title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Over the years William Muñoz has cultivated the Rush persona into one of the top level wrestlers in Mexico, as he is often involved in main event matches when he wrestles for CMLL or on the Mexican independent circuit. Starting out he was simply a "tecnico", a generic good guy who showed little personality, but over time developed a more laid-back, arrogant "rudo" character that was portrayed by all members of "Los Ingobernables", the gimmick was so successful that it also spawned Los Ingobernables de Japón, voted the "best gimmick" in the annual Wrestling Observer awards for 2017. Rush's "Tranquilo" ("Relax") persona is often expressed in a lack of interest in most opponents as if they are not worth his time. This is often expressed by Rush, and other members of Los Ingobernables engaging in a game of invisible futbol during matches to mock their opponents. His catchphrase "No pasa Nada!", or "Nothing happened", basically dismisses any opponent as not being worth his time. In April 2016, Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" wrote that the "Los Ingobernables" concept of having Rush, once a face (hero) rejected by Arena México crowds, turn heel (villain) and "embrace the negative", had made him a "far more effective headliner".


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: While Rush remains "Tranquilo" against most opponents, his explosive temper causes him to brawl with certain rivals such as L.A. Park or Volador Jr., at times leading to disqualifications when Rush or his teammates ignore the rules. Over the years Rush has earned the nickname "Mr. CMLL", being one of CMLL's most popular stars in recent years, despite acting like a "rudo" during matches. He will often refer to himself as "El Toro Blanco" (Spanish for "The White Bull"), a name his father wrestled under many years ago.


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: Rush's style of wrestling focuses on high-impact moves, such as a running corner dropkick to a seated opponent, that often looks like he makes full impact with the opponent. As part of his mind games he will often fake the corner drop kick early in the match, berate his opponent and then land dropkick later in the match. For years Rush's main finishing move was "La Lanza" ("The Spear"), a diving double foot stomp. In recent years he has changed his finishing move to the "Martillo Negro" ("Black Hammer"), a double underhook piledriver that is also referred to as the "Rush Driver" outside of Mexico and a corner shotgun dropkick which he refers to as "Bull's Horns".


title: Rush (wrestler)

text: William Arturo Muñoz González was born on September 29, 1988, in Tala, Jalisco, Mexico, the oldest son of Arturo Muñoz Sánchez, a "luchador", or professional wrestler, who is best known under the ring names "Toro Blanco" ("white bull"), "Comandante Pierroth" and "La Bestia del Ring" ("The beast of the ring"). William Muñoz has at least two younger brothers who also became professional wrestlers, Carlos (born 1991) better known as the second Místico and Dragon Lee (born 1995, first name not confirmed).


title: School of thought

text: A school of thought, or intellectual tradition, is the perspective of a group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement.


title: School of thought

text: The phrase has become a common colloquialism which is used to describe those that think alike or those that focus on a common idea. The term's use is common place.


title: School of thought

text: Schools are often characterized by their currency, and thus classified into "new" and "old" schools. There is a convention, in political and philosophical fields of thought, to have "modern" and "classical" schools of thought. An example is the modern and classical liberals. This dichotomy is often a component of paradigm shift. However, it is rarely the case that there are only two schools in any given field.


title: School of thought

text: Schools are often named after their founders such as the "Rinzai school" of Zen, named after Linji Yixuan; and the Asharite school of early Muslim philosophy, named after Abu l'Hasan al-Ashari. They are often also named after their places of origin, such as the Ionian school of philosophy, which originated in Ionia; the Chicago school of architecture, which originated in Chicago, Illinois; the Prague school of linguistics, named after a linguistic circle founded in Prague; and the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School, whose representatives lived in Tartu and Moscow.


title: School of thought

text: An example of a school of thought in Christianity (and Gnosticism) is Neoplatonism, which has massively influenced Christian thought, from Augustinianism to Renaissance and humanism to the present day.


title: Bacalhau

text: dishes are common in Portugal, and also in former Portuguese colonies like Cape Verde, Angola, Macau, Brazil, and Goa. There are said to be over 1000 recipes in Portugal alone and it can be considered the iconic ingredient of Portuguese cuisine (curiously one of the few species not consumed fresh in this fish-loving country, boasting the highest per capita fish consumption within the European Union). It is often cooked on social occasions and is the traditional Christmas Eve dinner in some parts of Portugal.


title: Bacalhau

text: Similar recipes can be found across Europe. It is also found in the cuisines of other territories and regions like Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Suriname. In Norway commonly refers to a specific Spanish-style dish prepared with salted and dried cod, potatoes, onions, tomatoes and olives which was assimilated to Norwegian cuisine in the 20th century, and is now officially spelled .


title: Bacalhau

text: For centuries, salted, dried cod came primarily from the North Atlantic fisheries of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland () and Georges Bank, with the salting and drying done in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, with lesser volumes caught and dried in Iceland and Norway. It was a cheap food until the collapse of the cod stocks and dismantling of Portuguese fleet when it became more expensive, especially near Easter and Christmas time as it is a part of many traditional dishes of the holiday season.


title: Bacalhau

text: There are numerous recipe variations, depending on region and tradition. In Portugal, it is said there are more than 365 ways to cook , one for every day of the year; others say there are 1,001 ways. Whatever the exact number, is a ubiquitous ingredient in Portuguese cuisine.


title: Bacalhau

text: The traditional production method for Bacalhau is protected in the EU and UK as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed under the name "Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa".


title: Bacalhau

text: Salt cod has been produced for at least 500 years, since the time of the European discoveries of the New World. Before refrigeration, there was a need to preserve the cod; drying and salting are ancient techniques to preserve nutrients and the process makes the cod tastier. More importantly, fish low in oils and fats are more suitable for the drying and preservation process, as oils and fats prevent the salt from preserving the fish. Cod have very low levels of oils and fats in their muscle tissue, and most is located in the liver.


title: Bacalhau

text: Portuguese, Norman, Breton, and English fisherman were the first to adopt the salt-based curing technique from Basque fishermen in Newfoundland near the cod-rich Grand Banks by the late 1500s. By the 1700s, salted cod had become a staple food for ordinary Portuguese people and by upper levels of Portuguese society. With the advancements in freezing and transportation in the 1900s, salted cod from North America declined and Iceland and Norway became the major supplier of the salted fish to Portuguese markets. During this time was a cheap source of protein and frequently consumed. Thus, ' became a staple of the Portuguese cuisine, nicknamed ' ('loyal friend'). In fact, in Portugal, "cod" always refers to salted, dried codfish and it is very rare to find fresh cod () for sale.


title: Bacalhau

text: This dish is also popular in Portugal and other Roman Catholic countries because of the church. For example, the Church forbade the eating of meat on many days (Fridays, Lent, and other festivals), and so "" dishes were eaten instead. is also popular in Sfax where this dish is eaten in the first day of Eid ul-Fitr with chermoula.


title: Bacalhau

text: In Portugal, ' is often sold as a generic product with no brand information. Customers are free to touch, smell, and otherwise personally inspect the fish, which is very different from how fresh seafood is often sold. Stores can carry a large variety of ' differing in color, size, smell, taste, and dryness. Such variation has led Portugal to define requirements as to what products can carry the label . They are however, graded by weight which often defines what price category the is sold under. The largest is , which are large pieces of whole fish weighing more than 4kg. Following this are (4-2kg), (2-1kg), (1-0.5kg) and (below 500g).


title: Michelle Remembers

text: Michelle Remembers is a discredited 1980 book co-written by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his psychiatric patient (and eventual wife) Michelle Smith. A best-seller, "Michelle Remembers" relied on the discredited practice of recovered-memory therapy to make sweeping, lurid claims about Satanic ritual abuse involving Smith, which contributed to the rise of the Satanic panic in the 1980s. While the book presents its claims as fact, and was extensively marketed on that basis at the time, no evidence was provided; all investigations into the book failed to corroborate any of its claims, with investigators describing its content as being primarily based on elements of popular culture and fiction that were popular at the time when it was written.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: "Michelle Remembers" chronicles Pazder's therapy during the late 1970s with his long-time patient Smith. In 1973, Pazder first started treating Smith at his private psychiatric practice in Victoria, British Columbia. In 1976 when Pazder was treating Smith for depression (related to her having had a miscarriage), Smith confided she felt that she had something important to tell him, but could not remember what it was. Soon thereafter, Pazder and Smith had a session where Smith purportedly screamed for 25 minutes non-stop and eventually started speaking in the voice of a five-year-old. According to Pazder, during the next 14 months he spent more than 600 hours using hypnosis to help Smith recover seeming memories of Satanic ritual abuse that occurred when she was five years old in 1954 and 1955 at the hands of her mother (Virginia Proby) and others, all of whom Smith said were members of a "satanic cult" in Victoria.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: The book chronicles therapy sessions between Pazder and Smith and alleged recovered memories of satanic rituals she claims she was forced to attend. Pazder stated that Smith was abused by the "Church of Satan," purportedly a worldwide organization predating the Christian church. The first alleged ritual attended by Smith occurred in 1954 when she was five years old, with the final one an 81-day ritual in 1955, that supposedly summoned Satan himself and involved the intervention of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and Michael the Archangel, who removed the scars received by Smith throughout the year of abuse and blocked memories of the events "until the time was right". The book claims that during the rites, Smith was allegedly tortured, locked in cages, sexually assaulted, forced to participate in various rituals, witnessed several human sacrifices, and was rubbed with the blood and body parts of various sacrificed infants and adults.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: After Smith had seemingly recovered her memories, she and Pazder consulted with various church authorities, eventually traveling to the Vatican.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: "Michelle Remembers" was first publicized with articles in "People magazine" and the "National Enquirer". During 1980, Pazder and Smith toured the United States to promote the book. Ultimately a publishing success, the book earned Pazder and Smith a $100,000 hard-cover advance, $242,000 for paperback rights, royalties, and a potential movie deal. In 1989, almost 10 years after the publication of "Michelle Remembers", Oprah Winfrey featured Smith as a guest on her show alongside Laurel Rose Willson, author of the equally fictitious Satanic ritual abuse survival memoir "Satan's Underground", which was published using the pseudonym Lauren Stratford. Both women's experiences were presented by Winfrey as incontrovertible fact, and not once did she question the authenticity of any claim in either book.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: Pazder was a credentialed psychiatrist and fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and the book states that its source materials (therapy tapes) were scrutinized. However, the accuracy of the allegations in "Michelle Remembers" was questioned soon after the book was published. After the book's publication, Pazder withdrew his assertion that it was the Church of Satan that had abused Smith when Anton LaVey (who founded the church years after the alleged events of "Michelle Remembers") threatened to sue for libel.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: In an October 27, 1980 article in the magazine "Maclean's", Paul Grescoe interviewed Smith's father, Jack Proby, who denied the allegations against Smith's mother, Virginia (who died in 1964), and claimed he could refute all the allegations in the book. Grescoe also noted that the book failed to make any mention of Smith's two sisters, Charyl (younger) and Tertia (older), or that Pazder and Smith (both Catholics) had divorced their spouses and married each other. The book also fails to mention any police investigations or any attempt Pazder made to involve the police in verifying any of the book's accusations.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: The authors of a 1995 book found no newspaper record of the car crash that the book describes in the time frame described despite the fact that the local newspaper reported on all vehicle accidents at the time. Former neighbors, teachers and friends were interviewed and yearbooks from Smith's elementary school were reviewed and found no indication of Smith being absent from school or missing for lengthy periods of time, including the alleged 81-day non-stop ceremony. Ultimately the book's authors were unable to find anyone who knew Smith during the 1950s who could corroborate any of the details in her allegations.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: A 2002 article by Kerr Cuhulain explored what Cuhulain considered the unlikeliness of Smith's allegations. Among other things, Cuhulain noted that it seemed unlikely that a sophisticated cult that had secretly existed for generations could be outwitted by a five-year-old; that the cult could hold rituals in the Ross Bay Cemetery unnoticed given that Smith claimed she was screaming and given that the Ross Bay Cemetery is surrounded on three sides by residential neighborhoods; that an 81-day non-stop ceremony involving hundreds of participants and a massive round room could have gone on in Victoria unnoticed; and that none of Smith's tormentors (other than her mother) have ever been identified, especially given that some of them had cut off one of their middle fingers at the Black Mass. He also notes that during the alleged 81-day ritual, Michelle was confirmed to be attending school, with no remarkable absences and no apparent signs that she was being abused. Like other authors, Cuhulain also noted that many of Smith's so-called recovered memories appear to have represented elements of popular culture at the time (e.g. the movie "The Exorcist") and Pazder's own religious beliefs and experiences from when he was living and working in Africa during the early 1960s. He noted it odd that Pazder did not report any of the sexual abuse that Michelle allegedly had endured to police. Finally, Cuhulain hypothesized that Smith's motivation for making the allegations may have come from her desire to spend time with Pazder; though both were initially married to other people, they divorced their spouses and remarried each other after the publication of the book.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: James R. Lewis, in "The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements", wrote that "Michelle Remembers" "must be treated with great skepticism, not least because literally all the charges involved seem drawn from accounts of from the 1950s, imported to Canada." Nichol Spanos has stated that in addition to the lack of corroboration of Smith's alleged memories, "skepticism appears warranted by the fact that some of these 'memories' involve Michelle's encounters with supernatural beings". Spanos also mentions that Smith's father and unmentioned two siblings deny the allegations made by Smith, as well as Pazder's time in West Africa during a time when there was widespread concern about secret, blood-drinking, cannibalistic cults.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: Despite the lack of evidence and criticism concerning the allegations made in "Michelle Remembers", there are still people who believe that Smith's claims of abuse are true, and are evidence of a worldwide intergenerational satanic conspiracy to abuse and sacrifice human beings.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: The book's contents have not been substantiated by any evidence beyond Smith's testimony. Despite this, the book allegedly inspired imitative accusations throughout the world, against members of the Church of Satan, other occultists, and others who seemed to have no association with the occult.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: The appendix to "Michelle Remembers" contains the reprint of the article "'Witchcraft in City' Claim" by Paul Jeune, as the article was referenced by Smith in the book concerning the alleged black magic practiced in Victoria. An evangelist named Len Olsen claimed on television evangelist David Mainse's talk show "100 Huntley Street" that he and his wife were nearly sacrificed in a satanic ritual by Mark Fedoruk, also known as Lion Serpent Sun. Sun sued for defamation, and in court it was ascertained that Olsen had been delusional, apparently due to drug use and guilt; Sun was awarded $10,000 and an appeal was denied. The lawsuit and result were not reported in the book, only the original false allegations by Olsen.


title: Michelle Remembers

text: The Grescoe article did not garner much attention and the allegations in "Michelle Remembers" were still considered by many during the early 1980s to be true. As a result, Pazder was considered to be an expert in the topic of Satanic ritual abuse. With the sudden emergence of Satanic ritual abuse cases during the 1980s (likely due in part to the publication of "Michelle Remembers"), Pazder's expertise was requested. In 1984, Pazder acted as a consultant in the McMartin preschool trial which featured allegations of Satanic ritual abuse. Pazder also appeared on the first major news report concerning Satanism (broadcast on May 16, 1985), by ABC's television series "20/20". Pazder was part of the Cult Crime Impact Network and lectured to police agencies about Satanic ritual abuse during the late 1980s. By 1987, Pazder reported that he was spending a third of his time consulting on Satanic ritual abuse cases. With people suddenly being prosecuted for Satanic ritual abuse, prosecutors used the book as a guide when preparing cases against alleged Satanists. Prior to the start of the Kern County child abuse cases, several local social workers had attended a training seminar that listed Satanic ritual abuse as a major element of child sexual abuse and used "Michelle Remembers" as training material.


title: I Am Cait

text: I Am Cait is an American television documentary series which chronicles the life of Caitlyn Jenner after her gender transition. The eight-part one-hour documentary series debuted on July 26, 2015, on the E! network. The series focuses on the "new normal" for Jenner, exploring changes to her relationships with her family and friends. The show additionally explores how Jenner adjusts to what she sees as her job as a role model for the transgender community.


title: I Am Cait

text: In its first season, critical reception of "I Am Cait" was generally positive. Critics particularly praised the series' approach to the social issues of the transgender community and its influence on the way Americans see and understand transgender people in general. The show's informative and serious tone was also noted, and how it differed from "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", a reality series that Jenner has starred in together with her family. In October, the show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 6, 2016.


title: I Am Cait

text: The network announced the documentary series on April 24, 2015, immediately after Caitlyn Jenner came out as a trans woman during a "20/20" interview with Diane Sawyer. "Bruce is incredibly courageous and an inspiration, and we are proud to be entrusted with this deeply personal and important story," said Jeff Olde, Head of Programming of E! network. "This series will present an unfiltered look as Bruce boldly steps into uncharted territory and is true to himself for the first time," Olde also added. The series has selected a renowned group of consultants, including Jennifer Finney Boylan, Dr. Marie Keller and Susan P. Landon, who will work on the show to keep it insightful, as well as enlisted support from GLAAD, an LGBTQ-focused media advocacy organization. The first trailer for the series, now titled "I Am Cait", was released on June 3, 2015, after Jenner introduced herself as Caitlyn in the interview with "Vanity Fair".


title: I Am Cait

text: The idea of the reality television series which would document the gender transition of Caitlyn Jenner was initially introduced about a year before the show was announced to the public. Jeff Jenkins, one of the producers on "Keeping Up With the Kardashians", got a call about a meeting with Jenner, thus confirming the rumors of her transition. The series was confirmed several months later once Jenner got the right idea about the purpose of the series. "She would have been so hounded for the story and that's why, in my understanding, she decided, ... so [she could] hopefully tell all of it in the right way," Jenkins speculated the reasons why Jenner accepted the series. "Why did I decide to do a series? I am telling "my story" ... This is about getting to be who you really are," Jenner later herself explained the reasons for opening her life on television in one of the promotional videos.


title: I Am Cait

text: Several days later after the interview with Diane Sawyer, E! aired a two-part episode special on "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" entitled "About Bruce", in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who did not appear in the previous interview on "20/20". Dee Lockett, writing for "Vulture", speculated that the interviews were "strategically set up Caitlyn's transition to become the show's next must-watch spectacle, ["I Am Cait"]". Caitlyn Jenner has been appearing on the family's reality show since its introduction and was considered as a sidelined character. Lockett also noted that the special "was a test-run, for both Caitlyn and E!, to see how their fan-favorite reality series would look with one of its most underappreciated characters (and last names) running the show."


title: I Am Cait

text: The show premiered on E!, the same network which serves as the home to "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", a reality television series that Jenner has starred in together with her family since 2007. "I Am Cait" is produced by Bunim/Murray Productions, the same company that created "Keeping Up With the Kardashians", with Gil Goldschein, Jeff Jenkins, Farnaz Farjam, Andrea Metz and Melissa Bidwell as well as Jenner herself acting as executive producers. A private screening of the premiere was held by Jenner a week prior to its official airing, while the first episode of "I Am Cait" was shown to critics in Manhattan two days later. The docu-series was released amidst a wave of new programming related to transgender issues, including TLC's reality show "I Am Jazz" and ABC Family's "Becoming Us".


title: I Am Cait

text: In October 2015, the network announced that the reality series will return for a second season. "Caitlyn's story has ignited a global conversation on the transgender community on a scale that has never been seen before," said Jeff Olde, an executive vice president of E!. "We are honored Caitlyn has chosen to continue to share her ongoing story with our viewers around the world", Olde also added. Season 2 premiered on March 6, 2016.


title: I Am Cait

text: The show includes a number of transgender people who have become part of Jenner's inner circle, featured throughout the show with their own sub-plots and to offer information on the transgender community. Jennifer Finney Boylan, Candis Cayne, Chandi Moore, Zackary Drucker and Kate Bornstein have all appeared since the show's inception. Jen Richards was a member of the supporting cast but left after Season 1. Jenner's hair stylist Courtney Nanson has also appeared since season 1. Jenner's best friend and personal assistant Ronda Kamihira appeared in Season 1 only. Since Season 2, an 18-year-old member of the transgender community named Ella Giselle has appeared.


title: I Am Cait

text: The first episode of "I Am Cait" has been met with generally positive reviews from television critics, who were given an advance screening of the series premiere. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the docuseries received an average score of 67, based on seventeen reviews. Brian Lowry from "Variety" magazine appreciated the show's goal by saying that "tension is very much on display in the premiere, which obviously seeks a more elevated plane – keenly aware of Jenner's platform to educate and assist vulnerable youths – while clinging to familiar reality-TV conventions."


title: I Am Cait

text: Frank Scheck, a critic from "The Hollywood Reporter", also emphasized the show's approach to addressing transgender issues, writing, "clearly striving to impart serious messages about tolerance of the transgender community while throwing in a few Kardashians for comic relief, "I Am Cait" emerges as a surprisingly thoughtful if undeniably self-serving effort." He also worried whether the show would be capable to "continue its delicate balancing act of depicting the many challenges attendant to Jenner's new identity while presenting the sensationalistic comic material which reality viewers crave." Jane Mulkerrins of "The Telegraph" called the show "noble" and appreciated the show's approach to the issues, and also noted that the show contains "plenty of levity" as well.


title: I Am Cait

text: Tom Gliatto from "People" magazine said that the show "is closer in tone to a reality show on Oprah Winfrey's OWN than E!" Verne Gay, writing for "Newsday", called the show "the most anticipated docuseries" in E!'s history and noted its different approach by adding that what "viewers will ... see Sunday is something entirely new -- also bracing, emotional and even touching." Sandra Gonzalez of "Mashable" applauded the series and said that "the show also makes a point of spotlighting stories that don't end when the TV is switched off or the magazines are no longer on the stands." She also added that "with moments both stark and silly, the series has exactly what it needs to exist on a network where entertainment and empathy don't always go hand-in-hand." Michael Idato from "The Sydney Morning Herald" described the series as "uncomfortably, beautifully, brutally honest." Don Kaplan of the "New York Daily News" said the show "is touching, funny and smart as it tracks the immediate aftermath of Jenner's much-publicized shift from a man who spent the last 40 years as one of the world's most masculine athletes to a woman deeply concerned about how this new lifestyle will affect her immediate family."


title: I Am Cait

text: Mike Hale of "The New York Times" wrote a less enthusiastic review, stating that the "glossy" series lacked conflict. Hale wrote that "I Am Cait" "accomplishes its inspirational, educational and motivational goals ... It doesn't totally succeed as dramatic reality television, but perhaps that's to be expected given how high the stakes are, both for the transgender cause and for Ms. Jenner's personal brand." Hale also compared "I Am Cait" with the other two new reality series about transgender people, writing that "I Am Jazz" and "Becoming Us" "... are more able to generate some tension and discord, perhaps because they focus on younger people and take place outside the celebrity bubble of affirmation." Michelle Ruiz from "Vogue" magazine noted how important the show is for the American people, who still struggle to understand transgender people. "But if it makes it a little harder for someone who has never met a transgender person to reduce them to an abstract idea instead of a human being, it's a start," the critic added.


title: I Am Cait

text: The initial airing of the show's premiere averaged a 1.2 rating in adults 18-49 and 2.73 million viewers overall. The Australian premiere on E! Australia was the ninth most watched program on subscription television rating 59,000 viewers.


title: I Am Cait

text: The documentary series premiered in the United States and Canada at 8:00 PM ET on July 26, 2015, on E! cable network. In Australia, the series debuted on the local version of E! on July 27, and in the United Kingdom beginning on August 2, 2015. Additionally, the series is broadcast worldwide on local E! channels in 123 countries and has been translated into 24 languages.


title: I Am Cait

text: On November 26, 2015, the first season was released on DVD in Australia. The second season was released on July 7, 2016.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American novelist and actress. Her iconic novel, "Valley of the Dolls" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, "The Love Machine" (1969) and "Once Is Not Enough" (1973), Susann became the first author to have three novels top "The New York Times" Best Seller List consecutively.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Jacqueline Susan was born on August 20, 1918, at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania. the only child of a Jewish couple: Robert Susan, a Wilno, Imperial Russia (now Vilnius, Lithuania)-born portrait painter, and his wife, Rose ( Jans), a public school teacher. It was Rose who added the second "n" to her husband's surname in order to make accurate pronunciation easier for her students. Robert Susan retained the original spelling. Jacqueline's father’s surname was never legally changed, so she was born Jacqueline Susan, as confirmed in the 1920 US census, 1930 US census, and her father's record in the U.S. Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007. However, she used her mother's version of the family surname.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: As a child, she was an inattentive but imaginative student, In the fifth grade, she scored 140 on an IQ test, the highest in her school. An only child, devoted to her father, Susann was determined to carry on the family name. She decided to be an actress, despite the advice of a teacher, who said, "Jackie should be a writer. She breaks all the rules, but it works." In 1936, after graduating from West Philadelphia High School, she left for New York to pursue an acting career. Her father told her, "If you're going to be an actress, be a good actress. Be a people watcher."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In New York, on June 2, 1937, aged 18, Susann landed a small role in the Broadway company of "The Women", the caustic comedy by Clare Boothe which had opened on December 26, 1936, and would run for 657 performances. She subsequently appeared in such Broadway shows as "The Girl from Wyoming" (1938), "My Fair Ladies" (1941), "Blossom Time" (revival, 1943), "Jackpot" (1944), and "A Lady Says Yes" (1945), which starred Hollywood siren Carole Landis. Only one of her shows following "The Women" was a hit: "Banjo Eyes" (1941), starring Eddie Cantor, ran for 126 performances.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Together with a friend, actress Beatrice Cole, Susann wrote a play called "The Temporary Mrs. Smith", a comedy about a one-time movie actress whose former husbands interfere with her scheme to marry a man of wealth. Retitled "Lovely Me", the play, directed by actress Jessie Royce Landis, and starring Luba Malina and Mischa Auer, opened on Broadway at the Adelphi Theatre on December 25, 1946. Said to be an "audience-pleaser," the play nonetheless closed after just 37 performances. Four years later, Susann and Cole wrote another play, "Cock of the Walk", which was to open on Broadway with Oscar-winning actor James Dunn. For reasons which remain unclear, the play was not produced.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1970, Susann made a brief return to the stage when she appeared in Blanche Yurka's off-Broadway revival of Jean Giraudoux's "The Madwoman of Chaillot". Clive Barnes in the "New York Times" panned the production; of the cast, he praised only Yurka, but he did mention that "Jacqueline Susann looks a great deal prettier than the publicity stills on her book jackets might lead you to believe."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: From 1948 to 1950, Susann appeared on "The Morey Amsterdam Show", a comedy series (telecast first on CBS, then on DuMont), in which she played Lola (later Jackie) the Cigarette Girl to Amsterdam's nightclub emcee. In 1951, she hosted "Jacqueline Susann's Open Door" (DuMont), the premise of which was to help people—most of whom had experienced hardships—find jobs. She appeared in such series as "Danger" (CBS), "Studio One" (CBS), and "Suspense" (CBS), but found herself typecast: "I got cast as what I looked like—a glamorous divorcée who gets stabbed or strangled." In the summer of 1956, she appeared in NBC's revival of the panel show "This Is Show Business", which was produced by her husband.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In addition to her acting and hosting work, Susann did commercials. In 1955, she became spokesperson for the Schiffli Lace and Embroidery Institute. Over the next six years, she wrote, produced, and starred in commercials which aired during such shows as New York's local "Night Beat" (DuMont's WABN), with Mike Wallace, and then nationally on such shows as "The Mike Wallace Interview" (ABC) and "The Ben Hecht Show" (ABC). Sometimes she was joined on the air by her poodle, Josephine. Susann energetically promoted the product, and made personal appearances on its behalf. One night in the early 1960s, as she was leaving a New York restaurant, Susann heard someone shout, "There's the Schiffli girl!" Susann, realizing that 25 years of hard work had culminated only in recognition as the "Schiffli girl," was discouraged. She later appeared in a 1971 episode of the crime drama "Mannix" ("The Crime That Wasn't", airdate January 29, 1971).


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: During the mid-1950s, Susann wrote a science-fiction novel called "The Stars Scream" (published posthumously as "Yargo"). In the early 1960s, she considered writing a book about show business and drug use, to be entitled "The Pink Dolls".


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1962, after encouragement from showman Billy Rose, husband of Susann's friend, Joyce Mathews (1919–1999; twice married to Milton Berle), she began to adapt into book form letters she had written about her beloved poodle, Josephine.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Published by Bernard Geis Associates on November 16, 1963, "Every Night, Josephine!" sold 35,000 copies in hardcover, and by 1973 sold 1.7 million paperbacks. This affectionate account of Josephine's hijinks earned positive reviews and appeared briefly on "Time" magazine's best seller list, peaking at #8. In support of "Josephine!", Susann undertook her first book tour, on which she was accompanied by the subject herself; often she and Josephine wore matching outfits. Even after publishing her novels, Susann cited "Josephine!" as her favorite of her own books.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: "Valley of the Dolls" spans twenty years (1945–1965) in the lives of three young women: Anne Welles, the New England beauty who liberates herself from her staid small town by coming to New York, where she falls in love with the dashing Lyon Burke; Neely O'Hara, an ebullient vaudevillian who becomes a Hollywood star and self-destructs; and Jennifer North, a showgirl with little talent but a gorgeous face and figure, who becomes a friend to both. All three women fall prey to the "dolls," amphetamines and barbiturates, a euphemism which Susann coined. The book was published by Bernard Geis on February 10, 1966, and "took off like a Cape Canaveral space shot." The story was said to be a "roman à clef", with characters in the novel reportedly based on real-life celebrities such as Judy Garland, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Although "Publishers Weekly", in an advance review, called the novel "powerful and sometimes fascinating," the book received largely negative reviews. Gloria Steinem panned the book in "The New York Herald Tribune" as did the reviewer in "The New York Times". "Time" magazine called it the "Dirty Book of the Month," and said, "it might more accurately be described as a highly effective sedative, a living doll."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Despite the poor reviews, the book was a commercial juggernaut. On May 8, 1966, in its ninth week on the list, the book reached #1 on the "New York Times" Best Seller List, where it remained for 28 consecutive weeks. With a total of 65 weeks on the list, the book became the best selling novel of 1966. By the time of Susann's death in 1974, it had entered the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the best selling novel in publishing history, with more than 17 million copies sold. By 2016, the book had sold more than 31 million copies.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1967, the book was adapted into the film of the same name, starring Barbara Parkins as Anne, Patty Duke as Neely, Sharon Tate as Jennifer, and Susan Hayward as Helen Lawson, the aging Broadway legend. Susann made a cameo appearance as a reporter at the scene of Jennifer North's suicide. "Valley of the Dolls" received scathing reviews, but was a widespread commercial success, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of its year with $44.4 million at the domestic box office, a huge amount for its time. Susann herself hated the film; after its November premiere aboard the passenger liner, "Princess Italia", she confronted the film's director, Mark Robson, and stated, "This picture is a piece of shit."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 2001, author Rae Lawrence published a continuation of "Valley of the Dolls", titled "Jacqueline Susann's Shadow of the Dolls" (Crown), which was reputedly based on notes left by Susann for an intended sequel. In its review, "Publishers Weekly" stated, "This tedious, tame sequel is aptly titled, as it languishes deep in the shadow of the original... Susann's original still packs a wallop; the sequel is a pulled punch."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Susann's second novel, "The Love Machine", is the story of Robin Stone, a ruthless but tormented executive in the cut-throat world of 1960s network television, and three women who love him: Amanda, the doomed fashion model; Maggie, the independent television personality turned movie actress; and Judith, the insecure wife of the network founder. Like "Valley", the book was considered a "roman a clef", with Robin reportedly based on former CBS president James Aubrey.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Published by Simon & Schuster on May 14, 1969, the book was an immediate success: it spent 32 weeks (13 weeks at #1) on the "New York Times" best seller list, and was the third highest-selling novel of its year. Reviews were not favorable; one reviewer in the "New York Times" compared the book to "popcorn... a kernel of an idea... exploded into bite-sized nothingness," while "Time" magazine complained that the book "lacks Valley's primitive vigor.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Film rights were sold to Columbia Pictures for a then-record $1.5 million. Directed by Jack Haley, Jr., the film adaptation was released in 1971, starring Dyan Cannon, Robert Ryan, and John Phillip Law. Irving Mansfield was executive producer but the film was a critical and commercial flop. Susann, who had loathed the film version of "Valley", believed this adaptation was even worse.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Susann's third novel, "Once Is Not Enough", was published by Morrow on March 20, 1973. "Once" is the story of January Wayne, daughter of a famous film and stage producer, who is hospitalized in Switzerland for three years. When she returns home to New York City, she finds that the world is far different from the one she had left. January contends with the social upheavals of the late 1960s and early 1970s in a graphic, driving story. Susann was candid about the theme of the book, stating that it was one of "mental and spiritual incest". After her death, film critic Andrew Sarris pointed out that "If there is any single key to the oeuvre of Jacqueline Susann it is to be found in an extended Electra complex."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: As with her previous novels, reviews were negative (a writer for "The New York Times" complained of the book's "nearly 500 steadily monotonous pages"), but sales were spectacular: the book spent 36 weeks on the "New York Times" Best Seller List, eight of which were at #1, and became the second highest-selling novel of 1973. Susann, with this book, made publishing history as the first writer to have three consecutive number one novels on the "Times" list. The book was filmed in 1975 by Guy Green as "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough", with Kirk Douglas, Alexis Smith, Melina Mercouri, Brenda Vaccaro (in an Oscar-nominated performance), and Deborah Raffin. The film, executive-produced by Irving Mansfield, was not a critical favorite, but was a commercial success, grossing $15.7 million (the equivalent of $65.2 million in 2016).)


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Susann's final work was a novella, "Dolores", a "roman a clef" about Jacqueline Kennedy, originally written for the February 1974 issue of the "Ladies' Home Journal" (which became the best-selling issue in the magazine's history). Susann's manuscript, too long for the "Journal", was cut, but the excised material was restored for the book publication on July 8, 1976. Despite harsh reviews and the absence of Susann as a promotional tool, the book spent 25 weeks on the "New York Times" Best Seller List (seven consecutive weeks at #2), and became the third highest-selling novel of 1976.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: "Yargo", Susann's romantic science fiction novel written during the 1950s, was published in February 1979 as a paperback original by Bantam Books. The novel is a radical departure from the works which made her famous. During the 1970s, Susann had spoken of future works. They included a novel about brothers who have their show business start in vaudeville, to be called "The Comedy Twins"; a novel about a poetess, "The Heroine"; a continuation of the story of Neely O'Hara's sons; and her autobiography. Susann's works were mentioned by name in "" by Admiral James T. Kirk; his first officer Spock mentions that Susann was one of the twentieth century "giants" of literature.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Jacqueline Susann enjoyed the fame which her books brought. "Confrontational, sassy, [and] entertaining," she appeared frequently on television, especially on talk shows. When asked what Ethel Merman thought of "Valley of the Dolls", Susann responded, "We didn't speak before the book came out. Let's just say that now we're not speaking louder." Referring to Philip Roth and his best-selling novel "Portnoy's Complaint", notorious for its graphic descriptions of masturbation, she said to Johnny Carson, "Philip Roth is a good writer, but I wouldn't want to shake hands with him."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Not everyone was a fan. Gore Vidal said, "She doesn't write, she types." In July 1969, Truman Capote appeared on "The Tonight Show" and announced that Susann looked "like a truck driver in drag." On Susann's next visit to the show, Johnny Carson, gave her a chance to respond to Capote by asking, "What do you think of Truman?" Susann quipped, "I think history will prove he's one of the best presidents we've had."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: On April 2, 1939, Susann married press agent Irving Mansfield, who had impressed her by successfully placing "items" about her in the theater and society pages of New York newspapers. Despite persistent rumors of infidelity on Susann's part, she and Mansfield were devoted to each other, and remained married until her death in 1974.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: On December 6, 1946, Susann gave birth to their only child, a son whom they named Guy Hildy Mansfield, "Hildy" being for cabaret singer Hildegarde, who was the boy's godmother. At the age of three, Guy was diagnosed as severely autistic, and eventually had to be institutionalized; Susann and Mansfield did not reveal the true reason for his absence from home, fearing that he would be stigmatized should he eventually recover. The heartbreak from seeing their son in an institution reportedly was the impetus for her consuming pills for the rest of her life. Reportedly, Susann and Mansfield rarely missed a week visiting their son.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1954, the Mansfields adopted a black, half-toy half-miniature poodle, whom they named Josephine, in honor of comedian Joe E. Lewis. Josephine became the subject of Susann's first published book, and was to be the subject of a sequel, "Good Night, Sweet Princess", which Susann did not live to write. Josephine died on January 6, 1970, just days before her sixteenth birthday.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1962, at the age of 44, Susann was diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a radical mastectomy. During her recuperation, she made a pact with God: if she were given ten more years of life, she would prove herself to be the best-selling writer in the world. With her diagnosis, Susann felt an urgency to make money as quickly as possible, so as to ensure that her son would be properly cared for the rest of his life.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: On August 8, 1969, she was invited to visit Sharon Tate at her house for a dinner party she was holding, as Susann was residing nearby at the Beverly Hills Hotel. However, she elected to not go when Rex Reed dropped in for a visit; the next day, she was horrified ro hear about the murder that occurred in the Tate residence. She reflected on this years later, stating "It could all have happened a lot sooner if we’d gone to Sharon’s that night.”


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: After suffering from a persistent cough, Susann, who was concerned about her upcoming book tour in support of "Once Is Not Enough", checked into Doctors Hospital on January 11, 1973. Test results showed a nodular lesion in her right lung; she was transferred to Mount Sinai Hospital for a bronchoscopy and biopsy. On January 18, she received a diagnosis of lung cancer, and immediately began cobalt treatments and daily chemotherapy injections. According to Irving Mansfield, there was some disagreement between doctors as to whether this was a metastatic breast cancer or an original lung cancer; accurate evaluation would determine the plan of treatment and subsequent prognosis.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Despite the grueling treatment, Susann's cancer spread, and she entered Doctors Hospital for the last time, on August 20, 1974, her 56th birthday. After days lapsing in and out of a coma, she died on September 21. Her last words to Mansfield were, "Hey, doll, let's get the hell out of here." She was survived by her husband, her son, and her mother.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Jacqueline Susann is acknowledged to be the first "brand-name" novelist, a novelist who sells independent of critical attention. With her husband, Irving Mansfield, Susann revolutionized book promotion, and they are widely credited with creating the modern-day book tour. Michael Korda, editor of Susann's "Love Machine" said in 1995 that, prior to Susann, "people weren't so much interested in selling books as they were in publishing them." To what had once been considered a "gentleman's profession," she brought a show business sensibility. She toured extensively in support of each book, making appearances at bookstores and on countless television and radio shows. Her books were advertised on the entertainment pages of major newspapers, and Mansfield tested her book covers to see how they appeared on television. She even served coffee and doughnuts to the truck drivers who would be delivering her books. She lavished attention on booksellers, sending them thank you notes, and even bought copies of her book for bookstore clerks. "A new book is like a new brand of detergent," she said. "You have to let the public know about it. What's wrong with that?"


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In 1998, Susann was played by actress Michele Lee in the television film "Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story" (USA), based on Barbara Seaman's biography "Lovely Me: The Life of Jacqueline Susann". Peter Riegert played Mansfield; also in the cast was Barbara Parkins (who played Anne in the 1967 film adaptation of "Valley") as agent Annie Laurie Williams. The film was not well-reviewed, with "Variety" writing, "None of the storied genius that Susann exhibited in promoting herself along with her books is much in evidence. ... [it is] a movie that broadly captures all of the famed author's flaws but none of her essence."


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: "Scandalous Me" was followed in 2000 by the theatrical film "Isn't She Great", based on a "New Yorker" profile by Michael Korda, with Bette Midler and Nathan Lane. The film was not well-received critically and was a box office bomb, with a worldwide gross of just $3 million on a $44 million budget. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote, "Jackie Susann deserved better." Midler was nominated for a Razzie award as Worst Actress for her performance.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: In November 2001, "Paper Doll", a play by Mark Hampton and Barbara Zitwer, premiered at the Pittsburgh Public Theater, with Marlo Thomas as Susann and F. Murray Abraham as Mansfield. Reviews were mixed, but the production was a hit with audiences. Fran Drescher was reportedly cast for the Broadway production, but that production was cancelled.


title: Jacqueline Susann

text: Susann was also the subject of a one-woman play by Paul Minx called "See How Beautiful I Am: The Return of Jackie Susann", during which a dying Susann discusses her life and career. The show was performed as part of the Edinburgh Festival in 2001 as well as the New York International Fringe Festival in 2008.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: "Beyond the Wall" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: The episode's main plot focuses on Jon Snow's raiding party as they journey north of the Wall; they successfully capture a wight to prove the threat, though Thoros is killed. Daenerys rescues the group from the Army of the Dead, and the Night King kills and reanimates Viserion. Jon is separately rescued by Benjen, who sacrifices himself, and Jon acknowledges Daenerys as queen. Meanwhile, at Winterfell, tension builds between Sansa and Arya.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: The title of the episode is taken from the namesake lands where most of the episode takes place. "Beyond the Wall" received mostly positive praise from critics, who listed the epic scale and special effects of the battle between the White Walkers and the dragons, the interactions between the northern raiding party, and Jon swearing fealty to Daenerys as highlights of the episode, though some reviewers criticized the episode for "defying logic" and its rushed storytelling. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 10.24 million in its initial broadcast.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: This episode marks the final appearances of Joseph Mawle (Benjen Stark) and Paul Kaye (Thoros of Myr).


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Arya confronts Sansa about the letter Sansa wrote to persuade Robb to bend the knee to Joffrey. Arya accuses Sansa of mainly being concerned that she will lose face with the Northern lords if the letter is made public. Sansa confides in Littlefinger, who suggests that Brienne, sworn to serve both sisters, would intervene if Arya acted against Sansa. However, when Cersei invites Sansa to King's Landing to parley, Sansa sends Brienne as her representative. Sansa searches Arya's room and finds Arya's faces. Arya discovers Sansa and explains her training with the Faceless Men. Arya says she could take Sansa's face, seemingly threatening her with the Valyrian steel dagger before instead leaving her with it.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Tyrion suspects Cersei will lay a trap when they meet, but counsels Daenerys to not stoop to her level. Daenerys grows frustrated with Tyrion's pragmatism, but he reassures her of his loyalty to her cause. Tyrion further questions how Daenerys, who believes herself infertile, can establish a legacy that will outlive her. She refuses to discuss the succession before ascending to the Iron Throne.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Jon, the Hound, Jorah, Beric, Thoros, and Gendry journey beyond the wall with Tormund and several other Wildlings. Jon offers Longclaw, the ancestral Mormont sword, to Jorah, but Jorah insists Jon keep it.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: An undead polar bear attacks the party, and Thoros is savaged saving the Hound. The party continues onwards. Jon and the others ambush and destroy a White Walker accompanied by wights, and all but one of the wights instantly collapse, inanimate. They capture the last wight but not before he signals the undead army to his location by a high-pitched shriek. A horde of wights approaches, and Gendry is sent alone to Eastwatch to send a raven to Daenerys while the others take refuge on a small island in the middle of a partially frozen lake. The Night King and other White Walkers watch from high ground. Beric suggests that destroying the Night King will in turn destroy the other White Walkers and the wights. Thoros succumbs to his wounds and the others cremate him.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Gendry arrives at Eastwatch, and Davos has the raven sent to Daenerys. Daenerys flies her dragons north, having received the raven and having rejected Tyrion's advice to "do nothing".


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: The wights attack Jon's group when the water refreezes. Daenerys arrives and the dragons burn many wights. The men try to evacuate on Drogon but the wights continue their attack; using an ice javelin, the Night King kills Viserion. Jon stays on the ground to cover the others' departure, but is pulled into the water. Jon is saved by Benjen Stark, who gives Jon his horse to ride to Eastwatch while sacrificing himself to hold off the wights.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Returning to Eastwatch, Jon apologizes to Daenerys for Viserion's death; she tearfully accepts the loss as the cost of her learning the truth, and she vows to fight the Night King with Jon. He calls her "my Queen" and believes the Northern lords will come to accept her leadership.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: "Beyond the Wall" was written by the series' creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. In the "Inside the Episode" featurette published by HBO following the airing of the episode, David Benioff indicated that the death of the dragon Viserion was something that he and the writers had been working towards for a long time, and added "The whole path of the show in some way has been trying to map out all of the episode end points, and with this one, it was the dragon opening its blue eye, and realizing that the Night King has finally gotten his own weapon of mass destruction." Weiss also stated that the most enjoyable part in writing the sequence was to make it seem as though all of the "good guys" were going to "get out the other side more or less scot-free", and knew that subsequently killing the dragon would have "a tremendous emotional impact", due to its importance to Daenerys. He continued by saying that they knew it would be important for the Night King to seize on the opportunity to kill a dragon, and that they intended for the scene to be a "one-two punch" by having the viewer witness "the horror" involved with seeing "one of these three amazing beings like this in the world going under the water and not coming up again, and processing that", but also "processing something that's even worse", by having the dragon pulled out of the water and becoming a part of the Night King's army.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Regarding the inclusion of the wight polar bear attack, Benioff and Weiss stated that they had wanted to have a wight polar bear for "about four seasons", but never made it onto the screen due to opposition from the special effects team. Weiss recalled being told that they were not able to afford the special effect, but felt that it made "perfect sense that you could have one of these things out there, and we really put our four feet down and said goddamnit, we want a zombie polar bear", and thus wrote it into the episode.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Weiss also spoke about the concluding Winterfell sequence, saying that once Sansa finds Arya's collection of faces and is confronted, Sansa was intended to start to see Arya as "a real, physical danger to her", and that they wanted to translate that fear to the subsequent episode, in "The Dragon and the Wolf".


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: "Beyond the Wall" was directed by Alan Taylor. This was Taylor's seventh episode as a director for the series, but it was his first episode since the second season, where he directed that season's finale episode, "Valar Morghulis". He was also a director for two episodes in the first season, "Baelor" and "Fire and Blood", as well as four other episodes in the second season. Since his hiatus from the series, Taylor was a director for several big budget Hollywood films, including "" and "Terminator Genisys". Taylor had fallen into depression following his bad experiences working in both the Marvel Cinematic Universe and the "Terminator" franchise, so he felt that returning to direct this episode of "Game of Thrones" was part of his "healing process" to rediscover his joy for filmmaking. In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Taylor spoke about the differences between his earlier stint with the series, and his return for the show's seventh season, saying he was previously told to avoid using green screen, and thus special effects, due to the budgetary constraints that the series had in its earlier seasons. However, with "Beyond the Wall", he was able to fully utilize visual effects to create the large environment, dragons and armies due to the increased budget. He also described the experience as "going full circle", having witnessed the evolution of characters such as Sophie Turner as Sansa and Maisie Williams as Arya Stark, who he directed when they were children, and that they have since grown up.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Many of the scenes leading up to the battle with the White Walker army were filmed in Iceland, but the majority of the episode's battle sequence was filmed in a quarry in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Taylor had expected to film the sequence entirely in Iceland, but quickly realized that it was not feasible due to the amount of production that was required. In filming the wight polar bear attack, Taylor noted that the bear was designed by the New Zealand-based Weta Digital, which previously worked on "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy. Richard Dormer, who portrays Beric Dondarrion, described filming the scene in a separate interview, saying "It was very cold, wet and physical. Hot as well, running around imagining a 12-foot flaming polar bear. It's pretty weird, but it was fun." Dormer also noted the difficulty of filming a flaming sword, revealing that the sword could only burn for two minutes at a time, and could not be swung too quickly, requiring Dormer to slow down his movement. He also said that the sword he was using weighed approximately three times more than a normal sword. Though the actors were dressed warmly for the scenes beyond the Wall, their suits contained a "tube system through which cold water can be circulated between shots using a portable pump to keep them from getting overheated", due to the actual warmth of filming on a fake set in Northern Ireland. This was also essential due to the possibility of Rory McCann's, who portrays Sandor "The Hound" Clegane, prosthetic makeup melting off his face.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: In another interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Taylor also spoke about the process of interacting with the lake and water, saying "every moment of interaction with water had to be a multiple stage process where we filmed the action on our 360 degree set and landscape, and then restage it against green screen with elements we shot in a dunk tank rig, and all of those elements get married together to form something as simple as a guy falling into the ice and plopping into the water." Four to five different shots were needed in order to accomplish this portion of the battle. Taylor described working with Vladimir Furdik, who portrays the Night King, noting that Furdik is completely covered in prosthetics, and saying "He's just delightful. There's nothing he can't do. He's a full-on actor in that role, aside from being able to do all of the action and all of the horse work. He has a beautiful face — although you lose some of that behind the Night King prosthetics." Taylor revealed that he had worked with Furdik previously, as Furdik was also a stunt performer on "Thor: The Dark World".


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: To film the death of the dragon, Viserion, Taylor said that he "provided the shots where we knew the dragon was going to be impaled and crash", for special effects supervisor Joe Bauer to use later. But Taylor also filmed reaction shots "all along the way" while the dragon fell to its death, utilizing a tennis ball on a stick in order for the actors to understand where the dragon was in the scene, as well as a "pre-viz" and storyboards for them to understand what the final product would look like. Taylor praised Emilia Clarke's performance as Daenerys Targaryen in the scene, and he was also grateful that he was chosen to direct the dragon's death, due to his self-proclaimed past with directing pivotal death scenes in several series, including the death of Ned Stark in season one, as well as major deaths in "Rome", "Deadwood" and "The Sopranos".


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Taylor also spoke about the amount of time that was intended to pass between the approach of the White Walker army, and Daenerys's arrival, saying that they were being intentionally vague, "We did a few things, like getting deliberately hazy about how much time is passing, because it's so dark in the frozen lake and you don't know how many days or nights you may have witnessed. We tried to make it a little ambiguous and give it some wiggle room on that end. We were aware that we were asking for people's suspended disbelief — plausible impossibilities is what you're aiming for."


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: "Beyond the Wall" was viewed by 10.24 million viewers on its initial viewing on HBO, which was less than the previous week's rating of 10.72 million viewers for the episode "Eastwatch". The episode also acquired a 4.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic, making it the highest rated show on cable television of the night. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 3.18 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, making it the highest-rated broadcast that week on its channel. It also received 0.98 million timeshift viewers.


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: "Beyond the Wall" received mostly positive reviews from critics who listed the epic scale and special effects of the battle between the White Walkers and the dragons, the interactions between the northern raiding party and Jon swearing fealty to Daenerys as highlights of the episode, although some reviewers criticized the episode for " logic". It has received an 84% rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 43 reviews, with an average score of 8.3 out of 10. The site's consensus reads ""Beyond The Wall" delivered the epic battles and plot twists that are expected from the penultimate episode of a "Game of Thrones" season – although sometimes in ways that defied logic."


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Some reviews were more negative. Terri Schwartz of "IGN" wrote in her review of the episode, ""Game of Thrones" has long set the precedent that its penultimate episodes of its seasons would be the biggest in terms of scale and, oftentimes, loss, in everything from "Baelor" to "The Rains of Castamere". In that way, "Beyond the Wall" was no different, as it arguably featured the greatest loss the series has faced to date: a dragon killed by the Night King, and even worse, resurrected by him." However, Schwartz also criticized the episode saying that it suffered "more than any other episode to date from the rushed, truncated storytelling in Season 7." Schwartz went on to also praise the interactions between the northern raiding party on their journey to find the White Walkers, and ultimately gave the episode a 6.9 out of 10. Daniel D'Addario of "Time" magazine wrote in his review of the episode "This episode, occupying the penultimate-in-the-season slot that has historically been the spot where the biggest moments occur, was ever-so-slightly less a barnburner than last year's 'Battle of the Bastards', for instance. But that's in part due to the increasing obviousness of the stakes." Myles McNutt of "The A.V. Club" spoke similarly in his comparison of the episode to the previous season's penultimate episode, questioning some of the reasoning behind the battle, writing "we have a situation here where a series of events engineered for action and suspense effectively sells out the characters involved." He also praised the episode, however, by saying "On the level of spectacle, "Beyond The Wall" is another series high point, with stellar work from returning director Alan Taylor, capturing the visceral battles that the seven men and several Red Shirts encounter on their journey. And I was charmed by the series of "walk and talks" that punctuate their travels, brief vignettes of characters like Sandor and Tormund interacting for the first time while marching toward their potential dooms." He gave the episode a B. Steve Greene of IndieWire wrote in his review, ""Beyond the Wall" might not be the best episode of the season, but it's more assuredly the most important. By bringing the season-long promise of terror and triumph in rapid succession, the series turned this vital episode into a horror story to remember."


title: Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)

text: Similar to the fourth episode of the season, "The Spoils of War", the episode was leaked before it was set to air, on August 20, 2017. Four days before its official broadcast, HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed "Beyond the Wall" to be available for on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed.


title: Giga Press

text: The Giga Press program is a series of aluminium die casting machines manufactured by Idra Group in Italy. They are notable for being the largest high-pressure die casting machines in current production, with a clamping force of . Each machine weighs .


title: Giga Press

text: Base specification Giga Press machines had been included in Idra's catalogue since 2018, with usage of a customised Giga Press started by Tesla, Inc. in late-2020 for the production of chassis parts for the Tesla Model Y.


title: Giga Press

text: Shots of molten aluminium weighing are injected into the cold-chamber casting mold with a velocity of . The cycle time is ~80‒90 seconds, allowing an output rate of 40‒45 completed castings per hour, or ~1,000 castings per day.


title: Giga Press

text: Die casting works by forcing molten metal alloy inside a reusable mold, then opening the mold to remove the finished piece after it has solidified. The open mold is cooled to and cleaned by robots, and fresh molten aluminium is prepared for the next cycle to begin 1‒2 minutes after the first cycle. Each fresh casting is trimmed to approximate size, measured, checked for imperfections, and sent for CNC machining to finished size.


title: Giga Press

text: For the Tesla's Giga Press-based casting operation, ingots and off-cuts of aluminium are melted in a natural gas-powered melting oven operating at , until liquid. Slag in the form of aluminium oxide is mechanically removed from the surface, and the rest of the liquid metal is pumped through heated pipes to an enclosed warming oven operating at , heated using of electrical power. To prevent the formation of oxides, a tank blanket of nitrogen gas covers the molten aluminium, which is circulated to maintain an even temperature. Argon gas and a rotary-degasser are used to remove impurities, with a silicon carbide filter removing most other particles larger than .


title: Giga Press

text: At the beginning of each casting cycle robots spray of soybean oil in a thin layer inside each half of the mold to allow separation. The mold is closed, and a low vacuum of created by pumping out the air from inside. A precise amount of molten metal is pumped from the holding oven into the casting chamber of the Giga Press at , and forced into the mold using a high-speed plunger with an additional of lubricant. The mold is opened, and the raw casting removed at .


title: Giga Press

text: A robot reaches in and removes the casting, placing it in a quenching tank to reduce the temperature from . A mechanical trim press cuts the approximate edges, with excess aluminium being recycled back into the melting oven. The remaining useful part of the casting is X-rayed to check the internal structure, trimmed by laser, drilled for fittings, and then computer-measured for accuracy.


title: Giga Press

text: The front casting suggests an identical die layout, with maybe a 5th wedging die underneath (process) for the front-facing (car) crash rail mount.


title: Giga Press

text: According to analysis by Sandy Munro, the casting aluminium alloy used in the large Tesla chassis parts is primarily an aluminium 89.5%‒silicon 8.5% mix, plus several other trace elements, falling within the categorisation of Aluminum Association alloy "AA 386":


title: Giga Press

text: Molten metal is pumped through heated pipes, and rotary degassing is performed to reduce porosity in the casting.


title: Giga Press

text: In 2019 Jerome Guillen indicated that Tesla Grohmann Automation were working on a "giant, giant, giant machine" to "make full-size cars in the same way that toy cars are made".


title: Giga Press

text: The two biggest casting machines in the world had been purchased by Tesla, according to Elon Musk in April 2020, to enable casting the Tesla Model Y rear chassis and crash rails as a single component. In January 2021, Elon Musk announced that also the rear chassis of the Tesla Cybertruck would be produced using an over- casting machine. On 16 March 2021, an order had been placed with Idra for the first 8,000-tonne die machine.


title: Giga Press

text: Preparation work for installation of the first Giga Press die casting machine ("") was planned to begin in California during May 2020. In May 2020, Tesla requested building permits from the City of Fremont for demolishing a car wash at the Tesla Factory, and installing an arch-shaped metal building for casting machinery. During May/June 2020 Tesla advertised a "Castings Tooling & Process Engineer" job, based at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, responsible for production ramp-up of the first Giga Press. In June 2020, permits for foundations to support the Giga Press at Fremont were filed, then issued on 26 June 2020.


title: Giga Press

text: During July 2020, relocation of electrical equipment and raising of a compressed air pipeline by were required; these steps were to enable installation of the drilling and tapping ("Drill & Tap") area for the "" Giga Press-based casting line at the Fremont factory.


title: Giga Press

text: At the end of July 2020, Tesla filed permit applications for construction work in preparation for Die-Casting Machine #2 () at Fremont.


title: Giga Press

text: By early-August 2020, the casting cell and first Giga Press were substantially complete, having been assembled in the open air at the north end of the General Assembly building. Permits for the testing laboratory were filed during August 2020.


title: Giga Press

text: During September 2020 the first Giga Press at Fremont (DCM1) started producing trial runs of the Model Y single-piece rear casting, and the second Giga Press at Fremont (DCM2) had been installed.


title: Giga Press

text: plans for the Tesla Giga Berlin factory in Brandenburg included provision and piling foundations for eight die casting machines.


title: Giga Press

text: Tesla Model Y vehicles built at Giga Berlin will have a redesigned structure. European Model Y cars will use a front chassis megacasting, in addition to the rear chassis megacasting. The first 1‒2 Giga Press machines at Berlin will be required for the Model Y chassis production, with the remainder allowing flexibility in casting large numbers of parts quickly. The first two European Giga Press machines were planned to be delivered to Giga Berlin by the start of 2021.


title: Giga Press

text: Idra's parent company, LK Machinery held a factory tour in Shenzhen on 27 November 2019, during which a partially-complete machine was visible. During the factory tour, the locally-produced Chinese machine was branded as "Impress-Plus DCC6000".


title: Giga Press

text: By October 2020, three Impress-Plus DCC6000 machines were being assembled for Model Y production at the Giga Shanghai factory.


title: Giga Press

text: For Tesla Model Y car production at Giga Texas beginning in 2022, Tesla deployed a single-piece front in addition to the existing single-piece rear casting.


title: Giga Press

text: During the night of 18/19 January 2021, concrete foundations for three Giga Press machines were poured at the Giga Texas factory location near Austin, Texas.


title: Giga Press

text: On 22 January 2021 the base frame of the first Giga Press was unboxed and moved into position. By the end of January 2021 one compression platten had been lifted into place, with the other two ready for craning.


title: Giga Press

text: LK Technology delivered one Impress-Plus DCC 6000 machine for Glovitech of South Korea, installed in the Vân Trung Industrial Zone, Việt Yên District, Bắc Giang Province, Vietnam. The machine is used for producing large Faraday cages (radio-frequency enclosures) for 5G mobile base stations. The machine was delivered in December 2020, and produced the first castings in March 2021.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Toyota Yaris is a subcompact car produced and sold by Toyota under the Yaris nameplate since 2013. Marketed exclusively for emerging markets, it is the hatchback counterpart of the XP150 series Vios subcompact sedan, which in some markets also shared the same Yaris nameplate. It is larger and longer than the unrelated XP130 series Yaris hatchback (Vitz in Japan) which was marketed in Japan, North America, Europe and Australasia, and the succeeding TNGA-based XP210 series Yaris.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: It made its public debut at the 15th Auto Shanghai in April 2013, and was rolled out to several Asian markets including China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The vehicle was also marketed as the Yaris Sport in Chile since 2014, and in Mexico and Argentina from 2016. In some markets such as Chile, Mexico and South Africa, it replaced the XP130 series Yaris hatchback. In 2021, it was replaced by the Suzuki-sourced Starlet in South Africa.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: Replacing the XP130 series Vitz-based Yaris Liftback, the facelift model XP150 series Yaris is also sold in Latin American region. In Mexico, the Yaris line up includes the Yaris Hatchback, the Yaris Ativ-based Sedan and the Mazda 2-based Yaris R Sedan.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: Model grades and equipment for the Yaris Hatchback are varied across the countries. In Brazil, the locally-built cars are sold as 1.3 XL, 1.5 XS and 1.5 XLS. Meanwhile, in Argentina, the trim levels are XS, XLS and S. All models are powered by the 1.5-litre engine.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Chinese market had been previously released the regular XP90 Vitz-based Yaris produced locally by the GAC Toyota joint venture. The XP150 model is also sold in China as the Yaris L (), available in 1.3-litre "6NR-FE" and 1.5-litre "7NR-FE" versions, with either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The facelifted Yaris L conducted by the GAC Toyota joint venture was unveiled at the Auto China in April 2016 and a sedan version () based on the Vios sedan was later added. Along with the facelift, the 4-speed automatic transmission was replaced by the CVT. The crossover-inspired variant of the Yaris L, called Yaris L X (), was unveiled at the Auto Guangzhou on November 22, 2019, with some design elements from the XP210 series Yaris.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris was launched in Thailand in October 2013, using the 1.2-litre "3NR-FE" engine, granting the Yaris as part of the "eco-car" program in Thailand. Models offered were later further simplified as Entry, Sport and Sport Premium. It received a second facelift alongside the Yaris Ativ sibling in August 2020, featuring updated front bumper fascia and dual LED lens LED projection lenses with integrated daytime running lamp (DRL) on the Sport and Sport Premium models. Both models were received a slight redesign in September 2021.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Yaris was revealed for the Indonesian market at the Yaris Show Off “Best of the Best” event on December 5, 2013 and launched on March 17, 2014, which is assembled in Karawang, Indonesia. It uses the 1.5-litre "1NZ-FE" engine. Trim levels offered are: E, G and TRD Sportivo with either manual or automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Yaris received an update on November 3, 2016 with the 1.5-litre "2NR-FE" engine. The automatic transmission was replaced with CVT. The G trim got only restyled alloy wheels, but the TRD Sportivo gained slightly different fog light housings on the front bumper and black roof spoiler with red inner side. A facelift was released for the hatchback model only in September 2020 with updated bumpers and headlamps with only G and TRD variants due to market response. For the G model, it retains halogen projector headlamps used in the pre-facelift but daytime running lamps is excluded while the TRD model receives the new dual LED lenses headlamps with integrated Daytime running lamps with additional TRD bodykit fitment and unique TRD stitched seats.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Yaris was launched in the Philippines in April 2014 and sold in two trim levels: the 1.3 E and the 1.5 G. It carries the same engine as the same year Vios, the 1.5-litre "1NZ-FE" and the 1.3-litre "2NZ-FE". The 1.3 E is available in both a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic transmission, while the 1.5 G only gets a 4-speed automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: In late 2016, both the Yaris and Vios received a major mid-cycle upgrade with new Dual VVT-i engines as standard on all variants: the 1.3-litre "1NR-FE" and 1.5-litre "2NR-FE" for the E and G models, respectively. The engine upgrade also replaced the old 4-speed automatic with a new CVT transmission, while retaining the same 5-speed manual for the E grade. In the interior, the G model is equipped with a MirrorLink head unit.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: In December 2017, the first facelift Yaris is offered in 2 grades: 1.3 E (5-speed manual and CVT) and 1.5 S (CVT only). All models comes with an infotainment system with Mirrorlink. The second facelift Yaris was released in December 2020, trim levels remained the same as the first facelift model: 1.3 E and 1.5 S, it is only offered with a CVT transmission. The E M/T variant have been discontinued from the lineup. All models comes with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto as standard.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris hatchback is offered in only 1.5G variant offering top spec equipment including halogen projector headlamps, rear LED lamps, automatic AC climate controls, optitron speedometer with MID display and 16” inch rims and received a facelift to the Yaris hatchback only in October 2020 featuring dual LED lenses headlamp and new facelifted front bumper and grille.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Yaris hatchback received its first facelift in Thailand on 14 September 2017. It comes with the same front fascia as the Yaris Ativ sedan, with the taillights inspired by the E180 series Auris. It is longer and wider than the pre-facelift model. Model grades are J ECO, J, E and G. The facelift model Yaris hatchback comes with standard ABS, 7 SRS airbags, vehicle stability control (VSC) and hill-start assist (HSA) for all trim levels. In November 2019, the Yaris hatchback and Ativ are fitted with the "3NR-FKE" engine. The trim levels are changed to Entry, Mid and High and also include Cross and Ativ GT Edition. The Yaris received a second facelift for the Ativ and hatchback models in late August 2020 in Thailand, with added Toyota Safety Sense suite, Pre-Collision System (PCS) and Lane Departure Alert (LDA) along with redesigned front fascia with dual LED lenses for the range topping Sport and Sport Premium.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The facelifted Yaris hatchback was also launched in South Africa on February 8, 2018. For the first time, the Yaris hatchback for the South African market is imported from Thailand. It replaced the XP130 series Vitz-based Yaris Liftback. Models offered are Xi, XS, Sport and Cross.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The facelifted Yaris hatchback was later launched in Indonesia on February 20, 2018. Trim levels are E, G and TRD Sportivo with either manual transmission or CVT. The mid-level G shares fog lights and 16-inch alloy wheels with the top-of-the-line TRD Sportivo, but still has rear drum brakes. Full body kits, rear solid disc brake, smart engine start/stop button, optitron combination meter, and automatic climate control air-conditioner with digital display are exclusively reserved for the TRD Sportivo.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The XP150 series Yaris hatchback was revealed in Malaysia on April 11, 2019 at the Malaysia Autoshow and launched on April 18, 2019. It is locally assembled at UMW Toyota’s new plant in Bukit Raja, Klang. Trim levels are J, E and G with CVT.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris lineup received its second facelift in July 2020 in the Philippines and officially in Thailand in August 2020 with updated front bumper design, LED dual lenses with integrated Daytime running lamps headlamps for the top G/Sport grades and 15-inch rims redesign across the lineup in Thailand.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The second facelift Yaris hatchback was launched in Indonesia on September 8, 2020. The E trim was removed from the lineup, leaving only the G and TRD Sportivo trim levels. On August 9, 2021, the TRD Sportivo trim was renamed to GR Sport.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: On December 17, 2020, UMW Toyota Motor officially launched the second facelift Yaris for the Malaysian market. The car was introduced via a digital presentation, alongside the 2021 facelift model Vios and the GR Yaris. As before, three variants are available for the Yaris, the base J, E and G. Exterior-wise, the refresh introduces an updated front bumper, which provides the car with a bolder and wider visual stance. The grille and the lower intake are fused into one, and the headlamps use triple bezel LED units, standard across the entire model range. Toyota Safety Sense is available on the E and G variant. The suite consists of a pre-collision system (PCS) with autonomous emergency braking and lane departure alert (LDA), which works from speeds of 50 km/h on to help avoid unintended lane changes. Also on are a blind spot monitor with rear cross traffic alert and a 3D 360-degree panoramic view monitor, on top of the usual VSC, hill-start assist control and seven airbags. Additionally, the E and G come fitted with a front digital video recorder.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: On December 23, 2020, TMP launched the second facelift Yaris for the Philippine market. The Yaris features the same front fascia as the second facelift Vios with the 1.3 E trim having LED front foglamps while the 1.5 S received LED headlamps and fog lamps. Both trims feature a redesigned two-tone 15-inch alloy wheels and blacked out trunk lid connecting the tail lights. Interior changes include leather seats for the S trim. The manual transmission variant was dropped from the lineup. Both the E and S trims are only equipped with the CVT. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto became standard on both trims as well as Smart Device Link.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris Ativ sedan was launched in Thailand on August 15, 2017, using the same 1.2-litre "3NR-FE" engine as the Thai market XP150 series Yaris hatchback paired to a Super CVT-i automatic transmission, with updated bodywork and interior styling (later used in the facelifted regular Yaris). The Yaris Ativ is positioned below the Vios in its sedan lineup in Thailand and uses a new model codename NSP152. The Yaris Ativ received its facelift together with its Yaris hatchback twin in late August 2020. Its lineup were revised to Entry, Sport and Sport Premium along with a new color called Grayish Blue Metallic.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris Ativ uses the XP150 series Vios platform and roof, but with the front end design cues from the facelifted Yaris hatchback and its own redesigned rear fascia. For the interior, it receives added features such as 7 airbags, revised dashboard, speedometer design and convenience features such as the shifting of cup holders to reside behind the gearshift, door pockets for the rear doors, centre cabin lights, reverse camera mount, "Follow-Me Home" delayed headlight dimming and Blind Spot Monitoring for some markets.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris Ativ was later released in other Southeast Asian countries as a 2018 model to replace the pre-facelift third generation Vios sold at that time. It was launched in Singapore on December 14, 2017 as the Vios naming instead of Yaris Ativ, albeit with a larger 1.5-litre 2NR-FE engine. The model code for 1.5L engines were NSP151. It is offered in E and G grades with 7-speed CVT. It was also unveiled in India as the Yaris sedan on February 7, 2018 at the Auto Expo 2018. For the Indonesian market, it was launched on April 3, 2018. The Indonesian market Yaris Ativ-based Vios is locally assembled at the Karawang plant, and several other Asian countries follow the equipment lineup offered in Indonesia. Meanwhile, in Brunei, the Yaris Ativ-based Vios was launched in May 2018, following the facelifted Yaris Hatchback. The Yaris Ativ-based Vios was also launched in the Philippines on July 19, 2018 and in Malaysia on November 22, 2018 at the Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show. It received a mild facelift in the Philippines in July 2020, featuring redesigned bumper fascia and new double LED lenses for the headlamp on the G model. The Yaris Ativ made its official facelift debut in Thailand in August 2020, with Toyota Safety Sense available in its higher Sport Premium trim.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: For the general export markets, the Yaris Ativ is simply called Yaris sedan. It is sold in some Middle East and Latin American countries. In Costa Rica, it is marketed as Yaris Advance.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: For the Brazilian market, the locally built Yaris sedan is offered in XL, XS and XLS model grades. The XL can be purchased with either manual transmission or CVT, while the mid-level XS and sunroof-equipped XLS are only offered with CVT. The "2NR-FBE" powered Brazilian Yaris can run on either petrol or ethanol.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris sedan lineup in Argentina comes with a manual only XL and a choice of manual or CVT in the XLS.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: In India, it uses the naming as Yaris sedan and was launched during the 2018 Auto Expo in February and marketed from May of the same year. It was badged as the Yaris, and comes with a 1.5-litre petrol engine that produces 106 hp. The car is available in J, G, V and VX trim levels. All trim levels are available with choice of either a 6-speed manual transmission or CVT. The Indian model was offered with electric driver seat adjustment, ceiling-mounted rear passenger AC and rear sunshade. In September 2021, Toyota India officially discontinued the Yaris from the Indian market.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris sedan was launched in Pakistan in March 2020 as a locally-assembled model. It is available in three variants with two engine options, 1.3-litre "1NR-FE" and 1.5-litre "2NR-FE". The model grades are 1.3 GLi, 1.3 Ativ, and 1.5 Ativ X. All models are offered with either 5-speed manual or simulated 7-speed CVT.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags and ESC received 2 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags and ESC received 1 star from Latin NCAP in 2021 (one level above 2019, similar to Euro NCAP 2014).


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: Together with the updated standard Yaris, Toyota Astra Motor in Indonesia introduced the crossover-inspired variant, marketed as Yaris Heykers in late 2016. It came with different front and rear bumper designs, the addition of black overfenders, roof side ornaments and TRD coil springs. It was discontinued in January 2018 with 7,346 units sold.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: After the production of the Yaris Heykers in Indonesia discontinued, Toyota in South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Brazil and China offers the similar concept to the Yaris Heykers, called the Yaris Cross/Crossover/X Way/X-Urban, which is based on the facelifted regular Yaris hatchback, while the Chinese-market Yaris L X is based on Chinese facelift model of the Yaris L.


title: Toyota Yaris (XP150)

text: The Yaris Legian is a concept convertible based on the pre-facelift XP150 series Yaris hatchback which was shown at the 23rd Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in August 2015. It is similar in concept to the XP10 series Yaris hatchback-based Yaris Cabrio concept car that was presented at the March 2000 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: Abanindranath Tagore (Bengali: অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was the principal artist and creator of the "Indian Society of Oriental Art". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art. He founded the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting. He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books "Rajkahini, Buro Angla, Nalak," and "Khirer Putul" were landmarks in Bengali language children's literature and art.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: Tagore sought to modernise Mughal and Rajput styles to counter the influence of Western models of art, as taught in art schools under the British Raj. Along with other artists from the Bengal school of art, Tagore advocated in favour of a nationalistic Indian art derived from Indian art history, drawing inspiration from the Ajanta Caves. Tagore's work was so successful that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: Abanindranath Tagore was born in Jorasanko, Calcutta, British India, to Gunendranath Tagore and Saudamini Devi. His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore, the second son of "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore. He was a member of the distinguished Tagore family and a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. His grandfather and his elder brother, Gaganendranath Tagore, were also artists.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: In 1890, Abanindranath attended the Calcutta School of Art where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi, and oil painting from C. Palmer, European painters who taught in that institution.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: In 1888, he married Suhasini Devi, daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. He left Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at St. Xavier's College, which he attended for about a year and a half.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: In the early 1890s several of his illustrations were published in "Sadhana" magazine, and in Chitrangada, and other works by Rabindranath Tagore. He also illustrated his own books. Around 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the Government School of Art, studying in the traditional European academic manner, learning the full range of techniques, but with a particular interest in watercolour. It was during this period that he developed his interest in Mughal art, producing a number of works based on the life of Krishna in a Mughal-influenced style. After meeting E. B. Havell, Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine teaching of art at the Calcutta School of Art, a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath, who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting. His philosophy rejected the "materialistic" art of the West and came back to Indian traditional art forms. He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler's Aestheticism. In his later works, Tagore started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: He believed that Western art was "materialistic" in character, and that India needed to return to its own traditions to recover its spiritual values. Despite its Indocentric nationalism, this view was already commonplace within British art of the time, stemming from the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites. Tagore's work also shows the influence of Whistler's Aestheticism. Partly for this reason many British arts administrators were sympathetic to such ideas, especially as Hindu philosophy was becoming increasingly influential in the West following the spread of the Theosophy movement. Tagore believed that Indian traditions could be adapted to express these new values, and to promote a progressive Indian national culture.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: His finest achievement was the Arabian Nights series which was painted in 1930. In these paintings he uses the Arabian Nights stories as a means of looking at colonial Calcutta and picturing its emergent cosmopolitanism.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: With the success of Tagore's ideas, he came into contact with other Asian cultural figures, such as the Japanese art historian Okakura Kakuzō and the Japanese painter Yokoyama Taikan, whose work was comparable to his own. In his later work, he began to incorporate elements of Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his art, seeking to construct a model for a modern pan-Asian artistic tradition which would merge the common aspects of Eastern spiritual and artistic cultures.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: His close students included Nandalal Bose, Samarendranath Gupta, Kshitindranath Majumdar, Surendranath Ganguly, Asit Kumar Haldar, Sarada Ukil, Kalipada Ghoshal , Manishi Dey, Mukul Dey, K. Venkatappa and Ranada Ukil.


title: Abanindranath Tagore

text: For Abanindranath, the house he grew up in (5 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) and its companion house (6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) connected two cultural worlds – 'white town' (where the British colonizers lived) and 'black town' (where the natives lived). According to architectural historian Swati Chattopadhay, Abanindranath used the Bengali meaning of the word, Jorasanko ('double bridge') to develop this idea in the form of a mythical map of the city. The map was, indeed, not of Calcutta, but an imaginary city, Halisahar, and was the central guide in a children's story Putur Boi (Putu's Book). The nineteenth-century place names of Calcutta, however, appear on this map, thus suggesting that this imaginary city be read with the colonial city as a frame of reference. The map used the structure of a board game (golokdham) and showed a city divided along a main artery; on one side a lion-gate leads to the Lal-Dighi in the middle of which is the 'white island.'