title: Crisis

text: An environmental disaster is a disaster that is due to human activity and should not be confused with natural disasters "(see below)". In this case, the impact of humans' alteration of the ecosystem has led to widespread and/or long-lasting consequences. It can include the deaths of animals (including humans) and plant systems, or severe disruption of human life, possibly requiring migration.


title: Crisis

text: A "natural disaster" is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) which moves from potential in to an active phase, and as a result affects human activities. Human vulnerability, exacerbated by the lack of planning or lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas.


title: Crisis

text: For lists of natural disasters, see the list of disasters or the list of deadliest natural disasters.


title: Crisis

text: An "endangered species" is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in number, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. An endangered species is usually a taxonomic species, but may be another evolutionary significant unit. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has classified 38 percent of the 44,837 species assessed by 2008 as threatened.


title: Crisis

text: For information about crises in the field of study in international relations, see crisis management and international crisis. In this context, a crisis can be loosely defined as a situation where there is a perception of threat, heightened anxiety, expectation of possible violence and the belief that any actions will have far-reaching consequences (Lebow, 7–10).


title: Crisis

text: A personal crisis occurs when an individual can no longer cope with a situation. This is preceded by events of an extraordinary nature triggering extreme tension and stress within an individual, i.e., the crisis, which then requires major decisions or actions to resolve. Crises can be triggered by a wide range of situations including, but not limited to, extreme weather conditions, sudden change in employment/financial state, medical emergencies, long-term illness, and social or familial turmoil. Crises are simply a change in the events that comprise the day-to-day life of a person and those in their close circle, such as the loss of a job, extreme financial hardship, substance addiction/abuse, and other situations that are life-altering and require action that is outside the "normal" daily routine. A person going through a crisis experiences a state of mental disequilibrium, in which the ego struggles to balance both internal and external demands. In this case, said person resorts to coping mechanisms to deal with the stress. Various coping mechanisms include:


title: Crisis

text: In some cases, it is difficult for an individual undergoing a crisis to adapt to the situation. As it is outside of their normal range of functioning, it is common that one endures a struggle to control emotions. This lack of control can lead to suicidal tendencies, substance abuse, trouble with the law and general avoidance of resources available for help. One such resource used to aid an individual in crisis is their social support system, which can come in the form of family, friends, coworkers, or health professionals. It is important that a support system consists of people that the individual trusts. Although these support systems play a crucial role in aiding an individual through a crisis, they are also the underlying cause of two thirds of mental health crises. The aforementioned mental health crises can include marital issues, abandonment, parental conflict and family struggles.


title: Crisis

text: In order to aid someone in a crisis, it is crucial to be able to identify the signs that indicate they are undergoing an internal conflict. These signs, as well as the aforementioned coping mechanisms, include:


title: Crisis

text: As aforementioned, a crisis to this day can be overcome by implementing mechanisms such as: sleep, rejection, physical exercise, meditation and thinking. To assist individuals in regaining emotional equilibrium, intervention can be used. The overall goal of crisis intervention is to get the individual back to a pre-crisis level of functioning or higher with the help of a social support group. As said by Judith Swan, there's a strong correlation between the client's emotional balance and the trust in their support system in helping them throughout their crisis. The steps of crisis intervention are: to assess the situation based on behavior patterns of the individual, decide what type of help is needed (make a plan of action), and finally to take action/intervention, based on the individual's skills to regain equilibrium. In the context of natural disasters and other climate change-related crises, emotional activation is common. Collective processing of emotional experiences is an important part of enabling individuals to increase in their resilience, leading to greater community engagement and a sense of belongingness. When appropriate support for emotional experiences is provided, climate change-induced emotions are adaptive.


title: Crisis

text: The Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario proposed the ABC model for dealing with client's interventions in crises:


title: Crisis

text: Moreover, another method for helping individuals who are suffering in a crisis is active listening; it is defined as seeing circumstances from another perspective and letting the other person know that the negotiator (the helper) understands their perspective. Through this, they establish trust and rapport by demonstrating empathy, understanding, and objectivity in a non-judgmental way. It is important for the negotiator to listen to verbal and non-verbal reactions of the person in need, in order to be able to label the emotion that the individual is showing. Thus, this demonstrates that the helper is tuned in emotionally. Furthermore, there are other techniques that can be used to demonstrate active listening such as paraphrasing, silence, and reflecting or mirroring. The goal in active listening is to keep the person talking about their situation.


title: Crisis

text: When the control parameter of a chaotic system is modified, the chaotic attractor touches an unstable


title: Rock On!!

text: Rock On!! is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language musical drama film written and directed by Abhishek Kapoor, produced by Farhan Akhtar, and with music by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. The film marks the successful Bollywood debut of Akhtar and Prachi Desai. Akhtar, Arjun Rampal, Luke Kenny, and Purab Kohli star as members of the Mumbai-based grunge rock band, "Magik" (formed in 1998) who reunite in 2008. The winner of seven Filmfare Awards, "Rock On!!" was critically acclaimed but had an average performance at the box office. Inspired by the critically acclaimed South Korean movie 'A Happy Life'. The film was archived at the Academy Film Archive library.


title: Rock On!!

text: "Rock On!!" begins in Mumbai, with the rock band Magik, in 1998. The band are best friends and enjoy a carefree, freewheeling life together. Aditya Shroff (Farhan Akhtar) is the lead singer who rebelled against his well-to-do family to play music. Joseph (Joe) Mascarenhas (Arjun Rampal) is the lead guitarist who feels the necessity to prove his worth as a musician. Keyboardist Rob Nancy (Luke Kenny) and drummer Kedar Zaveri (a.k.a. KD/"Killer Drummer" (Purab Kohli) comprise the remainder of the band. After a competition is announced by Channel V, they decide to enter, as the winner will be offered an album contract and at least one music video.


title: Rock On!!

text: Magik win the competition, but soon realise they will have to go through some sacrifices while signing the contract. Joe feels the most slighted when a song he wrote for his girlfriend, Debbie (Shahana Goswami), which was the only slow track on the entire album, is excluded from the track list to make space for a remix song. Debbie is also rejected as the band's stylist without even being called for any demonstration. Later, when filming the music video, the band are forced to wear clothes they do not like, and the cameramen focus only on Aditya. Joe becomes furious at Aditya and the director, hitting them both before leaving with Debbie. Aditya, who failed to notice that anything was amiss, is shocked and as the band loses their contract, he reacts by abandoning music as well his girlfriend Tania (Nicolette Bird). "Magik" thus disbands and its members become estranged.


title: Rock On!!

text: Ten years later, Aditya is a wealthy, high-powered investment banker with a beautiful wife, Sakshi (Prachi Desai), and a luxury home, yet he is constantly unhappy. Hoping to relieve his habitual sullen mood, Sakshi decides to gift him a gold-chain wrist watch for his birthday. She meets her friend Devika (Koel Purie) at a jewellery shop, which by chance is owned by KD's father and where KD himself is working, albeit unenthusiastically. He overhears Sakshi talking about Aditya and introduces himself. Sakshi later conveys the meeting to Aditya who denies having ever known anyone called KD. Soon afterwards, while Aditya is away on a business trip, Sakshi finds a box containing old photos and videos of Magik. She takes them to show KD and asks him come to a birthday party she is planning for Aditya, and to invite the rest of the band.


title: Rock On!!

text: KD meets with Rob, who now makes a living composing jingles for advertisements. Together, they invite Joe, who is now married to Debbie but lives largely unemployed, with an eight-year-old son. The family is supported by Debbie, who has a small fishing business but who also holds a grudge against the band for the way it affected Joe. Joe feels he should reconcile with his old friends, but Debbie sees this as his weakness. KD and Rob thus attend the party without Joe, and Aditya is shocked to see them. He later scolds Sakshi for trying to dig up his past, which he claims to have left behind. Sakshi is hurt, and she leaves him after informing him that she is pregnant. Devika persuades Aditya to face his past and meet with his ex-bandmates. KD, Joe, and Rob meet up and visit the place where they used to practice as a band. Aditya also arrives and reconciles with Joe and the rest. They start practicing regularly at Aditya's house. Learning about this, Sakshi, too, returns to Aditya.


title: Rock On!!

text: Channel V announces another contest, and at Rob's insistence, the band enters. Meanwhile, Debbie arranges a guitar-playing job for Joe on a cruise ship, which is due to set sail on the same day as the contest. It is later discovered that Rob is dying of a brain tumour and his last wish is to perform with Magik. The contest is aired on the radio, and while Joe is on his way to the airport, he hears Magik perform the song he wrote for Debbie ten years earlier, which they dedicate to him. This prompts him to join the band at the competition, where he and Aditya sing a duet in a triumphant performance.


title: Rock On!!

text: The epilogue reveals that Rob died two months after that performance. Sakshi gives birth to a baby boy, whom they name "Rob" in memory of their friend. Devika is dating KD, who starts a record company with Joe. Debbie quits her job in the fishing business and becomes a successful stylist. The band members and their families meet every weekend to keep the band's "Magik" alive forever.


title: Rock On!!

text: Despite critical acclaim, the film grossed only 27.46 crore ($4.1 million) in India; Box Office India labeled it as an "average grosser". It earned on its opening day in India.


title: Rock On!!

text: "Rock On" was well received by a number of critics. Subhash K. Jha gave "Rock On" a rave review. He states: "Seldom has a film blended the music of life into the fabric of a film with such seamless expertise. "Rock On!!" is that rarity where every component character and episode falls into place with fluent virility." Nikhat Kazmi of the "Times of India" gave it four stars and argued, "if you really want to see how Bollywood has matured and come of age, then here's the perfect litmus test. For "Rock On" is a film that not only breaks new ground in terms of its subject matter – now when has desi movielore ever tackled something akin to Hollywood's "That Thing You Do" — it creates a whole new EQ (emotional quotient) for mainstream cinema." Khalid Mohamed, of the "Hindustan Times" gave the film three and a half out of four stars and describes it as "hard candy." He also states that "the performances are of the highest order". Manish Gajjar of the BBC gave "Rock On!!" four out of five stars and describes it as "an enthralling watch, with entertaining moments to make you smile. Predicted to be a cult movie for many years to come, it truly deserves the Bollywood awards this year! A must-see whether you are a rock fan or not!" Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave "Rock On!!" four out of five stars and states: "Put your hands together for one of the finest films of our times. Put your hands together for a director who pulls off a challenging subject with élan. Put your hands together for the actors who pitch in superlative performances." Kaveree Bamzai of "India Today" called "Rock On" "refreshing" and "surprisingly quiet and thoughtful."


title: Rock On!!

text: Other critics gave the film mixed reviews. Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film three out of five stars and states: "With "Rock On", director Abhishek Kapoor promises a true-blue band film, but ultimately delivers a masala Hindi film that just happens to be about a band [...] Yet, "Rock On" is rescued by some marvelous moments that stay with you until the end."


title: Rock On!!

text: The original score and songs were composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. The songs' lyrics were written by Javed Akhtar. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 12,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's thirteenth highest-selling.


title: Rock On!!

text: A sequel to the film, "Rock On 2", was released on 11 November 2016. Akhtar, Rampal, Kohli, Desai and Goswami reprise their roles from the first film.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Fanfare for the Common Man is a musical work by the American composer Aaron Copland. It was written in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under conductor Eugene Goossens and was inspired in part by a speech made earlier that year by then American Vice President Henry A. Wallace, in which Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the "Century of the Common Man".


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Several alternative versions have been made and fragments of the work have appeared in many subsequent US and British cultural productions, such as in the musical scores of movies.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Copland, in his autobiography, wrote of the request: "Eugene Goossens, conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, had written to me at the end of August about an idea he wanted to put into action for the 1942–43 concert season. During World War I he had asked British composers for a fanfare to begin each orchestral concert. It had been so successful that he thought to repeat the procedure in World War II with American composers". A total of 18 fanfares were written at Goossens' behest, but Copland's is the only one which remains in the standard repertoire.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: It was written in response to the US entry into World War II and was inspired in part by a famous 1942 speech


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Goossens had suggested titles such as "Fanfare for Soldiers", or sailors or airmen, and he wrote that "[i]t is my idea to make these fanfares stirring and significant contributions to the war effort..." Copland considered several titles including "Fanfare for a Solemn Ceremony" and "Fanfare for Four Freedoms"; to Goossens' surprise, however, Copland titled the piece "Fanfare for the Common Man". Goossens wrote, "Its title is as original as its music, and I think it is so telling that it deserves a special occasion for its performance. If it is agreeable to you, we will premiere it 12 March 1943 at income tax time". Copland's reply was "I [am] all for honoring the common man at income tax time".


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Copland later used the fanfare as the main theme of the fourth movement of his Third Symphony (composed between 1944 and 1946).


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL have used it as part of a pre-game video introduction of the team before it takes to the ice since moving into the United Center in 1994.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Several feature films employ the piece for dramatic effect. John Williams' main themes for the 1978 "Superman" film are partially based on the fanfare and his original score for "Saving Private Ryan" draws heavily on its soundworld (though Copland's piece is not actually heard in either movie). In "The Patriot", which Williams scored, the music of the final scene before the credits may be a nod to Copland's work. The fanfare functioned as Jimmy King's theme in "Ready to Rumble". The Bollywood film "Parinda" prominently features the piece as background score, including in a haunting opening depicting shots of Bombay.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: The first three notes of the piece are coincidentally the same as the sound made by the motors of the MR-73 class of cars on the Montreal Metro as they leave the station and accelerate.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Seven Network in Australia used "Fanfare" to accompany their "7 Sport" opener throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Additionally, Chris Conroy's World of Boats and Chris Conroy's Leisureworld both used a rock version of "Fanfare" for their opening credits.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: On September 21, 2012, "Fanfare" was played at Los Angeles International Airport as the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" touched down after its final flight.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: It featured in BBC Television's children's television programme, "Melody", as the second piece to inspire Melody's imagination. She imagined a family of elephants enjoying a mud bath.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: On May 15, 2014, it was played by the New York Philharmonic at the dedication of the 9/11 Museum in lower Manhattan.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: On September 26, 2015, it was played at Independence Hall in Philadelphia as Pope Francis came outside to make a speech on religious freedom, which he delivered from the lectern used by Abraham Lincoln to deliver the Gettysburg Address.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: On October 31, 2019, it was played on the roof of Radio24syv's headquarters in Copenhagen, Denmark, at midnight, when the station stopped broadcasting. The station was closed after eight years, because it controversially failed to get its broadcast license and funding renewed, after a long and windy political process.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: The New York Philharmonic's version of the song was traditionally played on New Year's Eve when the ball was raised at Times Square.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Professional Darts Player Phil "The Power" Taylor used the opening trumpet salutes as part of his walk-up music during his career. The music would then shift to "The Power" by Snap! as the Walkup continued.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Copland's fanfare was used in 1977 by British prog-rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer on the album "Works Volume 1". The track became one of the band's biggest hits when an edited version was released as a single that year. It peaked at No. 2 in the UK. Keith Emerson had long been an admirer of Copland's Americana style, previously using Copland's "Hoedown" on the band's "Trilogy" album in 1972.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Mannheim Steamroller also has a version on its "American Spirit" album. On August 28, 2010, it was played at the beginning of Glenn Beck's Restoring Honor rally.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: On January 12, 2011, the piece opened "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America", the memorial service for the victims of the 2011 Tucson shooting.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: In the 1990s, "Fanfare" began to be used to welcome the winner of the Aintree Grand National Steeplechase from the racecourse to the winner's enclosure as the timing of the piece roughly matched the time it took the winner to make the journey. When the enclosure was moved in 2010, "Fanfare" was used instead to announce the procession of competitors from the paddock to the course before the race.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

text: Vincent Montana Junior also recorded a version of "Fanfare for the Common Man - Montana" for his second Disco studio project for Atlantic Records ... Vince Montana was a formally a member of MFSB and was the Leader, Writer, Arranger & Producer of the Salsoul Orchestra


title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the "" anime series is directed by Hayato Date, and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo. They are based on Part II for Masashi Kishimoto's manga series. The sixth season aired from June 2009 to January 2010 on TV Tokyo. The season follows Sasuke Uchiha taking revenge against Itachi to avenge their clan. It also features two arcs focusing on the background stories for Kakashi Hatake and Jiraiya. The season is referred to by its DVDs as the chapter of released by Aniplex.


title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 6)

text: The seven DVD volumes were released in Japan between January 13, 2010 and July 7, 2011. Limited edition of Seventh DVD of "Master's Prophecy and Vengeance" comes with special DVD "Behind the Scenes of Uchiha" containing interview mixed with footage from episodes. Episodes 119 and 120, detailing the story of Kakashi and Obito Uchiha, were released on separate disc on December 16, 2009 under the title of .


title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 6)

text: The season aired on Neon Alley from January 12 to February 4, 2013. The season would make its English television debut on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block and premiere from May 22, 2016 to January 29, 2017.


title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 6)

text: The season uses five musical themes: two opening themes and three ending themes. by Ikimono-gakari is used as the opening theme from episode 113 to episode 128, continuing its usage from the . It was replaced in episode 129 with "Sign" by Flow. The first ending theme is by Super Beaver used for only the first three episodes of the season. "My Answer" by Seamo was used as the ending theme for episodes 116–128. It was replaced in episode 129 by by Kishidan and ran until episode 141. It was replaced by "For You" by Azu in episode 142. The third feature film, "", based on the series, was released on August 1, 2009. The broadcast versions of episodes from 119 to 124 include scenes from the film in the opening themes, while still retaining the music "Hotaru no Hikari" by Ikimono-gakari.


title: Devarattam

text: Devarattam () is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by M. Muthaiah produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja. The film stars Gautham Karthik and Manjima Mohan, while Vinodhini Vaidyanathan, Soori, and FEFSI Vijayan play supporting roles. The film's soundtrack is composed by Nivas K. Prasanna with editing done by Praveen K. L. and cinematography by Sakthi Saravanan. The film released on 1 May 2019. It received mixed to negative reviews but become a commercial hit.


title: Devarattam

text: Vetri (Gautham Karthik) lives in a casteist pride(devar) joint family with six sisters and their husbands. He has been brought up by his eldest sister Pechi (Vinodhini Vaidyanathan), and their relationship is more like a mother and son. Vetri, despite being a lawyer, has an anger problem and gets into unnecessary fights, but everybody in the family loves him as he is the first advocate in their family. However, soon he takes the law into his hands when he murders a sexual offender and his friend who happens to be the adopted son of Madurai's dreaded gangster, Kodumpavi Ganesan (FEFSI Vijayan). Ganesan swears revenge and promises to kill Vetri just like he murdered his son in the streets of Madurai in broad daylight. However, Ganesan instead kills Pechi and her husband (Bose Venkat). As revenge, Vetri kills Ganesan and places his severed head inside the fridge at home, a deed that he was supposed to have done before the funeral of the deceased relatives.


title: Devarattam

text: Srivatsan.S of The Hindu wrote ""Devarattam" is yet another Tamil film that uses rape/sexual assault as a ploy to take the story forward. The film comes at a time when the disturbing Pollachi incident is still fresh in our minds." Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost said "In the end, "Devarattam" seems like just another film which shows Madurai as a traditional land that is also a blood-soaked, lawless place where cops and gangsters are hand in glove." Janani.K of India Today writes as "Director Muthaiah's films follow the same template. So much so, that you can guess the story even before you have seen the film. Devarattam is the same: a cliched rural entertainer. Skip Devarattam at ease." Subhakeerthana.S of The Indian Express wrote "Mindless violence and bloodshed fill this below-average rural drama". Karthik Kumar of Hindustan Times said "If you are interested in a generic rural masala entertainer but one that has great action, then this Gautham Karthik starrer could be a film for you." Sudhir Sreenivasan of Cinema Express wrote "The film, ostensibly mounted on Thevar pride, makes the sort of association with violence we have generally been used to seeing in such movies" Anjana Shekar of The News Minute wrote "It is not just a sentiment-action-revenge-drama formula. It is the director’s anguish at how men treat women in this society. In the end, the message rings loud and clear for all the men - “Our heroism and courage is for the sake of protecting women, not for raping them!”."


title: Devarattam

text: This film's soundtrack is composed by Nivas K. Prasanna with lyrics written by Yugabharathi, Magizh Thirumeni, Vivek, and Pa. Vijay


title: Manipal

text: Manipal is a suburb and university town within Udupi, in coastal Karnataka, India. Manipal is located five kilometres away from the centre of Udupi City, in Udupi District, Karnataka (state) in south western India. It is administered by the Udupi City Municipality. The suburb is located in coastal Karnataka, 62 km north of Mangalore and 8 km east of the Arabian Sea. From its location on a plateau, at an altitude of about 75 m above sea level, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east.


title: Manipal

text: Home to the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, the town attracts more than twenty five thousand students every year and hence most of the population is students or university staff. It is one of the most cosmopolitan towns of India, reflected in its numerous cafes attracting students and faculty from around 60 countries. There are numerous spots throughout the suburb that attract students from nearby Mangalore and Udupi such as End Point, Manipal Lake and Malpe Beach. The city owes its rapid development to Manipal Academy of Higher Education for converting this into a student city. It is called "Campus Town" by the locals.


title: Manipal

text: A regional information technology hub, Manipal has one of the highest densities of mobile phones in India.


title: Manipal

text: Manipal derives its name from "'Manna Palla" (Kannada: ಮಣ್ಣ ಪಳ್ಳ) (meaning "muddy hole" or "muddy lake" in Tulu) commonly called Manipal Lake, a freshwater lake within Manipal.


title: Manipal

text: Situated east of the center of the temple city of Udupi and north of Mangalore, Manipal was previously part of the Shivalli village panchayat. Now it is part of Udupi city. The name is derived from "munn" and "palla", anglicised to Manipal . "Munn" means "mud" and "palla" means "lake" in Tulu language. This lake, roughly in the shape of 400 mtrs. diameter circle, after which Manipal is named, is located in the middle of the town and about . away from the Arabian Sea, and has a boating facility. The Swarna river passes just north of Manipal. Recreational facilities are available through End Point Park and Tree Park.


title: Manipal

text: Manipal was once a barren hill with few trees. This hill was transformed into the university town it now is by Dr. T. M. A. Pai, who first started the Kasturba Medical College in 1953, now a part of the university, the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE). Tourist spots like Agumbe, Kudremukh, Kapu and Malpe are also located nearby.


title: Manipal

text: From September to February, the weather in Manipal is tropical with daily temperatures averaging . From June to mid October, Manipal witnesses one of the most extreme monsoons in the world, with the annual precipitation ranging from . The months of December to May are hot and humid, with the daily temperatures typically peaking at .


title: Manipal

text: Being away from large urban centers and the highly tropical climate of the town attracts a large number of birds, with 155 different species of birds being recorded in February 2015, including rarities such as the Tickell's Thrush, Blue-eared Kingfisher and Slaty-breasted Rail.


title: Manipal

text: Manipal is connected to Mangalore (takes about 75 minutes via road) and towns such as Udupi, Karkala and Kundapur by several private bus services and KSRTC City Buses which run every thirty minutes. The town also has overnight bus services to Bangalore, Hyderabad, Goa and Mumbai.


title: Manipal

text: There are also buses which connect to the famous nearby tourist attractions like Malpe beach, Delta Beach, Dharmasthala.


title: Manipal

text: Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation runs air-conditioned bus service between Mangalore International Airport and Manipal.


title: Manipal

text: The nearest railway station is Udupi station (UD) on the Konkan Railway line, located four kilometres west of Manipal. It has trains connecting Mumbai, Goa, Kerala, New Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Punjab. It is about a kilometer away from the National Highway 169A. Mangalore Central (MAQ) is the nearest major railway station and is located in Mangalore, south of the town.


title: Manipal

text: The nearest international airport is Mangalore International Airport, which is located around south from Manipal, connecting it to Indian cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Delhi, and internationally to the middle eastern countries like Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Pre-paid taxis are available to transport passengers to and from Manipal and Udupi.


title: Manipal

text: Buses also connect Manipal directly to the Kempegowda International Airport in Bangalore, to cater to the large number of international students studying at the university. KSRTC recently started "Flybus", a premium daily bus service from Manipal to Kempegowda International Airport in Bangalore.


title: Manipal

text: Manipal gained prominence when Dr. T.M.A. Pai founded the Kasturba Medical College in 1953, the Manipal Institute of Technology in 1957, a popular institute for engineering and 21 other colleges later, all of which became a part of Manipal Academy of Higher Education in 1993. Manipal Academy of Higher Education has been granted the status of Institute of Eminence in the year 2018. It has also been ranked among the top ten private engineering colleges within India. It is ranked 2nd within the state of Karnataka. Pai also founded the Manipal Pre-University College.


title: Manipal

text: Manipal is a major technology and medical research hub, with major conferences and seminars organized almost every week. Since the establishment of Manipal University Technology and Business Incubator (MUTBI), the in-house business incubator of the university, a large number of student-run technology and media startups have sprung up.


title: Urticating hair

text: Urticating hairs or urticating bristles are one of the primary defense mechanisms used by numerous plants, almost all New World tarantulas, and various lepidopteran caterpillars. "Urtica" is Latin for "nettle" (stinging nettles are in the genus "Urtica"), and bristles that urticate are characteristic of this type of plant, and many other plants in several families. This term also refers to certain types of barbed bristles that cover the dorsal and posterior surface of a tarantula's or caterpillar's abdomen. Many tarantula species eject bristles from their abdomens, directing them toward potential attackers. These bristles can embed themselves in the other animal's skin or eyes, causing physical irritation, usually to great discomfort. The term urticating hairs is a misnomer, as technically only mammals possess true hairs.


title: Urticating hair

text: The most common form of urticating hairs in plants are typified by nettles, which possess sharp-pointed hollow bristles seated on a gland that secretes an acrid fluid. The points of these bristles usually break off in the wound, and the acrid fluid is pressed into it. Various plants unrelated to true nettles ("Urtica" species) possess similar defensive bristles, and the common names often reflect this (e.g. "bull nettle").


title: Urticating hair

text: Many cacti of the sub-family Opuntioideae feature fine, loosely attached short spines called glochids. When the plant is disturbed many of these spines fall off and penetrate the skin, causing irritation. Many glochidia are barbed, complicating their removal and enhancing their persistence in the skin. Exposure to glochidia is an occupational hazard to fruit pickers and other outside workers in areas where Opuntioideae thrive, as the spines can persist in clothing and gloves and can become airborne under the right conditions.


title: Urticating hair

text: Several lepidopteran families include species whose larvae bear urticating hairs. Families prominent in this respect include the following:


title: Urticating hair

text: Adults of some species also have urticating scales, and some species shed some of their urticating hairs as defense for their pupae and eggs.


title: Urticating hair

text: The urticating setae or spines can cause irritation when they break off and lodge in skin. In some species these structures are hollow and connected to venom-producing cells, functioning like a hypodermic needle. Generally most bristles are only irritating, but some are dangerous to the eyes and respiratory tract, and some can cause severe skin necrosis and shedding. Certain species of "Lonomia" in the family Saturniidae actually can inject venom that is life-threatening to humans.


title: Urticating hair

text: The stings are not part of a deliberate attack, but are mainly the result of brushing against the spines. However, many species whose larvae are armed with such bristles have behavioral patterns adapted to present the urticating hairs as a defensive threat and to inflict them on any perceived attackers. For example, many larvae in the family Lasiocampidae bear dense bands of short stinging bristles across their thoracic segments. The bristles are normally retracted into a shallow fold in the skin, but if the caterpillar is disturbed, it everts the folds and displays the bristles, which are usually of a contrasting color.


title: Urticating hair

text: If seriously stimulated or gripped, lasiocampid larvae are likely to lash about, forcing the stinging bristles into any vulnerable organ within reach. Many other species of larvae lack any such localized concentrations of bristles and are armed more generally with urticating hairs; even so, they too will lash about frantically if disturbed, making them difficult to handle without suitable equipment. Toxins from the broken bristles may spill out, causing dermatitis on the surface of the skin. For brown-tail moths ("Euproctis chrysorrhoea") native to Europe and invasive in other parts of the world, bristles are shed or broken off during molts and can be wind-borne, so that direct contact with live or dead larvae is not required to trigger a rash.


title: Urticating hair

text: In spite of such defenses, some species of birds feed avidly on "hairy" caterpillars. Usually they grab them in their beaks and scrub them on the ground until the majority of the bristles have been stripped or damaged, but at least some species of cuckoos apparently collect the bristles in the digestive tract until they form pellets that can be regurgitated. Examples of avian predators other than cuckoos that feed on "hairy" caterpillars include at least tens of species from several continents.


title: Urticating hair

text: Urticating hairs (setae) are found in about 90% of the species of tarantula (spiders of the family Theraphosidae) found in the New World. They are not found in tarantulas from other parts of the world.


title: Urticating hair

text: Urticating hairs do not appear at birth but form with each consecutive molt, widening from molt to molt and outwardly presenting themselves around areas of more dark bristles on the upper back part of the abdomen of juveniles. In elder ages their coloration shifts to match the main tone of abdomen. Despite this shift, urticating hairs nonetheless retain unique characteristics that render them visually distinct from abdominal bristles, such as their tendency to cover only a portion instead of the entirety of the opisthosoma.


title: Urticating hair

text: There are seven different types of urticating hair known in tarantulas, varying in size and shape, particularly the distribution of barbs.


title: Urticating hair

text: Each type of urticating hair is believed to target different enemies. Defined targets for some bristle types are unknown.


title: Urticating hair

text: Type II is usually not kicked off by the tarantula, rather delivered by direct contact. However, there is at least one aviculariine species - "Caribena versicolor" - which can kick type II urticating hairs off of the abdomen, similarly to species from the subfamily Theraphosinae. Tarantulas from the genera "Avicularia", "Pachistopelma" and "Iridopelma" possess Type II hairs. (Toni Hoover, 1997)


title: Urticating hair

text: Type III urticating hairs are most efficient for defense against vertebrates and invertebrates. Types III and IV are the most irritating to mammalian predators.


title: Urticating hair

text: Not all urticating hair types are exhibited by each species of tarantula. Type II urticating hairs can be found in the genera "Avicularia", "Iridopelma" and "Pachistopelma" (subfamily Aviculariinae). Type I and III urticating hairs are representative on a wide diversity of large bodied genera in the subfamily Theraphosinae "Lasiodora" and "Acanthoscurria" "Nhandu" spp., "Megaphobema" spp., "Sericopelma" spp., "Eupalaestrus" spp., "Proshapalopus" spp., "Brachypelma" spp., "Cyrtopholis" spp., and others, although some only have Type I in mature males. Unusually, Type III urticating hair is found alone on the species of "Theraphosa" spp., but these otherwise are similar to many species that also have Type I hairs.


title: Urticating hair

text: Type III alone is found in many 'dwarf' new world genera "Hapalopus" spp.. Type IV is found in several South American genera "Grammostola", "Euathlus" etc. (exhibits types III and IV). Type V urticating hair is typical of the species of genus "Ephebopus". They are located on the pedipalps. They are much shorter and lighter in contrast with other types of urticating hair. These are easily thrown by the spider into the air. Type VI urticating hair is found in the genus "Hemirrhagus".


title: Urticating hair

text: New World tarantulas will, at the moment of danger, turn toward the attacker and briskly rub their hind legs against the opisthosoma throwing the urticating hairs in the direction of the enemy. The cloud of small bristles will get into the mucous membrane of small mammals and cause edema, which can be fatal. The bristles cause both mechanical and chemical harm to the skin and membranes.


title: Urticating hair

text: Reaction and the degree of irritation to a defensive urticating hair barrage can vary tremendously, based on the species in question. Some, such as those of the Chilean rose tarantula ("Grammastola rosea") and the pinktoe tarantula ("Avicularia avicularia"), are fairly mild and innocuous to humans. Others, such as those of the Brazilian giant white knee tarantula ("Acanthoscurria geniculata"), are moderately irritating. Still others, such as the Goliath birdeater ("Theraphosa blondi"), are far more severe. These bristles can result in painful rashes, and have been likened to sharp shards of fiberglass.


title: Urticating hair

text: Urticating hairs are not just thrown at an enemy as a first line defense, but are also used as an indication of territory. They can be found on and around the burrow entrance and in webbing for protection (for example, some subfamily Theraphosinae species include these bristles in cocoon silk).


title: Urticating hair

text: Urticating hairs protect tarantula egg sacs ("Avicularia" spp. and "Theraphosa blondi" respectively). This is thought to discourage fly larvae from consuming their eggs and young.


title: Urticating hair

text: In humans, urticating hairs can cause allergic skin reactions which can manifest as inflammation, rash and itching. The reactions can last from several hours to weeks. "Ophthalmia nodosa", an irritation reaction, can result when the barbed bristles lodge in the cornea. Handlers are advised to wear eye protection.


title: Maggie O'Neill

text: Margaret "Maggie" O'Neill (born 15 November 1962) is an English actress. She is known for her television roles in "Peak Practice" (2000–2002), "Shameless" (2004–2007) and "EastEnders" (2008). In 1986 she appeared in the music video for Simply Red's single "Holding Back The Years". In 1988, she appeared in the film "Gorillas in the Mist".


title: Maggie O'Neill

text: The youngest of six Catholic brothers and sisters born to head-teacher parents, O'Neill grew up in the Midlands, where she was educated at a convent school, and, after being inspired by a sixth-form drama teacher, "fell" into acting.


title: Maggie O'Neill

text: After training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, she starred in the video for Simply Red's "Holding Back the Years" in 1986, before making her professional stage debut in "Moving Pictures", by Stephen Lowe, at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, in 1985. After making her professional screen debut in the British production "Mona Lisa" opposite Bob Hoskins in 1986, she made her Hollywood debut in the Sigourney Weaver film "Gorillas in the Mist" in 1988. She played alongside Keith Barron and Annette Crosbie in the 1989 TV series "Take Me Home".


title: Maggie O'Neill

text: O'Neill played Alex Redman in ITV's medical drama "Peak Practice", and appeared as Sheila Jackson in Channel 4's comedy drama "Shameless." O'Neill also played Max and Jack Branning's sister Suzy in the BBC1 soap opera "EastEnders" for five months in 2008, until the Boxing Day episode.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Erroll Louis Garner (June 15, 1921 – January 2, 1977) was an American jazz pianist and composer known for his swing playing and ballads. His instrumental ballad "Misty", his best-known composition, has become a jazz standard. It was first recorded in 1956 with Mitch Miller and his orchestra, and played a prominent part in the motion picture "Play Misty for Me".


title: Erroll Garner

text: Scott Yanow of Allmusic calls him "one of the most distinctive of all pianists" and a "brilliant virtuoso." He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6363 Hollywood Blvd. His live album "Concert by the Sea" first released in 1955, sold over 1 million copies by 1958, and Yanow's opinion on the album is that it "made such a strong impression that Garner was considered immortal from then on."


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner was born, along with twin brother Ernest in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on June 15, 1921, the youngest of six children. He attended George Westinghouse High School (as did fellow pianists Billy Strayhorn and Ahmad Jamal). Interviews with his family, music teachers, other musicians, and a detailed family tree can be found in "Erroll Garner: The Most Happy Piano" by James M Doran.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner began playing piano at the age of three. His elder siblings were taught piano by a "Miss Bowman." From an early age, Erroll would sit down and play anything she had demonstrated, "just like Miss Bowman," his eldest sister Martha said. Garner was self-taught and remained an "ear player" all his life, never learning to read music. At age 7, he began appearing on the radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh with a group named the Candy Kids. By age 11, he was playing on the Allegheny riverboats. In 1937 he joined local saxophonist Leroy Brown.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner moved to New York City in 1944. He briefly worked with the bassist Slam Stewart, and although not a bebop musician per se, in 1947 played with Charlie Parker on the "Cool Blues" session. Although his admission to the Pittsburgh music union initially was refused because of his inability to read music, the union relented in 1956 and made him an honorary member. Garner is credited with a superb musical memory. After attending a concert by Russian classical pianist Emil Gilels, Garner returned to his apartment and was able to play a large portion of the performed music by memory.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner sued Columbia Records in 1960 for breach of contract after Columbia released several recordings without Garner's consent. Garner had signed a five-year deal with Columbia in 1956, which contained an unprecedented clause (negotiated with the aid of manager Martha Glaser) giving Garner the right to approve the release of any of his recorded music. After three years of litigation, during which time Columbia continued to release Garner recordings against his will, the New York State Supreme Court ruled in Garner's favor in a landmark decision with regard to artist's rights, and Columbia paid Garner a substantial settlement and recalled all of the unauthorized records from its distributors.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner was managed by Martha Glaser from 1950 until his death in 1977, with a period of this time as her only client.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner died of cardiac arrest related to emphysema on January 2, 1977. He is buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Short in stature (), Garner performed sitting on multiple telephone directories. He was also known for his vocalizations while playing, which can be heard on many of his recordings. He helped to bridge the gap for jazz musicians between nightclubs and the concert hall.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Called "one of the most distinctive of all pianists" by Scott Yanow, Garner showed that a "creative jazz musician can be very popular without watering down his music" or changing his personal style. He has been described as a "brilliant virtuoso who sounded unlike anyone else", using an "orchestral approach straight from the swing era but...open to the innovations of bop." His distinctive style could swing like no other, but some of his best recordings are ballads, such as his best-known composition, "Misty", which rapidly became a jazz standard – and was featured in Clint Eastwood's film "Play Misty for Me" (1971).


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner may have been inspired by the example of Earl Hines, a fellow Pittsburgh resident who was 18 years his senior, and there were resemblances in their elastic approach to timing and use of right-hand octaves. Garner's early recordings display the influence of the stride piano style of James P. Johnson and Fats Waller. Garner's melodic improvisations generally stayed close to the theme while employing novel chord voicings and other devices. He developed a signature style that involved his right hand playing slightly behind the beat while his left strummed a steady rhythm and punctuation, creating a carefree quality and at the same time an exciting rhythmic tension. Garner played his right hand melodies behind the beat and then increase the tempo slightly in the right hand to catch up with his left hand pulse. This had a dramatic swelling effect sometimes referred to as "gas pedal" time referring to an automobile accelerator. This shifting back and forth between dragging and rushing has also been nicknamed the "Russian Dragon". Many jazz musicians phrase in a similar manner but Garner took it to extremes more so than most. The independence of his hands also was evidenced by his masterful use of three-against-four and more complicated cross-rhythms between the hands. In trio settings, he often played the 3:2 son clave rhythm pattern in his left hand chording on Latin tunes, and on swing tunes, he play edthe similar 12/8 Rhumba clave rhythm pattern. Garner frequently improvised whimsical introductions — often in stark contrast to the rest of the tune — that left listeners in suspense as to what the piece would be.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Bassist Ray Brown called Garner "The Happy Man". Pianist Ross Tompkins described Garner's distinctiveness as due to "happiness".


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner's first recordings were made in late 1944 at the apartment of Timme Rosenkrantz; these subsequently were issued as the five-volume "Overture to Dawn" series on Blue Note Records. His recording career advanced in the late 1940s when several sides such as "Fine and Dandy", "Skylark" and "Summertime" were cut. His 1955 live album "Concert by the Sea" was a best-selling jazz album in its day and features Eddie Calhoun on bass and Denzil Best on drums. This recording of a performance at the Sunset Center, a former school in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, was made using relatively primitive sound equipment, but for George Avakian, the decision to release the recording was easy.


title: Erroll Garner

text: In 1954 Garner composed "Misty", first recording it in 1955 for the album "Contrasts". Lyrics were later added by Johnny Burke. "Misty" rapidly became popular, both as a jazz standard and as the signature song of Johnny Mathis. It was also recorded by Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, Ray Stevens and Aretha Franklin. Clint Eastwood used it as the basis for his thriller "Play Misty For Me".


title: Erroll Garner

text: "One World Concert" was recorded at the 1962 Seattle World Fair (and in 1959 stretching out in the studios) and features Eddie Calhoun on bass and Kelly Martin on drums. Other works include 1951's "Long Ago and Far Away", 1953's "Erroll Garner at the Piano" with Wyatt Ruther and Fats Heard, 1957's "The Most Happy Piano", 1970's "Feeling Is Believing" and 1974's "Magician", on which Garner performs a number of classic standards. Often the trio was expanded to add Latin percussion, usually a conga.


title: Erroll Garner

text: In 1964, Garner appeared in the UK on the music series "Jazz 625" broadcast on BBC Two The programme was hosted by Steve Race, who introduced Garner's trio with Eddie Calhoun on bass and Kelly Martin on drums.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Because Garner could not write down his musical ideas, he used to record them on tape, to be later transcribed by others.


title: Erroll Garner

text: The Erroll Garner Club was founded in 1982 in Aberlady, Scotland. On September 26, 1992 Garnerphiles from England, Scotland, Germany and the US met in London for a unique and historic get-together. The guests of honour were Eddie Calhoun (bassist) and Kelly Martin (drummer), Garner's rhythm section from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. On June 15, 1996, many of the UK's Garnerphiles converged in Cheltenham for an afternoon of music, food and fun on what would have been Garner's 75th birthday. That evening, they learned of the death of jazz legend Ella Fitzgerald.


title: Erroll Garner

text: In 2012 a film on Garner was released by Atticus Brady called "No One Can Hear You Read", which Garner used to say when asked why he had never learned to read music. Footage of the piano prodigy playing and speaking was intercut with interviews: with admirers (including Woody Allen, Steve Allen and his fellow musicians Ahmad Jamal, also from Pittsburgh and Ernest McCarty, his bassist for many years); with family members, including his big sister Ruth Garner Moore and daughter Kim Garner; with George Avakian, the producer of "Concert by the Sea"; and with Jim Doran his biographer. The film attempts to address Garner's fall from prominence after his death, reminding viewers how popular and original he was in his day as well as why he is considered in many quarters a legend, one of the true greats of jazz.


title: Erroll Garner

text: On June 15, 2015, the estate of Martha Glaser, Garner's longtime manager, announced the formation of the Erroll Garner Jazz Project, a major new archival and musical celebration of Garner. The project includes the donation of the Erroll Garner Archive—a huge trove of newly discovered historical material from Garner's life—to the University of Pittsburgh.


title: Erroll Garner

text: On September 18, 2015, "Concert by the Sea" was re-released by Sony Legacy in an expanded, three-CD edition that adds 11 previously unreleased tracks.


title: Erroll Garner

text: On September 30, 2016, "Ready Take One" was released on Sony Legacy/Octave featuring 14 previously unreleased tracks.


title: Erroll Garner

text: On July 13, 2018, a live concert recording of Garner playing in 1964 at the Concertgebouw in the Netherlands was released by Mack Avenue Records with the title "Nightconcert."


title: Erroll Garner

text: In November, 2021, Garner posthumously was featured on "All Night Parking" with Adele on the latter's fourth studio album.


title: Erroll Garner

text: In 2016, Downtown Music Publishing entered an exclusive worldwide administration agreement with Octave Music Publishing Corp. The deal covers all of Garner's works including "Misty", as well as Garner's extensive archive of master recordings, many of which remain unreleased.


title: Erroll Garner

text: Garner did not marry, but fathered a daughter, Kim Garner, who is interviewed in "No One Can Hear You Read".


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium cashew.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The scaphoid is situated between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. It is located on the radial side of the wrist, and articulates with the radius, lunate, trapezoid, trapezium, and capitate. Over 80% of the bone is covered in articular cartilage.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The palmar surface of the scaphoid is concave, and forming a distal tubercle, giving attachment to the transverse carpal ligament. The proximal surface is triangular, smooth and convex. The lateral surface is narrow and gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament. The medial surface has two facets, a flattened semi-lunar facet articulating with the lunate bone, and an inferior concave facet, articulating alongside the lunate with the head of the capitate bone.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The dorsal surface of the bone is narrow, with a groove running the length of the bone and allowing ligaments to attach, and the surface facing the fingers (anatomically inferior) is smooth and convex, also triangular, and divided into two parts by a slight ridge.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: It receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery, via palmar and dorsal branches. These provide an "abundant" supply to middle and distal portions of the bone, but neglect the proximal portion, which relies on retrograde flow. The dorsal branch supplies the majority of the middle and distal portions, with the palmar branch supplying only the distal third of the bone.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The dorsal blood supply, particularly of the proximal portion, is highly variable. Sometimes the fibers of the abductor pollicis brevis emerge from the tubercle.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, the scaphoid is instead commonly referred to as the radiale because of its articulation with the radius.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. The scaphoid is also involved in movement of the wrist. It, along with the lunate, articulates with the radius and ulna to form the major bones involved in movement of the wrist. The scaphoid serves as a link between the two rows of carpal bones. With wrist movement, the scaphoid may flex from its position in the same plane as the forearm to perpendicular.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: Fractures of the scaphoid are the most common of the carpal bone injuries, because of its connections with the two rows of carpal bones.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The scaphoid can be slow to heal because of the limited circulation to the bone. Fractures of the scaphoid must be recognized and treated quickly, as prompt treatment by immobilization or surgical fixation increases the likelihood of the bone healing in anatomic alignment, thus avoiding mal-union or non-union. Delays may compromise healing. Failure of the fracture to heal ("non-union") will lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the carpus. One reason for this is because of the "tenuous" blood supply to the proximal segment. Even rapidly immobilized fractures may require surgical treatment, including use of a headless compression screw such as the Herbert screw to bind the two halves together.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: Healing of the fracture with a non-anatomic deformity (frequently, a volar flexed "humpback") can also lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Non-unions can result in loss of blood supply to the proximal pole, which can result in avascular necrosis of the proximal segment.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: Scaphoid fractures may be difficult to diagnose via plain x-ray. A repeat x-ray may be required at a later date, as might cross-sectional imaging via MRI or CT scan.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: A condition called scapholunate instability can occur when the scapholunate ligament (connecting the scaphoid to the lunate bone) and other surrounding ligaments are disrupted. In this state, the distance between the scaphoid and lunate bones is increased.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The scaphoid can be palpated at the base of the anatomical snuff box. It can also be palpated in the volar (palmar) hand/wrist. Its position is the intersections of the long axes of the four fingers while in a fist, or the base of the thenar eminence. When palpated in this position, the bone will be felt to slide forward during radial deviation (wrist abduction) and flexion.


title: Scaphoid bone

text: The etymology of the scaphoid bone () is derived from the Greek "skaphos", which means "a boat", and the Greek "eidos", which means "kind". The name refers to the shape of the bone, supposedly reminiscent of a boat. In older literature about human anatomy, the scaphoid is referred to as the navicular bone of the hand (this time from the Latin word “navis” = boat), since there is also a bone in a similar position in the foot which is called the navicular. The medical term for the bone is the scaphoid, as the term "navicular" is solely reserved for the bone located in the tarsals of the human body.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Belarus–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Belarus and Russia. The two countries share a land border and constitute the supranational Union State. Several treaties have been concluded between the two nations bilaterally. Russia is Belarus' largest and most important economic and political partner. Both are members of various international organizations, including the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and the United Nations.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: After the Soviet Union collapsed, the newly formed Russian state tried to maintain control over the post-Soviet space by creating, on 8 December 1991, a regional organization – the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). However, Belarus, as other republics in the CIS, started to drift away from Russia, which at that time was attempting to stabilize its broken economy and ties with the West.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In the early 1990s, Russia was concerned that its involvement in the near abroad state such as Belarus would risk the relations it was trying to build with the West. However, as NATO began to expand eastward, Russia found itself in a difficult situation. On one hand, it was facing a breakup of the large geopolitical bloc it had once controlled. On the other, it felt that the West was trying to isolate it from the European environment by picking up the pieces of its former empire. This led to the increasing importance of good relations with Belarus.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In the mid-1990s and especially with Alexander Lukashenko coming to power in July 1994, Belarus seemed an ideal candidate for integration with Russia. Russian President Boris Yeltsin said after signing, in February 1995, the Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighborliness and Cooperation with Belarus, that "the two nations [had] shared a common historical experience over many centuries". That, he declared, had "created the basis for signing the treaty and other documents on deeper integration of our two countries. Among all CIS countries, Belarus has the greatest rights to such a relationship due to its geographical location, its contacts with Russia, our friendship and the progress of its reforms."


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: The integration process was launched on 2 April 1996 and exactly a year later, the Union of Belarus and Russia was founded. The culmination of this process was the establishment of a Union State between the RF and Belarus on 8 December 1999. The "Treaty on Equal Rights of Citizens between Belarus and Russia" was signed in December 1998, covering employment, and access to medical care and education.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: After Vladimir Putin took office he expressed his deep dissatisfaction with the status of the relations with Belarus and criticized the 1999 treaty, the policy he had set was to put real content into this treaty. His proposal was to continue in the unification either in a federation model which meant that Belarus would join the Russian Federation or build a union which is similar to the European Union. However, Belarus refused and the status quo was maintained.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Despite that, the strategic value of Belarus seemed to continue to rise for Russia because of the international developments. These activities included the United States military activity in the post-Soviet space since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the eastern European states shift towards the west, the plans to deploy NATO's missile defense system in Poland or the Czech Republic, and above all the rise of the colour revolutions. As a result, despite setbacks in political and economic integration, the military-integration processes between the two states continued.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: As Russia realized that a full integration with Belarus would be costly, it shifted its foreign policy towards a more pragmatic direction. Two major goals were distinguishable in this policy — The first was to reduce the economic burden which Belarus laid on its economy and the second was to take over the energy transit infrastructure in Belarus. These two goals have influenced most of the conflicts and Gas Wars between the two countries.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In 1995, the border of Russia with Belarus was destroyed. However, in 2014, the border was restored from the Belarusian side. In turn, Russia in February 2017 created a border zone on the part of the Smolensk oblast.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Since 2014, following years of embrace of Russian influence in the country, Lukashenko has pressed a revival of Belarusian identity after the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War: the Russian annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine. For the first time, he delivered a speech in Belarusian (rather than Russian, which most people use), in which he said, “We are not Russian — we are Belarusians,” and later encouraged the use of Belarusian. Trade disputes, a border dispute, and a much relaxed official attitude to dissident voices are all part of a weakening of the longtime warm relationship with Russia.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: On 14 September 2017 Belarusian and Russian relations were back to normal with both conducting military drills.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In 2019, Lukashenko had bilateral talks in Sochi with Russian president Vladimir Putin and declared that their two countries "could unite tomorrow, no problem." An idea backed by Putin for years, observers have labeled the potential plan a scheme by Putin to remain in power beyond 2024. However, political scientist Mikhail Vinogradov explained that "Lukashenko will play tough to the public while trying to look weak in front of Putin," and the Carnegie Moscow Center's Artyom Shraibman suggested that "Moscow will most likely fail to find its base among Belarusians."


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: On 24 January 2020, signs of new tensions between Belarus and Russia showed when Belarusian President Alyaksandr Lukashenko publicly accused Russian President Vladimir Putin of trying to incorporate Belarus into Russia. This led to Russia cutting economic subsidies for Belarus.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In July 2020, the relationship between Belarus and Russia was described as "strained" after 33 Russian military contractors were arrested in Minsk. Lukashenko afterwards accused Russia of trying to cover up an attempt to send 200 fighters from a private Russian military firm known as the Wagner Group into Belarus on a mission to destabilize the country ahead of its 9 August presidential election.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: On 5 August 2020, Russia's security chief Dmitry Medvedev warned Belarus to release the contractors. Lukashenko also claimed Russia was lying about its attempts to use the Wagner Group to influence the upcoming election.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Following the presidential election and eruption of new protests, Lukashenko mentioned by the end of August that Belarus would negotiate refinancing of its state debt worth $1bn with Russia. On 14 September, Lukashenko visited Putin in Sochi, where the latter promised to loan $1.5bn to Belarus.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In February 2022, Russian forces were permitted to stage part of the invasion of Ukraine from Belarusian territory. Lukashenko stated that Belarusian troops could take part in the invasion if needed. Belarus has also stated that Russia can bring its nuclear weapons onto Belarusian soil. In March 2022, Oleksandr Kamyshin, head of Ukrainian Railways, said there is no longer a railway connection between Ukraine and Belarus, so Russian equipment from Belarus will not be able to be delivered.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Russia accounts for some 48% of Belarus' external trade. Belarus accounts for around 6% of Russia's trade.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Before 2004, Gazprom sold gas to Belarus for Russian domestic prices, mainly due to the political integration process between the two countries. As this process started to falter in the 2000s and late 1990s, Gazprom wanted to ensure reliable transit of Russian gas through Belarusian territory by taking control of the Belarusian transit network. Gazprom tried to purchase the Belarusian network operator Beltransgaz, but disagreements over the price led to the 2004 Russia–Belarus gas dispute, in which Gazprom ceased supplies to Belarus on 1 January 2004.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: A new gas contract was signed in June 2004, and relations between the two countries improved afterwards. In January 2020 Russia temporarily suspended its discounted sale of oil to Belarus, and later negotiated a compromise. Belarus diversified its oil imports in response, receiving oil from countries including Norway, Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Lukashenko accused Russia of using the oil as leverage to procure an eventual merger of Russia and Belarus.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In 2009, a serious diplomatic row erupted between the two countries. President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko accused Russia of offering a $500 million loan on the condition that Belarus recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia, but added that the position of Belarus was not for sale. Lukashenko has declared that Belarusian citizens must abide by Georgian laws when traveling to the two regions, and the Foreign Ministry has stated that all Belarusian citizens must use points of entry on the Georgian side. Lukashenko declared that instead of Russia, Belarus should "look for happiness in other parts of the planet". Commenting on the close military cooperation between the two countries, Lukashenko likened Belarus' 10 million people as a human shield for Russia against the West, a service that he said "was not free".


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: In July 2009, the so-called Milk War erupted, when Russia banned all dairy imports from Belarus, saying that they did not comply with new regulations. Belarus accused Russia of employing the ban for political purposes, while Russia denied that the ban was political. Russia soon lifted the ban and Belarus resumed deliveries of dairy products to Russia.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: However, a new dispute arose when Russia claimed that Belarus owed $231 million for gas supplies it had used since the start of the year. Belarus threatened to introduce Border and Customs control on its border with Russia, and refused to attend Collective Security Treaty Organization talks in Moscow. In an interview, President Lukashenko questioned the necessity of diplomatic relations with Russia, since Russia is "blockading" Belarus.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: On 31 May 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin was critical of European Union's sanctions against Belarus, and in a joint statement Putin and Lukashenko said:


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: "Russia and Belarus will coordinate efforts to counter attempts to interfere in the internal affairs of the Union State and apply pressure through the introduction of restrictive measures or sanctions."


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Russia and Belarus have close military relations and are engaged in various joint military-scientific activities. Russia also operates several military bases and radars in Belarus which includes the Hantsavichy Radar Station an early warning radar which is run by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and the Vileyka VLF transmitter.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: As result of 2014 Ukraine crisis, Russia seeked to replace Ukrainian defense ties with Belarus. On 14 September 2017 Belarusian and Russian relations were back to normal with both conducting military drills.


title: Belarus–Russia relations

text: Belarus has an embassy in Moscow. as well as branches in: Kaliningrad, Smolensk, St.Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk.


title: Mikey (film)

text: Mikey is a 1992 American psychological slasher film directed by Dennis Dimster and written by Jonathan Glassner. It stars Brian Bonsall as Mikey, a young boy adopted by a family, who turns out to be a violent psychopath.


title: Mikey (film)

text: A young boy is setting fire to newspapers in the basement. His name is Mikey and he has a younger sister, Beth, whom he blames for the fire when his foster mother admonishes Mikey.


title: Mikey (film)

text: When Mikey is disciplined by his foster mother for starting the fire, he responds by causing Beth to drown in the pool, electrocuting his foster mother while she is in the bath, and killing his foster father with a baseball bat. Mikey avoids suspicion because he is only nine and he tells the police that an intruder killed the family. Detective Reynolds is assigned to the case and he does not suspect Mikey.


title: Mikey (film)

text: A psychiatrist recommends that Mikey get fostered as soon as possible. His foster mother's sister is put forward as a prospective foster carer, but she does not want anything to do with Mikey. She states that he was adopted and that it was suspected that he was abused by members of his family. She does not present as somebody who is overly interested in taking care of a young child.


title: Mikey (film)

text: He is then sent to a new family, Neil and Rachel Trenton, who do not know anything about Mikey's past. Mikey presents himself as an amiable and loving child. For example, when he first meets his foster parents he asks, 'Are you going to be my new mommy and daddy?' At first, he does not behave as if he is disturbed and he exhibits caring behavior towards his new mother's fish. He also manifests behavior which is not out of the ordinary in his desire to succeed in a game which his class at school plays.


title: Mikey (film)

text: Mikey then falls in love with his new best friend, Ben's older sister, Jessie. She is not interested in him as she is 10 years older than Mikey and is dating a young man named David. In an attempt to make Jessie love him, he electrocutes David while he is in a Jacuzzi. After this fails and he is found out by his foster mother, he fatally stabs her with a glass shard, then kills his school's principal and teacher with a bow and arrow and slingshot when they arrive shortly afterward to investigate their suspicions, and unsuccessfully tries to shoot Jessie with a bow. To avoid being blamed, Mikey fakes his own death staging a skeleton of a boy the same age as him at the dining table then blows up the house with a gas leak and Molotov cocktail when his foster dad arrives home to find everyone dead around the table. The skeleton was located in one of Mikey's classrooms at school. Jessie is told by the authorities that Mikey is dead. Later, Mikey going by the name "Josh" is adopted by another family.


title: Mikey (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was submitted to the BBFC for a video certificate around the time of the James Bulger murder in Liverpool in 1993. The BBFC, under strict head censor James Ferman, extensively deliberated over whether to pass the film, worrying that it would be targeted in the media furore over video violence, stemming from press reports that the two boys responsible for Bulger's murder had been inspired by a rented video of "Child's Play 3".


title: Mikey (film)

text: The BBFC eventually called in child psychologists and police to view the film; the child psychologists deemed it potentially harmful to impressionable young viewers, such as those who murdered Bulger. Cuts to reduce the impact of the strongest scenes were felt to make little impact on the film as a whole. By 1996, the distributor's rights to release the film were about to run out and, under pressure to make a decision, the BBFC were forced to reject the film. The details page for the film references the James Bulger case, the ban and the fact the film remains unrated by the BBFC.


title: Mikey (film)

text: "TV Guide" panned the movie, which they felt was directed with "negligible flair" and had a "horrifying but implausible story". Allmovie also panned "Mikey", rating it at one and a half stars out of five. In recent years, websites such as JoBlo.com have given it favorable reviews, citing it as somewhat of a cult classic for its straight forward plot points and overall merit in the horror genre.


title: Chicago V

text: Chicago V is the fourth studio album by American rock band Chicago and was released on July 10, 1972. It is notable for being the group's first single album release, after having released three consecutive double albums and a four-disc box set of live material.


title: Chicago V

text: Following the release of "Chicago III" in 1971, the group changed from producing double albums, with many songs arranged in extended suites, in favor of more concise tracks on a single album. It is often considered the group’s return-to-basics as it has a sound resembling their first album, "Chicago Transit Authority." "Chicago V" is also notable for Robert Lamm's prolific songwriting; seven out of its nine tunes are composed solely by him. Terry Kath wrote and sang the album's final track "Alma Mater", which showcased his acoustic guitar abilities. The song "A Hit by Varèse" is a tribute to French-American composer Edgard Varèse. This would be the last album not to have any compositions from Peter Cetera during his tenure in the band.


title: Chicago V

text: Recorded just before "Chicago at Carnegie Hall" was released in late 1971, "Chicago V" was cut in just over a week and held over for release until the following summer. Released shortly before the album, the single "Saturday in the Park" was the band's biggest hit to that point, reaching No. 3 in the US. "Chicago V" was critically acclaimed and became Chicago's first No.1 album, spending nine weeks atop the charts in the US. In the UK, the release managed to reach No. 24. The follow-up single "Dialogue (Part I & II)" also became a hit, peaking at No. 24 in the US.


title: Chicago V

text: This album was mixed and released in both stereo and quadraphonic. In 2002, "Chicago V" was remastered and reissued by Rhino Records with three bonus tracks: a rehearsal of Lamm's "A Song for Richard and His Friends", which was debuted at Carnegie Hall, an early rehearsal of Kath's "Mississippi Delta City Blues" (which would later be re-recorded and released on "Chicago XI"), and a single edit of "Dialogue".


title: Chicago V

text: On August 17, 2011, Warner Japan released this album as a hybrid stereo-multichannel Super Audio CD in their Warner Premium Sound series.


title: Spirit photography

text: Spirit photography (also called ghost photography) is a type of photography whose primary goal is to capture images of ghosts and other spiritual entities, especially in ghost hunting. It dates back to the late 19th century. The end of the American Civil War and the mid-19th Century Spiritualism movement contributed greatly to the popularity of spirit photography. Photographers such as William Mumler and William Hope ran thriving businesses taking photos of people with their supposed dead relatives. Both were shown to be frauds, but "true believers", such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, refused to accept the evidence as proof of a hoax.


title: Spirit photography

text: As cameras became available to the general public, ghost photographs became common due to natural camera artifacts such as flash reflecting off dust particles, a camera strap or hair close to the lens, lens flare, pareidolia, or in modern times, deceptions using smart phone applications that add ghosts images to existing photographs.


title: Spirit photography

text: The first practical photography, introduced in 1839, used the process called daguerreotype, and spirits were never captured. According to Owen Davies in "The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts", ghost photography started with photographic experimentation using people standing in front of and behind glass windows or noting that the long exposures required at the time would often result in transparent images when people or animals left the frame during the exposure. Sir David Brewster, in 1856, recognized that these effects could be used to deliberately create ghostly pictures. The London Stereoscopic Company decided to use Brewster's idea and created a series of images called "The Ghost in the Stereoscope". But it was not until glass plate negatives were used circa 1859, making double images possible, that spirits began to regularly appear in photographs.


title: Spirit photography

text: From the 1860s on, the spirit photographers were no longer using the long exposures and double images previously used but instead what looked like cut out faces and bodies from magazines to represent disembodied figures. By the 1880s, as more people owned cameras, spirit photography boomed. It didn't start to decline until the 1920s after skeptics such as Harry Houdini tried to counteract spiritualistic fraud.


title: Spirit photography

text: An American jewelry engraver and amateur photographer named William Mumler published, in 1862, a photograph of what was purportedly the spirit of his cousin, who had died 12 years earlier. The media sensation that this caused, led Mumler to leave engraving and to begin a successful business as a "Spirit Photographic Medium", which he set up in New York and Boston servicing those hoping to find a supernatural connection with relatives killed in the American Civil War.


title: Spirit photography

text: One of Mumler's most famous images is a photograph of Mary Todd Lincoln posed with the purported spirit of her assassinated husband. The apparent spirits that Mumler had captured were double exposures of previous clients from photographic plates that were improperly cleaned. In 1869, Mumler's fraud was discovered and he was charged. He was acquitted, however, despite the evidence provided that one of his so-called spirits was shown to be still alive. P.T. Barnum, who testified against Mumler, was one of his outspoken critics, declaring he was taking advantage of people's grief. Mumler later moved on to doing regular photography.


title: Spirit photography

text: Spirit photography started appearing in England in 1872 from photographer Fredrick Hudson's studios. He allegedly "gimmicked" his camera to hold a pre-exposed image that would move into place when he took his photo.


title: Spirit photography

text: In 1875, Édouard Buguet, a French spirit photographer, who also had a studio in London, was arrested in Paris and prosecuted for fraud after making a full confession. He simulated spirits by wrapping dolls in gauze and attaching photos of faces onto them. His confession was widely publicized in the French and English press.


title: Spirit photography

text: In 1891 one of the most famous spirit photographs was taken by Sybell Corbet. She took a photo of the library at Combermere Abbey in Cheshire, England in which appeared the "...faint outline of a man's head, collar and right arm". The figure was believed to be the ghost of Lord Combermere who had recently died and was being buried at the time the photo was taken. Because the exposure was one hour, it was believed by skeptics that someone, possibly a servant, had walked into the room and paused, causing the ghostly outline.


title: Spirit photography

text: One of the most famous photographers at the turn of the century was William Hope. In February 1922, Harry Price from the Society for Psychical Research, a magician named Seymour, Eric J. Dingwall and William S. Marriott showed Hope to be a fraud. They devised a plan where they presented Hope with glass negatives that had secretly been marked with X-rays. The returned plate containing the spirit had no markings. Price wrote his findings in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Despite this proof, prominent spiritualists, such as Arthur Conan Doyle, claimed the report was a part of a conspiracy against Hope. Hope had continued success despite the evidence against him. Paranormal investigator Massimo Polidoro said that the case of William Hope and his followers demonstrate how difficult it can be to convince true believers, even when there is strong evidence of fraud.


title: Spirit photography

text: Other spirit photographers exposed as frauds include David Duguid and Edward Wyllie. Ronald Pearsall exposed the tricks of spirit photography in his book "The Table-Rappers" (1972).


title: Spirit photography

text: There were several books published defending the possibility of spirit photography. Among the notable books were "The Case for Spirit Photography" by Arthur Conan Doyle, published in 1922 where Doyle attempted to defend William Hope and his Crewe Circle, a well known spiritualist group of the time. Other spiritualists who authored books supporting spirit photography were Georgiana Houghton who wrote "Chronicles of the Photographs of Spiritual Beings and Phenomena Invisible to the Material Eye" (1882) and James Coates who wrote "Photographing the Invisible" (1911).


title: Spirit photography

text: Paranormal investigator Joe Nickell makes a distinction between spirit photography and ghost photography in his book "The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead", stating that spirit photography began in studios and eventually included ghosts photographed in séance rooms, whereas ghost photographs were taken in places that were considered haunted. Nickell states "...whereas spirit photos were invariably charlatans' productions, ghost photos could either be faked or appear inadvertently – as by reflection, accidental double exposure, or the like."


title: Spirit photography

text: Once portable cameras became available to amateurs towards the end of the 1880s ghost photos became more frequent. In more modern times, cameras with built in flashes produced what some believed to be ectoplasm, or "orbs". Most ghost photos fall into one of two categories. They are either hazy, indistinct shapes that look human or orbs that are usually white and round. Both can easily be purposefully or accidentally created.


title: Spirit photography

text: Photograph anomalies have always been present in photography but in the 1990s television shows such as "Ghost Hunters" claimed the abnormalities represented proof of the afterlife. In his book "Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits" Ben Radford states that most evidence of ghosts in photographs or video are "...brief, ambiguous anomalies recorded with low-quality camera (or good-quality cameras sabotaged by low light conditions)." Radford believes that with camera technology advancing, especially with smart phones, there should be clearer, sharper images of ghosts. But the photos remain low quality and vague.


title: Spirit photography

text: According to University of Westminster professor Annette Hill, unusual light sources were often interpreted as "ghost lights" in spirit photography. Hill says that with the advent of digital photography, "the ghost light is re-imagined as an orb", and many paranormal-themed websites show pictures containing visual artifacts they refer to as "orbs" that are claimed and debated as evidence of spirit presence, especially among ghost hunters.


title: Spirit photography

text: However, such common visual artifacts are simply a result of flash photography reflecting light off solid particles, such as dust, pollen, insects or liquid particles, especially rain, or even foreign material within the camera lens. These effects are especially common with modern compact and ultra-compact digital cameras. Fujifilm describes the artifacts as a common photographic problem.


title: Spirit photography

text: According to Kenny Biddle and Joe Nickell in their article "So You Have a Ghost In Your Photo", "Asserting that a particular image must be paranormal because it is unexplained only constitutes an example of the logical fallacy called arguing from ignorance." They explain that the flash reflecting off a camera strap can produce a bright, white strand or a "spiralling vortex of spirit energy" depending upon the material the strap is made from. Other ghostly images can result from strands of hair, jewelry or flying insects. A flash illuminating a person's breath, in cold weather, cigarette smoke or fog can look like "ectoplasmic mist". Long exposures, usually several seconds, can cause ethereal, see-through shapes or streaks of lines caused when the camera moves or if the object moves during the exposure.


title: Spirit photography

text: Ben Radford, in his book "Big – If True: Adventures in Oddity" includes the phenomenon called pareidolia, the tendency for people to see faces or animals in things such as clouds, tree trunks or food, as an explanation for finding ghosts in photographs. Shadows from trees, uneven surfaces, reflections of light from water or glass can all make us see "faces". He notes that a ghosts elbow or foot are rarely reported.


title: Spirit photography

text: In 2016, tourist Henry Yau took a picture of a staircase with a ghostly figure inside the Stanley Hotel in Colorado. The hotel is well known for its apparent hauntings. Several amateur ghost hunters believe the photo to be unexplainable and believe that a ghost or possibly two ghosts are at the top of the stairs. According to paranormal investigator Kenny Biddle, the "ghosts" could have been created because the camera was in panorama mode, which takes several seconds, and which can cause a double image from the longer exposure. Biddle believes that the image represents the same person moving on the stairs. Ben Radford indicates that the way the woman on the stairs is dressed and the location add to the possibility that people will jump to the conclusion that the paranormal is at work. He states "she seems to be wearing a classic black or dark dress (as befits a fancy, well-known hotel); had she been wearing a yellow blazer and carrying a large Target shopping bag speculations about her spectral origins would likely have been scuttled."


title: Spirit photography

text: According to Biddle, author Tim Scullion claims that he has taken pictures of ghosts. Biddle explains that Scullion's ghosts are produced by using long exposures showing motion blur, light painting, dust particles catching light, lens flare, or by overlaying blurry faces on a night scene. This overlay was clearly evident due to the lack of image noise where the faces appear, compared to the rest of the photo.


title: Spirit photography

text: An old photograph taken in 1900 became popular within the paranormal community after it was posted on the website Belfast.co.uk in 2016 in a history section about old Belfast trades. The photo shows a group of Ulster girls from a linen factory. There is a mysterious, apparent ghostly hand sitting on the shoulder of one of the girls. The hand does not appear to belong to anyone in the picture. Biddle decided the photo was authentic and provides evidence that someone was most likely removed from the photo in his article "The 'Ghost Hand' Of 1900" in "Skeptical Inquirer". He describes how retouching photos by hand using a retouching desk, cutting out objects and people, then filling them in with pencil or charcoal was not uncommon.


title: Spirit photography

text: On August 18, 2020 a security firm received an alert at a construction site in Birmingham, England. On the monitor appeared the "ghostly" figure of a lone woman in a white dress walking across the property. The image went "viral" and appeared in many tabloids such as the "Mirror". Adam Lees, the managing director of a security firm who received the alert, stated "She's leaning forward and seems to be floating, and is holding something in her hands. To me it looks like she is wearing a wedding dress like she's waiting to get married. She looks like a ghostly bride." Biddle noted some unusual things with the image. The camera level seemed too low for a security camera, there were no dates or times on the image as would normally be seen from security software, and the image was in colour except for the area around the woman. Biddle surmised that the camera was in an infrared night vision mode and a flash was fired, explaining the overexposure of the figure and the colour distortion. Biddle reached out to Stewart Chapman, who had installed a permanent closed-circuit television system above the other system, and had posted two screen shots of a girl in a red dress showing it was not a ghost on the property but a drunken girl and her friend.


title: Spirit photography

text: Smartphone applications that place images of ghosts, aliens and monsters into actual pictures have been used for pranks or to try to fool people into thinking they are real images of ghosts. The apps are customizable allowing the user to place the ghost anywhere within a photo, rotate it, adjust its transparency, and erase parts. In 2014, there were over 250 ghost related applications for Android phones, one of the most popular being "GhostCam: Spirit Photography". This app was used in a hoax that was used to generate publicity. The group named "Ghosts of New England Research Society" began publishing hoaxed ghost photos as authentic, hoping to promote an episode of "Discovery Channel's" "American Haunting" that the group appeared in. The photo showed a ghostly figure in a restaurant. Biddle spotted the forgery on Facebook and noticed that the "ghost" looked like a well documented photo called "The Madonna of Bachelor's Grove" taken by the "Ghost Research Society" in 1991. It is unclear if the "Ghosts of New England Research Society" posted the photos knowing they were hoaxes or if they were fooled by the restaurant owner who sent them the photo. It was determined that the app was using "The Madonna of Bachelor's Grove" without permission and was removed after this incident.


title: Spirit photography

text: Another app called "Ghost Camera Prank" was used by a ghost tour group Facebook page, claiming a client had taken it. Tkay Anderson, co-founder of the Facebook page "There's a (ghost) App For That" was able to find the specific ghost used in the faked photo. Other clues were that the "ghost" was sharper than the rest of the picture, the ghost was black and white while the rest of the picture was in colour and the ghost was calculated to be about 11 feet tall.


title: Spirit photography

text: As of 2018, the appeal and novelty of the Ghost cam apps has begun to wear off, although there are still people who will attempt to pass off the results of these apps as authentic. Pranksters will try to fool their friends or families but sometimes the prank can go too far when their targets believe the hoax is true. Others, such as the owners of pubs, hotels or ghost hunting tours will try to profit from the photos by increasing their clientele or raising their prices.


title: Misty Dawn

text: Misty Dawn (also known as Marla Lee Gardner, Lori Holmes, Lori Rose, or Laurie Holmes; born May 15, 1963) is a former adult industry performer. Dawn acted in pornographic films and videos, and was an exotic dancer. She married fellow pornographic actor John “Johnny the Wad” Holmes in 1987, and after his death published his autobiography and appeared in several films about his life.


title: Misty Dawn

text: Dawn began performing in adult films in 1982, at age 19, and continued until about 1991. After taking a 15-year hiatus, she returned as a fluffer in "The World's Biggest Gang Bang III – The Houston 620" (1999). She also appeared in "Voyer Vision" (2003). Over the course of her career Dawn worked for the Golden Age production companies Beate Uhse, Caballero Home Video, Filmco Releases, Gourmet Video Collection, VCA Pictures, and VCX.


title: Misty Dawn

text: As Laurie Holmes, she appeared in multiple documentaries about "Johnny Wadd" Holmes and the adult film industry, including: "" (1998), "The Other Hollywood" (1999), "XXXL: The John Holmes Story" (2000), and "John Holmes: The Man, the Myth, the Legend" (2004).


title: Misty Dawn

text: For a brief time in the mid-1980s, she and Holmes partnered with Bill Amerson in an adult film company known as Penguin Productions. The couple also lived in Amerson's mansion in the hills of Sherman Oaks. Johnny Wadd Holmes was godfather to Amerson's children.


title: Misty Dawn

text: Dawn, using her legal married name, Laurie Holmes, posthumously released Holmes' memoir, "Porn King: The Autobiography of John C. Holmes" (1998). In 2012, BearManor Media published a revised edition of "Porn King", which included added material and photos.


title: Misty Dawn

text: Holmes stopped making adult films in the early 1980s. According to Dawn, "John thought one porn person in the family was enough. And the AIDS thing was just starting to come out. Nobody had gotten it yet, but it was still in the back of our minds. He thought, ‘Well, if I’m going to take a chance, that’s enough.'"


title: Misty Dawn

text: Dawn was married to the adult film star John "The Wadd" Holmes from January 23, 1987, until his death on March 13, 1988, during which time he was stepfather to her young son. According to Dawn, they first met in December 1982 on the set of a film they were working on together in San Francisco, entitled "Marathon". (Mike Sager reports the 19-year-old first met Holmes on the set of "Fleshpond", though they didn't work together on that film.) They remained close, and in 1987, five years after Holmes was arrested then released from jail in connection with the Wonderland Murders, they married in Las Vegas, at the Little Chapel of the Flowers, after Holmes had confided to her that he had AIDS. The wedding, at which Laurie wore white, was an ordeal for John who was ill, knew he was dying, and realized he and Laurie would not have much of a life together. "John kept the marriage secret," Dawn says, "because he was a very private person. Thus, when he died, many acquaintances in the industry and journalists reporting on his death were surprised to learn that we were married."