title: Leandro Damião

text: During the 2013 summer, he had offers from English side Tottenham Hotspur and Italian club Napoli. He was close to join the Italian side, but the deal fell through because "sponsorship contracts made it impossible". Even though the club bought Gonzalo Higuaín after failing to land the Brazilian striker, Napoli chairman Aurelio De Laurentiis later stated that Rafa Benítez wanted Damião instead of Higuaín.


title: Leandro Damião

text: After a season below standards with Internacional (only 13 goals in nearly 50 matches), Damião signed a five-year deal with fellow top-divisioner Santos FC in December, who paid a R$ 41 million fee, supported by investors, to bring Damião to Vila Belmiro. He was presented on 9 January of the following year. It was the highest fee ever paid by a Brazilian club to sign a national player, only behind the R$60.5 million that brought Carlos Tevez to Corinthians.


title: Leandro Damião

text: Damião made his Santos debut on 6 February 2014, starting in a 2–1 away win over Linense, scoring a goal which was later disallowed due to offside. He scored his first goal for "Peixe" on the 20th, netting his side's first of a 2–1 away success over Atlético Sorocaba; eight days later he netted his second, the last of a 5–0 home thrashing of Bragantino.


title: Leandro Damião

text: Despite scoring five goals in 13 appearances as Santos came second in the league, Damião was hugely criticised due to his lack of agility and pace, plus his inability to score on a regular basis. He only scored more than one goal with a Santos shirt on 30 November, netting both goals in a 2–0 home win against Botafogo.


title: Leandro Damião

text: On 29 December 2014, after lengthy negotiations, Damião was loaned to league champions Cruzeiro, in a season-long deal, after a largely disappointing year at Santos. He was the top goalscorer of 2015 Campeonato Mineiro with nine goals, but had a disappointing 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A with only four goals scored.


title: Leandro Damião

text: In 2015, Damião took legal action against Santos to terminate his contract after failing to receive payment for his image rights for three months and was granted the release of his contract in December 2015. The decision was overturned the following month, with the fee of 200 million (reais for any national transfer and euros for any international) being activated if he were to sign for another club.


title: Leandro Damião

text: On 7 January 2016, Damião was again declared a free agent, but on 26 January, after being on the verge of signing for Spanish club Real Betis for a fee of R$65 million.


title: Leandro Damião

text: An agreement was reached between Damião and Santos on 30 January 2016, as the player was attempting to sign with Real Betis. On 1 February 2016, the Spanish club pulled out of the deal that would bring him on an 18-month loan, leaving the player as a free agent.


title: Leandro Damião

text: On 4 February 2016, after a turnover in the club's board which involved the president's resignation, Damião signed a six-month deal with Betis with a buyout clause set on €12 million. He made his La Liga debut 23 days later, replacing Jorge Molina after 56 minutes of an eventual 2–2 draw against Rayo Vallecano at the Estadio Benito Villamarín.


title: Leandro Damião

text: After his loan with Flamengo ended, Damião returned on loan to Internacional, who were at the time out of promotion spots in the 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. He scored 8 times in the competition and helped Internacional to return to the first division after finishing in second place. He stayed with Internacional in 2018, helping the team finish third in the 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and scoring 10 goals in the competition, just one less than teammate Nico López. Damião scored a total of 19 goals in his second spell at Internacional, reaching a total of 109 goals scored for the club and becoming the team's 10th best all-time top scorer.


title: Leandro Damião

text: On 11 December 2018, Internacional announced that Damião would not remain at the club after the player received an "irrefusable" offer from a Japanese club.


title: Leandro Damião

text: On 14 December 2018, Kawasaki Frontale announced the signing of Leandro Damião in a one-year contract for the 2019 season. On 10 March 2019 Damião scored his first goal for the club against Yokohama F. Marinos, also achieving a brace. He scored 13 goals in the 2020 J.League campaign and helped the Frontale to win the J.League title. On 1 January 2021, he assisted Kaoru Mitoma's match winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Gamba Osaka in the final of the 2020 Emperor's Cup. On 8 July, he scored a hat-trick in an AFC Champions League match against Daegu FC. He became the J.League's joint top scorer in the 2021 J.League campaign with 23 goals, winning the J.League MVP Award.


title: Leandro Damião

text: Damião was given his first call-up to the Brazil national team in March 2011 for the friendly against Scotland after Alexandre Pato withdrew from the squad due to injury. "I'm taking advantage of the circumstances to summon a player who has been playing well with Internacional and is young enough to play in the Olympics," said head coach Mano Menezes. He won his first cap in the match at the Emirates Stadium in London, which Brazil won 2–0.


title: Leandro Damião

text: Damião scored his first goal for Brazil in a 1–0 friendly win against Ghana on 5 September at Craven Cottage. He also represented Brazil at the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London, being the tournament's top scorer with six goals in five appearances as Brazil finished runners-up to Mexico.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Ernesto Silvio Maurizio Bertarelli (born 22 September 1965) is an Italian-born Swiss billionaire businessman and philanthropist.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: The 2017 edition of the Sunday Times Rich List estimated the family's wealth at £11.5 billion, an increase of £1.72 billion since the previous year. Swiss magazine Bilanz estimated the family fortune at CHF13.5 billion. According to "Bloomberg Billionaires Index", Bertarelli and family has an estimated net worth of $20.2 billion, as of 16 April 2021.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Born in Rome to Italian parents, his family moved to Switzerland in 1977. He graduated from Babson College in 1989, and earned an MBA at Harvard Business School in 1993.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: His grandfather, Pietro, joined Serono, a pharmaceutical company founded in 1906. In 1935 Pietro became the company's managing director, a position he was succeeded in by his son, Fabio Bertarelli, in 1965. Bertarelli became CEO in 1996 and, along with his sister Dona, inherited ownership in 1998 on the death of his father. Changing the company's focus from pharmaceuticals to biotechnology, revenues increased from $809 million in 1996 to $2.8 billion in 2006. The company gained fame from its discovery of a natural hormone used in the treatment of female infertility, and its treatments for multiple sclerosis and growth hormone deficiency.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Bertarelli and his family sold the company to Merck KGaA of Germany in January 2007 for US$13.3 billion, forming the new company Merck-Serono. His family split an estimated $9 billion stake at that time, which added to previous share sales when the company floated on the NY stock market in 2000, which is now invested mainly through his B-Flexion (formerly Waypoint Capital) investment vehicle. Bertarelli currently co-chairs – with his sister Dona – the Bertarelli Foundation which focuses on marine conservation and neuroscience research.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Management of the family's wealth is mainly through the B-Flexion, which invests through its six separate specialist investment managers including such areas as Swiss real estate, and US life sciences.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: These businesses include Kedge Capital, an investment management group specialising in hedge funds, private equity and real estate; Northill Capital, an asset management business; a UK real estate investment fund, Crosstree; and Gurnet Point Capital, a fund based in Boston that invests in healthcare and life science business.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: As well as these businesses, B-Flexion, which is headquartered in Geneva, with offices in Jersey, Boston, San Francisco and Luxembourg, also manages investment holdings itself, including healthcare provider Affidea, medical technology company Esaote, and allergy immunotherapy group Stallergenes-Greer.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: On 22 May 2013, it was announced that a consortium led by Bertarelli and comprising Hansjörg Wyss, the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and the University of Geneva had been successful in their bid for the former Merck Serono site in Geneva, which had been put up for sale when that company announced in April 2012 that it would be closing its Geneva headquarters. The name of the joint initiative is Campus Biotech and its intention is to turn the site into a ‘centre of excellence in the fields of healthcare, biotechnology and life sciences’. As part of this, the EPFL and the University of Geneva are expected to occupy some 15,000m2 of the site and, in October 2013, it was announced that Campus Biotech will be the core of a new Swiss neuroscience valley with the research groups involved in the Human Brain Project and the Blue Brain Project, as well as most scientists from the Center for Neuroprosthetics, moving there in 2014.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: His relationship with this sport is due to his youth spent in Monte Argentario. The name Alinghi derives from the Bertarelli family boats that sailed in the regatta fields around Porto Santo Stefano and Porto Ercole.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: In 2000, Bertarelli founded the yachting syndicate Team Alinghi, which in 2003, representing the Société Nautique de Genève, won the Louis Vuitton Cup before beating Team New Zealand in Auckland to win the America's Cup. It was the first time a team had ever won the coveted sailing trophy on its first attempt, with the victory bringing the Cup to Europe for the first time. Team Alinghi hired sailors from many different nationalities, including Russell Coutts and Brad Butterworth, respectively skipper and tactician of Team New Zealand's 2000 crew. Bertarelli was Team Alinghi's only Swiss national serving as navigator in 2003 and subsequently as an afterguard runner and grinder in 2007, when Team Alinghi defended the America's Cup in Valencia. On July 3, 2007, Alinghi beat Team New Zealand in race 7 by 1 second to retain the America's Cup, winning the series 5–2.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: In recognition of his success, in 2003 Bertarelli was named Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur by French President Jacques Chirac, and was given the Cavaliere di Gran Croce by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of the Italian Republic.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Société Nautique de Genève and Bertarelli's efforts to organize the 33rd America's Cup following their 2007 victory in Alinghi were subject to numerous legal challenges by the Golden Gate Yacht Club. The race finally took place in February 2010, in Valencia, Spain. Bertarelli was the primary helmsman of his boat Alinghi 5, which lost both races against the challenger USA 17 by a considerable margin.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Alinghi now competes in the Extreme Sailing Series, which it most recently won in 2016, and in the summer-long, one-class D35 championship on Lake Geneva. Since 2016 he is a member of America's Cup Hall of Fame.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Bertarelli and his family established a foundation in 1999 for promoting research and development in the field of male and female infertility, assisted reproduction technologies, andrology, genetics and endocrinology; supporting training, education and international and national exchanges in these areas through grants. The Bertarelli Foundation, in Trelex, Switzerland, merged into the Foundation FABER, in Lausanne, in 2006, and since 2008 a renewed Bertarelli Foundation has regrouped the family's numerous philanthropic initiatives in the fields of charity, health, sciences, sport and culture.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Some projects recently sponsored by the Bertarelli Foundation have been the research Centre for Neuroprosthetics at the EPFL in Lausanne; the partnership with the British government to create the largest marine reserve in the world in Chagos, in the Indian Ocean; a joint research and education program in neuroscience between Harvard Medical School and EPFL; the Swiss Sailing Grants in partnership with the Swiss Sailing Federation; and the Henna Pre-School in South Africa and a partnership with the Stoke-on-Trent YMCA that is led by Kirsty Bertarelli.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: Bertarelli met Kirsty Roper, a former 1988 Miss UK and songwriter, while on holiday in Italy in 1997. The couple married in 2000, and have three children. The couple's divorce was announced in October 2021. The couple lived in Gstaad and also spent time in their house on the shores of Lake Geneva.


title: Ernesto Bertarelli

text: In December 2008, Appledore Shipbuilders launched the hull of Project55, Bertarelli's new yacht, which was completed as "Vava II" by Devonport Engineering Consortium Ltd at Plymouth in February 2012


title: Vaibhavi Shandilya

text: Vaibhavi Shandilya is an Indian actress who works in Tamil, Kannada and Marathi-language films. After making her debut in the Marathi film "Janiva" (2015), she has been in films including "Ekk Albela" (2015), "Sakka Podu Podu Raja" (2017), "Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu" (2018), "Cap maari" (2019) and "Gaalipata 2" (2022).


title: Vaibhavi Shandilya

text: Vaibhavi made her acting debut in the Marathi film "Janiva" (2015), a tale on social justice, which was noted for marking the debut of actor Mahesh Manjrekar's son, Sathya. Vaibhavi then featured amongst an ensemble cast including Vidya Balan in Bhagwan Dada's biopic, "Ekk Albela" where she portrayed a Muslim girl called Shaheen.


title: Vaibhavi Shandilya

text: In 2016, Vaibhavi appeared in an Egyptian Arabic film Gahem Fe El Hend as a dancer in a special song called "Tak Dhinna". It was choreographed by famous Indian dance choreographer Vishnu Deva. Vaibhavi signed on to appear in two Tamil language films opposite Santhanam — "Server Sundaram" and "Sakka Podu Podu Raja", where the latter released in 2017 and the former to be released in 2018. Vaibhavi signed her third Tamil film opposite Gautham Karthik in "Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu" in 2018. she debuted kannada industry with Raj Vishnu and acted in super hit movie Gaalipata 2 opposite Ganesh.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Jeffry Wayne (born 1 July 1943) is an American-British composer, musician and lyricist. In 1978, he released "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds", his musical adaptation of H. G. Wells' science-fiction novel "The War of the Worlds". Wayne wrote approximately 3,000 advertising jingles in the 1970s which appeared on television in the United Kingdom, including a Gordon's Gin commercial which was covered by The Human League. Wayne also composed numerous television themes, including "Good Morning Britain" (TV-am), ITV's "The Big Match" and "World of Sport", BBC's "Sixty Minutes", and for 24 years, the UK's first news radio station, LBC.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Wayne wrote feature film and documentary film scores and was musical director for various artists. Wayne published a book called "The Book of Tennis" and created, produced and scored eight thirty-minute episodes of "The Book of Tennis Chronicles" that was distributed by Fox Sports in approximately twenty countries, and was broadcast in the US on The Tennis Channel between 2005 and 2008.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Jeff Wayne was born on 1 July 1943, in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, United States. His father, Jerry Wayne "(né" Jerome Marvin Krauth; 1916–1996), was an actor, singer, and theatre producer. Jeff Wayne spent four years of his childhood in the UK when his father played romantic gambler Sky Masterson in the original West End musical production of "Guys and Dolls".


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Four years later they returned to New York. Wayne graduated from Stephen Halsey Jr. High and attended Forest Hills High School for one year, and played for its tennis team, before moving to California. Wayne graduated from Grant High School, then from Los Angeles Valley College with a journalism degree. He played keyboards in local bands and coached tennis to support himself. After completing his journalism degree he switched to music, playing keyboards briefly with The Sandpipers.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: In 1966, Wayne composed the score for his father's West End musical "Two Cities" based on Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" which ran at London's Palace Theatre. The musical was successful, winning for Edward Woodward the "Evening Standard" Award for Best Male Performance in a Musical for 1968–69. Returning to the UK, Wayne became a record producer. In 1970 or 1971, he made a single, "The Bittermen Theme", featuring Chris Spedding on guitar, a version of which was used in a television commercial for Ansells bitter. Wayne helped produce David Essex's album "Rock On". Essex was subsequently a voice actor in "The War of the Worlds", playing the part of the Artilleryman. Wayne also provided the score for the 1977 action thriller "Golden Rendezvous", which starred Richard Harris.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: In 1978, "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds" was released, achieving international success. Wayne's two-disc composition sold millions of copies around the world and was the 40th best selling album of all time in the UK by 2009. It included worldwide hit singles: "The Eve of the War" and "Forever Autumn", both sung by Justin Hayward, and included narration throughout by Richard Burton. It won two Ivor Novello Awards and The Best Recording in Science Fiction and Fantasy (the judges included Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, and Alfred Hitchcock). "The Eve of the War" was used by the offshore radio station Radio Delmare as its theme tune. The album was re-released on SACD in 2005 audio CD; five tracks were remastered and placed on the second disc (mostly without Wayne's input). A Limited Edition 7-disc Collector's Edition CD and DVD box set, which included remixes, outtakes, and documentary, was issued in 2005.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Wayne announced a new "Musical Version of The War of the Worlds" album to be released in June 2012 titled "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds – The New Generation". The album was released in November 2012.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: After "The War of the Worlds", Wayne continued to compose and produce music, such as the music for the 1979 television film "The Knowledge" and The Who's movie "McVicar" released in 1980. Wayne composed music for the Fry's Turkish Delight advertisement in 1981, the theme for "Good Morning Britain" in 1982 on TV-am, and music for the 1984 album "Beyond the Planets", Kevin Peek and Rick Wakeman's progressive rock recording of Holst's orchestral suite.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: In 1992 Wayne released "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of Spartacus", his first major release since "The War of the Worlds". Its cast included Anthony Hopkins, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, and Marillion's Fish. It featured a libretto by Gary Osborne and a story combining powerful themes of oppression, desperation, love and death.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Wayne was involved in producing "Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds" in 1998, a computer game that included 45 minutes of music from his "Musical Version of The War of the Worlds", re-scored and remixed in an electronica style with techno beats. The game also featured computer-generated visualisations of numerous scenes from the album – an idea Wayne would later revisit. In 1999, a related game, also titled "Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds", was released for the Sony PlayStation.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: "The War of the Worlds" was re-released in the summer of 2005. It spent ten consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of the UK Album charts. Including this re-release, the album achieved sales to 3 million in the UK, and approximately 14 million worldwide. Also in 2005, it was announced that the musical would be going on a UK tour in April 2006. The live show was taken to Australia and New Zealand and returned the UK during December 2007. The show, produced by Damian Collier, used a ten-piece band and a 48-piece string orchestra, voice actors, screen-projected images and animatronics. Universal Pictures released a DVD of the show, filmed at Wembley Arena using 23 high definition cameras and directed by David Mallet. In 2022, the UK Arena tour relaunched following the Covid-19 outbreak. The tour premiered at Nottingham's Motorpoint Arena on 23 March and once again starred Justin Hayward as the sung thoughts of The Journalist. Other notable cast for this tour include Claire Richards (Steps) as Beth, Duncan James (Blue) as Parson Nathaniel and Kevin Clifton (Strictly Come Dancing) as the Artillery Man. The show also featured a holographic version of Liam Neeson as The Journalist.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: Wayne's first television series, "The Book of Tennis Chronicles", was broadcast worldwide in 2005 and distributed by Fox Sports. It features well-known tennis players and events, set against events in world history from 1877 to 2005. Wayne created and produced eight half-hour episodes and scored its music. The series' executive producer was Damian Collier.


title: Jeff Wayne

text: A keen player and follower of tennis throughout his life, Wayne remains involved with the sport; he has won the British National Indoor Veterans singles and doubles titles, and the National Clay Court doubles. In 1992 he partnered former Great Britain No. 1 and Davis Cup captain Roger Taylor at the European Veteran Championships. In 1999, Wayne represented Great Britain in the Austria Cup in Spain, and achieved an ITF world ranking in his age group. In 2008 Wayne was elected into the International Lawn Tennis Club of Great Britain. Wayne has also played in numerous fundraising pro-am tournaments, including for Muscular dystrophy and Save the Children.


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

text: Mary Wolf Wilkinson Streep (July 30, 1915 – September 29, 2001) was an American fine-artist and art editor. Her daughter is actress Meryl Streep.


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

text: Born Mary Wolf Wilkinson in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Mary Agnes (née Wolf; 1886-1976) and Harry Rockefellow Wilkinson. She grew up in Madison, New Jersey, graduating from Madison High School, she then studied fine art at the Art Students League in New York.


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

text: Streep trained as a fine artist and became the art-editor for Home Furnishings Magazine and also did commercial artwork on a freelance basis. Mary had an art studio in the back of her home. She married pharmaceutical company executive Harry Wilbur Streep Jr. (1909-2003) They had a daughter, Mary Louise "Meryl" Streep, and two sons, Dana Streep and Harry Wilbur Streep III (husband of actress Maeve Kinkead). She is also the grandmother of Streep's children, musician Henry Wolfe, actresses Mamie Gummer and Grace Gummer, and model Louisa Gummer. Her son-in-law, Don Gummer, is also an artist, a sculptor.


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

text: Her daughter Meryl Streep has often stated in interviews that her mother has been the inspiration for some of her characters she has played on the screen. Mary enrolled her daughter in voice lessons at the age of twelve after noticing her daughter's need to perform.


title: Mary Wilkinson Streep

text: Streep died at Cornell Medical Center from complications of heart disease after a short illness. Her husband died two years later on July 22, 2003, aged 92. They were residents of Mason's Island, Connecticut.


title: Fusarium

text: Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these "Fusarium" species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some "Fusarium" species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.


title: Fusarium

text: The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation (lumpers and splitters).


title: Fusarium

text: There is a proposed conceptwidely subscribed by specialiststhat would include essentially the genus as it now stands, including especially all agriculturally significant "Fusaria". There is a counterproposal (unrelated to ) that goes far in the other direction, with seven entirely new genera.


title: Fusarium

text: Various schemes have subdivided the genus into subgenera and sections. There is a poor correlation between sections and phylogenetic clades.


title: Fusarium

text: "Fusarium graminearum" commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries, as well as feed barley. "Fusarium" contamination in barley can result in head blight, and in extreme contaminations, the barley can appear pink. The genome of this wheat and maize pathogen has been sequenced. "F. graminearum" can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion.


title: Fusarium

text: "Fusarium oxysporum" f.sp. "cubense" is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana ("Musa" spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of banana cultivars, which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity. Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times, and caused the commercial disappearance of the once dominant Gros Michel cultivar. A more recent strain also affects the Cavendish cultivars which commercially replaced Gros Michel. It is considered inevitable that this susceptibility will spread globally and commercially wipe out the Cavendish cultivar, for which there are currently no acceptable replacements.


title: Fusarium

text: "Fusarium oxysporum" f. sp. "narcissi" causes rotting of the bulbs (basal rot) and yellowing of the leaves of daffodils ("Narcissi").


title: Fusarium

text: In 2021 it was discovered that "Fusarium xyrophilum" was able to hijack a South American species of yellow-eyed "Xyris" grass, creating fake flowers, fooling bees and other pollinating insects into visiting them, taking fungal spores to other plants.


title: Fusarium

text: Some species may cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans. In humans with normal immune systems, fusarial infections may occur in the nails (onychomycosis) and in the cornea (keratomycosis or mycotic keratitis). In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way, (neutropenia, i.e., very low neutrophils count), aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream (disseminated infections) may be caused by members of the "Fusarium solani" complex, "Fusarium oxysporum", "Fusarium verticillioides", "Fusarium proliferatum" and, rarely, other fusarial species.


title: Fusarium

text: The isolation medium for "Fusaria" is usually peptone PCNB agar (peptone pentachloronitrobenzene agar, PPA). For "F. oxysporum" specifically, Komada's medium is most common. Differential identification is difficult in some strains. Vegetative compatibility group analysis is best for some, is one usable method for others, and requires such a large number of assays that it is too complicated for yet others.


title: Fusarium

text: "Fusarium venenatum" is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name Quorn in Europe and North America.


title: Fusarium

text: Some consumers of fusarium products have shown food allergies similar in nature to peanut and other food allergies. People with known sensitivities to molds should exercise caution when consuming such products.


title: Fusarium

text: Mass casualties occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s when "Fusarium"-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing alimentary toxic aleukia with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and prostration, and within days, fever, chills, myalgias and bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia and secondary sepsis occurred. Further symptoms included pharyngeal or laryngeal ulceration and diffuse bleeding into the skin (petechiae and ecchymoses), melena, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, hematemesis, epistaxis, vaginal bleeding, pancytopenia and gastrointestinal ulceration. "Fusarium sporotrichoides" contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in biological warfare. The active ingredient was found to be trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin, and it was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed "yellow rain", to cause 6,300 deaths in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan between 1975 and 1981. The "biological warfare agent" was later purported to be merely bee feces, but the issue remains disputed.


title: Fusarium

text: Fusarium has posed a threat to the ancient cave paintings in Lascaux since 1955, when the caves were first opened to visitors. The caves subsequently closed and the threat subsided, but the installation of an air conditioning system in 2000 caused another outbreak of the fungus which is yet to be resolved.


title: Fusarium

text: Fusarium may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral/dental, there have been rare cases of Fusariosis presenting as a necrotic ulceration of the gingiva, extending to the alveolar bone has been reported in a granulocytopenic patient.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Ecco the Dolphin is a series of action-adventure video games developed by Appaloosa Interactive (previously known as Novotrade International) and published by Sega. They were originally developed for the Mega Drive/Genesis and Dreamcast video game consoles, and have been ported to numerous systems. The story follows the eponymous Ecco, a bottlenose dolphin, who fights extraterrestrial threats to the world. The games are known for their high difficulty level. "Ecco" was created by Ed Annunziata, who also produced "", which was also released in December 1992.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Released in 1992, the original game followed the exploits of a young dolphin named Ecco as he searches the seas, and eventually time itself, for his missing pod.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Released in 1994, the sequel follows Ecco's exploits after the conclusion of the original game as he travels the oceans, the past, and the future in his quest to save the planet once more.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Released in 1995, this title was intended as edutainment and lacked the sophistication and difficulty of the previous two titles in series.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: When Ecco and his friends find out Big Blue, a wise and famous whale, is nearby, they must do favors and break crystals in order to pass the stage and find him.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Released in 1995, an edutainment game similar to Ecco Jr. on the Sega Genesis, this title was released on the Sega Pico. In this game, Ecco and his friends explore the ocean and the ruins that lie within to find various treasures. This game distinguishes itself by utilizing stylus control for the gameplay.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Released in 2000 for the Dreamcast and later ported to PlayStation 2, this title re-envisions the Ecco mythos in a new Earth with a new premise.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: A sequel to "Defender of the Future" was in development in 2001, but was cancelled due to the decline of the Dreamcast. A playable build of the game was leaked online in 2016.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: "Ecco the Dolphin" and "Ecco: The Tides of Time" were both re-released for the Sega CD, Master System and Game Gear, and "Defender of the Future" was originally released for the Dreamcast and later re-released for the PlayStation 2. The Sega CD version of "Ecco the Dolphin" was ported to Microsoft Windows in 1995. "Ecco the Dolphin" was also re-released on the Game Boy Advance as part of the fourth "Sega Smash Pack". All of the Mega Drive games have been released on Valve's Steam platform, as well as being ported to Nintendo's Virtual Console and the first game was ported to Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Two six-part comic book series of "Ecco the Dolphin" stories based on the first game were featured in "Sonic the Comic". Series one was written by Woodrow Phoenix and drawn by Chris Webster in 1993. Series two followed in 1995. Archie Comics "Sonic the Hedgehog" series later featured a Dolphin character named Echo thought to be a tribute to this series, though this character was humanoid and female.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: In late 2016 series creator Ed Annunziata reached a settlement with Sega regarding the legal rights to the franchise. The attempt to regain the intellectual property rights, in part, arose from Annunziata's unsuccessful attempt to make a spiritual successor called "The Big Blue" funded through Kickstarter which could not use the Ecco name. Although the exact details of the settlement were unclear, it was believed by media outlets including Venture Beat that it could pave the way for a new installment in the franchise by Annunziata. Soon thereafter Annunziata himself talked about wanting to revive the series for the Nintendo Switch.


title: Ecco the Dolphin

text: Ecco: Songs of Time is a soundtrack album which contains the original soundtrack from the Sega CD versions of "Ecco the Dolphin" and "". It was released on September 3, 1996. The music is composed by Spencer Nilsen. The music is atmospheric and ambient, heavy on high-quality synthesizer, low-frequency percussion and various samples, including dolphin squeaks and squeals.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: TeamViewer AG is an international technology company headquartered in Göppingen, Germany. The company became known for the TeamViewer remote access and support software of the same name. Today, TeamViewer AG offers its customers a global platform for connecting, monitoring, and controlling computers, machines, and other devices. TeamViewer's software is used in companies of all sizes and from all industries, for example, to digitalize processes along the industrial value chain. The company is listed on the stock exchange and is a member of MDAX and TecDAX.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: The foundation of TeamViewer dates back to the release of the first version of TeamViewer software in 2005. To reduce travel to customers and present quality management software remotely, the founder of "Rossmanith GmbH" developed the TeamViewer software. The software became the core product of "TeamViewer GmbH", which today operates as "TeamViewer Germany GmbH". The company's business model allowed private users to use the software free of charge, while companies had to purchase a paid license. This model continues to date.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: In 2010, "TeamViewer GmbH" was acquired by "GFI Software". In 2014, British private equity firm Permira acquired TeamViewer and helped the company develop its international customer base and expand the scope of its products. With a purchase price of around one billion US dollars, the company was classified as a so-called "unicorn", the designation for an unlisted company worth at least one billion US dollars.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: From the beginning of 2018, the company changed its business model from the previous sale of licenses to subscriptions. This followed a general trend in the IT industry and helped "TeamViewer GmbH" to grow further. In preparation for an IPO, a new corporate structure was created in 2019. The newly created TeamViewer AG became the owner of the then renamed "TeamViewer Germany GmbH".


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: The initial listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in September 2019 was met with strong investor interest. With an issue volume of 2.2 billion euros, it was the largest IPO of a German technology pytt company since 2000 and the largest IPO in Europe in 2019. By the end of 2019, "TeamViewer AG’s" shares had already been admitted to the MDAX and TecDAX stock indices.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: TeamViewer AG is a German stock corporation. Together with its domestic and foreign subsidiaries, it forms the "TeamViewer Group". The most important subsidiaries include "TeamViewer Germany GmbH", which is responsible for the operating business.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: TeamViewer AG's shares are traded on the regulated market (Prime Standard) of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Around 75% of TeamViewer AG's shares are in free float. Important shareholders are Permira, Norges Bank, and BlackRock.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: The Management Board of TeamViewer AG consists of Oliver Steil (Chief Executive Officer), Michael Wilkens (Chief Financial Officer) and Peter Turner (Chief Commercial Officer). The extended Management Board (Senior Leadership Team) consists of nine people. The Supervisory Board of TeamViewer AG has six members. Its chairman is Abraham Peled.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: "TeamViewer AG's" headquarters is located at Bahnhofsplatz in Göppingen. The building had been constructed by the city and was originally intended to be used as an extension of the city hall, before it was offered to the rapidly growing company to keep it in Göppingen.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: Internationally, TeamViewer AG has numerous subsidiaries and locations on all continents. For example, the key locations for research and development are Yerevan, Armenia and Ioannina, Greece.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: TeamViewer became known primarily for a solution for remote access to, as well as remote control and maintenance of, computers and mobile devices. The software, called TeamViewer, supports all major desktop, smartphone, and tablet operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS. The software is free for private, non-commercial use.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: The TeamViewer platform enables the connection of a wide range of devices in companies of all sizes and from all industries. Also, TeamViewer offers augmented reality applications to help frontline workers simplify their work processes with step-by-step instructions or to help service technicians remotely solve complex problems on machines.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: Since 2020, TeamViewer AG has been the main sponsor of the Handball-Bundesliga teams of Frisch Auf Göppingen.


title: TeamViewer (company)

text: In 2021, TeamViewer AG became the principal shirt sponsor of Manchester United in a five year deal starting from the 2021–22 season. The Premier League club also plans to use the company's solutions for the digitalization of fan experiences and business processes. The same year, TeamViewer AG entered a partnership with the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team and the Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team. Besides prominent branding on cars and drivers’ racing suits and teamwear, the partnership includes transferring use cases from the racetrack to the industrial environment of TeamViewer’s customers.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The American Locomotive Company (often shortened to ALCO, ALCo or Alco) was an American manufacturer of locomotives, diesel generators, steel, and tanks that operated from 1901 to 1969. The company was formed by the merger of seven smaller locomotive manufacturers and Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York. A subsidiary, American Locomotive Automobile Company, designed and manufactured automobiles under the Alco brand from 1905 to 1913. ALCO also produced nuclear reactors from 1954 to 1962.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The company changed its name to Alco Products, Incorporated in 1955. In 1964, the Worthington Corporation acquired the company. The company went out of business in 1969. The ALCO name is currently being used by Fairbanks Morse Engine for their FM|ALCO line.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The company was created in 1901 from the merger of seven smaller locomotive manufacturers with Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York:


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The newly-formed company was headquartered in Schenectady, New York. Samuel R. Callaway left the presidency of the New York Central Railroad to become president of Alco. When Callaway died on June 1, 1904, Albert J. Pitkin succeeded him as president of Alco.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In 1904, the American Locomotive Company acquired control of the Locomotive and Machine Company of Montreal, Quebec, Canada; this company was eventually renamed the Montreal Locomotive Works. In 1905, Alco purchased Rogers Locomotive Works of Paterson, New Jersey, the second-largest locomotive manufacturer in the United States behind Baldwin Locomotive Works.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: After World War II, Alco operated manufacturing plants only in Schenectady and Montreal, having closed all the others. In 1969, the American Locomotive Company ceased locomotive manufacturing in the United States, although Montreal Locomotive Works continued to manufacture locomotives based on Alco designs.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco was the second-largest steam locomotive builder in the United States (after Baldwin Locomotive Works), producing over 75,000 locomotives (though not all were steam, since, unlike Baldwin, Alco shifted more readily to diesel). Railroads that favored Alco products included the Delaware & Hudson Railway, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Milwaukee Road. Among Alco's better-known steam locomotives were the 4-6-4 Hudson, 4-8-2 Mohawk and the 4-8-4 Niagara built for the New York Central, and the 4-8-4 FEF and the 4-6-6-4 Challenger built for the Union Pacific.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco built many of the biggest locomotives ever constructed, including Union Pacific's "Big Boy" (4-8-8-4). Alco also built the fastest American locomotives, the Class A Atlantic and Class F7 Hudson streamliners for the Milwaukee Road's "Twin Cities Hiawatha" run. Among the ambitious state-of-the-art designs of the late steam era, Alco's Challengers, Big Boys and high speed streamliners stood out for their in-service success.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco built the second production steam locomotive in North America to use roller bearings (after the Delaware & Hudson's 1924 addition of SKF roller bearings to the drivers and main and side rods of their own 4-6-2 locomotives). This was Timken 1111, a 4-8-4 commissioned in 1930 by Timken Roller Bearing Company and ultimately used for on 15 major United States railroads before it was purchased in 1933 by the Northern Pacific Railway. The Northern Pacific renumbered the "Four Aces" to No. 2626 and ran it on the "North Coast Limited", as well as its pool trains between Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, and excursions, through 1957.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: During World War II, Alco produced many 2-10-0 Decapods for the USSR. Many went undelivered, and ten of these were sold to Finland in 1947. One, Alco builder's No. 75214, is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Though the dual-service 4-8-4 steam locomotive had shown great promise, 1948 was the last year that steam locomotives were manufactured in Schenectady. These were the seven A-2a class 9400-series Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad 2-8-4 "Berkshires." Their tenders had to be subcontracted to Lima Locomotive Works, as Alco's tender shop had been closed. The building was converted to diesel locomotive manufacture, to compete with locomotives manufactured by the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Joseph Burroughs Ennis (1879–1955) was a senior vice president between 1917 and 1947 and was responsible for the design of many of the company's locomotives.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The company diversified into the automobile business in 1906, producing French Berliet designs under license. Production was located at Alco's Rhode Island Locomotive Works in Providence, Rhode Island. Two years later, the Berliet license was abandoned, and the company began to produce its own designs instead. An Alco racing car won the Vanderbilt Cup in both 1909 and 1910 and competed in the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, driven on all three occasions by Harry Grant.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: ALCO's automotive venture was unprofitable, and they abandoned automobile manufacture in 1913. The Alco automobile story is notable chiefly as a step in the automotive career of Walter P. Chrysler, who worked as the plant manager. In 1911 he left Alco for Buick in Detroit, Michigan, where he subsequently founded the Chrysler Corporation in 1925.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco made 60-ton center-cab electric freight motors from 1912 through the 1920s for electric railway lines in Oregon.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: A leader in steam locomotives, ALCo also produced the first commercially successful diesel-electric switch engine in 1924 in a consortium with General Electric (electrical equipment) and Ingersoll-Rand (diesel engine). This locomotive was sold to the Central Railroad of New Jersey. It built additional locomotives for a number of railroads, including the Long Island Rail Road and the Chicago and North Western Railway.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The company bought the McIntosh & Seymour Diesel Engine Company in 1929 and henceforth produced its own diesel engines. Its electrical equipment was always from GE. The diesel program was largely overseen by Perry T. Egbert, vice president in charge of diesel locomotive sales and later president of the company. In the early to middle 1930s, ALCo was the pre-eminent builder of diesel-electric switch engines in the United States, but the Electro-Motive Corporation was expanding the realm of diesel power to mainline service, first with custom streamliner trainsets followed by production-design locomotives for passenger and freight service.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: ALCo provided motive power for the Rebel streamliners in 1935, but remained focused on low-power applications while General Motors (owner of EMC) was developing reliable diesel power for full-size mainline trains. In 1939, ALCo started production of passenger diesel locomotives to compete with those produced by EMC. The following year, ALCo entered into a partnership with General Electric (Alco-GE), for much-needed support in its efforts to compete with EMC. In 1941 ALCo introduced the RS-1, the first road-switcher locomotive. The versatile road-switcher design gained favor for short-haul applications, which would provide ALCo a secure market niche through the 1940s. The entry of the United States into World War II froze ALCo's development of road diesel locomotives.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: During that time, ALCo was allocated the construction of diesel switching locomotives, their new road-switcher locomotives, a small quantity of ALCO DL-109 dual-service engines and its proven steam designs, while EMD (formerly EMC) was allocated the construction of mainline road freight diesels (the production of straight passenger-service engines was prohibited by the War Production Board). The postwar era saw ALCo's steam products fall out of favor while it struggled to develop mainline diesel locomotives competitive with EMD's E and F series road locomotives, which were well-positioned from GM-EMC's large development efforts of the 1930s and its established service infrastructure. ALCo would prove unable to overcome that lead.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco's revolutionary RS-1 roadswitcher was selected by the United States Army for a vital task. ALCo ranked 34th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. The Kriegsmarine's capital ships, led by the Tirpitz, and the Luftwaffe were threatening Allied shipping to the Soviet Union at the port of Murmansk from bases in Norway. This was, at the time, the Soviet lifeline. Thanks to successes in Africa, the U.S. was able to rehabilitate the Trans-Iranian Railway and extend it to the USSR. They chose as locomotives the RSD-1, a six-axle, six traction motor variant of the light ALCo RS-1. Not only was the company prevented from selling these locomotives to mainline U.S. railroads, but the thirteen RS-1s that had already been built were commandeered for Iranian duty and converted to RSD-1s.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In 1946, ALCo controlled 26% of the diesel locomotive market. The ubiquitous S series (660 and 1000 horsepower) switchers and RS series (1000 and 1500 horsepower) road switchers represented ALCo well during the late 1940s. Much of its success in this period can be tied to its pioneering RS locomotives, representing the first modern road-switcher, a configuration which has long-outlasted ALCo. The success of their switcher and road-switcher locomotives was not matched with the PA and FA-type mainline units, however.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The 244 engine, developed in a crash program to compete with EMD's powerful 567 engine, proved unreliable and sales of ALCo's mainline units soon went into decline. In 1948, ALCo-GE produced a prototype gas turbine-electric locomotive to address the concerns of operators such as Union Pacific that sought to minimize the number of locomotive units needed for large power requirements. In 1949, ALCo embarked on a clean-sheet design project to replace the 244. 1949 also saw the introduction of the EMD GP7 road-switcher, a direct challenge in ALCo's bread-and-butter market.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In 1953, General Electric, dissatisfied with the pace of ALCo's efforts to develop a replacement for the troubled 244 engine, dissolved their partnership with ALCo and took over the gas turbine-electric venture that had started series production the previous year. In 1956, ALCo made long-overdue changes, modernizing its production process and introducing road locomotives with its new 251 engine. However, the benefits to ALCo were negated by bad timing; the market for locomotives was declining after the height of the dieselization era and EMD's GP9 was on the market as a proven competitor backed by a service infrastructure that ALCo, since the dissolution of the GE partnership, lacked. Sales were disappointing and ALCo's profitability suffered.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: GE entered the export road-diesel locomotive market in 1956. GE introduced its newest locomotive to the domestic market in 1960, quickly took the number- two position from ALCo, and eventually eclipsed EMD in overall production. Despite continual innovation in its designs (the first AC/DC transmission among others), ALCo gradually succumbed to its competition, in which its former ally, General Electric, was an important element.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In India during 1960s began gradual withdrawal of Steam locomotives from Indian Railways so the Diesel electric locomotive WDM series was developed by Banaras Locomotive Works with help of American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for Indian Railways .In 1962 Alco locomotives entered in service and since then Thousands of Alco class Locomotive WDM-2, WDM-3A


title: American Locomotive Company

text: , WDM-3D would be manufactured and rebuilt which would make most successful locomotives of Indian Railways serving both passenger and freight trains and still retain operational status for Indian railways today


title: American Locomotive Company

text: A new line of Century locomotives including the 630 (the first AC/DC transmission), the 430 and the 636, the first 3,600 horsepower (2.7 MW) locomotive, failed to keep the enterprise going. Third-place in the market proved to be an impossible position; ALCo products had neither the market position nor reputation for reliability of EMD's products, nor the financing muscle and customer support of GE. It could not earn enough profits. In the late 1960s, Alco gradually ceased locomotive production, shipping its last two locomotives, a pair of T-6 switchers to the Newburgh & South Shore Railroad (#1016 and #1017) in January 1969. ALCo closed its Schenectady locomotive plant later that year, and sold its designs to the Montreal Locomotive Works in Canada. The vast ALCo Schenectady plant was completely demolished by 2019, and its site is now occupied by a large industrial park.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco diversified into areas other than automobiles with greater success. During World War II, Alco built munitions for the war effort, in addition to locomotive production; this continued throughout the Korean War. After the Korean War, Alco entered the oil production equipment and nuclear power plant markets. With the latter, it began to manufacture heat exchangers for nuclear plants.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In 1955, the company was renamed Alco Products, Incorporated. By this stage locomotive production only accounted for 20% of the business.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The first nuclear power plant connected to the electrical grid, the SM-1, was built for the Army Nuclear Power Program at Fort Belvoir in Virginia in 1957. Another complete plant, the PM-2A, was shipped to and constructed at Camp Century in Greenland. The Camp Century plant was filmed by the U.S. Army in a documentary film that was uploaded to YouTube in November 2014.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The company was purchased in 1964 by the Worthington Corporation, which merged with the Studebaker corporation in 1967 to form Studebaker-Worthington, Alco remaining a wholly owned subsidiary. Former divisions of Alco became semi-independent subsidiaries in 1968.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: After the termination of locomotive production in 1969, the locomotive designs (but not the engine development rights) were transferred to the Montreal Locomotive Works, which continued their manufacture. The diesel engine business was sold to White Motor Corporation in 1970, which developed White Industrial Power. In 1977 White Industrial Power was sold to the British General Electric Company (GEC) which renamed the unit Alco Power. The business was subsequently sold to the Fairbanks-Morse corporation, which continues to manufacture Alco-designed engines in addition to their own design.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The heat exchanger business continued as Alco Products for a time. At some later point, some of the heat exchanger products were manufactured by the Alco Products Division of Smithco Engineering in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Smithco). In January 1983, certain assets of the Alco Products Division of Smithco, namely double-pipe and hairpin-type heat exchanger products sold under the "Alco Twin" name, mark and style, were sold in an asset sale by Smithco to Bos-Hatten, a subsidiary of Nitram Energy. Following the sale of these assets, Smithco remained in business, manufacturing other heat exchange products. In 1985, the assets acquired from Smithco were assigned by Bos-Hatten to its parent, Nitram. In 2008, Nitram was acquired by Peerless Manufacturing Co In 2015, Peerless sold its heat exchanger business to Koch Heat Transfer Co.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: After the closure of Alco's Schenectady works, locomotives to Alco designs continued to be manufactured in Canada by Montreal Locomotive Works and in Australia by AE Goodwin. In addition, Alco-derived locomotives form the major portion of diesel power on the Indian Railways. Many thousands of locomotives with Alco lineage are in regular mainline use everywhere in India, and around 100 new locomotives are added every year.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Most of these locomotives are built by the Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW), located at Varanasi, India. The Diesel Loco Modernisation Works (DMW) at Patiala, India, do mid-life rebuilding and upgrading the power of these locomotives, typically the WDM-2 to .


title: American Locomotive Company

text: A number of Alco and MLW diesel-electric locomotives (models DL500C, DL532B, DL537, DL543, MX627 and MX636) are in daily use hauling freight trains of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) in Greece. The oldest of them (class A.201, DL532B) were delivered to the former Hellenic State Railways (SEK) in 1962. In addition to a variety of standard gauge locomotives, the fleet includes 11 metre gauge Alco locomotives, mainly used for departmental trains in the Peloponnese network. The MX627 and MX636 locomotives have been extensively rebuilt at Piraeus Central Factory of OSE. The remaining Alco locomotives are also being rebuilt, starting with models DL532B and DL537.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The ALCO 251 diesel engine is still manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse of Beloit, Wisconsin, a company which also manufactured diesel locomotives. Additionally, Alco diesel engines are used to power the NASA Crawler Transporter.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco and MLW locomotives still work on many regional and tourist railroads across the United States and Canada, including the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the Catskill Mountain Railroad in Kingston; the Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad family of lines based in Lakeville, New York, the Lake Whatcom Railway in Wickersham, Washington and the Middletown & Hummelstown Railroad in Middletown, Pennsylvania. The latter owns one of the last true ALCO switchers ever built, #1016. The 1016 is a T-6 type switcher engine. This and ALCO sister 151 (ex Western Maryland Railway S-6) provide daily service in Middletown. Two original Alco RS-2's that were delivered to the Nevada Northern Railway are still in operation.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: ALCO-Cooke 2-8-0 #18, built in 1920, survives in passenger service on the Arcade & Attica Railroad in Arcade, New York. It returned to service in May 2009 after a six-year overhaul to bring it into compliance with the FRA's new steam locomotive regulations.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Great Western 60, a 2-8-0 built in Schenectady in 1937, currently operates in passenger service on the Black River & Western Railroad in Ringoes, NJ.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Some Alcos survive on Australian networks, as well as in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Another fleet of Alco Bombardier locomotives run in rugged terrain on the Sri Lanka railway network. Argentina also has a healthy fleet of Alcos DL540 running commuter and cargo trains.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: The Glenbrook Vintage Railway New Zealand, has a 2-4-4-2 articulated compound mallet, built by Alco in 1912. Only four mallets with this wheel arrangement were ever built; the other three by Baldwin. This unique loco is currently out of service awaiting overhaul.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: During the 1970s, Romania's UCMR Resita made licensed engines from ALCo, putting the engines 6&12R251 into naval gensets and also with the 6R251 in FAUR factory were made locomotives known as LDH 1500 CP. (CFR Classes 67/68/70/71 and CFR Class 61). They were also exported in Iran and Greece (OSE)


title: American Locomotive Company

text: While regular production of steam locomotives by Alco ended in the 1950s, Alco-built steam engines have been preserved in locations across North America. They can be found on the Nevada Northern Railway in Ely, Nevada; at the Orange Empire Railway Museum in California, on the Lake Whatcom Railway in Washington and on the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad in Colorado. Several Alco-built mainline engines are still operational, such as Union Pacific 844, Union Pacific Big Boy 4014, Milwaukee Road 261 and Soo Line 1003. UP Challenger 3985 ran until 2010, but is now in storage at the Union Pacific steam shop in Cheyenne, Wyoming.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In Portugal an Alco 2-8-2 locomotive built 1945 (Construction number: 73480) is displayed at the National Railway Museum at Entroncamento.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Another, preserved, Alco-built locomotive, is a 2-10-0 construction number 75506/1947 (local name ), stored at Zduńska Wola Railway Museum, Poland.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In Spain an Alco 2-3-0 locomotive built 1916 (Construction number: 57068) is displayed at the Ceuta .


title: American Locomotive Company

text: In February 2014, in the episode "The Locomotive Manipulation" of the TV series "The Big Bang Theory," takes place on a train pulled by what is described as an "Alco FA-4".


title: American Locomotive Company

text: Noted railroad artist Howard L. Fogg began his career at Alco. Hired in 1946 as Alco's new company artist, Fogg began painting locomotives in the livery of prospective customers and taking photographs of them.


title: American Locomotive Company

text: At an Alco gala at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, Lucius Beebe, a noted journalist with the "New York Herald-Tribune," sought out Fogg. Beebe was considering leaving New York to write railroad books. They began a long-term collaboration, with Beebe buying Fogg's paintings and commissioning new ones for use in his books. In 1947, Beebe's book, "Mixed Train Daily," was the first of many to use a Fogg painting on the cover. Fogg was also used by many other railroad authors because of his skill at capturing action shots. With commissions from individuals, authors, publishers, railroads, and related industrial firms flourishing, in 1957 Fogg ended his formal agreement with Alco. He continued to paint periodic commissions for them for a number of years.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Jessica Gomes (born 25 September 1985) is an Australian model who appeared in the "Swimsuit Issue" of the American publication "Sports Illustrated" every year from 2008 to 2015. She works extensively in Australia and Asia.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes was the featured spokesperson for Australian company David Jones Limited from 2013 to Dec 2019. She has also been a spokesperson for South Korean conglomerates LG Electronics and Hyundai. Gomes served as the face of the Estee Lauder/Sean John fragrance "Unforgivable".


title: Jessica Gomes

text: She is the daughter of a Portuguese father, Joe Gomes (who spent time in Paris), and a Singaporean mother of Chinese descent, Jenny (who was born in Hong Kong but grew up in Singapore), who both moved to Australia in the 1970s. She was born in Sydney and raised in Perth in a semi-rural environment as the youngest child in her family, with two older sisters and an older brother.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes's mother sent her to modelling classes at Linda-Ann Model Academy in the Perth suburb of Midland at the age of 13. There her acting led to a modeling contest and the start of her career. In 2004, she signed with IMG Models after moving to New York City. She has avoided Paris and Milan and worked extensively in most of Asia's major markets — including Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai — where she feels mixed heritage models are more successful. According to Diane Smith, senior editor of the "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue, she is regarded as a "nontraditional" beauty and in her Australian homeland she is regarded for her multiracial background.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes has enjoyed much success through South Korean advertising campaigns. In 2007 she appeared in advertisements for Hyundai Sonata. The following year, she appeared in an advertisement for LG Cyon Bikini Phone, in which she promoted the split screen cellphone wearing a two-piece bikini, under the tagline "Touch the Wonder." This ad campaign is credited as having pushed Gomes to stardom in South Korea. Her popularity grew, and by 2013 between her spokesmanships and Korean television show appearances, she had reached celebrity status.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Beyond her South Korean success, Gomes has appeared in "Vogue", "Teen Vogue", "Glamour", "American Glamour" and "Victoria's Secret" catalogue, has modeled for DKNY Jeans, Garnier, Levi's, Motorola, Urban Outfitters and Victoria's Secret, and appeared on the cover of "Biba". She signed with Estee Lauder as the face of Sean John's Unforgivable fragrance. She has been featured in ads for Jay-Z Rocawear. In 2009, she was in a Cass Beer ad campaign with Lee Min-ho. She was the Maxim Cover girl for November 2011. On Friday 22 March 2013, Gomes was announced as the fashion ambassador for Australian retail giant David Jones Limited, replacing Miranda Kerr and joining Megan Gale, Jason Dundas, Montana Cox, Gai Waterhouse and Emma Freedman. That July, she debuted for Jones on the runway. After Gomes became the face of Enprani Cosmetics, she launched a lip gloss named "Gomes Pink". Gomes has also shot editorials for the Australian and Vietnamese editions of "Harper's Bazaar" and modelled for the cover of "Cleo".


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes was listed at number 34, 8 and 94 in the 2012, 2013 and 2014 AskMen international poll of "world's most desirable women". She is listed at number 25 in the "Maxim" Top 25 Hottest Females of 2012 and number 8 in "Maxim Australia" Hot 100 of 2012. In 2013, she was listed at number 6.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: In 2008, she was part of a record group of seven "rookie" Swimsuit Issue models, along with Quiana Grant, Melissa Haro, Yasmin Brunet, Melissa Baker, Jeisa Chiminazzo and Jarah Mariano. That year, she was featured in a bodypainting layout as a canvas for body-paint artist Joanne Gair. By the time of her fifth consecutive Swimsuit issue, she had surpassed all models of Asian heritage.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: The modeling school in Midland where Gomes attended was also a child casting agency and in 1997, Gomes, along with many other students of the school, appeared as extras in the Australian miniseries "The adventures of the Bush Patrol".


title: Jessica Gomes

text: While she lived in New York City, she studied at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. Her Chinese-Portuguese heritage has contributed to her popularity in the Asian market, and in 2009, her reality TV-show "My Name Is Jessica Gomes" was launched on the English language South Korean television network On Style owned by On-Media. In the shows second season it chronicled her time in New York.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: She made her dancing debut in the Korean version of "Dancing with the Stars" on 10 June 2011. She placed third that season. In 2012, Gomes appeared in the 14th episode of the 7th cycle of "Germany's Next Topmodel", assisting the candidates how to do jumping poses in fashion editorials.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes appeared in the 2014 film "", the 2017 films "Once Upon a Time in Venice" starring Bruce Willis and in "Father Figures" co-starring with Owen Wilson and the 2020 Netflix film "Tigertail" alongside John Cho.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: Gomes has a variety of East Coast Hip Hop connections. In January 2012, Gomes was revealed as the voice behind saying the name of Rick Ross's label Maybach Music Group at the beginning of certain tracks that the company produces. She is "name-checked" in the Kanye West GOOD Fridays song "Christian Dior Denim Flow". Gomes participated as a celebrity driver in a promotional celebrity challenge racing event by Mazda associated with the 2013 Australian Grand Prix. In 2015, Gomes starred in Chinese Pop singer Z.Tao’s music video “Crown”.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: One of Gomes' sisters, Bianca, was a successful model in Australia and overseas before Jessica began modeling seriously. She counts Australian Elle Macpherson and the multiracial model China Machado, the first non-white model to appear on the cover of a US fashion magazine, as her role models. She dined with Perth native and friend Heath Ledger in New York the day before he died.


title: Jessica Gomes

text: In 2005, Gomes moved to New York City and was a flatmate of Gemma Ward. She formerly attended La Salle College. She continued to live in New York at the time of her Swimsuit Issue debut in 2008 and as late as 2011.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Irish nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of the Republic of Ireland. The primary law governing these regulations is the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956, which came into force on 17 July 1956. Regulations apply to the entire island of Ireland, including the Republic of Ireland itself and Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the United Kingdom.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Ireland is a member state of the European Union (EU) and all Irish nationals are EU citizens. They have automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any EU or European Free Trade Association (EFTA) country and may vote in elections to the European Parliament.


title: Irish nationality law

text: All persons born in the Republic before 1 January 2005 were automatically citizens by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Irish citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one), a British citizen, or a long-term resident on the island of Ireland. Persons born in Northern Ireland are usually entitled to (but not automatically granted) Irish citizenship largely under the same terms. Foreign nationals may become Irish citizens by naturalisation after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years).


title: Irish nationality law

text: Ireland as a whole was previously part of the United Kingdom and local residents were British subjects. Although most of Ireland gained independence in 1922 and Irish citizens no longer hold British nationality, they continue to have favoured status when residing in the United Kingdom; they are considered to have automatic and permanent permission to live in the UK and are eligible to vote, stand for public office, and serve in non-reserved government positions.


title: Irish nationality law

text: The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a sovereign state and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. This distinction is clearly defined in non-English speaking countries but not in the Anglosphere.


title: Irish nationality law

text: In the immediate period following Irish independence in 1922, Irish citizenship was a domestic status that existed as a subcategory within a wider British nationality (British subject status) applicable to all citizens of the British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations. Despite Irish attempts to assert a separate nationality in the 1930s, this separation was not acknowledged by Britain until 1949. In the modern Irish context, there is now little distinction between the two terms and they are used interchangeably.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Since the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, England has been politically and militarily involved on the island. English control was tenuous until the Tudor conquest in the 16th century, during which the entire island was assimilated into the Kingdom of Ireland. After passage of the Acts of Union 1800, Ireland was merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Accordingly, British nationality law applied in Ireland. Any person born in Ireland, as a constituent part of the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject.


title: Irish nationality law

text: British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on past precedent and common law. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether rules for naturalisation in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the Empire. Colonies had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation up to that point. In 1847, the British Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in Canada was a British subject there, but not in England or New Zealand. When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection.


title: Irish nationality law

text: The British Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. Dominions that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Resistance to the Union and desire for local self-governance led to the Irish War of Independence. Following the war, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two parts. Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. When the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force on 6 December 1922, any individual domiciled in Ireland automatically became an Irish citizen if they were: born in Ireland, born to at least one parent who themself was born in Ireland, or living in Ireland for at least seven years prior to independence. Any person who already held citizenship of another country could choose not to accept Irish citizenship.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment. This option was exercised on 7 December 1922. The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution had automatically become Irish citizens on that date.


title: Irish nationality law

text: At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire. Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders. A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who traveled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject. This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State".


title: Irish nationality law

text: When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue Irish passports in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects". The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents. British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports. This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State". Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the Common Travel Area.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Although the Constitution provided a definition of who acquired citizenship at the time of independence, it contained no detail on how to acquire it after 1922. This created a number of anomalous situations, including the inability to naturalise foreigners resident in Ireland and foreign spouses of Irish citizens being unable to acquire citizenship.


title: Irish nationality law

text: By the end of the First World War, the other Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Legislation clarifying citizenship acquisition was delayed due to the government's desire to negotiate an exception in British subject status with the rest of the Commonwealth. Ultimately, no compromise on the issue was reached but Ireland did not pass its own nationality legislation until after passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act enacted by the Oireachtas in 1935 provided a full framework detailing requirements for obtaining citizenship.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Under the 1935 Act, any individual who was born in the Irish Free State on or after 6 December 1922, or born overseas to an Irish father who himself was born in the state, was a natural-born citizen. Children born abroad to an Irish father who himself was not born within the Free State were required to have had their birth registered within two years. Northern Ireland was treated as outside of the Free State for the purposes of this Act.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Any person born in Ireland before 6 December 1922 who did not automatically acquire citizenship under the Constitution due to their residence abroad on that date could acquire citizenship by becoming domiciled in the Free State, along with their children. Irish-born individuals continuing to live overseas became eligible to acquire Irish citizenship by registration, provided that they had not voluntarily naturalised as citizens of another country. Foreign nationals who resided in the Free State for at least five years could apply for naturalisation. Irish citizens older than age 21 who acquired foreign citizenship automatically lost Irish citizenship, and any Irish child who was registered in the Foreign Births Register was required after reaching age 21 to make a declaration of their intention to retain Irish citizenship and stating that they had renounced all other nationalities.


title: Irish nationality law

text: During the period before passage of the 1935 Act, the government enacted several pieces of legislation that restricted certain types of economic activity to "Irish nationals". Under the Control of Manufactures Act 1932, Irish companies were required to be majority-owned by Irish nationals. Because legislation was not yet enacted that defined who was a national, this Act provided a separate definition: an Irish "national" was someone born within the borders of the Free State or had been domiciled there for at least five years before 1932. Significant portions of the Northern Irish population became treated as foreigners in commerce as a consequence of these provisions.


title: Irish nationality law

text: This statutory definition differed based on the type of business that a particular Act was regulating. For agriculture and banking, a person born overseas must have been resident in the Free State for at least five years before 1933 to qualify as an Irish national. However, when determining the amount of stamp duty to be levied on property transactions, an Irish national was someone who had lived in the state for three years before 1947. This discrepancy between "Irish national" and "Irish citizen" was not resolved until legislative reform in 1956.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Standard regulations in Commonwealth countries at the time strictly complied with the doctrine of coverture, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise. Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. The 1935 Irish legislation stated that marriage between an Irish citizen and foreign spouse did not affect the national status of either spouse, eroding imperial legal uniformity in this regard. New Zealand and Australia also amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Moreover, the 1935 Act further deviated from the common code by creating an Irish nationality distinct from British nationality and explicitly repeals all related British-enacted legislation. Despite this separation, British subjects from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries remained defined as non-foreign in Irish law and those resident in Ireland continued to be treated almost identically to Irish citizens. Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since passage of this Act. Regardless, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation. The Irish government rejected adopting this provision to avoid the appearance that the Free State was acknowledging in any way that Britain could legislate for Ireland and due to overwhelmingly negative public opinion of the post-independence populace. Although residents of Northern Ireland were disadvantaged in acquiring citizenship and conducting commerce under Irish law, the territory remained defined as an integral part of the state in the revised 1937 Constitution of Ireland.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to British nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system.


title: Irish nationality law

text: The British Nationality Act 1948 abolished the common code and each Commonwealth country would enact legislation to create its own nationality. British subject was redefined to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. Commonwealth citizen is defined in the Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and removed the British monarch's remaining official functions in the Irish state in 1948, consequently ceasing to be a member of the Commonwealth after passage of the Ireland Act 1949 in the British Parliament. Despite this, Irish citizens continued to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom, retaining the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Commonwealth citizens initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland after 1949. British authorities systemically discouraged non-white immigration into the UK, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any Commonwealth citizens originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland. However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen. The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999.


title: Irish nationality law

text: The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956 (which replaced the earlier 1935 Act) expanded the available pathways to acquiring citizenship and allowed more situations to retain it. Restrictions on holding multiple nationalities were repealed and any Irish citizen who acquired another nationality no longer automatically lost their Irish citizenship. Individuals could instead voluntarily choose to renounce their Irish citizenship, which was first allowed in this Act, and any person born in Northern Ireland who did not otherwise acquire Irish citizenship by descent could claim citizenship by making a formal declaration. Foreign wives of male Irish citizens could register as citizens with no further requirements and citizenship became transferable by descent through mothers as well as fathers. Although children born overseas to foreign-born Irish citizens were still required to be registered in the Foreign Births Register to claim citizenship, registration was no longer subject to a time limit. registered individuals were deemed to have been Irish citizens backdated to their date of birth, allowing their children born at any time to acquire citizenship as well.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Foreign husbands of Irish citizens became eligible for citizenship by marriage with an amendment in 1986, but a three-year waiting period was introduced for applicants of either sex before eligible individuals could apply and couples were required to be living together in the same residence. Registration in the Foreign Births Register no longer makes citizenship effective from an applicant's date of birth but from the date of registration instead. The 1986 amendment provided for a six-month transition period ending on 31 December 1986 when registration continued to be backdated, triggering a rush among affected individuals to register before the new rules took effect. The sudden large volume of applications became impossible to process before the end of the year, resulting in some individuals losing their entitlement to citizenship from birth. A further amendment in 1994 allowed those who had applied during the transition period but did not have their applications processed in time to re-register under the 1956 Act. Since 2004, spouses of Irish citizens no longer have a facilitated path to acquiring citizenship.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Ireland joined the European Communities (EC) in 1973, a set of organisations that later developed into the European Union. Irish citizens have since been able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome and participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979. With the creation of European Union citizenship by the 1992 Maastrict Treaty, free movement rights were expanded to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status. Following the United Kingdom's 2016 referendum in favour of leaving the EU, Irish citizenship applications from Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) increased substantially. While only 54 people from Britain naturalised as Irish citizens in 2015 before the referendum, this number had grown to 1,156 by 2021. Despite the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, Irish citizens continue to have free movement in the UK and Crown dependencies.


title: Irish nationality law

text: In 1988, a citizenship by investment pathway was created to attract foreign investment into the country as a way to help lower the high unemployment rate. A foreigner could acquire Irish citizenship through this programme after investing IR£1 million in a business with the goal of creating or maintaining 10 jobs for at least five years. Investors were required to maintain an Irish address or live in the country for at least 60 days before receiving an Irish passport.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Under the 1956 Act, the Minister for Justice has absolute discretionary power to waive any requirements for citizenship. The citizenship by investment programme was operated under this authority and was not publicly advertised. About 100 people were able to acquire Irish citizenship through this pathway before its end in 1998. A significant number of applicants who acquired Irish passports in this way never lived or even entered the country and their commitments to boosting Irish employment were not fulfilled.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Negotiations for the Northern Ireland peace process began between the British and Irish governments in 1991 and resulted in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Under these accords, Northern Irish residents were acknowledged as having the right to hold either or both British and Irish citizenships, and any person born on the island of Ireland had a right to hold Irish citizenship. Both of these changes became constitutional entitlements when the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was adopted in 1999.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Although Ireland had long granted birthright citizenship to any person born on the island prior to this amendment as a part of statute law, increasing levels of immigration into the country soon affected the degree to which that entitlement would be given. In the 1990 Supreme Court case "Fajujonu v Minister for Justice", it was ruled that noncitizen parents of Irish-born children were entitled to remain in Ireland through their children's rights of residence. The application of this ruling was extremely permissive in the immediate subsequent period; any non-Irish parent of a child born in Ireland was permitted to remain. The scope of this entitlement was reduced in a 2003 Supreme Court ruling, which determined that the Minister for Justice could examine the circumstances by which a noncitizen parent was claiming a right to remain and held discretionary power to deport any such persons found to be acting contrary to national interest. For Irish-born children with one Irish citizen parent, the noncitizen parent continued to be granted a right to remain without any such qualifications. About 10,600 people were able to claim Irish residence through their Irish-born children.


title: Irish nationality law

text: However, the scope of noncitizen parental residence rights in the EU was expanded in the 2004 European Court of Justice case "Chen v Home Secretary" in which Man Lavette Chen, a Chinese woman who had traveled to Northern Ireland to give birth to her Irish citizen daughter then subsequently relocated to Wales with the intention of permanently living in the UK, was ruled to have a right of residence in the EU as the primary caregiver of an EU citizen exercising free movement rights in another member state. In response to the perceived "abuse" of citizenship, the Irish government proposed a constitutional amendment limiting birthright citizenship only to people with a sufficient existing connection to Ireland. The Irish and British governments issued a joint statement clarifying that the intent of the Good Friday Agreement was not to grant citizenship to persons unconnected to the country and that the proposed changes would not violate the existing agreement on Northern Ireland.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Following a 2004 referendum, the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was enacted that made the entitlement to birthright citizenship for people without Irish parents dependent on legislation rather than the Constitution. That entitlement was then revoked by the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004. Children born in Ireland beginning in 2005 are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one), a British citizen, or a long-term resident on the island of Ireland.


title: Irish nationality law

text: All persons born in the Republic of Ireland before 1 January 2005 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born anywhere on the island of Ireland from that year on receive Irish citizenship at birth if they are not entitled to any other country's citizenship. Otherwise, they are entitled to (but are not automatically granted) citizenship if at least one parent is an Irish citizen or holds an entitlement to Irish citizenship, a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled in Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years. Any person entitled to Irish citizenship who performs an act that only an Irish citizen has a right to do, such as applying for an Irish passport or registering to vote in national elections, automatically becomes a citizen.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Individuals born in Northern Ireland from 6 December 1922 to 1 December 1999 who did not have an Irish citizen parent were entitled to become Irish citizens by declaration. Any person born in that territory from 2 December 1999 to 31 December 2004 is entitled to Irish citizenship regardless of the statuses of their parents; this includes children born in Ireland between these dates to foreign government officials with diplomatic immunity, who are eligible to claim citizenship by special declaration.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Children born overseas are Irish citizens by descent if either parent is an Irish citizen (or entitled to be one) and was born in Ireland, while those born to a parent who was also born overseas are only entitled to Irish citizenship if their birth is registered at an Irish diplomatic mission or the parent was resident abroad while in public service. Irish citizenship can be continually transmitted through each generation born abroad provided that each subsequent generational birth is registered in the Foreign Births Register. About 1.47 million Irish citizens live outside of the Republic, although this number does not include those resident in Northern Ireland or Britain.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Adopted children are automatically granted Irish citizenship if the adoption is completed in Ireland; parents adopting children overseas must register an adoption with Irish authorities for the process to take effect in Irish law and are required to apply for immigration clearance before any adopted children may enter the country as citizens. Abandoned children found in Ireland with unclear parentage are considered to have been born on the island to at least one Irish parent.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Foreigners over the age of 18 (and minors if born in Ireland) may naturalise as Irish citizens after residing in the country for at least five of previous nine years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an application. For applicants married to or in civil partnership with Irish citizens, the residence requirement is reduced to three of the last five years. Candidates must satisfy a good character requirement and intend to remain domiciled in Ireland after naturalising. Individuals under investigation by local police are routinely denied naturalisation. Successful applicants are required to take an oath of citizenship at a public citizenship ceremony. The Minister for Justice has discretionary power to waive any or all citizenship requirements for applicants who are of Irish descent or association, minor children of naturalised citizens, individuals in public service stationed overseas, or recognised refugees and stateless persons.


title: Irish nationality law

text: Irish citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, provided that the declarant ordinarily resides overseas and already possesses or is in the process of obtaining another nationality. Renunciations cannot be made during wartime unless exceptionally approved by the Minister for Justice. Former citizens who were born on the island of Ireland may subsequently apply to reacquire citizenship. Previously naturalised individuals or those who had acquired citizenship by descent do not have a direct path to citizenship restoration and must complete the naturalisation process to regain Irish citizenship.