title: Sheila Kuehl

text: During her time in the state Legislature Kuehl authored bills pertaining to domestic violence, child support services, family leave, and discrimination based on gender, disability and sexual orientation. Later when speaking to an interviewer she reflected "I was a women's rights attorney and a law professor. My interest was primarily issues of equality on the basis of gender, whether it was workplace discrimination, protection from domestic violence and sexual assault, child care, custody issues for married women. That was my area of expertise, so we started with that. I had participated in writing virtually all of the domestic violence laws, and then brought bills to expand them once I was [in Sacramento]. I knew, that as the only gay person, it would fall to me to bring protective bills. And I chose the most difficult one first, because anything having to do with children is a flashpoint for the opposition. And so it was very difficult."


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: Kuehl served in the California Senate for two terms (eight years) the maximum allowed under term limits adopted in 1990.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: On November 4, 2014, Supervisor Kuehl was elected to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. She assumed office on December 1, 2014, thus becoming the first openly LGBTQ person to ever serve on the Board. As the representative of Los Angeles County's 3rd Supervisorial District, she serves nearly two million residents, and is responsible for managing 431 square miles of land stretching from the Pacific ocean to Los Feliz, and from Venice up to San Fernando. In 2018, she served as chair of the Board of Supervisors.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: In her capacity as Supervisor, she serves as chair of the Board of Commissioners of First 5 LA, First Vice Chair of the board of directors of LA Metro, and sits on the Board of the new Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) known as the Clean Power Alliance.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: In her first three years on the Board, she has undertaken or collaborated in a number of initiatives and motions. A partial list of her work includes raising the minimum wage, creating a Citizens' Oversight Commission for the Sheriff's Department, providing funding and services for LA County's homeless population and those trying to find and keep affordable housing. She terms out in 2022.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: Kuehl previously had a ten-year romantic relationship with Torie Osborn, who served as a deputy mayor in L.A. Osborn went on to support Kuehl's run for Supervisor and joined her staff as principal deputy for strategy and policy.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: Los Angeles County limits its Supervisors to three consecutive four-year terms in accord with a 2002 measure. When running for the office she was asked if she missed acting and responded that the camaraderie in public service mirrored her favourite aspect of acting, and then stated "I suppose if I get to be a supervisor and then I'm termed out, I'll be, you know, fairly elderly but still able to do things, and then I guess my ambition would be to be Betty White for a couple of years."


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: Reflecting on her political career Kuehl told an interviewer, "I was very proud of the fact that I wasn't too frightened to run for office as a gay person. [You imagine] people making anonymous phone calls in the middle of the night to tell you you're a horrible person only in worse language than that, or imagine getting spat at. It's the same thing people go through about coming out. But it turns out to be much better than you expect."


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: On November 24, 2020, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors voted to uphold the county ban on outdoor dining, with Kuehl voting in favor of the ban and referring to the ongoing situation as a "serious health emergency." On November 30, 2020, the media received reports that within hours after voting in favor of the outdoor dining ban, Kuehl was spotted dining outdoors at an Italian restaurant, Il Forno Trattoria, in Santa Monica.


title: Sheila Kuehl

text: On September 14, 2022, deputies from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department served Kuehl with a search warrant. The warrant is related to an investigation into Kuehl's involvement with an alleged "pay to play" scheme; a former County official claimed that Kuehl and others improperly awarded a series of contracts for sexual harassment training programs.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Susan Seaforth Hayes (born Susan Seabold; July 11, 1943) is an American dramatic actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Julie Williams on the NBC drama "Days of Our Lives", and her intermittent portrayal of Joanna Manning on the CBS daytime drama "The Young and the Restless". She began playing the role of Julie on "Days of Our Lives" in 1965, and is the only actor to appear on the show for all seven decades it has been on the air. Seaforth Hayes still regularly appears on "Days" as Julie.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Susan Seaforth grew up in Hollywood, where she was active in theater as a teenager. Her mother, Elizabeth Harrower (1918–2003), was an actress and screenwriter who eventually became a part of the writing teams of "The Young and the Restless" and "Days of Our Lives". Her father, Harry Seabold, lived with his bride for 90 days during World War II, through his basic training near Oklahoma City. He shipped out after his daughter was conceived and remained overseas for thirty-three months; during this time, Harrower returned to her family home in Berkeley.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Susan Seaforth played the role of Penny in Season 1, Episode 10 of "Leave It to Beaver" which aired December 6, 1957.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Seaforth Hayes had a number of featured roles on prime-time television in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Ms. Seaforth appeared in the TV series "Cheyenne" in the episode, "The Bad Penny", portraying a young murderess avenging the hanging of her outlaw father. She appeared as Martha Otis, the wife of Jim Otis (Gil Peterson) in 1967 in "Death Valley Days". She guest starred in "National Velvet", "The Fugitive", "Redigo", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", at least two appearances on "My Three Sons", plus episodes of "Emergency!", "Adam-12", the 1967-1970 version of "Dragnet", and "Matlock", starring Andy Griffith. She was in two separate episodes of "Cheyenne" with Clint Walker in 1962. She had a guest appearance on "Perry Mason" in 1962 as title character Helen Gregory in "The Case of the Stand-in Sister." In the mid 1960s, she appeared on "General Hospital" as the flirtatious Dorothy Bradley (1964) and later on "The Young Marrieds" as Carol West (1965), giving her some experience into the hectic world of daytime television soap opera.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: She is best known for her work on the daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives" in the role of Julie Olson Williams, which she played continuously from 1968 to 1984 and again from 1990 to 1993, with recurring appearances in 1994 and 1996. Since 1999, she has appeared on the show in a recurring capacity, often doing double duty between "Days" and "Y&R", in one case appearing on both shows on the very same day, a feat possible because of their different shooting and airing schedules.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: She is the only actor to appear on "Days of Our Lives" in all seven decades that it has been in production. In between appearances, she starred from November 1984 to May 1989 as Joanna Manning, mother to Tracey E. Bregman's character, Lauren Fenmore, on "The Young and the Restless" and as District Attorney Patricia Steele on "Sunset Beach" in that show's final months on the air.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: The role of Stephanie Forrester on "The Bold and the Beautiful" was created for her by former "Days" headwriter William J. Bell. When she turned it down, her former "Days" costar Susan Flannery took the role. However, when the character of Lauren Fenmore crossed over, Susan did reprise her role of Joanna Manning on that show for one episode in 2003, and has made several return appearances as that character on "Y&R" as Lauren's storyline required the character to be there.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Most recently, Susan made a cameo appearance in a music video for Chip Chocolate's "Cookie Dance" as Mrs. Fields.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: For her work on "Days", Seaforth Hayes has received four Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, in 1975, 1976, 1978, and 1979; and two nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, in 2018, and 2020. On April 29, 2018, the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences presented Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes with Lifetime Achievement Awards at the 45th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: She was voted Best Actress in "Daytime TV"'s Annual Reader's Poll in 1976, 1977, and 1978. Additionally, in 1977, she won two Soapy Awards for Actress of the Year and Favorite Heroine. She was awarded Photoplay Gold Medal Awards in 1977 and 1978, for Favorite Daytime Female Star. She earned a degree in history from L.A's City College, and the stack of books at her deskside reflects an intense interest in the American West and diverse Native American cultures. Seaforth Hayes has lectured at universities in Los Angeles and Boston.


title: Susan Seaforth Hayes

text: Her onscreen and real-life romance with co-star Bill Hayes (Doug Williams) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press (they married in 1974). The characters of Doug and Julie were "Days of our Lives"', as well as daytime TV's, first supercouple, and are widely believed to be the first supercoupling on the American daytime serials. Their appearance together on the January 12, 1976 cover of "Time" magazine was the only time daytime actors have appeared there. They also made an appearance on "Password Plus" in 1979.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite, sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximate chemical formula NaHSO. Sodium bisulfite in fact is not a real compound, but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions. It appears in form of white or yellowish-white crystals with an odor of sulfur dioxide. For properties of sodium bisulfite, refer to the table located to the right. Regardless of its ill-defined nature, sodium bisulfite is used in many different industries such a food additive with E number E222 in the food industry, a reducing agent in the cosmetic industry, and a decomposer of residual hypochlorite used in the bleaching industry.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: Sodium bisulfite solutions can be prepared by treating a solution of suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate with sulfur dioxide.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite functions as a reducing agent and furthermore as a hair-waiving/straightening agent. As of 1998, sodium bisulfite was used in 58 different cosmetic products including hair conditioners, moisturizers, and hair dyes.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: In a cosmetic context, the reducing ability of sodium bisulfite is used to prevent discoloration, bleach food starches, and delay spoilage of the product. Since the sulfite molecule was used in so many compounds in the 1990s, the EPA, FDA, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists established a working place threshold limit value for sulfur dioxide of 2ppm averaged over 8 hours, and a 3-hour level of 5ppm. Even with this threshold established, the FDA recognized sodium bisulfite as a "generally recognized as safe" compound.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: A final examination on the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, oral toxicity, and cellular toxicity on consumed sodium bisulfite was conducted using living subjects such as mice and rats. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was inadequate evidence to that that sodium bisulfite was carcinogenic. Under specific conditions such as acidity and concentration level, sodium bisulfite was able to cause negative alterations to the genome such as catalyzing transamination, and induce sister-chromatid exchanges suggesting possible genotoxicity. In a study using Osbourne-Mendel strain rats, it was concluded that oral toxicity was not significant if the consumed concentration was less than 0.1% (615ppm as SO2). A study done by Servalli, Lear, and Cottree in 1984 found that sodium bisulfite did not produce membrane fusion in hepatic and murine glial cells and human fibroblasts so there is no oral toxicity. These clinical studies concluded that sodium bisulfite was safe to use in cosmetic formulations.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: Similar to the cosmetic industry, the European Commission requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to review and determine if the use of sulfites as food additives was still safe in light of new scientific technology and information. Since sodium bisulfite is a known sulfonating compound, it underwent the experimentation. Based on clinical experiments using rats and mice, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives came to the conclusion that 0-0.7mg of sulfur dioxide equivalent/kg of body weight per day will cause no harm to an individual consuming this compound as a food additive. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity were examined just as in the cosmetic trials and in both cases, no potential for concern with respect to the sulfites were found.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: The production of sodium bisulfite used as a food additive can be described by the combination of sulfur dioxide gas with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in usual absorber apparatuses. In order to analyze the amount of free sulfites in food as a result of the sulfonation of sodium bisulfite, multiple methods can be used including the Monier-Williams type procedure, HPLC after extraction, and Flow Injection analysis. Overall, the use of sodium bisulfite in the food industry as an additive and antioxidant is safe and beneficial to the lifespan of processed foods.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: An antichlor is a substance used to decompose residual hypochlorite or chlorine after chlorine-based bleaching, in order to prevent ongoing reactions with, and therefore damage to, the material that has been bleached. Sodium bisulfite is an example of an antichlor. Historically, sodium bisulfite has been used in the textile industry, cosmetic industry, food industry, and more.


title: Sodium bisulfite

text: Antichlors are very useful in the textile industry because bleaching of compounds using chlorine is a standard practice. However, the use of sodium bisulfite in the decomposition of excess hypochlorite can lead to harmful byproducts when it comes into contact with water at the concentrations present for industrial use. Contact with these dangerous byproducts or even strong concentrations of sodium bisulfite can be harmful to the environment and contact with the skin. Strong concentrations of these compounds can contaminate ecosystems, harm animals, and cause contact dermatitis with industrial workers. The concentrations that could result in these outcomes are much stronger than the concentrations discussed in the cosmetic and food industry.


title: Gloria Sanchez Productions

text: In 2014, Jessica Elbaum founded the production company as a sister label of Gary Sanchez Productions, founded by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay, with a focus on female voices in comedy. Elbaum has worked with Ferrell since the founding of Gary Sanchez Productions as an executive producer and pitched the idea to create a female-focused production company.


title: Gloria Sanchez Productions

text: In January 2020, the company was reorganized following the dissolution of Gary Sanchez Productions, and became Ferrell's primary production company while still maintaining a focus on female-centered stories. It entered a multi-year non exclusive first-look television deal with Netflix, and also entered a feature multi-year deal with Paramount Pictures. In 2021, it was moved to 20th Century Studios.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: A marry-your-rapist law, marry-the-rapist law, or rape-marriage law is a rule of rape law in a jurisdiction under which a man who commits rape, sexual assault, statutory rape, abduction or other similar act is exonerated if he marries his female victim, or in some jurisdictions at least offers to marry her. The "marry-your-rapist" law is a legal way for the accused to avoid prosecution or punishment.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Although the terms for this phenomenon were only coined in the 2010s, the practice has existed in a number of legal systems in history, and continues to exist in some societies today in various forms. Such laws were common around the world until the 1970s. Since the late 20th century, the remaining laws of this type have been increasingly challenged and repealed in a number of countries. Laws that allow courts to authorise an underage marriage on account of the pregnancy of a female minor when she is below the age of consent, commonly with parental consent, can in practice be a way for a statutory rapist to avoid prosecution for the statutory rape of a child.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The law has been justified as recognition of the cultural value placed upon female virginity at marriage, in which "despoiled girls and women are a source of shame for their families, innocent of wrongdoing though they may be." In some cases, the perpetrator rapes the girl or woman who he wants to marry after she rejected him.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The overwhelming majority of countries in the world do not have these laws, and, as of 2021, only 20 were believed to still have them.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Many activists and organisations believe that these laws violate the dignity of women and degrade them by allowing them to be traded as possessions between families, imply that rape is not a serious crime, and blame the victim and not the perpetrator. The UN Human Rights Chief, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, said in 2017 that "[punishing] a rape victim by making her marry the perpetrator of a horrible crime against her – there is no place in today’s world for such hideous laws".


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Furthermore, those who are against rape-marriage laws do not think victims should be left feeling this way after they have suffered an attack, or feel the need to cover up the assault by marrying the perpetrator. Opponents claim the laws promote impunity for rape, and further victimize rape victims. Thus, the "social" value of women, as proponents assign to family honour, female chastity and marital status, clashes with opponents' claim of women's right to "individual" happiness, freedom and sexual autonomy. According to Purna Sen, the policy director for UN Women, these laws were passed to normalise the unlawful sexual activities. They make the sexual relations more respectable in the society because it is considered problematic in a few cultures. Countries who have these laws fall under the category of undeveloped countries and conservative countries.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Mental health problems including PTSD, anxiety disorders, rape trauma syndrome, and depressive disorders are common in rape victims. A Taiwanese study showed that victims feared being vocal about their assault, felt guilty for shaming their families, experienced sexual shame and self blame, and developed negative views of themselves as women.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Advocates for rape-marriage laws argue that they shield the victim and her family from the shame of rape. This is based on the idea that if a girl or woman is raped, it is her own fault and she thus brings her family into disrepute. As a result, many women do not report their sexual assault because they fear this shame, and the possibility of being murdered by a family member. If a woman simply marries her rapist, she preserves her family name and avoids a life of sexual shame. This view exists despite much evidence existing that blaming the victim leads to shame, ridicule, and unnecessary psychological distress.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Traditionally, the marriage of the perpetrator and the victim after the rape was often seen as an appropriate "resolution" of the situation. Among ancient cultures virginity was highly prized, and a woman who had been raped had little chance of marrying. These laws forced the rapist to provide for their victim.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The Code of Hammurabi was composed around 1750 BCE (middle chronology), supposedly by king Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Empire. In Hammurabi §156, a woman is engaged to a man, but the man's father has sex with her before they get married. This scenario does not make clear whether the woman consented to having sex with her fiancé's father, and the woman gets to choose which man she marries, so whether or not this is a rape law is contested:


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The Middle Assyrian Laws (MAL) were developed between 1450 and 1250 BCE in the Middle Assyrian Empire. The 55th law, MAL 55, stipulated that if a man "took by force and ravished" a young virgin woman who was not married or pledged or asked to be married and living in her father's house, the virgin's father would be allowed to 'ravish' the perpetrator's wife in retaliation and take her as an extra wife. If the perpetrator had no wife, the father could marry his daughter off to the perpetrator for "the (extra) third in silver ... as the value of a virgin", or to another man of the father's choosing for the same price.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Susanne Scholz (2021) noted the similarities between Hammurabi §156, MAL 55, and the Hebrew Bible's Deuteronomy 22:28–29 (composed in the 7th century BCE): in each case, the punishment is financial compensation (in MAL 55 and Deut 22 to the woman's father, in Hammurabi §156 to the woman herself), and the no-longer-virgin woman must to be married off to the perpetrator or another man (in Hammurabi §156, the woman can choose which man she wants to marry; in MAL 55, her father decides; in Deut 22, she must marry the perpetrator).


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: A marry-your-rapist provision is believed by some to be found in the Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy 22:28–29, which according to the New American Standard Bible reads:


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Bible translations interpret the passage differently, with many modern editions translating the term שָׁכַב šākab as "to rape", where older translations usually preferred "to lie (with)". Similarly, most modern translations render תָּפַשׂ tāphaś as "to seize", whereas older translations generally preferred "to lay hold on". Finally, עָנָה anah/inah is almost universally translated as "to humble" in older English translations, but almost always as "to violate" in modern translations. The Good News Translation even rendered the passage as "he forced her to have intercourse with him", and God's Word Translation made it "he raped her". Irrespective of whether or not the woman had given consent to the sexual act, or will give consent to marriage, the man is required to marry her by paying her parents a dowry to settle the matter.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Some Christians believe that the command in Deuteronomy 22:28 does not refer to rape, but to a man enticing a woman to engage in consensual intercourse, as in the passage in Exodus 22:16–17, which also explicitly states the father's right to confirm or refuse the marriage. The Hebrew sometimes rendered as "rapes" here is the verb שָׁכַב "šākab", which literally means "to lie (down)" or "to sleep", is sometimes used as a euphemism for "to lie/sleep (with someone)", and when the context adds force, it can mean "to rape", for example in Genesis 35:22 or 2 Samuel 13:14. Adjacent scriptures that speak of forced sexual relations with engaged (versus unengaged) virgins prescribe the death penalty for rapists (Deuteronomy 22:23-27). As apologist Kyle Butte argues, "It is clearly evident from the immediate context of Deuteronomy 22 that rape is not being discussed in verses 28-29," arguing that "verses 25-27 give a clear instance in which rape is being discussed. ... The text says that the man who committed the crime 'shall die' (v. 25)". But not all Christian scholars agree that Deuteronomy 22:28-29 is mere consensual fornication. Eugene H. Merrill (1994) pointed out: "At first glance, the next example, the rape of an unbetrothed girl, might appear to have been a lesser offense than those already described, but this was not the case at all. First, he seized (Heb. tāpaś, "lay hold of") her and then lay down (šākab) with her, a clear case of violent, coercive behavior."


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Although commentators such as John Gill (1746–63) and Charles Ellicott (1897) who think Deuteronomy 22:28–29 describes consensual sex often compare it to Exodus 22:16–17 (which almost all scholars agree is a consensual situation), the latter does not specify that the man "violated" her, whereas Deuteronomy 22:29 does. The Hebrew word used here for "violated" is עָנָה "anah" (or "inah"), which (depending on the context) can mean "to rape, to force [sexually], to defile, to violate, to ravish, to mistreat, to afflict, to humble/humiliate, to oppress, to subject/submit/subdue, to weaken". Especially when a Hebrew verb is in the pi'el (intensifying) form, this adds force, and in Deuteronomy 22:29 עִנָּ֔הּ "‘in-nāh" is in the pi'el. In several other cases in the Hebrew Bible where this word is used to describe a man and a woman interacting, it is usually describing a man forcing a woman to have sex against her will (i.e., rape).


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Twelfth century Rabbi Moses Maimonides said the man's use of force would require that he marry his victim and never divorce her:Every maiden expects to be married, her seducer therefore is only ordered to marry her; for he is undoubtedly the fittest husband for her. He will better heal her wound and redeem her character than any other husband. If, however, he is rejected by her or her father, he must give the dowry (Exodus 22:15). If he uses violence he has to submit to the additional punishment, "he may not put her away all his days" (Deuteronomy 22:29).


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In Christian medieval Europe, a man could "rape" a woman, after which she could choose or be pressured to marry her attacker, because she was considered to be a damaged commodity, diminishing her marital prospects. In this specific context, however, the term "rape" could also refer to elopement: a woman would give her consent to being abducted by the man she loved, and thus avoid asking permission from her parents to marry him.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: According to Johannah Stiebert, women that were not engaged were not able to consent, so rape became a matter of male superiority. According to the "Shulchan Aruch" (1565), a codification of Jewish law by Joseph Karo, the girl or her father, depending on age, are given the option of demanding the man marry her in addition to paying a fine of 50 silver beyond any damages physical or mental.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 357 of the French Penal Code of 1810 (not to be confused with the Napoleonic Code of 1804) contained a provision that if a man had 'abducted' a girl and married her, he could only be prosecuted if the girl's parents or legal guardians arranged to have the marriage annulled first. Although the law does not contain the word 'rape', it has been described as a marry-your-rapist law, and has been held responsible for spreading the phenomenon in the MENA region through French colonisation. Alternatively, similar legislation was spread in the region by the Ottoman Empire, based on Hanafi jurisprudence, which did explicitly mention 'rape' in abduction scenarios. Scholars continue to debate which laws derived from which.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In several Middle Eastern and North African countries, marry-the-rapist laws that were adopted upon achieving independence in the mid-20th century, were carried over from various earlier periods. The origins of these laws are to be traced to a mixture of pre-existing local Arab traditions, Ottoman imperial laws and European (French and British) colonial laws. Traditionally, a woman was considered to be the property of her father. If she was raped, she was considered damaged property "so the rapist must either pay 'compensation' or accept the damaged goods" and marry the victim. To avoid paying the family, the perpetrator often chose to marry the victim, who "had absolutely no choice but to marry the rapist and spend the rest of the life" with him. In this way, some might argue that the victim of the assault had a harsher punishment than her attacker. Currently, India's Penal Code "makes it amply clear that marriage does not act as an absolving factor in case of rape".


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Marry-your-rapist laws were common around the world until the 1970s. Since the late 20th century, the remaining laws of this type have been increasingly challenged and repealed in a number of countries.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In 1997, fifteen Latin American countries had laws that exonerated a rapist if he offered to marry the victim and she accepted. These were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (since 1924), Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. Costa Rica exonerated a rapist if he expresses an intention to marry the victim, even if she did not accept. The law in Peru was modified in 1991 to absolve all co-defendants in a gang rape case if any one of them married the victim. By 2017, all but four of these countries have definitively repealed these laws. Colombia repealed its law in 1997, Peru and Chile in 1999, Brazil and Uruguay in 2005, Nicaragua and Guatemala in 2006, Costa Rica in 2007, Panama in 2008, Argentina in 2012, Ecuador in 2014. Italy had similar laws until 1981.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In 2017, a World Bank Group report claimed there were 12 countries left with marry-your-rapist laws: Angola, Bahrain, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Iraq, Jordan (repealed in August 2017), Lebanon (repealed July 2017), Libya, Palestine, the Philippines, Syria and Tunisia (repealed in July 2017). A Reuters report, in July of the same year, also listed Algeria, Kuwait and Tajikistan.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The practice of forcing victims of rape to marry their rapists continues in some countries where the laws allowing this have been abolished, or never explicitly existed to begin with. This is the case, for example, in Ethiopia, where marriage by abduction remains common, despite it being illegal under the new 2004 Criminal Code. In Afghanistan, while formally there is no law, "in practice it is not uncommon for a prosecution to be dropped if marriage is offered by the perpetrator or his family." Similar to Afghanistan, Somaliland also did not previously have any laws; however, it still was not uncommon for a rape victim's family to pressure them into marrying the perpetrator.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Several human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch, and the United Nations Human Rights High Commission have strongly criticised these laws. These organizations have been working to abolish these laws, and in several cases they have been successful. However, the opposition to the "marry-your-rapist" laws has been less significant than campaigns to criminalize marital rape altogether.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 353 of the Bahrain penal code, dating from 1958, has undergone several amendments since its adoption. It provides that if a perpetrator of rape marries the rape victim before the final sentence is pronounced, the charges will be dropped and criminal proceedings will be suspended. The man is then able to divorce the rape victim.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The law has been criticized by the international community in the early twenty-first century. Parliament voted to abolish it on 31 May 2016, and the Bahraini government started the discussions of abolishing or reforming Article 353, and reached a final decision to repeal the article. However, as at December 2016, the government was still examining the law, and as at July 2017, it was only willing to repeal the marriage option in case of a gang rape. Parliament discussed the bill repealing Article 353 again on 8 May 2018, but it was withdrawn and voting was postponed.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In 1999, Article 291 of the Egypt penal code was repealed by former president Hosni Mubarak by presidential decree. The original article had been adopted in 1904 and inspired by a French provision. The original article allowed any individual who committed sexual assault to avoid penalty if he entered into marriage with the female victim. "In the Egyptian parliamentary debate surrounding the decree to remove the 'marriage loophole', some lawmakers have objected to altering the existing law on the grounds that it provided raped women with their only chance to marry, since after having been raped, no other man would want them. Rape law has, in statute and in practice, privileged the protection of social order over the provision of individual criminal justice."


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: "In 1996 the Assembly of El Salvador repealed an old law that exonerated a rapist if he offered to marry the victim and she accepted." However, many rapists still had the ability to get away with rape by marrying the victim according to a law made in 1994 known as Article 14, which stated that as a general rule, persons under eighteen years of age can not marry, but established in the second paragraph, that exceptionally they can contract marriage if they are pubescent, they already have a child in common, or if the woman is pregnant. This law was abolished in 2017.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 427 of Iraq's penal code, in its current form dating from 1969, states that if the perpetrator lawfully marries the victim, any legal action becomes void. Following parliamentary votes in favour of the abolition of similar laws in Lebanon, Jordan and Tunisia in 2017, women's rights activists made efforts to put the issue on the political agenda during the campaign for the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 544 of the Italian Criminal Code considered rape an offence against "public morality", not against an individual person. If the perpetrator married his victim, even if she was a minor, any sexual offence would lapse. Neither the law nor society made a distinction between such premarital rape on the one hand, and consensual elopement (in Sicily commonly called "fuitina") on the other. Socially, the victim was put under heavy pressure to agree to marrying her rapist; the alternative was being shunned for the rest of her life as "una donna svergognata": a "woman without honour" (literally: a shameless woman). The victim was held responsible for the humiliation of losing her virginity out of wedlock, bringing shame upon herself and her family. If she agreed to marry her attacker, it was thus considered a "reparational marriage" ("matrimonio riparatore"), that restored her family's honour.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In 1966, Franca Viola was one of the first women to refuse a "reparational marriage" publicly. She was 17 years old when she was raped with the intention of marriage in 1965. The aftermath of her trial ruled that rapists were no longer able to avoid punishment through the marriage of their victims. In 1981, Italy repealed Article 544.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 308 of the Jordanian penal code allowed for the perpetrator of sexual assault to avoid persecution and punishment if he married the victim. Only if the marriage lasts under three years does he need to serve his time. Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 159 attackers walked free along the lines of their punishment. Jordan amended article 308 in 2016, barring full pardon in cases of rape but keeping a loophole clause that pardoned perpetrators if they married the victim if she is aged between 15 and 18 and if the assault was regarded as "consensual". Early in 2017, the 10-person Royal Committee for Developing the Judiciary and Enhancing the Rule of Law presented King Abdullah a report recommending the closing of the loophole. The article was abolished in a "historic vote" by the House of Representatives of the Parliament on 1 August 2017. It was then approved by the Senate and ratified by the King. The article had roots in colonialism rather than in Islam. It was remnant of Ottoman codes which had derived it from the French penal code (France only removed a similar provision in 1994).


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 522 of the Lebanon Penal Code became a part of the law in the 1940s and stated that rape was a punishable offense, where the attacker could receive up to seven years in prison. However, no criminal prosecution would take place if the perpetrator and their victim got married, and stayed married for a minimum of three years. In 2017, Article 522 of the Lebanon Penal Code, which had been labelled a "rape law" was repealed and Articles 505 and 518 are to be reexamined. After Article 522 was repealed, it was argued by many that the law still lived on through Articles 505 and 518. Article 505 involves the act of sex with a minor, while Article 518 deals with the seduction of a minor accompanied by the promise of marriage.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Malaysia does not have a rape-marriage law, but nearly did by judicial ruling in 2015–16. The Sessions Court verdict that a man accused of two counts of statutory rape of a 14-year-old girl from Petra Jaya in the Malaysian part of Borneo in October 2015, would escape punishment because he claimed to have married his victim, was overruled by the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak in August 2016 after large-scale protests argued this would set a dangerous precedent for child rapists to escape punishment. Because Malaysia does not have a law against marital rape, it is not uncommon for a rapist to marry their victim after an attack, then claim that the assault happened after they were married. Perpetrators can indeed be punished for acts of sexual violence if they are not married to their victim, but the absence of a law against marital rape provides a loophole, allowing rapists to marry their victims to avoid punishment.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In 2012, Morocco amended Article 475, which provided between one- to five-year prison sentence for a perpetrator that abducted or deceived a minor with no resort to violence or threat, or attempted to do so. The article included a second clause that permitted the withdrawal of a persecution if the perpetrator married the girl or woman. A number of protests and campaigns took place in Morocco prior to the abolition of the Article. The Parliament abolished the law in 2014 as it was considered to be at odds with the 2011 constitution.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Since being annexed by Egypt in 1959, the Gaza Strip has applied Egyptian penal law Articles 290 and 291, although these have been repealed in Egypt itself in 1999. After being annexed by Jordan in 1950, the West Bank has applied the 1960 Jordanian penal law Article 308. It is unclear how often the law was applied in practice. Ikhlas Sufan, director of a Nablus victims of violence shelter, told Human Rights Watch that "between 2011 and 2017 prosecution for rape has been halted in 60 cases – in which the shelter was helping the women – after the alleged rapist agreed to marry the victim. In 15 of these cases the women later divorced these men." After an activist campaign put pressure on the Palestinian Authority, president Mahmoud Abbas eventually signed Law no. 5 of 2018 on 14 March 2018, which repealed article 308 of the 1960 Penal Code enforced in the West Bank. However, because the Gaza Strip is "de facto" controlled by Hamas, the Egyptian-derived marry-your-rapist law still applies there.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: After gaining independence in 1821, the first draft of the Peruvian penal code included a section specifically focused on the violence against women. This section encompassed a certain legal code that was meant to protect the "virginity" of women. It was not until 1924 when legislation was passed which stated that rapists were legally able to be exempt from sexual assault charges through a loophole. In cases of rape and to serve as a punishment for the perpetrator, the victim was required to enter into a marriage with their rapist. The notion that marriage could possibly restore a raped woman's honor has been linked to the countries historical, patriarchal, and gender norms. In 1991, this law was modified to absolve co-conspirators in a gang rape case if one of them marries the victim. These laws were enacted upon the belief that it would protect the honor of both the victim and their family.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: According to cultural beliefs, instead of losing her virginity because of immoral behaviour, a woman – or her father – retains the ability to claim that the act had taken place due to coercion, thereby saving the victims personal virtue. Marriage, in turn, would solve the problem of a lost virginity and possible illegitimate child, thus returning honor to the family. Peruvian government started to design and implement policies against domestic violence in 1988 after research showed them to have one of the highest rates of domestic violence against women ranking them 16th in the world. Per research, statistics from several Peruvian institutions, including emergency centers, police reports, and the Ministry for Women and Social Development, approximately 68,818 reports of sexual assaults were received during a ten-year span, which averages to an estimate of 18.8 cases that are reported per day.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: On 3 April 1997, The Peruvian Congress voted to repeal the 1924 law that allowed rapists to be exonerated from sexual assault charges if they married their victims. The bill was passed by a vote of 86 to 1. According to congresswoman Beatriz Merino, who sponsored the bill, "This is a great victory for Peruvian women, and also for Peruvian men, since all of us together can celebrate the end of this embarrassment".


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Somali law draws its inspiration from civil law, Islamic law and xeer. As of 2018, most cases of rape and sexual assault in Somalia are still settled through xeer, which is the country's native traditional "caste-based dispute resolution system in which traditional male elders dispense justice according to customary laws." Following the customs of xeer, it is common for a "diya" (a fine of money, camels or goats) to be paid by the rapist's family to the rape survivor's family, but in extreme scenarios, the victim is forced to marry her rapist.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Since January 1991, Somalia has been in a state of civil war, without a functioning central government that controls the entire country. The northwestern region of Somaliland unilaterally declared independence in May 1991, while the northeastern region of Puntland unilaterally declared its regional autonomy within Somalia in 1998; both gradually evolved their own legal systems, and made efforts to outlaw the practice of forcing a rape victim to marry her attacker in the late 2010s.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The self-declared autonomous region of Puntland adopted a Sexual Offences Act in 2017, that criminalised all forms of sexual violence against women.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The unrecognised state of Somaliland, which declared its independence in 1991 but is internationally still considered part of Somalia, did not have any law explicitly allowing rapists to marry their victims in order to go free. However, since the practice is in fact occurring, which a number of politicians have found undesirable, efforts have been undertaken to formally ban it. In January 2018, the government "introduced a bill to outlaw rape and other violent sexual crimes for the first time in its history, which would see rapists imprisoned for up to 30 years". The bill was approved by the lower house of Parliament. The president of Somaliland, Musa Bihi Adbi, hoped that this law will help to eliminate violence against women throughout the country.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Syria's laws concerning rape, are that a rapist can escape punishment if the victim agrees to marriage as stated in Article 508 of the penal code, "If there is a contracted marriage between the man who commits rape, sexual abuse, kidnapping, sexual harassment and the victim, then there is no charge or the punishment is stopped”. This law is particularly harmful because many victims are pressured into marrying their rapist due to societal stigma towards the victims. Unlike some other countries, rapists cannot marry victims that are too young to get married, even in cases of pregnancy and, in fact, receive an extended prison sentence.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: In July 2017, Tunisia repealed Article 227 of its Criminal Code which provided a rapist the exemption to avoid all investigations or legal consequences if he married his victim. This repeal of the "marry-your-rapist" law was part of a much larger law in Tunisia to outlaw all violence against women. In a 2010 study by the National Office of Family and Population, 47% of Tunisian women reported being victims of violence. In an event that occurred in 2016, a young man raped his 13-year-old step-sister and married her after she became pregnant. An alleged rapist was able to end his prosecution if he married his victim. The court ruled that this was allowed under Article 277, which has since been removed. The backlash that was received after this ruling contributed to the repeal of the Article in 2017. The new law encompasses all forms of violence or discrimination against women, such as psychological abuse or economic discrimination, and is thus a breakthrough for women's rights in Tunisia. The same law criminalizes marital rape, classifying it as a crime in its own right, and has been commended for its preventative measures to the issue of violence.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Under the Ben Ali regime, women's rights were not given much importance. Women made up only 20% of Tunisia's work force, and they were constrained to low-paying, insecure jobs. Rural Tunisian women also faced deprivation and hardship. Freedoms of expression and association were limited. Heavy restrictions on registration to work for women's organizations and political parties were in place. The overwhelming participation of women during the Tunisian revolution in 2011 made way for transformative changes in Tunisian politics in regards to gender. Tunisia has since been a symbol of advancement of women's rights in the Arab world, being one of the first countries to establish women's voting rights, right to abortion, right to divorce and outlawing polygamy. At the outset of the revolution, women were as active as men in demanding equal access to jobs, education and basic rights and freedoms. Women were heavily involved in the drafting of the new constitution after the revolution, which guarantees equality based on gender in at least one area. Article 21 of the constitution states that "All male and female citizens have the same rights and duties. They are equal before the law without discrimination." Candidate quotas were introduced in Article 16, which guaranteed equal representation of women in politics. Considering the importance given to women's rights, many considered the repeal of the "marry-your-rapist" law a matter of time. When Article 277 was repealed, Bochra Belhaj, a parliament member, passed out celebratory jasmine blossoms. The new law, called Law No. 58 of 2017 of 11 August 2017, went into effect on 1 February 2018.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Article 116 of the Penal Code and Articles 22 and 23 of the executive order nº 15.032 of Uruguay were repealed in 2006. The articles stated that in crimes of sexual assault, statutory rape, abduction, and disrespect of modesty, the penalty would be extinguished in cases where the assailant and the victim made a matrimonial contract.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: Even though on a Federal Level this law does not exist, a certain phenomenon that resembles marry-your-rapist laws existed in some U.S. states, formerly in Missouri and Florida. This resulted from loopholes in laws that allow for marriage below the age of consent, thus circumventing statutory rape laws.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The age of consent in Missouri is 17. According to a March 2018 article in the "Journal Star (Peoria)", more than 300 men aged 21 or older married with 15-year-old girls in the state of Missouri between 1999 and 2015. For the men who had premarital sex with the girls they later married, this would constitute statutory rape according to Missouri law, which defines statutory rape as "anyone 21 or older having sex with someone younger than 17 outside of marriage". However, sex is legal within marriage, even with a minor, and Missouri allowed marriage from the age of 15 until August 2018, when a law passed establishing a minimum age of 16 and forbidding marriages between someone under 18 and someone over 21. This created a loophole by which statutory rape could be covered up if the marriage is concluded before the authorities found out sexual intercourse has taken place (especially if it resulted in a pregnancy). This allowed for the suspect to be exempt from prosecution (for example, imprisonment and having to register as a sex offender). Social pressure could be put on the alleged victim to agree to marry her statutory rapist to make him avoid punishment. Moreover, because of Missouri's age loophole, a number of out-of-state couples travelled to Missouri to marry.


title: Marry-your-rapist law

text: The age of consent in Florida is 18. However, until March 2018, the state of Florida allowed marriage without any minimum age for a girl if she was pregnant and a judge approved of the marriage. In this manner, the man who impregnated her could avoid being prosecuted for statutory rape. The current law requires anyone seeking marriage to be at least 18 years old, or 17 with the other partner not being more than two years older and the minor having received parental consent; pregnancy is no longer a factor.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Cory James Weston (born September 4, 1987) is an American professional wrestler currently working on the independent circuit under the ring name Westin Blake. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Wesley Blake.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Weston debuted in 2011 under his real name on the Florida independent circuit, most notably for Dory Funk Jr.'s Funking Conservatory. He signed with WWE in 2013, portraying a cowboy gimmick in NXT during his first year. He later formed a tag team with Buddy Murphy, and the two, managed by Alexa Bliss, won the NXT Tag Team Championship once. After several years, he formed a stable with Jaxson Ryker and Steve Cutler called The Forgotten Sons. In 2020, the stable began working on SmackDown. He was released from WWE on April 15, 2021. Soon after, he announced on his social media that his new ring name would be Westin Blake.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Cory James Weston was born on September 4, 1987, in San Marcos, Texas. He was brought up by his single mother. Weston played football at the all-state high school level, including for the Medina Valley Panthers in 2005, where he played as the middle linebacker. He graduated from Texas State University, where he was a strength instructor and also played college football.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Weston wanted to be a professional wrestler since the age of 3. He eventually became a student of Dory Funk Jr.'s professional wrestling school, the Funking Conservatory, appearing on the school's "!Bang! TV" show under his real name. Immediately after graduating from university, Weston moved to Ocala, Florida in 2011, where the Funking Conservatory was located. Documented to have been wrestling there since May 2011, Weston managed to become the FC Heavyweight Champion, as well as the European Champion and the Florida Champion. Weston wrestled against Jerry Lawler in an eight-person tag team match in May 2013, which was Lawler's first match since suffering a heart attack in September 2012.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Weston signed with WWE in June 2013 and reported to NXT in July 2013 when the WWE Performance Center opened; at the same time as his future NXT tag team partner Buddy Murphy. Weston made his television debut as Wesley Blake on the January 22, 2014 episode of "NXT" with the character of a cowboy and lost his debut match to Adrian Neville. Blake continued in his jobber role with losses in singles matches to the likes of Adam Rose, Mason Ryan and Sin Cara, as well as a loss in a tag-team match against the Ascension with Cal Bishop as his partner.


title: Wesley Blake

text: In August 2014, Blake abandoned the cowboy character and formed a tag team with Buddy Murphy. On the August 14 episode of "NXT", Blake and Murphy were defeated in the first round of a number one contender's tag team tournament by Kalisto and Sin Cara, later known as The Lucha Dragons. For the rest of 2014, Blake and Murphy lost multiple matches to teams such as The Lucha Dragons and The Vaudevillains (Aiden English and Simon Gotch). Also in October 2014, Blake and Murphy were involved in a tag-team battle royal to determine the number one contenders to the NXT Tag Team Championship; they were eliminated from the match by The Ascension.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Blake and Murphy defeated The Vaudevillains on the January 21, 2015 episode of "NXT" and a week later, defeated The Lucha Dragons to win the NXT Tag Team Championship. At , Blake and Murphy, now billed simply by their last names, defeated The Lucha Dragons in a rematch for the titles. Following that, Blake and Murphy started a feud with Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady, who were intent on capturing the tag titles. At , they retained their NXT Tag Team Championship against Amore and Cassady after interference from Alexa Bliss, who then aligned herself with them. After several successful title defenses, Blake and Murphy lost the championships to The Vaudevillians at , ending their reign at 219 days.


title: Wesley Blake

text: On the May 18, 2016 episode of "NXT", after losing to Shinsuke Nakamura and Austin Aries, Bliss and Blake walked away from Murphy, teasing a split for the team. Following Bliss's main roster call-up in the 2016 WWE draft, Blake was used sporadically on NXT television as an enhancement talent, with his final televised appearance being a match against Murphy on the October 12 episode of "NXT", which quickly ended in a no-contest as both men were attacked by an interfering Samoa Joe.


title: Wesley Blake

text: After a long absence from television, Blake returned on the May 10, 2017 episode of "NXT", confronting Drew McIntyre in a backstage segment. On the May 24, 2017 episode of "NXT", returning to his previous cowboy gimmick, Blake lost in a match against McIntyre. He was then absent from television for the remainder of 2017, forming a tag team with Steve Cutler at NXT live events as "The Forgotten Sons".


title: Wesley Blake

text: The team (now featuring Jaxson Ryker) debuted on the August 29, 2018 episode of "NXT" in a segment with general manager William Regal. Their in-ring debuts took place the following week when Blake and Cutler defeated The Street Profits after a distraction from Shane Thorne. On the October 3 episode of "NXT", the group defeated the team of Vinny Mixon, Cesar Rise & Torrey Kirsh. Blake and Cutler represented the group in the 2019 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. They defeated Danny Burch and Oney Lorcan in the first-round and Moustache Mountain in the second-round before losing to Aleister Black and Ricochet in the finals. Blake and Cutler competed in a fatal four-way ladder match for the vacant NXT Tag Team Championship at . Despite interference from Ryker, the two were unsuccessful in winning. The group entered the 2020 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, but were eliminated in the first round by Imperium.


title: Wesley Blake

text: The trio debuted on "SmackDown" on the April 10, 2020 episode, defeating Lucha House Party. They appeared on the April 24 episode of "SmackDown" when they attacked Lucha House Party and SmackDown Tag Team Champions The New Day. The group made their main roster in-ring debut on the May 1 episode, defeating The New Day in a non-title match. They then began portraying themselves as American patriots with Cutler and Ryker highlighting their services in the marines. However, the gimmick was dropped due to a tweet by Jaxson Ryker supporting President Donald Trump which led to serious backstage heat and backlash from many on social media and within the fan base. This resulted in The Forgotten Sons being taken off television. On the December 4 episode of SmackDown, Blake and Cutler, now known as The Knights of the Lone Wolf, made their return accompanying King Corbin to the ring as they helped him defeat Murphy. However, the storyline was aborted since, on February 4, 2021, Cutler was released. On April 15, 2021, Blake was also released from his WWE contract.


title: Wesley Blake

text: Westin debuted at the ROH pay-per-view Final Battle, where he, EC3, and Adam Scherr formed the new Control Your Narrative stable and attacked Eli Isom, Dak Draper and Brian Johnson.


title: Wesley Blake

text: In February 2022, it was announced Blake was joining the new Control Your Narrative wrestling promotion created by EC3 and Adam Scherr.


title: Wesley Blake

text: As Blake, he made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K16" (as a downloadable character) and also appears in WWE 2K17.


title: Wesley Blake

text: On December 30, 2017, Weston married fellow professional wrestler Sara Lee. They have a daughter and two sons. Lee died on October 5, 2022; her cause of death was unavailable.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the American mystery drama television series "Pretty Little Liars" began airing on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The season consisted of 24 episodes, which were filmed between March 14, 2013, and November 2, 2013. The season concluded its broadcast on March 18, 2014.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The season continues from where it left off in the third-season finale, where the girls were rescued from the burning building by who they believe is Alison. The girls begin looking for answers that could lead to Alison's whereabouts while dealing with the aftermath of Detective Wilden's murder and "A" intervening in their personal lives. It introduces new characters to the story, including Detective Gabriel Holbrook and Lieutenant Linda Tanner, played by Sean Faris and Roma Maffia, who are brought in to investigate the deaths of Detective Wilden and Detective Reynolds. Ella Montgomery (Holly Marie Combs) and Byron Montgomery (Chad Lowe) left the main cast.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The fourth season garnered positive reviews from critics and averaged 2.74 million viewers an episode, down from the previous season, and a 1.1 demo rating, even with the previous season. The premiere was watched by 3.37 million viewers while the finale watched by 3.12 million viewers.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The first half of the fourth season focuses on the aftermath of Detective Darren Wilden's murder. Being last seen with Wilden before his murder, Ashley (Laura Leighton) is made a prime suspect and arrested. The girls work to find out who A is in hopes of finding Wilden's murderer. Meanwhile, Hanna (Ashley Benson) deals with her mother's arrest and trial. Spencer (Troian Bellisario) helps Toby (Keegan Allen) with finding answers about his mother's untimely death while trying to keep him from falling victim to "A"'s schemes. Aria (Lucy Hale) tries to break free from her feelings toward Ezra (Ian Harding) by pursuing a relationship with Jake (Ryan Guzman). Emily (Shay Mitchell) suffers an injury that ends her swim career, which complicates her college application process.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: After finding several new clues, the girls believe that Alison may be alive. Towards the middle of the season, they find a connection Alison (Sasha Pieterse) had in Ravenswood and go there to find "A" and Alison. In Ravenswood, Emily is kidnapped and locked in a box on a sawmill by Red Coat. The girls notice Red Coat running to the Sawmill and follow her inside, where she actually saves Emily. At this point, another Red Coat shows up and is unmasked as CeCe Drake (Vanessa Ray), while the other Red Coat, whom they believe is Alison, leads Spencer to an apartment, believed to be owned by "A", where they conclude that "A" is male. They later find Alison's contact, Mrs. Grunwald (Meg Foster), who tells them that Alison is alive. The girls search Ravenswood to find her but she meets them back at Rosewood and is revealed as the "good" Red Coat, telling them she is still in danger, so she can not return until it is safe. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the apartment is owned by Ezra, seemingly revealing that he is "A".


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The second half deals with the girls' attempts to learn more about what happened during the summer, who "A" is, and how to bring Alison home. Meanwhile, Spencer begins taking amphetamines to help cope with the workload from school, but develops a dependency on them, igniting a drug problem that, unbeknownst to the others, occurred before. Aria grows closer to Ezra, whom the other girls believe is "A", but breaks it off after learning that he has actually been writing a book about Alison's disappearance and knew her when they met. Hanna mends her broken heart by pursuing a relationship with Travis (Luke Kleintank) and an interest in mystery novels, which lead to a friendship with Detective Holbrook (Sean Faris).


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: Aria tells the girls that Ezra thinks one of them is 'A', but the suspicion later shifted to Jessica Dilaurentis, Alison's mother, after reading more of the notes on Ezra's manuscript. Emily later tells Paige that Alison is alive, and Paige betrays her trust by tipping the police. Suspecting that they can find clues at Ali's house, Hanna volunteers the girls to Jessica's bridal fashion charity show. Once they got into Ali's old room, they found a password to an email address written in a post-it on Ali's money. They contact the number, and Alison calls back, telling them to meet her in Philadelphia. They are met by Noel Kahn who brings the girls to Manhattan. There, Alison recounts the events that happened on the night she disappeared. The girls then try to put the pieces together to figure out who 'A' is. However, a hooded figure - seemingly "A" himself - attacks the girls and corners them on the rooftop with a gun. Ezra suddenly shows up and tries to intervene, but is shot in the ensuing scuffle. The last scene shows Jessica Dilaurentis' lifeless body being dragged across the lawn, before being buried by 'A'.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 4)

text: The fourth season garnered positive reviews from critics. It earned a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.1 out of 10. Mark Trammell of "TV Equals" commented on "how savvy the show was this time around." Caroline Framke of "The A.V. Club" commented on how the show's focus on shocking moments are more appealing than big picture, writing "It might have been fun at one point, but trying to keep track of who's in or out with A is an exhausting exercise that rarely yields satisfying results anymore". Framke commented further "But the thing about Pretty Little Liars is that when it's good, it is a fever dream. It's at its most fun when it breezes past the big picture, gets lost in its own illusions, and lets a talking parrot steal the spotlight."


title: Middle High German

text: Middle High German (MHG; ) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. High German is defined as those varieties of German which were affected by the Second Sound Shift; the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch languages spoken to the North and North West, which did not participate in this sound change, are not part of MHG.


title: Middle High German

text: While there is no "standard" MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language ("") based on Swabian, an Alemannic dialect. This historical interpretation is complicated by the tendency of modern editions of MHG texts to use "normalised" spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than it actually is in the manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain as to whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional "spoken" language of the courts.


title: Middle High German

text: An important development in this period was the ", the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the line which marked the limit of Old High German. This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion.


title: Middle High German

text: "Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, is attested in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters.


title: Middle High German

text: The Middle High German period is generally dated from 1050 to 1350. An older view puts the boundary with (Early) New High German around 1500.


title: Middle High German

text: There are several phonological criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period:


title: Middle High German

text: Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture, in which the dominant language was Latin, to one centred on the courts of the great nobles, with German gradually expanding its range of use. The rise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Swabia makes the South West the dominant region in both political and cultural terms.


title: Middle High German

text: Demographically, the MHG period is characterised by a massive rise in population, terminated by the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death (1348). Along with the rise in population comes a territorial expansion eastwards ("), which saw German-speaking settlers colonise land previously under Slavic control.


title: Middle High German

text: Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German, though not all dialects participated equally in these changes:


title: Middle High German

text: The dialect map of Germany by the end of the Middle High German period was much the same as that at the start of the 20th century, though the boundary with Low German was further south than it now is:


title: Middle High German

text: With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from the " and arise towards the end of the period.


title: Middle High German

text: Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet. There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century. There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of the original manuscripts:


title: Middle High German

text: A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time. In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal.


title: Middle High German

text: Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between and , the former indicating the mid-open which derived from Germanic , the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close which results from primary umlaut of short . No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts.


title: Middle High German

text: The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions – there is much more variation in the manuscripts.


title: Middle High German

text: MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings: , , , and , , , having the approximate values of , , , , , , and , respectively.


title: Middle High German

text: Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to a person or thing of which one speaks.


title: Middle High German

text: The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases. These have the same genders, numbers and cases as the original nominal phrase.


title: Middle High German

text: The possessive pronouns " are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules.


title: Middle High German

text: The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders.


title: Middle High German

text: The instrumental case, only existing in the neuter singular, is used only with prepositions: ', ', etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: ', ', ".


title: Middle High German

text: Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), two numbers (singular and plural) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences.


title: Middle High German

text: Verbs were conjugated according to three moods (indicative, subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural) and two tenses (present tense and preterite) There was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund, but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases.


title: Middle High German

text: An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut) and weak verbs (that didn't).


title: Middle High German

text: Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word (' 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from the language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. ' (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with "mood"), where modern German ' means courage. ' (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German ""; the medieval term focuses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society.


title: Middle High German

text: Commentary: All the MHG words are recognizable from Modern German, though ' ("tale") and ' ("warrior") are archaic and ' ("praiseworthy") has given way to '. Words which have changed in meaning include ', which means "strife" or "hardship" in MHG, but now means "work", and ' ("festivity") which now, as "", has the narrower meaning of "wedding".


title: Middle High German

text: The text is from the opening of Hartmann von Aue's "Erec" (). The manuscript (the Ambraser Heldenbuch) dates from 1516, over three centuries after the composition of the poem.


title: Captain Spaulding (Rob Zombie character)

text: Captain Spaulding (born Johnny Lee Johns and also known as "Cutter") is a fictional character created by Rob Zombie. The character first appeared in Zombie's 2003 horror film "House of 1000 Corpses", portrayed by Sid Haig. Haig reprised his role as Spaulding in the sequels "The Devil's Rejects" (2005) and "3 from Hell" (2019). Haig also voiced Spaulding in the 2009 animated film "The Haunted World of El Superbeasto". The character is depicted as a vulgar and murderous clown.


text: In "House of 1000 Corpses", Spaulding is portrayed as the proprietor of a gas station and fried chicken eatery that also houses a roadside attraction known as Captain Spaulding's Museum of Monsters and Madmen. In "The Devil's Rejects", he is revealed to be the patriarch of the Firefly family. The character, and Haig himself, have been called icons of modern horror cinema.


text: Captain Spaulding has a lengthy criminal history, and earned the nickname "Cutter" for stabbing a man to death. Spaulding met Eve Wilson, also known as Mama Firefly, in 1947, and they had a daughter named Vera-Ellen (also known as Baby Firefly). Years later, Spaulding met Otis B. Driftwood and invited him to become a member of their family.


text: In "House of 1000 Corpses", Spaulding is portrayed as the proprietor of a gas station in Texas that also sells fried chicken. The establishment also harbors a roadside haunted house attraction known as Captain Spaulding's Museum of Monsters and Madmen. At the beginning of the film, the establishment is targeted by robbers, whom Spaulding kills. Later in the film, when a group of four people visit his establishment and learn of the local legend of Dr. Satan, Spaulding directs them in the path of the murderous Firefly family. Spaulding's ties to the Firefly clan are kept ambiguous throughout most of the film.


text: In "The Devil's Rejects", Spaulding is revealed to be the patriarch of the Firefly family. In the film's opening sequence, Mama Firefly is taken into custody when the Firefly home is subjected to a search and destroy mission by Sheriff John Wydell and a number of state troopers, but Spaulding is elsewhere during the raid. In prison, Wydell stabs Mama Firefly to death as revenge for the murder of his brother George Wydell, whom she fatally shot in the previous film. Spaulding, Otis, and Baby are eventually captured by Wydell and brought to the Firefly house, where Wydell tortures them. Wydell sets the house on fire and leaves Otis and Spaulding to die, while he hunts Baby for sport outside. Tiny, another member of the Firefly clan, intervenes, killing Wydell and saving the trio. Spaulding, Otis, and Baby escape in a 1972 Cadillac Eldorado belonging to Spaulding's half-brother Charlie Altamont, and are shot by authorities while speeding towards a police barricade.


text: In "3 from Hell", Spaulding, Otis, and Baby are revealed to have just barely survived the shootout with the police, and are put on trial and imprisoned shortly after their recovery. A decrepit Spaulding is executed by lethal injection sometime later, leading to Otis and Baby attempting an escape.


text: Spaulding was originally supposed to have a bigger role in "3 from Hell", but Sid Haig's real life health issues stopped him from completing the role as it was written, forcing Zombie to greatly reduce his role.


text: In the commentary for "House of 1000 Corpses", director Rob Zombie describes Spaulding as a "lovable asshole", and ensured that the character's motivations and connection to the Firefly family would be ambiguous in the film. Spaulding is described in the script for "House of 1000 Corpses" as a "crusty looking old man in a filthy clown suit and smeared make-up". Just as several characters from the series are named after characters from Marx Brothers films, Spaulding is named for Groucho Marx's character Captain Jeffrey T. Spaulding from the 1930 film "Animal Crackers".


text: Captain Spaulding has been referred to as a modern icon of horror cinema, and Haig himself has been called a "horror icon" for his portrayal of Spaulding.


text: In describing Spaulding for his review for "The Devil's Rejects", film critic Roger Ebert wrote "He is a man whose teeth are so bad, they're more frightening than his clown makeup. He plays such a thoroughly disgusting person, indeed, that I was driven to www.sidhaig.com (no longer active as of 7/22/2022) to discover that in real life Sid looks, well, presentable [...] This was a relief to me, because anyone who really looked like Captain Spaulding would send shoppers screaming.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Cephalopod ink is a dark-coloured or luminous ink released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), are able to release ink to confuse predators.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: The ink is released from the ink sacs (located between the gills) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon. Its dark color is caused by its main constituent, melanin. Each species of cephalopod produces slightly differently coloured inks; generally, octopuses produce black ink, squid ink is blue-black, and cuttlefish ink is a shade of brown.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: A number of other aquatic molluscs have similar responses to attack, including the gastropod clade known as sea hares.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Two distinct behaviors have been observed in inking cephalopods. The first is the release of large amounts of ink into the water by the cephalopod in order to create a dark, diffuse cloud (much like a smoke screen) that can obscure the predator's view, allowing the cephalopod to make a rapid retreat by jetting away.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: The second response to a predator is to release pseudomorphs ("false bodies"), smaller clouds of ink with a greater mucus content, which allows them to hold their shape for longer. These are expelled slightly away from the cephalopod in question, which will often release several pseudomorphs and change colour (blanch) in conjunction with these releases. The pseudomorphs are roughly the same volume as and look similar to the cephalopod that released them, and many predators have been observed attacking them mistakenly, allowing the cephalopod to escape (this behaviour is often referred to as the "blanch-ink-jet manoeuvre"). Thus, such capture avoidance method is analogous to fighter jet dogfights where the followed pilot releases countermeasures (such as flares) to misdirect the sensors in some guided missiles.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Furthermore, green turtle ("Chelonia mydas") hatchlings that have been observed mistakenly attacking pseudomorphs released by "Octopus bocki" have subsequently ignored conspecific octopuses.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: The spotty bobtail squid releases ropes of ink longer than itself and hides among them, maybe to be confused with floating seagrass leaves.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Numerous cuttlefish species add a coat of ink to their eggs, presumably to camouflage them from potential predators.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Inking has been shown to protect species of squids against predatory fish attacks, as well during the capture phase as during the consummatory phase, due to visual and chemical effects of the ink releases.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Many cephalopod predators (for instance moray eels) have advanced chemosensory systems, and some anecdotal evidence suggests that compounds (such as tyrosinase) found in cephalopod ink can irritate, numb or even deactivate such apparatus. Few controlled experiments have been conducted to substantiate this. Cephalopod ink is nonetheless generally thought to be more sophisticated than a simple "smoke screen"; the ink of a number of squid and cuttlefish has been shown to function as a conspecific chemical alarm.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: "Sepia officinalis" ink forms a polydisperse suspension composed by spheric particles with a size between 80 and 150 nm (measured by TRPS and SEM). The particles have a density of , which may be due to the amount of metals that the ink has in its composition (4.7% in weight).


title: Cephalopod ink

text: "Heteroteuthis dispar" is a cephalopod species known for releasing luminous ink. The light comes from a substance produced by a dedicated organ before being transferred into the ink sac.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Cephalopod ink contains a number of chemicals in a variety of different concentrations, depending on the species. However, its main constituents are melanin and mucus. It can also contain, among others, tyrosinase, dopamine, and L-DOPA, as well as small amounts of free amino acids, including taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Cephalopod ink has, as its name suggests, been used in the past as ink for pens and quills; the Greek name for cuttlefish, and the taxonomic name of a cuttlefish genus, "Sepia", is associated with the brown colour of cuttlefish ink (for more information, see sepia).


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Modern use of cephalopod ink is generally limited to cooking, primarily in Japan and the Mediterranean, where it is used as a food colouring and flavouring, for example in pasta and sauces, and "calamares en su tinta". For this purpose it is generally obtainable from fishmongers, gourmet food suppliers, and is widely available in markets in Japan and Spain. The ink is extracted from the ink sacs during preparation of the dead cephalopod, usually cuttlefish, and therefore contains no mucus. While it is not commonly used in China, cephalopod ink is sometimes used to dye the dough of dumplings.


title: Cephalopod ink

text: Studies have shown that cephalopod ink is toxic to some cells, including tumor cells. It is being researched in mice for its antitumor activity against Meth-A fibrosarcoma. It currently remains unclear however if any of the antitumor activity of squid ink can be obtained from oral consumption, and this is indicated as an area for future investigation.


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: Raju Jeyamohan (born 2 July 1991) is an Indian actor, assistant director, screenwriter, television host and model in the Indian film industry, who has worked predominantly in Tamil television shows and films. Raju made his debut in the movie Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma in the year 2019. He has also acted in various serials including Kana Kaanum Kalangal, 'Kalloori Salai', 'Aandaal Azhagar', and 'Saravanan Meenatchi' on Vijay Television. In 2022, he emerged as the title winner of the Tamil reality television show "Bigg Boss (Tamil season 5)".


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: He was also seen acting in various different Tamil films such as "Thunai Mudhalvar" (2015), "Manithan" (2016), "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" (2019), "Murungakkai Chips" (2021) and the blockbuster film ""Don"" (2022).


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: Raju was born in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. He did his B.Sc. in Visual Communication from PSG College of Arts and Science in Coimbatore. He married his long-time girlfriend Tarika in October 2020. Before making his appearance on television, he has done many modeling covers and photo shoots.


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: Jeyamohan started his career by first appearing in the second season of the Coming of age television drama "Kana Kaanum Kaalangal" in 2012 playing one of the lead roles in the show. Raju was also supposed to be part of Vijay's film "Nanban" in 2012, however due to personal issues he rejected the offer of the film.


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: From 2013 to 2016, he portrayed Saravanan's PA in Star Vijay's "Saravanan Meenatchi Season 2". One year later Raju also acted in the family drama "Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar" playing the role as Kathiresan.


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: Raju also acted in a few list of films such as "Thunai Mudhalvar" (2015), "Manithan" (2016), "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" (2019), "Murungakkai Chips" (2021) and "Don" (2022).


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: He also appeared in the celebration show called "Bigg Boss 5 Kondattam" as a guest and "Start Music season 3". Raju also announced that he is taking a break from acting in television and focus more on acting in his upcoming films.


title: Raju Jeyamohan

text: In late 2022, he also started hosting a sketch comedy and chat show called "Raju Vootla Party" featuring him as the main host and character in the show which aired on Star Vijay.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Gerald Wesley Moran ( ; born May 29, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician who is the senior United States senator from Kansas, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he was chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 113th U.S. Congress, during which he led successful Republican efforts in the 2014 election, producing the first Republican Senate majority since 2006. Previously, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing .


title: Jerry Moran

text: Raised in Plainville, Kansas, Moran graduated from the University of Kansas and the University of Kansas School of Law. He worked in private law and was the state special assistant attorney general (1982–85) and deputy attorney of Rooks County (1987–95). He served in the Kansas Senate from 1989 to 1997 and was majority leader for his last two years. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1996 and spent seven terms there with little electoral opposition. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2010 after defeating fellow U.S. Representative Todd Tiahrt in a contentious primary. He was reelected to the Senate in 2016 and 2022.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran became the senior senator and dean of the Kansas congressional delegation in 2021 when Pat Roberts retired from the Senate.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran was born in Great Bend, Kansas, the son of Madeline Eleanor (née Fletcher) and Raymond Edwin "Ray" Moran. He was raised in Plainville. He attended Fort Hays State University before enrolling at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in economics in 1976. While attending the University of Kansas, he worked as a summer intern for U.S. Representative Keith Sebelius in 1974, when impeachment proceedings were being prepared against President Richard Nixon.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran worked as a banker before receiving his Juris Doctor from the University of Kansas School of Law in 1982. He practiced law at Stinson, Mag & Fizzell in Kansas City, and later joined Jeter & Larson Law Firm in Hays, where he practiced for 15 years. In addition to his law practice, he served as the state special assistant attorney general (1982–85) and deputy county attorney of Rooks County (1987–95). He also served as an adjunct professor of political science at Fort Hays State University.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran served eight years (1989–1997) in the Kansas Senate. He served two years as the vice president and his last two years as majority leader.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran was elected to Congress in 1996 and reelected six times, never facing serious opposition in the conservative 1st district. In 2006, his opponent was John Doll, against whom he received almost 79% of the vote—one of the highest totals for a Republican congressional incumbent in that election.


title: Jerry Moran

text: During his time in the House of Representatives, Moran conducted an annual town hall meeting in each of the 69 counties in Kansas's "Big First" Congressional District. He continues the tradition in the U.S. Senate for all 105 counties.


title: Jerry Moran

text: As a senior member of the House Agriculture Committee, Moran worked with colleagues to craft legislation to aid Kansas farms and ranches. He was also an active member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee and the House Veterans' Affairs Committee, where he served as chair of the Subcommittee on Health.


title: Jerry Moran

text: "Slate"'s David Weigel wrote that, despite his insistence that earmarks are a way to get members of Congress to vote for spending "we can't afford", Moran requested $19.4 million in earmarks in the 2010 budget.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran became the 2010 Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in Kansas after defeating Representative Todd Tiahrt in the Republican primary, 50%–45%. In the general election, Moran defeated Democrat Lisa Johnston, Libertarian Michael Dann, and Reform Party candidate Joe Bellis, with 70% of the vote.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran was elected chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 113th U.S. Congress on November 14, 2012. He oversaw the Republican gain of nine Senate seats in the 2014 United States Senate elections, resulting in the first Republican Senate majority since 2006.


title: Jerry Moran

text: On January 5, 2021, Moran announced that he would vote to certify the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count, which was to take place the following day. He was participating in the certification when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol. During the attack, Moran tweeted that he condemned "the violence and destruction at the U.S. Capitol in the strongest possible terms. It is completely unacceptable and unpatriotic."


title: Jerry Moran

text: For his tenure as the chairman of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee in the 116th Congress, Moran earned an "F" grade from the nonpartisan Lugar Center's Congressional Oversight Hearing Index.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran's voting record is somewhat conservative. He has a lifetime rating of 86 from the American Conservative Union and a lifetime 71 rating from Club for Growth but in off election years he has a somewhat moderate score, as in 2019 when he scored 32 with Club for Growth.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In March 2019, Moran was one of 38 senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue warning that dairy farmers "have continued to face market instability and are struggling to survive the fourth year of sustained low prices" and urging his department to "strongly encourage these farmers to consider the Dairy Margin Coverage program."


title: Jerry Moran

text: In May 2019, Moran was a cosponsor of the Transporting Livestock Across America Safely Act, a bipartisan bill introduced by Ben Sasse and Jon Tester intended to reform hours of service for livestock haulers by authorizing drivers to have the flexibility to rest at any point during their trip without it being counted against their hours of service and exempting loading and unloading times from the hours of service calculation of driving time.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran opposed the Medicare reform package of 2003, unlike most congressmen from rural districts. He also opposed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).


title: Jerry Moran

text: In May 2011, Moran sponsored S. 1058, the Pharmacy Competition and Consumer Choice Act of 2011. In the House, he served as co-chair of the House Rural Health Care Coalition and co-founder of the Congressional Community Pharmacy Coalition.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran voted against the July 2017 Senate health care bill. He criticized the closed-door process for developing the bill and criticized the legislation for not repealing the entire ACA.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Since entering Congress, Moran has traveled to Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan to visit deployed American forces and meet with foreign leaders. His most recent trip to the region was in August 2017 to the northern regions of Afghanistan.In March 2018, Moran was one of five Republican senators to vote against tabling a resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Lee that would have required President Trump to withdraw American troops either in or influencing Yemen within the next 30 days unless they were combating Al-Qaeda. In October 2018, Moran was one of seven senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo expressing that they found it "difficult to reconcile known facts with at least two" of the Trump administration's certifications that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were attempting to protect Yemen civilians and were in compliance with U.S. laws on arms sales, citing their lack of understanding for "a certification that the Saudi and Emirati governments are complying with applicable agreements and laws regulating defense articles when the [memo] explicitly states that, in certain instances, they have not done so." In June 2019, Moran was one of seven Republicans to vote to block Trump's Saudi arms deal providing weapons to Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Jordan, and one of five Republicans to vote against an additional 20 arms sales.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In January 2019, Moran was one of 11 Republican senators to vote to advance legislation intended to block Trump's intent to lift sanctions against three Russian companies.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In February 2019, amid a report by the Commerce Department that ZTE had been caught illegally shipping goods of American origin to Iran and North Korea, Moran was one of seven senators to sponsor a bill reimposing sanctions on ZTE in the event that ZTE did not honor both American laws and its agreement with the Trump administration.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In July 2019, Moran was one of 16 Republican senators to send a letter to Acting Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Director Russell Vought, Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin encouraging them to work with them to prevent a continuing resolution "for FY 2020 that would delay the implementation of the President's National Defense Strategy (NDS) and increase costs" and writing that the yearlong continuing resolution suggested by administration officials would render the Defense Department "incapable of increasing readiness, recapitalizing our force, or rationalizing funding to align with the National Defense Strategy (NDS)."


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran critiqued Trump's 2017 executive order imposing a temporary ban on entry to the U.S. to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, saying, "While I support thorough vetting, I do not support restricting the rights of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents. Furthermore, far-reaching national security policy should always be devised in consultation with Congress and relevant government agencies."


title: Jerry Moran

text: In March 2019, Moran was one of 12 Republican senators to vote to block Trump's national emergency declaration that would have granted him access to $3.6 billion in military construction funding to build border barriers.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In May 2019, Moran was one of eight senators to cosponsor the Global Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing Act, a bill that would develop new institutes that supported American manufacturing in technology and grant more federal investment in the national network such as preexisting institutes being made to compete globally as well as continue American economic and national security.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran supports accountability metrics for public schools, but believes federal initiatives need to provide flexibility to states. In 2001, Moran voted against the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) because he felt it did not afford sufficient flexibility to schools. In 2017, Moran voted to confirm Betsy DeVos as United States Secretary of Education.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran has an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA) for his consistent support of pro-gun policies. The NRA endorsed him in his 2010 Senate run. NRA-Political Victory Fund chair Chris W. Cox called Moran a "steadfast supporter of our freedom". Since 1998, the NRA has donated $23,850 to Moran's political efforts.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In 2013, Moran joined other Republicans in saying they would filibuster any Democrat's proposals that Republicans considered a threat to the Second Amendment. In April, he voted against the Manchin-Toomey proposal for universal background checks for gun purchases.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran supports the concept of eliminating gun-free zones on military installations and recruitment centers. He said that they are an "infringement on the constitutional rights of our service members" and that gun-free zones make military sites "increasingly vulnerable to those who wish to do harm."


title: Jerry Moran

text: In 2016, Moran voted against the Feinstein Amendment, which would have banned suspected terrorists from acquiring guns.


title: Jerry Moran

text: Moran responded to the 2017 Olathe, Kansas shooting, "I strongly condemn violence of any kind, especially if it is motivated by prejudice and xenophobia."


title: Jerry Moran

text: In January 2019, Moran was one of 31 Republican senators to cosponsor the Constitutional Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act, a bill introduced by John Cornyn and Ted Cruz that would grant individuals with concealed carry privileges in their home state the right to exercise this right in any other state with concealed carry laws while concurrently abiding by that state's laws.


title: Jerry Moran

text: As of 2017, based on his environment-related votes, Moran had a lifetime score of 8% from the League of Conservation Voters, and a 0% score for 2016.


title: Jerry Moran

text: In 2015 Moran voted against a Senate amendment acknowledging that human activity contributes to climate change. In 2016, Moran and several other Senate Republicans signed a letter calling upon the U.S. to withdraw funding from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2009, Moran voted against the American Clean Energy and Security Act (Waxman-Markey), which would have established a cap-and-trade system to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change.