the team can focus their efforts on hacking the drone and stopping the destruction of the school. In "The Maiden in the Mushrooms", after using the last of Finn's late grandmother's hot sauce, Hodgins deduces the ingredients and opens a side business called "Opie and Thurston's" to market a re-creation of the concoction. In season 10, in "The Eye in the Sky", Hodgins invents a packaging material and receives an advance of $2 million, restoring a portion of his wealth.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: In Season 11, a bomb planted at a crime scene causes Hodgins such serious injuries that he is left permanently paralyzed from the waist down, with various subsequent episodes focusing on Hodgins adjusting to his new limitations and the team trying to help him cope. He experiences a few moments of movement, such as an involuntary muscle spasm in his leg, but the series ends with him still in his wheelchair, now acting as interim head of the lab while Cam and Arastoo are on their honeymoon.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins has three doctorates, in entomology, botany, and geology/mineralogy. He is known around the Jeffersonian as the "bug and slime guy" and Booth often calls him "bug boy", a reference to Hodgins' expertise in and affection for all insects in general. During an investigation, he primarily deals with particulates and trace evidence and determines the time of death by examining insect activity.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins eventually gets his own lab suite, known as the "Ookey Room", where he does most of his lab work, keeps his collection of arthropods, and performs most of his experiments. In episode 10 of season 4, "The Bones That Blew", Hodgins stated that his passion to "figure stuff out in amusing ways" was why he chose a career in science. In several episodes he has cooked edible food using the lab apparatus, much to his co-workers' bemusement.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins is one of the more sarcastic members of the group, and initially deals with some anger management issues. He also had some initial difficulty in working with Dr Goodman, the Jeffersonian's administrator, as Dr Goodman frequently used conjecture or imagination to make inferences about the victims of crimes. He is sometimes "the funny man" with a notable impression of the character Seeley Booth.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins is one of the more socially adept "squints" and uses pop-culture references and jokes that Dr. Brennan and Zack Addy often fail to grasp. As such, he has little difficulty "translating" scientific terms into layman terms to Booth and is sometimes exasperated when Zack fails to understand a joke or quip.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Throughout the series, Hodgins has been known for his "insane conspiracy ravings", as Booth calls it, and in many of the show's early episodes his knowledge of conspiracy theories was demonstrated. In several cases, Booth, despite his disdain for most of Hodgins' conspiracy theories, uses it to his advantage for a case; in the episode "The Girl in Suite 2103" he asks Hodgins to call the FAA with his "craziest" conspiracy theory in order to stall a plane so the FBI can get to it in time to do a search. At the end of the episode when government agents come to take Hodgins away for questioning in relation to the hoax call, Booth declines to intervene telling Dr Brennan that being taken away by "Men in Black" would be his dream come true. Whenever different aspects of the government, such as the Department of Defense or the State Department, become involved in cases, Hodgins will often be the first to suggest that a cover-up is involved. In Seasons 9 and 10, his conspiracy theorist side comes to the fore and his theories often aid Booth and the team in finding clues in the major story arc in which the discovery of "The Ghost Killer" and her connections lead the team to uncover a widespread and deeply rooted conspiracy going on in the FBI. By the time of "High Treason in the Holiday Season", Booth and Hodgins have reached a stage where Hodgins not only takes Booth's perspective on exposing cover-ups into account but Booth is willing to acknowledge Hodgins' own perspectives; when the case sees the team acquire a hard drive of classified NSA operations, Hodgins agrees with Booth that they can't expose the data on it because it would put the NSA agents at risk even if the operations are technically illegal.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: After a few episodes of sexual tension, Hodgins takes Angela out on their first date to a park to play on swings. When he was buried alive with Dr. Brennan, Hodgins admitted to being in love with Angela, saying "I'm nuts about Angela. Over the moon, stupid in love with her." Hodgins proposed to Angela twice before she turned the tables and proposed to him after he told her that love was enough. Their wedding is cut short in the season two finale when a State Department official interrupts the ceremony because routine federal-employee background investigations have revealed that Angela is technically married to a Fijian man named Grayson Barasa.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins and Angela hire a private investigator to locate Angela's husband, and the investigator finds Angela's husband, Grayson Barasa, living on No Name Key in Florida. Hodgins and Angela ask Amber to force Grayson to sign the divorce papers. Grayson refuses to sign, claiming he still loves Angela and has even built a house for himself and her. Grayson is initially resistant to signing the divorce papers, which puts a strain on the relationship between Angela and Hodgins. They realize that they may not fully trust each other, and end their relationship.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: After their break-up when he learns that Angela's father (ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons) is in town, Hodgins awakes in the middle of a desert with a bandage on his shoulder, which he removes to reveal a tattoo of Angela's face along with the words "Angie Forever".


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: After time apart, it is made clear that Hodgins still has feelings for Angela. After Booth is hospitalized for a brain tumor near the end of Season 4, Hodgins proposes giving his and Angela's relationship a second shot. While, in Season 5, they seem to be just friends, there are still signs of romantic tension between the two. In the episode "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken", Angela mentions to Hodgins that her required celibacy period will soon be over and seems to hint that she would like to break it with Hodgins; Hodgins turns her down, despite her insistence that she was implying no such thing. In "The X in the File", when Wendell tells Hodgins of his relationship with Angela, Hodgins is shown to be very upset and hurt. During the next episode, "The Proof in the Pudding", Angela has a pregnancy scare; during this time, Hodgins tells her that he loves her and that he will be there to support her and the baby. While the pregnancy test was revealed to be a false positive at the end of the episode, Angela still tells Hodgins that she is grateful for his support and will never forget it. They were later imprisoned in "The Witch in the Wardrobe" for a variety of minor infractions by a local sheriff, which led to remembrance of their happiness together. They both realized that they regretted breaking up and shared a passionate kiss. When a judge arrived to post their bail, they were finally married in a private ceremony in the jail cell. They announced their marriage to their colleagues soon after.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Upon their return from their honeymoon in Paris, it is revealed that they are expecting their first child, who will be named Temperance, if it's a girl, after Dr. Brennan. Angela's father wants to name their child "Staccato Mamba". It came to him in a song. Hodgins disagrees so he stands up to him and tells him "No". Finally he agrees with Angela and Hodgins on the names Katherine Temperance for a girl and Michael Joseph for a boy. Also in the end of the episode it was revealed that Hodgins got a tattoo of Angela's dad on his other arm which said "Dad". In the episode "The Blackout in the Blizzard" Angela and Hodgins find out they are both carriers of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, giving their baby a 25 percent chance of blindness. This was a huge devastation for the couple, but in the end they reminded each other that they can handle anything together. Once the child was born, their son was confirmed to not be blind, and the two named him Michael Staccato Vincent Hodgins (named in honor of Vincent Nigel-Murray who was previously killed).


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins' argumentative nature sometimes annoys his co-workers but he is on friendly terms with most of the team, including the interns. He was close to Zack Addy (who lived with Hodgins, renting the apartment above his garage) and would advise him on how to behave in a social setting, sometimes with humorously awkward results. Zack's social awkwardness and inability to understand Hodgins' sarcasm or pop culture references was sometimes a source of frustration, with Hodgins once calling the former a "dull Vulcan".


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Of the interns, Hodgins is particularly close to Wendell Bray, Finn Abernathy and Arastoo Vaziri. He initially had an awkward relationship with Wendell as the latter once dated Angela for a period of time and Angela had painted Wendell nude once. They later resolve the issue over time.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: Hodgins and Arastoo frequently chat about sports, especially basketball and baseball, while examining remains in the lab. When Arastoo admitted to faking his accent as a cover for his religiousness, Hodgins was one of the first to accept him without reservations after Arastoo explained how he reconciles his religion (Islam) with science.


title: Jack Hodgins (Bones)

text: When Booth was appointed the FBI liaison to the Jeffersonian, Hodgins, who is anti-bureaucracy, was particularly hostile to him, especially for the early part of Season 1. Booth's military background, position as an FBI agent and patriotism further added to the tension. In "Two Bodies in the Lab" Booth went against protocol and allowed Hodgins to go with him to rescue Dr. Brennan - albeit because Hodgins was the only person available to drive him to help Brennan - and their animosity subsides from then on. Despite their opposing views, they are on friendly terms, with Hodgins expressing genuine regret when a current investigation exposed a military cover-up as he recognized what their discoveries meant for Booth. Hodgins also asked for Booth's advice when he was planning to propose to Angela. Most notably, when Agent Perotta — who was officially working with the squints on a case where Booth was a prime suspect and thus unable to serve as the lead investigator — commented that 'her' people had found some recent evidence in the case, Hodgins, along with intern Wendell automatically corrected her statement by saying that the squints were "Booth's" people. After Brennan, Hodgins is the 'squint' who has spent the most time out in the field with Booth – discounting Dr. Camille Saroyan, who had prior experience working in law enforcement before joining the Jeffersonian – occasionally accompanying Booth when investigations require on-site particulate analysis.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: She is also known as Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto, The Great Persuader, and The Heavenly Alarming Female. She is depicted in kyōgen farce as Okame, a woman who revels in her sensuality.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: Amaterasu's brother, the storm god Susano'o, had vandalized her rice fields, threw a flayed horse at her loom, and brutally killed one of her maidens due to a quarrel between them. In turn, Amaterasu became furious with him and retreated into the Heavenly Rock Cave, Amano-Iwato. The world, without the illumination of the sun, became dark and the gods could not lure Amaterasu out of her hiding place.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: The clever Uzume overturned a tub near the cave entrance and began to dance on it, tearing off her clothing in front of the other deities. They considered this so comical that they laughed heartily at the sight. This dance is said to have founded the Japanese ritual dance, Kagura.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: Uzume had hung a bronze mirror and a beautiful jewel of polished jade. Amaterasu heard them, and peered out to see what the commotion was about. When she opened the cave, she saw the jewel and her glorious reflection in a mirror which Uzume had placed on a tree, and slowly came out from her clever hiding spot.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: At that moment, the god Ame-no-Tajikarawo-no-mikoto dashed forth and closed the cave behind her, refusing to budge so that she could no longer retreat. Another god tied a magic shimenawa across the entrance. The deities Ame-no-Koyane-no-mikoto and Ame-no-Futodama-no-mikoto then asked Amaterasu to rejoin the divine. She agreed, and light was restored to the earth.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: Amaterasu orders Uzume to accompany her grandson Ninigi on his journey to earth. They head to "Ame-no-ukihashi" ("floating bridge of heaven") so they could head to earth but they are blocked by Sarutahiko. Uzume comes and persuades Sarutahiko to let Ninigi pass, in other versions of the story Uzume flirts with Sarutahiko.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: Later on, Uzume and Sarutahiko and fell in love and get married, they would both found the Sarume clan.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: There are many shrines dedicated to the goddess including Chiyo shrine, Tsubaki America Shrine and Tsubaki Grand Shrine.


title: Ame-no-Uzume

text: According to Michael Witzel, Uzume is most closely related to the Vedic goddess Ushas ("uṣás"), a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European goddess Hausos (""). Both goddesses share many similarities such as the cave (Vala/Iwato) and the exposure of breasts as a sign of friendship. Witzel proposed that the Japanese and Vedic religions are much more closely related compared to other mythologies under what he calls Laurasian mythology, and that the two myths may go back to the Indo-Iranian period, around 2000 BCE. This would make Uzume analogous to the Greek goddess Eos and the Roman goddess Aurora.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: William Steinitz (born Wilhelm Steinitz; May 14, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian and, later, American chess player. From 1886 to 1894, he was the first official World Chess Champion. He was also a highly influential writer and chess theoretician.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: When discussing chess history from the 1850s onwards, commentators have debated whether Steinitz could be effectively considered the champion from an earlier time, perhaps as early as 1866. Steinitz lost his title to Emanuel Lasker in 1894, and lost a rematch in 1896–97.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Statistical rating systems give Steinitz a rather low ranking among world champions, mainly because he took several long breaks from competitive play. However, an analysis based on one of these rating systems shows that he was one of the most dominant players in the history of the game. Steinitz was unbeaten in match play for 32 years, from 1862 to 1894.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Although Steinitz became "world number one" by winning in the all-out attacking style that was common in the 1860s, he unveiled in 1873 a new style of play, and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style. His new style was controversial and some even branded it as "cowardly", but many of Steinitz's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Steinitz was also a prolific writer on chess, and defended his new ideas vigorously. The debate was so bitter and sometimes abusive that it became known as the "Ink War". By the early 1890s, Steinitz's approach was widely accepted, and the next generation of top players acknowledged their debt to him, most notably his successor as world champion, Emanuel Lasker.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Traditional accounts of Steinitz's character depict him as ill-tempered and aggressive, but more recent research shows that he had long and friendly relationships with some players and chess organizations. Most notably from 1888 to 1889 he co-operated with the American Chess Congress in a project to define rules governing the conduct of future world championships. Steinitz was unskilled at managing money, and lived in poverty all his life.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Steinitz was born on May 14, 1836, in the Jewish ghetto of Prague (now capital of the Czech Republic; then in Bohemia, a part of the Austrian Empire). The youngest of a tailor's thirteen sons to survive, he learned to play chess at age 12. He began playing serious chess in his twenties, after leaving Prague in 1857 to study mathematics in Vienna, at the Vienna Polytechnic. Steinitz spent two years at the university.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Steinitz improved rapidly in chess during the late 1850s, progressing from third place in the 1859 Vienna City championship to first in 1861, with a score of 30/31. During this period he was nicknamed "the Austrian Morphy". This achievement meant that he had become the strongest player in Austria.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Steinitz was then sent to represent Austria in the London 1862 chess tournament. He placed sixth, but his win over Augustus Mongredien was awarded the tournament's brilliancy prize. He immediately challenged the fifth-placed contestant, the strong veteran Italian Master Serafino Dubois, to a match, which Steinitz won (five wins, one draw, three losses). This encouraged him to turn professional, and he took up residence in London. In 1862–63 Steinitz scored a crushing win in a match with Joseph Henry Blackburne, who went on to be one of the world's top ten for 20 years, but who had only started playing chess two years earlier. Steinitz then beat some leading UK players in matches: Frederick Deacon and the aforementioned Mongredien in 1863 followed by Valentine Green in 1864. This charge up the rankings had a price: in March 1863 Steinitz apologized in a letter to Ignác Kolisch for not repaying a loan, because while Steinitz had been beating Blackburne, Daniel Harrwitz had "taken over" all of Steinitz's clients at the London Chess Club, who had provided Steinitz's main source of income.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: These successes established Steinitz as one of the world's top players, and he was able to arrange a match in 1866 in London against Adolf Anderssen, who was regarded as the world's strongest active player because he had won the 1851 and 1862 London International Tournaments and his one superior, Paul Morphy, had retired from competitive chess. Steinitz won with eight wins and six losses (there were no draws), but it was a hard fight; after 12 games the scores were level at 6–6, then Steinitz won the last two games.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: As a result of this match victory, Steinitz was generally regarded as the world's best player. The prize money for this match was £100 to the winner (Steinitz) and £20 for the loser (Anderssen). The winner's prize was a large sum by the standards of the times, equivalent to about £57,500 in 2007's money.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: In the years following his victory over Anderssen, Steinitz beat Henry Bird in 1866 (seven wins, five losses, five draws). He also comfortably beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872 (seven wins, four draws, one loss; Zukertort had proved himself one of the elite by beating Anderssen by a large margin in 1871).


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: It took longer for Steinitz to reach the top in tournament play. In the next few years he took: third place at Paris 1867 behind Ignatz Kolisch and Simon Winawer; and second place at Dundee (1867; Gustav Neumann won), and Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament; behind Anderssen but ahead of Blackburne, Louis Paulsen and other strong players. His first victory in a strong tournament was London 1872, ahead of Blackburne and Zukertort; and the first tournament in which Steinitz finished ahead of Anderssen was the Vienna 1873 chess tournament, when Anderssen was 55 years old.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: All of Steinitz's successes up to 1872 were achieved in the attack-at-all-costs "Romantic" style exemplified by Anderssen. But in the Vienna 1873 chess tournament, Steinitz unveiled a new "positional" style of play which was to become the basis of modern chess. He tied for first place with Blackburne, ahead of Anderssen, Samuel Rosenthal, Paulsen and Henry Bird, and won the play-off against Blackburne. Steinitz made a shaky start, but won his last 14 games in the main tournament (including 2–0 results over Paulsen, Anderssen, and Blackburne) plus the two play-off games – this was the start of a 25-game winning streak in serious competition.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Between 1873 and 1882 Steinitz played no tournaments and only one match (a 7–0 win against Blackburne in 1876). His other games during this period were in simultaneous and blindfold exhibitions, which contributed an important part of a professional chess-player's income in those days (for example in 1887 Blackburne was paid 9 guineas for two simultaneous exhibitions and a blindfold exhibition hosted by the Teesside Chess Association; this was equivalent to about £4,800 at 2007 values).


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

text: Instead, Steinitz concentrated on his work as a chess journalist, notably for "The Field", which was Britain's leading sports magazine. Some of Steinitz's commentaries aroused heated debates, notably from Zukertort and Leopold Hoffer in "The Chess Monthly" (which they founded in 1879). This "Ink War" escalated sharply in 1881, when Steinitz mercilessly criticized Hoffer's annotations of games in the 1881 Berlin Congress (won by Blackburne ahead of Zukertort). Steinitz was eager to settle the analytical debates by a second match against Zukertort, whose unwillingness to play provoked scornful comments from Steinitz. In mid-1882 James Mason, a consistently strong player, challenged Steinitz to a match, and accused Steinitz of cowardice when Steinitz insisted the issue with Zukertort should be settled first. Steinitz responded by inviting Mason to name a sufficiently high stake for a match, at least £150 per player (equivalent to about £73,000 in 2007's money), but Mason was unwilling to stake more than £100. Mason later agreed to play a match with Zukertort for a stake of £100 per player, but soon "postponed" that match, writing that "circumstances having arisen that make it highly inconvenient for me to proceed ..."