title: Champ de Mars

text: The Champ de Mars was also the site of the Festival of the Supreme Being on 8 June 1794. With a design by the painter Jacques-Louis David, a massive "Altar of the Nation" was built atop an artificial mountain and surmounted by a tree of liberty. The festival is regarded as the most successful of its type in the Revolution. During the Hundred Days a restored Napoleon held the Champ de Mai ceremony, during which he swore to uphold the Charter of 1815, at the Champ de Mars.


title: Champ de Mars

text: In 2012, the United Buddy Bears exhibit was held on the Champ de Mars, an international art exhibition with more than 140 two-meter-tall bears representing individual countries. They promote peace, love, tolerance and international understanding and are displayed across the planet. They stand at Champ de Mars in Paris, fronting the Eiffel Tower.


title: Champ de Mars

text: Champ de Mars was used as a filming location in the 1985 James Bond film "A View to a Kill", in which Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) drove a Renault 11 taxi which he had hijacked at the Eiffel Tower in pursuit of a mysterious assassin, later revealed to be May Day (Grace Jones).


title: Champ de Mars

text: The Champ de Mars will be the site of Beach Volleyball at the 2024 Summer Olympics and of five-a-side football at the 2024 Summer Paralympics.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The Girardoni air rifle was an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girardoni circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the "Windbüchse" ("wind rifle" in German). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The Girardoni air rifle was in service with the Austrian army from 1780 to around 1815. Many references to the Girardoni air rifles mention lethal combat ranges of 125 to 150 yards and some extend that range considerably. The advantages of a high rate of fire, no smoke from propellants, and low muzzle report granted it acceptance. It did have problems and was eventually removed from service for several reasons decades after introduction. There was also a version sold to civilians after it was removed from military service. While the detachable air reservoir was capable of around 30 shots, it took nearly 1,500 strokes of a hand pump to fill those reservoirs. Later, a wagon-mounted pump was provided. The reservoirs, made from hammered sheet iron held together with rivets and sealed by brazing, proved very difficult to manufacture using the techniques of the period and were always in short supply.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: In addition, the weapon was very delicate, and a small break in the reservoir could make it inoperable. It was also very different from any other weapon of the time, requiring extensive training to use.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The Lewis and Clark Expedition used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every Native American tribe they encountered on the expedition.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The rifle was long and weighed , about the same basic size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46 or .51 caliber ball and had a tubular, spring-fed magazine with a capacity of 20 balls. Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity-fed magazine. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring, all while lying down. Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman, in addition to the rifle itself, be equipped with three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle, and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack. It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist in order to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied. Design-wise, the air reservoir was similar to the disposable carbon dioxide cartridges used on some modern air guns.


title: Girardoni air rifle

text: The Girardoni air rifle was an important first. It was the first repeating rifle of a specific general kind to enter general military service. It was one of the first uses of a tubular magazine.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: DeLand is a city in Florida. It is the county seat of Volusia County. The city sits approximately north of the central business district of Orlando, and approximately west of the central business district of Daytona Beach. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 37,351. It is a part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan area, which was home to 590,289 people as of the 2010 census.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The city was founded in 1876, and was named for its founder, Henry Addison DeLand. DeLand is home to Stetson University, Florida's oldest private college, as well as the Museum of Art - DeLand. The DeLand Municipal Airport serves as an uncontrolled general aviation reliever airport to commercial operations at Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB), Orlando Sanford International Airport (SFB) and Orlando International Airport (MCO).


title: DeLand, Florida

text: Known as Persimmon Hollow for the wild persimmon trees that grow around the natural springs, the area was originally accessible only by steamboat up the St. Johns River. It was settled in 1874 by Captain John Rich, who built a log cabin. Henry Addison DeLand, a baking soda magnate from Fairport, New York, visited there in 1876, and envisioned building a citrus, agricultural and tourism center. That year he bought land and founded the town, naming it after himself. He sold his northern business and hired people to clear land, lay out streets, erect buildings and recruit settlers, most of whom came from upstate New York. (DeLand never lived in the city year-round.)


title: DeLand, Florida

text: In 1877 DeLand built a public school for the town. To enhance the community's stature and culture, and to enhance the value of his local real estate holdings, in 1883 DeLand established DeLand Academy, Florida's first private college. However, in 1885, a freeze destroyed the orange crop. One story has it that DeLand had guaranteed settlers' investments as an inducement to relocate, and so was obligated to buy back their ruined groves, though there is no hard evidence that this took place. As for many other would-be real estate magnates in the area at the time, his Florida investments were nearly worthless after the freeze, and he returned to his home in the North. DeLand entrusted the academy to his friend John B. Stetson, a wealthy hat manufacturer from Philadelphia and one of the institution's founding trustees. In 1889, it was renamed John B. Stetson University in its patron's honor. In 1900 it founded the first law school in Florida (which relocated to Gulfport in 1954). Its various sports teams are called the Hatters.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The City of DeLand was officially incorporated in 1882, and became the county seat of Volusia County in 1887. It was the first city in Florida to have electricity. According to city officials, minutes of the first City Commission meeting in 1882 show the city decided to create a seal with the emblems of "Faith, Hope and Charity," namely a cross, an anchor and a heart.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The city seal was briefly the object of a controversy in 2013, when the national group Americans United for Separation of Church and State sent the city a letter in which they argued that the seal unconstitutionally promotes Christianity, thus allegedly breaching the First Amendment Establishment Clause. The controversy faded after the city refused to change the seal.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: During the 1920s Florida Land Boom, fine examples of stucco Mediterranean Revival architecture by native architect Medwin Peek and others were constructed in DeLand. Many of these buildings have been handsomely restored, including the restored Athens Theatre.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: Since 1992, the city has hosted the DeLand Fall Festival of the Arts, a two-day event held annually in the historic downtown area on the weekend before Thanksgiving. As of 2009, the event has an annual attendance of more than 50,000 during the weekend.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.06%, is water. DeLand is drained by the St. Johns River.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: On February 2, 2007, DeLand and the surrounding area was the site of a major tornado outbreak. One tornado passed through Deland. It reached a peak intensity of EF-3 (160–165 mph), had a track length of 26 miles, and was responsible for the deaths of 13 people. On August, 18, 2020, an EF-2 tornado made landfall in DeLand Around 4 PM EST, and caused an estimated $7.4 million in damages over its 4.6 mile path.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: As of the census of 2013, there were 28,237 people, 9,950 households, and 4,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 1317.1/mi (506.8/km). There were 9,272 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 74.96% White, 19.18% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 3.00% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.73% of the population.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: There were 8,375 households, out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: In the city the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 14.9% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.8 males.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $28,712, and the median income for a family was $35,329. Males had a median income of $26,389 versus $20,114 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,936. About 14.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.3% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: Downtown DeLand's main street, Woodland Boulevard, has a number of notable 19th-century buildings. It is officially known as Downtown DeLand Historic District.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The Garden District is a mixed-use neighborhood adjacent to downtown DeLand, which is officially known as Downtown DeLand's Historic Garden District. The neighborhood was originally developed between 1900 and 1920. It fell into a long period of decline after World War II, and by the 1980s, had become blighted.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: In 2001, Michael E. Arth, a California artist, urban designer and filmmaker, bought 27 dilapidated structures, renamed the area the Garden District, and lobbied to create a new historic district. During the following eight years, he restored or rebuilt 32 homes and businesses, which have become the core of a neighborhood revival. The feature-length documentary film "New Urban Cowboy: Toward a New Pedestrianism" tells the story of DeLand and the Garden District. The film premiered in DeLand in January 2009 at the newly restored Athens Theatre. Previously, the film had appeared in seven film festivals and received the Audience Choice Award at the Real to Reel International Film Festival in 2008.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: DeLand hosts all home games for Stetson University Hatters athletic teams. The men's and women's basketball teams play at the J. Ollie Edmunds Center, an on-campus arena which opened in 1974 and seats approximately 5,000 spectators.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The Hatters baseball team plays at Melching Field at Conrad Park, a 2,500-seat ballpark located off campus just south of downtown DeLand. Melching Field was built in 1999 and is recognized as one of the finer college baseball venues in the NCAA, having hosted numerous Atlantic Sun Conference championships, the 2018 NCAA Baseball Regionals, and other baseball related tournaments and events. Prior to the opening of Melching Field, the Hatters played at old Conrad Park on the same site, which also hosted spring training games in the 1940s and 1950s and the DeLand Red Hats, a Florida State League minor league franchise.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: Adjacent to Melching Field is Spec Martin Stadium, a 6,000-seat football stadium. Spec Martin Stadium hosts DeLand High School Bulldog football and soccer games, and serves as home of the Stetson University Hatters football team. Stetson had discontinued its football program in the early 1960s, but reinstated the sport in 2013, when it joined the Pioneer Football League. As part of Stetson's re-entry into college football, Spec Martin Stadium underwent significant renovations, including a new press box, handicapped and premium seating areas, and new locker room facilities.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: DeLand has been called the "skydiving capital of the world", with the majority of skydiving industries calling it home. The skydiving industry employs over 500 workers from the DeLand area. This in combination with the tourist end of the industry makes it one of the town's largest supporters and invaluable to the local economy.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: DeLand has been the filming location for a number of television and movie projects, including the 1999 Adam Sandler comedy "The Waterboy". Scenes showing the fictional South Central Louisiana State University Mud Dogs home football games were shot at Spec Martin Stadium. Classroom and exterior scenes were filmed at Stetson University. Scenes involving Sandler's character's home were actually filmed in neighboring DeBary. "Ghost Story", starring Fred Astaire, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr and Craig Wasson, was filmed in part at Stetson University and the Holiday House.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon" filmed several scenes on the campus of Stetson University. The 1999 independent film "The First of May", starring Mickey Rooney and Joe DiMaggio, was shot on various locations throughout DeLand. "Days of Thunder", starring Tom Cruise, was partially filmed in DeLand.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: "New Urban Cowboy: Toward a New Pedestrianism" (2008) was filmed almost entirely in DeLand in 2006 and 2007.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: "Walt Before Mickey" filmed several scenes at the Stetson University campus in 2014 and Athens Theatre.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, serves DeLand, operating its "Silver Meteor" and "Silver Star" trains daily in both directions between Miami and New York City. The line is primarily CSX's Sanford Subdivision. It also contains a spur leading from the station which was built by the Orange Ridge, DeLand and Atlantic Railroad and has received passenger service in the past.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: During World War II, the Babcock Airplane Corporation manufactured 60 Waco CG-4 assault gliders at DeLand, but the firm was out of business by 1945.


title: DeLand, Florida

text: The DeLand Municipal Airport (a.k.a.; Sidney H. Taylor Field) still operates as a general aviation airport as well as a reliever airport for Orlando and Daytona Beach. It also contains the DeLand Naval Air Station Museum.


title: George Harris (actor)

text: George William Harris (born 20 October 1949) is a British actor. His notable roles include Kingsley Shacklebolt in the "Harry Potter" film series, Captain Simon Katanga in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and Clive King in the BBC medical drama "Casualty", where he was one of the original cast members. He also played real-life Somali warlord Osman Ali Atto in the 2001 film "Black Hawk Down".


title: George Harris (actor)

text: In 2013, he played the Abbot of the Black Friars in a BBC radio adaptation of Neil Gaiman's London fantasy "Neverwhere".


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: "Star Wars": Galactic Starcruiser is a "Star Wars"-themed 2-night live-action/role-playing choose your own adventure experience aboard a simulated cruise in outer space within the "Star Wars" galaxy. With an opening date of March 1, 2022, Starcruiser guests begin their experience at the terminal located adjacent to Disney's Hollywood Studios, in the Epcot Resort Area of the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. The hotel accompanies the themed area in Disney's Hollywood Studios.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: In April 2017, Disney contracted the website "Swagbucks" to survey visitors in order to gauge interest in a possible "Star Wars"-themed hotel. As a result of the survey, Disney decided to approve such a hotel, with a visitor experience based on the "Star Wars" storyline.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: Definite plans for the "Star Wars" hotel were first announced at D23 Expo 2017 in Anaheim, California. The proposal was announced as part of the unveiling of 23 improvements and additions to Disney parks around the world.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: At D23 Expo 2019, it was revealed that the hotel would be called the Halcyon and would be a two-night immersive experience where all guests arrive and depart together, similar to a cruise line.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: The "Star Wars" hotel was originally scheduled to open in 2021 according to the "Orlando Sentinel", but opened on March 1, 2022 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic. Early renderings of the project showed that the new hotel would be shaped like a "Star Wars" starship. The rooms contain full size bunk beds, a queen size bed and in some rooms a pull down to sleep a 5th guest in the style of "Star Wars" bunkers, with each room fitting 4 to 5 people. Renderings also showed a lobby in the style of a "Star Wars" spaceship interior.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: On May 30, 2018, it was announced that the hotel would be located just south of Disney's Hollywood Studios, to the east of World Drive. That July, it was revealed that the hotel's direct entrance to Disney's Hollywood Studios would be located between the "Millennium Falcon: Smugglers Run" and "Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance" attractions in "Star Wars": Galaxy's Edge. Valet parking is available for guests arriving in personal vehicles, but no self parking options are offered. A driveway connects the Starcruiser's main terminal to the parking lot of Disney's Hollywood Studios.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: Bob Chapek, Chairman of Walt Disney Parks & Resorts, stated that the "Star Wars" hotel would be Disney's "most experiential concept ever" when it opens. Chapek described the hotel as a "100% immersive" experience that "will culminate in a unique journey for every person who visits.” Some examples of the planned features included creatures and droids acting as certain hotel staff such as butlers; guests wearing "Star Wars" costumes; and an ability to interact with features of the hotel as if visitors were really in the "Star Wars" universe. Visitors would also be able to have lightsaber training and duels (an extension of the in Disney's Hollywood Studios); explore and pilot "Star Wars" spacecraft; and go on "secret missions" personalized toward the visitors' experience.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: One writer for "The Verge" called the planned hotel a "Westworld for "Star Wars" fans," noting the different hotel amenities that would allow the immersive-hotel experience to occur. "Mic" compared the planned hotel to Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge and Universal Orlando's Cabana Bay Beach Resort, both of which are existing hotels containing immersive experiences, though to a lesser extent.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: Guests at the hotel travel directly to by a shuttle-pod transportation system. This system is made so the interior resembles a shuttle spacecraft that ferries guests between the hotel and the land while maintaining the illusion of traveling from space to the planet's surface and back. The outside of this transport (unseen by the Starcruiser guests) resembles a standard box truck.


title: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser

text: Critical reception of Galactic Starcruiser focused on the value it provided for its very high prices. Early photos of the "Halcyon"'s small, windowless cabins went viral before the experience opened to the public, with many commentators on Twitter complaining that they were not suitable luxury accommodation. CNBC reported that the price, about $1,200 per person per day, was "steep," but that the experience was worth the cost as long as guests were willing to actively engage with many of the activities on board, with very little downtime. "Polygon" regarded Galactic Starcruiser as a form of participatory entertainment, requiring guests to put in a significant amount of effort to see and do everything they want during their brief stay, without spending much time in their cabin other than to sleep. "If you love "Star Wars" and want to commit to this experience in full by wearing costumes and interacting with characters and living your best "Star Wars" life, you’ll enjoy yourself," wrote a reviewer for "Nerdist".


title: Sean Stone

text: Sean Christopher Stone (born December 29, 1984) is an American actor, filmmaker, and television host. Stone hosted a show on the Russian state-funded network RT America until the network was shut down in 2022 after Russia's invasion of Ukraine


title: Sean Stone

text: In his last episode on RT America, Stone criticized celebrities for speaking out against Russia's invasion, and claimed that Oprah Winfrey had banned Tolstoy's "War and Peace" from her book club, and said it was wrong to characterize Russian leader Vladimir Putin as "some kind of dictator."


title: Sean Stone

text: Stone was born in New York City. He is the son of Elizabeth Burkit Cox and film director Oliver Stone and has appeared in several of his father's films. His paternal grandmother was French.


title: Sean Stone

text: A convert to Shia Islam in 2012, in an interview with CNN, Stone said that he accepted Muhammad as the seal of the prophets. Speaking to Bill O'Reilly, he claimed Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's statements about Israel had been misunderstood.


title: Sean Stone

text: Stone is a member of the Board of Advisors for the company MindShare Ventures Group based in New York City.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: The nutcracker syndrome (NCS) results most commonly from the compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), although other variants exist. The name derives from the fact that, in the sagittal plane and/or transverse plane, the SMA and AA (with some imagination) appear to be a nutcracker crushing a nut (the renal vein). Furthermore, the venous return from the left gonadal vein returning to the left renal vein is blocked, thus causing testicular pain (colloquially referred to as "nut pain").


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: There is a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and diagnostic criteria are not well defined, which frequently results in delayed or incorrect diagnosis. The first clinical report of Nutcracker phenomenon appeared in 1950.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: This condition is not to be confused with superior mesenteric artery syndrome, which is the compression of the third portion of the duodenum by the SMA and the AA.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: The signs and symptoms of NCS are all derived from the outflow obstruction of the left renal vein. The compression causes renal vein hypertension, leading to hematuria (which can lead to anemia) and abdominal pain (classically left flank or pelvic pain). The abdominal pain may improve or worsen depending on positioning. Patients may also have orthostatic proteinuria, or the presence of protein in their urine depending on how they sit or stand.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Since the left gonadal vein drains via the left renal vein, it can also result in left testicular pain in men or left lower quadrant pain in women, especially during intercourse and during menstruation. Occasionally, the gonadal vein swelling may lead to ovarian vein syndrome in women. Nausea and vomiting can result due to compression of the splanchnic veins. An unusual manifestation of NCS includes varicocele formation and varicose veins in the lower limbs. Another clinical study has shown that nutcracker syndrome is a frequent finding in varicocele-affected patients and possibly, nutcracker syndrome should be routinely excluded as a possible cause of varicocele and pelvic congestion. In women, the hypertension in the left gonadal vein can also cause increased pain during menses.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: In normal anatomy, the LRV travels between the SMA and the AA. Occasionally, the LRV travels behind the AA and in front of the spinal column. NCS is divided based on how the LRV travels, with anterior NCS being entrapment by the SMA and AA and posterior NCS being compression by the AA and spinal column. NCS can also be due to other causes such as compression by pancreatic cancer, retroperitoneal tumors, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Although other subtypes exist, these causes are more uncommon in comparison to entrapment by the SMA and the AA. Patients with NCS have a tendency to have a tall and lean stature, as this can lead to a narrower gap between the SMA and the AA for the LRV.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Nutcracker syndrome is diagnosed through imaging such as doppler ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and venography. The selection of the imaging modality is a step-wise process. DUS is the initial choice after clinical suspicion based on symptoms. CT and MRI are used to follow up afterwards, and if further confirmation is necessary, venography is used to confirm.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Although its ability to detect renal vein compression is dependent on how a patient is positioned during imaging, DUS is recommended as an initial screening tool as it has a high sensitivity (69–90%) and specificity (89–100%). DUS measures the anteroposterior diameter, and a peak systolic velocity at least four times as fast as an uncompressed vein is indicative of NCS.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: CT and MRI can be used afterward to confirm compression by the AA and SMA with comprehensive measurements of the abdominal vasculature. A "beak sign" can often be seen in CT scans due to the LRV compression. However, CT and MRI cannot demonstrate the flow within the compressed vein. These two modalities can be used to confirm other evidence for NCS such as back-up of blood flow into the ovarian veins.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: If further confirmation is necessary, venography is used as the gold standard test in diagnosing nutcracker syndrome. A renocaval pullback mean gradient of >3 mmHg is considered diagnostic. Although this method continues to be the gold standard, values in unaffected individuals may be vary considerably, leading to some measurements in NCS patients to be similar to those in normal individuals. This may be partly due to compensatory mechanisms in the vasculature as a result of the increased blood pressure. The invasive nature of the procedure is another consideration in comparison to DUS and CT/MRI as imaging modalities.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Treatment depends on the severity and symptoms. In addition to conservative measures, more invasive therapies include endovascular stenting, renal vein re-implantation, and gonadal vein embolization. The decision between conservative and surgical management is dependent on the severity of the symptoms. Conservative management is used if the patient is a child and the hematuria is mild. In contrast, more severe symptoms such as reduced renal function, flank pain, and anemia are managed with surgical interventions.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Conservative management is advised in children as further growth may lead to an increase in tissue at the fork between the SMA and AA, providing room for the LRV to pass blood without obstruction. Treatment in this case involves weight gain to build more adipose tissue, decreasing the compression. Venous blood may also be directed towards veins formed as a result of the higher blood pressure, which may contribute to symptomatic relief for individuals as they age. 75% of adolescent patients have been found to have their symptoms resolved after two years. Medications that decrease blood pressure such as ACE inhibitors can also be used to reduce the proteinuria.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: LRV transposition is the most common procedure done followed by renal autotransplantation and LRV bypass. In all cases for open procedures, data is limited for long term follow-up. With respect to LRV transposition, most patients stated improvement of symptoms 70 months following the procedure.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Laparoscopic procedures involve laparoscopic spleno-renal venous bypass and laparoscopic LRV-IVC transposition. They are uncommon in comparison to open procedures, but the outcomes of such procedures are similar to those of open procedures. Although robotic surgery is possible, data on robotic procedures is limited concerning outcomes and cost-effectiveness.


title: Nutcracker syndrome

text: Endovascular interventions involve the use of stents to improve blood flow in the area of LRV impingement. Following catheterization, venography is done to visualize the vasculature and can provide confirmatory diagnosis of NCS prior to stenting. Following stenting, 97% of patients have had improvement of symptoms by sixth months following the procedure, and long term follow-up showed no recurrence of symptoms after 66 months. Although less invasive, risks involved include incorrect placement of the stent as well as stent dislodging and migration to the right atrium. Furthermore, patients must be on anticoagulation therapy after stenting for three months.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palace of the Republic () was a building in Berlin that hosted the "Volkskammer", the parliament of East Germany, from 1976 to 1990.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palace of the Republic, also known as the "People's Palace", was located on Museum Island in the Mitte area of East Berlin, on the site of the former Berlin Palace between the Lustgarten and Schlossplatz, near the West Berlin border. The Palast was completed in 1976 to house the "Volkskammer", also serving various cultural purposes including two large auditoria, art galleries, a theatre, a cinema, 13 restaurants, 5 beer halls, a bowling alley, 4 pool rooms, a billiards room, a rooftop skating rink, a private gym with spa, a casino, a medical station, a post office, a police station with an underground cellblock, an indoor basketball court, an indoor swimming pool, private barbershops and salons, public and private restrooms and a discothèque. In the early 1980s, a video game arcade for the children of Volkskammer members and staff replaced one of the restaurants.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: In 1990, the Palast became vacant following German reunification and was closed for health reasons, due to there being more than 5,000 tonnes of asbestos in the building (despite asbestos being outlawed in construction in East Germany in 1968). In 2003, the Bundestag voted for the demolition of the Palast and replacement with a reconstruction of the Berlin Palace which had been demolished in the 1950s, after being heavily damaged by Allied air raids. The Palast was demolished between 2006 and 2008, and the reconstruction of the Berlin Palace began in 2013 and was completed in 2020.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: Construction of the Palace of the Republic () began in 1973, with a cost stated at 485 million East German marks according to an internal list of Wolfgang Junker, the Minister of Construction, although other estimates suggest about 800 million to 1 billion marks. It was built on the site of the Berlin Palace ("Stadtschloss"), the former royal palace of Prussia, located on Museum Island in East Berlin, less than along Unter den Linden from the West Berlin border at the Brandenburg Gate. The Berlin Palace had been controversially demolished in 1950 after suffering extensive damage during the Battle of Berlin in World War II, as the government had no budget in the post-war years for the restoration and it was viewed as a symbol of Prussian imperialism. The site was used as a parade ground and parking lot during the 1950s and 1960s until its designation as the location for a new building to seat the "Volkskammer", the unicameral legislature of the GDR, which was provisionally seated at the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus at 58/59 Luisenstraße.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palast was designed in a modernist style by Heinz Graffunder and the Building Academy of the German Democratic Republic ("Bauakademie der DDR"), with distinctive bronze-mirrored windows as a defining architectural feature. It consisted of two massive outer blocks and a middle piece inserted between them, which together gave the building the shape of a cuboid with a length of , a width of , and a height of which was based on that of the neighbouring buildings. The new building took up the eastern half of the plot while the western half was intended as a military parade ground, though tremors from the heavy vehicles were found to endanger the glass facade on the unstable grounds of Museum Island. Instead, the western half was used mainly as a parking lot and military parades were moved to Karl-Marx-Allee.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: In addition to housing the "Volkskammer", the Palast was intended as a multiple-use structure influenced by the concepts of Palaces of Culture and People's Houses popular with socialist movements. Such cultural buildings were common not only in the Eastern Bloc, but also find examples in Belgium, France (Center Georges Pompidou), the Netherlands and Sweden (House of Culture in Stockholm) Buildings led. In the young Soviet Union in particular, cultural centers became symbols of the new state power. The Palast contained a large bowling alley at the lower level, from which the canal-side terrace along the River Spree could be accessed, and featured Brunswick lane equipment and a bar. The part of the Palace open to the public featured numerous cameras for the surveillance of staff and visitors by Stasi officials. It was the first building in the GDR to feature a self-supporting steel skeleton and contained 5,000 tons of asbestos used for fire protection.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palast was officially opened on 23 April 1976 and its facilities were opened to the public two days later.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: Numerous important cultural, political, academic, and social events of the German Democratic Republic occurred at the Palast after its opening. Events were held in the Palast's Great Hall, a large hexagonal room some 67 meters wide and 18 meters high. The Great Hall was notable for its versatility; lifting devices under the floor allowed for a stage of variable height and size. The surface area of the stage could thus range anywhere from 170 to 1000 m², and the hall could seat between 1000 and 4500 attendants. Many editions of the GDR television entertainment program Ein Kessel Buntes were recorded in the Great Hall. Concerts of famous orchestras such as the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig under Kurt Masur, modern interpretations of classical music such as the "Messiah" of George Frideric Handel, and performances by Bulat Okudzhava (29 November 1976), Harry Belafonte (25 October 1983), Karel Gott (1983), 1986 with Dara Rolins and Heidi Janků, 1987) or of the rock-band Purple Schulz (21 January 1989). German electronic music group Tangerine Dream performed a concert recorded live at the Palast on 31 January 1980 which also was Johannes Schmoelling's first live performance with the band. Erich Honecker, Willi Stoph and other members of the Central Committee were in attendance. The concert was unique in that Tangerine Dream was the first Western group who was allowed by the GDR government to play in East Berlin at the time and was dubbed "the performance behind the Iron Curtain". An album of this recorded concert was released titled "Quichotte" on East German record label Amiga, and later released to the rest of the world on Virgin Records six years later and renamed "Pergamon". In October 1983, the West German rock star Udo Lindenberg was permitted to perform in concert at the Palast. At the concert, Lindenberg did not sing one of his best-known songs, ""Sonderzug nach Pankow"" ("Special Train to Pankow"), which satirized East German leader Erich Honecker, as he was ordered not to play it under threat of arrest and imprisonment by the Stasi. Additionally, in April 1987, American Latin rock band Santana did two concerts here.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Socialist Unity Party (SED), the ruling party of the GDR, held party congresses at the Palast and a state gala was held on the eve of the 40th (and final) anniversary of the GDR in October 1989, at which Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was present. During the night of 22–23 August 1990, the "Volkskammer" decided in the Palast on the accession of the GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany with effect from 3 October 1990, known as German reunification.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palast had many nicknames in the Springer press in West Berlin and among East German citizens, such as "Palazzo Prozzo" (a wordplay, as 'protzen' means 'to show off') or "Erichs Lampenladen" (Erich Honecker's lamp shop).


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: The Palast was closed to the public on 19 September 1990 by decree of the "Volkskammer" when it was found to be contaminated by asbestos, only two weeks before the accession date. On 2 October 1990, the "Volkskammer" was dissolved and the Palast became vacant. By 2003, the asbestos was considered to have been removed along with internal and external fittings allowing either safe reconstruction or safe deconstruction, and the shell of the building was opened for visitors in mid-2003. In November 2003, the Bundestag decided to demolish the Palast and reconstruct the Berlin Palace, leaving the area as parkland until funding could be found. The majority of former East Germans opposed the demolition and various protests were held by people who felt the building was an integral part of Berlin's culture and the historic process of the German reunification.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: Beginning in early 2004, the Palast was used for events, such as housing an exhibition of the Terracotta Army and a special concert by the famous Berlin-based band Einstürzende Neubauten. Afterward, the Palast fell into disuse and disrepair. Demolition started on 6 February 2006, and was scheduled to last about fifteen months at a cost of €12 million, however the demolition lasted longer than scheduled because of hazards to neighbouring buildings. Dismantling of the structure was seriously delayed after more asbestos was discovered in various locations, and the estimated completion date was pushed back to the end of 2008. About 35,000 tonnes of steel which once held this building together were shipped to the United Arab Emirates to be used for the construction of the Burj Khalifa. Although the original structure in Berlin has been demolished, its sister building, the Kulturpalast in Dresden, is still intact and currently used as a symphony orchestra hall.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: In January 2006, about two years after the Bundestag decided for the rebuilding of the Berlin Palace, a second definitive vote re-approved the plans. It was decided three of its sides would be exact replicas of the original, but the fourth side and interior would be modern. Called the Humboldtforum, the rebuilt palace will house the Humboldt collection and gallery of non-European art. In November 2008, the Italian architect Francesco Stella was chosen for the project. Reconstruction was completed in 2020.


title: Palace of the Republic, Berlin

text: Sixteen monumental pictures by GDR artists (Walter Womacka, Willi Sitte, Wolfgang Mattheuer, Werner Tübke, and Bernhard Heisig) presented "Dreams of Communists". The pictures were shown in Potsdam 20 years later.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Pamela Franklin (born 3 February 1950) is a British former actress. She is best known for her role in the film "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1969), for which she won a NBR Award and received a BAFTA Award nomination.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin made her acting debut at the age of 11 in the film "The Innocents" (1961). She later established herself as a scream queen in the 1970s by appearing in the films "Necromancy" (1972) and "The Legend of Hell House" (1973).


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin, who had three brothers, was born in Yokohama, Japan, and grew up in the Far East, where her father was an importer/exporter. The family lived in Japan, Hong Kong, Australia, and Ceylon before returning to England. When she was eight she was sent to the Elmhurst School of Ballet in the UK (now the Elmhurst School for Dance).


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin made her film debut at the age of 11 in "The Innocents" (1961), and her television debut in the "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color"s "The Horse Without a Head" (1963).


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin played opposite William Holden and Trevor Howard in the British film "The Lion" (1962) and co-starred with Luke Halpin in "Flipper's New Adventure" (1963) as a wealthy industrialist's daughter abandoned on a tropical island, but saved by Halpin and his pet dolphin, Flipper. In 1963, Franklin was voted 10th place for the Laurel Awards Top New Female Personality. She was 14 when she appeared in "The Third Secret" (1964), in which she played a troubled young daughter. When she was interviewed about the film in 1979, she said that she "and Stephen Boyd had become friends and the warmth on screen was genuine." In 1966, she had a lead role in the BBC TV series "Quick Before They Catch Us".


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin received favourable notices for her portrayal of an unusually worldly teenager in the suspense film "The Nanny" (1965) starring Bette Davis. She also received an Emmy nomination for her supporting role in the TV movie "Eagle in a Cage" (also 1965) in which she again acted opposite Trevor Howard. She acted with Dirk Bogarde, who played her father in "Our Mother's House" (1967), a film that was nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Not long afterwards, Franklin played opposite Marlon Brando and Rita Moreno in "The Night of the Following Day" (1969) as the kidnap victim in the crime thriller. This was her first "adult" role, with one scene showing her topless. She appeared with Michele Dotrice in the horror thriller "And Soon the Darkness" (1970), a film that was remade in 2010.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: For her role as Sandy in "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1969), Franklin won the National Board of Review award for Best Supporting Actress. In the same year, she starred in the John Huston movie "Sinful Davey" with a young John Hurt, which was not successful and failed to boost her career.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: In 1971, she starred in the penultimate episode of "Green Acres", titled "Hawaiian Honeymoon". The episode was a backdoor pilot for the proposed sitcom titled "Pam", which would have featured Franklin and Don Porter as a father and daughter operating the Moana Rexford hotel in Hawaii. The pilot was not picked up.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: As an adult, Franklin became somewhat typecast in horror films after her performances in the popular occult thrillers "Necromancy" (1972) and "The Legend of Hell House" (1973) opposite Roddy McDowall. This was followed with the television horror movie "Satan's School for Girls" (1973). Her last film role was in "The Food of the Gods" (1976), although she made television appearances until 1981, including an episode of "Police Story", in which she became physically ill playing a rape victim.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin made other television appearances, including "Cannon", "The Love Boat", "Fantasy Island", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "Hawaii Five-O", "Barnaby Jones", "Vega$", and "Trapper John, M.D.". She gave a memorable performance as the title character in "Jenny Wilde is Drowning", an episode of "The Name of the Game", starring Tony Franciosa. Her character was an aspiring actress trying to succeed in Hollywood.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: Franklin met British actor Harvey Jason, 10 years her senior, on the set of "Necromancy". Although the film was not released until 1972, the couple married in 1970 and settled near Hollywood and had two sons. Her husband and one of their sons, Louis, co-own a bookstore in West Hollywood.


title: Pamela Franklin

text: On the commentary track for the 2014 Region A Blu-ray release of "The Legend of Hell House" released by Scream Factory, Franklin admits she was pregnant with her second child whilst filming "The Food of the Gods" and that she was ready for a change of career, although she enjoyed making the film and living on the island location. She also claimed working in television in the United States was a mistake at the time, as it limited her career and producers only saw her as a TV actor from then on.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Andrew Wyatt Blakemore is an American musician, songwriter and record producer. Born and raised in Manhattan, New York, he began his career playing in New York bands such as The A.M. and Black Beetle. He gained wider notability as the frontman of the Swedish electronic pop band Miike Snow, which released its acclaimed debut album in 2009. Since that time, Wyatt has released two other with the band as well as his solo debut "Descender" on Downtown Records in 2013.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Wyatt has worked with other artists, writing and/or producing songs with artists including Liam Gallagher, Lady Gaga, Lorde, Bruno Mars and others. As a songwriter, Wyatt has been nominated for the Song of the Year Grammy Award twice. In 2019, he won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media for his work with Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, and Anthony Rossomando on "Shallow" from "A Star is Born;" the group was awarded the 2018 Academy Award for Best Original Song as well.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Wyatt grew up on Perry Street in Manhattan, New York City, in the 1980s. At 18, he and musician Greg Kurstin formed the short-lived experimental pop band Funkraphiliacs, whereupon he was signed to Capitol Records as a solo artist. He worked on the album Peter Gabriel's Real World studios for about a year until drug addiction and psychological issues forced him into hospitalization. After his stay in rehab, Wyatt moved to a small mountain town in Colorado for several years, and he briefly attended the University of Colorado.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: After briefly studying at classical conservatory, Wyatt returned to New York City and shortly thereafter formed the group The A.M. with Michael Tighe and Parker Kindred, formerly of Jeff Buckley's band. The group released one album on Universal UK before disbanding in 2005.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Outside of his own projects, Wyatt has worked extensively with other artists, writing and/or producing songs with Carl Barat, Mark Ronson, Tiggers, Dragons of Zynth, Coco Sumner, and others. In 2011 Wyatt co-wrote "Grenade" with Bruno Mars. The song went to number one in several countries including the U.S, and earned a Grammy Nomination for Song of the Year. Recently, Wyatt began creating sound installations and video art for galleries, and debuted Waves, a collaboration with photographer / video artist Sebastian Mlynarski, at The New Museum in New York. He co-created the music for the 2012 one-act ballet "Carbon Life" along with Mark Ronson and Wayne McGregor.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Wyatt released his debut solo album Descender on April 16, 2013, on INGRID/Downtown Records, the album features the 75-piece Prague Philharmonic Orchestra with additional appearances by The Libertines' Anthony Rossomando, Spiritualized's bassist Brad Truax, Amen Dunes' Damon McMahon, and Tortoise's John Herndon. The only live performance of the album was at Capitale in New York City on May 10, 2013, as part of the Downtown Festival. A short documentary directed by Sebastian Mlynarski, entitled "The Making of Descender," was made in collaboration with The Creator's Project on March 19, 2013. In the documentary Wyatt discussed the challenges of completing the album in only a month, as that was the only time he had between Miike Snow tours and it gave a behind the scenes look at the recording process.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: The first single from the project, "And Septimus...", was made available for streaming on February 19, 2013, and a music video for the single that was filmed in Buenos Aires and directed by Sebastian Mlynarski, premiered on Rolling Stone.com on May 7, 2013.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: Andrew Wyatt earned the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2019 for "Shallow", which he co-wrote with Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson and Anthony Rossomando. For Wyatt, Ronson and Rossomando, it was their first nomination and first win; for Lady Gaga, it was her second nomination and first win.


title: Andrew Wyatt

text: On June 29, 2019, Wyatt joined Liam Gallagher onstage at the 2019 Glastonbury Festival, playing guitar on "The River", which he co-wrote with the former Oasis frontman. It was one of eleven tracks co-written by Wyatt to feature on Gallagher's second album "Why Me? Why Not.", seven of which he also produced. The album was released in September 2019, and reached number one in the UK charts.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. Manufactured by Intamin, it was the park's fourteenth roller coaster when it opened in 2000, dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964. Upon completion, Millennium Force broke five world records and was the world's first "giga coaster", a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed in height. It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year. The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force features a cable lift hill with a drop, two tunnels, three overbanked turns, and four hills. The coaster also has a top speed of . Since its debut, Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in "Amusement Today"'s annual Golden Ticket Awards. Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed, it remains one of the tallest and fastest coasters in the world.


title: Millennium Force

text: The planning, design and development phases of Millennium Force took place over five years, from 1996 to 2000. The first rumors that a new record-breaking roller coaster would be built at Cedar Point, which included speculation about a ten-inversion roller coaster from Bolliger & Mabillard and an Arrow Dynamics MegaLooper, began circulating in early 1998. A roller coaster from D. H. Morgan Manufacturing was also rumored. On July 2, 1999, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Millennium Force, which raised more speculation about what the ride would be like. About a week later, the first track pieces were seen at the park, and it was confirmed that the ride would be manufactured by Intamin. Cedar Point officials also confirmed that it would not have inversions.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force was announced on July 22, 1999. It would be the tallest roller coaster in the world, taking the record from Fujiyama at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan. Don Miears, General Manager of Cedar Point said, "Millennium Force introduces the world to a whole new level of roller coaster riding." The ride cost $25 million to design and build. Cedar Point, Intamin, and Werner Stengel designed the layout of the ride. After the ride was announced, several disputes about whether Millennium Force or was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world arose between Cedar Point and Six Flags Magic Mountain. Superman: The Escape is high and its speed is ; however, it is a shuttle roller coaster, not a complete-circuit roller coaster.


title: Millennium Force

text: Construction started in August 1999 when the site was cleared. Millennium Force was built in the Frontier Trail section of the park. The ride involved the relocation of the Giant Wheel and the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad. The removal and relocation of the Giant Wheel began in October on closing day; the first of 226 supports was installed on October 11, starting at the brake run. Two hundred twenty-six footers, each about deep were dug; the largest ones were . The concrete construction was done by Mosser Construction. The lift hill was topped off in early January 2000.


title: Millennium Force

text: The ride's construction took seven months, and 120 construction workers and project managers participated. Testing took two months. The park conducted a "pull-through" by pulling a train along the course to ensure proper clearance. The ride was inspected and tested with water-dummies on the trains.


title: Millennium Force

text: The first media event was held on May 11, 2000, and the ride opened to the public two days later on May 13. When it opened, it broke six world records. It was the first Giga Coaster and was the world's fastest complete-circuit roller coaster, but was later overtaken by other rides. The ride was so popular that guests consistently waited three to four hours to board. About a month after Millennium's debut, Cedar Point introduced a virtual queue system, "Ticket to Ride", which allowed visitors to buy a ticket then return later and wait in a shorter line. In August, Cedar Point engaged John Hancock and Associates and Stalker Radar of Indianapolis to measure the height and speed of Millennium Force. The height was measured at , and the speed was measured at , slightly faster than what the park had been advertising ().


title: Millennium Force

text: Before the start of the 2004 season, Millennium Force's seat belts were modified because of an incident that occurred on Superman the Ride, a similar roller coaster at Six Flags New England. The new seat belts were shorter and some riders had difficulties with them. The roller coaster's layout was repainted over a three-year period, before the 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons. In 2012, the park added a new LED lighting system.


title: Millennium Force

text: For the 2020 season, following the COVID-19 pandemic, timed boarding passes called "Access Passes" were used temporarily to comply with social distancing guidelines in effect at the time.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force's entrance is located behind the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad's Millennium Midway station. The queue is situated between the ride's last overbanked turn and the station. A DJ booth is provided to entertain waiting visitors; the park's "Jamming DJ's" take requests for family friendly songs from people in the queue. It was then replaced by Cedar Point's FUNtv, which plays music videos of popular songs, the Gatekeeper/Maverick shuffle, park trivia, sports news, park advertisements, weather forecasts, and popular news headlines. About a month after Millennium's debut, Cedar Point introduced a new queue system known as "Ticket to Ride" (later Fast Lane) to reduce the wait time. Visitors could buy tickets then return later and wait in a shorter line. This system was discontinued in 2004 after several people complained it was unfair that others were going ahead of them in line. In 2012, Cedar Point introduced its Fast Lane queue system on the ride; visitors can buy a wristband which enables them to wait in a shorter line. The system was tested at Kings Island the previous year, where it received positive reviews.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force covers ; it runs parallel to the shoreline of Sandusky Bay, then travels to an island located inside the park, where the Forbidden Frontier on Adventure Island is located. There are two tunnels, three overbanked turns and four hills. One cycle of the ride takes approximately 2 minutes and 20 seconds.


title: Millennium Force

text: While the train is being loaded with passengers, the catch car for the cable lift descends the lift hill and latches onto the middle car underneath the train. Once the train is cleared, the cable lift immediately pulls the train up the 45 degree lift hill at to a height of . The train drops at an 80 degree angle and reaches a top speed of at the bottom of the hill. It then climbs through a right overbanked turn at 122 degrees from the horizontal axis, then travels through a tunnel as it passes over the Frontier Trail. It then travels over a parabolic hill, which provides a moment of zero gravity as it passes over a lagoon and down onto Adventure Island. It completes a , 360-degree right-handed helix, followed by a left overbanked turn. It then completes a small right-hand turn before traveling over another hill to leave the island. The train then travels left through a second tunnel where the on-ride photo is taken, followed by a left turn and a small hill, passing by the queue. Finally, the train travels high through another right overbanked turn over the queue and is stopped by magnetic brakes. Passengers disembark the ride at an unloading station and the train moves to a second station where it is loaded.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force is a Giga Coaster model designed by Werner Stengel and built by Swiss manufacturer Intamin. It was the first of a series of roller coasters, including the now-defunct Top Thrill Dragsterthe tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world in 2003that Intamin built at Cedar Point. , Millennium Force is one of two Giga Coasters built by Intamin, the other being Intimidator 305 at Kings Dominion.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force operates with three stainless steel, stadium-style seating trains colored red, yellow, and blue. Each train has nine cars that seat four passengers, allowing a maximum capacity of 36 people per train and 1,300 riders an hour. Each seat has an individual, hydraulic, T-shaped lap bar and seat belt which rests across the rider's lap. Each train weighs 19 tons.


title: Millennium Force

text: The station has two platforms, one for unloading and one for loading. Two trains are loaded and unloaded while the third train is running the course. There is also a separate line in the station where riders can wait for the first seat. The loading platform has red overhead lights, which are located above the train. Millennium Force's theme song is played in the station while riders are boarding.


title: Millennium Force

text: The steel tubular track is long and the lift is approximately high. The track is blue and the supports are silver. The track consists of 229 pieces, each weighing between . Intamin supplied the track with hollow structural sections (HSS), which is used in all the track pieces, supports and towers. Millennium Force uses three different track shapes. The simplest sections are two-pipe track, made with two running rails connected by square HSS cross-members. The ride also uses three-pipe track, which has two running rails with a backbone of round HSS, which forms a triangle. The third type of track forms a square and is considered the strongest. It has two running rails with two backbone tubes. As both a high altitude and high velocity ride, Millennium Force is affected by unfavorable weather conditions such as rain, lightning or strong winds; under these conditions the ride is closed, but in light rain it can remain open.


title: Millennium Force

text: When the ride opened in 2000, Cedar Point chose High End Systems, headquartered in Austin, Texas, to light the ride. Rob Decker, Cedar Point's Corporate Director of Planning & Design, said that they thought they would have to mount multiple floodlights on the tower. However, they were able to install thirty EC-1 floodlights at the base of the lift hill structure which provided lighting throughout the ride's structure. Of the six main support towers, three had six EC-1s, and three towers had four EC-1s. The three tallest towers had another unit in the middle.


title: Millennium Force

text: Over the years, the lights were not maintained and grew noticeably dimmer. In 2012, Cedar Point introduced a nighttime show, Luminosity — Ignite the Night!, to "re-energize" the park at the end of the day. New LED lights from Sunrise, Florida-based Chauvet Professional were installed to illuminate the ride. Twenty COLORado Range and ten COLORado Ridge wash lights were installed at the base of the lift hill structure.


title: Millennium Force

text: When it opened in May 2000, Millennium Force broke five world records among roller coasters and introduced a new magnetic braking system instead of the commonly used friction brakes. This new system enabled the use of a shorter brake run, enabling the train to slow down from to a standstill in only six seconds.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force's records as the tallest and fastest complete-circuit roller coaster were broken several months later in August when Steel Dragon 2000 opened. It remained the tallest and fastest at Cedar Point until 2003, when the park debuted Top Thrill Dragster, the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world.


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force has one of the longest lines in the park, with passengers waiting over four hours when the ride debuted. The ride received positive reactions from visitors, many of whom said it was smooth and very comfortable. Others said, "It'll scare the daylights out of you". In its first six years of operation, Millennium Force had over 10 million riders. By August 2012, Millennium had given more than 21 million rides. Several television shows, including the Travel Channel's "Extreme Terror Rides", "Bert the Conqueror", "Off Limits", the Discovery Channel's "Extreme Rides", and the National Geographic Channel's "Super Coasters" have featured Millennium Force. Out of over 500 roller coasters that Werner Stengel has engineered, he stated that Millennium Force is his favorite. Robb Alvey, a notable roller coaster enthusiast, called it a "milestone in roller coaster history".


title: Millennium Force

text: Millennium Force has consistently ranked high in various polls and has won numerous awards. Millennium Force and Superman the Ride (formerly Bizarro) at Six Flags New England held the top two places in the Golden Ticket Awards from 2001 to 2015, and Millennium has continued to rank among the top three steel roller coasters since then. In the Travel Channel's "Insane Coaster Wars", Millennium Force was voted the "fan favorite" in the "Extreme Heights" and "The Top 10" categories. In 2013, "Time" ranked Millennium Force as the top roller coaster in the United States.


title: Frank Stella

text: Frank Philip Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. Stella lives and works in New York City.


title: Frank Stella

text: Frank Stella was born in Malden, Massachusetts, to parents of Italian descent. His father was a gynecologist, and his mother was a housewife and artist who attended fashion school and later took up landscape painting.


title: Frank Stella

text: After attending high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he learned about abstract modernists Josef Albers and Hans Hofmann, he attended Princeton University, where he majored in history and met Darby Bannard and Michael Fried. Early visits to New York art galleries fostered his artistic development, and his work was influenced by the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline. Stella moved to New York in 1958, after his graduation. He is heralded for creating abstract paintings that bear no pictorial illusions or psychological or metaphysical references in twentieth-century painting.


title: Frank Stella

text: In the 1970s he moved into NoHo in Manhattan in New York City. As of 2015, Stella lived in Greenwich Village and kept an office there but commuted on weekdays to his studio in Rock Tavern, New York.


title: Frank Stella

text: Upon moving to New York City, he reacted against the expressive use of paint by most painters of the abstract expressionist movement, instead finding himself drawn towards the "flatter" surfaces of Barnett Newman's work and the "target" paintings of Jasper Johns. He began to produce works which emphasized the picture-as-object, rather than the picture as a representation of something, be it something in the physical world, or something in the artist's emotional world. Stella married Barbara Rose, later a well-known art critic, in 1961. Around this time he said that a picture was "a flat surface with paint on it – nothing more". This was a departure from the technique of creating a painting by first making a sketch. Many of the works are created by simply using the path of the brush stroke, very often using common house paint.


title: Frank Stella

text: This new aesthetic found expression in a series of new paintings, the Black Paintings (1959) in which regular bands of black paint were separated by very thin pinstripes of unpainted canvas. "Die Fahne Hoch!" (1959) is one such painting. It takes its name ("The Raised Banner" in English) from the first line of the Horst-Wessel-Lied, the anthem of the National Socialist German Workers Party, and Stella pointed out that it is in the same proportions as banners used by that organization. It has been suggested that the title has a double meaning, referring also to Jasper Johns' paintings of flags. In any case, its emotional coolness belies the contentiousness its title might suggest, reflecting this new direction in Stella's work. Stella's art was recognized for its innovations before he was twenty-five. In 1959, several of his paintings were included in "Three Young Americans" at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, as well as in "Sixteen Americans" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (60).


title: Frank Stella

text: From 1960 Stella began to produce paintings in aluminium and copper paint which, in their presentation of regular lines of color separated by pinstripes, are similar to his black paintings. However they use a wider range of colors, and are his first works using shaped canvases (canvases in a shape other than the traditional rectangle or square), often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed into more elaborate designs, in the "Irregular Polygon" series (67), for example.


title: Frank Stella

text: Also in the 1960s, Stella began to use a wider range of colors, typically arranged in straight or curved lines. Later he began his "Protractor Series" (71) of paintings, in which arcs, sometimes overlapping, within square borders are arranged side by side to produce full and half circles painted in rings of concentric color. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s. The Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas.


title: Frank Stella

text: Stella began his extended engagement with printmaking in the mid-1960s, working first with master printer Kenneth Tyler at Gemini G.E.L. Stella produced a series of prints during the late 1960s starting with a print called "Quathlamba I" in 1968. Stella's abstract prints used lithography, screenprinting, etching and offset lithography.


title: Frank Stella

text: In 1967, he designed the set and costumes for Scramble, a dance piece by Merce Cunningham. The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of Stella's work in 1970, making him the youngest artist to receive one. During the following decade, Stella introduced relief into his art, which he came to call "maximalist" painting for its sculptural qualities. The shaped canvases took on even less regular forms in the "Eccentric Polygon" series, and elements of collage were introduced, pieces of canvas being pasted onto plywood, for example. His work also became more three-dimensional to the point where he started producing large, free-standing metal pieces, which, although they are painted upon, might well be considered sculpture. After introducing wood and other materials in the Polish Village series (73), created in high relief, he began to use aluminum as the primary support for his paintings. As the 1970s and 1980s progressed, these became more elaborate and exuberant. Indeed, his earlier Minimalism [more] became baroque, marked by curving forms, Day-Glo colors, and scrawled brushstrokes. Similarly, his prints of these decades combined various printmaking and drawing techniques. In 1973, he had a print studio installed in his New York house. In 1976, Stella was commissioned by BMW to paint a BMW 3.0 CSL for the second installment in the BMW Art Car Project. He has said of this project, "The starting point for the art cars was racing livery. In the old days there used to be a tradition of identifying a car with its country by color. Now they get a number and they get advertising. It's a paint job, one way or another. The idea for mine was that it's from a drawing on graph paper. The graph paper is what it is, a graph, but when it's morphed over the car's forms it becomes interesting, and adapting the drawing to the racing car's forms is interesting. Theoretically it's like painting on a shaped canvas."


title: Frank Stella

text: In 1969, Stella was commissioned to create a logo for the Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial. Medals incorporating the design were struck to mark the occasion.


title: Frank Stella

text: From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Stella created a large body of work that responded in a general way to Herman Melville’s "Moby-Dick." During this time, the increasingly deep relief of Stella's paintings gave way to full three-dimensionality, with sculptural forms derived from cones, pillars, French curves, waves, and decorative architectural elements. To create these works, the artist used collages or maquettes that were then enlarged and re-created with the aids of assistants, industrial metal cutters, and digital technologies. "La scienza della pigrizia" ("The Science of Laziness"), from 1984, is an example of Stella's transition from two-dimensionality to three-dimensionality. It is fabricated from oil paint, enamel paint, and alkyd paint on canvas, etched magnesium, aluminum and fiberglass.


title: Frank Stella

text: In the 1990s, Stella began making free-standing sculpture for public spaces and developing architectural projects. In 1993, for example, he created the entire decorative scheme for Toronto’s Princess of Wales Theatre, which includes a 10,000-square-foot mural. His 1993 proposal for a Kunsthalle and garden in Dresden did not come to fruition. In 1997, he painted and oversaw the installation of the 5,000-square-foot "Stella Project" which serves as the centerpiece of the theater and lobby of the Moores Opera House located at the Rebecca and John J. Moores School of Music on the campus of the University of Houston, in Houston, TX. His aluminum bandshell, inspired by a folding hat from Brazil, was built in downtown Miami in 2001; a monumental Stella sculpture was installed outside the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.


title: Frank Stella

text: Stella's wall-hung "Scarlatti K Series" was triggered by the harpsichord sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and the writings of the U.S. 20th-century harpsichord virtuoso and musicologist Ralph Kirkpatrick, who made the sonatas widely known. (The title's "K" refers to Kirkpatrick's chronology numbers.) Scarlatti wrote more than 500 keyboard sonatas; Stella's series today includes about 150 works.


title: Frank Stella

text: From 1978 to 2005, Stella owned the Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart building in Manhattan's East Village and used it as his studio. His nearly 30-year stewardship of the building resulted in the facade being cleaned and restored. After a six-year campaign by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, in 2012 the historic building was designated a New York City Landmark. After 2005, Stella split his time between his West Village apartment and his Newburgh, New York studio.


title: Frank Stella

text: By the turn of the 2010s, Stella started using the computer as a painterly tool to produce stand-alone stars-shaped sculptures. The resulting stars are often monochrome, black or beige or naturally metallic, and their points can take the form of solid planes, spindly lines or wire-mesh circuits. His "Jasper’s Split Star" (2017), a sculpture constructed out of six small geometric grids that rest on an aluminum base, was installed at 7 World Trade Center in 2021.


title: Frank Stella

text: Stella had been an advocate of strong copyright protection for artists such as himself. On June 6, 2008, Stella (with Artists Rights Society president Theodore Feder; Stella is a member artist of the Artists Rights Society) published an Op-Ed for "The Art Newspaper" decrying a proposed U.S. Orphan Works law which "remove[s] the penalty for copyright infringement if the creator of a work, after a diligent search, cannot be located".


title: Frank Stella

text: Stella's work was included in several exhibitions in the 1960s, among them the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum’s The Shaped Canvas (1965) and Systemic Painting (1966). The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of Stella's work in 1970. His art has since been the subject of several retrospectives in the United States, Europe, and Japan. In 2012, a retrospective of Stella's career was shown at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg.


title: Frank Stella

text: In 2014, Stella gave his sculpture "Adjoeman" (2004) as a long-term loan to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. The Menil Collection, Houston; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; National Gallery of Art; the Toledo Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Portland Art Museum, Oregon; and many others.


title: Frank Stella

text: Among the many honors he has received was an invitation from Harvard University to give the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures in 1984. Calling for a rejuvenation of abstraction by achieving the depth of baroque painting, these six talks were published by Harvard University Press in 1986 under the title "Working Space".


title: Frank Stella

text: In 2009, Frank Stella was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Contemporary Sculpture by the International Sculpture Center. In 1996 he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Jena in Jena, (Germany), where his large sculptures of the "Hudson River Valley Series" are on permanent display, becoming the second artist to receive this honorary degree after Auguste Rodin in 1906.


title: Frank Stella

text: Since 2014, Stella has been represented worldwide in an exclusive arrangement shared by Dominique Lévy and Marianne Boesky. In May 2019, Christie's set an auction record for Stella's "Point of Pines", which sold for $28 million.


title: Frank Stella

text: In April 2021, his Scramble: Ascending Spectrum/ascending Green Values (1977) was sold for £2.4 million ($3.2 million with premium)in London. The painting was bought for $1.9 million in 2006 from the collection of Belgian art patrons Roger and Josette Vanthournout at Sotheby’s.


title: Frank Stella

text: From 1961-1969 Stella was married to art historian Barbara Rose; they had two children, Rachel and Michael. In 1978 he married pediatrician Harriet McGurk.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: ' (; literally "little traffic light man", diminutive of Ampelmann""' ) is the symbol shown on pedestrian signals in Germany. Prior to German reunification in 1990, the two Germanies had different forms for the , with a generic human figure in West Germany, and a generally "male" figure wearing a hat in the East.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: The is a beloved symbol in former East Germany, "enjoy[ing] the privileged status of being one of the few features of East Germany to have survived the end of the Iron Curtain with his popularity unscathed." After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the acquired cult status and became a popular souvenir item in the tourism business.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: The first traffic lights at pedestrian crossings were erected in the 1950s, and many countries developed different designs (which were eventually standardised). At that time, traffic lights were the same for cars, bicycles and pedestrians. The East Berlin was created in 1961 by traffic psychologist Karl Peglau (1927–2009) as part of a proposal for a new traffic lights layout. Peglau criticised the fact that the standard colours of the traffic lights (red, yellow, green) did not provide for road users who were unable to differentiate between colours (10 percent of the total population); and that the lights themselves were too small and too weak when competing against luminous advertising and sunlight. Peglau proposed retaining the three colours while introducing intuitive shapes for each coloured light. This idea received strong support from many sides, but Peglau's plans were doomed by the high costs involved in replacing existing traffic light infrastructure.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Unlike motor traffic, pedestrian traffic has no constraints for age or health (physical or mental), and therefore must allow for children, elderly people and the handicapped. Peglau therefore resorted to the realistic-concrete scheme of a little man that is comprehensible for everyone and appeals to archetypical shapes. The thick outstretched arms of the frontal-standing red man is associated with the function of a blocking barricade to signal "stop", while the side-facing green man with his wide-paced legs is associated with a dynamic arrow, signalling the permission to "go ahead". The yellow light was abandoned because of generally unhurried pedestrian traffic.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Peglau's secretary Anneliese Wegner drew the per his suggestions. The initial concept envisioned the to have fingers, but this idea was dropped for technical reasons of illumination. However, the man's "perky", "cheerful" and potentially "petit bourgeois" hat – inspired by a summer photo of Erich Honecker in a straw hat – was retained, to Peglau's surprise. The prototypes of the traffic lights were built at the VEB-Leuchtenbau Berlin.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: The was officially introduced on 13 October 1961 in Berlin, at which time the media attention and public interest focused on the new traffic lights, not the symbols. The first were produced as cheap decal pictures. Beginning in 1973, the traffic lights were produced at and privately owned artisan shops.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Decades later, Daniel Meuren of the weekly German newsmagazine described the as uniting "beauty with efficiency, charm with utility, [and] sociability with fulfilment of duties". The reminded others of a childlike figure with big head and short legs, or a religious leader.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: The proved so popular that parents and teachers initiated the symbol to become part of road safety education for children in the early 1980s. The East German Ministry of the Interior had the idea to bring the two traffic light figures to life and turn them into advisors. The were introduced with much media publicity. They appeared in strip cartoons, also in situations without traffic lights. The red appeared in potentially dangerous environments, and the green was an advisor. Together with the publishing company, games with the were developed. stories were developed for radio broadcasts. Partly animated Ampelmännchen stories with the name were broadcast once a month as part of the East German children's bedtime television programme "Sandmännchen", which had one of the largest viewing audiences in East Germany. The animated stories raised international interest, and the Czech festival for road safety education films awarded the "Special Award by the Jury" and the "Main Prize for Overall Accomplishments" in 1984.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Following the German reunification in 1990, there were attempts to standardise all traffic signs to the West German forms. East German street signs and traffic signs were dismantled and replaced because of differing fonts in the former two German countries. The East German education programmes featuring the vanished. This led to calls to save the East German as a part of the East German culture. The first solidarity campaigns for the took place in Berlin in early 1995.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Markus Heckhausen, a graphic designer from the West German city of Tübingen and founder of in Berlin, had first noticed the during his visits to East Berlin in the 1980s. When he was looking for new design possibilities in 1995, he had the idea to collect dismantled and build lamps. But he had difficulty finding old and eventually contacted the former (now ) regarding their excess stock. The company was still producing , and liked Heckhausen's marketing ideas. The public embraced Heckhausen's first six lamp models. Local newspapers published full-page articles, followed by articles in national newspapers and designer magazines. The successful German daily soap opera used the lamp in their coffeehouse set. Designer Karl Peglau explained the public reaction in 1997:


title: Ampelmännchen

text: It is presumably their special, almost indescribable aura of human snugness and warmth, when humans are comfortably touched by this traffic symbol figure and find a piece of honest historical identification, giving the the right to represent a positive aspect of a failed social order.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: The became a virtual mascot for the East German nostalgia movement, known as . The protests were successful, and the returned to pedestrian crossings. They can now also be seen in some western districts of Berlin. Some western German cities such as Saarbrücken and Heidelberg have since adopted the design for some intersections. Peter Becker, marshal of Saarbrücken, explained that lights of the East German have greater signal strength than West German traffic lights, and "in our experience people react better to the East German than the West German ones." In Heidelberg, however, a government department asked the city to stop the installation of more East German , citing standards in road traffic regulations.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Heckhausen continued to incorporate the design into products and had an assortment of over forty Ampelmännchen souvenir products in 2004, reportedly earning €2 million yearly. In the meantime, east German businessman Joachim Rossberg had also used the distinctive traffic symbol as a logo, and claimed to make €50,000 per year from merchandise. Heckhausen appealed to a Leipzig court in 2005 over the marketing rights, suing Rossberg for failing at making full use of his marketing rights; German legislature rules state that if no use of marketing rights is made for five years, the rights can be cancelled. The court ruled in 2006 that Rossberg's right to use the as a marketing brand had largely lapsed and had passed back into the public domain. Rossberg only retained the right to use the symbol to market liqueur, and may no longer use the logo on beer and T-shirts. The court case was later seen by some as part of the cultural and political struggle between residents of the two parts of the reunified country, in which the underdog East generally lost.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Berlin started to modernize its traffic lights from using regular light bulbs to LED technology in early 2006, which promised better visibility and lower maintenance costs.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: There are three variations in modern-day Germany – the old East German version, the old West German version, and the pan-German introduced in 1992. Each German state holds the right to determine the version used. East Germans have changed the look of Ampelmännchen traffic lights as a joke since the early 1980s; this turned into media-effective efforts to call attention to the vanishing East German in the 1990s. The on several traffic lights in Erfurt were changed through manipulation of the template, showing carrying backpacks or cameras. In 2004, Joachim Rossberg invented the female counterpart to the , the , which was installed on some traffic lights in Zwickau, Dresden and Fürstenwalde.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: Roman Tic (a pseudonym playing with "romantic") of the art collective Ztohoven ("(The way) Out of shit") changed some pedestrian traffic lights in the daylight hours of 8 April 2007 in five hours work, with a ladder and wearing red overalls. He used different motifs, including men and women (e.g. drinking, urinating).


title: Ampelmännchen

text: On 11 May 2015, before the Life Ball and the Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna, the city changed some traffic lights to ""; these are designs with homo- and heterosexual couples, hugging or holding hands. In June 2015, Salzburg (at Staatsbrücke) and Linz (at Mozartkreuzung) followed suit with the same designs. However, in December 2015, a city traffic minister of the party FPÖ dismounted the privately sponsored faceplates, deeming them unnecessary.


title: Ampelmännchen

text: On 13 October 2017, Google celebrated the 56th anniversary of the Traffic Light Man with a Google Doodle.


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Shaun Terence Young (20 June 1915 – 7 September 1994) was an Irish film director and screenwriter who worked in the United Kingdom, Europe and Hollywood.


title: Terence Young (director)

text: He is best known for directing three James Bond films, including the first two films in the series, "Dr. No" (1962) and "From Russia with Love" (1963), as well as "Thunderball" (1965). His other films include the Audrey Hepburn thrillers "Wait Until Dark" (1967) and "Bloodline" (1979), the historical drama "Mayerling" (1968), the infamous Korean War epic "Inchon" (1981), and the Charles Bronson films "Cold Sweat" (1970), "Red Sun" (1971), and "The Valachi Papers" (1972).


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Of Irish descent, Young was born in Shanghai, China, the son of a police commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police. His family moved back to England when he was young, and he was educated at Harrow School in London. He read oriental history at St Catharine's College at the University of Cambridge. Commissioned in the Irish Guards, Young was a tank commander during World War II where he participated in Operation Market Garden in Arnhem, Netherlands.


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young began his career in the film industry as a screenwriter, earning a credit for Brian Desmond Hurst's "On the Night of the Fire" (1939), "A Call for Arms" (1940), "Dangerous Moonlight" (1941), and "A Letter from Ulster" (1942) and for other directors on "Secret Mission" (1942), "On Approval" (1944). In 1946, he returned to assist Hurst again with the script of "Theirs Is the Glory", which told the story of the fighting around Arnhem Bridge. Arnhem, coincidentally, was home to an adolescent Audrey Hepburn. During the later filming of Young's film "Wait Until Dark", Hepburn and Young joked that he had been shelling his favourite star without even knowing it. Young worked on the screenplays for Hurst's "Hungry Hill" (1947) and David McDonald's "Bad Lord Byron" (1949).


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young's first sole credit as director (and also Christopher Lee's film debut) was "Corridor of Mirrors" (1948), an acclaimed film made in France. He followed it with a musical "One Night with You" (1948); "Woman Hater" (1948), a comedy with Stewart Granger; and "They Were Not Divided" (1950), based on his own life in the Irish Guards. Young also directed "Valley of Eagles" (1951) and "The Tall Headlines" (1952).


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young then made the first film for Irving Allen and Albert R. Broccoli's Warwick Films, "The Red Beret" with Alan Ladd. Young made "That Lady" (1955) in Spain with Olivia de Havilland and "Storm Over the Nile" (1955), an essentially shot-for-shot remake of the 1939 film "The Four Feathers". Warwick asked Young back to do "Safari" (1956), a movie about the Mau Mau, with Victor Mature. For the same company, he did "Zarak" (1957), also with Mature. MGM hired him to make "Action of the Tiger" (1957) with Van Johnson; a young Sean Connery had a supporting role. "No Time to Die" (1958) was Young's fourth film for Warwick, and third with Mature. He made "Serious Charge" (1959), which was Cliff Richard's film debut; "Too Hot to Handle" (1960) with Jayne Mansfield; "Black Tights" (1961) in France; and "Duel of Champions" (1961) in Italy with Alan Ladd.


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Albert Broccoli and Irving Allen had split as a producing team, and Broccoli went into partnership with Harry Saltzman to make a series of films based on the James Bond novels. Broccoli used many of the crew he had worked with during his time at Warwick for the first Bond movies, including Young as director. Young made a crucial contribution to "Dr. No" (1962), including recruiting Sean Connery to portray Bond. Actress Lois Maxwell later said that "Terence took Sean under his wing. He took him to dinner, to his tailor, showed him how to walk, how to talk, even how to eat."


title: Terence Young (director)

text: The movie was a huge success and was quickly followed by "From Russia with Love" (1963), an even bigger hit. During the filming, Young and a photographer nearly drowned when their helicopter crashed into the sea while filming a key sequence. They were rescued by other members of the film crew. Young was back behind the camera 30 minutes after being rescued. Young was deluged with offers and elected not to direct "Goldfinger". Instead he made "The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders" (1965). Young returned for "Thunderball" (1965), the fourth Bond movie. According to Young, he was offered and turned down the direction of Bond films "For Your Eyes Only" and "Never Say Never Again".


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Following "Thunderball", most of Young's work was in Europe. Young directed part of the 1965 espionage portmanteau film "The Dirty Game". He provided the story for "Atout cœur à Tokyo pour OSS 117" (1966) and directed the all-star "The Poppy Is Also a Flower" (1966). He followed this with "Triple Cross" (1966), and "The Rover" (1967). Young had a hit with "Wait Until Dark" with Audrey Hepburn. In a 1967 interview he said his three best films were "Black Tights", "From Russia with Love" and "They Were Not Divided". He then directed "Mayerling" (1968) with Omar Sharif, and "The Christmas Tree" (1969) with William Holden. He made three films with Charles Bronson: "Cold Sweat" (1970), "Red Sun" (1972) and "The Valachi Papers" (1972).


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young's later films include "War Goddess" (a.k.a. "The Amazons") (1973), and "The Klansman" (1974, replacing Samuel Fuller). He worked on "Jackpot" but the film was never finished. Later credits include "Bloodline" (1979), "Inchon" (1981) about the Battle of Inchon with Laurence Olivier, "The Jigsaw Man" (1983) with Michael Caine and Olivier (replacing the original director), and "Run for Your Life" (1988). Olivier and Young had been friends since 1943 when Olivier had initially offered the direction of his film "Henry V" (1944) to Young, who declined. At the 3rd Golden Raspberry Awards in 1983, he won the Razzie Award for Worst Director for "Inchon".


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young contributed to the screenplay for the Hong Kong film "Foxbat" (1977), which led to him being credited as co-director in some regions. Young was the editor of "The Long Days" ("Al-ayyam al-tawila") (1980), a six-hour Iraqi telenovela about the life of Saddam Hussein, which also led to him being credited as co-director in some regions.


title: Terence Young (director)

text: Young's wife was the novelist Dorothea Bennett. He had a son and two daughters. He died of a heart attack while working on a documentary at the age of 79 in Cannes.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Rodney Bewes (27 November 1937 – 21 November 2017) was an English television actor and writer who portrayed Bob Ferris in the BBC television sitcom "The Likely Lads" (1964–66) and its colour sequel "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?" (1973–74). Bewes' later career was of a much lower profile, but he continued to work as a stage actor.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Bewes was born in Bingley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to Horace, an Eastern Electricity Board showroom clerk, and Bessie, who was a teacher of children with learning difficulties. His family lived for a few years in the Crossflatts district of Bingley, before they moved to Luton, where he attended Stopsley Secondary School. Because of his early ill-health (he suffered from asthma and bronchitis), one of the reasons the family moved, his mother tended to keep him off school. His illness receded, and the family eventually returned to the north.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Having seen an advertisement in the "Daily Herald", Bewes auditioned for the title role in "Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School" just before he turned 13, and was in the last two short-listed for the role, losing to Gerald Campion. However, he did appear in two early television roles for the BBC, "Mystery at Mountcliffe Chase" and "The Pickwick Papers" (both 1952). At 14, he moved to London to attend RADA's preparatory school.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: After two years of national service in the RAF, Bewes attended RADA. He was working nights in hotels, doing the washing-up, to finance his studies at RADA during the day, and hence was frequently to be found asleep in class. He was expelled during his final year.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Bewes began appearing in repertory theatre and obtained parts in the television drama series "Dixon of Dock Green" (1962) and "Z-Cars" (1963). He also appeared in the film version of "Billy Liar" (1963) as Arthur Crabtree, alongside his close friend Tom Courtenay. The two men shared a flat at the time; Bewes, having seen Courtenay's script, independently and successfully approached the casting director for the part. The following year his Northern working-class background and natural Northern accent stood him in good stead, landing him the role of Bob Ferris in "The Likely Lads" (1964–66) after Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais had seen him in "Billy Liar".


title: Rodney Bewes

text: In "The Likely Lads", Ferris was the more ambitious of two Newcastle factory workers, with Terry Collier (James Bolam) being his lazy and more cynical friend. The series, at first broadcast on the newly launched BBC2, proved successful both critically and in the ratings when it was shown on the BBC1 and ran for three series. Between his two spells as a 'Likely Lad', Bewes also appeared in "Man in a Suitcase" (1967), "Father, Dear Father" (1968) and as "Mr Rodney" on "The Basil Brush Show" (1968–69). He starred in his own ITV sitcom "Dear Mother...Love Albert" (later known as "Albert!", 1969–72), which he created and co-wrote with Derrick Goodwin.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Bewes appeared in the 1969 theatrical production of "She Stoops to Conquer" as Tony Lumpkin. He also appeared in the film "Spring and Port Wine" (1970) which starred James Mason, and played the Knave of Hearts in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1972). Bewes and Bolam reunited for the sequel that continued the Bob and Terry saga, "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?" (1973–74). It ran for two series of 13 episodes, followed by a Christmas special in 1974. The original series was adapted for radio (1967–68) as was the sequel (1975), and a cinema spin-off ("The Likely Lads", 1976) also followed.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: Bewes' later film roles included "Jabberwocky" (1977), "Unidentified Flying Oddball" (1979) and "The Wildcats of St Trinian's" (1980). Although better known for his comedy and light entertainment roles, viewers were given an opportunity to see Bewes's serious acting ability in a made-for-TV film adaptation of John Ford's 17th century play, "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" (1980). Despite a guest role in the "Doctor Who" serial "Resurrection of the Daleks" in 1984, his television career had largely ended by the mid-1980s.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: On the West End stage, Bewes appeared in the play "Middle-Age Spread" and "Funny Money", a farce by Ray Cooney.


title: Rodney Bewes

text: In 1981, he starred in "A Very Private Man" on BBC Radio. During 1982, he served as spokesman for the now defunct trade organisation, the British Onion Marketing Board, appearing in a number of print advertisements during the year.